<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20160201793887
Title:Vocal signal recognition of ewes based on power spectrum and formant analysis method
Authors:Xuan, Chuanzhong (1); Wu, Pei (1); Ma, Yanhua (1); Zhang, Li'na (1); Han, Ding (1); Liu, Yanqiu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Pei(jdwp@imau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:219-224
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Inner Mongolia and its surrounding areas in the west are developing an intensive and large-scale sheep farming operation, in which sheep are bred with planting forage and are placed in captive facilities. However, the breeding pattern of such operation needs a high level of animal welfare management. Considering that sheep makes different vocalization in different emergent situations, ewes' vocalization can be used as an important evidence for ewes' health monitoring and breeding welfare evaluation. In this paper, taking Small Tail Han sheep as an example, ewes' vocalization signals were evenly collected from 80 adult ewes under 3 stress behaviors including searching lamb, hunger, and scare via a wireless audio surveillance device. Then, these continuous vocal signals of ewes were split into 1 200 single call signals using Audacity Acoustic Edit software. The band-pass filter and wavelet denoising methods were applied to preprocess those single sound signals. Six hundred of those sound signals, which were comprised of three different stress behaviors by random selected 200 signals, were analyzed to extract ewes' acoustic characteristic parameters using auto-regressive (AR) power spectrum estimation and formant extraction methods, respectively. Therefore, six representative frequency characteristic parameters from AR power spectrum estimation method were extracted: the power spectrum density mean, the geometric mean, the median value, the trimmed mean, the mean absolute deviation, and inter quartile deviation, and characteristics parameters from formant analysis method were the first, second and third formant frequency. Moreover, typical time-domain characteristic parameters such as signal maximum value, duration value and interval value were taken as well. Then, these characteristic parameters were used to train the back propagation (BP) neural network model of ewes' vocalization recognition, and the rest of 600 vocal signals were used to test the effects of the recognition mode. The results demonstrated that characteristic parameters of ewes' vocal signals were obviously different under different stress behaviors. Furthermore, if BP recognition network was trained by formant parameters, the average correct recognition rate of ewes' vocal signal was 85.3%, higher than AR power spectrum estimation parameters of 81.0%. When BP network was trained by a combination of above two kinds of characteristic parameters, the average correct recognition rate was 93.8%, which meant that the performance of the combination parameters was better than another two methods. However, the average false positive rate still reached 6.2% because ewes' vocal signals under the same stress behavior had a certain degree of difference due to the different age and weight as well as sound volume strength. The results of this study also indicated that analysis of vocalization could be an indicator of different physiological conditions in sheep and may be an important role for understanding communications in ewes. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Parameter estimation
Controlled terms:Animals - Backpropagation - Bandpass filters - Extraction - Feature extraction - Frequency estimation - Power spectrum - Spectrum analysis - Time domain analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Acoustical signals - Back propagation neural networks - Characteristics parameters - Ewes - Formant - Power spectrum estimation - Time domain characteristics - Wavelet denoising method
Classification code:703.2 Electric Filters - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20160201793883
Title:Verification and forecasting of temperature and humidity in solar greenhouse based on improved extreme learning machine algorithm
Authors:Zou, Weidong (1); Zhang, Baihai (1); Yao, Fenxi (1); He, Chaoxing (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China; (2) The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Baihai(smczhang@bit.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:194-200
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Solar greenhouse temperature and humidity models play an important role in its structure design and control. Solar greenhouses are multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) systems, and they are highly nonlinear and strongly coupled systems that are largely influenced by the outside weather (such as wind speed, outside temperature and humidity) and many other practical constraints (such as blowing and moistening cycle). Therefore, solar greenhouse temperature and humidity models are difficult to establish by mechanism analysis methods. Due to its ability to approximate complex nonlinear mapping directly from the input samples, neural network can provide models for many kinds of natural and articial phenomena that are difcult to handle using classical parametric techniques. Among many kinds of neural networks, extreme learning machine (ELM) for single-hidden layer feed forward neural networks has been studied more thoroughly. But there are limitations existing in ELM such as fixed hidden-layer activation function and overfitting when minimizing training error. In order to achieve comprehensive control of temperature and humidity in the solar greenhouse and improve prediction accuracy, an improved ELM based on orthonormal basis function is proposed in the paper. First, it determines the number of the nodes in hidden layer by using empirical mode decomposition (EMD); second, on the basis of statistical learning theory combined with the empirical risk and structural risk, it takes minimal value of the sum of the minimum output weight and the minimum error; third, it identifies the greenhouse microclimate environmental factors. The prediction model of temperature and humidity is established by the improved ELM. The proposed method is tested in the solar greenhouse of Vegetable and Fruit Research Institution of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, which is located in 40&deg;07'N, 116&deg;09'E. According to the characteristics of solar greenhouse environment, the inputs of ELM are temperature and humidity outside solar greenhouse, light and wind speed, and the outputs of ELM are temperature and humidity inside solar greenhouse. Root mean square error and model validity are used as index to measure the generalization ability and the accuracy of model. According to the results of EMD for signal of temperature and humidity inside solar greenhouse, the number of nodes for the traditional ELM and the improved ELM is 9. This paper adopts sigmoidal function as the excitation function of the traditional ELM. The improved ELM is based on orthonormal basis function, and its excitation function coefficient of nerve cells in hidden layer is 30 and 10, respectively. Compared to the traditional ELM, the prediction results of the improved ELM show that temperature error and humidity error are reduced by 2 and 5% respectively, root mean square error of temperature is reduced by 0.4758 and that of humidity is reduced by 0.6857 percent, and model validity of temperature and humidity are improved by 0.0384 and 0.0314 respectively, so the improved ELM is effective, and it has certain reference value for intelligent control of the solar greenhouse microclimate. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Greenhouses
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Algorithms - Atmospheric humidity - Complex networks - Errors - Forecasting - Functions - Greenhouse effect - Humidity control - Knowledge acquisition  - Learning systems - Mean square error - Neurons - Signal processing - Solar heating - Temperature - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Empirical Mode Decomposition - Extreme learning machine - Multi-input and multi-output system - Orthonormal basis functions - Single-hidden layer feed-forward neural network - Solar greenhouse - Statistical learning theory - Structure design and control
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 461.9 Biology - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20160201793870
Title:Impact of mixed straw on soil hydraulic properties
Authors:Wu, Feng (1); Zhang, Kai (1); Zai, Songmei (1); Wang, Huazhen (1); Zhao, Can (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power/Henan Key Laboratory of Water-saving Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:101-105
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To explore the impact of crop residues on soil hydraulic properties and water retention characteristics, a column experiment of soil water movement properties, which mixed crop residues into the soil, was carried out in August 2014, at Henan Key Laboratory of Water-saving Agriculture, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China. There were 9 treatments with 2 kinds of crop residues, wheat straw and corn stalk. Proportions of mixed straw was calculated as the percentage of dry soil mass, which varied from 0 as control and 1.0%, 1.6%, 2.25%, 3.2%, respectively. Using a rice and wheat thresher, winter wheat straw and summer maize stalks were cut into pieces by once and third times. Those straw pieces in length less than 5 cm were collected and mixed with dry top-soil from test area in designated proportions. And then they were filled into the soil column as 1.4 g/cm³soil bulk density layer by layer. First, water filled into soil column from its surface with soil infiltration instrument (Guelph) and lasted for 1 hour. Then, soil water retention was measured by the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity meter (Ku-Pf). It was implemented that the soil-hydraulic functions of van Genuchten, who used the statistical pore-size distribution model to obtain a predictive equation for the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function in terms of soil water retention parameters. At last, the ratio of easily available water, which defined as easily used soil water content divided by saturated soil water content, was analyzed. Results showed that the van-Genuchten model was suitable for soil water retention under the condition of mixed wheat straw and corn stalk into the soil. For soils mixed with straw, soil moisture was lower than that of control in low suction section (soil water suction less than 150 cm H<inf>2</inf>O). In middle and high suction section (soil water suction more than 150 cm H<inf>2</inf>O), at a same suction, soil water content of mixed 1% wheat straw was lower than that of control, moisture of mixed 1.6% wheat straw was near to the control, and its mixed 2.25 %, 3.2% wheat straw was higher than that of the control. Descending order of soil mixed straw water content was 3.2%, 2.25%, 1.6% and 1%. For summer maize stalk, soil water content of soil mixed stalk was higher than that of the control in all treatments. Increasing the ratio of mixed corn stalk, soil moisture was increased firstly and then decreased. The highest soil water content appeared at 2.25% summer maize stalk mixed into soil. But soil water content of 3.2% treatment was lower than that of mixed 2.25% stalk. Soil moisture decreased from the ratio of stalk 2.25%, 3.2%, 1.6% to 1.0% treatment by sequence. Soil hydraulic parameters of van-Genuchten model were affected by mixed crop residue. Parameter &alpha;, reciprocal of intake air value was smaller than the control. The shape coefficient n increased with the mixing amount of straw from 1.0% to 2.25%, but it decreased at 3.2%. Mixed straw into soil affected the residual soil water content and the saturated soil water content in the soil-hydraulic functions of van Genuchten too. Soil saturated soil water content were smaller than the control after mixing two kinds of straw. The residual soil water content changed as the shape coefficient values. The residual soil water content was lower slightly than the control after adding winter wheat straw, while slightly higher than the control after adding summer maize stalk. The soil gravity water decreased and the easily available water increased after mixed crop straw. Soil gravity water reduced 19.3%-73.3%. The maximum ratio of the easily available soil water were 26.3%, 30.6%, which appeared at 3.2% winter wheat straw and 2.25% summer maize stalk mixed into soil, respectively. It could significantly increase soil water conserving properties by mixed straw into soil. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Soil testing
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Air intakes - Crops - Hydraulic conductivity - Mixing - Moisture - Moisture control - Pore size - Soil conservation - Soil moisture  - Soils - Straw - Water conservation - Water content - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Available water - Corn stalk - Pore size distribution model - Saturated soil-water contents - Soil water retention - Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity - Water retention characteristics - Wheat straws
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 632.1 Hydraulics - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20160201793856
Title:Parameter optimization and experiment on air-screen cleaning device of rapeseed combine harvester
Authors:Zhang, Min (1); Jin, Chengqian (1); Liang, Suning (1); Tang, Qing (1); Wu, Chongyou (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Chongyou(542681935@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:8-15
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China is one of the major rapeseed production countries in the world, but the harvesting mechanization is still backward, and high mechanical harvest loss is a key inhibiting factor for rapeseed production. In order to reduce the harvest loss ratio, the effects of the parameters of air-screen cleaning device of rapeseed combine harvester on cleaning loss ratio and percentage of impurities in grain under the actual field harvest operating condition are needed to understand. In this paper, a Plackett-Burman test and a response surface test were designed to study the 4 parameters: vibration screen amplitude, crank revolving speed, fan revolving speed, and fan dip angle based on a two-roller and air-screen field mobile harvest testbed. The Plackett-Burman experiment results showed that the vibration screen amplitude and the crank revolving speed had significant influences on the cleaning loss ratio, and the effect of the amplitude was greater than that of the crank revolving speed, but the fan revolving speed and the fan dip angle had not significant impact; the results also showed that the fan revolving speed had significant influences on the percentage of impurities, while the other 3 parameters had not significant impact. The response surface regression variance analysis showed that the effects of the 4 parameters were not the linear relation but the interaction; the predicted values of quartic polynomial regression model were consistent with the measured values in the experiment, and the regression models of the cleaning loss ratio and the percentage of impurities were solved and the values of R²were 0.9559 and 0.9660 respectively. The single factor and two-factor analysis results indicated that the vibration screen amplitude had a little impact on cleaning loss ratio near zero level, reducing the crank revolving speed could remarkably lower the cleaning loss ratio, and increasing the fan revolving speed could remarkably lower the percentage of impurities. A group of optimal parameter combinations under the constraint condition could be acquired by solving these regression equations, and a checking test was carried out by using an approximately optimal parameter combination: vibration screen amplitude of 35 mm, crank revolving speed of 392 r/min, fan revolving speed of 1 750 r/min, and fan dip angle of 29&deg;. The cleaning loss ratio and the percentage of impurities were 0.90% and 0.45% respectively in the test, but when these parameters were applied into the regression mathematical models, the cleaning loss ratio was 0.38% and the percentage of impurities was 0.48%, and the absolute errors were 0.52% and -0.03% respectively. Compared with the field result that was based on the common parameters, the cleaning loss ratio dropped by 61% and the percentage of impurities dropped by 58%. The analysis results indicated that the relationship between the parameters of cleaning device and the cleaning loss ratio and grain percentage of impurities was correct and the precision of regression mathematical model could meet the need for optimizing the parameters of air-screen cleaning device. The results can provide theoretical basis and technical references for the parameter selection and optimization of air-screen cleaning device of rapeseed combine harvester. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Air cleaners
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Cleaning - Combines - Crops - Grain (agricultural product) - Harvesters - Harvesting - Oilseeds - Optimization - Regression analysis  - Speed - Surface properties - Vibration analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Constraint conditions - Operating condition - Optimal parameter combinations - Parameter optimization - Parameter selection - Rape - Regression equation - Response surface
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution Control - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20160201793896
Title:Sampling distribution method for monitoring quality of arable land in county area based on spatial balanced
Authors:Yang, Jianyu (1, 2); Yue, Yanli (1, 2); Song, Hairong (3); Ye, Sijing (1, 2); Zhao, Long (1, 2); Zhu, Dehai (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Key Laboratory for Agricultural Land Quality, Monitoring and Control of the Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing, China; (3) Science and Technology Department, Chinese Land Surveying and Planning Institute, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:274-280
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a large agricultural country, China has a large population but not enough cultivated land. In 2011, the cultivated land per capita was 0.09 hm², only 40% of the world average level; and it is getting worse with the rapid development of economy, industrialization and urbanization. Through the monitoring network for cultivated land quality in county area, the distribution and change trend of the cultivated land quality can be reflected. Besides, the quality of non-sampled locations should also be estimated with the data of sampling points. Therefore, this paper proposes a new sampling method for monitoring the quality of arable land in county area based on spatial balanced sampling, which is a pre-processing method to determine the number of sampling points, including preprocessing the data of cultivated land quality before sampling, exploring the spatial correlation and spatial distribution pattern of cultivated land quality, and computing the appropriate quantity of sampling points by analyzing the change trend of sampling number and sampling precision. And the spatial balanced sampling method is aimed to optimize spatial sampling design for setting up the monitoring network. It is required for sampling of a population to understand the trends and patterns in natural resource management because of the financial and time constrains. Spatial balanced sampling provides the mathematical foundation for statistical inference, and is efficient but remains flexible to inevitable logistical or practical constrains during filed data collection. There are integrated factors that affect arable land quality inventory and monitoring, such as geomorphic conditions, altitude, gradient and transport cost. Factors are commonly used to modify sampling intensity; some factors, such as category, gradient, or accessibility, can be readily incorporated into the spatially balanced sampling design. In this paper, we take the distance between the sampling points and the main roads, the slope of terrain and the sample size of each grading according to stratification sampling method as primary factors to generate the raster layer containing probability, by considering the cost of monitoring and the precision of estimation; and on this basis, the monitoring samples are selected by spatial balanced sampling method. Taking the Kriging standard error and the transport cost as the optimization criterion, the experiments in Ji'an County are conducted to compare this method with traditional sampling method in cost (the average distance between the sampling points and the main roads) and estimation accuracy (the mean of Kriging standard error). Seventy-eight monitoring of reference sample units are finally deployed, and the average of ordinary Kriging standard error of the proposed method is 140.23, which is smaller than the simple random sampling (216.96), the stratified sampling (157.14) and the traditional grid random sampling (152.70); the transport cost of this method is 2 277.95 m, which is lower than the simple random sampling (2658.93), the stratified sampling (2726.59) and the traditional grid random sampling (3221.83) when the quantity of samples is the same. Therefore, the result illustrates that the estimation accuracy of this method is higher than the simple random sampling, the stratified sampling, or the traditional grids random sampling when the number of sampling points is 78.Besides, the transport cost of this method is significantly lower than the traditional methods. Therefore, this method can meet the need of montoring the classification of cultivated land in county area. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Sampling
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cost estimating - Costs - Economics - Errors - Estimation - Grading - Interpolation - Land use - Monitoring  - Natural resources management - Transportation
Uncontrolled terms:Arable land - Balanced samplings - Cultivated land qualities - Inventory and monitoring - Mathematical foundations - Natural resource management - Spatial distribution patterns - Spatial sampling designs
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20160201793884
Title:CFD simulation and verification of heat exchanger characteristic for single well cycling groundwater heat pump
Authors:Song, Wei (1); Ni, Long (2); Yao, Yang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China; (2) School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:201-206
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems are considered as an ideal approach to heat and cool building, due to their attractive advantages of high efficiency, low carbon emission and using renewable energy instead of electricity for heating and cooling. Many projects have been applied in residential and commercial buildings successfully. Single well groundwater heat pump (SWGWHP) systems are new member of GSHP system, which become increasingly popular for use because of their economic advantages. In general, SWGWHP systems included three different variations, i. e. standing column well (SCW) system, pumping &amp; recharging well (PRW) system, and pumping &amp; recharging well filled with gravel (PRWFG) system. Although there are some theoretical and experimental researches on SWGWHP systems, there are not many researches on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation about flow and thermal performance in these systems. CFD are well known for their capability to carry out in-depth analysis of fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer and several other related issues. They provide numerical solutions of partial differential equations governing fluid flow and heat transfer in a discretized form. CFD employs a very simple principle of resolving the entire system in small cells or grids and applying governing equations on these discrete elements to find numerical solutions regarding pressure distribution, temperature gradients and flow parameters in a shorter time at a lower cost. Meanwhile, CFD simulation has been widely used in research field of Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC), such as indoor climate, horizontal and vertical ground heat exchanger, earth-to-air heat exchanger and so on. To examine the complicated characteristics of groundwater flow and heat transfer in thermal well and aquifer, CFD software FLUENT 14.5 was used in this study. In this analysis, the CFD simulation results were compared with experimental measurements. A good agreement was obtained between predicted outlet water temperature and aquifer characteristics temperature, thus confirming that the CFD model was successful in reproducing the flow and heat transfer processes in aquifer. The relative errors of three thermal wells in 25 min heat accumulation were 12.1%, 3.0% and 8.2%, respectively. Therefore, the establishment of these three thermal well CFD model can be used to analyze and predict the actual SWGWHP performance with the variation of groundwater flow field and temperature field, which can also provide accurate simulation data. This study suggested that the developed multi zone coupling CFD model can be useful tool in evaluating the flow and heat transfer performance. However, the established CFD simulation model can explain the complex flowed and heat transferred in porous media, CFD simulation in determining realistic initial conditions when attempting to model field conditions still remained a challenge. Further exploration of thermal well structure variations throughout the full range of climatic conditions is also needed. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Air conditioning - Aquifers - Carbon - Cooling systems - Earth (planet) - Flow of fluids - Geothermal heat pumps - Groundwater - Groundwater flow - Groundwater resources  - Heat exchangers - Heat pump systems - Heat transfer - Mass transfer - Office buildings - Porous materials - Pumps - Temperature - Wells
Uncontrolled terms:Complicated characteristics - Computational fluid dynamics simulations - Earth-to-air heat exchanger - Flow and heat transfer performance - Fluid flow and heat transfers - Outlet-water temperatures - Realistic initial conditions - Vertical ground heat exchangers
Classification code:402.2 Public Buildings - 444.2 Groundwater - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641 Heat and Mass Transfer; Thermodynamics - 643.3 Air Conditioning - 723.5 Computer Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20160201793872
Title:Impacts of cornstalk mulching buffer strip on rill erosion and its hydrodynamic character
Authors:Xu, Ximeng (1); Zheng, Fenli (1, 2); Wu, Hongyan (1); Qin, Chao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation CAS &amp; MWR, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Zheng, Fenli(flzh@ms.iswc.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:111-119
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Cornstalk mulching buffer strip is an effective soil and water conservation practice on slope. To enlarge our knowledge about the effects and hydrodynamic mechanism of cornstalk buffer strip reducing soil erosion on loessial hillslope, this paper studied the impact of different cornstalk buffer strip position (5 and 7 m of slope length) on slope erosion process and its hydrodynamic characteristics under the typical high intensity erosive rainfall (100 mm/h) and the slope gradient that most rills happened (20^o). Successive rainfall simulation experiments were carried out at rainfall simulation laboratory of the State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Yangling, from April to September in 2014.A slope adjustable pan (10 m long, 3 m wide, and 0.5 m deep) and a down sprinkler rainfall simulator system were included in the experiments. Loesial soil collected from 0 to 20 cm in the Ap horizon of a well-drained site in Ansai, Shaanxi Province, was packed according to natural soil structure on the Loess Plateau. Cornstalks collected in Yangling after harvest were settled on the different hillslope position based on rill developmental stage. 3 treatments including 1 control treatment and 2 mulching treatments were designed, and 3 successive 30-min rains were conducted in each treatment. The 1^strain was used to form rills on the hillslope with no buffer strip; cornstalk buffer strip was settled on the 5 m of slope length in both mulching treatments during the 2^ndrain; while it was settled on the 5 and 7 m of slope length in mulching treatment I and II, respectively. Runoff and sediment samples were collected during successive rainfalls and rill morphology was measured after each rain. Rill flow hydraulic characters such as Reynold number, Froude number, Darcy-weisbach resistance coefficient, shear stress, unit power and unit energy of cross section were also calculated based on the measurement of runoff velocity and depth during the rains. The results showed that compared with the control, cornstalk buffer strip reduced total sediment yield and rill erosion amount by 27.2%-54.8% and 40.8%-59.2% respectively, and the contribution of rill erosion to total sediment yield was also reduced. In the aspect of rill morphology, cornstalk buffer strip reduced rill total surface area and rill average depth by 23.0%-32.0% and 6.7%-10.5%, respectively. At the late development stage of rills, buffer strip on the 7 m of slope length resulted in more sediment reduction and better rill morphology control effects. Studies on the individual rill showed that rill width appeared in a similar distribution every 1.2 m along slope length, which was shown after buffer strip was laid on the slope. Moreover, buffer strip also reduced the rill depth by accelerating the deposition process of sediment from upslope and protected the hillslope surface and rills below the buffer strip. Hydrodynamic analysis results showed that rill flow state extended from turbulence supercritical flow to laminar subcritical flow as a result of buffer strip. Compared with the rill flow above the cornstalk buffer, rill flow velocity was significantly decreased by 19.6%-21.9%, Reynold number and Froude number was decreased by 29.6%-37.9% and 8.3%-18.5% respectively, while Darcy-weisbach resistance coefficient was increased by 22.4%-43.3%. After rill flow going through the cornstalk buffer strip, shear stress, unit power and unit energy of cross section was reduced by 13.6%-21.5%, 20.0-21.0% and 9.5%-21.0% respectively, and the reduction of flow energy finally reduced the total sediment yield on hillslope. It can be drawn that cornstalk buffer strip can be settled on the hillslope surface every 5-7 m to decrease the runoff erosivity and finally decrease the rill erosion amount and total sediment yield, which can provide the valuble information for the settlement of soil conservation measures in similar terrain conditions. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Rain
Controlled terms:Erosion - Flow of fluids - Flow velocity - Fluid dynamics - Froude number - Hydrodynamics - Landforms - Morphology - Precipitation (chemical) - Precipitation (meteorology)  - Runoff - Sediments - Shear flow - Shear stress - Soil conservation - Soils - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Buffer strip - Conservation measures - Hydrodynamic analysis - Hydrodynamic characteristics - Resistance coefficients - Rills - Runoff and sediments - Soil and water conservation
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20160201793863
Title:Development of inexpensive all-weather solar tracking control system for amendable tracking precision
Authors:Zhang, Xuegang (1); Xie, Yongchun (1); Tan, Xingqiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:59-63
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To reduce costs and complexity of solar tracking system, a simple solar tracking control system and T-L type sun origination detector are developed by analog circuit and photoelectric conversion principle. The tracking system is composed of bridge circuits and amplification circuits; it has functions of manually adjusted tracking accuracy and manually working. It is used to drive 12V DC gear motor, and it can be used for single-axis tracking, can also be used for dual-axis tracking. The tracking system only requires six common types of electronic components, which costs no more than 10 RMB. In order to reduce external environment impact on tracking performance of the system, a T-L-type orientation detector was designed for the tracking system. The L-type shading plate of the orientation detector was fixed to the L-type clapboard, therefore, the cross-section the shading plate and the clapboard showed a T-shape. Then, the clapboard was fixed to the substrate, and two sides of the clapboard were installed respectively with four photoresistors. Two were used to control movement of east-west direction; the other two were used to control movement of north-south direction. In addition, back of the substrate was installed with two photoresistors. Also, it was paralleled respectively with the two photoresistors which were used to control the movement of east-west direction. One of the photoresistor was used for controlling energy concentrator return orient in a next day; one of the photoresistor was used for balance another photoresistor behind the substrate. When using the system, the orientation detector was installed on a plane which paralleled to energy concentrator so that the orientation detector always synchronized to movement and energy concentrator. To test performance of the tracking system, in this paper, the tracking performance of the system was analyzed by light spot detection experiments. The method of the experiment was that an inverted paper cup was attached to a piece of paper. A hole was drilled at the geometric center of bottom of the paper cup, and then concentric circles with 2 mm interval were drawn on the paper. Then, the paper cup and the orientation detector were fixed to bracket of the dual-axis tracking device. Thereby, observation was made on the light spot which was generated by a small hole in bottom of the paper cup in the sunshine that was located on the first of several concentric circles on the paper. The observation time was the summer solstice at 09: 00-16: 00 in 2015, 10 min recorded once every spot positions on concentric circles. Intervals of 10 min recorded a position of the light spot on concentric circles. The recorded dates of the light spot, the distance between the hole and the paper was used for a simple calculation, thus, the angle between incident light of the sunlight and normal direction of the paper was calculated. If the calculated angle was larger, the tracking error was greater and vice versa. After the analysis, we discovered that angle error of the system increased as time increased. The value of the angle error decreased first, and then increased. At about 13: 00, the error angle has a minimum value of 0.14&deg;; at 09: 00 and 16: 00, there is a maximum angle error, and its value was 5&deg;and 2.9&deg;, respectively. Theoretically, the angle between the normal direction of the paper and the incident light of sunlight should always be consistent, and angle error does not change with time, but, the results of our experiments were different. After analyzing solar radiation, we discovered that solar radiation along with time increased, the amount of radiation increased first, and then decreased. At about 13: 00, solar radiation had a maximum value of 972.9 W/m²; at 09: 00, there was a minimum, and its value was 443.6 W/m². The results showed that the tracking accuracy of the system was related to solar radiation, the higher solar radiation intensity was, the higher tracking accuracy would be. Its minimum tracking precision can reach 0.14&deg; in one day. This tracking system is suitable for the situation for lower tracking accuracy and cost. It will establish the foundation for the popularization of solar tracking control system. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Electronic circuit tracking
Controlled terms:Concentration (process) - Control systems - Costs - Errors - Flight control systems - Navigation - Photoelectricity - Photoresistors - Radiation - Reconfigurable hardware  - Solar energy - Solar radiation - Surface discharges - Tracking (position)
Uncontrolled terms:Electronic component - External environments - Light dependent resistor - Photoelectric conversion - Precision detections - Solar radiation intensity - Solar tracking systems - Tracking performance
Classification code:657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 721.3 Computer Circuits - 731.1 Control Systems - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20160201793857
Title:Working parameters optimization and experimental verification of inclined-inserting transplanting manipulator for plug seedling
Authors:Gao, Guohua (1); Feng, Tianxiang (1); Li, Fu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Mechanical Engineering and Application of Electronic Technology Institute of Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:16-22
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The transplanting manipulator is the equipment that directly contacts with seedlings, and its development and optimization is important for mechanical transplanting of plug seedlings. This paper has designed an inclined-inserting transplanting manipulator for automatic transplanting of plug seedlings in greenhouse. The manipulator adopts the extracting method that extracts the seedling directly after the steel needles have been inserted in the growth medium with an angle. As a result, the extracted plug seedlings will have sufficient integrity for further growth. Moreover, this manipulator extracts seedlings with four steel needles to ensure the uniformity of insertion point, and the total inserting motion of four steel needles just uses single driver. Furthermore, this paper is aimed at optimizing the operation parameters of transplanting manipulator and focused on the success rate. Based on the force analysis of plug seedlings in the extracting process, the stress relation equation is obtained to determine the key factor that mainly influences the success rate. The result shows that the extracting resistance and the limit break force are the major factors determining the extracting force. The extracting resistance can be obtained by the test, and the limit break force is the key factor for the success rate. In addition, the inserting distance, inserting depth and inserting angle of steel needle are determined as key parameters for the limit break force by the analysis of structure and operation principle of transplanting manipulator. The optimization test is conducted to obtain the maximum value of the limit break force and the optimal parameters of transplanting manipulator. The seedlings of anthurium which are planted in the 128 plug trays are selected as the test materials. Moreover, the response surface method is used to design the optimization test with considering the comprehensive effect of multi-factor to limit break force. In the optimization test, the limit break force is determined as the test index. Meanwhile, the 3 variables, i. e. inserting distance, inserting depth and inserting angle of steel needle, are selected as the test factors. And an adjustable prototype of transplanting manipulator is used to the extracting test, and the FGS-500TV-S digital force gauge is used to measure the limit break force. As a result, the model of the regression equation is obtained by the test. The adequacy of the model of the regression equation is evaluated by the analysis of variance. The result indicates that, the F-values of model and various factors are very significant(P&lt;0.01), the F-value of lack of fit is not significant, and the model is reasonable for predicting the actual situation. After that, the three-dimensional (3D) response surface is drawn and analyzed. And it is found that the response surface for 3 variables is the type of quadratic convex surface. The result also proves that the test model is able to obtain the optimized value. Finally, using optimization function of Design-expert software, the optimal parameters for maximizing the limit break force are determined. The optimal combination of operation parameters is as follows: the inserting distance is 11.5 mm, the inserting depth is 43 mm, and the inserting angle is 14&deg;, which achieve the maximum value of the limit break force of 3.89 N. The performance of optimized transplanting manipulator is examined by the test. The result proves that it can finish the task of seedling transplanting with excellent performance, and archive the 98% success rate. The optimal operating parameters are reliable, stable and can be applied in practical operation. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Manipulators
Controlled terms:Needles - Optimization - Seed - Surface properties - Testing - Transplants
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental verification - Operation parameters - Optimization function - Plug seedling - Response surface method - Seedling transplanting - Threedimensional (3-d) - Working parameters
Classification code:462.4 Prosthetics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20160201793876
Title:Temporal scale optimization for assimilation of spectral information and crop growth model
Authors:Wu, Ling (1); Liu, Xiangnan (2); Wang, Chunyi (3); Qin, Qiming (1); Zheng, Xiaopo (1); Sun, Yuejun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institution of Remote Sensing and GIS, Peking University, Beijing, China; (2) School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China; (3) Hainan Meteorloge Administration, Haikou, China
Corresponding author:Qin, Qiming(qmqin@pku.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:142-148
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The improvement in the efficiency (running time) of the assimilation of spectral information into the crop growth model is an important researching aspect of applying the assimilation method at the regional scale. In this study, for reducing the running time while maintaining the performance, the temporal scale optimization of the assimilation was carried out by setting the different step sizes of time phases at which remote sensing observed values were assimilated into the coupling model of crop growth model WOFOST (world food studies) and radiative transfer model PROSPECT+SAIL. Based on the growth cycle of rice in Changchun, Jilin Province, China, four equidistant temporal scales (the step sizes of them were 5, 10, 20 and 30 days, respectively) and a crucial temporal scale (corresponding to the crucial growth period of rice) were set for assimilation. The time phases of crucial temporal scale were selected by taking the derivative of the time series curve of the leaf area index (LAI). The time phases correspond to the extreme points and inflection points of LAI or LAI growth rate curves were also selected, which were the crucial periods of the growth process or the demarcation points of different growth stages. Then the vegetation indices-modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index (MCARI1) were calculated from the spectral information on the corresponding time phases of each temporal scale, and then assimilated into the coupling model WOFOST+PROSPECT+SAIL to optimize the input parameters day of transplanting (IDTR) and temperature sum from sowing to transplanting (TSUMST) by using the assimilation algorithm - particle swarm optimization (PSO). Finally, the assimilation temporal scale was optimized by comparing the assimilation efficiency and the simulated accuracy of crop parameters, i. e., LAI, total above ground production (TAGP) and dry weight of storage organs (WSO), at the five different temporal scales. The results showed that the assimilation efficiency was raised and the accuracy gradually decreased as the step size of equidistant temporal scales increased. Although the number of the assimilation time phases at crucial temporal scale was greatly reduced comparing with that at equidistant temporal scale with the step size of 10 days, the assimilation efficiency at the crucial temporal scale was promoted and the assimilation accuracy at the crucial temporal scale was close to it. Compared with the equidistant temporal scale with the step size of 20 days, the increasing rate of the assimilation efficiency at the crucial temporal scale was faster than the decreasing rate of the assimilation accuracy at the crucial temporal scale. On the premise of balancing the assimilation efficiency and accuracy, the temporal scale with the step size ranging from 10 days to 20 days, and the crucial temporal scale were regarded as the reasonable temporal scales of assimilating spectral information into the crop growth model for the growth simulation of rice. In this study, we proposed a novel method of selecting the time phases for assimilation by setting the equidistant temporal scales or extracting the crucial periods of crop growth process. It provided a reference for improving the application effect of the assimilation method at regional scale by optimizing the assimilation temporal scale. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Scales (weighing instruments)
Controlled terms:Crops - Efficiency - Growth (materials) - Models - Optimization - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Radiative transfer - Remote sensing
Uncontrolled terms:Assimilation - Assimilation algorithms - Assimilation efficiency - Different growth stages - Radiative transfer model - Spectral indices - Spectral information - Temporal scale
Classification code:701 Electricity and Magnetism - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20160201793881
Title:Test on in-plane stability capacity of bamboo arches with steel hoop-carbon fiber composite joints
Authors:Huang, Zhenghua (1); Qu, Nini (2); Xu, Yi (2); Duan, Yuzhong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Architecture and Urban Plan, Guizhou Univisity, Guiyang, China; (2) School of Civil Engineering, Guizhou Univisity, Guiyang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:179-185
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Carbon dioxide in the air is absorbed in the growth process of bamboo, which is beneficial to the purification of air and reducing the content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Energy consumption in manufacturing process of bamboo structure is much less than other kinds of common building structure, such as concrete structure. In addition, bamboo structure can be naturally degraded without adding any pollution to environment when its service expires. Used as building materials, bamboo is beneficial with natural environment in any stages including growth, processing, service and disassemble. Therefore, bamboo is regarded as an eco-material. According to the mechanical properties of bamboo tubes, a new steel hoop-carbon fiber composite joint was designed to connect irregular size of bamboo pieces. With a specific method, the connected long straight bamboo member was curved into the shape of arch and eventually such connection led to form a new bamboo arches which was named as steel hoop-carbon fiber composite joints bamboo arches or SFJ. SFJ bamboo arches possess advantages of simply joints constitution, and much less splitting failure incidence in joint region and can be used in large span and light arch structure such as landscape architectures, roof of buildings, greenhouses, temporary sheds. In general, the shape of large span bamboo arches is much slender than other common structures, and as such it is prone to instable especially when bamboo tube is in the stress state of compression. For this reason, the ultimate state of bamboo arch with enough out-of-plane supports is usually in-plane overall instability. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out reasonable analyses of in-plane stability capacity of SFJ bamboo arches to ensure structural safety. Two 10 meters span bamboo arch specimens were built for static load tests in order to study the ultimate bearing capacity, deformation capacity and connection performance of bamboo arches. Result of tests demonstrated that stress state of most bamboo sections and joints was in elastic stage before overall instability, while strain and bending curvature increased quickly after instability and induced splitting failure in the region with maximal bending curvature. The new bamboo arches possessed the character of excellent ductility, larger deformation capacity and favorable connection performance. The ultimate state of the new bamboo arches was in-plane overall dissymmetry instability and failure region of bamboo material was close to the new composite joints. For the promising performance of composite joints in the whole process of loading, further study on mechanical mechanism and bearing capacity of the new composite joints is necessary so as to promote the application of SFJ bamboo arches. According to the large deformation character of bamboo arches in whole loading process, geometry and material nonlinear must be taken into account in the finite element analysis of this new kind of bamboo arches. The results of FEA(finite element analysis) have favorable agreement with tests results, and FEA can be used in the analysis and design of this new kind of bamboo arches. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Bamboo
Controlled terms:Air cleaners - Air purification - Arch bridges - Arches - Bearing capacity - Bearings (machine parts) - Bending tests - Carbon dioxide - Carbon fibers - Deformation  - Energy utilization - Failure (mechanical) - Fibers - Finite element method - Greenhouse gases - Joints (structural components) - Load testing - Plasma stability - Purification - Roofs  - Stability - Steel fibers - Steel sheet
Uncontrolled terms:Carbon fiber composite - Deformation capacity - In-plane stability capacity - Landscape architecture - Manufacturing process - Mechanical mechanisms - Natural environments - Ultimate bearing capacity
Classification code:401.1 Bridges - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 535.1 Metal Rolling - 601.2 Machine Components - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 811.1 Pulp and Paper - 819.4 Fiber Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 932.3 Plasma Physics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20160201793867
Title:Influence of rainfall in summer fallow period on water and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat on Loess plateau
Authors:Wang, Quanjiu (1, 2); Chai, Jing (1); Wang, Xiangxiang (3)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China; (3) Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Institute of AnHui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:82-88
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to low rainfall, intense runoff, deep loess deposits, low water tables as well as poor land management, soil is often dry on the Loess Plateau. Precipitation is very important for crops, especially the winter wheat. However, it is unknown about the impacts of rainfall in summer fallow period on soil water replenishment and growth of following crops. To clarify this problem, this study carried out field experiments from 2006 to 2010 in Changwu city of Shanxi province. Winter wheat was Chanhan 58.The field plots were 4 m in width and 4 m in length. 6 irrigation treatments were designed including 0, 75, 150, 225, 300 and 375 mm and 6 N fertilization rates were used including 0, 75, 150, 225, 300 and 375 kg/hm². A total of 27 irrigation-fertilizer coupling treatments were designed. Each treatment had 4 replications. Meteorology data were collected from meteorological station 100 m away from the experimental field. Soil water content was measured after harvest and before sowing of winter wheat. Yield and its component of winter wheat were measured. The results showed that the amount of soil water recharge was significantly affected by the precipitation in summer fallow period (P&lt;0.01). Different irrigation and N fertilizer coupling treatments had great effects on the recharge of soil water in summer fallow period of winter wheat (P&lt;0.05). The coefficient of soil water recharge decreased with the increase of fertilizer application rate and then increased and finally decreased under the irrigation treatments of 0, 225, and 375 mm. At same time soil water recharge coefficient for the treatment of N fertilizer application rate of 225 kg/hm²was highest. In the same way, it presented a decrease-increase-decrease trend when N fertilizer application changed from 0, 150, to 375 kg/hm², and the soil water recharge coefficient was highest for the irrigation treatment of 225 mm. The deficit of soil water was exponentially related with soil water recharge, and soil water recharge coefficient was best when the water deficit was 43.68%-52.63%. The soil water recharge coefficient and the contribution rate of soil water recharge coefficient to water consumption of winter wheat were in a relationship of power function. The effect of water supplement to soils was best when the coefficient of soil water recharge was 52.2%-62.4%. The power function was also found between the soil water recharge coefficient and indicators such as yield, spikelet number, spike grain number and thousand seed weight of winter wheat in the following year. Different from the positive relationships between the others and the soil water recharge coefficient, a negative correlation was observed between thousand seed weight and the soil water recharge coefficient. As the soil water recharge coefficient ranged from 25% to 40%, the variation of yield, spikelet number, spike grain number and thousand seed weight was minimal, and this was good for use of precipitation during summer fallow period to increase water use efficiency and yield of winter wheat. The results lay the foundation of soil water and agriculture management, and guide farmers to irrigate with high efficiency for high crop yield. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Efficiency - Fertilizers - Grain (agricultural product) - Groundwater - Irrigation - Landforms - Meteorology - Nitrogen fertilizers  - Precipitation (chemical) - Rain - Recharging (underground waters) - Sediments - Soil moisture - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture management - Fertilizer applications - Meteorological station - Nitrogen-use efficiency - Recharge coefficient - Water consumption - Water use efficiency - Winter wheat
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 444.2 Groundwater - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20160201793877
Title:Crop area ground sample survey using Google Earth image-aided
Authors:Liu, Jia (1); Wang, Limin (1); Teng, Fei (1); Li, Dandan (1); Wang, Xiaolong (1); Cao, Huaitang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:149-154
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:By using Google Earth (GE) image revised by differential global positioning system (DGPS) actual measurement points, this paper conducts a ground sample survey of crop planting areas, and compares the difference in survey accuracy and efficiency between this method and the method completely using GPS field measurement. The study area is the Agricultural High-tech Industrial Park of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Wanzhuang) and its surrounding area with the area of 3.1 km &times; 2.0 km. The paper defines the data from the different GE image sources. The images downloaded based on GE Client COM API programming are defined as A-level data, the images revised by online GE images are defined as B-level data, and the images revised by DGPS actual measurement points are defined as C-level data. Compared with the checkpoints of DGPS actual measurement, A-level data of the GE images with spatial resolution of over 0.5 m have a mean square error of 232.7 m in X and Y directions, and for B-level and C-level data it is 5.4 m and 1.0 m, respectively. The B-level data meet the requirement that "The mean square error in planimetric position of 1: 25000 should be no more than 8.75 m", and the C-level data meet the demand that "the mean square error in planimetric position of 1: 10000 flat ground should be no more than 3.5 m", which are specified in the Digital Aerophotogrammetry Aerial Trigonometric Survey Specifications. Choosing the samples with 3 structure levels, i. e. simple, medium and complex level in the Langfang survey area, the area measurement accuracy of B-level and C-level data is measured, and the average errors are 0.108% and 0.018% respectively through the comparison with DGPS actual measurement areas. The larger the crop area, the higher the accuracy of the measurement. The survey meets the accuracy requirement of large scale ground sample survey. With respect to GE online coordinate, the average minimal mean square error of B-level data is 0.5 m, and the average maximum mean square error is 1.0 m. The average mean square error in XY direction is 0.5 m, and its relative accuracy meets the requirement of mapping specification of 1: 2 000.If only the ground sample changing trend among different years is described without considering the absolute calibration accuracy, applying the B-level data GE images has a stronger charting ability. In order to evaluate ground survey efficiency based on this method, it is applied in the winter wheat ground survey of central plain area of Shaanxi Province in 2015, and the contrast test is conducted with conventional GPS field measurement method. The result of the contrast test shows that, the GE image-aided survey has reduced the time by 64.2% and the walking distance by 82.5% based on GPS measurement method. As a result, the survey efficiency is improved by 73.3%. Ground sample survey is an important link for crop area survey with remote sensing monitoring. Usually, it is achieved by using DGPS field measurement, which is a time and effort consuming job in a large scale crop area survey. The GE image-aided ground sample survey method proposed in this paper can save the time and labor. With the use of more and more available high spatial resolution satellite images and aerial survey images, this method will have a broader application prospect. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Global positioning system
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Application programming interfaces (API) - C (programming language) - Calibration - Crops - Efficiency - Errors - Image resolution - Mean square error - Monitoring  - Remote sensing - Satellite imagery - Specifications - Surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural science - Area - Differential global position system - Differential global positioning systems - High spatial resolution - Mapping specifications - Minimal mean square error - Remote sensing monitoring
Classification code:655.2 Satellites - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 902.2 Codes and Standards - 913.1 Production Engineering - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20160201793885
Title:Heat release performance of heat storage water tank with phase-change material in solar drying system
Authors:Yu, Haitao (1); Gao, Jianmin (1); Chen, Yao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Gao, Jianmin(gaojm@bjfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:207-211
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Drying is an essential process for a large number of industrial and agricultural products. In order to reduce energy consumption of traditional drying, improve its utilization efficiency and strengthen the capacity of heat storage water tank for solar drying, the stearic acid/expanded graphite composite phase-change material (PCM) with melting point of 52.74 and latent heat of 169.90 J/g was added into the conventional heat storage water tank in this paper. The schematic structure of the solar drying system mainly consisted of solar collector, drying oven, heat storage water tank and phase-change thermal energy storage units. The effect of heat release temperature difference and heat storage unit volume on the heat release performance of the device was studied under the same heat release conditions. The total volume of the PCM containers in the heat storage water tank was 15%, 25% and 35%, respectively. The heat storage water tank was heated to 60, 65 and 75 by using solar collector in heat storage process. Then the heat storage water tank was used to provide heat for the drying oven, and the heat release process was finished when the temperature of drying oven was 40. The results showed that the addition of heat storage unit had a remarkable effect on the water temperature of the storage tank, provided a lot of heat in the latent heat release stage, and slowed down the rate of the decreasing in water temperature. In addition, the heat discharge time increased with the increase of temperature difference and heat storage unit volume, and heat storage unit volume affected more. When the heat storage unit volume in the heat storage water tank was 35%, the heat discharge time of latent heat was 1.26 times more than that of conventional heat storage water tank, and within the same heat discharge time, the heating temperature of the PCM heat storage water tank could be increased by 7.7, 8.2 and 8.7, respectively in the initial exothermic temperature of 60, 65 and 70 compared to that of conventional water tank. The actual heat output of the conventional heat storage water tank increased with the increase of temperature difference, which was more significant than that of PCM heat storage water tank. Moreover, the heat efficiency of PCM heat storage water tank was reduced with the rise of temperature difference while that of conventional heat storage water tank was increased in the solar drying system. The heat efficiency of PCM heat storage water tank was increased with the increase of heat storage unit volume, and it could be increased by 22.56% at most when the heat storage unit volume in the heat storage water tank was 35%. The thermal performance of the PCM incorporation into heat storage tank is significantly enhanced in relation to energy capacity, operation time under a temperature range, which is acceptable for low-temperature solar thermal application. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Energy efficiency
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Drying - Energy utilization - Heat storage - Latent heat - Ovens - Phase change materials - Solar collectors - Solar dryers - Solar energy  - Storage (materials) - Tanks (containers) - Temperature - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms:Heat efficiency - Heat release - Heat storage water tanks - Phase Change - Reduce energy consumption - Solar thermal applications - Temperature differences - Utilization efficiency
Classification code:525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 619.2 Tanks - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 694.4 Storage - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20160201793882
Title:Prediction on energy consumption of semi-closed greenhouses based on self-accelerating PSO-GA
Authors:Chen, Jiaoliao (1, 2); Chen, Jiaoxuan (2); Yang, Jiangxin (1); Xu, Fang (2); Shen, Zhen (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Contemporary Manufacturing Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; (2) Key Laboratory of E &amp; M, Ministry of Education &amp; Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China; (3) National Engineering Research Center of Facilities Agriculture, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Fang(fangx@zjut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:186-193
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to manage the energy and improve the heating/cooling efficiency, a hybrid method with mechanism modeling and system identification is proposed to predict the energy consumption of semi-closed greenhouses. Based on the balance of energy and mass balance, a physical model for energy consumption in the semi-closed greenhouse is developed, which takes into account the energy flux due to solar radiation, long wave thermal radiation, crop transpiration, heat conduction and convection. According to the measurement difficulty and time-variation, besides the environmental parameters, 11 uncertain parameters of the model are selected such as leaf area index of crop, aerodynamic resistances of the leaves and heat transfer coefficient of greenhouse cover. Self-accelerating particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm (SPSO-GA) is presented to adjust the uncertain parameters of the energy consumption model. To speed up the convergence, the acceleration factor is considered to change the inertia weight in the optimization process. The population is evolved by particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the local optimal particle population is retained. Then, the local worst particle population from PSO is evolved by implementing crossover and mutation genetic algorithm (GA) operators. Combining the local best particle population by PSO and the particles by GA<inf>,</inf>the best particles are remained. The data measurement is conducted in a semi-closed greenhouse in the Chongming agricultural demonstration base (31&deg;57'N, 121&deg;7'E), located in Shanghai City from November 1, 2014 to May 31, 2015.SPSO-GA is utilized to calibrate the uncertain parameters of energy consumption model by using the measured data in the experimental greenhouse from March 1 to March 5, 2015.The identification results illustrate that SPSO-GA can provide the advantage of rapid convergence, global optimization and strong robustness. The root mean square error (RMSE) by the GA and the PSO at final convergence is respectively 21.3% and 12.9% higher than that by the SPSO-GA. Hence, these results indicate that the SPSO-GA is effective to adjust the uncertain parameters of greenhouse energy model with high accuracy. According to the validation by using the continual three-day data, the RMSE by the GA and the PSO is respectively 32.2% and 10.7% higher than that by the SPSO-GA. The predicted heat power consumption by the SPSO-GA in the semi-closed greenhouse is well fitted with the measured data, and the total energy consumption performs a better accuracy of 98.6%. For checking the extensive applicability of energy consumption model in the semi-closed greenhouses, the energy forecasting model is then utilized to further predict the daily energy consumption in January, 2015.The deference of predicted and measured daily energy consumption is 1.58%-27.05%; however, all the relative error between predicted and measured daily energy consumption can be less than 14% when the trend of actual outside temperature and solar radiation is similar to that set for simulation. It proves that the energy forecasting model can be reliable to estimate the energy consumption of semi-closed greenhouse. The developed model for energy consumption can act as a tool to design the cooling/heating load and manage the greenhouse energy for financial and energy savings. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Particle swarm optimization (PSO)
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Crops - Energy conservation - Energy management - Energy utilization - Forecasting - Genetic algorithms - Global optimization - Greenhouses - Heat conduction  - Heat radiation - Heat resistance - Heat transfer - Mean square error - Optimization - Parameter estimation - Solar radiation - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Acceleration factors - Aerodynamic resistance - Conduction and convections - Crossover and mutation - Energy consumption model - Environmental parameter - Root mean square errors - Total energy consumption
Classification code:525 Energy Management and Conversion - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20160201793875
Title:Characteristics of runoff and sediment during individual rainfall in upper area of Miyun Reservoir
Authors:He, Yangyang (1); Wang, Xiaoyan (1); Duan, Shuhuai (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources, Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China; (2) Water and Soil Conservation Station of Beijing, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Xiaoyan(wangxy@cnu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:134-141
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rainfall is the main factor driving surface runoff and soil erosion. In order to clarify the characteristics of individual rainfall runoff and soil erosion in upper area of Miyun Reservoir and the impact of rainfall depth and intensity on surface runoff and soil erosion under different land use types with various slopes, data on rainfall runoff and soil erosion of 213 individual rainfalls in experimental plots of Shixia watershed from 2006 to 2010 were collected and analyzed. Clustering analysis, variance analysis and correlation analysis was conducted, and the results showed that: 1) The critical period to implement soil and water conservation measures was in July and August of each year. When the rainfall depth of 24h was larger than 10 mm, the water and soil conservation measures should be adopted; 2) In upper area of Miyun Reservoir, the rainfall could be divided into 3 different types according to rainfall depth and intensity. The main rainfall type in this region was the low precipitation with low intensity, although it couldn't drive soil loss substantially. Across the land-uses of bare land, arable land and forestland, high depth but medium intensity rainfall is always the major reason that should be responsible for surface runoff and soil erosion. While, in the grass land, medium depth but high intensity rainfall was the main type causing surface runoff and soil erosion; 3) The runoff depth and sediment yield of bare land was always the highest among different land-use patterns. For the medium precipitation with high intensity, forestland can greatly reduce the runoff in comparison with bare land. While, for low precipitation with low intensity and high precipitation but with medium intensity, the runoff reduction efficiency in the arable land was very low, while the efficiency was extremely high in the grassland and forestland. The reduction of sediment had not shown any significant difference across these land-uses; 4) The relationship between runoff depth, sediment amount and rainfall depth, rainfall intensity under different land-uses also were different. For the bare land, the relationships between runoff, sediment amount and precipitation on different slopes were all significant (P&lt;0.05), while the correlation coefficient between runoff and precipitation was higher than that of rainfall intensity and runoff, and the correlation coefficient was the highest, which was 0.607 (P&lt;0.01) when the slope was 14.4&deg;. For arable land, a significant relationship between rainfall depth and runoff was observed while other relationships were not noticeable. Our results also implied that the correlation coefficient could be magnified when the slope was 11.4&deg;, which was 0.625 (P&lt;0.01). For grassland, the correlation between runoff and rainfall intensity was noticeable but noisy when slope was 27&deg; while between runoff and rainfall depth was not significant. For woodland, all of the relationships were not noticed, which indicated that the relationship between runoff, sediment amount and rainfall factors could be weakened to some extent. Our study can provide valuble information for the soil and water conservation and Best Management Practices in the upper watershed of Miyun Reservoir. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Rain
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Digital storage - Efficiency - Erosion - Forestry - Land use - Precipitation (chemical) - Precipitation (meteorology) - Reservoir management - Reservoirs (water)  - Runoff - Sediments - Soil conservation - Soils - Water conservation - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Best management practices - Different land use types - Land use type - Slope - Soil and water conservation - Soil and water conservation measures - Soil erosion - Water and soil conservations
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 441.2 Reservoirs - 443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 512.1.2 Petroleum Deposits : Development Operations - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20160201793888
Title:Optimization of LED light quality and time for artificial breeding of Haliotis discus hannai
Authors:Gao, Xiaolong (1, 2); Li, Xian (1, 4); Zhang, Mo (1); Shi, Ce (1, 4); Song, Changbin (3); Liu, Ying (1, 5)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (3) Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (4) National &amp; Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, China; (5) Nantong R&amp;D Center of Marine Science and Technology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nantong, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Ying(yinliu@qdio.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:225-231
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Light is one of the key environmental factors that influence the growth, development and survival of aquatic organism. In this study, the effects of different light qualities (red, orange, white, blue, green light and dark setting) and initial stage of lighting (fertilized egg, trochophore, eye spot larvae) on the growth, development and survival of the larvae of Haliotis discus hannai Ino were examined. Experimental results suggested that the hatching rate of larvae under green, blue, and dark setting were all &gt;80% and were significantly higher compared with those under red, orange, or white light (P&lt;0.05). Under red, orange or white light, the abnormality rate of larvae was higher and significant difference was identified if compared to any other light quality group (P&lt;0.05). Under red light, abnormalities occurred in &gt;10% of larvae, which was significantly higher than in any other treatment group (P&lt;0.05). Under blue light, since the trochophore stage, the metamorphosis rate of larvae was significantly higher than any other light quality group. Under red, orange light or in dark setting, the metamorphosis rate of larvae was lower at the initial stage of different lights and no significant difference was identified if compared to any other light quality group (P&gt;0.05). The metamorphosis rate of larvae cultured under blue light since the fertilized egg stage was significantly higher than in any other light quality group lit at the same stage (P&lt;0.05), while the metamorphosis rate among larvae cultured under green or white light was also higher than in the remaining groups, with no significant difference between them (P&gt;0.05). Under blue, green light, the survival rate of juvenile was significantly higher than any other light quality group (P&lt;0.05), but no significant effect on the survival rate of juvenile was identified in the initial stage of different lights (P&gt;0.05). In cultures lit since the fertilized egg stage, trochophore size was significantly larger under blue, green, or dark setting, compared with white or red light (P&lt;0.05), with no significant difference among these blue, green, or dark setting (P&gt;0.05). Under blue, green light, since the stage of trochophore or eye spot larvae, the size of completion of larval shell and metamorphosis was significantly bigger than any other group since the fertilized egg stage (P&lt;0.05). However, the required time of metamorphosis of larvae since the eye spot larvae stage was significantly longer if compared to that of any other group since the stage of fertilized egg or trochophore (P&lt;0.05). Therefore, blue, green light used as light source and lighting starting from the stage of trochophore in the culture and growth of the larvae of H. discus hannai Ino can be highly referential to boost the hatching efficiency of seeds, increase the yield per water body and for the rapid development of the aquaculture industry. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Light emitting diodes
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Aquatic organisms - Citrus fruits - Fisheries - Light sources - Lighting
Uncontrolled terms:Haliotis - Larvae - Light resources - Metamorphosis - Survival
Classification code:471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20160201793886
Title:Optimization of water supply system with constant temperature in winter based on effect of water temperature on growth performance of beef cattle
Authors:Chen, Zhaohui (1, 2); Pang, Chao (1, 2); Jin, Wei (1, 2); Liu, Jijun (1, 2); Zhu, Yueming (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, China; (3) Zhangye Research Station, Zhangye, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Jijun(liujijun@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:212-218
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to relieve the cold stress of beef cattle and increase the beef production efficiency during winter in Northwest China, a comparison study was conducted to evaluate the performance and the economic viability of the constant temperature water supply system. Simmental crossbreed cattle was used as experiment animal, and the temperature inside the constant temperature water supply system, the drinking behavior and the physiology of the beef cattle, and the growing performance were determined. This experiment was conducted in 2 barns with pitched roof in Zhangye area of Gansu Province, China. In the study, the control group was fed with cold water once a day, and cows in the treatment group were constantly supplied with warm water and divided into 4 groups according to the degree of thermal insulation means. The constant temperature water supply system used in this experiment contains heating tank (with heating rods and float inside), temperature controller, 29 drinking cups (2 kinds, insulation drinking cups with insulation material interlayer and single-layer drinking cups without insulation), and water supply and return pipe (2 kinds, insulation pipes with insulation material interlayer and single-layer pipes without insulation). The float inside the tank can control water level in the tank and drinking cups. Temperature probe connected with temperature controllers can set the upper and lower limit of temperature. When the temperature in the tank is higher than the upper limit of temperature, the heating rod stops heating. And heating rod starts heating when the temperature is below the lower limit of temperature. During this experiment period, the time interval of water drinking was recorded by using the behavior monitor and the water temperature was measured as well. Record the behavior of every single cattle, and count the drinking time every 10 minutes to study the relationship between drink behavior and water temperature. The body surface temperature nearby rumen was measured for those cattle which were monitored. Meanwhile, the thermal insulations of these 4 groups were compared, and the relationship between the water temperature and the drinking behavior and the daily body weight gain of the beef cattle was explored. The results showed that the constant temperature water supply system supplied with warm water at 17.69 using the thermostatic drinking system, and the daily body weight gain by drinking warm water was 1.53 kg/d per cattle, which was significantly increased by 0.36 kg/d per cattle compared to cattle from the control barn (P&lt;0.01). In the treatment barn, cattle drunk more and had higher body weight gain in the group with warm water at 16-18 (the daily body weight gain was 1.69&plusmn;0.44 kg/d per cattle). The rumen surface temperature of the treatment group after drinking water was 3.29 higher than the control group (P&lt;0.01). Through calculation, the economic performance of 4 groups (A, B, C and D) with the warm water supply system and the control group could obtain profits of 3732.5, 3109.9, 2890.1, 2875.4 and 2632.5 yuan on average, respectively, for every cow in one winter. Thus, Group A showed the highest profit. In conclusion, the study shows that the constant temperature water supply system can effectively relieve the cold stress and thus significantly improve the production performance of beef cattle, and it has the technical and economic feasibility. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Potable water
Controlled terms:Animals - Anthropometry - Atmospheric temperature - Beef - Controllers - Economic analysis - Farm buildings - Heating - Insulating materials - Insulation  - Meats - Monitoring - Profitability - Speed control - Surface properties - Tanks (containers) - Temperature - Temperature control - Thermal insulation - Thermal processing (foods)  - Water - Water levels - Water supply - Water supply systems - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Constant temperature water supply - Drinking behavior - Economic feasibilities - Insulation materials - Production performance - Surface temperatures - Temperature controllers - Water temperatures
Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 413 Insulating Materials - 413.2 Heat Insulating Materials - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444 Water Resources - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 461.3 Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics - 619.2 Tanks - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 732.1 Control Equipment - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 822.3 Food Products - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20160201793858
Title:Exhaust gas recirculation improving economic and emission properties of cylinder diesel generator fueled with biodiesel
Authors:Liang, Yu (1, 2); Zhang, Tao (2); Zhong, Liqiong (2); Xu, Mingfei (2); Peng, Jun (2); Pi, Xiang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; (2) College of Mechanical Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:23-29
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to study the effect on performance of a single-cylinder diesel generator fueled with biodiesel using EGR (exhaust gas recirculation), the experiment was carried out with a single-cylinder air-cooled four-stroke diesel generator fueled with diesel and biodiesel under the EGR rate of 0, 16% and 28%, respectively, and the economy, the oxynitride (NO<inf>x</inf>), hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emission characteristics and the light absorption coefficient of exhaust were tested and analyzed. The secondary fuel tank was added on the diesel engine, the fuel supply and test system and the exhaust gas recirculation pipe were refited. In the tests, diesel was commercially available No. 0 diesel, and biodiesel was produced by Yunnan Ying-Ding Bioenergy Company from waste oil. The results showed that appropriate EGR rate may slightly reduce diesel fuel consumption, for small load corresponded to a smaller EGR rate and high load corresponded to a larger EGR rate. Biodiesel fuel consumption was higher than diesel, and the average biodiesel fuel consumption in volume was about 9%, 10% and 17% higher than that of diesel, respectively, when using 0, 16% and 28% EGR rate. With the increase of EGR rate, the NO<inf>x</inf>emission reduced. The NO<inf>x</inf>emission could be reduced by about 17% and 35% when fueled with diesel, and could be reduced by about 10% and 24% when fueled with biodiesel under the 16% and 28% EGR rate respectively compared to that under the zero EGR rate. Moreover, biodiesel NO<inf>x</inf>emission was about 6.5% and 17% higher than diesel under the 16% and 28% EGR rate respectively. With the increase of EGR rate, HC emission increased obviously when fueled with diesel. HC emission when using biodiesel was dereased by about 6% on average than that using diesel under the 16% EGR rate, and by about 28.5% under the 28% EGR rate. The CO emission was higher at no load, the lowest at middle-high load, and the highest at full load. The CO emission decreased gradually from no load to middle-high load, and increased significantly form middle-high load to full load. With the increase of EGR rate, the CO emission increased obviously when fueled with diesel and increased slightly when fueled with biodiesel. Biodiesel CO emission was slightly lower than diesel from low load to middle-high load under the 0 and 16% EGR rate, and obviously lower than diesel at every load under the 28% EGR rate. Moreover, the CO emission of biodiesel was about 24% lower than that of diesel on average under the 28% EGR rate. The light absorption coefficient of exhaust was lower at no load and middle-high load. The light absorption coefficient firstly increased obviously from no load to low-middle load, then decreased gradually to middle-high load, and then increased significantly to full load. With the increase of EGR rate, the light absorption coefficient increased when fueled with biodiesel, however the trend was not obvious when fueled with diesel. The light absorption coefficient of biodiesel was higher than that of diesel at small and medium engine load. Compared with the vehicle diesel engine, diesel generator's rotation speed was more stable, and the scope and frequency of load changes were lower. Therefor biodiesel is more readily available in the practical application of diesel generators. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Diesel engines
Controlled terms:Automobile fuel tanks - Biodiesel - Carbon - Carbon monoxide - Diesel fuels - Electromagnetic wave absorption - Engines - Exhaust gas recirculation - Exhaust gases - Fuel tanks  - Fuels - Gas absorption - Gases - Light absorption
Uncontrolled terms:Diesel generators - Economy - Emission characteristics - Emission performance - Emission properties - Generator - Light absorption coefficients - Vehicle diesel engines
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 523 Liquid Fuels - 612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine Components - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 619.2 Tanks - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20160201793889
Title:Spatial distribution of interaction effect between variety and environment on maize yield
Authors:Zhao, Zuliang (1); Qu, Yiwei (1); Liu, Zhe (1); Wu, Rihan (1); Xia, Yinlei (1); Li, Shaoming (1); Zhang, Xiaodong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Zhe(liuz@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:232-238
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The performance of crop variety during field production is an emergent property resulting from interactions among genotype effect, environmental effect, and genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) effect. What's more, the environmental effect and GEI of crop variety are closely related to the spatial location and the annual fluctuation of the planting environment. However, the current studies are not fully taking the spatial and temporal elements into account. As a result, the spatial distribution pattern of the performance of crop variety can hardly be exploited, and much less be used in the target population environment (TPE). Therefore, this article presents an approach which is based on multi-environment trial (MET) data, including multi-plot for several years in the maize planting region of the east of North China (planting maize in spring) and the Huang-Huai-Hai maize planting region (planting maize in summer) from Beijing Golden Nonghua Seed Science &amp; Technology Company. The yield data cover 3 years (2010-2012) and hundreds of test points and varieties, and we select 3 representative corn varieties (Nonghua 101, Xianyu 335, Zhengdan 958) to analyze. Firstly, the environmental effect and GEI effect are calculated. On the basis of calculation results, the classification standard of spatial color rendering can be determined. Secondly, according to the grade standard of spatial color rendering, we combine the results of environmental effect and GEI effect with the geographic data and the result of maize regionalization, and then visualize them by the spatial visualization tools. Finally, we explore the spatial distribution and spatial analysis approach of environmental effect and GEI effect based on the results of spatial visualization. According to the analysis result of yield data, it turns out that the positive and negative values of environmental effect reflect the seriousness of stress in the planting area. The environmental effect in most regions of seeding in summer and middle-late ripening regions (Area One) is negative, which means the stress in these region is very serious. In the meantime, in the regions of seeding in spring and middle ripening (Area Two), most of the values are positive and the stress is less serious. What's more, based on earlier finds, the positive and negative values of GEI reflect the suitability between typical planting environment and crop variety, and the annual and spatial fluctuations of GEI reflect the stability of crop variety as well. According to the results, the stability of the 3 maize varieties in Area One is as follow: Nonghua 101 &gt; Zhengdan 958 &gt; Xianyu 335, and the suitability is Zhengdan 958 &gt; Nonghua 101 &gt; Xianyu 335.By contrast, the stability of Area Two shows Zhengdan 958 &gt; Nonghua 101 &gt; Xianyu 335, and the suitability is Nonghua 101 &gt; Zhengdan 958 &gt; Xianyu 335.The experiment results show that the method can analyze the spatial distribution of the performance of crop variety during field production effectively. In conclusion, based on geographic information system (GIS), this article has exploited the spatial distribution and analysis method of environmental effect and GEI of maize, which is not only helping for developing the spatial model of crop field performance and predicting the phenotype of crop variety precisely, but also can be used to improve the accuracy of evaluation in variety. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Spatial distribution
Controlled terms:Color image processing - Convergence of numerical methods - Crops - Cultivation - Data visualization - Environmental impact - Geographic information systems - Rendering (computer graphics) - Seed - Spatial variables measurement  - Stability - Visualization
Uncontrolled terms:Basis of calculation - Classification standard - Genotype-by-environment interaction - Interaction effect - Spatial distribution patterns - Spatial visualization - Suitability - Technology companies
Classification code:454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20160201793873
Title:Sediment transport capacity and flow-sediment relationship in different topographical units of different spatial scales in hilly loess region
Authors:Wang, Lingling (1, 2); Yao, Wenyi (2); Wang, Wenlong (1); Yang, Er (2); Chen, Li (2); Zhang, Pan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China; (2) Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Loss Process and Control on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Water Resources, Zhengzhou, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Wenlong(wlwang@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:120-126
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil erosion and sediment transport in Losses Plateau region are crucial for sustainable development of the local region and downstream of Yellow river due to the harmful sedimentation in the plain area. This study was to investigate the sediment transport capacity and flow-sediment relationship in different topographical units of different scales in loess region to explore the countermeasures for solving the sediment-related environmental issues. The Peijiamao watershed in losses region was selected as prototype for observation, including the embedded whole slope runoff plot (0.25 hm²) and 3 hydrological stations that were first branch of Qiaogou (subwatershed of Qiaogou watershed), Qiaogou watershed (subwatershed of Peijiamao watershed), and Peijiamao watershed (3930 hm²) with increasing scales, acting as 4 different topographical units. The rainfall, runoff and sediment contents data at these sites were recorded and collected from 1986 to 2008.Results showed that during the observation period the runoff depth and the sediment transport modulus at the annual timescales of the slope scale were more than that of the watershed scale, probably due to the well-known gravitational erosion occurring on the steeper slopes at slope scale in this region. When the spatial scale was up to the watershed scale, at the annual timescale the runoff depth increased with the spatial scale, but the sediment transport modulus decreased with spatial scale. However, at the inter-event timescale the maximum value of the runoff depth and the sediment transport modulus may occur at the different topographical units influenced by the rainfall process, rainfall duration, rainfall spatial distribution, the antecedent soil moisture content and other factors. Totally, 67.74% of the runoff peaks occurred at whole slope runoff plot and 29.03% at entire Peijiamao watershed. However, 38.71% of sediment transport modulus occurred at whole slope runoff plot and 48.39% occurred at entire Peijiamao watershed. With the increasing in spatial scale, the sediment transport capacity decreased dramatically. The sediment concentration carried by unit flow power of the whole slope runoff plot, the first-branch of Qiaogou and the Qiaogou was 186, 77 and 58 times that of entire Peijiamao watershed, respectively. It was further confirmed that slope scale triggered tremendous intensity of soil erosion, and the probability of hyper-concentration flow decreased when spatial scale increased. The gentler slope in the larger watersheds from first branch of Qiaogou to the whole Peijiamao watershed and more interception by the flattened terraces might lower sediment transport capacity in this region. Furthermore, the probability of hyper-concentrated flow was closely related to the ratios of width to depth of the different gully. Result showed that the smaller the ratio of width to depth the bigger the probability of hyper-concentrated flow. In this study, the ratios of width to depth of the watershed gullies were 8.15, 15.86 and 38.09, respectively at the 3 watershed scales from first branch of Qiaogou to the whole Peijiamao watershed and the gully gradient decreased with spatial scales from 4.97% at subwatershed of Qiaogou watershed to 1.51% at Peijiamao wathershed. The runoff-sediment transport modulus relationship of different topographical units was in linear function, suggesting that runoff volume was the controlling factor of sediment transport. And with the increase in spatial scale, the runoff-sediment transport modulus relationship was more significant from 0.71 at whole slope runoff plot to 0.99 (for the decisive factor) at entire Peijiamao watershed scale. It also showed that curve slope decreased with increase in watershed area, with highest slope of 1.10 &times; 10⁶at whole slope runoff plot and 1210 at entire Peijiamao watershed indicating that the relationship between runoff and sediment was more complex in the slope scale. The results can provide valuble inforamtion for exploring the spatial scale effects and scale transformation of soil erosion in Losses Plateau region. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Runoff
Controlled terms:Erosion - Face recognition - Landforms - Precipitation (chemical) - Probability - Rain - Sediment transport - Sedimentation - Sediments - Soil moisture  - Soils - Sustainable development - Topography - Transportation - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Antecedent soil moisture - Downstream of Yellow rivers - Flow-sediment relationship - Gravitational erosions - Hilly loess region - Sediment concentration - Sediment transport capacity - Spatial scale
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 444.1 Surface Water - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 922.1 Probability Theory - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20160201793859
Title:Parameter optimization and experiment of air-assisted spraying on pear trees
Authors:Sun, Chengda (1); Qiu, Wei (1); Ding, Weimin (1); Gu, Jiabing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Weimin(wmding@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:30-38
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Air-assisted spraying pattern has been widely used in pesticide application area, and air-assisted spraying parameters have a significant influence on droplet distribution. The optimization of spraying parameters is an important way to improve the spray efficiency. However, there are few bases to determine air-assisted spraying parameters for tree canopies of different foliage area volume densities. In this article, cannon sprayer was used, and air velocity from sprayer outlet was adjusted by changing fan speed from 0 to 3 000 r/min with the aid of frequency converter. Firstly, droplet attenuation regulation without tree canopy was researched under different air velocities and spraying distances in the three-dimensional space. The results turned out that air outlet velocities and spraying distances had a significant influence on the droplet penetration flow rate without tree canopy. In order to reduce the influence of droplet gravity and air resistance, the droplet relative penetration rate was introduced into the article, which meant the ratio of droplet flow penetration rate with tree canopy to that without tree canopy in the same three-dimensional position. Secondly, pear trees with different foliage area volume densities in different growth stages were used as test samples, and the regulation of droplet penetration rate, deposition rate and drift rate inside and outside the tree canopy were researched under different air velocities, foliage area volume densities and spraying distances. It revealed that the drift rate increased significantly as the air velocities increased. To some extent, as for the droplet penetration rate and deposition rate, the spraying effect was improved greatly as the air velocities increased at the beginning, and then the influence of air velocity tended to be less. Droplet penetration rate, deposition rate and drift rate all decreased as the foliage area volume density of tree canopies or the spraying distances increased. Therefore, these factors should be considered as a whole in the spraying application to improve the spraying effect. On the basis of this idea, a way to determine the optimum air velocity range at the outlet for tree canopies with different foliage area volume densities was put forward, and the droplet penetration rate, deposition rate and drift rate were regarded as comprehensive evaluation index. After that, the air flow replacement principle and the spraying application criteria for unit area of leaves were used to estimate sprayer traveling speed. The estimated results revealed that there was a relatively big difference in sprayer traveling speed for different foliage area volume densities of tree canopies, which should be considered in the spraying application. On the basis of experimental data analysis, the attenuation models of the droplet deposition rate and penetration flow rate inside the tree canopy were established. In these models, air outlet velocities, foliage area volume densities, and spraying distances were regarded as independent variables, and the droplet deposition rate and penetration rate were regarded as dependent variables. Coefficient of determination, relative error and root mean squared error (RMSE) were used to evaluate the attenuation models. The results showed that coefficients of determination for the models were over 0.90, average relative errors between the estimated and measured values were less than 20%, and RMSEs were relatively low. The models could be used to predict penetration flow rate and deposition rate accurately inside the tree canopy. By further using the model, the range of optimum outlet air velocity with different foliage area volume densities was estimated, and there was a high consistency between the estimated and experimental results, which showed that the attenuation model could be used to estimate the optimum outlet air velocity range. This research provides experimental method and basis for the spraying parameters optimization in practical spraying operation. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Air
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Deposition - Deposition rates - Drops - Errors - Forestry - Fruits - Machinery - Mean square error - Mechanization  - Models - Optimization - Trees (mathematics) - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Air-assisted spraying - Coefficient of determination - Comprehensive evaluation index - Experimental data analysis - Outlet velocities - Root mean squared errors - Three dimensional space - Volume density
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20160201793879
Title:Review of temporal scale expansion for evapotranspiration retrieved by remote sensing data
Authors:Xia, Haoming (1, 2); Li, Ainong (1); Zhao, Wei (1); Bian, Jinhu (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Li, Ainong(ainongli@imde.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:162-173
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) at regional scale is vital for agricultural ecosystem and hydrologic cycle. Remote sensing can overcome the limitation of spatial scale from traditional ET measurement and inversion approaches. However, remote sensing only obtains the instantaneous ET estimates at the overpassing time of satellite. In the practical application, temporal upscaling of instantaneous ET to daily or longer temporal scale is required. This study reviewed the methods for the temporal upscaling of ET, compared the applicability of different methods, gave quantifiable advice on how to choose the different methods, and assessed the uncertainties from model itself, model parameterization, along with model evaluation. Future research should address the following issues: 1) The precision of remote sensing for obtaining surface parameters needs to be further improved. Land surface temperature, surface albedo, emissivity, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), fractional vegetation cover, soil moisture and leaf area index (LAI) have significant impact on the partition of the 4 energy components in the energy balance models and consequently on the accuracy of the retrieval regional ET. More attention should be paid to the physical interpretation of these surface variables, and understanding the mechanism of remote sensing radiative transfer needs to deepen. 2) Now, more than 2000 terrestrial flux stations have been established all over the world, which almost cover the major ecosystem types of the world. However, the comparative research on existing methods of temporal scale expansion is less. Therefore, relying on the existing field data of long-term ground observation stations, further comparison of the applicability between different temporal upscaling methods is definitely required in different climate zones and crop types, which can provide reference on how to select the appropriate temporal scale expansion method based on the characteristics of study area. 3) The temporal upscaling method of remote sensing ET has its own advantages, disadvantages and suitable conditions, and hence it needs to be further improved and perfected. For example, although the constant reference evaporative fraction method has higher estimation precision than other methods, a variable canopy resistance would be introduced for the reference grass instead of using the fixed value. 4) In the future, we can introduce hyperspectral data to improve the accuracy of surface temperature inversion, use microwave data which is less affected by weather to estimate the ET of rainy days, and combine new technology and method such as large aperture scintillation detector (LAS) to carry out satellite-aircraft-ground simultaneous observation experiment; and integrated use of multi-source, multi-scale remote sensing data to expand temporal scale of ET based on the characteristics of study area, is a breakthrough for future research. 5) Based on data assimilation methods, land surface process and atmospheric general circulation model, relying on the existing field data of long-term ground observation stations, the land surface data assimilation system of ET can be constructed, which can integrate multi-source/scale direct and indirect observations data. Achieving dynamic monitoring and forecasting of ET in agro-ecosystem is one of the future trends. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:77
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Earth atmosphere - Ecology - Ecosystems - Evapotranspiration - Fighter aircraft - Rain - Soil moisture - Surface measurement - Surface properties  - Uncertainty analysis - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Atmospheric general circulation models - Data assimilation methods - Expand method - Fractional vegetation cover - Land surface data assimilation systems - Land surface temperature - Normalized difference vegetation index - Temporal scale
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 443.3 Precipitation - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 652.1.2 Military Aircraft - 922.1 Probability Theory - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20160201793898
Title:Analysis of influencing factors of agricultural productivity and cultivated land dynamics based on simultaneous formulas in Northeast China
Authors:Jiang, Qun'ou (1, 2, 3, 4); Cheng, Yuwei (1); Xue, Xiaochan (1); Deng, Xiangzheng (3, 4); Chen, Lixin (1); Nie, Chengjing (5)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Prevention, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; (3) Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (4) Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (5) School of Public Administration, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang, China
Corresponding author:Deng, Xiangzheng(dengxz.ccap@igsnrr.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:289-297
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Northeast China is one of the major grain producing areas in China. However, issues are current outstanding, such as decrease in land productivity. Therefore, it is significant to carry out researches on mechanisms of cultivated land dynamics and agricultural productivity in Northeast China. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the relationship between the endogenous and exogenous variables of three key regional ecological processes in the study area, including agricultural productivity, conversion of cultivated land to land for house or building, and conversion of cultivated land to forests or grasslands. The simultaneous equations were used in this study, which was based on the data of land use, natural environment, meteorology, location, traffic and socio-economy. Quantitative analysis was conducted from several aspects such as population size, society, economy, policy, location and natural conditions. The results showed that socio-economic factors played a decisive role in the agricultural productivity in a short period, and agricultural population growth and the role of input factors of agricultural productivity were also significant. In addition, policy was one of key influencing factors as well. Although the policy of Grain for Green has negative effect for agricultural production, it was noted that the policy of Grain for Green can not be terminated because environmental protection should be also considered. Air temperature and precipitation were also important for agricultural productivity, but they produced negative effect after reaching a certain level. In the process of cultivated land converted to building area, rapid urbanization and economic development were the main reasons, while investment in capital construction had no obvious effects. Therefore, population size and economic development were the key driving factors, and the amount of cultivated land converted to building area increased with the lagged agricultural productivity. This indicated that most of the expansion of building area was converted from fertile farmland, which had a high productivity, and it was one of the problems of urbanization and it needed attention. Geographic conditions and policy were the control factors, and the region with large slope and low plain area percentage had less conversion from cultivated land to urban area. Moreover the policy of Grain for Green also controlled the conversion from cultivated land to building area to some extent. The process of cultivated land converted to forest or grassland was mainly influenced by the key variables such as proportion of agricultural population, terrain slope, location and traffic condition, policy, climate and so on, while topography, whether was the major grain-producing county, agricultural productivity were not significant. First industry GDP promoted the conversion from cultivated land to forest or grassland, while second industry GDP and tertiary industry GDP had negative effects. The larger the proportion of rural population, the greater the increase of cultivated land converted to forest or grassland was. This suggested that larger proportion of agricultural population made more agricultural population liberate from the agricultural production process, and increased their revenue by the forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries and non-agricultural industry. Therefore, it was necessary to handle the relationship between population, economic and agricultural productivity correctly, so as to protect cultivated land and its supply functions, support functions and regulation functions and guarantee the quality and level of human life. These findings will provide important reference information for land use planning and cultivated land protection. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Productivity
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Buildings - Economic and social effects - Economics - Forestry - Grain (agricultural product) - Land use - Location - Models - Population statistics  - Urban planning
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productivity - Cultivated lands - Influencing factors - Northeast China - Simultaneous formulas
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.044
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20160201793869
Title:Evaluation index comparison of different irrigation water use efficiency based on DSSAT simulation
Authors:Yang, Xiaohui (1, 2); Huang, Xiuqiao (1); Chen, Zhen (1); Han, Qibiao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Henan Key Laboratory of Water-saving Agriculture, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, China; (2) Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Xiuqiao(huangxq626@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:95-100
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To properly assess irrigation water use efficiency, the definite and comparable indicators are urgently needed. Many evaluation indexes of irrigation water use efficiency are used, which often cause confusion. In order to quantify their differences, correlation, influence factors and application conditions, a comparative study was carried out in this paper. The winter wheat, the most important staple crop in China, was chosen as an example. The Decision support system for agrotechnolgy transfer (DSSAT) CERES-Wheat model, which was driven by daily weather data, soil data and crop management data, was applied to construct two scenarios, namely, irrigated and rainfed of winter wheat in Xinxiang area of Henan province, using data from 1963 to 2013.And the rainfed yield, rainfall of the growth period, required irrigation water, evaporation, irrigation yield in irrigation situation were simulated by DSSAT- CERES-Wheat model. Thus, five evaluation indexes of irrigation water use efficiency, namely, farmland total water use efficiency(WUE<inf>g</inf>), generalized water resources use efficiency(WUE<inf>u</inf>), irrigation water use efficiency(WUE<inf>i</inf>) and crop water productivity(WP) in irrigation situation, real irrigation water use efficiency(WUE<inf>ti</inf>) by rainfed and irrigation situation synthetically, were obtained. The results showed that WUE<inf>g</inf>and WUE<inf>u</inf>, WUE<inf>g</inf>and WP, and WUE<inf>u</inf>and WP had strong positive linear correlation, and correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.8.WUE<inf>i</inf>and WUE<inf>ti</inf>were negatively correlated. The average value of WUE<inf>g</inf>, WUE<inf>u</inf>and WP for winter wheat in Xinxiang area during 1963-2013 were 1.43, 1.48 and 1.63 kg/m³, respectively. Three results had the consistent change trend, and were on the rise over time. The value of WUE<inf>i</inf>was larger than WUE<inf>ti</inf>. The mean values of two indicators were 2.46 and 1.49 kg/m³, respectively. And the change of interannual evaluation value for the two indexes was inconsistent. Rainfall of growth period had influence on these indexes. WUE<inf>g</inf>and WP had a downward trend with the increase of rainfall, and the two indexes remained consistent. With the increase of rainfall in growth period, WUE<inf>i</inf>showed a trend of increase while WUE<inf>ti</inf>only fluctuated, and the differences between these two indexes increased significantly. The application of WUE<inf>i</inf>was confined to the influence of rainfall. Compared to WUE<inf>i</inf>, WUE<inf>ti</inf>had more reasonable definition, but the increased yield in irrigation situation, in contrast to rainfed situation, was difficultly acquired. So WUE<inf>i</inf>and WUE<inf>ti</inf>are not practical for irrigation water use efficiency evaluation. The values of WUE<inf>g</inf>and WUE<inf>u</inf>were both about 1.45 under different hydrological years. For all the five indexes, there was no significant change in different hydrological year. These conclusions provide information for evaluation of agricultural water resource. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Water resources
Controlled terms:Artificial intelligence - Crops - Decision support systems - Efficiency - Information management - Irrigation - Models - Moisture - Rain - Water  - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Comparative studies - Correlation coefficient - Crop water productivity - Evaluation index - Irrigation water use efficiency - Linear correlation - Water use efficiency - Winter wheat
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20160201793866
Title:Overloading analysis of irrigation area in basins of Tarim River in different years
Authors:Zhao, Xinfeng (1); Xu, Hailiang (1); Wang, Min (2); Zhang, Peng (1); Ling, Hongbo (1); Zheng, Gang (3)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China; (2) College of Grassland and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China; (3) Xinjiang Tarim River Basin Management Bureau, Korla, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:77-81
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is important for policy-making of irrigation to better understand if the irrigation area is overloaded. In this study, we explored the irrigation area overloading problem in basins of Tarim River in China in 2010 and 2020.The study focused mainly on four rivers and one mainstream in the Tarim River. The affordable irrigation area was calculated as the ratio of maximal irrigation amount for agriculture and gross irrigation quota. The available irrigation amount for agriculture was determined by subtracting water for lives, livestock, industry, ecology and discharged water to mainstream from total water amount. The data of irrigation area, gross irrigation quota, irrigation amount for lives, liverstock, and industry in 2010 were collected by investigation and provided by local administration. Those in 2020 were obtained according to an integrated management plan of Tarim river. Water for ecology was from previous studies. The overloading area was defined as the difference of real or planned irrigation area and maximal irrigation area. The results showed that: 1) There was a total of 17.1&times;10⁵hm²irrigation area in four source streams and mainstream of Tarim River in 2010, while the maximum area allowed was only 12.9&times;10⁵hm², suggesting an overloaded area of 4.33&times;10⁵hm²that was about 33.6% overloaded; Except for the Hotan-river basin, the others basins such as Yarkant-river, Aksu, Kaidu river-kongque river and the main stream of Tarim River were overloaded by 0.87&times;10⁵, 1.41&times;10⁵, 1.65&times;10⁵and 0.40&times;10⁵hm², and corresponding to an overloading percentage of 21.0%, 35.2%, 84.6% and 66.7%; 2) In 2010, four basins were overloaded, but only three in 2020; in 2020 the overloading of the four source streams and mainstream of Tarim River decreased 2.98&times;10⁵hm²with the percentage of 68.86% compared with that in 2010; But the overloading was serious in basins of Kaidu river-kongque river and the mainstream of Tarim River with the overloading rate of 31.6% and 34.0%, respectively; 3) There were two main reasons for the increasing of environment capacity in 2020: one was the improvement of the level of water utilization, the irrigation quota in basins of Hortan river, Yarkant river, Aksu river Kaidu river-kongque river and the main stream of Tarim River in 2020 were decreased by 12.4%, 15.8%, 18.0%, 11.6% and 9.9%, respectively compared with that in 2010; the other reason was the reduction of planning irrigation area since the planning irrigation area in basins of Aksu river, Kaidu river-kongque river and the mainstream were reduced by 0.64&times;10⁵, 1.23&times;10⁵, and 0.01&times;10⁵hm², respectively. The study can provide data support for irrigation plan of the Tarim river basin. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:6
Main heading:Rivers
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Ecology - Irrigation - Water management - Water resources - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Area - Environment capacities - Integrated management - Irrigation amounts - Irrigation quotas - Overloading - Tarim river - Tarim River basin
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20160201793899
Title:Separation and purification of rosehip polyphenols by macroporous resin and its antioxidant activity
Authors:Gan, Zhilin (1); Ni, Yuanying (1); Guo, Yue (1); Chen, Xiaosong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Ni, Yuanying(niyy102@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:298-306
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rosehip contains many kinds of beneficial active substances that human body needs, for example, polyphenols. The present study focuses on the separation and purification technology of crude polyphenol extracted from rosehip by using a macroporous adsorption resin method. Four different types of macroporous resins (ADS-17, AB-8, NKA-9 and D101) were adopted. Through the comparison of the separation effect, AB-8 was selected as the experimental adsorbent due to the strong adsorption ability and high desorption rate. Based on the adsorption isotherm, the adsorptive amount of AB-8 increased gradually with the increasing of polyphenols equilibrium concentration at first and then tended to change gently. The nonlinear curve fitting was conducted with the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Both of the models performed effectively with the R²of over 0.99, and the Langmuir (R²=0.9999) was more suitable than the Freundlich (R²=0.9948). Static and dynamic adsorption, and desorption experiment results indicated that sample concentration, temperature, pH value, flow velocity of sample, ethanol concentration, and flow velocity of desorption were the major parameters in the process of separating and purifying the rosehip polyphenols by macroporous adsorption resin technology. The optimum conditions were as follows: at room temperature, using AB-8 macroporous resin, the concentration of crude polyphenol extract was 0.80 mg/mL at pH=6.5, with the 1 mL/min flow and the adsorption injection of 200 mL, and the eluting solvent was 70% ethanol with the flow rate of 1.5 mL/min and the volume of 70 mL. Then the effect of purification was determined by total phenol content and total antioxidant capacity. Total phenol content was measured by the Folin-phenol reagent method. The result showed that purified polyphenol solution gained a concentration of 399.42 mg/g, which was 3.25 times higher than the crude polyphenol extract that was 122.90 mg/g. Also the total antioxidant capacity was evaluated by total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) kit. The T-AOC was significantly increased from 289.70 to 918.34 U/mL after purification. These indicated that AB-8 could be well applied in enrichment of polyphenols from rosehip. In addition, the antioxidant activity of crude polyphenol extract and purified extract were investigated in vitro. The scavenging capacity of DPPH&middot;, O<inf>2</inf>^-&middot; and &middot;OH known as the common free radicals was evaluated. Vitamin C and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were treated as the positive control. In this work, the sample concentration values needed for purifying 50% of DPPH&middot; were obtained from the linear curve fitting based on the scavenging capacity for the samples with different concentrations and used to assess the antioxidant activity. The results were reported as follows: the effect of purifying DPPH&middot; was vitamin C &gt; purified polyphenol extract &gt; BHT &gt; crude polyphenol extract; the effect of purifying O<inf>2</inf>^-&middot;was vitamin C &gt; BHT &gt; purified polyphenol extract &gt; crude polyphenol extract; the effect of purifying&middot;OH was vitamin C &gt; purified polyphenol extract &gt;BHT &gt; crude polyphenol extract. Obviously, purified polyphenol performed better than crude polyphenol on these methods. Even purified extract had higher antioxidant activity than BHT in DPPH&middot; and &middot;OH scavenging tests. The present study provides a theoretical reference for the industrial production and further application of rosehip polyphenols. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Purification
Controlled terms:Adsorption - Agents - Antioxidants - Curve fitting - Desorption - Ethanol - Flow velocity - Free radicals - Models - Organic solvents  - Phenols - Resins
Uncontrolled terms:Anti-oxidant activities - Macroporous adsorption resins - Polyphenols - Rosehip - Separation and purification - Separation and purification technologies - Static and dynamic adsorptions - Total antioxidant capacity
Classification code:631 Fluid Flow - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.045
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20160201793861
Title:Droplets size measurement of upward sprinkling nozzle based on photography
Authors:Zhong, Hui (1); Chen, Guohua (1); Li, Yunquan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Guohua(mmghchen@scut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:46-51
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Sprinkling system plays an important role in many areas of industrial application, and the droplet size is the one of key parameter for analyzing sprinkling system. This study aimed to establish a method for droplet size measurement by upward sprinkling system. According to the industrial application, in the purpose of investigating upward sprinkling system, an experimental platform was created at the South China University of Technology in June of 2015.It consisted of water supply facilities, control valves, indicating instruments, sprinkling nozzle and camcorder devices. Based on the direct photography method, the DSLR camera Canon EOS 7D Mark II was used for photos collection, and the scaling between real sizes and image pixels was determined on the basis of optical propagation model. The image color histogram adjustment and regional segmentation were implemented by the Image Pro Plus software, and statistic data of droplets size were analyzed. What's more, four basic dimension parameters including length, width, minimum radius, maximum radium and three dimensionless parameters including uniformity, roundness, and ellipticity were quantitated for the data filtration of out-of-focus droplets image based on the morphology. Results showed that a hair in diameter of 0.20 mm and a lead rod with diameter of 0.90 mm could be well identified respectively by the Canon EOS 7D Mark II from 3.5 m away, and the relative errors based on the present method were 4% and 0.6%, respectively. Moving droplets of upward sprinkling system could be imaged clearly. Based on morphological technique, four basic dimension parameters of length, width, minimum radius, and maximum radium were set as 3-20, 1-10, 5-40, and 3-15 pixel, respectively, and three dimensionless parameters of uniformity, roundness, and ellipticity were set as 0.1-0.2, 1-1.05, and 1-1.1, respectively. Then blurring and shadowy sports, which were invalid interference data, could be filtered by the Image Pro Plus software based on the adaptive gray level threshold and subpixel edge detection algorithm. To set parameters of grey range, brightness, contrast, gamma as 11-102, 80%, 200%, 0.9, respectively, comparisons between original photo and processed photo had been shown. Finally, the probability density of number distribution and the cumulative number distribution of droplets diameter had been given. The droplet diameters for cumulative number distribution corresponding to 10%, 50%, and 90% had been obtained as 1.309, 1.866, and 2.537 mm. Therefore, the present method is effective and convenient for the measurement of upward sprinkling nozzle droplets size, and can expand the scope of application on photography. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Adaptive optics - Color photography - Drops - Edge detection - Image segmentation - Measurements - Nozzles - Particle size - Photography - Pixels  - Probability density function - Probability distributions - Radium - Sprinkler systems (irrigation) - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Dimensionless parameters - Droplet size measurement - Gray level thresholds - Image - Probability densities - Regional segmentation - South China University of Technology - Subpixel edge detection
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 622.1 Radioactive Materials, General - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 741.1 Light/Optics - 742.1 Photography - 746 Imaging Techniques - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20160201793900
Title:Effect of superfine grinding on physicochemical properties of mulberry leaf powder
Authors:Chen, Guangjing (1, 2); Wang, Lisha (1); Zhang, Fusheng (1, 3); Li, Cuiling (1); Kan, Jianquan (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; (2) College of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China; (3) Laboratory of Quality &amp; Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservationg (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
Corresponding author:Kan, Jianquan(ganjq1965@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:307-314
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Superfine grinding technology is a type of food processing that used to produce powders with outstanding properties such as high solubility, dispersion, adsorption, chemical reactivity and fluidity. In order to expand the application of the superfine grinding technology in food additive and pharmaceutical industries, the physicochemical properties of mulberry leaf micro-powders were investigated. Four types of mulberry leaf micronized powders were prepared by pulverizing its coarse through superfine grinding for different periods of time (2, 4, 6 and 8 h). The physicochemical properties of the micronized powders and the coarse powder were then compared and investigated. The results showed that superfine grinding could effectively pulverize coarse powder to different micro-sizes. With increased superfine grinding time, the particle size significantly decreased (P&lt;0.05). Furthermore, with narrowed particle size distribution, the specific surface area and bulk density significantly increased (P&lt;0.05); the angle of repose and slide and swelling capacity significantly decreased (P&lt;0.05); and water and oil holding capacity, protein and polysaccharide solubility and water solubility index improved to different extents. These indexes were tightly dependent on particle size with absolute coefficients beyond 0.6156.However, no significant difference was observed in flavonoid content among mulberry leaf particles (P&gt;0.05). Scanning electron micrography observations revealed the shape morphology of the fragmented mulberry granules. The physicochemical properties of micro-powder D milled at 8 h were more satisfying than micro-powders A, B, and C (milled at 2, 4 and 6 h, respectively). These results suggested that superfine grinding could improve some physicochemical properties of mulberry leaf powder, thereby enabling its applications as a functional food additive and food product, as well as a material for the pharmaceutical industry. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Particle size
Controlled terms:Chemical properties - Food additives - Food processing - Grinding (machining) - Grinding machines - Oils and fats - Particle size analysis - Physical properties - Plants (botany) - Powders  - Solubility
Uncontrolled terms:Mulberry leaf - Oil holding capacities - Pharmaceutical industry - Physicochemical property - Scanning electrons - Superfine grinding - Swelling capacities - Water solubility index
Classification code:604.2 Machining Operations - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.046
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20160201793855
Title:Meta analysis on impact of plastic film on potato yield in China
Authors:Zhao, Aiqin (1); Wei, Xiuju (1); Zhu, Ming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Postdoctoral Scientific Research Stations of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Wei, Xiuju(weixj@tcsae.org)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:1-7
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Potato has been considered as the fourth largest food crops in China and it is important to enhance potato yield. As one of important techniques to improve potato yield, plastic film mulching has been widely applied but it is unclear about if and how the yield-increasing effect of plastic film is affected by different areas, colors of plastic film, planting methods, and main climatic factors (temperature and precipitation) in China. Therefore, we collected 30-year experimental data on potato yield under plastic film mulching from published papers in order to investigate the yield-increasing effect of potato in different areas, covered with black or white films, planted in flat field or on ridges, during the period from 1980 to 2014 by using Meta-analysis method. Meta-analysis method can quantatively synthesize the results from studies on a same subject and has been used for soil carbon emission but rarely been used in agricultural yield. Through database searching, a total of 84 papers were found on the subject of potato yield and plastic film mulching. The dataset was selected from the papers based on 4 criterions: 1) Experiments carried out in China; 2) Both treatments with and without plastic film mulching included; 3) Providing data of mean and standard error of yield for both treatments or at least 2 years of yield data; and 4) Clear basic information on location, year, film color, potato variety, et al. A total of 52 datasets were obtained from 42 papers. Then, the 52 groups of data were used for Meta-analysis and they were associated with 14 provinces in China distributed in northwest, southwest, and southeast. Results showed that: 1) The yield-increasing effects of plastic films were highest in the northwest with a mean relative yield-increasing rate of 35.6%, followed by the southeast and southwest with the mean yield-increasing rate of 20% and 12%, respectively; 2) The yield-increasing rate of potato was higher during the period from 1990 to 2010 than before, but getting lower in 2011-2014 with minus yield-increasing values reported, revealing an upward-to-downward trend during the past 30 years; 3) The yield-increasing effects of white films were slightly higher than black films in general; 4) The yield-increasing effects were not significantly different between the ridge and flat field planting methods; 5) The yield-increasing effects of plastic films were high under regions with mean annual precipitation smaller than 500 mm and mean annual temperature lower than 10 with relative yield-increasing rate of 40.5% and 37.6%, respectively. Moreover, an in-depth analysis of the upward-to-downward trend of yield-increasing effects under plastic film mulching during the past 30 years in China suggested that negative effects of plastic films on potato yield became obvious recently in 2011-2014.This study helps to understand status of plastic films application in potato production in China and provides data support for application of plastic films in different regions in China. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Plastic films
Controlled terms:Carbon - Climate change - Films - Paper - Precipitation (chemical) - Search engines - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural yields - Mean annual precipitation - Mean annual temperatures - Meta analysis - Negative effect - Plastic film mulching - Soil carbon emissions - Yield-increasing
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 811.1 Pulp and Paper - 817.1 Polymer Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20160201793862
Title:Internal flow measurement in centrifugal pump by high speed photography and error analysis
Authors:Shao, Chunlei (1); Gu, Boqin (1); Zhou, Jianfeng (1); Cheng, Wenjie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:52-58
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:High speed photography is an effective method to study the flow in the centrifugal pump. However, compared to other object movement, the internal flow in the centrifugal pump has its own particularity. It is necessary to carry out the research on the measurement method in the pump with high speed photography and its error analysis. To reveal the internal flow in centrifugal pump and improve the measurement accuracy, high speed photography system for measuring the internal flow in the centrifugal pump was elaborated in this study. On January 2015, the internal flow measurement in centrifugal pump by high speed photography was carried out at Nanjing Tech University. The external performances of centrifugal pump and the images of internal flow were recorded. The pump rotate speed was 1 000 r/min, the flow rate was 16 m³/h, and the head was about 8.6 m. The shooting region and the arrangement of model pump and high speed camera were investigated. When the recorded rate was less than 3 000 frame/s, it did not need to add light source and the shooting effect was good. The method of determining the main shooting parameters was studied. With the increase of the rotate speed of centrifugal pump, the recorded rate should be increased, and the image scale decreases accordingly. The matters needing attention were elaborated when setting the external calibration. The causes of the speed error and the error in the centrifugal pump were analyzed in detail and the methods for controlling the error were proposed. The results showed that under the working condition, the average image scale was 1.560&times;10^-4m/pixel, and the standard deviation of image scale was 3.533&times;10^-7m/pixel. The average velocity near the volute inlet was 8.41 m/s, and the standard deviation of velocity was 0.301 m/s. Selecting appropriate shooting distance and improving recognition accuracy could control the speed error in essence. When the recorded rate was more than 2 000 frame/s, reducing the recorded rate could improve the image resolution, so that the image scale could be reduced, which played an important role in controlling the speed error. When the recorded rate was less than 2000 frame/s, the image resolution did not change with the recorded rate. In this case, a higher recorded rate should be chosen to obtain the details of the flow as detailed as possible. At the radius of 0.125 m, when the interpretation intervals increased from 4 frames to 8 frames, the speed relative error caused by inputting error decreased from 0.6% to 0.3%, and the speed relative error caused by arc chord error increased from 0.18% to 0.73% at the recorded rate of 2 000 frame/s. Therefore, when analyzing the flow in the impeller and the spiral case, increasing the image interpretation interval could reduce the speed error caused by inputting error, but increased the speed error caused by arc chord error, so the appropriate image interpretation interval must be selected. When analyzing the flow in the straight pipe section near the pump inlet and outlet, the speed error caused by the arc chord error were negligible, so the measurement error could be reduced by reducing the recorded rate or increasing the image interpretation interval appropriately. When the recorded rate was 2 000 frame/s and the interpretation intervals were 6 frames, the decrease of radius from 0.125 m to 0.02m could result in the measurement error increased from 0.41% to 2.48%. Therefore, the measurement error increased with the decrease of impeller radius. In order to reduce the measurement error, the image interpretation interval should be selected according to the impeller radius. The results can provide valuable information for improving the measurement accuracy of internal flow in the rotary machine. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:High speed photography
Controlled terms:Centrifugal pumps - Error analysis - Errors - Flow measurement - High speed cameras - Image analysis - Image resolution - Impellers - Light sources - Measurement errors  - Photography - Pumps - Speed - Statistics
Uncontrolled terms:External calibration - External performance - Image interpretation - Internal flows - Measurement accuracy - Measurement methods - Recognition accuracy - Shooting parameter
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 742.1 Photography - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 746 Imaging Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20160201793860
Title:Influence of lateral wind and electrostatic voltage on spray drift of electrostatic sprayer
Authors:Yang, Zhou (1); Niu, Mengmeng (1); Li, Jun (1); Xu, Xing (1); Sun, Zhiquan (1); Xue, Kunpeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Li, Jun(autojunli@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:39-45
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to study the influence of lateral wind and electrostatic voltage on spray drift of an electrostatic sprayer, the measurement of spray drift was performed through a self-propelled orchard sprayer with a spray boom. The spray boom was equipped with an electrostatic spraying system. The effects of lateral wind (1, 2, 4 m/s constant speed wind and 0-4 m/s non-constant speed wind) and electrostatic voltage (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 kV) on spray drift were evaluated with the spray pressure at 0.5 MPa by analyzing the spray drift percentage and droplet drift distance. Fan blower provided no boundary planar wind in the form of 1.5 m &times; 1.5 m. The horizontal distance between the fan and nozzle was 1.0 m. An anemometer was used for wind speed calibration at the nozzle position during the experiment. Droplet size and charge-to-mass ratio were measured under different electrostatic voltages. The spray charge-mass was calculated using the ratio data of spray cloud currently acquired by a system consisted of a Faraday's cage, charge-voltage convertor and data acquisition. The results showed that the droplet size decreased as the electrostatic voltage of constant wind increased, and the charge-to-mass ratio increased as the electrostatic voltage increased and then tended to be stable. The charge-to-mass ratio was not significantly different between dry and wet electrodes at 0-8 k V electrostatic voltages. Electrostatic voltage and lateral wind both had significant impact on the droplet drift distance and spray drift percentage and their interaction was significant (P&lt;0.05). Increasing lateral wind speed of constant wind and electrostatic voltage could improve the spray drift. At the same lateral wind velocity, the droplet drift distance and spray drift percentage still were significantly different (P&lt;0.05) between 6 and 8 kV voltages. When the lateral wind speed was 1 m/s, the droplet drift distance of electrostatic spraying was 0.55 m or less, and the droplet drift percentage was below 15%. When the lateral wind speed was 2 m/s, the droplet drift percentage of 6-8 kV electrostatic spraying was more than 20%, especially the droplet drift percentage of 8 kV electrostatic spraying was 23.9%, which increased by 100.8% compared to that of non-electrostatic spraying. When the lateral wind speed of 4 m/s, the droplet drift distance of 4-8 kV electrostatic spraying was more than 0.9 m, the droplet drift percentage was more than 30%, especially the droplet drift distance and droplet drift percentage of 8 kV electrostatic spraying were 967.2 mm and 35.4%, which increased by 13.7% and 59.5% respectively compared to those of non-electrostatic spraying. It indicated that electrostatic spraying is suitable for working under low wind speed even 0.It suggested that when spraying is conducted under the high wind speed, the low voltage spraying or non-electrostatic spraying should be used. The results can provide a guide for the spray technology parameters optimization, so as to improve the ability of droplet anti-drift. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Data acquisition - Drops - Electrostatics - Nozzles - Speed - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Charge-to-mass ratios - Droplet sizes - Electrostatic spraying - Electrostatic voltage - High wind speed - Orchard sprayers - Spray technologies - Wind velocities
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20160201793864
Title:Performance analysis and test on concentration solar thermoelectric generation device
Authors:Wang, Lishu (1); Liang, Qiuyan (1, 2); Li, Lin (1); Ding, Xiuzeng (1); Tang, Lijing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Electrical and Information, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; (2) Mechanical Engineering School of Jia Musi University, Jia Musi, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:64-71
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to environmental and energy security concerns, many researches are being conducted in harvesting the energy of the sun. Thermoelectric is one material which generates a voltage in the presence of a temperature gradient. When these materials are sandwiched between a solar absorber and a heat sink to establish a temperature difference and generate power, they are called solar thermoelectric generators (STEGs), converting solar power to electric power. In this paper, we conducted performance analysis and testing of a concentration solar thermoelectric generation device based on thermoelectric generator (TEG). The device included an electrical generating unit with 10 serially connected thermoelectric modules using a traditional semiconductor material, Bi<inf>2</inf>Te<inf>3</inf>. The semiconductor was illuminated by concentrated solar radiation on hot side and cooled by running water through flat heat pipe on the cold side with the condensation of the heat pipe in water tank and the evaporation of the heat pipe connected with the cold side of TEG. A sun-tracking parabolic trough concentrators was used to concentrate solar radiation. Its orientation towards the sun was achieved with a stepper motor. In order to express the performance of concentration solar thermoelectric power generation system accurately, a comprehensive energy transfer model was established, the simulation results showed that when the ambient temperature were constants, the increases of solar irradiance making the solar-thermal conversion efficiency dropped from 58.86% to 54.94%, but thermoelectric conversion efficiency was enhanced from 1.17% to 6.15%. Under the influence of processing technology and materials, even if the same type of thermoelectric modules under the same temperature difference, open circuit voltage and internal resistance were different. When in series with 10 modules, the temperature at the hot side of thermoelectric modules were different spatially due to uniformed heat flow. fl At the same time, due to effect of peltier the temperature of the modules changed along with the different of output power, these factors would lead to different output characteristic of each thermoelectric module. When multiple modules were in series together, it can't make each module working at maximum power output state, resulting in the overall electric energy production reduced. In this research, we used centralized-distributed-hybrid MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) control scheme to overcome the maximum power points mismatching among different thermoelectric generator modules and maximized the energy efficiency of the device. The results of tests showed that the output power of TEG with MPPT was achieved fast, accurately and steadily, and in 30 minutes working time the average power added 3.2 W. In addition, we determined the influence of water flow quantity and optimal load for the performance. The results showed that when flow quantity was less than 8 L/min, temperature of heat pipe condensation and TEG cold side were drop rapidly. But when the flow quantity was greater than 8 L/min, the temperature change was flat out. Output power was rising along with the increase of temperature difference. The maximum power was 30.2 W. The optimal match load was near resistance when temperature difference was low. The optimal load increases gradually along with the increase of temperature difference. The optimal load resistance was 38 &Omega; with temperature difference of 150 K. Whole day tests for the device have done during the 08: 00-16: 00 on June 16, 2015, from which the output power smoothly changing and it was between 22.8-30.1 W. With eight-hour test, the average power was 27.8 W, and the electric quantity was 222.4 Wh. The thermoelectric conversion efficiency was up to 5.4% and the maximum efficiency of the device was 4.1%. These test results were consistent with theoretical model analysis. The concentration solar thermoelectric generation device is solid-state device, it has no moving parts, which increases reliability and reduces maintenance. It has many applications such as rural electrification in developing countries and power supply for remote sensors. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Thermoelectric equipment
Controlled terms:Condensation - Conversion efficiency - Developing countries - Electric machine theory - Electric power systems - Electronic equipment - Energy conversion - Energy efficiency - Energy security - Energy transfer  - Equivalent circuits - Flow of water - Heat pipes - Maximum power point trackers - Open circuit voltage - Peltier effect - Remote sensing - Rural areas - Semiconducting tellurium - Solar absorbers  - Solar energy - Solar radiation - Solid state devices - Stepping motors - Temperature - Thermoelectric energy conversion - Thermoelectric power - Thermoelectricity - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms:Concentrated solar radiation - Flat heat pipe - Generation - Maximum Power Point Tracking - Parabolic trough concentrators - Solar thermoelectric generators - Thermoelectric conversion efficiency - Thermoelectric generators
Classification code:525 Energy Management and Conversion - 615.4 Thermoelectric Energy - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 619.2 Tanks - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 704.2 Electric Equipment - 705.3 Electric Motors - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 712.1.1 Single Element Semiconducting Materials - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 802.3 Chemical Operations
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20160201793895
Title:Analysis of subsidy for biogas plants' commercialized concentrated biogas supply on breeding farms
Authors:Wu, Jin (1); Min, Shijie (2); Zhu, Lizhi (3); Cheng, Jingsi (1); Li, Qian (1); Deng, Liangwei (1); Lei, Yunhui (1); Zhang, Min (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China; (2) Long QuanYi District Adiministration of Human Resources and Social Security, Chengdu, China; (3) Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development, CAAS, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Min(zhangmin@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:269-273
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The high construction cost of biogas project on China's breeding farms and the low direct economic effect severely impede the commercialization of concentrated biogas supply. At present, there are no feasible subsidy policies such as subsidy for raw materials and end product or tax reduction despite the fact that subsidy is the effective way for biogas project investment and operation. A number of Chinese scholars study the successful experience of German biogas product subsidy which can improve profit, and propose changing the existing subsidy method and adding the subsidy content. Yet there are few researches focusing on calculating the price subsidy standard for biogas project end product. Some scholars propose the subsidy from the perspective of external effectiveness of biogas projects, which is however infeasible because of the difficulty of quantifying social and environmental effect of applying biogas projects. By the method of cost pricing, this article analyzes construction cost, operation cost, and opportunity cost of biogas projects of various sizes. The advantage of this analysis is the convenience of collecting cost data and the feasibility. When the biogas project supplies for 100 households, per capita investment is 17900 yuan/household, and when the biogas project supplies for 1 500 households, per capita investment reaches 4 100 yuan/household. According to the U-shaped curve of average cost, when supplying for more than 800 households, the concentrated biogas supply project is the optimum. This indicates that the concentrated biogas supply projects comply with the rule that the cost decreases when the project size goes up. By analyzing biogas supply cost, it is found that the change range falls into 3 different stages. When supplying for less than 200 households, the cost decreases at a sharp rate with the expansion of size. When supplying for 200-800 households, the cost goes down at a slower rate. And when supplying for more than 800 households, especially 1 000 households, the biogas supply cost curve approaches a line, demonstrating that it reaches the optimum point of biogas supply size. Thus, a subsidy price is calculated based on supply cost: subsidy price is 4.73 yuan/m³when supplying for 100 households; 2.98 yuan/m³for 200 households; 1.63 yuan/m³for 800 households; 1.51 yuan/m³for 1000 households; and 1.42 yuan/m³for 1 500 households. By this way, this article estimates the supply cost of biogas projects with various supply scales, and calculates a subsidy criterion for biogas projects with varied biogas supply scales on breeding farms. Small supply capacity requires high subsidy cost, whereas large supply capacity requires low subsidy. Consequently, a subsidy criterion is put forward and a subsidy method is suggested: A combination of enhancing the government subsidy before the project and the subsidy for the users. This subsidy criterion provides the advice for the government, which is beneficial to motivating enterprises to establish the profit earning model of concentrated supply of biogas project and improving the commercial and sustainable operation of concentrated biogas supply projects. Therefore, it has important meaning for the appropriate upgrading of biogas projects of breeding farms. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:10
Main heading:Cost benefit analysis
Controlled terms:Biogas - Concentration (process) - Cost effectiveness - Cost engineering - Costs - Economic and social effects - Economics - Engineering - Investments - Profitability
Uncontrolled terms:Biogas projects - Commercialization - Construction costs - Different stages - Government subsidies - Opportunity costs - Social and environmental - Sustainable operations
Classification code:522 Gas Fuels - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20160201793893
Title:Suitable operating conditions improving hydrogen production from pine wood sawdust in supercritical water
Authors:Luo, Wei (1); Liao, Chuanhua (1); Chen, Haijun (1); Zhu, Yuezhao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Liao, Chuanhua(lch@njut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:256-261
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biomass is a kind of renewable raw material and it is the 4^thlargest energy in the world due to its abundant total resource reserve. Biomass is considered to be a future energy because it is renewable, abundant and carbon neutral. However, because of its loose structure and low energy density, biomass has low direct utilization efficiency. Technologies of hydrogen production from biomass include biomass gasification technology, biomass pyrolysis technology and biomass supercritical water gasification technology currently. Hydrogen production from biomass gasification technology is easy to produce the tarry material and has low gasification rate. Hydrogen production from biomass pyrolysis technology can not directly handle wet biomass, which needs dehydrating. However, hydrogen production from biomass by supercritical water gasification is a kind of clean and efficient hydrogen production technology, which has been developed recently. It can directly handle the biomass with high moisture content, and need not the drying process with high energy consumption; it can obtain the high gasification rate and effectively overcome the above problems of biomass gasification technology and biomass pyrolysis technology. Therefore, it has become an international hot technology for biomass utilization. The technology is based on a series of unique properties of supercritical water, such as low dielectric constant, low viscosity and high diffusion coefficient, and uses supercritical water as the reaction medium; and the conversion from biomass to H<inf>2</inf>is completed in hot compressed water with the temperature and pressure above the critical values (647 K and 22.1 MPa). Many researches of hydrogen production from biomass with supercritical water gasification technology have focused on the effects of different operating conditions (reaction temperature, reaction pressure, reactant mass fraction, residence time, catalyst, etc. ) on the biomass (mainly the compound concentration, such as cellulose and glucose) and its inherent mechanism, but the researches on real biomass (such as wood sawdust and straw) are few. In order to understand the effect of operating conditions on hydrogen production process of biomass gasification in supercritical water, the catalytic activities of hydrogen production of Fe, Na<inf>2</inf>CO<inf>3</inf>and CuSO<inf>4</inf>were explored. The result showed that the order of effects was Fe &gt; Na<inf>2</inf>CO<inf>3</inf>&gt; CuSO<inf>4</inf>under the conditions of 500 reaction temperature, 30 MPa reaction pressure, 30 min residence time, wood sawdust mass fraction of 8% and particle size from 8 to 16 mesh with pine wood sawdust as raw material. The effects of reaction pressure 30 MPa, residence time 30 min, reaction temperature (420-500), wood sawdust mass fraction (8%-40%) and particle size (2-1000 mesh) on the hydrogen production processes with Fe as catalyst were investigated. The results indicated that increasing the mass fraction of catalyst Fe could significantly improve the effect of hydrogen production; with the increasing of the temperature, the gasification efficiency, carbon gasification efficiency, hydrogen gasification efficiency and hydrogen yield were increased accordingly; the lower the wood sawdust mass fraction, the higher the gas gasification efficiency and hydrogen gasification efficiency; the particle size of wood sawdust had no significant effect on gas gasification; the molar fraction, gasification efficiency and yield of hydrogen reached 42.1%, 98.1% and 6.62 mol/kg under the optimum operation conditions (reaction temperature of 500, reaction pressure of 30 MPa, residence time of 30 min, Fe mass fraction of 2%, wood sawdust mass fraction of 8% and particle size of 8-16 mesh). The research results can be used as a reference for future industrial development and technical applications. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Hydrogen production
Controlled terms:Biomass - Catalyst activity - Catalysts - Energy utilization - Gasification - Hydrogen - Industrial research - Iron compounds - Mesh generation - Particle size  - Pyrolysis - Reaction kinetics - Sodium - Water - Wood
Uncontrolled terms:Different operating conditions - Hydrogen production process - Hydrogen production technology - Optimum operation conditions - Pine woods - Supercritical - Supercritical water gasification - Temperature and pressures
Classification code:522 Gas Fuels - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 723.5 Computer Applications - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20160201793868
Title:Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation on water consumption characteristics and yield of summer corn under different furrow irrigation patterns
Authors:Wang, Shunsheng (1); Liu, Dongxin (1); Wang, Kangsan (1); Meng, Pengtao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:89-94
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Yield and water consumption are two of important indicators of crop water-saving and high-yield cultivation. In order to verify the feasibility of fuzzy mathematics in evaluation of water consumption characteristics and yield of summer corn, this study an improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model was adopted. An experiment from June 2012 to September 2012 was conducted in Henan Key Laboratory of Eater-saving Agriculture Farming Water Test site of North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power(34&deg;51' N, 113&deg; 49' E). We designed two kinds of planting pattern including wide ridge furrow irrigation and conventional furrow irrigation. Meanwhile, relative soil moisture of 60%, 70%, 80% was used for each planting pattern. Crop water consumption of different growth stages of summer maize was determined. Yield and its components were measured. Meanwhile, an improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation was done after data about yield and water consumption were standardized. The resulted showed that the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation indexes of water consumption respectively were 0.37358, 0.32770, and 0.29872 for wide ridge furrow irrigation lower limits with relative soil moisture of 60%, 70%, and 80%, respectively. The high index indicated lower water consumption. Thus, the water consumption of summer maize for wide ridge furrow irrigation lower limits with relative soil moisture of 60%, 70%, and 80% should be highest for the treatment of irrigation lower limits with relative soil moisture of 80% and lowest for that of 60%. According to the field experiment, the water consumption during the whole growth stage of maize was 349.66, 398.64, and 442.62 mm for wide ridge furrow irrigation lower limits with relative soil moisture of 60%, 70%, and 80%, respectively. The evaluation result was well confirmed by the results of field experiment for the wide ridge furrow irrigation treatment. Similarly, The evaluation results were consistent with that from field experiment for the conventional furrow irrigation treatment. Based on the improved fuzzy evaluation, the relative soil moisture of 70% should have the highest yield with the largest evaluation index of 0.34296 for the wide ridge furrow irrigation treatment, which was supported by the measured yield (7853.39 kg/hm²). Consistent with the evaluation index, the measured yield for the wide ridge furrow irrigation was higher for the relative soil moisture of 80% than the relative soil moisture of 60%. The similar trend was found for the conventional furrow irrigation treatment. In comparison with the other wide ridge furrow irrigation lower limit treatments, the relative soil moisture of 70% was also higher. It suggested that the irrigation limit of the relative soil moisture of 70% was best than the other two irrigation limits for the wide ridge furrow irrigation for both yield and water use efficiency. However, for the conventional furrow irrigation treatment, the irrigation limit of the relative soil moisture of 60% was highest in the water use efficiency, but the irrigation limit of the relative soil moisture of 70% was highest in the yield. Therefore, the irrigation lower limit of the relative soil moisture of 70% was suggested for the wide ridge furrow irrigation and conventional furrow irrigation where water resource was abundant. If water resource was scarce, the irrigation lower limit of the relative soil moisture of 60% was recommended for the conventional furrow irrigation. In sum, the study showed that the improve fuzzy comprehensive evaluation was good for assessment of effects of water saving irrigation. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Soil moisture
Controlled terms:Crops - Cultivation - Efficiency - Fuzzy set theory - Irrigation - Moisture - Soils - Water conservation - Water management - Water resources  - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Crop water consumption - Different growth stages - Evaluation - Evaluation results - Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation - Relative soil moistures - Water use efficiency - Water-saving irrigation
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20160201793890
Title:Effect of hydrothermal carbonization temperature and time on characteristics of bio-chars from chicken manure
Authors:Zhang, Jinhong (1); Lin, Qimei (2); Zhao, Xiaorong (2); Li, Guitong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Shandong Institute of Agricultural Sustainable Development, Ji'nan, China; (2) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Lin, Qimei(linqm@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:239-244
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Hydrothermal carbonization is a thermochemical process for converting organic compounds into carbon-rich products, in water. It has attracted much attention as a promising large scale application, due to increasing demand for efficient biomass conversion technologies. Meanwhile, the bio-chars can be used as innovative nanometer material, adsorbent, solid fuel source and soil conditioner. The research data in literatures showed that the bio-chars as soil amendment affect soil physical, chemical, biological properties, crop production, and soil carbon sequestration. The tested feedstocks for manufacturing bio-char include poplar wood, olive residues, water hyacinth, digested maize silage, sugar beet and so on, but there has been little research on chicken manure. The main property of bio-char largely depends on the temperature and duration of hydrothermal carbonization treatment. Furthermore, bio-char properties primarily decide its application and benefits to soil, plant and environment. It is thus fundamental and necessary to investigate the bio-char characteristics prior to its application as a soil amendment. In this study, the fresh chicken manure was hydrothermally treated at 190 and 260 for 1, 6 and 12 h, respectively. The collected solid products were determined for the physical and chemical properties. The aim was to investigate the changes of properties with reaction temperature and duration. The results showed that the hydrothermal carbonization treatment led to the increases of C and P contents by more than 5% and 59%, respectively. But the process decreased of H, O, N and K contents by 9%-18%, 26%-65%, 19%-37% and 92%-97%, respectively. Both the amount of surface charge and its correlation with pH values in the medium were reduced after hydrothermal carbonization treatment. As a result, the effective cation exchange capacity was decreased by 50%-90%. Meanwhile, the hydrothermal carbonization facilitated the 1 and 100 &mu;m pore structure development with a decrease in 1-5 &mu;m pore volume. Overall, the higher reaction temperature and longer residence time caused greater changes in above indexes and higher degree of carbonization of bio-chars. The temperature had the larger impact on properties of bio-chars than reaction duration. In this paper, we also discussed the potential value of chicken manure bio-char as a soil conditioner. Our research result from this study can provide basic data for the application of chicken manure bio-char in improving soil fertility. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Animals - Bioconversion - Carbonization - Cultivation - Fertilizers - Forestry - Fuels - Industrial research - Manures - Organic carbon  - Soil conditioners - Sugar beets - Temperature - Thermochemistry
Uncontrolled terms:Bio chars - Biomass conversion technologies - Cation exchange capacities - Hydrothermal carbonization - Large-scale applications - Physical and chemical properties - Soil carbon sequestration - Thermo chemical process
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20160201793891
Title:Carbonization temperature and time improving quality of charcoal briquettes
Authors:Yan, Wei (1); Chen, Zhihao (1); Sheng, Kuichuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Sheng, Kuichuan(kcsheng@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:245-249
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Energy crisis and environmental pollution make it attractive to find an environmentally friendly and renewable energy source to substitute fossil fuels. Charcoal briquettes produced from sawdust densified fuels by carbonization, which are often applied in barbecue field, can not only meet the demands of energy but also protect forest resources and maintain the ecological balance. Properties of charcoal powder were reported to be influenced by carbonization conditions such as temperature, heating rate and residence time, while the studies on those of charcoal briquettes were rare, especially the mechanical behavior and combustion performance. Cedarwood sawdust was used to produce high density, virgate briquette by using spiral pipe hot extrusion equipment. The parameters of briquette: screenshot size was 60 mm &times;60 mm, and the length was 60 mm, the hole diameter was 22 mm, the average density was 1.24 g/m³, average mass was 240 g. In order to prepare charcoal briquettes with good transportation and combustion performances, Chinese fir sawdust briquettes were carbonized at the temperature of 400, 450, 500, 550 and 600, heating rate of 2, 6 and 10/min, and residence time of 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively. The effects of temperature, heating rate and residence time on the compression resistance, shatter resistance, calorific value, and ash content of charcoal briquettes were investigated. Results showed that with the carbonization temperature increasing, the yield of charcoal briquettes decreased from 37.33% at 400 to 29.62% at 600, whereas the calorific value slightly increased from 26.40 MJ/kg at 400 to 31.04 MJ/kg at 550. Charcoal briquettes appeared to have a high calorific value at the temperature of 550 as well as a relatively good property in compression resistance (143.7 kPa) and shatter resistance. The compression resistance and shatter resistance were significantly improved with the decrease of heating rate. Compression resistance reached the maximum value of 439.8 kPa and crack occurred rarely on the surface of charcoal briquettes at heating rate of 2/min as well as the best shatter resistance. A residence time of 120 min could be the better choice, for it exhibited the least ash content of 6.27%, the highest fixed carbon content of 69.08%, the highest calorific value of 29.63 MJ/kg and the highest compression resistance of 192.1 kPa, respectively. These results can supply some technical support for the production of good quality charcoal briquettes. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Briquets
Controlled terms:Biomass - Calorific value - Carbon - Carbonization - Charcoal - Combustion - Energy policy - Fossil fuels - Heating - Heating rate  - Mass transportation - Natural resources - Renewable energy resources - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Carbonization conditions - Carbonization temperatures - Combustion performance - Compression resistance - Effects of temperature - Environmental pollutions - Renewable energy source - Residence time
Classification code:524 Solid Fuels - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 525.6 Energy Policy - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20160201793894
Title:Organic substrates evaluation based on biochemical methane potential and degradation kinetic
Authors:Li, Chao (1, 2); Liu, Gangjin (1, 2); Liu, Jingxi (2); Chen, Liumeng (3); Zhang, Cheng (3); Dong, Taili (4); Deng, Liangwei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China; (2) Nova Skantek (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China; (3) Institute of Applied Agricultural Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Agriculture Science, Nanchang, China; (4) Shandong Minhe Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Penglai, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:262-268
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The purpose of this paper was to develop a standardized method for substrate evaluation process in biogas plant or relevant anaerobic digestion laboratory, which could increase the efficiency, strictness and scientificity of current substrate evaluation process when the substrate evaluation test standard was absent. The substrate assessment method was proposed by analyzing the data of accumulated gas production and the degradation dynamics of substrates with the help of mathematical model. The first-order model, modified first-order model and Gompertz model were used to fit the biochemical methane potential (BMP) curve of wheat straw, separated stem and leaf of maize, dry and fresh alfalfa, chicken manure, food waste, dead chick and adult chicken respectively, and in the meantime the kinetic constant and the estimated maximum BMP of these 9 substrates were estimated. The simulation performances of these 3 models were statistically analyzed and compared to find the suitable model for the substrate evaluation process. The modified first-order model had the highest simulation precision of BMP curve while the first-order model showed the lowest precision. The Gompertz model showed a moderate simulation precision of BMP curve, and the maximum BMP value simulated by the Gompertz model was more close to the experiment value among the 3 models. The BMP<inf>1%</inf>(accumulated biogas production when single-day biogas production accounted for 1% of BMP) was raised in German guideline VDI 4630, which was a standardized way to define BMP value and corresponding necessary experiment time, thus avoiding the subjective judgment during evaluation process. In the meantime, when adopting the BMP<inf>1%</inf>as judging index, the accumulated methane production accounted for more than 90% of the ultimate accumulated methane production, and the necessary experiment period was reduced by 27.94%-70.58% compared with the whole experiment period. The BMP values (based on BMP<inf>1%</inf>) of 9 evaluating substrates, wheat straw, separated stem and leaf of maize, dry and fresh alfalfa, chicken manure, food waste, dead chick and hen, were 220.49, 241.01, 262.10, 310.84, 305.80, 508.41, 520.90, 630.7 and 618.05 mL/g (volatile solid, VS) respectively. Fat-containing substrates, like dead chick and hen, possessed the highest BMP. The kinetic constant generated from the model simulation was objectively referred to the degradation speed of substrate. The analysis results showed that among 9 substrates, the dry and fresh alfalfa had the highest kinetic constant, which meant they were very easy to degrade. The kinetic constants of other cellulosic substrates (except maize stalk and wheat straw), chicken manure and food waste were just lower than alfalfa, and they were also easy to degrade in anaerobic digestion process, while the degradation of dead adult chicken was the slowest because of the presence of oil. By comparing the simulation performance of the 3 models, the Gompertz model was recommended for the maximum BMP estimation and the modified first-order model was more suitable for kinetic constant estimation. The introduction of BMP<inf>1%</inf>improved the efficiency of substrate evaluation for biogas plants. As the substrate degradation speed was also one of the important factors for substrate evaluation, the comparison of substrate's kinetic constants was necessary as well. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Substrates
Controlled terms:Anaerobic digestion - Animals - Biodegradation - Biogas - Degradation - Efficiency - Enzyme kinetics - Estimation - Fermentation - Fertilizers  - Kinetics - Manures - Meats - Methane - Oils and fats - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic digestion process - Biochemical methane potential - Cellulosic substrates - Degradation dynamics - Degradation kinetics - Simulation performance - Standardized methods - Substrate degradation
Classification code:461.8 Biotechnology - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 822.3 Food Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:20160201793874
Title:Surface micro topography quantification and its relationship with runoff and sediment under simulated rainfall
Authors:Tang, Hui (1); Li, Zhanbin (1, 2); Li, Peng (1); Tang, Shanshan (1); Ren, Zongping (1); Zhang, Jun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources and Environment Ecology of Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dry-land Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Li, Zhanbin(zhanbinli@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:127-133
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The micro topography condition reflects surface change and erosion degree, and thus is one of the important factors affecting soil erosion. It is necessary to figure out how the micro topography affects the soil erosion. The objective of this study was to quantify micro topography at loess slope and to demonstrate the relationship between micro topography and soil erosion. In order to achieve the objective, an indoor artificial rainfall experiment was conducted at Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources and Environment Ecology of Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Technology in 2013.Three rain intensity treatments of 1, 1.5, and 2 mm/min. For each treatment, continuous rainfall was carried out for 4 times. During the experiment, runoff volume and sediment yield were measured. 3D point cloud data of the slope before and after rain were collected by Trimber FX 3 D laser scanner. After pretreatment such as denoising, the data were used to calculate index of micro topography. To avoid bias of a single indicator, 5 index were used to quantify micro topography of slope including slope(S), roughness(R), relief amplitude (RA), surface incision (SI), and depression storage (DS). The results showed that the topographic index varied with continuous rainfall. During the continuous rainfall, the slope increased from 5.740&deg; to 8.026&deg;, 8.677&deg;, 9.053&deg;, and 9.153&deg; with rain intensity of 1 mm/min, from 5.506&deg; to 8.317&deg;, 9.300&deg;, 10.908&deg;, and 10.909&deg;with rain intensity of 1.5 mm/min, from 5.857&deg; to 14.306&deg;, 16.546&deg;, 17.196&deg;, and 17.924&deg;with rain intensity of 2 mm/min. After the last rainfall, the SA increased by 3%, 8%, and 17% respectively under rain intensity of 1, 1.5, and 2 mm/min. The DS increased by 11.82, 18.86, and 83.33 times respectively under rain intensity of 1, 1.5, and 2 mm/min. The change of SA was smallest and that of DS was largest among the 5 indexes. Therefore, the response to erosion was smallest for SA but largest for DS; During the four times of rainfall, the runoff rates were 43.509, 45.739, 44.212, 46.702 L/(m²&middot;h) successively with rain intensity of 1 mm/min, 55.226, 60.306, 61.146, 61.399 L/(m²&middot;h) successively with rain intensity of 1.5 mm/min, and 89.134, 106.384, 111.142, 115.869 L/(m²&middot;h) successively with rain intensity of 2 mm/min. The sediment discharge after each of the four rainfall were 0.648, 0.512, 0.615, and 0.688 kg/(m²&middot;h) successively with rain intensity of 1 mm/min, 1.948, 1.297, 0.946, and 0.576 kg/(m²&middot;h) successively with rain intensity of 1.5 mm/min, 9.491, 7.291, 4.252, and 2.213 kg/(m²&middot;h) successively with rain intensity of 2 mm/min. Runoff rate and sediment discharge with rain intensity 1 mm/min were stable during the continuous rainfall process, and sediment discharge with rain intensity of 1.5 and 2 mm/min decreased until the rainfall continued a certain period of time. After the fourth rain, the accumulative runoff volume were 135.123, 178.558, 307.892 L/m²respectively with rain intensity of 1, 1.5, and 2 mm/min, and the accumulative sediment discharge were 8.490, 16.502, 73.320 kg/m²respectively. So the total runoff coefficients are 0.751, 0.659, 0.847 respectively. The sediment discharge and the accumulative sediment discharge with rain intensity of 2 mm/min were far larger than those with other two rainfall intensity. There were high correlations among topographic indicators and parameters of runoff and sediment. Principal components analysis (PCA) revealed one component and the weight of S, R, RA, SI, and DS for the component were 0.997, 0.993, 0.999, 0.999, and 0.987 respectively. It indicated that one component could include all information that the 5 micro topography factors expressed. Even so, these index could describe the topographic information from different aspects. The results can provide valuble information for further studies on the loess area and for clarifying mechanism of slope soil erosion. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Precipitation (meteorology)
Controlled terms:Digital storage - Erosion - Infiltration - Principal component analysis - Rain - Runoff - Scanning - Sediments - Soils - Surface topography  - Topography - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial rainfall - Depression storages - Ministry of Education - Principal components analysis - Runoff and sediments - Runoff coefficients - Topographic information - Topography factor
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:20160201793865
Title:Design and experiment on system for concentrating biogas slurry with vacuum evaporation
Authors:Jiao, Youzhou (1, 2); Guan, Shanyue (1, 2); Li, Pengfei (1, 2); Wang, Shaopeng (1, 2); He, Chao (1, 2); Li, Gang (1, 2); Ding, Pan (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; (2) Collaborative Innovation Research Center for Biomass Energy, Zhengzhou; Henan Province, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Pan(dingpan2004@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:72-76
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Large quantity of residues is produced during the process of biogas fermentation. The biogas slurry can be used as resource after concentration treatment. To better use the slurry in the process of biogas slurry concentration, the method of a vacuum evaporation was used. A vacuum evaporation system of 20 L for concentrating biogas slurry was designed based on the physical and chemical properties of biogas slurry. The parameter design and equipment selection for every part of the system included an evaporator (the main equipment), condenser, circulating cistern and vacuum pump (auxiliary equipment). Also, we used the biogas slurry from Henan Agricultural University as the experimental material to test the efficiency of the vacuum evaporation device. The results showed that, the organic matter content of biogas slurry had no significant change when the evaporation temperature was less than 80 while it reduced dramatically when the evaporation temperature was more than 80. The change rate of the organic matter content reached 9.4% when the evaporation temperature changed from 80 to 100. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in the biogas slurry decreased with the increased of evaporation temperature. Especially, the content of nitrogen had the most dramatic change and it decreased 13%. The contents of the organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium increased with the rise of vacuum degree for the system. When the vacuum degree of the system was high, the evaporation temperature was low and the evaporation capacity of biogas slurry increased. Under the condition explored in this paper, the absolute vacuum degree (intensity of pressure in evaporation tank) reached at 0.025 MPa and 67, and the largest evaporation capacity was 8 324 mL/(m²h) with the concentrating rate of 28.75%. The evaporation capacity of 7 700 mL/(m²h) and the concentrating rate of 26% could be reached when the vacuum degree was kept from 0.04 to 0.05 MPa and from temperature at 75 to 80. Also, the device can prevent the loss of active ingredients in the biogas slurry. In this paper, we explored the feasibility and provided reference in the concentration technology of biogas slurry. The energy consumed by this designed system was from the electricity. In fact, this system can be combined with solar energy, which can be used to heat the biogas slurry and be regarded as the power source of the vacuum evaporation system. If so, the device will be energy saving because of the addition of solar energy. This will be the focus of the future research. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Vacuum evaporation
Controlled terms:Auxiliary equipment - Biogas - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Concentration (process) - Design - Energy conservation - Equipment - Evaporation - Nitrogen  - Organic compounds - Phosphorus - Potassium - Refrigerating machinery - Solar energy
Uncontrolled terms:Biogas fermentation - Biogas slurry - Equipment selection - Evaporation capacity - Evaporation temperature - Experimental materials - Organic matter content - Physical and chemical properties
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 481.2 Geochemistry - 522 Gas Fuels - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 633.1 Vacuum Applications - 644.3 Refrigeration Equipment and Components - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 901 Engineering Profession
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 42>

Accession number:20160201793892
Title:Influence of ashing temperature and pyrolysis atmosphere on weight loss properties of biomass ash obtained by combustion
Authors:Yao, Xiwen (1); Xu, Kaili (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Kaili(kaili_xu@aliyun.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:250-255
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nowadays, sustainable development and increasing fuel demand necessitate the identification of possible energy resources. Biomass resource is regarded as a green renewable energy and will be more important in the future, which attracts the worldwide attention regarding their renewable nature, carbon dioxide-neutral characteristic, and world-wide availability. Consequently, many countries are putting great emphasis on the exploration of bio-energy. However, the use of biomass as fuel generates a large amount of residual ash, which causes serious environmental problems and has great passive influence on the chemical conversion of biomass. The biomass ash is easy to melt and volatilize, and it can not only reduce the utilization efficiency of equipment but also shorten their service life. Moreover, the inorganic species existing in biomass such as alkali oxides and salts can aggravate agglomeration, deposition, and corrosion problems on boiler's heat transfer surfaces. So during the combustion or gasication processing, the ash with complex composition and high volatility often leads to slugging and erosion/corrosion in thermal conversion processing systems. Rice husk (RH) and rice straw (RS) are the main by-products during the process of rice processing, and they are the clean and renewable energy. Especially, in comparison to other agricultural wastes, the ash content of RH is much higher. So far, a series of studies have been carried out to investigate the characteristics of biomass ash through experiment. But the studies on the influence of ashing temperature and pyrolysis atmosphere on the properties of biomass ash are limited. In this paper, in order to investigate the weight loss regularities of biomass ash at different ashing temperature and pyrolysis atmosphere, thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to comparatively study the pyrolysis weight loss mechanism of rice husk ash (RHA) and rice straw ash (RSA) ashing at 600 and 815 in air and nitrogen. The results showed that the weight loss of fly ash in air could be divided into 3 stages while no obvious subsection of weight loss was observed in nitrogen. The weight loss of 600 fly ash pyrolyzing in air mainly occurred in the range of 300-550, while the main weightlessness temperature widened to 200-600 in the case of 815 RHA. The weight loss of 815 RSA in 300-550 was only 1.76%. The total weight loss decreased with the ashing temperature increasing. For HRA under different ashing temperature in air, an evident exothermic peak was observed in the range of 950-1 050, which was due to the fusion of amorphous phase or phase change of quartz. On the contrary, for the 815 RSA, an endothermic peak caused by the melting of KCl was found near 750. But there was no obvious endothermic peaks during the pyrolysis process of 600 RSA. There were 2 peaks for different biomass ash in nitrogen, which were separated clearly and caused by 2 kinds of weightlessness mechanisms separately. The weight loss of fly ash in the range of 600-800 was considered to be caused by the decomposition of carbonate (CaCO<inf>3</inf>, MaCO<inf>3</inf>, etc), while that in the range of 800-1 200 may be caused by the vaporization of active alkali chloride (KCl, NaCl, etc. ) at high temperature. At the same ashing temperature, the total weight loss of RHA or RSA in air was much higher than that in nitrogen. The results are of great significance for studying the release and transition of alkali/alkaline earth metal during the thermal conversion process and analyzing these fundamental factors affecting the fusion properties. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Atmospheric temperature
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Biomass - Calcium carbonate - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Combustion - Differential thermal analysis - Energy resources - Fly ash - Heat transfer  - Nitrogen - Pyrolysis - Straw - Sustainable development - Thermoanalysis - Thermogravimetric analysis - Waste incineration - Weightlessness
Uncontrolled terms:Ashing temperatures - Biomass ashes - Environmental problems - Green renewable energy - Heat transfer surfaces - Utilization efficiency - Weight loss - Weight loss mechanisms
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 656.1 Space Flight - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 43>

Accession number:20160201793878
Title:Crop classification based on GF-1/WFV NDVI time series
Authors:Yang, Yanjun (1, 2, 3); Zhan, Yulin (2); Tian, Qingjiu (1, 3); Gu, Xingfa (2); Yu, Tao (2); Wang, Lei (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; (2) The State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (3) Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Zhan, Yulin(zhanyl@radi.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:155-161
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) time series has been widely used in collecting vegetation information, while most of the present researches about NDVI time series are limited to moderate or low resolution remote sensing images, which affect the accuracy of vegetation information extraction. With the successful launch of the first satellite GF-1 of China High-resolution Earth Observation System, more opportunities have emerged for the construction of NDVI time series with high temporal and high spatial resolution. In this paper, we attempted to build 16 m resolution NDVI time series using images with wide field of view of GF-1 satellite. Different crops have different NDVI time sequence curves during the whole growth period. However, it should be noted that the same crop has a relatively stable growth process and pattern in the same area, which is the basis for the crop classification by using the time series data. While crop phenological characteristics vary largely during a growing cycle, they vary relatively smaller in the different growing cycles. Adopting data containing a complete crop growth cycle can contribute to the extraction of crop phenological information in the construction of NDVI time series. Furthermore, it can avoid the shortage of using data in a calendar year (January to December) to build NDVI time series. In order to carry out studies on crop classification based on GF-1/WFV NDVI time series data, Tangshan, which is located in Hebei Province, China, was chosen as the study area. Through the analysis of NDVI time series curves of samples, we can draw that NDVI time series was able to clearly distinguish crop phenological differences, capture the growth of crop specific features, and identify crop planting patterns in the study area. Irrigation period had the salient features different from that of upland crops before planting paddy rice, which formed the obvious differences compared with other crops. As far as winter wheat was concerned, its NDVI peak was the unique features different from others in overwintering stage. In addition, by analyzing NDVI time series curves in the study area, crop planting patterns can be summarized as follows: winter wheat and summer corn belonged to the planting patterns of two seasons a year, while the rice or peanuts was in a year planting patterns. Based on GF-1/WFV NDVI time series, maximum likelihood method, Mahalanobis distance, minimum distance, neural network, SVM classification methods were used to classify crop in the study area. The results demonstrated that SVM had the best classification accuracies compared to other classification methods, and its overall classification accuracy reached 96.33%. This research showed that GF-1/WFV NDVI with high resolution can be used for crop classification, and can be applied to large area crop classification of remote sensing due to the characteristics of wide coverage. Furthermore, the Harmonic Analysis of Time Series (HANTS) method was used for NDVI time series smoothing, and the results indicated that the processed NDVI time series can better represent different crop phenological characteristics. Then SVM method was used for classifying crop based on smoothed NDVI time series, and the overall classification accuracy was up to 97.57%, which was superior to the one based on the unsmoothed data. The study opens a new era for the domestic high resolution data on agricultural monitoring, and provides insightful reference for the study on the time series of remote sensing classification research. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Time series analysis
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Classification (of information) - Crops - Data mining - Image reconstruction - Maximum likelihood - Remote sensing - Support vector machines - Time series - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Classification accuracy - Earth observation systems - GF-1/WFV image - Maximum likelihood methods - NDVI - Normalized difference vegetation index - Remote sensing classification - Vegetation information extraction
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 44>

Accession number:20160201793880
Title:Detection of heavy metal copper in vetiver grass roots based on Raman spectroscopy and resin adsorption technology
Authors:Liu, Yande (1); Zhang, Yuxiang (1); Jiang, Lixia (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Optics-Mechanics-Electronics Technology and Application, School of Mechatronics Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:174-178
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Heavy metals are harmful to the vast majority of organisms including human. However, heavy metals can be gradually accumulated in plants and animals by the food chains. So the heavy metal pollution in the environment will threaten human health if we do not control the pollution. Heavy mental ions in plants always have chelation with the organic molecular groups in resin, and the complex has the Raman spectroscopy. Therefore heavy mental ions in plants can be indirectly detected by using Raman technique basing on the chelation. Vetiver grass can grow up in the soil with heavy metal pollution. It has the strong tolerance of heavy metals. Because of that, vetiver grass becomes one of the ideal plants for the conservation and phytoremediation of heavy metal pollution in soil and water. After preprocessing resin by HCl and NaOH, we compared copper adsorption rate for different types of resins. Based on the results of comparison, we chose ion exchange resin D113 to absorb copper. We then compared different oscillation time, solution pH, solution temperature for their impact on copper adsorption so that the best adsorption conditions could be determined. It showed that changing the temperature of solution had a little impact on resin adsorption rate. Therefore, experiments for copper was conducted at the conditions: at room temperature, pH value from 5 to 7, and the oscillation time 80 min. The adsorption rate can reach 99.54% in these conditions. An application of confocal microprobe Raman spectroscopy fast detecting heavy metal copper in vetiver grass roots was proposed, and partial least squares (PLS) regression combined with different data preprocessing methods (Savizky-golay smoothing, Baseline correction, first derivative, second derivative, Detrended fluctuation analysis) was used to develop quantitative models of heavy metal copper in vetiver grass roots. Calibration models were evaluated by an independent predictor of adaptive sample set. With the first derivative preprocessing, the best prediction model of heavy metal copper in vetiver grass roots was achieved with the external validation correlation coefficient of 0.78 and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 23.46% separately. The study showed that the fast detection of heavy metal copper in vetiver grass roots using Raman spectroscopy technique and the D113 resin adsorption technique was feasible. The calibration and validation statistics obtained in this study showed the potential of Raman spectroscopy to predict heavy metal in the root of vetiver grass. Although the accuracy of model with this method was lower than the routine analysis, Raman spectroscopy could be used as a fast and simple tool to diagnose the content of heavy metal in vetiver grass approximately. Overall, Raman spectroscopy can be used as a reference method for diagnosing the content of heavy metal in vetiver grass, but the accuracy needs to be improved. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:12
Main heading:Chemical contamination
Controlled terms:Adsorption - Bioremediation - Calibration - Chelation - Copper - Copper compounds - Forecasting - Heavy metals - Ion exchange - Ion exchange resins  - Ions - Least squares approximations - Mean square error - Pollution - Pollution control - Raman scattering - Raman spectroscopy - Resins - Soil conservation - Spectrum analysis  - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Calibration and validations - Correlation coefficient - D113 - Detrended fluctuation analysis - Partial least-squares regression - Quantitative detection - Root-mean-square error of predictions - Vetiver grass
Classification code:453 Water Pollution - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 544.1 Copper - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 822.3 Food Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 45>

Accession number:20160201793897
Title:Land use pattern optimization based on shuffled frog leaping algorithm
Authors:Guo, Xiaoyan (1, 2, 3, 4); Liu, Xuelu (1, 4); Wang, Lianguo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Resources and Environment, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; (2) School of Information and Science Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; (3) Research Center of Agricultural Information Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; (4) Study on the Land Use, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Xuelu(liuxl@gsau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:281-288
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rational land use pattern has gained more and more attention, because it will optimize the allocation of regional resources and promote the regional flow of material and energy. However, most previous studies tend to focus on the optimization for number and structure, and ignore rational land use pattern optimization. How to unify number and structure and match target with the specific grid unit has become burning issues. In addition, there will be a large number of grid cells and the complicated calculation in the land space optimization, but the traditional methods do not meet the needs. The development of spatial information science provides an important support for the spatial decision making. With the development of the intelligent optimization algorithm combined with the GIS (geographic information system) technology for the modeling of the intelligent land use optimization, a number of land optimization models with high efficiency and strong solving appeared successively. Yet, most of these models cannot show microscopic changes of inland use decision-making process and reflect the evolution of microscopic space. So it is difficult to get a more precise allocation scheme of land resource. Traditional land optimization models, such as linear programming, multi-objective optimization, grey system and landscape ecology, cannot realize quantitative and spatial optimization simultaneously. In this paper, a land use spatial optimization model based on the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) is proposed, which reduces the size of land grid cells in the intelligent optimization algorithm to the 30 m&times;30 m to get more accurate solution. The SFLA model, as a new intelligent optimization algorithm, has high computing performance and excellent global search capability, which can simulate the behavior of the frog population transfer within the group when searching for food. In the process of local searching, the frogs' individual information gets transmitted in group. After frog's merging, sorting, and regrouping in the various groups, the local information gets global exchange within the frog population. Local search and global information exchange continue to alternate until the convergence condition is satisfied. The spatial distribution of land pattern is simulated by the spatial distribution of frog swarm, and the process of searching for the optimal allocation of land is simulated by searching for the best frog in this model. Making the geographic grid unit of 30 m&times;30 m as the basic operating object, the output of the model corresponds to a feasible scheme of land use optimization. Taking the land use pattern of Lanzhou in 2014 as an example, choosing the land ecosystem's service value and the structure compactness as the optimization goal, the SFLA model is used to optimize the spatial pattern of land use in Lanzhou City in this paper. When the frogs jump to search for the optimal value, they try to improve the ecosystem as well as make land pattern concentrated, which effectively overcome the disadvantages of pursuing the quantity optimization and ignoring the rationality of the space. The ecosystem service value provided by various land types was 5.701&times;10⁹Yuan in 2014, and the optimized ecosystem service value is 5.802&times;10⁹Yuan. The land pattern standard compact degree was 0.37, and the optimized value can reach 0.47.After optimization, the area of grassland increases by 8 431 hm², which increases ecosystem service value by 1.71&times;10⁸Yuan. The forest area increases by 1.453&times;10⁵hm², which increases ecosystem value by 2.49&times;10⁸Yuan. The experimental results show that the SFLA model can simulate the spatial distribution of the land use and find out the optimal solution of the problem under the multi-objective control. Moreover, the model can unify number and structure of land use effectively, which has faster convergence speed and stronger search ability. The establishment of the model will provide a new way of intelligent optimization algorithm, which can be applied to solve the problem of land use optimization in smaller scale. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Optimization
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Behavioral research - Decision making - Ecology - Ecosystems - Geographic information systems - Land use - Linear programming - Multiobjective optimization - Optimal systems  - Shape optimization - Site selection - Spatial distribution - Structure (composition)
Uncontrolled terms:GIS (geographic information system) - Global search capability - Intelligent optimization algorithm - Land use pattern optimizations - Shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) - Spatial information science - Spatial optimization model - Spatial patterns
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 912.2 Management - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.043
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 46>

Accession number:20160201793871
Title:Shear strengths of collapsing hill in red soil as affected by soil moisture under different experimental methods
Authors:Lin, Jinshi (1); Zhuang, Yating (1); Huang, Yanhe (1); Jiang, Fangshi (1); Lin, Jinglan (2); Ge, Hongli (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; (2) Fujian Soil and Water Conservation Experiment Station, Fuzhou, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Yanhe(linjs18@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:106-110
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Gully erosion (especially from a permanent gully) is a widespread phenomenon in many agricultural landscapes and it is a serious land management issue in many parts of the world. Gully erosion occurs randomly in sediment from the gully bank deposited into a slump. Thus, simulation of the gully bank retreat condition is important. In order to understand the erosion mechanism of permanent gully, it's key to know that the variation of gully wall's shear strength. However, different experimental methods get different results. Therefore, characteristics of shear strength vary with soil water content were studied in permanent gully's red soil layer, by using direct shear and tri-axial shear method. Soil samples were collected from the Longmen catchment of Anxi County, Fujian Province, in southeast China. The samples were pre-treatment according to the experimental standers, then the samples were tested for different confining pressure (100, 200, 300, 400 kPa) and various volumetric soil moisture (from 10% to 30%). Results showed that the highest cohesive force of soil reaches 80 kPa when soil moisture content changed from 10% to 15% under the direct shear test. The increase in volumetric soil moisture content (from 15% to 25%), cohesive force and internal friction angle gradually reduced to a minimum. The cohesive force were less than 5 kPa in most of the soil samples when soil moisture was over 25 %, and the internal friction angle was also reduced from 38&deg; to 25&deg;. In tri-axial shear test, with the increase in soil moisture content, cohesive force and internal friction angle decreased to a minimum in tri-axial shear test. The cohesive friction angle decreased more than 65% in most of the samples, and the internal friction angle showed the same trend. There are similar results of tri-axial shear and direct shear test. However, the cohesive forces of tri-axial shear test were greater than the direct shear test. However, internal friction angles of tri-axial shear test are lower than direct shear test. There were two reasons causing the variation between those two methods. First, discrete soil samples preparation. All the soil samples, which used in direct shear test, were undisturbed samples. However, there were remolded samples were used in tri-axial shear test. Although the remolded samples can get a uniform test piece, it breaks the "natural" connection between soils particles, compare to undisturbed samples. Second, different failure modes of soil samples in direct shear test and tri-axial shear test. In the direct shear test, shear planes is inherent and not drained in the test, breakage of test piece estimated based on the theory. However, it usually disagrees with the actual conditions and difficult to control the drained. In tri-axial shear test, it can be complete not drained, and the shear planes are not fixed. This means the shear breakage of the test piece can be close to the natural situation in tri-axial shear test. This research provides a quantified evaluation of different test method in shear strength. Therefore, it is wise to choose a better method according to the demand for further research. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Shear strength
Controlled terms:Catchments - Erosion - Friction - Granite - Internal friction - Landforms - Moisture - Moisture determination - Soil moisture - Soil surveys  - Soils - Tribology
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural landscapes - Cohesion - Collapsing hill - Different confining pressures - Inner friction angle - Internal friction angle - Volumetric soil moisture contents - Volumetric soil moistures
Classification code:481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.24.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.