<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20160301807661
Title:Suitability analysis of nitrogen fertilizer management on dryland of Loess Plateau based on root zone water quality model
Authors:Ding, Dianyuan (1, 2); Zhao, Ying (2, 4); Sun, Benhua (2, 4); He, Jianqiang (1, 2); Feng, Hao (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resource and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China; (2) Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China; (3) Institute of Water and Soil Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China; (4) College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Hao(nercwsi@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:111-121
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Luxurious and improper application of nitrogen (N) is an obvious problem on the Loess Plateau. Employing a crop model to explore an optimal N fertilizer management for local farmers is an effective research method. In the present study, we firstly selected a continuous eight-year winter wheat-spring maize experiment (from 2004 to 2011) and a two-year winter wheat N fertilizer experiment (from 2010 to 2012) to calibrate and validate root zone water quality model (version 2, RZWQM2) aiming to assess the adaptability of this model on the Loess Plateau. We set up the following 8 scenarios of N application rate of base fertilizer for winter wheat in the RZWQM2: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 kg/hm²aiming to search for proper N application rate of the base fertilizer. Based on the proper N application rate (90 kg/hm²in this study) of base fertilizer, we also set up the following 5 scenarios of N application rate with the ratio of base to topdressing in the RZWQM2: 5:1, 5:2, 5:3, 5:4 and 5:5 in wheat turning green, jointing and heading stages, respectively. In this way, we aimed to search for the best N topdressing stage and the proper N topdressing rate for winter wheat. The calibrated and validated RZWQM2 was used to characterize the respond of winter wheat yield, water use efficiency (WUE), N uptake of grain and N harvest index to the different N application rates and timings based on the long historical meteorological data (from 1956 to 2012). The results demonstrated the capability of the RZWQM2 to efficiently simulate crop growth, water movement (100 cm depth), and final crop yield in the different rainfall year on the Loess Plateau; meanwhile, RZWQM2 effectively simulated the yield and N uptake of winter wheat under different N application method. Both of the results provided a solid basis for the application of RZWQM2 to study the N fertilizer management on the Loess Plateau. In the simulations, the wheat yield, WUE and N uptake of grain increased fast before the base N fertilizer of 90 kg/hm²and slowly afterwards. The N harvest index in the wet year increased with the N application rate of base fertilizer and was stable after the N application rate of 180 kg/hm²; it maintained a high level when the N application rate of base fertilizer was between 90 and 180 kg/hm²in the medium year, as well as between 60 and 150 kg/hm²in the dry year. Thus, the single base N fertilizer of 120-150 kg/hm²could adequately satisfy the need of wheat growth in the dryland of the Loess Plateau in different rainfall years. The optimal topdressing stage of N fertilizer was between turning green and jointing stage because of the high wheat yield. On the basis of base N fertilizer of 90 kg/hm², the wheat yield, WUE and N uptake of grain increased with the topdressing amount in the turning green stage; the N harvest index in the wet year always increased with the N topdressing rate; the N harvest index peaked in the medium year on the topdressing N rate of 36 kg/hm²and in the dry year on the topdressing N rate of 18 kg/hm². We found topdressing N rate of 54-72, 36-54, and 18-36 kg/hm²respectively in the wet, medium and dry year could satisfy the need of high wheat yield and maintain high level of N harvest index. These findings provide some useful guidance for local farmers to optimize their N fertilizer management. More field experiments need to be conducted to verify the conclusions of this study in the future. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Fertilizers - Grain (agricultural product) - Harvesting - Landforms - Meteorology - Models - Nitrogen - Rain  - Sediments - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Dryland - Fertilizer applications - Fertilizer management - Root zone water quality models - RZWQM - Suitability analysis - Water-use efficiency - Winter wheat
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 445.2 Water Analysis - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20160301807676
Title:Approach of land use zone for capital farmland protection based on spatial agglomeration pattern and boundaries modification
Authors:Jiang, Guanghui (1, 2); Zhang, Ruijuan (1, 2); Zhang, Cuiyu (1, 2); Qu, Yanbo (3); Tang, Huaizhi (4)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Process and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; (2) College of Resources Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; (3) School of Public Management, Shandong University of Finance and Economic, Ji'nan, China; (4) Centre of Land Consolidation, Ministry of Land and Resource, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:222-229
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Current studies are focused on the high quality farmland parcels identification and aggregation, yet have not considered the concentered and contiguous pattern required in management. As a result, the protected areas of farmland are fragmental in spatial distribution, which increases the difficulty in large-scale production and the risk of occupation by constructive land around. So the capital farmland protection zones need to be transformed from parcels preservation to land use zones in concept; and the zones, which are high-quality and concentrated and have clear outlines and the functions of guiding and separating farmland from constructive and ecological land, can contribute to the capital farmland conservation practice. This paper interprets that land use zone for capital farmland protection has 3 basic rules in zoning. Firstly, the farmland parcels should be almost high-quality with sound drain and irrigation facilities and good capacity to resist the disaster; secondly, zones should have coherence and be closed; and at last, zones should have explicit and unaffected boundary and be encircled by linear features like high-grade road and river, so that they can be convenient for management as the parks. Based on the principles above, this paper proposes the methods consisting of farmland comprehensive quality evaluation, spatial agglomeration of local Moran's I and buffer analysis to delimitate the protected areas of basic farmland, and takes Pinggu District, Beijing City as the case study. At first, it analyzes the comprehensive quality of the capital farmland by multi-factor evaluation and gradual modification method; the factors that are related with the natural quality, location accessibility, development stability and ecological security of the capital farmland are considered in evaluation, and the high-quality capital farmland plot are selected. Then based on the scores of farmland comprehensive quality, spatial agglomeration method of local Moran's I is used to define the spatial pattern of high-quality and low-quality farmland, and the key protection areas of capital farmland are preliminarily delimitated. At last, for the capital farmland protection zones, boundaries modified methods in buffer analysis are used in modification of key areas. Results show that, the average score of the comprehensive quality of the capital farmland in Pinggu district is 53.66, indicating the capital farmland quality is relatively fine. And based on the Moran's I and the local indicators of spatial association method, 4 spatial agglomeration patterns of the fine capital farmland and the other land are obtained, which are high-high, high-low, low-high and low-low pattern, and the high-high and low-high pattern are chosen to the key protection zones that are 11 568.93 hm². And the final capital farmland protection zones are designed by linear elements such as roads and rivers adjacent to the key protection zones. There are 44 capital farmland protection zones in Pinggu District with the total area of 13 395.99 hm², covering 80% of the capital farmland plots. The results indicate that the design approach of the capital farmland protection zones based on spatial agglomeration pattern is useful to form the high-quality and concentrated zone with clear outline, which can provide guidelines for the capital farmland protection planning and land use planning in practice. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Agglomeration - Conservation - Ecology - Environmental protection - Highway administration - Land use - Quality control - Rural areas - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive qualities - Farmland conservation - Farmland protections - Gradual modifications - Large scale productions - Pinggu districts - Spatial agglomeration patterns - Spatial associations
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 432.1 Highway Transportation, General - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20160301807680
Title:Effect of moisture content on compression mechanical properties and frictional characteristics of millet grain
Authors:Yang, Zuomei (1); Sun, Jingxin (1); Guo, Yuming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:253-260
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the first grain of "five cereals", millet is one of the favorite grain crops and has high nutritional value and high market demand. Millet grains can be mechanically damaged under compressive load and friction in the processes of seeding, threshing, storage, and transportation. Moisture content plays an important role to mechanical properties and frictional characteristics of millet grain. The previous researches on grains' mechanical properties were mostly about big grain kernels, but small grain kernels like millet grain have been rarely studied. In this research, a typical millet grain in Shanxi Province, Jingu-21, was selected as test material. Compression tests were carried out using a texture analyzer. Millet grains were quasi-statically loaded in vertical orientation with 7 moisture content treatments i. e. 11.4%, 12.7%, 14.2%, 17.1%, 18.7%, 21.4% and 23.7% and 25 replicates per treatment. Compression mechanical properties of millet grain were measured in terms of damage force, deformation, and damage energy, and meanwhile elastic modulus and allowable compressive stress were calculated according to Hertz theory. The damage process was analyzed, and the force-deformation curve and the variations of mechanical properties with the moisture content were obtained. The test results showed that the moisture content had a significant effect on the compression mechanical properties. The force required for initiating grain rupture decreased from 19.457 to 11.732 N as the moisture content increased, and changed slowly when moisture content was lower than 12. 7% and higher than 21.4%, but decreased rapidly with moisture content increasing from 14.2% to 21.4%. Deformation and damage energy decreased initially and increased subsequently as the moisture content increased. They reached their minimums at moisture content of 17.1% and 21.4%, respectively. Elastic modulus and allowable compressive stress linearly decreased with the increase of the moisture content and the trend similar to big grain kernels was observed, while the variations of other compression mechanical properties with the moisture content were found to be more complex than big grain kernels. The study showed that with low moisture content, millet grain had higher hardness and therefore had higher resistance to deformation and capacity to bear load. As the moisture content increased, millet grain was softened and its elasticity increased, and then under the same load, its deformation, elliptic contact area, and damage energy increased. Subsequently, the elastic modulus and the allowable compressive stress decreased. Millet moisture content should be kept at a level lower than 17% during seeding and storage because millet grains with lower moisture content would have better compression mechanical properties. Based on this finding, it is reasonable that millet grains are typically stored with a moisture content of about 11% and threshed with a moisture level higher than 21.4%. At the same time, frictional characteristics of millet grains with different moisture contents were determined using friction tester with 2 treatments and 5 replicates. As the moisture content increased, the coefficient of sliding friction increased from 0.183 to 0.203 and from 0.269 to 0.307 for steel and aluminium, respectively. Coefficients of sliding friction of millet against aluminium plate were higher than that against steel plate. In the terms of friction reduction, the mechanical parts contacting with millet, such as metering device, should use steel material. The above results were analyzed using statistical regression, and the functions between moisture content and mechanical performance parameters of millet grain on compression and friction were established respectively. The study can provide a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of appropriate equipment and parameters. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Moisture determination
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Aluminum - Compression testing - Compressive stress - Deformation - Elastic moduli - Friction - Mechanical properties - Moisture - Stresses  - Tribology
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of sliding frictions - Deformation and damages - Design and optimization - Different moisture contents - Force - deformation curves - Frictional characteristics - Mechanical performance - Resistance to deformation
Classification code:541.1 Aluminum - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20160301807648
Title:Design and experiment of system for picking up and delivering seedlings in automatic transplanter
Authors:Ni, Youliang (1); Jin, Chengqian (1); Liu, Ji (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Jin, Chengqian(412114402@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:10-19
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Plug seedlings transplanting, which has comprehensive benefits including high and stable yield, climate compensation and improving land utilization, is an important part in the process of dry land crops production. At present, the crops, such as maize, sugar beet, rapeseed, cotton, tobacco and vegetables, apply dry land seedlings transplanting in China, with total planting area of nearly 50 million hm²in 2014 which goes in advance in the world. At the same time, semi-automatic transplanting machine is the main equipment for dry land crops transplanting domestically, and the work of picking up and delivering seedlings is finished manually. It results in high-intensive labor and high producing cost. Aiming at some existing problems in China, such as low level of automation in vegetable transplanter and high rate of injuries during picking up and delivering seedlings, a system for picking up and delivering seedlings in automatic transplanter is designed in this paper. In this tester, step mechanism is used to realize the vertical and horizontal movement of plug seedlings, row type of seedlings pushing up mechanism and clamps are adopted to implement the work of pushing up and clamping plug seedlings, and seedlings catching, seedlings stirring up, seedlings delivering, seedling dropping mechanism, etc. are applied to finish the task of delivering plug seedling from bowl plate to transplant instruments. During the whole operation all actions of the system are finished through the programmable logic controller (PLC), which controls pneumatic cylinders and hydraulic motors. Theoretical analysis and MATLAB simulation have been done, and the results show optimum working pressures of 2 drive cylinders which drive seedlings pushing up mechanism and control the opening-closing of clamps' clamping piece are 0.2-0.4 and 0.1-0.3 MPa respectively for pepper seedlings. In order to verify optimization results, single-factor experiment is carried out respectively. The results show that the optimal working pressure of the drive cylinder driving seedlings pushing up mechanism is 0.4 MPa and that of the drive cylinder controlling the opening-closing of clamps' clamping piece is 0.25 MPa. The functional relationship among 3 parameters which are the frequency of picking up seedlings, the speed of delivering seedlings, and the forward speed of transplanting machine are obtained through theoretical analysis. Besides, levels of these 3 factors are optimized, the 4 groups of best combinations of the factors are achieved, and orthogonal experiment is conducted, in which experimental indices are missing ratio of seedling transplanting, seedling repeated planting ratio, seedling lodging ratio, and seedling damage ratio. Using an experimental automatic vegetable high-speed transplanting machine cooperatively developed by College of Mechanical Transportation of Xinjiang Agriculture University, the experiment is conducted in the farm of Regiment 22, Division 2 of Xinjiang construction Corps in Hejing County, Xinjiang. Pepper seedlings which come from the farm of Toudun river, Urumqi, Xinjiang serve as the test sample. The age of seedlings is 52 days, and their plant height is 142 mm. Through analysis on the experiment result, it reflects that the system achieves the best quality of seedlings picking up and delivering when the frequency of picking up seedlings is 7 times/min, the speed of delivering seedlings is 42 m/min, and the forward speed of transplanting machine is 20 m/min. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Control - Crops - Cylinders (shapes) - Design - Hydraulic machinery - Hydraulic motors - Machine design - MATLAB  - Mechanisms - Plant shutdowns - Quality control - Speed - Sugar beets - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic transplanter - Functional relationship - Orthogonal experiment - Picking up - Programmable logic controllers (PLC) - Seedling transplanting - Seedlings transplanting - Single-factor experiments
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 601.3 Mechanisms - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20160301807670
Title:Effect of electric heating and ventilation in goat shed of Jianghuai region in winter
Authors:Ren, Chunhuan (1); Wang, Qiangjun (1); Zhang, Yan (1); Luo, Jianchuan (1); Zhang, Zijun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Zijun(zhangzijun@ahau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:179-186
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the welfare of the meat goat and increase the goat production efficiency, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of electric heating and ventilation on the goat performance and microclimatic ambient air in goat shed and its economic feasibility. The oil radiator-type heaters were used to keep warm and the negative-pressure fan with a combination of electric heater was used for ventilation in double-slope airtight goat houses with windows and slatted floor, which was the most common type of goat house in winter in Jianghuai region. This two-year study was also to detect and analyze the air environmental indications in double-slope airtight goat houses with windows and slatted floor, in winter in Jianghuai region. The results showed that the daily mean temperature, relative humidity, airflow velocity, illuminance and concentration of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in such goat houses in the coldest month in winter were 5.14, 58.0%, 0.15 m/s, 78.84 lx, 1.63 mg/m³and 0.068% respectively. All indicators met the required standards of environmental hygiene except the daily mean temperature that was below the standard required for lamb. During the test, outdoor effective temperature was 3.04; when the oil radiator-type heaters were used to keep warm for goat shed, the average temperature inside goat shed and the daily live-weight gain of lamb in shed were 3.4 and 29 g higher than those in contrasting shed, and the average daily feed intake for maintenance of the barren ewes was 90 g lower than that in contrasting shed. The results showed that using oil radiator-type heater in goat shed could significantly improve goat production in winter, as well as enhance utilization rate to decrease feeding cost. In this study, the daily live-weight gain of lambs and the average daily feed intake of barren ewes had no significant difference before and after the test (P&gt;0.05), but there was 3 899.6 yuan gained during 30 days trial. So these measures was essential for obtaining consistently high breeding efficiency and ensuring lower cost and time-loss for breeder. Furthermore, there was no significant difference on the average temperature and relative humidity before and after the ventilation (P&gt;0.05), while a significant difference on ammonia gas and carbon dioxide before and after the ventilation (P&lt;0.05) in goat shed that had the negative-pressure fan (worked only for 10 min during the experiment) with a combination of electric heater (worked for 24 h a day), which suggested that the negative-pressure fan with a combination of electric heater not only achieved appropriate ventilation for goat shed in winter, but also provided a warmth retention shed; in other words, the negative-pressure fan with a combination of electric heater was feasible and valid for ventilation and warmth retention in goat shed in Jianghuai region in winter. In summary, the research provides a solid foundation for environment control in goat shed in Jianghuai region of China in winter. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Heating
Controlled terms:Air - Animals - Carbon dioxide - Efficiency - Electric heat treatment - Electric heating - Fans - Floors - Heating equipment - Houses  - Radiators - Thermal processing (foods) - Ventilation
Uncontrolled terms:Economic feasibilities - Effective temperature - Environment control - Environmental hygienes - Environmental parameter - Jianghuai region - Negative pressures - Temperature and relative humidity
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 402.3 Residences - 537.1 Heat Treatment Processes - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 618.3 Blowers and Fans - 642.1 Process Heating - 643.5 Ventilation - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20160301807669
Title:Route planning algorithm and verification based on UAV operation path angle in irregular area
Authors:Xu, Bo (1); Chen, Liping (2, 3); Tan, Yu (1); Xu, Min (2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment Technology for Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Tan, Yu(tanyu32@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:173-178
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Route planning is an important step for the automatic unmanned aerial vehicles, and the quality of route planning will directly affect the energy consumption and pesticide consumption of unmanned aerial vehicles. Currently plant protection unmanned aerial vehicles rely too much on artificial remote, the flight routes are not planned precisely and the actual flight routes are often seriously different from the theoretical routes, especially in the irregular areas. So research on route planning method suitable for automatic unmanned aerial vehicles is necessary. Aimed to the operation area with irregular convex polygon shape, a kind of operation route planning algorithm is proposed to extract the unmanned aerial vehicles' operation routes in any specified operating direction quickly. Latitude and longitude coordinates of border points are converted to the metric ones, environment coordinate is built to convert operation area borders to coordinate volume, and coordinate transformation is according to the operation direction, which makes it easier to compute. The operation area is divided into a plurality of sub-regions, and each sub-region's start and stop operation waypoint are set by considering the flight distance and pesticide consumption; all operation waypoints are connected to get operation routes, which can minimize the excess coverage area and the waste of pesticides. When the operation direction is not specified, the route planning algorithm can also give a recommended operation direction and route to make energy and pesticide consumption minimal in the entire operation process. The simulation results showed that using this algorithm in an irregular convex pentagon area of 983.125 m², when the course angle of the operation routes was set to be 0&ring;, 45&ring;, 90&ring; and 135&ring;, corresponding total flight distance was 273.38, 291.30, 273.68 and 293.78 m, coverage area was 1 121.8, 1 195.5, 1 169.2 and 1 197 m, excess coverage rate was 14.1%, 21.6%, 18.9% and 21.8%, respectively. The total flight distance and coverage area with course angle of 0&ring; were the least among 4 kinds of course angles, and its energy and pesticide consumption were also the least. While the best operating course angle of the convex pentagon area was 100&ring;, and its corresponding coverage area and excess coverage rate were 1 096.5 m²and 11.5%. In field tests, the minimum excess coverage rate was 2.8%, which showed the feasibility of the operation route planning algorithm; while the test results also showed the deviations between theoretical and practical operation routes, and the possible reasons were GPS positioning error, wind and unstable center of gravity due to liquid, so the GPS positioning accuracy needed to be improved, and flight control systems also needed further improvement to make the flight attitude of unmanned aerial vehicle more stable. Operation routes are planned by the route planning algorithm before operation, and energy and pesticide consumption can be previously estimated, which can save the time consumed by preparation work and make unmanned aerial vehicle operation more efficient. Nowadays, unmanned plant protection operation by unmanned aerial vehicle becomes popular, and planning and management of the operation also become very important, and hence this flight route planning algorithm not only saves manpower required by route planning, but also makes operation management easier. In addition, the algorithm also reduces the deposition of pesticides in non-operating areas and is conducive to environment protection. The algorithm is suitable for automatic unmanned aerial vehicles and can be widely used in the area of precision agriculture. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Flight control systems
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Energy utilization - Flight dynamics - Flight simulators - Global positioning system - Image resolution - Machinery - Mechanization - Pesticides  - Tracking (position) - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Autonomous flight - Co-ordinate transformation - Environment protection - Operation management - Operation process - Path angles - Precision Agriculture - Route planning
Classification code:525.3 Energy Utilization - 601 Mechanical Design - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 652.3 Aircraft Instruments and Equipment - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20160301807685
Title:Textile fibers prepared by combined alkali soaking, steam explosion and laccase/mediator treatments to bark of cotton stalks
Authors:Zhang, Li (1); Xia, Shengjuan (1); Ma, Bomou (1); Liao, Xiangru (2); Hou, Xiuliang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
Corresponding author:Hou, Xiuliang(houxiuliang@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:292-299
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As we all know, burning of cotton stalks will bring serious environment pollution. In order to protect the environment and make efficient utilization of cotton stalks, this paper presented a new method for the preparation of cellulose textile fibers, which could obtain better fibers from bark of cotton stalks. It was reported that natural cellulose fibers from bark of cotton stalks had significantly better mechanical properties than those from other lignocellulosic agricultural byproducts such as rice and wheat straws. Fibers from bark of cotton stalks were used to reinforce thermoplastic composites, but they were difficult to be spun into textile yarns due to their high fineness value and rigidity. However, conventional method of using strong alkaline solution (30-100 g/L NaOH) for extraction of cellulose fibers from lignocellulosic byproducts led to environmental pollution and high cost. In this paper, the new method included 3 combined steps, i. e. alkali soaking, steam explosion and laccase mediator system treatment. Bark of cotton stalks were first soaked in NaOH solution at 20 for 24 h, steam-exploded with alkali within 0.0875 s and then the cotton stalk balk fibers obtained by steam explosion were treated in laccase mediator system to further degrade lignin. The effect of NaOH dosage on the separation of bark of cotton stalks was studied. The effects of the kind and dosage of the mediator, and the laccase dosage on the lignin mass fraction of cotton stalk bark fibers were also investigated. The chemical composition, morphology, mechanical property, hygroscopic property, crystalline structure and thermal stability of cotton stalk bark fibers before and after treated by steam explosion and laccase mediator system were comparatively investigated by chemical compositions analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile property test, moisture regain and water retention test, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal stability analysis (TGA). The results showed the effect of each step in the combined method for fibers preparation from bark of cotton stalks. The optimized processing parameters were as follows: NaOH amount of 10 g/L, soaking at 20 for 24 h, ratio of liquor to fiber of 15 mL/g, steam pressure of 0.8 MPa, holding time of 180 s, laccase dosage of 600 U/g, ABTS mediator amount accounting for 1% of dry weight of cotton stalk bark fibers, temperature of 55, pH value of 3.5, and treatment time of 10 h. The results indicated that the cotton stalk bark fibers prepared by the combined method had cleaner surface, lower moisture regain and water retention, higher initial decomposition temperature and temperature for the maximum decomposition rate i. e. superior thermal stability. By the optimized combined method, the cotton stalk bark fibers had length of 55.7 mm, fineness of 28 dtex, aspect ratio of 1139, tensile strength of 2.97 cN/dtex, cellulose mass fraction of 78%, crystallinity index of 67.5, moisture regain of 10.7%, water retention of 104.4% and yield of 40%, which could be used for textile industry. The research can provide a reference for further research on the extraction of natural cellulose fibers from lignocellulose byproducts such as cotton stalks, wheat straws and rice straws. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Spinning (fibers)
Controlled terms:Alkalinity - Aspect ratio - Byproducts - Cellulose - Chemical analysis - Chemical stability - Cotton - Decomposition - Enzymes - Explosions  - Extraction - Fibers - Lignin - Mechanical properties - Moisture - Natural fibers - Pollution - Pyrolysis - Regain - Scanning electron microscopy  - Steam - Straw - Tensile strength - Textile fibers - Textile industry - Textiles - Thermodynamic stability - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural by-products - Alkali soaking - Chemical compositions analysis - Environmental pollutions - Initial decomposition temperatures - Laccase mediator systems - Natural cellulose fibers - Steam explosion
Classification code:641.1 Thermodynamics - 801 Chemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 819 Synthetic and Natural Fibers; Textile Technology - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20160301807662
Title:Effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer interaction on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of cotton
Authors:Li, Pengcheng (1); Dong, Helin (1); Liu, Aizhong (1); Liu, Jingran (1); Sun, Miao (1); Wang, Guoping (1); Liu, Shaodong (1); Zhao, Xinhua (1); Li, Yabing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
Corresponding author:Dong, Helin(donghl668@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:122-130
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Planting density and nitrogen (N) fertilizer investment are 2 important practices for cotton production, and suitable planting density and N fertilizer application rate can improve both cotton yield and N use efficiency (NUE). Using transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton cultivar CCRI 79, a field experiment with split block design was conducted in the farm of Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Anyang City, Henan Province from 2013 to 2014, in order to understand the interaction of planting density and N level on seed yield and NUE of cotton. And there were 3 treatments with different planting density in main plot which were 3.00, 5.25, 7.50 plant/m²respectively, and 4 dosages of N fertilizer were set as split block treatments which were 0, 112.5, 225.0, 337.5 kg/hm²respectively. The results showed that LAI (leaf area index) of cotton at budding stage, flowering stage and boll-setting stage under the same planting density increased with the increase of N application rate respectively, while LAI of cotton at budding stage and flowering stage under the same N application rate significantly increased with the increase of planting density respectively. N uptake of cotton under the treatments with medium (5.25 plant/m²) and high planting density (7.50 plant/m²) in 2013 and 2014 significantly increased with the increase of N application rate, and that under the treatment with high planting density and high N application rate (337.5 kg/hm²) was the most among all treatments. When N application rate was the same, N uptake of cotton increased with the increase of planting density. Internal NUE of cotton in 2013 and 2014 decreased with the increase of N application rate. Agronomic NUE of cotton under the treatments with low (3.00 plant/m²) and high planting density significantly decreased with the increase of N application rate. When N application rate was 225.0 kg/hm², agronomic NUE of cotton under the treatment with medium planting density was higher than those under the treatments with low and high planting density. When planting density was the same, N partial productivity of cotton significantly decreased with the increase of N application rate. Under the condition of medium (225.0 kg/hm²) and high N application rate, N partial productivity of cotton under the medium planting density was better than other 2 planting densities. Under the condition of the same planting density, N recovery efficiency of cotton decreased with the increase of N application rate. Under the condition of high planting density, physiological NUE of cotton decreased significantly with the increase of N application rate. Physiological NUE of cotton under the treatment with medium N application rate and medium planting density was higher than other treatments, while that under treatments with high N application rate increased with increase of planting density. Agronomic NUE, N partial productivity and physiological NUE of cotton under the treatment with high planting density and low N application rate were much higher than other treatments respectively, which indicated that increasing planting density and decreasing N application rate appropriately at the same time could improve agronomic NUE, N partial productivity and physiological NUE of cotton. Under the condition of low planting density, seed cotton yield increased with the increase of N application rate. Under the condition of medium planting density, seed cotton yield under medium N application rate was higher than that under high N treatment. Under the condition of high planting density, seed cotton yield decreased with the increase of N application rate. Biomass of cotton increased with the increase of planting density and N application rate, and harvest index decreased with the increase of planting density and N fertilizer application rate. Boll number per unit area under the treatment with 5.25 plant/m²and N application rate of 225.0 kg/hm²was much more, and seed cotton yield, lint cotton yield and N fertilizer recovery rate were superior to other treatments. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agronomy - Cotton - Cultivation - Efficiency - Fertilizers - Investments - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Physiology - Plants (botany)  - Productivity
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural science - Application rates - Cotton production - Interaction - N use efficiency - Nitrogen-use efficiency - Planting density - Yield
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20160301807687
Title:Effect of ultra-high pressure and heating treatment on fatty acid composition of goat milk
Authors:Wang, Cunfang (1, 2); Lou, Xinman (1); Wang, Jianmin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food and Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China; (2) College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Cunfang(cunfangwang@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:308-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Goat milk has more nutrition advantages compared with bovine milk, and its fat contains a large number of fatty acids, some of which are very important for human health such as anti-carcinogenesis, anti-atherosclerosis and strengthening immunity. In addition, the specific flavor of goat milk is mainly influenced by free fatty acid of short-chain, such as octanoic acid (C8:0) and decanoic acid (C10:0). Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to study the effects of ultra-high pressure and heating treatment on fatty acid compositions in goat milk from Laoshan dairy goat. The samples were treated under the ultra-high pressure conditions of 100, 200, 300 and 400 MPa and heating treatment of 65 every 30 min, 75 every 15 min, and 90 every min. Then, composition of fatty acid was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that with the treatment of ultra-high pressure and heating processing, the content of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) increased, while unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) decreased, and there were no significant differences under ultra-high pressure processing, but significant differences were observed under the treatment of heating (P&lt;0.01, P&lt;0.01 and P&lt;0.001). Under the heating treatment of 90 every min, SCFA increased to the highest, which was 64.91% (P&lt;0.05) higher than the raw milk, respectively, while the content of USFA decreased to the minimum under the treatment of boiling, which was 35.85% (P&lt;0.01) lower than raw milk. For the SCFA, with the treatment of ultra-high pressure, the differences of caproic acid (C6:0), C8:0 and C10:0 were not significant, however, the significant increase (P&lt;0.01) occurred in C10:0 after heating. For the SFA, significant differences were observed in lauric acid (C12:0), myristic acid (C14:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) under various pressure conditions (P&lt;0.01, P&lt;0.01 and P&lt;0.05), while there was no significant difference for C16:0. The contents of C12:0, C14:0 and palm acid (C16:0) increased with ultra-high pressure treatment and up to the maximum at 300, 200 and 100 MPa respectively, which were enhanced by 179%, 54%, and 26% respectively (P&lt;0.05, P&lt;0.05, P&gt;0.05) compared with raw milk. However, the content of C18:0 decreased with the treatment of ultra-high pressure, and it was the lowest at 200 MPa, which decreased by 65% compared with raw milk (P&lt;0.05). The contents of C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0 were increased with heating treatment and up to the maximum under the boiling condition, which were enhanced by 91%, 74% and 21% respectively (P&lt;0.05) compared with raw milk. For USFA, there was no significant difference in oleic acid (C18:1) with the treatment of ultra-high pressure, but the changes of linoleic acid (C18:2) and flax acid (C18:3) were significant (P&lt;0.01 and P&lt;0.05). The contents of C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 all decreased with the treatment of ultra-high pressure, and under 300 MPa the contents reached the minimum and reduced by 27%, 60% and 58% respectively compared with raw milk (P&gt;0.05, P&lt;0.05 and P&lt;0.05). The contents of C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 all decreased with the treatment of heating (P&lt;0.001, P&lt;0.05 and P&lt;0.001), and under the treatment of boiling the contents were the minimum, which were reduced by 33%, 66% and 64% respectively compared with raw milk (P&lt;0.01, P&lt;0.05 and P&lt;0.01). The results of this study reveal that the effect of ultra-high pressure on fatty acids in goat milk is slighter, and it is helpful for the applications of ultra-high pressure technology and heat treatment in the dairy and provides theoretical basis for the development of goat milk resource. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:High pressure effects
Controlled terms:Chains - Dairies - Dairy products - Fatty acids - Gas chromatography - Heating - Linoleic acid - Mass spectrometry - Pressure effects - Saturated fatty acids  - Sterilization (cleaning) - Unsaturated fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:Gas chromatography-mass spectrometries (GC-MS) - GC-MS - Goat milks - Short-chain fatty acids - Ultra-high pressure processing - Ultra-high pressure technology - Ultra-high pressure treatment - Ultrahigh pressure
Classification code:602.1 Mechanical Drives - 801 Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.1 Food Products Plants and Equipment - 822.3 Food Products - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20160301807668
Title:Skeleton extraction algorithm of corn crop rows based on maximum square
Authors:Diao, Zhihua (1, 2); Wu, Beibei (1, 2); Wu, Yuanyuan (1, 2); Wei, Yuquan (1, 2); Qian, Xiaoliang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Electric Information and Engineering Department, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China; (2) Henan Key Lab of Information Based Electrical Appliances, Zhengzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:168-172
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To overcome the shortages of the existing methods for skeleton lines detection such as low adaptability and meet the needs of recognition for navigation path in modern precision spraying technology system, a new algorithm of skeleton lines detection was proposed based on maximum square principle in this paper. In the first part, pretreatment operation was applied to process the corn crop rows image. Firstly, the improved super green gray transformation algorithm (1.68G-R-B) was used to transfer the corn crop rows color image into gray-scale image and the corn crop rows was separated from the background for the first time. Compared with the traditional gray-scale methods, the improved algorithm in this article not only distinguished the crop rows and background better but also greatly reduced the noise interference and the processing time. Secondly, in order to split the crop rows more clearly, the middle filter operation was used to eliminate background noise. Thirdly, threshold segmentation method was used to convert gray-scale image into a binary image so to prominent the crop rows area further and extinction the background area, and the crop rows and the background were completely separated by the threshold segmentation. In the second part, the corrosion and expansion operation of morphological algorithm were used to process the above binary image. The 3&times; 3 template element of corrosion was selected to eliminate the background noise that was smaller than the area of crop rows after binarization. The 5&times;1 template elements of expansion were selected to connect the discontinuous area goodly. In order to get the best contour of the corn crop rows, the times of corrosion and expansion operation was determined by experiment. In the third part, the skeleton of corn crop rows was extracted by maximum square principle that was put forward by this paper. Firstly, the region of crop rows was divided base on symmetry. Secondly, the number of pixels that the value was one in the maximum square of the undetermined skeleton points in each region was written. Finally, comparison of the numbers in each row and the undetermined skeleton points was made so that the one with the most value was selected as target skeleton points. In order to evaluate the advantage of the algorithm, maximum square frame extraction algorithm was compared respectively with morphological skeleton extraction and maximum disk skeleton extraction algorithm which is used extensively by researchers. At the same time, the skeleton line of central crop rows were extracted and linear fitting operation was carried out to verify the accuracy of the algorithm. The random Hough transform was used to get the navigation line because of its advantage. The deviation between the center line of crop rows were fitted and actual navigation line was used to determine the accuracy of skeleton extraction. Image of other crop rows was used to prove the adaptability of the algorithm. Experimental results showed that the new algorithm could not only maintain a single pixel and has strong anti-interference ability of edge noise but also extract the skeleton lines more accurately. In addition, it also could be adapted for the skeleton extraction of other crops as well. And the error of skeleton was less than 5 mm and can satisfy the demand of precision spraying. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Binary images - Bins - Color image processing - Corrosion - Crops - Extraction - Hough transforms - Image recognition - Image segmentation  - Information dissemination - Interference suppression - Musculoskeletal system - Navigation - Pixels
Uncontrolled terms:Corn - Crop rows - Gray transformation - Maximum square - Morphological algorithms - Morphological skeleton - Skeleton - Threshold segmentation
Classification code:461.3 Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics - 694.4 Storage - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 903.2 Information Dissemination - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20160301807686
Title:Preparation and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose from mechanically activated bagasse cellulose
Authors:Chen, Yuan (1); Wen, Qingmin (1); Yang, Jiatian (1); Zhu, Wanren (1); Yu, Guiying (1); Huang, Zuqiang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Chemistry and Material, Yulin Normal University, Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Efficient Use of Agricultural Resources in the Southeast of Guangxi, Yulin, China; (2) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Zuqiang(huangzq@gxu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:300-307
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a kind of anion and aliphatic and water-soluble cellulose ether. It has been widely used in food, medicine, detergent etc because it has good performance in thickening, dispersion and suspension and so on. It is vividly regarded as the "Monosodium glutamate" in industry. In recent years, the CMC demand is stably growing. Improving quality and developing special type of CMC for specific user are becoming the development directions of CMC. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB), a kind of waste in the process of sugar extraction, is abundant and low-cost lignocelullosic material. SCB is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose forms microfibril by intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bond, and hemicellulose and lignin are filling and adhering agent among the microfibril. Because of the special structure of SCB, chemical agents are difficult to penetrate and diffuse in it, which limits its application. Therefore, it is necessary to pretreat SCB to remove lignin and hemicellulose, reducing cellulose's crystallinity. To utilize SCB and prepare CMC with high degree of substitution (DS), SCB was mechanically activated by a stirring-type ball mill. Using monochloroacetate (MCA) as etherifying agent and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as catalyst, CMC was synthesized from SCB with different activation time. The effects of mechanical activation time, reaction time, reaction temperature, solid-liquid ratio, NaOH-MCA molar ratio and water content on carboxymethylation of SCB were investigated respectively by using the DS of CMC as evaluating parameter. The structure of CMC from SCB was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and¹HNMR spectroscopy (¹HNMR). The results indicated that mechanical activation considerably enhanced the carboxymethylation of SCB, the mechanically activated SCB was easier for carboxymethylation than the original SCB, and the DS increased first and then decreased with activation time. The reasons were that mechanical activation broke the sealing of cellulose by lignin, destroyed the crystalline structure and decreased the crystallinity of cellulose, which made etherification reagent more easily penetrate into the SCB and could increase reactivity and decrease the dependence on solid-liquid ratio, ratio of NaOH/MCA, H<inf>2</inf>O/substrate, reaction time and reaction temperature. The DS and viscosity of CMC obtained were 1.521 and 13 mPa. s respectively through carboxymethylation under the conditions which were reaction time of 2.0 h, solid-liquid ratio (mass/volume) of 1:18 g/mL, NaOH-MCA molar ratio of 2:1, H<inf>2</inf>O/substrate (volume/mass) of 1:1 mL/g and reaction temperature of 75. The research results would provide the reference for the preparation of CMC with high DS. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Cellulose
Controlled terms:Bagasse - Chemical activation - Chemical reactions - Ethers - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Hydrogen bonds - Infrared spectroscopy - Lignin - Liquids - Scanning electron microscopy  - Wastes - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Carboxy-methyl cellulose - Carboxymethylation - Crystalline structure - Degree of substitution - Development directions - Intermolecular hydrogen bonds - Mechanical activation - Sugar-cane bagasse
Classification code:801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20160301807655
Title:Pressure pulsation characteristics and its impact on flow-induced noise in mixed-flow pump
Authors:Zheng, Yuan (1); Chen, Yujie (2); Mao, Xiuli (2); Wang, Huizhi (3); Shi, Wei (4); Kan, Kan (2); Zhang, Yuquan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering Research Center of Water Resources Efficient Utilization and Engineering Safety, Hohai University, Nanjing, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hohai University, Nanjing, China; (3) College of Energy and Electric Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China; (4) Jiangsu Water Supply Co. Ltd., For East Route of South-to-North Water Division, Nanjing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:67-73
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a kind of pump with low head and large capacity, the mixed-flow pump is widely used in large quantities of fields including water conservancy and sewage system of municipal works and so on. The pressure pulsation and flow-induced noise of pump have become two of the most important issues which have negative effect on reliability. The pressure pulsation is the interior performance of the unsteady flow in the pump and the flow-induced noise and vibration are the exterior performance of the unsteady flow in the pump. In order to study the rules of pressure pulsation and flow-induced noise change under different flow rate conditions in a mixed-flow pump and to find the relationship between pressure pulsation and flow-induced noise, the flow field and sound field were numerical simulated. This paper used the PRO/E software to build the pump model and to use the ICEM CFD to conduct the mesh division of the calculated domain. The mixed-flow pump mainly consisted of inlet pipe, impeller, volute and discharge pipe. The unsteady flow was numerical simulated based on RANS solver and SST turbulence model. During the unsteady simulation, the mixed-flow pump rotated for 18 cycles so as to improve the simulation stability. The simulation results of the last 2 periods were used to analyze the time domain characteristics and frequency domain characteristics of pressure pulsation in the pump. And by using the pressure pulsation on the blade as noise source, acoustic Boundary Element Method (BEM) was applied to simulate the flow-induced noise of the mixed-flow pump. The simulation results show that the pressure pulsation amplitude decreases from shroud to hub both at the inlet and outlet of the impeller, and the maximum pressure pulsation appears at the inlet of impeller. So it is crucial to conduct some optimal design for the shroud location in order to weaken the pressure pulsation. Along the circumferential direction in the volute, the pressure pulsation amplitude appears to be the largest near the tongue, the pressure pulsation decreases with the increase of circular angles. And at the outlet of volute, the pressure pulsation appears approximately to be nothing which indicates the flow at this location is steady. The dominant frequency of pressure pulsation in each monitoring point of the mixed-flow pump is always the blade passing frequency under different flow rate conditions. The rotor-stator interaction between the rotating blades and the stationary volute may be the major source of flow-induced noise in the mixed-flow pump. The dominant frequency of flow-induced noise is integral effected by the pressure pulsation and the structure mode of the pump. It is easy to occur resonate between fluid domain and structure domain when the domain frequency of pressure pulsation is closely equal to the domain frequency of the structure mode. The stronger the pressure pulsation is, the more intense the radiation level of corresponding flow-induced noise will produce under the same condition. Weakening the pressure pulsation in the mixed-flow pump is an effective way to reduce the flow-induced noise. This paper has reference value for study on pressure pulsation and flow-induced noise in fluid machinery. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Acoustic fields - Acoustic noise - Acoustics - Axial flow - Boundary element method - Frequency domain analysis - Impellers - Machinery - Pressure - Pumps  - Rotors - Rotors (windings) - Sailing vessels - Sewage - Stators - Time domain analysis - Turbulence models - Unsteady flow - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Blade passing frequency - Flow induced noise - Mixed flow pump - Pressure pulsation - Rotor-stator interactions
Classification code:452.1 Sewage - 601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 674.1 Small Marine Craft - 704.1 Electric Components - 705.1 Electric Machinery, General - 751 Acoustics, Noise. Sound - 751.4 Acoustic Noise - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20160301807667
Title:Monitoring forage harvesting area in semi-arid pasture based on Landsat TM images
Authors:Tang, Huan (1, 2); Gao, Wa (3); Xu, Lijun (1, 2); Yan, Ruirui (1, 2); Chen, Baorui (1, 2); Xin, Xiaoping (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hulunber, China; (3) Grassland Survey and Research Institute of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, China
Corresponding author:Xin, Xiaoping(xinxp@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:160-167
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Mowing grass for livestock utilization is one of the most traditional way of using natural grassland in the semi-arid pastoral areas. Managing cuttings in pasture not only warrant material for grassland livestock husbandry and but also can sustain the grassland as the ecological barrier of Chinese inland ecosystems. The natural grassland in those regions plays an important role in livestock rearing, wind break, sand stabilization, soil and water conservation, air purification, climate regulation and so on. However, the information about the spatial distribution, the productivity fluctuation and degradation status of harvesting forages in natural pastures in China is limited, which seriously threatens forage grassland reserves and emergency relief in China. As such, a systematic study on forage harvesting in natural pasture is necessary and important. In this study, the resource inventory of forage harvesting pasture in semi-arid pastoral areas of north China was carried out in order to understand the status of forage harvesting pastures for their spatial distribution and resource profiles. After a field investigation conducted in 2013 and 2014 (the investigation time was at the end of July to the beginning of September) in areas including Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Heilongjiang, Jilin and Hebei province, we recorded the location each survey area, grassland types, dominant species, the height, density, coverage of the natural grassland, and consulted the mowing time of forage harvesting pasture in the local grass court. In addition, the Landsat TM5 remotely sensed images which spatial resolution was 30 meters and has seven spectral channels, were used as the data source (a total of 256 images) after being geometrically corrected, projection transformation, format conversion and false color composite of band 4, 3 and 2. First, the indoor pre judgment was used to the images to determine the field survey area. Then establishment of interpretation was processed by combining the spectral features of TM images and the field survey points. Finally, we used information compound method in visual interpretation to achieve the area of pasture under forage harvesting in semi-arid pastoral areas in north China. Then classification accuracy evaluation was carried out. The results showed that the area of forage harvesting pasture in the semi-arid regions was 8.0035 million hm²which accounted for 2.85% of the grassland area in the northern China, with an average of interpretation accuracy of 76.78% and the average of the Kappa coefficient of 0.54. Among them, the largest area of forage harvesting pasture appeared in Inner Mongolia, reached 6.8804 million hm², followed by Heilongjiang Province of 0.6703 million hm², Jilin Province of 0.2477 million hm²and Hebei Province of 0.2050 million hm². The forage harvesting pasture area of Hulunber meadow steppe, Horqin sandy grassland and Xilingol typical steppe were 1.8089 million hm², 0.9644 million hm²and 3.9540 million hm²respectively. Temperate steppe, temperate meadow steppe and lowland meadow were the main vegetation types harvested from those pastures, and a little distribution in the mountain meadow and temperate desert steppe. The results made up for the deficiency for the area of the domestic forage harvesting pasture data and provided data for analysis of forage harvesting pasture changes in the semi-arid pastoral areas of China. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Air cleaners - Air purification - Ecology - Ecosystems - Harvesting - Metadata - Monitoring - Remote sensing - Soil conservation - Spatial distribution  - Stabilization - Surveys - Vegetation - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Classification accuracy - Inner Mongolia autonomous regions - Projection transformation - Remotely sensed images - Semi arid - Soil and water conservation - Temperate desert steppes - Visual interpretation
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20160301807656
Title:Variation analysis of wideband emissivity on friction pair interface under grease lubrication based on infrared temperature measurement
Authors:Wei, Wei (1); Yu, Jianwei (2); Yu, Xiaofen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China; (2) Institute of Tribology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
Corresponding author:Yu, Jianwei(yjwyxfyyh@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:74-79
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Unstable surface states of the sliding interface lead to fluctuant emissivity, causing inaccurate infrared temperature measurement. In this study, wideband emissivity on end-face sliding contact interface, which was composed of a 45^#steel upper sample and a tin bronze lower sample, was researched under grease lubrication by an infrared temperature measurement system, which was designed and built using a thermal imager and 3 infrared thermometers. Lithium base grease contains molybdenum disulfide of 10% (mass fraction). Three through-holes were drilled on the lower sample, right below the contact area. Through these holes, the infrared thermometers aimed at the contact area, and the brightness temperature of the contact area (BTCA) could be obtained with the constant emissivity of 1. All the lateral surfaces of the samples and the fixture were sprayed with matt black paint, which had a constant emissivity of 0.95. Then the temperature distribution of the lateral surface was obtained using the thermal imager which was placed 400 mm away from the samples. The temperature of the point P (TP), which was located in the outermost of the contact area and whose temperature was measured by the thermal imager, was considered as the actual real average temperature of the contact area. A series of experiments were carried out with different load and rotational speed, and the instantaneous data, such as friction coefficient were recorded. And the wideband emissivity was calculated with the TP and BTCA. Through the comparison and analysis, it was found that the distribution of the lateral surface of lower sample tended to be homogeneous after 1 800 s friction. However, on the upper sample's lateral surface, the nearer from the contact area, the higher the temperature. The TP and BTCA showed a similar variation trend during the friction process, which steeply rose in the beginning and then slowed down. With the rotation speed of 400 r/min, the temperature rise under 100 N was higher than that under 200 N, because the temperature rise was not just affected by the load and sliding speed, but also by the friction coefficient. The BTCA was obviously less than the TP, because the preset emissivity for the thermometers exceeded the real wideband emissivity of the interface. The wideband emissivity of the interface was 0.8 because the grease film and the surface states changed. According to the changing curve of friction coefficient and wideband emissivity, the friction process was divided into running-in stage and steady wear stage. In the running-in stage, the wideband emissivity slumped from 0.96 to 0.86 (slightly different under different test conditions) due to the radical changes of surface states caused by the radical surface morphology and temperature changes. In the steady wear stage, in contrast to the previous, the wideband emissivity grew slowly and trended to be stable. This experimental result reveals the wideband emissivity change regularity on the sliding contact interface under grease lubrication during the friction, and the study may also provide a reference for improving the precision of infrared temperature measurement. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Interface states
Controlled terms:Bronze - Electromagnetic wave emission - Friction - Interfaces (materials) - Lubrication - Measurements - Surface states - Temperature measurement - Thermometers - Tribology
Uncontrolled terms:Brightness temperatures - Comparison and analysis - Contact interface - Friction coefficients - Infrared measurements - Infrared temperature measurements - Infrared thermometers - Wide-band
Classification code:544.2 Copper Alloys - 607.2 Lubrication - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 944.5 Temperature Measuring Instruments - 944.6 Temperature Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20160301807679
Title:Effect of ultra-high pressure on moisture status and protein structure of large yellow croaker surimi gel
Authors:Qin, Ying (1, 2); Tang, Haiqing (3); Ou, Changrong (1, 2); Cao, Jinxuan (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; (2) Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China; (3) Faculty of Food Science, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, China
Corresponding author:Ou, Changrong(ouchangrong@nbu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:246-252
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To compare the effects of water bath heating and ultra-high pressure processing on the gel properties of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) surimi gels, we integrated low field nuclear magnetic resonance (Low-field NMR) and Raman spectroscopic technique to analyze the changes of moisture status and protein structure. Meanwhile, we analyzed the differences in traditional characteristic indices of surimi gels such as texture properties, water holding capacity and whiteness to explore their correlation with the variation of moisture status and protein structure. The surimi gels were prepared by heating at 40 for 1 h and then at 90 for 30 min in water bath or by high pressure processing at different pressure of 300, 400 and 500 MPa for 30 min. The results showed that surimi gels under high pressure processing had higher water holding capacity, springiness and cohesiveness, but lower hardness compared to heat-induced gels (P&lt;0.05). The cohesiveness, springiness, chewiness and a^*of the surimi gels significantly decreased, while the whiteness, L^*and b^*significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased, when the pressure varied from 300 to 500 MPa. In contrast, water holding capacity was insensitive to the variation of the pressure (P&gt;0.05). High pressure could constrain the mobility of water, resulting in the firm gel network, which was evidenced by the undetectable free water (T23) in the pressure-induced surimi gel. However, high pressure significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased the mobility of movable water and the content of bound water. The increased bound water content was conducive to the formation of gel network, and thereby improved the texture properties and water holding capacity. There was no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) in the frequency of amide I band and the content of &beta;-sheet between high pressure-induced and heat-induced surimi gels of large yellow croaker. However, high pressure significantly increased the &alpha;-helix content and decreased the content of random-coil and &beta;-turns of the surimi gels (P&lt;0.05). In addition, changes in the tertiary structures were observed between the pressure-induced and heated-induced surimi. The normalized intensity of the Raman band near 760 cm^-1in pressure-induced surimi gels of large yellow croaker was stronger than that of heat-induced gels. This means that the level of hydrophobic microenvironment exposure to the polar aqueous solvent is lower in pressure-induced surimi gels. These changes had significant correlations with the changes of texture properties and water holding capacity. The mobility of bound water was positively related to the springiness and cohesiveness of surimi gels. The content of movable water was negatively associated with cohesiveness. Consistently, the content of bound water and the mobility of movable water were in parallel with water holding capacity. Furthermore, the contents of &alpha;-helix and &beta;-sheet were positively correlated with cohesiveness and water holding capacity, but negatively correlated with gumminess, chewiness and hardness. Collectively, high pressure altered the protein structure in flesh of large yellow croaker, resulting in the changes of surimi moisture status and texture quality. This study provides a theoretical reference for the application of Low-field NMR and Raman spectroscopic technique to evaluate and enhance the quality of surimi products. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:High pressure effects
Controlled terms:Gels - Hardness - Magnetic field effects - Moisture - Nuclear magnetic resonance - Proteins - Quality control - Raman spectroscopy - Spectrum analysis - Structural properties
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristic indices - High pressure processing - Large yellow croaker - Low field nuclear magnetic resonance - Surimi - Ultra-high pressure processing - Ultrahigh pressure - Water holding capacity
Classification code:701.2 Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20160301807675
Title:Research progress of welfare-oriented breeding mode and technical equipments for laying hen
Authors:Yang, Liu (1); Li, Baoming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Li, Baoming(libm@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:214-221
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Welfare-oriented housing system for laying hens has started to be explored in China in recent years, while it has been developed for 30 years in America and other countries in the world and achieved much research progress. After the European Union (EU) promulgated the ban of conventional cages, much progress has been made over the world in developing valid alternative housing systems to enrich hen's welfare. However, the ratio of welfare-oriented systems in laying hen housing system is still very low in the main egg-producing countries. Welfare-oriented systems not only enhance the welfare on laying hen, but also improve the health of hens, especially on aspect of the bone health. With more and more people paying attention to food quality and food safety, it is very crucial to develop new housing systems for laying hen in China, so as to enhance the health of the hens and their product quality and meanwhile reduce the use of veterinary drugs. Here, we reviewed the following aspects related to welfare-oriented poultry housing system. Firstly, we discussed the current classification and description of different laying hen housing systems. Furnished cage was a modified conventional cage. It also provided with litter materials, nests and perches for some foraging, dust bathing, nesting and perching. However, the space in the furnished cages was still limited for locomotion and comfortable behaviors such as wing flapping and flying. Non-cage system provided sufficient barn environment for hens, and a larger space for hens' behaviors in the horizontal and vertical plane than furnished cage. Free range housing system was supplied with some outdoor hours for hens. The novel style of free range systems named "the roundel" has been introduced. The different housing systems were compared on hen welfare, which included health, productivity and egg quality, and effects of social, economic, environment aspects on them. Hen welfare in non-cage system was better than that in cage system, such as the better egg quality. Mortality was generally lower in furnished cages if compared with conventional cages, but sometimes mortality could reach unacceptably high levels in non-cage systems. More comfortable behaviors have been observed in furnished cage system than in conventional cages. However EU market table eggs ordering system gave the same label for eggs laid in conventional or furnished cages. It also addressed the main problems of different housing systems. Systems with litter created a better environment for hen welfare, however damaged some aspect of hen health. A major reason was that hens contacted with manure which was mixed with litter. What was more, the concentrations of ammonia and particular matter in aviary systems were much higher than those in cage systems because of the use of litter. Small population scale was a nice choice for developing welfare-oriented housing systems based on the behavioral characteristics of hens. In the last part, we introduced a new type of free aviary laying hen housing system developed by our laboratory. It was a system which provided multi-tier feed and drinking floors. It also provided with multi-tier perches and 2 rows of nests, however without litter. One unit of the system raised 360 laying hens, so as to provide a considerably large space for hens' locomotion. In conclusion, no system currently under consideration was ideal now. Besides animal welfare, the advantages of conventional cages related to free from other hens, better health condition and lower cost should be in consideration in order to change the current design of housing systems. Even a housing system that was designed to be better to hen welfare could have a negative effect on welfare or even health if it was under poorly managed conditions. In the end, we looked into the future of welfare-oriented housing systems. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Housing
Controlled terms:Animals - Birds - Fertilizers - Food safety - Health - Models
Uncontrolled terms:Behavioral characteristics - Cage systems - Health condition - Housing systems - Oriented systems - Small population - Technical equipments - Welfare
Classification code:403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 804 Chemical Products Generally
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20160301807659
Title:&gamma;-PGA additive decreasing soil water infiltration and improving water holding capacity
Authors:Shi, Wenjuan (1); Liang, Jiaping (1); Tao, Wanghai (1); Tan, Shuai (1); Wang, Quanjiu (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area (Xi'an University of Technology), Xi'an, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dry-Land Farming on Loess Plateau, Yangling, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:94-100
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Poly-&gamma;-glutamic acid (&gamma;-PGA) is a natural and water-soluble polymer, which consisted of D-glutamic acid and L-glutamic acid monomer linked by amide bonds between the &alpha;-amino and the &gamma;-carboxylic acid functional groups, and &gamma;-PGA is easily biodegradable and its degradation products are nontoxic in the environment. Main ingredients of &gamma;-PGA are made of protein, minerals and vitamins, and its appearance is white powder. Moreover, &gamma;-PGA has strong water absorption property, which may be able to store water from rainfall and irrigation for enhancing crop growth. In recent years, it is the fact that &gamma;-PGA is being increasingly used in Agriculture because the enhancement of people's environmental awareness and the requirements of national sustainable development strategy play an important role in application of environmental protection material. An experiment based on the vertical one-dimensional infiltration soil column was conducted to investigate the effect of &gamma;-PGA on soil water infiltration and its water holding characteristics. The soil in the experiment was collected from Changwu Agro-ecological Experiment Station (35&deg; 12' N, 107&deg; 40' E) in Xi'an, China. The soil passed through a 2 mm sieve, and was dried under normal temperature conditions. The particle size of soil was measured with Mastersizer 2000, and its soil texture was silty loam (3.47% clay, 92.26% silt and 4.27% sand). The soil was mixed with the &gamma;-PGA with different contents (0, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4%) respectively. Then, the mixed soil was packed into organic glass column (46 cm in length, 5 cm in diameter) with 5 cm each layer till a depth of 40 cm. The Mariotte lucite was used to provide a free water supply with 1.5 cm in depth on the surface of chamber. The experiment started when the Mariotte lucite was opened. In order to make the head stable, the filter paper was laid at the soil surface. The results indicated that the cumulative infiltration volume, infiltration rate and wetting front reduced from 15.94 to 6.7 cm, from 0.0193 to 0.0089 cm/min and from 38.1 to 15.4 cm respectively with the increase of the content of &gamma;-PGA after 500 min. The infiltration coefficient in Kostiakov formula reduced from 0.808 to 0.538, and the infiltration index increased from 0.53 to 0.623. The infiltration rate in Philip formula reduced from 0.704 to 0.292 cm/min^0.5. Saturated hydraulic conductivity in the Green-Ampt formula and effective soil water diffusion rate in humid area reduced from 0.0043 to 0.0011 cm/min and from 1.19 to 0.16 cm²/min respectively, and soil moisture suction had not obvious trend of change with the increase of &gamma;-PGA content. Saturated hydraulic conductivity in the formula of vertical one-dimensional infiltration reduced from 0.0044 to 0.001 cm/min, while the changes of distribution coefficient and comprehensive shape coefficient were not obvious with the increasing of &gamma;-PGA content. Moreover, saturated soil moisture content increased from 0.4725 to 0.5408 cm³/cm³with &gamma;-PGA content increasing. With &gamma;-PGA content increasing, the water contents of the treatments were significantly increased in the 0-10 cm soil layer compared to the controls. But the change of water content of the treatments in the 10-40 cm soil layer was contrary to that in the 0-10 cm soil layer. The results suggest that &gamma;-PGA can not only enhance effectively soil water holding capacity, but change obviously soil moisture distribution patterns in soil profile and decrease soil infiltration capacity effectively. In conclusion, the application of &gamma;-PGA can make more water accumulate in the root zone of crops to promote plant growth, and improve water use efficiency. The study may provide valuable theoretical basis for the application of &gamma;-PGA in water-saving agriculture and soil improvement. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Amino acids - Biodegradable polymers - Crops - Degradation - Environmental protection - Filtration - Hydraulic conductivity - Moisture - Particle size  - Planning - Soil moisture - Soils - Sustainable development - Water absorption - Water conservation - Water content - Water supply - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Glutamic acid - Infiltration characteristic - Infiltration coefficients - Saturated hydraulic conductivity - Soil moisture distribution - Soil water holdings - Water absorption properties - Water-saving agricultures
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 912.2 Management
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20160301807657
Title:Optimization of basic irrigation controlling area network for micro-irrigation based on maximum control area and minimum cost models
Authors:Li, Yuannong (1); Zhu, Feng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:80-87
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:System allowable pressure beforehand distribution between laterals and branch pipes, and the location analysis of the maximum and minimum water pressure points are often involved in the traditional optimization way of irrigation network for micro-irrigation. However, the study of maximum control area of basic irrigation controlling area network is inadequate. In this paper, in order to expand the control area, simplify the structure and lower the cost of basic irrigation controlling area network system, the objective functions of basic irrigation controlling area network were established. The function was modeled by taking some typical commercial pipes for branch and lateral pipe as the research object. The network's laterals were unidirectional or bidirectional for micro-irrigation. There were two models including maximum control area model and the minimum cost per area model, respectively. According to the actual engineering requirements and taking practical types of pipes in the market into consideration, we selected seven pipes. These pipes had different types of diameter as branch pipes and same type lateral pipes. The branch pipes were connected together in the order of diameter from large pipe diameter to the small one. In addition, same diameter lateral pipes were connected to the outlets of branch pipes. Considering planting characteristics and the pattern of water requirements of crop, distance between two adjacent outlets of branch pipes or lateral pipes could be set as the constant standard length. In order to facilitate the optimal design of the micro-irrigation network, every type of pipes, including branch pipes or lateral pipes, was considered as being composed of integral units of constant standard length and a unique allowance (less than the constant standard length) that was located in front of branch pipes or lateral pipes. There were two lateral layouts in the system, unidirectional and bidirectional. Then pipeline network arrangement of basic irrigation controlling area was accomplished. First, we supposed that flow of every lateral outlet was in the condition of the design flow and maximum pressure drop of all outlets in the basic irrigation controlling area network system for micro-irrigation should be less than allowable pressure; then the optimal combinations of pipelines were given based on matlab genetic algorithm toolbox (GA toolbox). The pipelines met the pressure condition in accordance with irrigation uniformity. The network was considered as a whole in this method. Practically, the paper simulated water pressure factors such as the surface slope, and the hydraulic gradient for value of every outlet including all laterals and branch pipes. In the method, the system allowable pressure, and the location discussion of the maximum and minimum water pressure points could be ignored. Pipe diameter adjusting based on the optimal combinations result was not necessary. Nevertheless, the optimal combinations result could be applied to engineering design directly. The results showed that based on maximum control area model, the control area of the network with bidirectional laterals was significantly higher than unidirectional one. The number was increased by about 23%-24% and the cost per area was reduced by about 23%-36%; In the model of minimum cost per hectare, compared with unidirectional laterals, the control area of bidirectional was improved by about 105%-200%. Meanwhile, the cost was decreased by about 7%-10%. The optimization results indicated that the network with bidirectional laterals was superior to unidirectional one in all respects. Optimization design results can be improved continuously by adjusting system parameters such as pipe diameter and length. This design method has practical meaning and theory value in optimization of micro-irrigation network. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Pipe
Controlled terms:Costs - Design - Genetic algorithms - Irrigation - Optimization - Pipelines - Piping systems
Uncontrolled terms:Basic irrigation controlling area - Control area - Hydraulic gradients - Irrigation Networks - Irrigation uniformity - Maximum pressure drops - Optimal combination - Pressure conditions
Classification code:619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20160301807672
Title:Effect of additives on NH<inf>3</inf>and H<inf>2</inf>S emissions during kitchen waste composting
Authors:Du, Longlong (1); Li, Guoxue (1); Yuan, Jing (1); Yang, Jinbing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resource and Environment Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Li, Guoxue(ligx@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:195-200
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, the urbanization rate in China is steadily increasing, and the production of the municipal solid waste is also increasing. As the precious resource among the municipal solid waste, the kitchen waste composting has received widespread attention. In order to reduce the odor emission in the composting process of kitchen waste, this study investigated the effect of additives on the odor emissions (ammonia and hydrogen sulfide) of kitchen waste composting. Two control treatments were set in the study, the CK1 used pure kitchen waste to compost, and the mixture of kitchen waste and 15% (wet weight) of cornstalks was CK2. On the basis of CK2, 3 types of additives were used to compost kitchen waste, and they were adsorbent (activated carbon + zeolite, bentonite), surfactant (&beta;-cyclodextrin, rhamnolipid) and composting inoculants (bacteria agent for municipal solid waste (SUKAZYE), saccharomycetes). Each additive had 3 kinds of adding amounts, and the monitoring substance was ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. The effects of different additives with different adding amounts on the emission of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from the kitchen waste composting were investigated under laboratory simulation conditions, and the compost was finished in the jars (the volume was 1 L) under aerobic conditions. The results showed that compared with the kitchen waste compost, adding cornstalks could reduce the ammonia emission by 7%-23%, and reduce the hydrogen sulfide emission by 38%-50% during the composting process. Based on the treatment CK2, adding 2% of activated carbon + zeolite showed the best control effect of ammonia emission, and it could reduce the ammonia emission by 84% compared with the CK1 and by 79% compared with the CK2. But when it came to the control effect of hydrogen sulfide, neither activated carbon + zeolite nor bentonite showed a good performance. The results of the 2 kinds of surfactant showed that &beta;-cyclodextrin and rhamnolipid had little effect on the emissions of ammonia, but adding 1% of the &beta;-cyclodextrin could reduce the hydrogen sulfide emission by 35% compared with the treatment CK2. The results of the 2 kinds of composting inoculants showed that adding 0.4% of bacteria agent for municipal solid waste (SUKAZYE) could reduce the ammonia emissions by 72% and reduce the hydrogen sulfide emission by 33% compared with the treatment CK2. In summary, the addition of corn straw can effectively reduce the hydrogen sulfide emission and ammonia emission during the composting process of kitchen waste. On the basis of adding corn straw, adding activated carbon + zeolite or bacteria agent for municipal solid waste (SUKAZYE) can both effectively reduce the emissions of ammonia in the composting process of kitchen waste and the emission reduction rate can reach more than 70%. The addition of &beta;-cyclodextrin and bacteria agent for municipal solid waste (SUKAZYE) can reduce the emissions of hydrogen sulfide in the composting process of kitchen waste, and on the basis of adding straw they can reduce the hydrogen sulfide emission by more than 30%. The results can supply a reference for selecting additives to control odor emissions during kitchen waste composting. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Waste treatment
Controlled terms:Activated carbon - Additives - Adsorbents - Ammonia - Bacteria - Bentonite - Composting - Cyclodextrins - Dairies - Emission control  - Hydrogen sulfide - Kitchens - Lipids - Municipal solid waste - Odor control - Solid wastes - Sulfur compounds - Sulfur determination - Surface active agents - Wastes  - Zeolites
Uncontrolled terms:Aerobic condition - Beta-cyclodextrin - Composting process - Control treatments - Effect of hydrogen - Emission reduction - Hydrogen sulfide emission - Laboratory simulation
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution Control - 452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 482.2 Minerals - 801 Chemistry - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 822.1 Food Products Plants and Equipment
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20160301807651
Title:Algorithm and verification for estimating tractor driving wheel slip rate
Authors:Cao, Qingmei (1, 2); Zhou, Zhili (2); Zhang, Mingzhu (2); Xi, Zhiqiang (1); Xi, Jianguo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China; (2) School of Vehicle and Traffic Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Zhili(zzli@haust.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:35-41
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Calculation process strongly amplifies the relative error of input signal, which makes it difficult to measure the sliding rate. The key to obtain the accurate value of the sliding rate lies in the real-time and accurate measurement of the tractor speed and the theoretical speed of the driving wheel. Multi sensor information fusion algorithm based on Kalman filtering can effectively improve the measurement accuracy. Due to the development of controller area network, sliding rate measuring node can share the information of other sensors on the bus based on ISO11783 protocol, which provides a convenient condition for realizing multi sensor fusion. However, the measurement noise variance of the sensor signals of the tractor is unpredictable, which is the problem that the algorithm must solve. Aimed to this problem, the adaptive data fusion algorithm with noise observer is proposed in this paper. Multi sensor signals from wheel speed sensor, angular acceleration sensor, vehicle body accelerometer and global positioning system are integrated by this algorithm, and at the same time, the noise variance of the sensor signal is calculated online, so as to accurately estimate the tractor driving wheel's sliding rate online without the prior noise measurement signal variances. The simulation results show that the sliding rate estimated by the proposed algorithm is almost coincident with the theoretical value. The average error of the sliding rate estimated by adaptive data fusion algorithm is about 1/10 of that by the median filtering method, and 1/5 of that by the Kalman filtering method. The algorithm has good robustness. The noise observer of the algorithm can estimate the white noise variance of the measured signals in real time, and there is no significant difference between the average estimated variance of steady state and the Kalman data fusion algorithm with exact prior error. The algorithm has the mechanism of the fusion according to the weight of the signal covariance, and the distortion signal can be modified by other related signals in the fusion process, so the algorithm has good robustness. Under the special condition that driven wheel speed signal is disturbed by colored random noise, the information fusion mechanism of the algorithm can compensate for the errors caused by the disturbance of colored noise. Experiments show that the estimated value of driving wheel sliding rate is very close to its true value, and for the estimated value, the mean error is 0.012 and the maximum error is 0.027. Under the condition of stable working of tractor, the mean value of the noise variances of the measured signals is within 5%. So the mean value can be used to replace the real-time estimation, so as to improve the real-time performance of the system. This algorithm can estimate the noise variance of the sensor signal online, which provides the technical basis for the measuring nodes on the bus network to share the sensor signals from other sensors on the bus. The precise sliding rate by the algorithm can reflect the real-time traction efficiency of the tractor, and provide the basic parameter for the control system of the tractor. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:White noise
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Control system synthesis - Controllers - Data fusion - Errors - Information filtering - Information fusion - Kalman filters - Machinery - Median filters  - Random errors - Robustness (control systems) - Spurious signal noise - Traction control - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck) - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture machinery - Controller area network - Data fusion algorithm - Driving wheel slip rate - Kalman filtering method - Multi-sensor information fusion - Real time performance - Wheel slips
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 703.2 Electric Filters - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731.1 Control Systems - 731.2 Control System Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20160301807674
Title:Torrefaction and HZSM-5 catalyst combination improving pyrolytic products of cedarwood
Authors:Zhang, Yang (1, 2); Mei, Yanyang (1); Yang, Qing (1); Yang, Haiping (1); Liu, Jie (1, 2); Chen, Hanping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; (2) China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Qing(qyang@hust.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:208-213
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fast pyrolysis of biomass is a promising technology for bio-energy because of its high liquid yield and low cost. The liquid product of fast pyrolysis is called bio-oil, which is complex mixtures of water and various organic compounds. Bio-oil has many advantages such as little sulfur and nitrogen content, highly potential values, readily stored and transported properties. However, the high acidity, low heating values and high oxygen and water contents in bio-oil limit its broaden applications. Catalytic pyrolysis and catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis vapors have been used to improve the quality of bio-oil. However, there is a crucial challenge: Rapid deactivation of catalyst caused by serious coking. The relevant studies have shown that catalyst deactivation has a direct relationship with the high content of oxygenated compounds in pyrolysis volatile caused by high oxygen content in biomass. In addition, thermal pretreatment of biomass, torrefaction, has been shown to improve the quality of bio-oil by lowering the oxygen content and enhancing the aromatic yield. So, in this paper, the couple effects of torrefaction and catalytic pyrolysis on characteristics of pyrolytic products of cedarwood have been investigated. Pretreament of cedarwood via torrefaction was performed in a tube furnace at varying reaction temperature (200, 230, 260, 290) with a residence time of 30 min. The torrefied cedarwood were characterized by elemental analysis and proximate analysis. The results showed that increasing torrefaction temperature caused the increase of carbon content from 48.16% to 54.3%, the oxygen content decreased from 44.33% to 35.65%. And the torrefied cedarwood product has a brown/black color, reduced volatile content and increased energy density: 21.25 MJ/kg (after 30 min reaction time at 290) versus 18.13 MJ/kg for untreated cedarwood. Then the torrefied cedarwood were subsequently catalytically fast pyrolyzed over HZSM-5 in a vertical tubular reactor at 550 with a residence time of 30 min. The gas products of pyrolysis were analyzed by chromatograph (GC), and liquid products were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Torrefaction caused deacetylation and decomposition of hemicellulose, cleavage of ester linkages and demethoxylation of lignin. And the experimental results show that after coupled torrefaction and catalytic pyrolysis, increasing the torrefaction temperature caused the coke yield decreased; the content of CO in gas product decreased from 53.69% to 40.84%, the content of H<inf>2</inf>and CO<inf>2</inf>increased by 43.1% and 35.04% respectively, and the content of CH<inf>4</inf>had no obvious change. As for liquid products, with the increasing of torrefaction temperature, the content of acid significantly deceased, aromatic yield increased, and enrichment of phenols. The result indicated that the couple effects between torrefaction and catalytic pyrolysis are very important for upgrading of bio-oil. However, severe torrefaction can lead the coke yield increased and aromatic yield reduced. So the optimal torrefaction condition of cedarwood is 230-260. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Pyrolysis
Controlled terms:Acetylation - Aromatic compounds - Aromatization - Biofuels - Biomass - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Catalyst deactivation - Catalysts - Chromatography  - Coke - Gas chromatography - Liquid chromatography - Liquids - Mass spectrometry - Oxygen
Uncontrolled terms:Bio oil - Gas chromatography-mass spectrometries (GC-MS) - GC-MS - Oxygenated compounds - Reaction temperature - Reduced volatile content - Thermal pre-treatment - Torrefaction
Classification code:524 Solid Fuels - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20160301807660
Title:Effects of polyacrylamide on water use efficiency and output value of different crops in arid and semi-arid regions
Authors:Bai, Gangshuan (1, 2); Zou, Chaoyu (1); Du, Sheni (1, 2); Ren, Zhihong (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China; (3) Institute of Inner Mongolia Hydraulic Research, Huhhot, China
Corresponding author:Du, Sheni(sndu@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:101-110
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:PAM (polyacrylamide) has been extensively used for dewatering sewage sludge, potable water treatment, paper manufacturing, and coal and mine processing. PAM can decrease soil evaporation, improve soil structure, increase soil moisture, reduce surface runoff and soil erosion, strengthen soil and water conservation, but little is known about its effects on crop growth, crop output value and water use efficiency in agriculture production. Northern China is rich in light and heat, and has vast land resource, but less rainfall and soil moisture limits the ecological environment construction and agricultural development. The experiment was conducted to study the influences of PAM on soil water use efficiency, crops yields and crops output value in fields. Watermelon, potato, maize and millet were selected as test crops in semi-arid regions of northern Shaanxi, China. Meanwhile, spring wheat, maize, sunflower and tomato were as test crops in arid region of Hetao irrigation district, Inner Mongolia, China. Different crops without applying PAM were taken as control in different regions. The crop yield, crop output value, water use efficiency and water production rate of different crops were monitored and analyzed. In semi-arid regions, the results showed that the yield of watermelon, potato, maize and millet increased by 36.76%, 24.83%, 20.20% and 30.78%, respectively; increased value was 37 050.00, 11 571.84, 1 615.26 and 3077.00 yuan/hm², respectively; output value increased by 36.32%, 23.04%, 9.37% and 10.18%, respectively; water use efficiency increased by 30.15%, 18.83%, 13.42% and 6.24%, respectively; water production rate increased by 30.57%, 22.97%, 16.79% and 11.66%, respectively. Meanwhile, in arid region, the yield of spring wheat, sunflower, maize and tomato increased by 18.56%, 12.82%, 13.65% and 16.54%, respectively; increased value was 1 990.24, 4 541.92, 2 076.60 and 7 248.60 yuan/hm², respectively; output value increased by 12.748%, 10.70%, 9.53% and 14.71%, respectively; water use efficiency increased by 13.49%, 17.03%, 12.96% and 25.12%, respectively; water production rate increased by 16.14%, 11.62%, 11.79% and 14.85%, respectively. In semi-arid regions, watermelon and potato had higher increasing rate of output value and water use efficiency, and more increased value per unit area. Meanwhile, in arid region, the increasing rate of yield and output value of spring wheat was higher than that of sunflower, but the increased value per unit area was significantly lower than that of sunflower and tomato. Tomato and sunflower had higher increased value per unit area, water use efficiency and increasing rate of output value in arid region. According to the water use efficiency, output value and other indicators of different crops with applying PAM, watermelon and potato should be the preference crops for application and popularization of PAM in semi-arid region, and tomato and sunflower should be the preference crops in arid region of northern China. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:55
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agricultural runoff - Agriculture - Arid regions - Coal mines - Crops - Efficiency - Fruits - Moisture - Potable water - Pulse amplitude modulation  - Sewage sludge - Soil conservation - Soil moisture - Water conservation - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural development - Arid and semi-arid regions - Ecological environment constructions - Hetao irrigation districts - Output values - Semi-arid region - Soil and water conservation - Water use efficiency
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 452.2 Sewage Treatment - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 503.1 Coal Mines - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20160301807665
Title:Monitoring soil salinization in arid area using PolSAR data and polarimetric decomposition method
Authors:Nurmemet, Ilyas (1); Tiyip, Tashpolat (1); Ding, Jianli (1); Sawut, Mamat (1); Zhang, Fei (1); Sun, Qian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
Corresponding author:Tiyip, Tashpolat(tash@xju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:145-153
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil salinization, one of the most widespread soil degradation processes on earth, has become critical problem which constrains long-term sustainable development of agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas, and it poses major threat to ecosystem stability of oases. It is, therefore, indispensable and of utmost importance to real-time monitoring and evaluating of soil salinity in those regions. The main objective of this study is to examine a method which combines polarimetric target decomposition, optimal feature subset selection (wrapper feature selector, WFS) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms for monitoring soil salinization using fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data in arid area of Xinjiang. This study has developed and successfully applied methodologies which integrate polarimetric decomposition, WFS and SVM algorithms for classification and extraction of salinized soils using quad-polarized RADARSAT-2 polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) image. A threefold exercise is conducted. Firstly, fully polarimetric Radarsat-2 data in ascending passes are acquired over the study area (on the delta oasis between the Weigan and Kuqa River in northwest of Xinjiang, China) on July 4, 2014, and multiple polarimetric decomposition methods (Pauli, Freeman 2, Freeman 3, Barnes 1, Barnes 2, Holm 1, Holm 2, Cloude, Huynen, Yamaguchi 3, Yamaguchi 4, VanZyl 3, Krogager, Touzi, Neumann 2, H/A/Alpha) are implemented to support the classification of PolSAR data, whose aim is to extract polarimetric parameters and SAR discriminators related to the physically scattering mechanisms of the observed objects. Next, the WFS which utilizes genetic algorithms is adopted to select and provide the best feature subset to implement SVM classification, a cross-validation method is employed to identify the optimum classification parameters and obtain an optimal SVM classification model, and then the SVM classifier is trained with the training samples acquired in the field investigation. Finally, a WFS-SVM classification model is constructed, optimized and implemented based on optimal match of polarimetric features and optimum classification parameters, and the soils with different salinization degrees (strongly and moderately-slightly salinized soils) are extracted; then a comparison between the proposed method, the Wishart supervised classification which is based on the coherency matrix and conventional SVM classification without feature selection is made to test the performance of the proposed method, and the detailed field observations and ground data are used for the validation of the adopted methodology. The results showed that: 1) The optimal match of selected polarimetric features of the Radarsat-2 data over the study area by using WFS algorism was 16 polarimetric parameters including T11, C11, C33, Pauli_a, Fee3_Vol, Free3_Odd, Cloude_T11, Huy_T11, VZ3_Vol, VZ3_Odd, Krog_KS, Krog_KD, Neu2_delta_mod, pH value, RVI (radar vegetation index) and SPAN. 2) Compared with the Wishart classification and the commonly used SVM algorithm without feature selection, a significant improvement on the overall classification accuracy could be observed by the WFS-SVM approach with the best overall classification accuracy of 84.94% (Kappa: 0.80), while those by the Wishart and the SVM were 70.82% (Kappa: 0.618) and 82.87% (Kappa: 0.774) respectively. This represented 14.12% (Kappa: 0.18) and 2.07% (Kappa: 0.027) improvement over that of Wishart and SVM classification, respectively. Furthermore, the extraction accuracy of different salinized soils was also enhanced with the proposed methodology; extraction accuracy of strongly salinized soil was increased to 80.57% while that of Wishart and SVM classification was 58.42% and 77.22%, respectively, and extraction accuracy of moderately-slightly salinized soils was improved from 58.27% and 83.15% to 85.39%. All in all, the classification results demonstrate the potential and effectiveness of the proposed WFS-SVM classification scheme for implementing classification and monitoring of soil salinization, which can play a vital role in monitoring and mapping of soil salinity by using PolSAR data in arid and semi-arid regions. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:49
Main heading:Data mining
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Arid regions - Classification (of information) - Drought - Ecosystems - Extraction - Feature extraction - Genetic algorithms - Image matching - Monitoring  - Polarimeters - Radar - Soils - Support vector machines - Synthetic aperture radar
Uncontrolled terms:Optimal feature subset selections - Polarimetric decomposition - Polarimetric synthetic aperture radars - Polarimetric target decomposition - PolSAR - Salinization - Support vector machine algorithm - WFS-SVM
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 941.3 Optical Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20160301807682
Title:Application of enzymatic degumming on vegetable oils refining
Authors:Xu, Yinghua (1); Wang, Guojing (1); Li, Chun (1); Dai, Dazhang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Li, Chun(lichun@bit.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:269-276
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Enzymatic degumming is a novel vegetable oils degumming process and has many advantages compared with conventional water or acid degumming methods. Degumming oil can satisfy the requirement for physical refining, reduction in the amounts of water used and wastewater production and less energy consumption, higher refined oil yield can also be achieved in the enzymatic degumming. So it has attracted much attention from the global edible oil processing industries. With the development of enzymatic degumming techniques, many phospholipases (A1, A2, B and C) have been used for vegetable oil degumming. Phospholipases A1 (Lecitase Ultra) is most widely used in various vegetable oils' degumming and shows extensive applicability and good prospects. Phospholipases B (PLB) can hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), which are main components of phospholipids in the oil, into glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) and glycerylphosphorylethanolamine (GPE) respectively. GPC and GPE have been used in the field of food and pharmaceuticals industries because of their special physiological functions. So using PLB in oil degumming can further increase economic efficiency of enzymatic degumming. Phospholipases C (PLC) can remove the phosphoric acid from PC or PE, which can be hydrolyzed into diacylglycerol (DAG) and become a part of neutral oil. So utilization of PLC in the enzymatic degumming can not only decrease the phosphorus content of the oil, but also increase the yield of refined oil. The optimizations of enzymatic degumming process have been focused on some basic parameters (degumming temperature, enzyme dosage, pH value and added water amount, etc.) as well as acid pretreatment and dispersion of the buffered water and enzyme in the oil. Enzymatic degumming process has been developed from single enzyme degumming process to composite enzyme process, and also from application of free enzymes to immobilized enzymes. The degumming process of combination of PLA (phospholipases A) and PLC can reduce the phosphorus of degumming oil, which is satisfying the demand of physical refining as well as maximizing the oil yield. Using the immobilized phospholipase in the degumming process can make enzyme recycling and reduce the cost of refining. This paper described kinds of phospholipases used in vegetable oil degumming processes and summarized current status of design and application of enzymatic degumming processes. In order to obtain a most economical degumming process with the lowest consumption, the appropriate phospholipases and enzymatic degumming process should be chosen according to the degumming effect, the value of by-product of modified phospholipids by phospholipases and the quality of crude oil. The available phospholipases have bad catalytic performance, which has become a bottleneck to impeding large-scale application of enzymatic degumming process. The techniques of enzyme modification can improve the activity and enhance thermo-tolerance or acid resistance of the phospholipases, and finally the degumming time can be reduced and the reaction temperature will be increased. Therefore, to obtain phospholipases with excellent performance and then design more energy-efficiently, more environmentally friendly enzymatic degumming processes will be principal research objectives in future. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:60
Main heading:Degumming
Controlled terms:Acid resistance - Crude oil - Energy utilization - Enzymes - Hydrolysis - Oils and fats - Petroleum refining - Phospholipids - Phosphorus - Plants (botany)  - Refining - Vegetable oils
Uncontrolled terms:Catalytic performance - Design and application - Large-scale applications - Pharmaceuticals industry - Phosphatidylethanolamine - Phospholipases - Physiological functions - Reaction temperature
Classification code:512.1 Petroleum Deposits - 513.1 Petroleum Refining, General - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20160301807663
Title:Effect of different nitrogen concentrations on roots architecture and nitrogen use efficiency in potting tomato seedling
Authors:Zhu, Jinyu (1); Hui, Fang (2); Li, Miao (2); Ma, Yuntao (2); Yu, Hongjun (1); Jiang, Weijie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Jiang, Weijie(jiangweijie@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:131-137
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rizosphere nutrient regulation for vegetable seedling is the basis to cultivate high quality seedlings. Among them, nitrogen regulation in the rhizosphere is of great importance for the growth and development of tomato seedling. Previous studies on the nitrogen regulation in the rhizosphere were mostly focused on the physiological development of tomato seedlings. The absorption and utilization of nitrogen are closely related to the root system architecture at the seedling stage. Researches have shown that root length density, root depth, root radius related to root architecture parameters can limit uptake, transport and utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus in the root. Furthermore, the interactions of root three-dimensional (3D) architecture with different nitrogen concentrations will affect root nitrogen uptake, transfer and use efficiency. However, these interactions and the responses of the 3D architecture of root system for tomato seedling to different nitrogen levels are not well reported yet. Therefore, the aim of current study was using¹⁵N tracer method and 3D digitizing technology to investigate the efficiency of nitrogen absorption and transfer, and root 3D architecture at seeding stage. A greenhouse experiment of tomato seedling under different nitrogen concentration treatments was conducted by sand cultivation in the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Greenhouse temperature was controlled at 25-28 for the day and at 15-20 for the night. Tomato seeding of "Zhong Za 109" was used as the study material. After cultured under 3 nitrogen levels, the seedlings were transplanted in the plastic pots (diameter 35 cm, height 10 cm, volume 35 dm³) with quartz sand matrix. The 3 nitrogen levels were 4, 12 and 20 mmol/L (N4, N12 and N20). Hoagland complete nutrient solution was used to water the tomato seedlings with 700 mL per day, according to the requirements of normal growth of tomato seedling. Moisture content within quartz sand remained at about 60%. Nine days after transplanting, isotope test was carried out, in which¹⁵N labeled nutrient solution was used to water the plant and this lasted till 18 days after transplanting. Then, nitrogen nutrient solution without the labeled¹⁵N was continuously used to water the plant till the end of experiment, 30 days after transplanting. Experiments were designed by using randomized block design with totally 120 plants for each treatment and 3 repetitions per treatment. Four plants were sampled for each treatment at each time. Measurements of plant biomass, leaf area and nitrogen content for each organ, and root architecture information were done every 9 days after transplanting. Isotope¹⁵N for each type of organ was measured 18 and 27 days after transplanting respectively. ScanMaker i800 Plus (Microtek) was used to scan the root system with the precision of 400 dpi. The spatial coordinates of the root system were measured with Fastrak (Polhemus, 3Space, USA). The results showed that tomato seedling dry weight, leaf area, root-shoot ratio were significantly affected under different nitrogen treatments. The root total length, root surface area and root branching density under N4 treatment were 16.5%, 17.5% and 15.5% higher than those under N20 treatment. Root architecture under N4 treatment was with narrow radius and deep depth, compared with those under N20 treatment. High nitrogen concentration would promote root¹⁵N uptake and distribution rate.¹⁵N allocation rate sequence was leaf &gt; stem &gt; root, which showed the largest contribution of root nitrogen transfer for leaf. The transfer of¹⁵N and utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer were the highest for 12 mmol/L treatment, with 508.3 mg transfer per plant and 8.9% nitrogen use efficiency. The transfer of¹⁵N for 20 mmol/L treatment was 128 mg per plant higher than that for 4 mmol/L treatment; however, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 2%. The results indicate that the nitrogen concentrations can be decreased in tomato production, and the tomato seedlings will take the initiative to change the root 3D configurations to improve nitrogen use efficiency. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Architecture - Computer architecture - Cultivation - Design of experiments - Efficiency - Fertilizers - Fruits - Greenhouses - Isotopes - Nitrogen  - Nutrients - Plants (botany) - Quartz - Sand - Seed - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:¹⁵N tracer - Greenhouse experiments - Greenhouse temperature - Growth and development - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Nitrogen concentrations - Nitrogen-use efficiency - Three dimensional (3D) architectures
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 482.2 Minerals - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20160301807653
Title:Influences of staggered blades on hydrodynamic performance of three-channel volute centrifugal pump
Authors:Zheng, Shuihua (1); Qian, Heng (1); Mou, Jiegang (1); Wu, Bo (2); Gu, Yunqing (1); Chen, Ying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China; (2) LEO Group Co., Ltd, Wenling, China
Corresponding author:Mou, Jiegang(mjg1964@zjut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:51-59
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Vibration and noise usually happens during the centrifugal pump running because of the interference between impeller blades and tongue. There are three tongues in the volute of barrel pump primary impeller, it makes the interference between impeller and tongue stronger, leading more serious vibration and noise, even reducing the service life of equipment. Three dimensional unsteady numerical simulations with SST k-&omega; turbulence model is used in barrel pump primary impeller. In order to research the influences of blade stagger angle to reduce the barrel pump vibration and noise, enhance hydrodynamic performance and improve the equipment operation stability and service life. To ensure the accuracy of the calculation results, constant calculate is used in centrifugal pump original model in the first place, considering the grid independence and compare the different of calculated value and experimental value. Centrifugal pump external characteristic experiment according to GB/T 3216-2005. The results show that performance curves trend of them is consistently, maximum deviation is about 5%, head and efficiency curves within 3% deviation at most of the flow point, results of numerical simulation has good reliability in general. The impeller rotated for 6 cycles in the simulation and the total computation time is 0.243s. The simulation result of the last one period was used to analyze the pressure fluctuation in the pump. Pressure fluctuation of different monitor points analyzed by time-frequency domain data processing method. Pressure fluctuation at different volute cross-section of same impeller model and the influence of different stagger angle to pressure fluctuation and radial force was researched. The simulation results show that head of centrifugal pump most falls nearly 7% after using staggered blade impeller as the stagger angle increases. The efficiency of 30&deg; stagger angle model is about 5% higher than 0&deg; stagger angle model in low flow rate condition. The monitor point pressure and pressure fluctuation in three-channel volute is similar every 120&deg;, most violent point is 30&deg; after the tongue, follow the impeller rotation direction. As the stagger degree increases, pressure fluctuation of monitor point close tongue and follow the impeller rotation direction decline most in the volute, standard deviation of pressure decline more than 85%. The standard deviation of other monitor point pressure in the volute also decline more than 50%. The reason is fluid highest radial velocity average distribution along axial direction reduce about 20% at impeller outlet, flow instability cause by fluid impact tongue more less. Pressure fluctuation frequency is mainly affected by the blade passing frequency in the volute, it has the trend of shift to higher frequency as the blade stagger angle increase. Radial force on the impeller most reduce about 60% when stagger angle increase from 0 to 30&deg;. Liquid will be more prone to flow in axial direction after blade staggered, leading the reduce of centrifugal pump head and efficiency but smooth the pressure inside the volute. From the discussion above, staggered blades is useful to improve pressure fluctuation situation in the volute, reduce radial force on the impeller but cause the loss of centrifugal pump head and efficiency. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Pumps
Controlled terms:Centrifugal pumps - Computer simulation - Data handling - Efficiency - Fluid dynamics - Frequency domain analysis - Hydrodynamics - Impellers - Models - Numerical models  - Statistics - Turbulence models
Uncontrolled terms:Barrel pumps - Pressure fluctuation - Radial velocity - Staggered blades - Three channel
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.5 Computer Applications - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20160301807681
Title:Process optimization of fresh noodle compound anti-aging additives and Avrami retrogradation kinetic
Authors:Xiao, Dong (1, 2); Zhou, Wenhua (1, 2); Deng, Hang (1, 2); Huang, Yang (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Grain and Oil Processing and Quality Control of Collaborative Innovation Center in Hunan Province, Changsha, China; (2) Food Science and Engineering, Central South Forestry University of Science and Technology University, Changsha, China; (3) Kemen Noodle Manufacturing Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Wenhua(zhowenhua@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:261-268
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fresh noodles are enjoyed by the majority of consumers in recent years, because they maintain the conventional sense such as freshness and chewiness and are easier to store. But fresh noodle starch may form ordered or disordered colloidal net structure because of intermolecular hydrogen bonds during gelatinization. With the prolongation of cooling time, the distance between the colloidal net structure continues to narrow, which leads to 3 results: the colloidal structure of starch gel is getting more closely; the space between the colloidal structure of starch gel reduces; the phenomenon of dehydration occurs in starch gel molecules. When the recrystallization appears, the hardness of starch gel increases, which is the reason why starch is easy to aging during the shelves and seriously affects the quality of fresh noodle. In order to restrain the retrogradation of fresh noodle's starch, this paper investigated the effects of guar gum, sodium stearyl lactate (SSL), soluble soybean polysaccharide (SSPS) and &beta;-cyclodextrin (&beta;-CD) on the inhibition of retrogradation for starch of fresh noodle during storage period. Based on a large number of preliminary experiments and single factor experiments, the inhibitory effects of compound anti-aging additives on fresh noodle were studied. Through the experiment design of response surface methodology with 4 factors and 3 levels based on the principle of Box-Behnken design, using the software Design-Expert 8.0, this paper made a significance test for the model and discussed the interactions among factors. Ultimately, through differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), the thermodynamics parameter and the ageing dynamic equation under the optimum condition of fresh noodle starch were studied. The result showed that quadratic model was the best model to describe the interaction between the factors (P&lt;0.0001). The correlation coefficient and adjusted determination coefficient were 0.9389 and 0.8598, respectively. Interactions of inhibition between guar gum and SSL, SSPS and &beta;-CD were significant (P&lt;0.01), and interactions between guar gum and SSL, SSPS and &beta;-CD (P&lt;0.01) were the same. When guar gum, SSL, SSPS and &beta;-CD were 0.4%, 0.22%, 0.18% and 0.15%, the hardness of the fresh noodle was 48.01 N by the software prediction. Under these conditions, the hardness of fresh noodle during the storage (on the 7^thday) reached 41.01 N by verifying test. The DSC study showed fresh noodle prepared under the optimal conditions had denser and more orderly structure than the control group; the enthalpy required by the recrystallization of melting amylopectin gradually reduced compared to the control group. By establishing the Avrami equation of aging kinetics, it was found that the growth rate of recrystallization for fresh noodle under optimal conditions was also less than the control group. And compared to the control group, the nucleation mechanism was close to the spontaneous nucleation for the preparation of fresh noodles under the optimal conditions. So the optimal anti-aging compound additives can well retard the starch retrogradation of fresh noodle, which can maintain the fresh noodle quality and delay the fresh noodle's shelf life. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Starch
Controlled terms:Differential scanning calorimetry - Dynamics - Gelation - Growth kinetics - Hardness - Hydrogen bonds - Nucleation - Optimization - Recrystallization (metallurgy) - Software design  - Software testing - Thermodynamics
Uncontrolled terms:Adjusted determination coefficient - Differential scanning calorimeters - Fresh noodle - Intermolecular hydrogen bonds - Response surface methodology - Retrogradation - Soluble soybean polysaccharides - Thermodynamics parameters
Classification code:531.1 Metallurgy - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 723.5 Computer Applications - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 933.1.2 Crystal Growth - 944.6 Temperature Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20160301807654
Title:Analysis about effect of unequal spacing blade on performance and pressure pulsation of centrifugal pump
Authors:Liu, Houlin (1); L&uuml;, Yun (1); Wang, Yong (1); Huang, Haoqin (1); Dong, Liang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:60-66
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to analyze the effect of unequal spacing blade on the performance of a centrifugal pump, a centrifugal pump with specific speed of 132.7 was chosen as the research object. Three kinds of unequal spacing blade models were established based on automatic rotor balance theory, and the whole flow field in the model pump under 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 times of designed flow was simulated by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. Based on the simulation results, the performance, the internal flow distribution and the pressure fluctuation in the model pump were obtained. The performance experiments of the model pump were conducted in an open loop, which consisted of a reservoir open to air, a suction valve, a test pump, a discharge pipe, and a discharge valve. The test performance results were used to check the CFD results and they showed good agreement. Then the simulation results of unequal spacing blade models and the original equal spacing blade model were compared and analyzed in detail. The results showed that unequal blade spacing arrangement would reduce the pump head and increase pump efficiency, and the smaller the minimum angular separation, the more obviously the head declined and the efficiency increased. When the minimum angular spacing was 45&deg;, 50&deg; and 55&deg;, the variation ranges of the head and efficiency under the 3 flow rates were all less than 5%, which could meet the design requirements. At the design point, the internal flow in each impeller model was more regular, and the flow from impeller inlet to outlet was very smooth. The velocity at impeller inlet was relatively low, and the velocity at exit was relatively high. Compared with the original model, there was a certain range of low-speed area near the pressure side of unequal spacing impeller, especially in the wider flow channel, which could result in a large pressure gradient and pressure pulsation. The smaller the minimum angular spacing, the larger the range of low-speed area. Compared with equal spacing model, in addition to BPF (blade passing frequency), pressure pulsation within the volute of 3 models with the minimum angular spacing of 45&deg;, 50&deg; and 55&deg; at 145 Hz (0.5&times;BPF) had new peaks. For the model with the minimum angular spacing of 45&deg; and 50&deg;, the pulsation amplitude at 145 Hz was larger than that at the BPF, while the pulsation amplitude for the minimum angular spacing of 55&deg; at 145 Hz was less than that at the BPF. maybe because the form of blade distribution of the minimum angular spacing of 55&deg; was very close to the equal blade spacing, the pulsation amplitude at the BPF was the most obvious. And this made pressure pulsation spectrum of unequal blade spacing model denser than that of the original one; the pressure pulsation spectrum of equal blade spacing model changed dramatically, while 3 new models had new peaks at the BPF and other new frequency, which could improve the smoothness of pressure pulsation spectrum to some extent. The study can provide a reference for the centrifugal pump design and optimization. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Angular distribution - Centrifugal pumps - Channel flow - Computation theory - Computer simulation - Efficiency - Impellers - Pressure
Uncontrolled terms:Blade passing frequency - Computational fluid dynamics methods - Hydraulic performance - Large pressure gradients - Performance experiment - Pitch blades - Pressure fluctuation - Pressure pulsation
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 723.5 Computer Applications - 913.1 Production Engineering - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20160301807666
Title:Dryland crops recognition under complex planting structure based on Radarsat-2 images
Authors:Tian, Haifeng (1, 2); Wu, Mingquan (1); Niu, Zheng (1); Wang, Changyao (1); Zhao, Xin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) The State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Mingquan(wumq@radi.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:154-159
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Acreage information of crop planting is one of important scientific bases for making national food policies and economic plans. Therefore, it is very important to carry out the study about crop recognition and monitoring. Optical images are not always available in the key growth period of crops, owing to the cloudy and rainy weather. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing has the advantages of all-weather, all-time, high resolution and wide coverage. However, there are few researches about extraction of dryland crops that have the same growing season using SAR data, and the extraction accuracy of dryland crops is not high (usually under 90%). In order to improve the accuracy of dryland crops recognition based on Radarsat-2, a method of dryland crops extraction was proposed in this paper. The study area was a sample that was part of Shangkuli Farm in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the area of the sample was 12 km&times;12 km. The objects included spring wheat, oilseed rape, forest, grassland and water in the study area. Research data included one scene of SPOT-6 image and 2 scenes of Radarsat-2 images. These data were disposed and analyzed using NEST software and ENVI software. Data pretreatment process included radiation correction, geometric correction, producing backscatter coefficient, range-doppler terrain correction, projection transformation, and subset images. The backscatter coefficient variation characteristics of the typical surface features in different polarization band were analyzed based on samples, and images enhancement algorithm was designed according to the variation characteristics. Radarsat-2 images on August 3 were analyzed and result showed that those images included 5 kinds of typical surface features: water bodies, forests, grasslands, oilseed rape and spring wheat. Backscatter coefficient of water was minimum among the 3 kinds of polarization (they were HH, VV and HV), and that of oilseed rape was maximum among the 3 kinds of polarization i. e. HH, VV and HV (the first and second letter represent the polarization way of launching and receiving electromagnetic waves by radar respectively; H and V mean horizontal and vertical polarization respectively), so the function of the image enhancement algorithm of HH+HV+VV would enhance the information of oilseed rape and water on images. Through experimental analysis based on samples, it was found that backscatter coefficient was -84.01- -60.52 dB for water, more than -36 dB for oilseed rape, and more than -49.68 dB for other 2 classifications, so a pix was defined as oilseed rape if the value of the pix was more than-36. The maximum value of the backscatter coefficient for water was -60.52 dB and the minimum value of the backscatter coefficient for other 3 kinds of surface features was -49.68 dB, so a median value -55 was set as the threshold that was used to extract water information. And a pix was defined as water if the value of this pix was more than -55. Thus water and oilseed rape classification layer were gained. Information of spring wheat was prominent on the Radarsat-2 images that were gained on Jul 10^th, and the backscatter coefficient of spring wheat on HH polarization was more than that on HV and VV polarization, and other surface features didn't have this characteristic. So the function of the image enhancement algorithm of HH-(HV+VV) would enhance the information of spring wheat on images, and sample analysis results showed that the backscatter coefficient of spring wheat was more than 22.6 dB on the HH-(HV+VV) band. A pix was defined as spring wheat if the value of this pix was more than 22.6 and spring wheat classification layer was gained. For water, oilseed rape and spring wheat classification layers, clustering processing was conducted with 9&times;9 window size and median filtering method was used to suppress noise with 9&times;9 kernel size. Crops were harvested when gaining the SPOT-6 image, but the forest and grass were growing, so the spectral characteristics were different between arable land and forest and grass land. Arable land information was gained based on SPOT-6 image, and spring wheat and oilseed rape were divided based on the extracted crop results. The spring wheat, oilseed rape and arable land classification layer were combined, and integrated figure was made based on the decision tree classification method. Results showed that the planting acreage of spring wheat and oilseed rape were effectively extracted using this method, the overall accuracy was 97%, and the Kappa coefficient was 0.96. This method was simple, fast and reliable, and provided an important scientific and technical support for the extraction of planting acreage of spring wheat and oilseed rape. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Backscattering - Clustering algorithms - Crops - Data mining - Decision trees - Electromagnetic wave polarization - Electromagnetic waves - Extraction - Forestry  - Geometrical optics - Image analysis - Image enhancement - Image recognition - Land use - Mathematical transformations - Median filters - Metadata - Oils and fats - Oilseeds  - Polarization - Radar - Radar imaging - Remote sensing - Synthetic aperture radar
Uncontrolled terms:Decision tree classification - Horizontal and vertical polarizations - Image enhancement algorithm - Inner Mongolia autonomous regions - Oil seed rape - Projection transformation - RADARSAT-2 images - Variation characteristics
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20160301807678
Title:Appropriate freezing temperature to maintain beef protein stability and inhibit myowater state changes
Authors:Li, Xia (1); Sun, Zhen (1); Yang, Fangwei (1); Zhang, Chunhui (1); Xie, Xiaolei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Comprehensive Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Chunhui(dr_zch@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:238-245
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Meat in the freezing process will produce a series of complex physical and chemical and biochemical changes, and these changes have important influence on the quality, especially on the thawing loss, seriously affecting the product quality and enterprise benefit. At present, the freezing temperatures of frozen meat production, -18, -23 and -38, are usually applied in China's meat industry, but the effects of different freezing temperatures on the protein stability and moisture state changes in freezing process are not very clear. The effects of freezing temperature on protein denaturation and muscle water distribution of beef were studied in this research. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other methods were used in the research. In the process of freezing-thawing, the freezing-thawing curve, protein thermal stability, protein secondary structure, protein surface hydrophobicity, moisture state change and thawing loss were analyzed. The freezing point temperature of beef sample is -1.1, and below this temperature, the ice crystals begin to form. With the decrease of temperature, the majority of water forms ice. In this temperature range (zone of maximum ice crystal formation), the protein is prone to degeneration. So freezing temperature and freezing speed are important factors to affect the protein denaturation of beef. The lower the freezing temperature of beef, the shorter the time used in the zone of maximum ice crystal formation, the more favorable for controlling the shape, size and distribution of ice crystals in beef, and the longer the time required for thawing to 4. The anti degeneration ability and thermal stability of the muscle myosin, myogen and actin were higher under-38 than that under the-18 freezing condition. Freezing would lead the protein alpha helix to shift to random coil, that was, the ordered structure became disordered structure. But the red shift or blue shift of the peak wave number of beef in the freezing-thawing process indicated that beef protein may have structural degeneration and renaturation and aggregation. FTIR results showed that freezing at -38 was the most favorable for maintaining the stability of beef protein secondary structures. Freezing at -18 and -23 could lead to the increase of surface hydrophobicity of beef protein, while the surface hydrophobicity of the protein was significantly decreased after thawing (P&lt;0.05). When thawed, MRI results showed that juice loss in beef occurred, especially the parts close to the edge of beef. After thawing of frozen samples from -38 to 4, we could know that the trend of the immobile water shifting to free water state was lower than that from -23 and -18 (P&lt;0.05), and the thawing loss was also the least (P&lt;0.05) based on the LF-NMR results. Therefore different freezing temperatures in beef freezing-thawing process could impact the myofibrillar protein thermal stability, protein secondary structure characteristics, protein surface hydrophobicity, moisture state changes of beef. Overall, the lower the freezing temperature, the more conducive to maintain the water in frozen beef, thermal stability and protein space structure, and what was more, after thawing, the juice loss was less. Protein denaturation, moisture state changes, thawing loss and other indicators mutually support each other. These experimental results provide a reference for the process technology formulation of the frozen meat production and preservation. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Thermal processing (foods)
Controlled terms:Beef - Denaturation - Differential scanning calorimetry - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Freezing - Hydrophobicity - Ice - Magnetic resonance imaging - Meats - Moisture  - Muscle - Nuclear magnetic resonance - Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy - Proteins - Stability - Temperature - Thawing - Thermodynamic stability - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Differential scanning calorimeters - Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF NMR) - Myowater state changes - Protein secondary structure - Protein stability - Protein surface hydrophobicities - Protein thermal stability - Surface hydrophobicity
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 746 Imaging Techniques - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 822.3 Food Products - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 944.6 Temperature Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20160301807658
Title:Capacity expanding in non-weighed Lysimete and its automatic monitoring and control system in Minqin desert area
Authors:Zhang, Jinchun (1, 2, 3); Liu, Shizeng (2, 3); Fang, Etian (1, 3); Tian, Yafei (4); Wang, Shan (4); Zhu, Weiliang (4); Chai, Chengwu (1); Guo, Shujiang (1); Li, Yunpeng (4); Jiang, Shengxiu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Minqin National Research Station for Desert Steppe Ecosystem, Minqin, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Desertification and Aeolian Sand Disaster Combating, Wuwei, China; (3) Gansu Desert Control Research Institute, Lanzhou, China; (4) School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:88-93
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The non-weighing lysimeter system in the Minqin desert areas was firstly used in the 1970 s, and mainly performed the orientation research on the water consumption by the transpiration of several desert plants and the evaporation on the surface of sand, which aimed to provide the theoretical guide for the selection of afforestation density and the utilization of sand and water in Chinese sand areas. At present the system has been running for 30 years, most of the lysimeters showed the jam and leakage phenomenon, and the observation was by conventional artificial means. All the factors seriously affected the accuracy of the data monitoring. However, on the basis of the non-weighing lysimeter system structure and its testing principle, the evapotranspiration area could be extended, the capacity of testing soil column could be increased, more real natural environment conditions could be simulated and the limitations of weighing lysimeter could be overcome, in sum, the lysimeter's application field and adaptability were extended. Owing to the problems of low automation, and lack of scalability and reliability, the non-weighed lysimeter monitoring and control system in the Minqin desert areas has been retrofitted to improve its performance based on structure characteristics. The non-weighed lysimeter proving ground of 720 m²was designed in Minqin sand areas, where 30 individual lysimeters (120 cm&times;120 cm) of desert plant were upgraded and 12 small groups of desert plant lysimeters (400 cm&times;400 cm) were expanded and built, at the same time, the lysimeter groups in different types could be used to carry out the test of water supply for plant under the constant water level of 190, 290 and 390 cm. The lysimeter proving ground upgraded and expanding-built could realize synchronous observation for evapotranspiration test from the desert plant individual scale to small group scale, and the experiment platform was provided for studying water consumption of desert plants transpiration in different scale and its coupling relationship. The distributed monitoring scheme was adopted in the new automatic monitoring system, in which the superior industrial computer was set up as the center with multiple lower machine monitoring points, such as lysimeter constant water level control and water-supplying measurement system, drainage measurement system, atmospheric precipitation monitoring system, soil moisture monitoring system, environment temperature measurement and control system, SMS cat alarm system, data remote transmission and monitoring system, and UPS over-voltage protection system, and the RS485 bus, ISM wireless communication and TCP/IP network structure were used in the system. The automatic control of the lysimeter water level, water supply and drainage, the automatic monitoring of water metering, and the soil water content were designed, and the atmospheric rainfall and the temperature indoor were monitored in real time in the new system; the system also had the functions of real-time data collection and processing, information communication and data entering, historical data storage, data report printing and remote transmission download, and the power supply system was protected against over-voltage to enhance the reliability of system operation and the stability of data acquisition. Additionally, the internet-based remote monitoring and control system was used, and the users could process the abnormal situation. According to the monitoring data analysis by the regression method, we could know that the errors of data regression analysis were &plusmn; 2.2% for the pressure sensor, &plusmn; 2.0% for the drop counter and &plusmn; 12.5% for the moisture sensors. The research extended the scale for locating observation of the desert plant and implemented the automatic monitoring for evapotranspiration of the desert plant. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Monitoring
Controlled terms:Alarm systems - Atmospheric structure - Automation - Computer control systems - Control systems - Data acquisition - Data handling - Digital storage - Distributed computer systems - Electric machine control  - Electric power systems - Evapotranspiration - Internet - Landforms - Lysimeters - Moisture - Moisture control - Optimization - Power supply circuits - Reforestation  - Regression analysis - Sand - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soil testing - Soils - Structural analysis - Temperature measurement - Transmission control protocol - Transpiration  - Uninterruptible power systems - Water levels - Water supply - Weighing - Wireless telecommunication systems
Uncontrolled terms:Atmospheric precipitation - Automatic monitoring-system - Desert area - Expanding - Internet-based remote monitoring - Monitoring and control systems - Real time data collections - Water supply and drainages
Classification code:408.1 Structural Design, General - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 461.9 Biology - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 944.6 Temperature Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20160301807684
Title:Adsorption characteristics of patulin in jujube juice using macroporous resin
Authors:Wang, Jing (1); Lei, Hongjie (1); Yue, Zhenzhen (1); Gao, Ruixiong (1); Wang, Kairui (1); Xu, Huaide (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Huaide(xuhuaide@yahoo.com.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:285-291
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Jujube belonging to the Rhamnaceae and is a nutrient-rich fruit. The production of jujube in China accounts for 90% in the world. During the growth, harvest and storage periods of jujube, it is easily infected by fungus, especially in the rainy days during harvest, so there will be mycotoxins residue in jujube and related deep process product. Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by various species of the genera penicillium, aspergillus, and byssochlamys. It could be detected in jujube or other jujube processing food such as jujube juice once they are infected by penicillum or other fungus. In this study, in order to improve the safety of jujube juice, macroporous resin was used to remove patulin in jujube juice. Macroporous resin is widely used in the processing of fruit juice, it could be used for adsorption of mycotoxin, removal of pesticide residue, decolorization of juice and purification of natural antioxidants. LSA-900B resin has great adsorption capacity for patulin but there were rarely studies focus on patulin removal in jujube juice using macroporous resin. For further understanding the adsorption mechanism of patulin, the adsorption isotherm, thermodynamics and kinetics during adsorption process were investigated, and the physicochemical characteristics including total sugar, reducing sugar, total acidity, flavonoids, total polyphenols, color value and transmittance of jujube juice were analyzed. Results showed that LSA-900B resin exhibited an effective adsorbability of patulin in jujube juice, and the maximum adsorption quantity and removal rate were 5.31 &mu;g/g and 73.78%, respectively. When the temperature was controlled within 30-50, and the initial concentration of patulin was at 30-200 &mu;g/L, the adsorption quantity of patulin decreased with the rise of temperature and increased with the increase of patulin content. The adsorption equilibrium could be described by the Freundlich isotherm (R²&gt; 0.99). According to the changes of enthalpy, free energy and entropy, it was suggested that the adsorption process was spontaneous, endothermic process and belonging to physical adsorption. Results of kinetic analysis showed that the pseudo second-order model (R²=0.9982) was more suitable than the pseudo first-order model (R²=0.9529) for describing the kinetic data. The adsorption rate could be affected by film diffusion and intra-particle diffusion, and the former was the rate-limiting step. Moreover, after the adsorption treatment, the contents of total sugar, total acidity, flavonoids and total polyphenols of jujube juice were significantly decreased, while the color value and transmittance of jujube juice were increased. The order of the influence of positive correlation indices was color value &gt; transmittance, and the order of the influence of negative correlation indices was flavonoids &gt; total sugar &gt; total acidity &gt; total polyphenols. After comprehensive analysis of the data, when the initial content of patulin was 100 &mu;g/L, the most suitable condition for this adsorption process could be that the additive amount of LSA-900B resin was 14 g/L and the adsorption time was 90 min. Under this condition, the patulin content of jujube juice decreased to 36.61 &mu;g/L, lower than the standard value of 50 &mu;g/L, and the color value and transmittance of jujube juice could increase to relatively higher values. The results provide an important reference for the further application of LSA-900B in production practice. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Adsorption
Controlled terms:Adsorption isotherms - Color - Digital storage - Flavonoids - Free energy - Fruit juices - Fruits - Kinetics - Pesticides - Purification  - Quality control - Resins - Sorption - Thermodynamics - Toxic materials
Uncontrolled terms:Adsorption characteristic - Comprehensive analysis - Intra-particle diffusion - Jujube juice - Patulin - Physicochemical characteristics - Pseudo-second order model - Thermodynamics and kinetics
Classification code:641.1 Thermodynamics - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.3 Food Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20160301807664
Title:Simulation and prediction of climatic elements in Jinghe River basin using downscaling method and CMIP5
Authors:Liu, Saiyan (1); Huang, Qiang (1); Wang, Yimin (1); Xie, Yangyang (1); Ren, Yi (1); Li, Jie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-hydraulic in Arid Area, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Qiang(sy-sj@.xaut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:138-144
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Under the background of frequent anthropogenic activities and global environment change, it is necessary to carry out the study of future climate change, for understanding of the characteristics of temporal and spatial evolution of future climate is of great significance to agricultural production and local water resources planning and management. Located in the middle of the Loess Plateau, China, the Jinhe River basin, the second largest river in Guanzhong area, is the major base of grain production in Shaanxi Province, which has flat land and developed agriculture since ancient times. With the establishment of the Guanzhong-Tianshui economic zone, which is a national key economic development zone and will greatly promote the rapid development of the economy in the whole western region, the security of water resources in Jinhe River basin is becoming more and more important for the economic development and local peace and stability. Therefore, in this paper, we took Jinhe River basin as the research object. Then the variation characteristics of rainfall and temperature in the future were focused and analyzed by using downscaling method and CMIP5 (coupled model intercomparison project 5) global climate models, which were applied to simulate and predict climatic elements in Jinghe River basin. There were 3 steps to establish the statistical downscaling models: firstly, determinate forecast factors based on the relationship between the factors and rainfall as well as the air temperature; then normalize the forecasting factors in the NCEP (national centers for environmental prediction) reanalysis data; eventually based on the reanalysis data and historical meteorological observation data of monthly precipitation and temperature from 7 weather stations in or around the basin from 1960 to 2010, the models were set up through screening major factors by using stepwise regression. In order to evaluate the effect of the model, the fitting degree R², the relative error of the mean R<inf>mean</inf>and the relative error of standard deviation R<inf>sd</inf>were selected as the evaluation index. These models were calibrated so that the results could be satisfactory. Then, on the foundation of the calibrated models, future precipitation and temperature in the Jinhe River basin were predicted by atmospheric circulation factors came from CMIP5 experiments: the RCP8.5 (highest emission of greenhouse gases) and RCP4.5 (median emission of greenhouse gases) forcing pathways under CNRM-CM5. Finally, we analyzed the characteristics of temporal and spatial of future precipitation and temperature in the basin. The results show that: (1) The statistical downscaling models function better in simulating temperature than precipitation with higher fitting degree and lower relative error in average and standard deviation; (2) Precipitation in the basin from 2011 to 2050 showed a decreasing trend from south to north direction, and would increase only in winter with different magnitudes under 2 scenarios; moreover, the annual average precipitation was 356.41 mm under the RCP8.5 scenario, which was lower than RCP4.5 forcing pathway (374.19 mm); (3) The predicted temperature in the future was much higher under RCP8.5 scenario (9.32) compared to RCP4.5 scenario (8.96) because of greenhouse gas emission with different concentration; spatial distribution of future temperature in Jinghe River basin was characterized by higher in the north and west; besides, temperature in the basin would decrease in the late winter and early spring, but significantly increase in summer, and it was inferred that there was the possibility of occurrence of extremely high temperature in summer and extremely low temperature in winter. In conclusion, there is not only a trend of decreasing in precipitation, but also a risk of extreme weather events in Jinghe River basin, which should be paid attention to in the future water resources management and planning. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Atmospheric temperature
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Climate change - Climate models - Economic and social effects - Economics - Errors - Forecasting - Greenhouse gases - Precipitation (chemical) - Precipitation (meteorology)  - Rain - River basin projects - Rivers - Runoff - Statistics - Temperature - Water resources - Watersheds - Weather forecasting - Weather information services
Uncontrolled terms:Atmospheric circulation factor - Climatic elements - Coupled Model Intercomparison Project - Downscaling methods - Jinghe rivers - National centers for environmental predictions - Temporal and spatial evolutions - Water resources planning and managements
Classification code:441 Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development - 443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20160301807677
Title:Effect of weathered coal on soil respiration of reconstructed soils on mining area's earth disposal sites in Shanxi-Shaanxi-Inner Monglia adjacent area
Authors:Ren, Zhisheng (1); Qi, Ruipeng (3); Wang, Tongtong (1); Xie, Qian (1); Zheng, Jiyong (1, 2); Zhang, Xingchang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Water and Soil Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China; (3) Heilongjiang Beifeng Agricultural Production Means Group, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Zheng, Jiyong(zhjy@ms.iswc.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:230-237
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Jin-Shan-Meng adjacent region is an important coal energy base in China, and also the most fragile ecological region. In recent years, the ecological system and landform have been destructed severely and widely because of opencast coal mining. So, how to improve the reconstructed soil rapidly and effectively on the earth disposal sites formed during coal mining becomes an important scientific problem for land reclamation and ecosystem restoration. Weathered coal, as a common organic material with an abundance of humus acid and oxygen-containing functional group, is probably an effective soil amendment material. However, adding weathered coal into soil in large scale might change the regional soil carbon cycling. To clarify the feasibility of weathered coal as an improvement material of soil quality and investigate the effect of weathered coal on soil respiration of the reconstructed soils on the earth disposal sites in this region, the soil respiration characteristics and the influence of soil temperature and soil moisture were studied. Two types of the reconstructed soils i. e. the local sandy loess (sandy loam) and the sandy loess mixed with soft rock were adopted, and the 2 components of latter soil were mixed at a ratio of 7:3 in weight; the thickness of soil layer covered was 50 cm. The 4 treatments with 3 replicates were set up as follows: sandy loess, sandy loess mixed with weathered coal, sandy loess mixed with soft rock, sandy loess mixed with soft rock and weathered coal. In July 2013, 12 trial plots of 4 m&times;5 m were constructed according to the treatments, weathered coal was added uniformly at the dose of 27 t/hm. During August and September in 2014, the soil respiration, temperature and moisture at 5 cm depth were monitored using Li-8100 system. The results showed that: 1) The response of soil respiration to soil temperature could be well simulated by vant' Huff model; the diurnal variation of sandy loess was a curve with single peak, however, the reconstruction soil with weathered coal addition showed a double-peak curve; weathered coal changed the diurnal variation pattern of soil respiration, and significantly increased soil respiration rate of the soft rock mixed sandy loess and the sandy loess by 35.2% (P&lt;0.05) and 17.1%, respectively. 2) The sensitivity coefficients of soil respiration to the temperature of different reconstruction soils were relatively higher than the regular soils. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the changes of soil respiration were consistent with soil temperature. And the soil respiration and soil temperature had extremely significant correlation, but soil moisture was not significantly correlated with soil respiration, which meant the soil temperature was the main controlling factor of the change of soil respiration. The results of the experiment can reveal the respiration characteristics of reconstruction soils in a certain degree, and provide a reference for the feasibility assessment of the weathered coal as amendment material to the reconstructed soil in the opencast coal mining region. In conclusion, soil temperature is the decisive factor of soil respiration in arid and semi-arid climatic regions. Objectively speaking, this experiment did not observe the soil respiration under the lower soil water content condition, since soil moisture in this experiment was relatively appropriate in arid regions. Under the condition of soil temperature and water condition in this experiment weathered coal can improve the soil respiration rate, in other words, it will promote the release of soil carbon. So in the practical work, the feasibility of the weathered coal as a new material for soil improvement needs to be further studied from the aspect of the carbon stability. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Coal - Coal mines - Coal reclamation - Ecology - Ecosystems - Land reclamation - Linear regression - Moisture - Regression analysis - Rocks  - Sediments - Soil moisture - Temperature - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Feasibility assessment - Main controlling factors - Multiple linear regression analysis - Oxygen-containing functional groups - Sandy loess - Sensitivity coefficient - Soil respiration - Weathered coal
Classification code:442.2 Land Reclamation - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 503.1 Coal Mines - 524 Solid Fuels - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20160301807671
Title:Effect of microbial spraying on wheat and rice straw returning to ditch
Authors:Fang, Zhichao (1); Liu, Yutao (1); Ding, Weimin (1); Chen, Yulun (1); Qin, Kuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Weimin(wmding@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:187-194
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China is an important agricultural country with an annual crop straw production of nearly 700 million tons, which represents a substantially large number of straw resources that can be utilized. The wheat-rice rotation cropping system in the Yangtze River delta area is always accompanied by high yield; however, the existing conventional method of straw returning would not completely solve the problems caused by the produced straw with large quantity and short processing time. Alternatively, the new method of returning straw into a ditch is also widely used under the practice of conservation farming with no tillage and direct seeding cultivation. This method not only achieves a fully returning of straw, but also is helpful to the multi-purpose ditch use and enhances soil carbon sequestration. However, long-term practice has shown that under the natural state, straws in the ditch will not decay rapidly, and therefore will not be able to be transferred into organic fertilizer in a timely manner for adsorption by the crops, which can negatively influence crop growth. In order to solve this problem, a microbial spray was used in this study, which contained organisms possessing characteristics that induced degradation of the rice and wheat straw under room temperature (i. e., yeast, bacteria, actinomycetes, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus subtilis). To explore the effect of the microbes on straw decomposition, the microbial mixture was tested with a spray device equipped on a multifunctional machine with the functions of ditching and stalk-disposing while harvesting. For wheat straw in summer, the straw dry weight showed a decreasing trend over time regardless of whether or not the straw in the ditch was covered by soil. The rate of decline in dry weight of each treatment group was faster than that of the control, indicating that the microbes could promote the decomposition of the wheat straw. During the observation period, the rates of decline in dry weight of wheat straw were the fastest under the YJ-G treatment (using a liquid microbial suspension with high concentration), which were 44.11% and 74.60% without and with soil covering, respectively, whereas the corresponding degradation rates in the control group were only 10.34% and 12.80%, respectively. Therefore, the YJ-G treatment could promote the decomposition rate by 326.6% and 482.8% compared to the control without and with soil covering, respectively. By contrast, the rates in decline of dry weight of wheat straw for the FJ (using powdered microbes) treatment groups were much lower than those in the YJ groups (using liquid microbes), and were more similar to the control, and the microbial concentration had no significant effect on the change of straw dry weight for the FJ groups. For the rice straw in winter, the microbial activities were considerably inhibited due to the low temperature; thus, although the straw dry weight still declined with time, the change was not as significant as observed for wheat straw and the difference among treatments was not significant. During the sampling period, the difference in the rate of decline in straw dry weight between each treatment group and the control group was similar and less than 20%. However, the degree of decomposition was always better under the soil-covered treatments. The same results were obtained over two-year experiment, illustrating the reliability of the above conclusions. Therefore, the use of microbes to promote decomposition is not suitable for rice straw; however, it is useful for wheat straw, and can provide guidance to wheat straw returning in summer for the ditch straw-returning method. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Straw
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Bacteria - Bacteriology - Carbon - Crops - Cultivation - Decay (organic) - Degradation - Fertilizers  - Microbiology - Microorganisms - Seed - Soils - Speed control - Suspensions (fluids) - Temperature - Water analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Bacillus licheniformis - Degree of decomposition - Ditching and stalk-disposing - Microbial concentrations - Microbial flora - Multifunctional machines - Soil carbon sequestration - Wheat-rice rotation systems
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 461.9.2 Microbiology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20160301807652
Title:Solid-liquid two-phase turbulent flow simulation and wound experiment in axial flow pump with back swept blade and same external characteristics
Authors:Lang, Tao (1); Shi, Weidong (1); Xing, Jin (1, 2); Chen, Keqiang (1); Li, Wei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Research Center of Pumps, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) CCCC National Engineer Research Center of Dredging Technology and Equipment Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Weidong(wdshi@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:42-50
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Demand for urban sewage treatment pumps is increasing annually, especially for sewage axial flow pumps. However, the current design of axial flow pump impeller is with the premise of using water medium, which will lead to serious impeller wear, impeller winding and flow blockage in the actual operation. So it is necessary for the existing axial flow pump impeller design to be modified to adapt to the requirements of the actual delivery of sewage medium. Under the same operation condition, the 40&deg; and 60&deg; back swept impellers were designed and manufactured. Through simulations and pump performance tests, we found that the head curve and efficiency curve of the 2 impellers were basically the same, which verified the reliability of the simulation. Particle model was used to simulate solid-liquid two-phase flow, and we found that solid volume fraction of 60&deg; back swept blade was smaller than that of 40&deg; back swept blade under the designed flow rate. Further, solid volume fraction on pressure surface of 60&deg; back swept blade was 0.1 smaller than that of 40&deg; back swept blade on average, and solid volume fraction on suction surface of 60&deg; back swept blade was 0.2 smaller than that of 40&deg; back swept blade on average. From the simulation results with different particle diameters, we found that with the increase of particle diameter, solid volume fraction of 60&deg; back swept blade increased, and the solid phase concentrated areas were very similar. The radial flow trend of solid phase on the blade pressure surface was stronger and the axial flow trend was weaker; the stronger radial flow meant the solid volume fraction of blade pressure surface should be reduced, while the weaker axial flow trend meant the solid volume fraction of blade pressure surface should be increased. So with the increase of the particle diameter, the axial flow trend was the main factor to solid phase volume fraction on the blade pressure surface. Similarly, on the suction surface, when closer to the inlet, the axial flow trend would be more dominant. From the simulation results, we found with the increase of initial particle volume fraction, the solid volume fraction of 60&deg; back swept blade increased. When the initial particle volume fraction was larger, its impact on the solid volume fraction of the blade pressure surface became smaller. Winding experiments were done with the 60&deg; back swept blade, and we found that when the impeller rotated without sleeve, the anti-winding was strong, but when the impeller rotated with sleeve in water with much cotton, it was easy to block at the rim of the inlet. With different rotating speed, we also found that the faster the rotating speed of the impeller, the faster the cotton hanging on the import edge moved to the flange. This paper provides a reference for the study on anti-wear and anti-winding performance of axial flow pumps. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Two phase flow
Controlled terms:Axial flow - Computer simulation - Cotton - Impellers - Liquids - Models - Particle size - Pumps - Radial flow - Rotating machinery  - Sewage treatment - Tribology - Turbulent flow - Volume fraction - Winding
Uncontrolled terms:Axial flow pump - External characteristic - Particle volume fractions - Solid volume fraction - Solid-liquid two phase flows - Swept blade - Two phase - Urban sewage treatment
Classification code:452.2 Sewage Treatment - 601.1 Mechanical Devices - 601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20160301807683
Title:Vibration modal analysis of Korla pear and establishment of stiffness evaluation index
Authors:Zhao, Zhengqiang (1); Wu, Jie (1, 2); Wang, Zhipeng (1); Ge, Yun (1, 2); Wang, Huting (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China; (2) Research Center of Agricultural Mechanization for Economic Crop in Oasis, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Jie(wjshz@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:277-284
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Stiffness is an important biomaterial property in assessing the internal quality of fruits. The vibration response technique can be used for estimating the stiffness of fruits with natural frequency measurements. Existing researches always simplified fruits as spherical structure to analyze the vibration modal and study the effects of mass and density on natural frequency of fruits. Thus, the different firmness indices were proposed. Nevertheless, some studies indicated that the natural frequency of ellipsoidal fruit was also affected by its shape. Consequently, these indices had the limitations on stiffness evaluation of Korla pear with different shapes. Therefore, a general stiffness index suitable for different fruit shapes should be established. In the study the aspect ratio was employed to describe the fruit shape of Korla pear. It was expressed as the ratio of mean value of shoulder height to equator diameter of pear. The vibration characteristics of pear were analyzed using the experimental modal method combined with the finite element (FE) method. By experimental modal analysis, 3 modals including oblate-oblate mode (Modal A), the first spherical mode (Modal B) and the second spherical mode (Modal C) were obtained. The stem end (or the calyx end) and equatorial region of pear were the suitable positions for the detection using Modal A and B, respectively. This was because the largest deformation could appear and the nodes could be avoided when the pear was impacted on these positions. The Modal C was not used in this work because its natural high-order frequency was not easy to measure. In the FE analysis, the geometric model of Korla pear was created by reserving processing and free meshing using tetrahedral structural solid element. Three mode shapes and natural frequencies extracted from the output of FE modal analysis agreed well with the experimental results assuming Korla pear as the linear elastic and isotropic material. Therefore, the FE method was used to analyze the influence of Korla pear shape on the natural frequency of Modal A and B. The results showed that fruit shape had significant effect on natural frequencies of these 2 modals. With the increasing of the aspect ratio of Korla pear, the frequency linearly decreased for Modal A while linearly increased for Modal B. Based on the linear relationship between the aspect ratio and frequencies of Modal A and B, a new stiffness index was established. The ratios of the frequency from the FE method to that from the experiment calculated by the new index were 1.0050&plusmn;0.0042 and 1.0000&plusmn;0.0043, respectively for Model A and B. Compared with the frequency ratios calculated by the traditional index, the results were closer to 1. Therefore, the new stiffness index can accurately evaluate the stiffness of Korla pear; moreover, it can eliminate the influence of Korla pear shape on the frequency. The results can provide a practical guidance for non-destructive measurements of Korla pear stiffness using vibration detection technology. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Modal analysis
Controlled terms:Aspect ratio - Finite element method - Fruits - Natural frequencies - Spheres - Stiffness - Vibration analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Evaluation index - Experimental modal analysis - Fruit shape - Korla pear - Non-destructive measurement - Structural solid elements - Vibration characteristics - Vibration modal analysis
Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20160301807673
Title:Effect of different indigenous microorganisms and its composite microbes on degradation of corn straw
Authors:Jiao, Youzhou (1); Gao, Zan (1); Li, Gang (1); Li, Pengfei (1); Li, Panpan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University; Collaborative Innovation Research Center for Biomass Energy, Zhengzhou, China
Corresponding author:Li, Panpan(lipanpan9922@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:201-207
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In nature, there are a large number of microorganisms that can decompose the cellulose of the wood, including bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. It has been found that the bacteria bacillus and pseudomonas, streptomyces, fungi and other microorganisms are playing an important role in the aerobic fermentation process at different stages. In this study, 8 kinds of microorganisms were selected to construct efficient composite microbes for corn straw degradation. They were identified to be Gloeophyllum trabeum, Bacillus circulans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptomyces badius, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Coriolus versicolor, Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger. Lignocellulose degradation rate of single strain and the antagonism between different strains were firstly analyzed. The 90 mL liquid for the expanding culture was added to the triangular flask containing 30 g corn straws, which was then put in the incubator with constant temperature of 30 and humidity controlled at more than 80% for 35 d. Corn straws treated by pretreatment of microorganisms were sampled for determination of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin every 5 days. The results showed that the degradation rates of hemicellulose reached up to 47.81% and 37.53% after the fermentation processes with Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viride respectively, and those of cellulose reached 38.96% and 46.32% respectively. The lignin degradation rates reached up to 43.56% and 39.17% respectively after pretreatments with Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Coriolus versicolor. The bacteria and actinomycetes in this study did not have a great ability to degrade corn straws. The results showed that corn straws were not completely degraded in the process of pretreatment by microorganisms. Because of the complex structure of lignocellulose, the degradation of corn straws required the participation of many kinds of microorganisms. However, the construction of composite microbes was not a simple superposition of microorganisms. The antagonism was determined for microorganisms by  at-stand and Oxford plate methods. No antagonistic reaction was observed between the fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria used in this study, which provided the basis for the construction of the composite microbes. Then, a group of composite microbes were preliminarily constructed to degrade the corn straws for 15 d. The results from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) turned out that the structure of pretreated straw changed a lot and some cracks and cavities which increased the availability of lignocellulose were found. The degradation rate of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose in the corn straw gradually increased in the process of the pretreatment with composite microbes. After the pretreatment process, the degradation rates of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin reached up to 48.53%, 36.38% and 40.11% respectively. While increasing the lignin degradation rate, the consumption of cellulose was reduced, which was more conducive to the subsequent anaerobic fermentation. The research provides the reference for the degradation and utilization of straw biomass. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Bacteria
Controlled terms:Aerobic bacteria - Aspergillus - Bacteriology - Cellulose - Degradation - Fermentation - Fungi - Humidity control - Lignin - Microbiology  - Microorganisms - Process control - Scanning electron microscopy - Strain - Strain rate - Straw - Wood
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Antagonism - Cellulose and hemicellulose - Fermentation process - Lignocellulose degradation - Phanerochaete chrysosporium - Pre-Treatment - Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20160301807647
Title:Review and prospect of thermotherapy for citrus huanglongbing
Authors:Jia, Zhicheng (1, 2); Zheng, Jiaqiang (1); Huang, Yajie (1); Zhou, Hongping (1); Reza, Ehsani (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; (2) Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, United States
Corresponding author:Zheng, Jiaqiang(jqzheng@njfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:1-9
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The citrus Huanglongbing (HLB or greening), caused by the phloem-limited bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter spp, is a highly destructive citrus disease in the world. Nowadays, HLB is widely spread in China, USA, Brazil and other countries. Without effective control of infected citrus in the field, the citrus industry may meet a serious destruction in near future. Some promising progresses have been made in genetic improvement, seedling detoxification, chemical control, physical control and biological control. However, there is no effective field control method and equipment with high efficiency and low cost available for HLB control. It was already confirmed that, at suitable temperature and appropriate length of time, infected seedling and grafted branch could be free from HLB infection by the heat treatment with hot water and water vapor saturated hot air. In a greenhouse circumstance, the nursery citrus tree with HLB infection gets healthy and pathogen reduction occurs after the light heat treatment at specific temperature and length of time. Compared with existing treatments for HLB, such as genetic improvement, seedling detoxification, and chemical disease control, the thermotherapy method of the physical disease control becomes the best choice for its treatment effectiveness, environmental friendliness and high efficiency in the field application. Combined with the thermotherapy application in microorganism and insect control, the field thermotherapy is beneficial for HLB control, and fruit production life extension of citrus tree infected with HLB. Based on the analysis of the research status and existing problems of field thermotherapy, several further study suggestions are proposed as follows: 1) Study and confirm the suitable threshold values of heat treatment temperature and timing of typical citrus trees infected with HLB, including the construction of indoor heater and field heat treatment testing system; 2) Establish the rapid HLB diagnosis and treatment effectiveness evaluation system, including establishing the visual diagnosis index and the treatment effectiveness evaluation index; 3) Study the interactions between heat treatment and suppression of HLB, including studying the specific threshold value of heat transfer enough to trigger the beneficial stress, establishing mechanism, confirming heat value for typical citrus, field testing to modify the mechanism; 4) Test and establish the heat transfer principle from different heat transfer mediums to citrus plant, including simulating the heat transfer in the air and soil from hot water and steam to citrus canopy and plant root, testing the temperature change between inside and outside surface of the phloem part, deducing the heat transfer coefficients and formulae, establishing the phloem model of heat transfer during the treatment process; 5) Design, improve and construct the high-efficiency, low-cost and light-weight heat treatment equipment in the field application suitable for the situation of mountain terrain in China; 6) Study the integrated approaches from combination of chemotherapy and thermotherapy, including studying the beneficial interactions to enhance the treatment effectiveness. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:70
Main heading:Diseases
Controlled terms:Bacteria - Chemotherapy - Citrus fruits - Construction equipment - Cost benefit analysis - Detoxification - Diagnosis - Disease control - Efficiency - Forestry  - Heat transfer - Heat treatment - Heating equipment - Integrated control - Low temperature testing - Physical therapy - Soil testing - Water - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Biological controls - Effectiveness evaluation - Environmental friendliness - Genetic improvements - Heat treatment temperature - Huanglongbing(HLB) - Integrated approach - Model of heat transfers
Classification code:405.1 Construction Equipment - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 461.5 Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology - 461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 537.1 Heat Treatment Processes - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 731.1 Control Systems - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:20160301807650
Title:Experiment on movement and dynamic property of driving wheel with offset steering shaft for agricultural vehicle
Authors:Song, Shujie (1); Qu, Jiwei (2); Li, Yining (2); Guo, Kangquan (2, 3); Zhou, Wei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China; (3) Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Agriculture Equipment, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Kangquan(jdgkq@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:28-34
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A flexible chassis is a four-wheel-independent-drive and four-wheel-independent-steer electric vehicle chassis with 4 driving wheels. It can make omnidirectional motions and every driving wheel has an offset steering shaft, which means the rotating surface of the wheel is not coplanar with the steering axis, so that the chassis can make a turn using the force of the wheel. This paper presented a new type of test bench, which was built based on the working characteristics of the driving wheel, in order to resolve some key issues about the dynamics of the driving wheel based on offset steering shaft. The feature of this bench was that steering center of the offset shaft shared the same axis with the center of horizontal turntable below the wheel to simulate its moving on the ground. And a force sensor was connected between the forks of the wheel and the frame of the bench. The force analysis showed the traction force and the power for the steering of the offset shaft. And a record and display software was designed for the bench based on Visual Basic 6.0. First, we completed the whole structure design and analyzed the working principle of the device. Horizontal rotary table drove by the same driving wheel was installed, and its rotary center was the same axis with the steering shaft of the driving wheel which was connected to the frame through the bracket; the sensor was used to test the traction force of the driving wheel moving on the horizontal turntable, and keeping its levelness was supported by 4 small wheels connected to the frame. Second, a test system based on Visual Basic 6.0 was developed to show and record the data of the rotation speed, current and force. And according to the working characteristics of this bench, we analyzed the forces for the driving wheel and its fork, and a model was built and the simulation was carried out based on MATLAB/SIMULINK to make a comparison with the test data. Finally, by testing the bench, we recorded variables, such as the time, rotation speed and current of the driving wheel, and the force of force sensor. We tested the performance of the driving wheel on the bench through loading different weights on the wheel. We analyzed the indices such as the force changing progress and the time spent by stabilization of speed. The result showed that the time spent by the rotation speed of driving wheel changing from zero to stable value was not irrelevant with loading; it was 0.667 s on average. And the force, which could supply power for the offset shaft to steer, had linear relationship with loading. And when the 500 N loading was applied, the turning force was 77.24 N. The various performance indicators met the design requirement, which could make the performances satisfy the requirement of flexible chassis. The test results can provide the reference for the study of flexible chassis and also prove that the bench is feasible and efficient. In addition, the research provides the theoretical and technical references for the control design of four-wheel-independent-drive and four-wheel-independent-steer vehicles. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Vehicle wheels
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Automobile steering equipment - Chassis - Digital storage - Machinery - MATLAB - Models - Rotation - Steering - Testing  - Traction (friction) - Vehicles - Visual BASIC - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural vehicles - Agriculture machinery - Driving wheels - Linear relationships - Omni-directional motion - Performance indicators - Steering wheel - Test benches
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:20160301807649
Title:Kinematic analysis and test on automatic pick-up mechanism for chili plug seedling
Authors:Li, Hua (1); Cao, Weibin (1); Li, Shufeng (1); Fu, Wei (1); Liu, Kaiqiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
Corresponding author:Cao, Weibin(Wbc828@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:20-27
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Seedlings transplanting plays an important role in the process of vegetable production, and mechanized transplanting can reduce the labor intensity, improve the production efficiency and ensure the work quality. The chili seedling transplanting mechanization technology has been vigorously developing in Xinjiang region. However, at present, there is no automatic vegetable transplanting machine available in Xinjiang. The chili seedling transplanting work basically relies on manual operation, and some transplanters used are semi-automatic machines, which still need manual work to pick up and drop seedlings. Therefore, it is very important and urgent to study the automatic pick-up mechanism for chili plug seedling. Based on the situations above, a kind of automatic pick-up mechanism for chili plug seedling was studied and analyzed in order to replace the manual work. The mechanism consisted of a planetary gear train, a curvy cam, a connecting rod and a pick-up seedling arm in which 2 seedling claws were installed. As the transmission of the mechanism, the planetary gear train drove the seedling pick-up arm to carry out reciprocating movement in curvy cam for picking up seedlings once every rotation. Compared with the existing pick-up mechanisms for vegetable seedlings, the mechanism proposed in this paper was simplified and its stability was improved. It could not only pick up and transport seedlings, but also drop seedlings in the vertical direction at the same time, which ensured that plug seedling had good planting upright degree. Moreover, the endpoint trajectory of the seedling needle was more easier to control. Based on the analysis of structure features and working principle of the automatic seedling pick-up mechanism, its kinematic mathematical model was established, and the displacement, velocity and acceleration equations were also analyzed. Then, a computer-aided analysis program based on Visual Basic 6.0 was developed for optimizing structural parameters of the mechanism. By means of the human-computer interaction analysis method and the software of Adams, certain structural parameters influencing the regularities of the seedling needle endpoint trajectory were analyzed, and then optimized to satisfy the requirements of picking up chili seedling. Therefore, the ideal movement locus of seedling pick-up needle endpoint and a group of optimized structural parameters were acquired conveniently. According to the optimized structural parameters, the three-dimensional entity model of mechanism was established and the automatic seedling pick-up test-bed was developed. The kinematic simulation analysis and seedling pick-up prototype tests were carried out in the Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Agricultural Machinery. The results showed that the seedling needle endpoint's relative trajectories obtained from high-speed camera were consistent with the theoretical ones. According to the seeding pick-up experiment, the success rate of seedling pick-up reached 98.6%, the loss percentage of plug seedling substrate was 4.2%, and the success rate of dropping seedlings attained to 94.2%, which indicated that manufactured pick-up mechanism met the requirement of actual testing. The seedling pick-up experiment further proved that the mechanism could not only satisfy the demands of chili seedlings automatic mechanical pick-up, but also apply to other vegetables, such as tomato. The research method was also proved to be accurate. The study for the automatic pick-up mechanism provides very important theoretical basis and reference for the design, analysis and further study on automatic pick-up and transplanting mechanism. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Pickups
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Cams - Computer aided analysis - Crops - Drops - Epicyclic gears - Gears - High speed cameras - Human computer interaction  - Kinematics - Mechanisms - Mechanization - Needles - Optimization - Seed - Structural analysis - Trajectories - Vegetables - Visual BASIC
Uncontrolled terms:Acceleration equations - Automatic seedling transplanter - Production efficiency - Seedling transplanting - Seedlings transplanting - Semi-automatic machines - Three-dimensional entity models - Transplanting mechanisms
Classification code:408.1 Structural Design, General - 601 Mechanical Design - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 723.5 Computer Applications - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.23.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.