<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20154901641999
Title:Characteristics of vegetation cover change in Xilin Gol League based on MODIS EVI data
Authors:Yang, Qiang (1); Wang, Tingting (1); Chen, Hao (1); Wang, Yundong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:191-198
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Xilin Gol League located in the middle of Inner Mongolia is not only one of the most important sand sources, but also the important protection barrier of ecological environment in North China. The condition of vegetation in the Xilin Gol League will affect the quality of ecological environment in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan (BTT) and even the eastern region in China directly. In this paper, the Xilin Gol League was selected as the research area, and the data set of fractional vegetation cover in Xilin Gol League during 2000-2013 was built based on MODIS EVI (enhanced vegetation index). The MODIS EVI data set during 2000-2013 was reconstructed by using the harmonic analysis of time series, because the product of MODIS EVI has noisy data under the effect of atmospheric conditions and land surface conditions. In order to extract the pure vegetation and pure bare land information for estimating the fractional vegetation cover effectively, the linear model was utilized in the decomposition of mixed pixels in the MODIS EVI data set. Then the fractional vegetation cover data set was estimated and built with the extracted information mentioned above based on MODIS EVI in Xilin Gol League. The temporal and spatial variation of vegetation in the study region was analyzed by spatiotemporal series analysis during 2000-2013. According to the study method and results, the average fractional vegetation cover showed a slight decline in Xilin Gol League and the annual maximum fractional vegetation cover increased with smaller amplitude on the whole. From the spatial distribution and variation, the fractional vegetation cover in eastern and southeastern area of Xilin Gol League was relatively high, such as East Ujimqin Banner, West Ujimqin Banner, Duolun County and Taibus Banner. However, the fractional vegetation cover of northwestern area including Sonid Left Banner and Sonid Right Banner was relatively low. From the temporal trend, with the influences of sandstorm, drought and other weather disasters, as well as the intensified husbandry activities in the study area, the overall improvement of fractional vegetation cover was not obvious, and the fractional vegetation coverage decreased significantly in part of the area, although the study area had carried out large-scale ecological environment protection measures, such as returning grain plots to forestry (grass) and afforestation for about 30 years, especially during 2000-2013. The phenomenon of grassland degradation and land desertification was becoming more and more serious. The fractional vegetation cover was gradually turning into the lower situation from the low status in the central area of Xilin Gol League, the fractional vegetation coverage between 0.4 and 0.6 decreased during 2000-2010, but was raised since 2013, and the area with high fractional vegetation cover gradually became higher in part of Xilin Gol League during 2000-2013. Through the study, the trend of spatial and temporal variation in Xilin Gol League was revealed clearly for the local region, and the cause of the phenomenon was also directly pointed out. Thus, the study content and result provide the reference for the protection and restoration of the local region, and even for the whole China. At the same time, the estimation method of fractional vegetation cover in the study can innovate the thinking and provide theoretical basis to some extent for arid and semi-arid region. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Vegetation
Controlled terms:Decomposition - Ecology - Estimation - Harmonic analysis - Pixels - Radiometers - Reforestation - Storms - Time series analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Arid and semi-arid regions - Cover - Decomposition of mixed pixels - Ecological environment protections - Fractional vegetation cover - Protection and restoration - Spatial and temporal variation - Temporal and spatial variation
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20154901641987
Title:Growth and physiological metabolism characteristic of cotton seedlings under combination of waterlogging and heat stress
Authors:Yang, Wei (1, 3); Zhu, Jianqiang (1, 2); Wu, Qixia (1, 2); Wang, Zengzhen (1); Du, Shiyong (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China; (2) Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China; (3) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (4) Water Resources Research Institute of Inner Mongolia, Huhhot, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Jianqiang(zyjb@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:98-104
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, China, rain-waterlogging and high temperature occur simultaneously and have a high probability after rainfall in summer. Thus, they are the two limiting factors for cotton growth. It is unclear about the response of cotton to waterlogging under high temperature stress. This study investigated the growth and physiological metabolism characteristic of cotton seedlings under combination of waterlogging and heat stress. A pot experiment was conducted in Jingzhou, China during the growing season of cotton in 2013 using two-factor completely randomized block. Waterlogging and high temperature were designed as treatments. Waterlogging treatments included 0, 3, 6 and 9 days and the heat stress experienced continually for 0 and 3 days during the cotton seedling stage. Principal morphological indexes, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and antioxidant enzymes of plants were measured at the end of experiment. The results showed that: 1) Morphological parameters of cotton crops were not significantly affected by high temperature stress when waterlogging duration was less than 3 days; but when waterlogging lasted for 3 days above, the constant high temperature condition could lower the plant height, leaf area and dry matter weight, and the roots to shoot ratio; the changes in these parameters induced by waterlogging under high temperature were generally 3 days earlier than that under the regular temperature; 2) The photosynthetic physiological indexes of the fourth leaves including chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b and photosystem II variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence ratio, and fluorescence to original fluorescence ratio decreased with increasing waterlogging duration under the high temperature condition, but the ratio of Chl a and Chl b remained the same; 3) Under the natural temperature conditions, the antioxidant enzymes in roots and leaves including the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activity rapidly declined with the increment of waterlogging days, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) was opposite; 4) Affected by the interactive effects of waterlogging and high temperature, the SOD and POD activities of leaves increased firstly and then decreased, their maximum and minimum values all occurred in the 3 and 9 days of waterlogging; the MDA content was increased obviously, indicating that the heat stress aggravated cell membrane damage degree; and 5) The waterlogging stress was the main limiting factor of cotton growth in the seedling stage, followed by heat stress; Moreover, there existed the significant interaction effects of Chl, Chl a, the ratio of Chl a and Chl b, and PS II maximum photochemical quantum yield as well as SOD, POD and MDA of leaves under the interactive influence of high temperature and waterlogging. The research may provide data support for cotton stress-resistance cultivation and drainage management in the middle and lower reaches of China. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Plants (botany)
Controlled terms:Antioxidants - Chlorophyll - Cotton - Cultivation - Cytology - Enzymes - Fluorescence - Metabolism - Oxygen - Physiological models  - Physiology - Precipitation (meteorology) - Rain - Temperature - Thermal stress
Uncontrolled terms:Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters - High temperature condition - High temperature stress - Interaction - Middle and lower reaches of yangtze rivers - Morphological parameters - Photochemical quantum yield - Seedlings
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 461.9 Biology - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 741.1 Light/Optics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20154901642011
Title:Zoning of high standard farmland construction based on local indicators of spatial association
Authors:Xiong, Changsheng (1); Tan, Rong (1); Yue, Wenze (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Tan, Rong(tanrong@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:276-284
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:How to define or partition the actual construction areas is an important research subject. Zoning of high standard farmland construction is not merely a process of quantitative analysis; the natural, economic, social and spatial attributes of farmland should all should be taken into account. In this paper, we tried to improve the rationality of zoning for high standard farmland construction by the spatial structural characteristics of farmland, and by exploring the new zoning method which designated the construction area through spatial analysis. Taking Guangning county in Guangdong Province as a case study, the whole process of the study was composed of three steps: 1) evaluating the quality of farmland comprehensively at map-spot level, 2) taking the result of evaluation at map-spot level as the spatial variation, and exploring the spatial distribution attribute in scale of village through the introducing of Local Indicators of spatial Association, and 3) partition the construction areas according to the results of LISA. The results show that the overall average level of farmland quality in Guangning was relatively high, the high score of map-spots mainly located in the southeast of county, while the low score map-spots spread at the north and southwest. Four classes can be distinguished for better comparable recognizing, and the quality of four classes which contained the first-order, second-order and third-order were about 4366.01, 14796.25 and 3352.96 hm², respectively. The first-order was the best and the third-order was the lowest comparatively. Moreover, a relatively strong spatial autocorrelation existed among the distribution of farmland quality in Guangning in scale of village, and the positive autocorrelation was superior than passive autocorrelation. In detail, 75.96% of villages had positive autocorrelation which contained the High-High type and Low-Low type (the High-High type meant the village with higher farmland quality was surrounded by villages with same higher farmland quality, in contrast, the Low-Low type indicated the villages with lower farmland quality located together), and 24.04% of them appeared passive autocorrelation which contained the High-Low type and Low-High type (the High-Low type signified the villages with lower farmland quality surround the village with higher quality, and on the contrary the Low-High type meant the villages with higher farmland quality surrounded the village with lower quality). The distribution of spatial autocorrelation types in village level was basically identical with the map-spot of farmland. About 86.34% of first-order farmland shared the same spatial location with the High-High type, while 51.54% of third-order farmland located in the distribution of Low-Low type. In addition, a rational zoning scheme arose by splitting the county into four regions, which comprised of the optimization region, key region, reserve region and general region. These were consistent with the results of spatial autocorrelation. The optimization region mainly located in " Hengshan-Nanjie-Paisha" groups, the key region mainly consisted of the " Binheng-Hengshan", " Luogang-Jiangtun" and " Shizui-Muge" groups, the reserve region approximately located around the key-region distribution, while the " Beishi-Chikeng-Kengkou-Gushui" group was the typical spreading area for general region. Various kinds of improved and reclaimed measures for farmland protection can be adopted according to different regions or diverse types of spatial autocorrelation. Based on the results showed above, conclusions included that the local indicator of spatial association was an effective method and can reveal the agglomerate features of farmland. On the other hand, the zoning scheme reflected the three-in-one protecting conception by taking the spatial agglomeration into account. The quantity, quality and agglomerate attributes of farmland can be combined together preferably. The paper introduced a new perspective for farmland protection and reclamation. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Autocorrelation - Land use - Quality control - Rural areas - Spatial distribution - Spatial variables measurement - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Correction method - Farmland qualities - Guangning county - High standards - Spatial autocorrelations
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20154901641986
Title:Shallow groundwater use and salinity buildup based on DRAINMOD predicted field hydrology in irrigated areas
Authors:Li, Shan (1); Luo, Wan (2); Jia, Zhonghua (2); Pan, Yanxin (3); Wu, Di (1); Zhang, Dengke (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China; (2) School of Hydraulic, Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; (3) College of Water Conservancy and Ecological Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, China
Corresponding author:Luo, Wan(luowan@yzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:89-97
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the irrigated agricultural areas, especially in the downstream regions, the poor drainage condition or blocked drainage outlet often result in high water table during the irrigation season. Such condition may be properly used to encourage crops to use in-situ shallow groundwater in order to reduce irrigation application and the subsequent drainage discharge. This will help improve the irrigation water use efficiency and mitigate the negative impact of agricultural drainage. To estimate the amount of shallow groundwater use in field condition, however, is often difficult due to the complex relationships among soils, crops and the field hydrology. In this paper, we presented a method for calculating shallow groundwater use by field crops based an assumption that crop uptake of groundwater caused the timely difference in water table depth between the fields with and without crops, providing that the weather condition and the irrigation and drainage practices were similar. With a case study in a semi-arid irrigation area Shaanxi, China, we demonstrated the application of the proposed method in a cotton and wheat rotational field; the daily water table depths under the two different surface cover conditions were predicted with the field hydrology model-DRAINMOD, which has been tested at the same site previously; the salt accumulation in crop root zone under shallow groundwater use was predicted with a simple salt balance model. The difference in potential evapotranspirations (PET) in the fields with and without crops were calculated separately and fed into the model as inputs in order to represent the different effect of PET on field hydrology in DRAINMOD. The sub-irrigation module in the DRAINMOD was used to simulate the effect of high water level in drainage ditches due to the occasional block up of the drainage outlet. The calculation results showed that the approach used in this paper produced reasonable estimate of water balance in comparison with the actual field conditions; the DRAINMOD predicted soil moisture content was in close agreement with the field measurements since the average deviation was 0.475%, the average absolute deviation was 0.356%, and the correlation coefficient was 0.86. The DRAINMOD predicted that the average water table in the crop field was about 50 cm lower than that in no crop fields due to the consumptive use of the shallow groundwater by crops; the predicted water table responded more rapidly to rainfall and irrigation events in no crop fields due to the shallower unsaturated zone. The calculated total crop use of shallow ground water was 305.8 mm per unit area in the study period, in which 160 mm occurred in the cotton growth period, accounting for 24% of the annual water requirement of cotton in the study area. The salt balance analysis showed that crop use of the shallow ground water led to salinity buildup in the soil profile, but the average salinity within 1 m depth of soil profile was below the crop salt tolerance level. Based on existing studies on the salt leaching effect of rainfall and irrigation in the study area, the salinity buildup under shallow groundwater use condition only has a limited impact on crop production. Therefore, encouraging shallow groundwater use through engineering measures such as the controlled drainage may be a viable option for more efficient water use in irrigated areas where shallow water table exists. Findings from this research may provide technical reference for irrigation scheduling in similar regions. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Groundwater
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cotton - Crops - Cultivation - Drainage - Evapotranspiration - Hydrology - Irrigation - Models - Rain  - Soil moisture - Soils - Water levels - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:DRAINMOD - Irrigation area - Salinity - Salt tolerance - Water balance
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 444.2 Groundwater - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20154901642002
Title:Experiment on heating effect in greenhouse by solar combined with air-source heat pump
Authors:Sun, Xianpeng (1); Zhou, Zhirong (3); Zhao, Kang (2); Bi, Shengshan (2); Guo, Kangquan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronics Engineering of North West A and F University, YangLing, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, MOE, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; (3) College of Horticulture of North West A and F University, YangLing, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Kangquan(jdgkq@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:215-221
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The facility agriculture is a kind of agricultural technology system, which is under controlled environment. With the weak of the natural environment in different degrees, the facility agriculture has important practical significance to change the mode of agriculture, realize the increase of farmers' income and realization for agricultural modernization in China. The development of facilities agriculture in China has been developed very rapid in recent years. However, the energy must be consumed in order to create a suitable environment for plants. The most common conditioning device use coal, electricity, oil and other non renewable energy. Not only making the environment pollution but also increasing the cost of greenhouse. According to statistics, the energy consumption accounts for about 20%-40% of the total operating costs in northwest region of China. Therefore, the design of a new energy-saving greenhouse temperature control system for the development of facilities agriculture in northwest China is quite important. After summarized the solar energy storage technology, water source heat pump technology, this paper combined the solar storage technology and air source heat pump technology, and designed the solar combined with air source heat pump for the greenhouse conditioning system. This system fully embodies the concept of active day lighting and active heat storage. This work improves a solar combined with air-source heat pump system for greenhouse heating experiment in Xi'an. Through experiments of the solar combined with air-source heat pump system, improved environmental factors such as greenhouse temperature, humidity and soil temperature can be compared, also the applied effect of solar combined with air-source heat pump system used in greenhouse in winter can be analyzed. Through the establishment of solar greenhouse air source heat pump heating system efficiency analysis model of three kinds of operation condition on the theoretical analysis of the performance. Compared to the reference greenhouse, the average temperature of the testing greenhouse on sunny and overcast was over approx 2. The minimum temperature and average temperature of the testing greenhouse on cloudy was 10.67 and 14.26, witch is 1.36 and 1.28 higher than the reference greenhouse. The minimum temperature and average temperature of the testing greenhouse in the snow was 8.71 and 9.25, witch is 3.59 and 3.86 higher than the reference greenhouse. The results show that this system not only significantly improves the air temperature and soil temperature in greenhouse, but also effectively reduces the humidity in greenhouse. Under the air-source heat pump operating condition, coefficient of performance of the system in experimental weather is between 2.09-2.45. Under solar combined with air-source heat pump operating condition, the system coefficient of performance is between 3.45-5.56. In sunny days, the time of solar storage heating is longer, the time of heat pump supplementary heating are shorter and coefficient of performance of the system is higher, as compared with those in other days. The floor heating combined with fan coil units is used as the heating ways in greenhouse, which can not only maintain higher indoor temperature and soil temperature, but also reduce indoor relative humidity. This work lay the foundation of the previous research for realization the active light and heat storage in Chinese solar greenhouse in the event of simplify the greenhouse structure and reduce the cost of construction. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Air source heat pumps
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cooling systems - Costs - Electric energy storage - Energy conservation - Energy utilization - Greenhouse effect - Greenhouses - Heat pump systems - Heat storage  - Heating - Operating costs - Pumps - Soils - Solar energy - Solar heating - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural modernizations - Agricultural technologies - Chinese solar greenhouse - Coefficient of Performance - Efficiency analysis - Heating system efficiency - Solar - System coefficient of performance
Classification code:451 Air Pollution - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 618.2 Pumps - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20154901641983
Title:Preparation technology optimization of diatomite porous ceramic irrigation emitter
Authors:Cai, Yaohui (1); Wu, Pute (1, 2); Zhu, Delan (1, 2); Li, Xiangming (1); Zhang, Lin (2); Chen, Junying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architecture Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China; (2) Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Pute(gjzwpt@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:70-76
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Sub-surface irrigation is an efficient traditional irrigation method, which gains extensive interests in arid regions due to its efficient utilization of water, low manufacturing cost and free of clogging of emitters. Sub-surface irrigation has been realized by using ceramic emitters, such as pitchers, pots and ceramic pipes. The existing preparation process of porous ceramic emitter is expensive and complex. In this study, a new preparation process of diatomite porous ceramics irrigation emitter with good performance and low cost was proposed. The porous ceramic was prepared by a sintering technology using clay, diatomite, calcium sulfate and silica sol as raw materials. The clay, diatomite and calcium sulfate were mixed evenly, and then a suitable amount of silica sol was sprayed into the powder blend. Ceramic green bodies were produced by filling the powder blend in a die mold and cold pressing with a pressure of 12 MPa. The green bodies were sintered at 1 060-1 090 in air atmosphere for 2.5 hours; the porous ceramic irrigation emitters had been prepared completely. The effects of the sintering temperature and the content of diatomite in green body on the phase composition, microstructure, linear shrinkage, open porosity and Vickers hardness of porous ceramic were analyzed. The hydraulic conductivity of porous ceramic was calculated according to the relationship between the pressure and flow rate of irrigation emitters. Taking into consideration linear shrinkage, open porosity, Vickers hardness and hydraulic conductivity, the optimal preparation process of porous ceramic irrigation emitter with low linear shrinkage, appropriate open porosity and high Vickers hardness was selected. The results showed that with the increase of diatomite content, the porous ceramics decreased in Vickers hardness and linear shrinkage and increased in open porosity and hydraulic conductivity. The sintering temperature had a great effect on the performance of porous ceramics. As the sintering temperature increased, the porous ceramics decreased in Vickers hardness and linear shrinkage and increased in open porosity and hydraulic conductivity. The porous ceramics were consisted of quartz (&beta;-SiO<inf>2</inf>), cristobalite (SiO<inf>2</inf>), anorthite (CaAl<inf>2</inf>Si<inf>2</inf>O<inf>8</inf>), wollastonite (CaSiO<inf>3</inf>) and anhydrite (CaSO<inf>4</inf>). There were lots of well-connected open pores among the particles in the porous ceramics. The porosity increased as the content of diatomite increased. The adjustment of preparation technology had much influence on hydraulic conductivity of porous ceramics. The porous ceramics increased in hydraulic conductivity with the increase of diatomite content and the decrease of the sintering temperature. As to the porous ceramics, the hydraulic conductivity was a power function relationship with open porosity. The porous ceramic irrigation emitter showed the best performance when the sintering temperature was 1 075 and the content of diatomite was 15%. Under such conditions, the porous ceramics had the Vickers hardness of 448 MPa, the open porosity of 26.3%, but its linear shrinkage only 4.9%. When the pressure was 10 kPa, the flow rate of porous ceramic irrigation emitter was 1.64 L/h. This kind of porous ceramic irrigation emitter has both good capacity of outflow and excellent material performance, which is the optimal technique to prepare porous ceramic irrigation emitter. The study provides valuable information for preparation and performance optimization of diatomite porous ceramic irrigation emitter. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Ceramic materials
Controlled terms:Calcium - Clay - Driers (materials) - Hydraulic conductivity - Irrigation - Optimization - Porosity - Shrinkage - Silica - Silicate minerals  - Sintering - Sols - Vickers hardness
Uncontrolled terms:Diatomite - Emitter - Material performance - Performance optimizations - Preparation process - Preparation technology - Sintering temperatures - Traditional irrigation
Classification code:482.2 Minerals - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 632.1 Hydraulics - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 812.1 Ceramics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20154901641979
Title:Design and experiment of self-propelled cotton topping and directional spraying machine
Authors:Zhang, Xiaohui (1); Liu, Gang (1); Chu, Xiaoqing (1); Fan, Guoqiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:40-48
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, the operation quality of China's cotton spraying machinery is low, such as low efficiency, poor utilization of pesticides, serious environmental pollution and other outstanding issues. To reduce pesticide losses and improve utilization of pesticides, protect the environment and improve economic benefit, one self-propelled cotton multi-topping spraying machine with high clearance universal chassis was developed. It integrated the high ground clearance universal chassis, a hydraulic control system, an air supply system, a multi-topping device and a directional spraying device. And their key device parameters were calculated. The general chassis length, width and height were 3 100, 2 900 and 1 870 mm, respectively, the minimum ground clearance was 1 000 mm, the maximum power was 35 kW, the container capacity was 600 L, the drug pump flow was 0-80 L/min, the fan air volume was 9 850 m³/h and the normal forward speed of the machine was 1-5 km/h. The multi-topping and spraying efficiency of the machine were 1.09-1.52 and 1.64-2.28 hm²/h respectively when the machine was working normally. According to the actual need of work pressure, the working pressure of hydraulic motor was selected as 20 MPa. In order to adapt to different height of the cotton, the height of the multi-topping device could be adjusted. The number of rows for the multi-topping and spraying was respectively 4 and 6 lines. After the cutting speed test, the cutting speed should not be less than 500 r/min so that the cotton top branches were completely cut. According to the substitution principle, the theoretical air flow of the centrifugal fan was at least 9 850 Pa, and meanwhile the shaft power of the centrifugal fan was 5.6 kW. For the height of cotton in different growth stages, the relative height of directional spraying device was controlled by hydraulic system, the duckbill outlet was fixed in the u-shaped circular slider by u-shaped slide block, and the nozzle was fixed on the duckbill outlet. The adjustment range of the spraying nozzle was 0-30&deg;, and when the nozzle angle was 20&deg;, the droplet diameter and the distribution uniformity effect were the best. In the self-propelled cotton multi-topping spraying machine, this innovative design of disassembly type multi-topping spraying device could greatly reduce the cost. Multi-topping experiment showed that the mechanical multi-topping rate was 7-8 times of the artificial topping rate, and the leakage rate of topping for 100-plant was 30% higher than the artificial topping. For the directional spraying, the deposit volume of the sent droplets under the windy condition was increased by 60.38% compared to that when there was no wind, the variation coefficient was reduced by 25.64%, and the penetrating effect of sending droplets by wind was obvious. The prototype's droplet deposition performance and directional spraying performance are good, which improve the utilization rate of pesticides. The presented study provides a approach for the cotton topping and the protection of cotton spraying. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Chassis - Cotton - Crops - Cutting - Design - Drops - Efficiency - Fans - Hot topping  - Hydraulic equipment - Hydraulic machinery - Hydraulic motors - Nozzles - Pesticides - Spraying - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Cotton fields - Different growth stages - Directional spraying - Distribution uniformity - Environmental pollutions - Hydraulic control systems - Substitution principles - Variation coefficient
Classification code:534.2 Foundry Practice - 618.3 Blowers and Fans - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20154901641985
Title:Hydrodynamic parameters and their relationships of runoff over engineering accumulation slope
Authors:Li, Yonghong (1, 2); Niu, Yaobin (1, 3); Wang, Zhengzhong (2); Gao, Zhaoliang (1); Zhang, Shaojia (1, 3); Liu, Zizhuang (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A and F University, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China; (2) College of Water Conservation and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China; (3) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (4) College of Resource Environmental Sciences, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Zhengzhong(wangzz0910@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:83-88
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Engineering accumulation generated during the process of engineering construction has a unique soil composition and complex underlying surface. This sort of deposit is characterized by weaken anti-scourabilty attributed to loose texture, which may result in the runoff conditions easily causing severe soil erosion. Hydrodynamic parameters and their relationships of runoff from steep engineering slope show different characteristics in response to hydrodynamic conditions. A detail study of the hydrodynamic characteristics is a premise and foundation to understand erosion processes on engineering accumulation. For this reason, a field study was conducted for the simulation of erosion process by runoff in order to reveal the mechanisms of erosion by runoff on engineering accumulation slope. Flow patterns and the characteristics of hydrodynamic parameters were investigated by studying runoff velocity, depth, Reynolds number, Froude number, resistance coefficient, flow shear stress, stream power and other relevant parameters and analyzing the spatiotemporal variations of the main hydrodynamic parameters and their relationships. The study area is located in the Changwu Agricultural Ecological Experimental Station on the Loess Plateau (35&deg; 14'24.5&Prime; N, 107&deg; 41'21.24&Prime; E). The established plot was 20 m long and 5 m wide, with 0.5 m thickness of soil generated from slope excavation. Weeds and organic residues were cleaned away at beginning. Three slope degrees of 24&deg;, 28&deg; and 32&deg; and 4 flow rates of 30, 40, 50 and 60 L/min, a total of 12 field trials, were designed in this study. Results showed that in the processes of erosion by runoff on the engineering accumulation, dramatic changes of the Reynolds number and resistance coefficient were observed in the upper slope (0-10 m) in 12-30 min after runoff generation. For the Froude number, the dramatic change was found in the lower slope (6-18 m) in 0-18 min after runoff generation. Flow shear stress and stream power abruptly increased in the upper slope (0-10 m) in 12-30 min after runoff generation. In the slope range from 24&deg; to 32&deg;, velocity increased with slope degree and flow rate and their relationship can be expressed by a binary linear equation. The Reynolds number was positively correlated with the resistance coefficient. The Froude number had an exponentially negative correlation with resistance coefficient. Under the experimental conditions of slope degrees and flow rates, the rill erodibility of engineering accumulation was calculated to be 2.63&times;10^-2s/m for shear stress and 0.1 s²/m²for stream power. The critical stream power for rill erosion occurring was 0.8 N/(m&middot;s). A large number of production projects will inevitably lead to a large amount of dregs and thus, a key measure to prevent engineering accumulation should impound runoff timely and effectively. In this paper, we obtained primary location and main periods of slope erosion by the field simulation of erosion on engineering accumulation slope. Meanwhile, fitting the relations of hydrodynamic parameters to soil erosion rate, rill erodibility and critical runoff power can also provide basic parameters for the construction of soil erosion model in engineering accumulation. Limited by the field conditions, the experiment had some shortcomings. For example, selected section was less intensive, time interval for measuring was not precise enough, and the determined values for the spatiotemporal variation of erosion were only a rough range. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Runoff
Controlled terms:Erosion - Fluid dynamics - Froude number - Hydrodynamics - Reynolds number - Shear flow - Shear stress - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Engineering constructions - Forecasting modeling - Hydrodynamic characteristics - Hydrodynamic conditions - Hydrodynamic parameters - Resistance coefficients - Spatial and temporal variation - Spatio-temporal variation
Classification code:442.1 Flood Control - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20154901641996
Title:Monitoring leaf area index and biomass above ground of winter wheat based on sensitive spectral waveband and corresponding image characteristic
Authors:Xu, Xu (1); Chen, Guoqing (1); Wang, Liang (1); Ye, Guixiang (1); Wang, Zhenlin (1); Li, Yong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Guoqing(gqchen@sdau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:169-175
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Leaf area index and above ground biomass are important parameters for evaluating winter wheat growth status Monitoring of them in real-time is great tool to diagnose growth, yield prediction, field management and regulation. Through the correlation analysis of leaf area index, above ground biomass with canopy spectral parameters, in this study, we screened the sensitive spectral waveband to growth index of winter wheat and the optimal bandwidth range. Based on the image characteristics extracted from the image of sensitive waveband, monitoring models of winter wheat leaf area index and above ground biomass were established. The results showed that when the wavelength was smaller than 700 nm, leaf area index and above ground biomass were negatively correlated with the canopy reflectance. Meanwhile, an obvious trough appeared in the 560 nm waveband or so. Between 800 nm waveband and 1040 nm waveband, a high stable platform appeared. Therefore, the sensitive wavebands and optimal bandwidth ranges of leaf area index and above ground biomass were (560&plusmn;6) nm waveband and (810&plusmn; 10) nm waveband. The correlation analysis results of leaf area index, above ground biomass with single image parameters (R, G, B, L, H, S, I) showed that the correlations between image parameters G, L, I of 560 nm waveband with leaf area index and above ground biomass were poor and all of R²were less than 0.5. Furthermore, even though coefficients of determination between image parameters H, S with leaf area index were both higher than 0.85, the correlations between image parameters R, G, B, L, I of 810 nm waveband with leaf area index and above ground biomass were also poor. Therefore, except for image parameters H and S, other image parameters were not quite fit to leaf area index and above ground biomass. Only through a single image parameter of 560 nm waveband and 810 nm waveband, we can not build satisfying monitoring models for leaf area index and above ground biomass. Then, in this study, we built leaf area index and above ground biomass monitoring models in different color space of RGB and HIS. It showed that the monitoring model of leaf area index built in RGB color space was better than that built in HSI color space and it was opposite for above ground biomass. Among the image parameters obtained in 560 nm waveband and 810 nm waveband, R<inf>810</inf>, G<inf>560</inf>and B<inf>810</inf>of RGB color space were the best fitting to leaf area index and coefficient of determination was as high as 0.989. G<inf>810</inf>, S<inf>810</inf>and I<inf>560</inf>of HSI color space were the best fitting to above ground biomass and coefficient of determination was 0.937. After the verification of experimental data from the same year at different experimental field, root mean square errors of leaf area index and above ground biomass monitoring models were 0.4515 and 3.3556, and relative errors were 15.7% and 15.9%. So, the accuracy of monitoring models was high. Therefore, based on sensitive spectral waveband and corresponding image characteristic, monitoring models established can monitor and diagnose leaf area index and above ground biomass of winter wheat in real-time quickly and accurately. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Ecology
Controlled terms:Bandwidth - Biomass - Color - Correlation methods - Crops - Image analysis - Mean square error - Monitoring - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Above grounds - Coefficient of determination - Correlation analysis - Image characteristics - Leaf Area Index - Root mean square errors - Wavebands - Winter wheat
Classification code:454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20154901642013
Title:Simulation and process optimization of upward and downward reversing ventilating drying by fixed bed
Authors:Yan, Jianchun (1); Xie, Huanxiong (1); Hu, Zhichao (1); Wei, Hai (1); You, Zhaoyan (1); Xue, Hongbo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Xie, Huanxiong(nfzhongzi@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:292-300
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, with the rapid development of harvest mechanization in China, the whole level of wheat harvest mechanization has been more than 90%. The current sun-drying facilities in Chinese rural areas are far from being able to meet the requirements of post-harvest drying of wet wheat. Mechanical drying is gradually considered to reduce post-harvest losses of crops in Chinese rural areas. As an economical and practical grain dryer, bin-ventilation dryer is considerably fitting for Chinese rural production practice. However, such devices are always without recommended work parameters for different crops under different ambient conditions and different initial moisture contents of material, so a large sum of energy is wasted in drying process. In order to obtain the best work parameters for a self-developed bin-ventilation dryer whose ventilation direction could be changed by manual operation, a set of partial differential equation models for wheat drying of fixed bed were developed, which reflected the relationships of heat and mass transfer between material and air during the drying process. On this basis, for the unique characteristics of upward and downward reversing ventilating, the partial differential equation models were discretized by forward finite difference method. Besides, the simulation program of upward and downward reversing ventilating drying of fixed-bed wheat was written by software. Through the simulation program, real-time drying status of wheat, drying time consumption and economic cost could be calculated by inputting ambient temperature, ambient relative humidity, air temperature, air volume, and initial moisture of wheat. Then the optimal operating parameters, which caused the lowest economic cost, would be obtained under different ambient conditions and initial moistures of wheat by further analysis and comparison. In order to verify the accuracy of simulation results, experimental studies of post-harvest wheat drying were performed with the self-developed 5H-2.0A box-typed static bed reversing ventilation dryer, which involved in testing and analysis of the average moisture distribution of materials in the thickness direction of wheat bed and the energy dissipation. The wheat dry bed was 40 cm in depth, with an initial average moisture content of 19.2% (wet basis). The air temperature and volume were set as 40 and 625 m³/ (m²&middot; h) respectively, and the ambient average temperature and relative humidity were 26.4 and 62.3% respectively during the experiment. The area of drying region on horizontal plane was evenly divided into 9 units for testing moisture content of the wheat dry bed, and the dry bed in 40 cm deep on vertical plane was evenly divided into upper, middle and bottom layer. It was concluded that the partial differential equation models could be used to simulate the actual drying process of wheat reliably. The model simulation results were in consistent with the experimental results, and the correlation coefficient of average moisture content for the whole wheat bed between test value and analog value was 0.995, among which correlation coefficients for the upper, middle and bottom layer were 0.994, 0.973 and 0.998, respectively. Based on this, the change rule and mechanism of moisture and temperature distribution on wheat bed during reversing ventilating drying were analyzed. Finally, when the ambient temperature ranged from 20 to 35, the ambient relative humidity varied from 20% to 85%, and the average initial moisture content was 16%, 18% and 20%, respectively, the best ventilation temperature and volume, which caused the lowest cost of energy consumption, were analyzed and then determined by comparing the cost of energy consumption at different air temperature (from 40 to 50) and air volume (from 500 to 1000 m³/ (m²&middot;h)). &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Bins - Computer software - Cost benefit analysis - Costs - Crops - Dryers (equipment) - Energy dissipation - Energy utilization - Finite difference method  - Harvesting - Machinery - Mass transfer - Materials testing - Mechanization - Models - Moisture - Moisture determination - Optimization - Partial differential equations  - Rural areas - Temperature - Ventilation
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Forward finite differences - Heat and mass transfer - Initial Moisture Content - Moisture distribution - Operating parameters - Partial differential equation models - Temperature and relative humidity
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 525.4 Energy Losses (industrial and residential) - 601 Mechanical Design - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 643.5 Ventilation - 694.4 Storage - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921 Mathematics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20154901641984
Title:Development of cone-plate annular flume and its application on onset motion of particles
Authors:Hong, Anyu (1, 2); Wang, Zhengzhong (1); Zhao, Yanfeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China; (2) Department of Physics, Clark University, Worcester; Massachusetts, United States
Corresponding author:Wang, Zhengzhong(wangzz0910@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:77-82
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:For experiments about the onset motion of particles, the rheological property of granular bed under long-term fluid shearing cannot be observed in traditional long flume and annular flume since the long flume is limited in length and velocity distribution in the annular flume is not even. In order to investigate the long term evolution of the granular bed under fluid shearing, according to the principle of cone and plate rheometer, a cone and plate annular flume is developed. Compare to cone and plate rheometer, the size of cone and plate annular flume is larger, which make the system easier to combine with imaging technology and to observe solid properties. Also by adding torque-meter, the torque on the bottom of the flume can be read, making it possible to test the force directly. There are three types of flow region in this equipment: laminar regime, transition regime and turbulence regime. The flow field in each regime is unique. To test and verify this equipment, the tangential velocity distribution in this setup is compared with the tangential velocity distribution in traditional annular flume. It shows lower discrepancy in the cone and plate flume since the velocity difference is less than 5%, while in traditional annular flume, the difference can reach 30%. Further, choosing non-dimensional drag force as the onset criterion, the onset motion of uniform non-cohesive particles under long term fluid shearing and the torque on the flume bottom are studied in cone and plate annular flume in laminar regime, combining with CCD imaging technology and PIV technology. Compare the particle tracking results with torque test results, two thresholds can be noticed for the onset in this experiment: initial threshold and saturated threshold. At initial threshold, the movements of particles are not stable and cease after running for a while. At the saturated threshold, stable particle movements can be observed. Compare to the classic Shields curve, the test results are consistent with Shields curve at initial threshold; while much higher than Shields curve at the saturated threshold. This phenomenon can be explained by that at the very beginning the bed is loosely packed, as the particle start moving, it can be trapped in the pore of the vicinal particles. As this process going on, the granular surface will finally reach a stable packing state and particles form a constant flow rate. Consequently, the drag force will increase. The scatter in pervious drag force experiments is induced by different granular surface structure. But this is still reasonable when the result is in-between the low and high boundary that we found. So it is necessary to consider rheological property for onset of granular bed. The cone and plate annular flume gives a new method of particle onset motion experiments. In this equipment, both the particle movements and torque can be observed. And the experiments show that cone and plate annular flume is reasonable for particles' onset motion observation, especially for the long term evolution of granular material under fluid shearing. And further investigation should be extended to the turbulence regime. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Particles (particulate matter)
Controlled terms:Drag - Elementary particles - Equipment - Fluids - Hydraulics - Imaging techniques - Long Term Evolution (LTE) - Plates (structural components) - Rheology - Rheometers  - Shearing - Torque - Turbulence - Velocity - Velocity distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Annular flume - CCD imaging - Constant flow rates - Initial threshold - Motion of particles - Rheological property - Saturated threshold - Velocity difference
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 604.1 Metal Cutting - 632.1 Hydraulics - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 746 Imaging Techniques - 901 Engineering Profession - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20154901642015
Title:Fabrication technology optimization of oriented cotton stalk-polypropylene film boards
Authors:Xia, Nan (1); Guo, Kangquan (2, 3); Chen, Xianqing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China; (3) Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Equipment, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Kangquan(jdgkq@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:308-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Natural fiber plastic composites (NFPCs) have been given considerable interest by researchers in recent years because of the increasing price of petroleum, ecological concerns, and the impending depletion of fossil fuels. NFPC is a product which can be made from natural fibers (such as wood, cotton stalk, kenaf, jute and banana fiber) and plastics (such as high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and thermoset plastics). In order to use cotton stalk resource effectively and make high performance straw-based composites, this paper presented a potential use of long cotton stalk bundles as matrices and isotactic polypropylene (iPP) films as adhesives for the fabrication of oriented cotton stalk-polypropylene film boards (OCPBs). Firstly, the long cotton stalk bundles were oven-dried, modified by polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (PMDI) resin, and then divided into 2 equal portions. Each portion formed into a single unidirectional layer and was pre-pressed at room temperature. Then, the pre-pressed layers and iPP films were stacked to form a mat on a stainless steel caul with a wooden mold frame. The plastic films were placed between the pre-pressed layers and on the outside surfaces of the mat. The number of iPP films introduced at each layer was adjusted according to the targeted film content in that panel. Another caul was placed on top of the mat after forming, and 2 mold-releasing papers were used to prevent adhesion between the mat and the caul. Finally, the formed mat was hot-pressed between 2 steel plates preheated to a certain temperature, and then consolidated to the desired thickness. The whole process was program-controlled. After reaching the final thickness and maintaining for a certain duration, the mat was gradually cooled to room temperature. The pressed panel was then trimmed to a panel size of 300 mm&times;300 mm&times;10 mm with a density of 0.7 g/cm³. The tested specimens were made according to GB/T 17657 (2013) standards. The effects of film content (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%), hot pressing temperature (165, 175, 185, 195 and 205), hot pressing time (11, 13, 15, 17 and 19 min) and density (0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 g/cm³) on the properties of OCPBs including modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bond (IB) and thickness swelling (THS) were evaluated. The optimum results of the single-factor experiment were further optimized by an orthogonal experiment (L9 (3, 4)). The interface between cotton stalk fibers and iPP films was also investigated by a scanning electron microscope. Results showed that the optimal hot pressing parameters were the following: film content was 15%, hot pressing temperature was 185, hot pressing time was 15 min, and density was 0.7 g/cm³. The MOE, MOR, IB and THS of the boards reached 60.60, 5 074.4, 1.48 MPa and 2.53%, respectively. The properties of OCPBs satisfied the requirements of OSB/2 standard. Scanning electron micrographs showed that cotton stalk fibers were compressed and deformed during hot pressing, and wrapped with molten plastics. A mechanical interlock structure between cotton stalk fibers and iPP films was also observed, and that would be the main reason to effectively improve the mechanical properties and thickness swelling of the composite panels. The study can be a reference for fabricating NFPCs with agricultural biomass and plastic film as raw materials. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Interfaces (materials)
Controlled terms:Composite films - Composite materials - Cotton - Elastomers - Fibers - Films - Hot pressing - Jute fibers - Kenaf fibers - Metallic films  - Molds - Natural fibers - Plastic deformation - Plastic films - Plastic products - Plastics - Polypropylenes - Polyvinyl chlorides - Scanning electron microscopy - Stainless steel  - Straw - Swelling - Wood
Uncontrolled terms:Interface structures - Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) films - Natural fiber plastic composites - Oriented boards - Polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) - Properties - Scanning electron micrographs - Single-factor experiments
Classification code:545.3 Steel - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 817.1 Polymer Products - 818.2 Elastomers - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20154901641997
Title:Estimation model of wheat canopy nitrogen content based on sensitive bands
Authors:Yang, Baohua (1, 2); Chen, Jianlin (1, 3); Chen, Linhai (1, 4); Cao, Weixing (1); Yao, Xia (1); Zhu, Yan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Agriculture University /National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing, China; (2) College of Information and Computer, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; (3) Information Research Institute of Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China; (4) School of Continuing Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Yan(yanzhu@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:176-182
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nitrogen is an important nutrition for wheat production and it affects significantly growth, yield and quality of wheat. Leaf non-destructive monitoring is the technique which is reported to provide accurate information of nutrition status of wheat. In this study, the raw hyperspectral reflectance of wheat leaf samples was measured by the standard procedure with an ASD FieldSpec3 instrument equipped with a high intensity contact probe under the laboratory conditions. Meanwhile, physical and chemical properties of these wheat leaf samples were analyzed. One hundred and ninety of 234 samples were used for building hyperspectral estimation models and the other 44 samples were used for model validation. In order to improve precision determination of wheat leaf canopy nitrogen content accuracy by hyperspectral technology, firstly, we compared the four different variables screening methods: MC-UVE, Random Frog, CARS and MWPLS. The selected sensitive bands by using partial least squares (PLS) model, and compared with full bands modeling. The number of variables and the variables selected by four methods were different. In the Random Frog and CARS methods, the variables were reduced to 10 and 39. Three hundred and eighty seven variables were selected by MC-UVE method and 425 variables were selected by MWPLS for calibration set and validation set. Based on the above analysis, CARS method and coefficient of determination error of the wavelength variables were optimal, and significantly improved the quality of modeling. For the nitrogen content estimation model based on sensitive bands selected by CARS, the coefficient of determination and error were optimal, resulting a significant improvement in the quality of modeling. Secondly, these collinear variables could contain a large number of redundant information. So, a combinatorial method named CARS-CC was proposed to select variables from 39 wavelength variables. As such, the number of wavelength variables was reduced to 30. It showed the method was effective. Finally, the BP, SVR and RBF models were developed with the selected variables by CARS-CC for leaf nitrogen of wheat. The selected wavelengths were used as the inputs of the models. The results showed that the BP model prediction coefficient of determination was 0.8247, root mean square error was 1.24; the SVR model prediction coefficient of determination and root mean square error were 0.847 and 1.248, and the RBF model prediction coefficient of determination and root mean square error were 0.9982 and 1.074e-009. They had an adequate precision and can quickly predict wheat leaf nitrogen content. For the prediction results of RBF neural network model of the optimal RBF model, the root mean square error of calibration set was 0.3699, the root mean square error of prediction was 1.074e-009, and the correction coefficient of determination and predictive correlation coefficient were 0.9832 and 0.9982. The experimental results showed that CARS-CC was a feasible and efficient algorithm for the spectral sensitive bands selection provided a theoretical basis for the applications of high spectral reflectance in non-destructive nitrogen level detection. At last, it could be concluded that the CARS-CC-RBF model for leaf nitrogen of wheat was better than CARS-CC-BP, CARS-CC-SVR models not only in full bands but also in significant bands. In the future, the CARS-CC-RBF model can be used as a reference for aerospace hyperspectral remote sensing of leaf nitrogen of wheat. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Mean square error
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Calibration - Chemical analysis - Coherent scattering - Error detection - Errors - Forecasting - Least squares approximations - Nitrogen - Nutrition  - Quality control - Radial basis function networks - Reflection - Remote sensing - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Hyperspectral Data - Partial least squares models - Physical and chemical properties - Root mean square error of calibrations - Root-mean-square error of predictions - Sampling algorithm - Sensitive bands - Wheat canopy
Classification code:461.7 Health Care - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20154901641974
Title:Meta-analysis on effects of residue retention on soil N<inf>2</inf>O emissions and influence factors in China
Authors:Zhang, Ran (1); Zhao, Xin (1); Pu, Chao (1); Liu, Shengli (1); Xue, Jianfu (1); Zhang, Xiangqian (1); Chen, Fu (1); Zhang, Hailin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Hailin(hailin@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:1-6
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Scientists have paid more and more attention to the nitrous oxide (N<inf>2</inf>O) emissions due to the great contribution of N<inf>2</inf>O to global warming and stratospheric ozone destruction. Agricultural N<inf>2</inf>O emissions have been estimated to more than 60%-75% of calculated annual atmospheric N<inf>2</inf>O. Thus, it is critical to identify the effects on N<inf>2</inf>O emission responding to residue retention (RR) in understanding how RR contributes to mitigation of climate change. In this study, a meta-analysis based on 31 published peer-reviewed papers published before 2015 was conducted to investigate the effects of RR on soil N<inf>2</inf>O emission and 79 available comparisons were compiled into the dataset. Natural log of response ratio was used as the effect size in the random effect meta-analysis. Only field scale studies were included in this study. Original documented information, including seasonal accumulative N<inf>2</inf>O emission flux, standard deviation, replicates, and types of land-use were obtained from each study. If seasonal accumulative N<inf>2</inf>O emission fluxes were not directly provided, these values were calculated by multiplying time and mean N<inf>2</inf>O emissions by the measurement period. To identify the difference from site-specific conditions, a categorical meta-analysis were adopted by dividing the comparisons into groups to assess the effects of N<inf>2</inf>O emission responding to RR under different cropping systems, soil properties, land use types, and regions. The results presented herein showed that differences in N<inf>2</inf>O emission under RR among regions were obvious in the categorical meta-analysis. For example, RR significantly reduced N<inf>2</inf>O emission by 17% in the Eastern China (P&lt; 0. 05), while significantly increased the emission by 95% and 34% in the Central and North China, respectively (P&lt; 0. 05). Furthermore, the natural log of response ratio of N<inf>2</inf>O emission increased with increasing N fertilization input rate but was limited, and the effect of RR on N<inf>2</inf>O emission gradually changed from suppression to promotion. In addition, when N fertilization input rate was more than 240 kg/hm², the effect size about N<inf>2</inf>O emission was negative under RR. The N<inf>2</inf>O emission were increased significantly by 21% when N fertilization input was between 180-240 kg/hm²and decreased significantly by 16% when N fertilization was between 240-300 kg/hm². In addition, the results showed soil pH had no significant influence on the N<inf>2</inf>O emission. Results indicated that N<inf>2</inf>O was significantly reduced by 29% (P&lt;0.05) when the mass fraction of clay was less than 15%, but without significant influence when more than 15%. However, the weighted mean effect size showed a decreasing trend after increasing with pH value and mass fraction of clay. Thus, crop residue retention may increase the emission of N<inf>2</inf>O in neutral soil, or decrease in acidity and alkalinity soil. Results also showed that the N<inf>2</inf>O emission could increase with the increase of the amount of crop residue retention. This may due to the characteristic of residue as crop fertilizer. The C: N ratio of crop residues also affected the emission of N<inf>2</inf>O in despite of no significant influence in this study. The retained residue with high C:N ratio could decrease N<inf>2</inf>O emission. Significant differences in N<inf>2</inf>O emissions were observed within the same land use type along with different cropping systems. For example, a significant decrease by 12% was observed in rice season for a rice-wheat system but a significant increase by 10% was found in rice season of rice-rape system, respectively (P&lt;0.05). The effects of RR on N<inf>2</inf>O emission were affected by many site-specific conditions and managements. Therefore, further research on the reduction of soil N<inf>2</inf>O emissions with residue retention should be targeted and to specific biophysical conditions, e. g., soil type, cropping system and farming management. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Climate change
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Alkalinity - Crops - Fertilizers - Global warming - Greenhouse gases - Land use - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Nitrogen oxides  - Ozone layer - pH - Random processes - Soils - Tectonics
Uncontrolled terms:Biophysical conditions - Documented informations - Farming management - Meta analysis - Nitrous oxide - Residue retention - Standard deviation - Stratospheric ozone destruction
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20154901641989
Title:Effect of flooding irrigation and intermittent irrigation patterns on weed community diversity in late rice fields
Authors:Qiu, Pei (1); Cui, Yuanlai (1); Han, Huanhao (1); Liu, Bo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Corresponding author:Cui, Yuanlai(Cuiyuanlai@263.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:115-121
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water-saving irrigation technique for rice is an essential agricultural practice to save water and increase crop yields. Weeds are important components of paddy fields, and play an important role in maintaining the ecological sustainability of rice-based ecosystems. In order to reveal the effects of water-saving irrigation on weed community composition and species diversity of rice fields, this study investigated weed community dynamics in rice field during different growth periods of rice. A field experiment was conducted in 2014 at Jiangxi Central Irrigation Experiment Station during the whole growth period of late rice, with two different irrigation levels (flooding irrigation and intermittent irrigation) and three repeats for each treatment. Using the methods of community ecology, three quadrates with an area of 1 m²were set in each sampling plot to investigate weed species, plants, coverage in every quadrate. Weed density, dominant weed specie, importance value, weed community number and diversity were analyzed. The diversity of weeds was measured using 4 frequently-used indexes: Margalef species richness index, Simpson dominance index, Shannon-Wienner diversity index and Pielou eveness index. The results showed that 14 and 11 species of weeds were found in the rice fields with intermittent irrigation and flooding irrigation, respectively. Cyperus iria, Lindernia antipoda and C. difformis, which occurred in intermittent irrigation fields, did not grow in the rice fields with flooding irrigation. Weed density was suppressed in the intermittent irrigation fields compared to flooding irrigation rice fields. Intermittent irrigation reduced the weed density in all growth periods by 1.2%-53.2%, and by 27.8% on average, which inhibited weeds growth effectively and helped to control the infestation of weeds. However, intermittent irrigation had the same dominant weed species with the flooding irrigation in rice field. Dominant weed species in the experiment were Sagittaria pygmaea, Leptochloa chinensis, Lemna minor and Astragalus sinicus with the importance value being 0.39, 0.20, 0.17, and 0.09 respectively. With intermittent irrigation, the importance value of Sagittaria pygmaea classified as Broad-leaved weeds was reduced by 9.76%, and that of Lemna minor classified as monocotyledonous weeds was reduced by 65.38%. Our experiment showed that intermittent irrigation decreased the proportion of dominant weeds of Sagittaria pygmaea, Lemna minor in the community, avoided severely dominant weed such as Lemna minor outbreaking, and then made the distribution of weed community much more balanced. In addition, xerophytic weeds with high density dominated in the rice field with intermittent irrigation pattern, while aquatic weeds were dominant weeds in fields with flooding irrigation. Intermittent irrigation increased the density of drought weeds by 277.51% and reduced the density of aquatic weeds community from 344.81 down to 63.98 plants per m²by 81.44% decline on average during the rice growth period. In the intermittent irrigation pattern, Margalef index, Simpson index, Shannon-Wienner index, and Pielou index were all higher than that in the flooding irrigation, increasing by 27.01%, 14.31%, 9.09% and 3.48% respectively. Moreover, weed community structure indexes were significant different during the milky stage between the 2 irrigation patterns. Weed diversity indexes were increased obviously in intermittent irrigation fields, which were beneficial to improve paddy ecological conservation. This study provided valuble data support for setting watering-saving irrigation system considering controlling the harm of dominant weeds and protecting weeds diversity. It was noted that this study included the experimental datum of one year in late rice field. Further studies about the effect of flooding irrigation and intermittent irrigation patterns on weed diversity without herbicides in a longer period should be considered. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Aquatic organisms - Biodiversity - Ecology - Floods - Forestry - Soils - Water conservation - Weed control
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural practices - Dominant species - Ecological conservation - Ecological sustainability - Intermittent irrigations - Late rice - Water-saving irrigation - Weeds
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 454 Environmental Engineering - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20154901642003
Title:Adaptive irrigation method for closed cultivation in greenhouse
Authors:Yuan, Hongbo (1); Li, Li (2); Wang, Haihua (2); Sigrimis, N.A. (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China; (2) Key Laboratory on Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research of Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (3) Department of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:222-228
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, the research of precision irrigation are mostly concentrated on combining the Penman-Monteith (P-M) formulate and sensor data information to calculate the crop evapotranspiration, and then the irrigation operations are performed in accordance with the calculation results. But the calculation of crop evapotranspiration based on the P-M formula not only requires a lot of environmental parameters, but also is an approximated calculation for the greenhouse environment, and the results of calculation cannot accurately reflect the crop evapotranspiration. So a more practical and simple method is required for the closed cultivation in greenhouses. Based on the characteristics of closed cultivation in greenhouse, the excess irrigation water can be collected and recycled easily by drainage system, we established a relatively accurate crop evapotranspiration computational model using artificial neural network according to the difference between the amount of irrigation and drainage based on the microclimate data in greenhouse, and tested for its feasibility in the adaptive control for irrigation in greenhouse. The difference between irrigation and drainage was calculated, and then an artificial neural network model was trained based on that difference and environmental information (temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation) in greenhouse so as to establish the crop transpiration model. The crop transpiration was calculated using this model according to the current environmental information until the set of value was reached, and then, the irrigation program was executed. Then, the difference between the amount of irrigation and drainage was calculated again, and the crop transpiration model was modified according to the value. After that, the amount of crop transpiration was calculated again by the modified model and the irrigation operation was executed when the set of value was reached again, so the crop transpiration calculation model was adjusted again and again, finally the crop transpiration model would be infinitely close to the actual evapotranspiration process, and the crop irrigation amount and frequency of days were adaptively adjusted in accordance with the method described above. The research data used in this work had been obtained from greenhouses located in the Agricultural Unisversity of Athens, Greece, at November 3-13, 2014. In the greenhouses, tomato was planted in the bags of substrate, and the bags were placed on the brackets that height of 0.5 m, and the drainage system were designed in the brackets. The drainage was collected into the recycle tank through the pipe, and a water level sensor was placed in the recycle tank. The drainage was measured after each irrigation and then the actual crop water requirements could be obtained by the combination of irrigation and drainage, which was the actual crop transpiration between the two irrigation processes. In addition, greenhouses temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation were also collected. The results showed that the calculated value of the model was more accurate under the condition that the information on greenhouse environment parameter was sufficient, such as the use of environment data within 216 hours. In the experiment, the 10 days irrigation control was implemented using the calculated the value of crop transpiration model, the total amount of irrigation water was 76517.59 L, and the actual amount of transpiration was 78238.85 L, which was obtained using the difference between irrigation and drainage. The error between the theoretical value and the actual value was 2.2%, and the daily average difference between the irrigation and actual transpiration was 172.126 L, or 0.043 L/ (m²&middot;d), suggesting that the irrigation amount was consistent with actual crop evapotranspiration. So the adaptive irrigation method is reliable to meet actual crop water demand for irrigation control purpose. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Adaptive control systems - Crops - Cultivation - Drainage - Evapotranspiration - Fasteners - Greenhouses - Models - Neural networks - Recycling  - Solar radiation - Tanks (containers) - Transpiration - Water - Water levels - Water recycling - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Actual evapotranspiration - Adaptive Control - Artificial neural network modeling - Crop evapotranspiration - Crop water requirements - Environmental information - Environmental parameter - Greenhouse environment
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 461.9 Biology - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 619.2 Tanks - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 731.1 Control Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20154901642000
Title:Design of LCL filter for three-level grid-connected inverter based on sinusoidal pulse width modulation
Authors:Zhang, Guorong (1); Yu, Yanqing (1); Ma, Cui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center for Photovoltaic System Engineering Ministry of Education, School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:199-206
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the increasing penetration of renewable energy in the utility grid and the emerging concept of micro grid system with renewable energy, there is a high demand for the three-level grid-connected power inverter. The grid interface inverter plays a critical role as the energy control center in the renewable energy micro-grid. Compared with L filter, the LCL filter has been concerned for the advantages of smaller filter inductance, effectively reducing the system size and loss. The aim of the paper is to propose a design procedure for an LCL filter in a grid-connected three-level inverter. The main goal is to ensure a reduction of the ripple current at a reasonable cost, and at the same time obtain a high performance rectifier. In this paper a step-by-step procedure for designing an LCL filter is proposed and verified by simulations and experiments. Firstly, the paper provides a detailed analysis of the ripple current based on a three-level inverter with the strategy of SPWM (sinusoidal pulse width modulation). A power frequency cycle is divided into 4 periods to be specifically analyzed and the relationship between inverter-side inductor and ripple current amplitude is calculated based on the switch model that ignores the component of high frequency. Maximum inverter-side current ripple is shown in the figures both around summit and zero of fundamental current. As a result, current ripple wave around summit has mare representative. In this way, the method can be easily extended to three-level inverter topology and SPWM strategy. Then the result is used to narrow range of inverter-side inductance. Considering the higher the inductance, the more the losses, inductance should be smaller in order that it will not affect the filtering. Secondly, the parameter of grid-side inductor is designed considering the effect of the ratio of grid-side inductor to inverter-side inductor on the decay rate of harmonic current. And the parameter of filter capacitor is determined by the power limitation. Then, resistor has been known as a kind of passive damping that is connected with filter capacitor in series. Resistor was once proved to act well at one-third times of the filter capacitive reactance. The Bode diagram is shown on the basis of the formula to see which value of resistor is better. Compared to some other times, 0.3 times is selected to perfectly balance the suppressing of LCL resonance peak and the system loss. According to the adopted SPWM inverter voltage spectrum, the final resonance frequency is calculated to verify whether it can avoid the harmonic frequency spectrum distribution. And the system loss is calculated through a high-frequency model. Then there is an example of LCL filter design at a 30 kW three-level inverter of which the output peak point current is 60 A. Finally, a simulation is performed with the software MATLAB. An experimentation example of LCL-filter design has been reported based on the simulation and, and with the obtained values, the filter has been realized and tested. The ripple current has been well controlled to meet the requirement of the project in the role of the inverter-side inductance. System loss is small according to the simulation and experiment. At the same time a good attenuation of ripple current has been got with the help of filter capacitor and grid-side inductance, leading to a high quality of output current which is displayed in the simulation and experimentation. The simulation and experiment results validate the correctness of ripple current in the paper. Moreover, the good agreement between these results and those obtained in simulation validates the adopted model: the design procedure and the simulation model represent a powerful tool to design an LCL active rectifier without the need for the realization of several prototypes. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Electric rectifiers
Controlled terms:Capacitors - Computer software - Counting circuits - Decay (organic) - Design - Electric filters - Electric inductors - Electric inverters - Electric power distribution - Electric power transmission networks  - Filter banks - Inductance - MATLAB - Modulation - Pulse width modulation - Rectifying circuits - Resistors - Voltage control
Uncontrolled terms:Energy control centers - Grid connected inverters - High-frequency modeling - Resonance frequencies - Ripple currents - Sinusoidal pulse width modulation - Step by step procedure - Three-level inverter topology
Classification code:701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 703.2 Electric Filters - 704.1 Electric Components - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 706.1.2 Electric Power Distribution - 713.4 Pulse Circuits - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 801.2 Biochemistry - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20154901641998
Title:Inversion model for severity of powdery mildew in wheat leaves based on factor analysis-BP neural network
Authors:Shen, Wenying (1, 2); Li, Yingxue (2); Feng, Wei (1); Zhang, Haiyan (1); Zhang, Yuanshuai (1); Xie, Yingxin (1); Guo, Tiancai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; (2) College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Wei(fengwei78@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:183-190
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The detection of crop health under disease stress is an important study in precision agriculture. In order to understand characteristics and disease severity of wheat leaves under stress of powdery mildew, we conducted artificial inoculation experiment of wheat powdery mildew to test winter wheat leaf's spectral reflectance under powdery mildew with different severity degree in different growth phases using hyper-spectrometer. We chose 2 susceptible cultivars to powdery mildew, i. e. Yanzhan 4110 and Yumai 34, and 2 medium resistant cultivars to powdery mildew, i. e. Aikang 58 and Zhengmai 366. Using artificially inoculation method, we measured the spectra of wheat leaves of different varieties at different levels of incidence and growth stages, and investigated the disease severity of each leaf. We analyzed the relationship between the conventional spectral characteristic parameters, the ratio index, the normalized index and the disease severity of powdery mildew, simulated disease severity of wheat leaf powdery mildew using the factor analysis-back propagation neural network (FA-BPNN) method, and evaluated the its fitting accuracy and applicability. The results showed that with the aggravation of disease severity of wheat powdery mildew, spectral reflectance increased in visible bands of 350-760 nm, while spectral reflectance obviously decreased in near infrared bands of 760-1 050 nm. Conventional spectral parameters, PSRI (plant senescence reflectance index), MCARI (modified chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index), SIPI (structure insensitive pigment index) and RGRcn (red green ratio chlorophyll content), had a better fitting effect of disease severity of wheat blades than others, whose coefficients of determination (R²<inf>cal</inf>) and root mean square error (RMSE<inf>cal</inf>) in calibration set were 0.776, 0.769, 0.757 and 0.712, respectively, and 8.68, 8.82, 9.05 and 9.16, respectively, and the fitting equations of RGRcn and SIPI had higher RMSE<inf>cal</inf>than PSRI and MCARI. Statistical analysis showed that in validation set, prediction model of RGRcn was the best with the RMSE<inf>val</inf>of 7.67, followed by PSRI with the RMSE<inf>val</inf>of 11.64. Combining fitting and testing performances, RGRcn and PSRI were good retrieval models of wheat leaf powdery among conventional spectral parameters. The best two-band vegetation index that was correlated with wheat powdery mildew between 400 and 1000 nm wavelength was located in band combination of 605-630 and 520-550 nm, 645-690 and 710-1000 nm for the ratio index, and in band combination of 650-685 and 710-1000 nm for the normalization index, and the coefficients of determination (R²<inf>cal</inf>) ranged between 0.70 and 0.80. These band combinations had lower RMSE<inf>cal</inf>, which was lower than 10.0. ratio index (RI) (670, 855) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (680, 880) were the best two-band vegetation indices, the R²<inf>cal</inf>were 0.764 and 0.765, the RMSE<inf>cal</inf>were 8.91 and 8.89, and the RMSE<inf>val</inf>were 7.62 and 7.21, respectively. So these band combinations of ratio indices and normalized indices were better than PSRI and RGRcn as a whole. According to the correlation analysis, we obtained the sensitive bands, 400-415, 450-500 and 590-695 nm. We further refined the sensitive bands using factor analysis and obtained the new sensitive bands, which were 415, 485-495 and 620-640 nm. Therefor, factor analysis could be used as a new type of band extraction method. The critical factors of sensitive bands, the accumulated contribution rate of which was more than 99% at each period of filling stage, were extracted using factor analysis and as the input of BPNN. The number of critical factors was the number of nodes in the hidden layer. Disease severity of wheat leaves at different periods was the output of BPNN. The results showed that the BPNN simulation could greatly improve the estimation accuracy of disease severity of wheat leaf powdery mildew, with the R²<inf>val</inf>higher than 0.80 at each growth period, and especially the R²<inf>val</inf>being up to 0.922 at middle filling stage. The R²<inf>val</inf>of the whole filling stage had been greatly improved, and the RMSE<inf>val</inf>and relative error in validation set (RE<inf>val</inf>) had been reduced, which were 0.872, 7.84 and 7.56%, respectively. Therefore, compared to the above 2 methods, the FA-BPNN method can greatly improve the inversion precision of wheat leaf powdery mildew and has the applicability to the whole filling stage. It is of great significance to precise prevention and control of disease. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:41
Main heading:Factor analysis
Controlled terms:Backpropagation - Chlorophyll - Crops - Disease control - Diseases - Filling - Fungi - Infrared devices - Mean square error - Multivariant analysis  - Neural networks - Plants (botany) - Reflection - Space optics - Spectrum analysis - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Back propagation neural networks - Hyper spectra - Normalized difference vegetation index - Powdery mildew - Prevention and controls - Root mean square errors - Spectral characteristics - Winter wheat
Classification code:656.1 Space Flight - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20154901641994
Title:Fishery harvesting information compressing and transmitting method based on Beidou short message
Authors:Chen, Haisheng (1); Guo, Xiaoyun (1); Wang, Feng (1); Lu, Huosheng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; (2) Center of South China Sea Fisheries Resources Monitoring and Assessment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:155-160
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Getting fishery-harvesting real-time information can provide data for investigating the present situation of the South China Sea fishery resources, and provide decision support for the conservation of the South China Sea fishery resources. Most of the vessels fishing in the South China Sea have been installed BDG-MF-05 ship terminal by BDStar. Beidou satellite system capable of timing, positioning can also send and receive short message. Our team has developed fishery-harvesting information collecting terminal based on S3C2440. This terminal, sharing the same channel with BDStar ship terminal, communicates real-time fishery-harvesting information with the land data center by Beidou short message, but the Beidou system's civil message service has the problems such as packet loss, limited communication frequency and packet length. Through analyzing the characteristics of the fishery-harvesting information and the short message space, one strategy of the byte-space allocation for fishery-harvesting information message has been proposed. The strategy was that packet number took up 1 byte, vessel type took up 4 bit, longitude and latitude took up 36 bit, net-hauling time and work hours took up 24 bit, and terminal number took up 1 byte. The total was 11 bytes. According to BDStar ship terminal user manual, short message communication limit is 41 Chinese characters/time. If the bytes number associated with fish yield data, according to a certain GB2312 encoding strategy: fish yield data plus 11, divided by 3, than multiplied 4, its value is less than or equal to 41 times 2, and fish yield data plus 11 should be a multiple of 3, the maximum value of fish yield data was 49. It meant that the number of bytes related to fish yield data was up to 49. Each type of vessel focused on 31 different kinds of economic fishes, and every kind of fish yield was allocated 2 bytes. Under the condition of 49 bytes space limitation, how to compress fish yield data and transmit one-time, was the key problem to solve. Analysis result showed that mainstream lossless compression algorithms such as RLE (run-length encoding), LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch Encoding), Huffman coding and arithmetic coding was not suitable for compressing the fish yield data. So, in this paper, we put forward two kinds of fish yield data compressing methods: fish-code mode and index-code table mode. The fish-code mode could only be used to describe less than or equal to 16 kinds of fishes yield data at a time. When more than 16, data could be divided to second transmission. Index-table mode completely had the ability to adapt to describing less than or equal to 20 kinds of fishes yield data at a time. When meeting some conditions, index-table mode could be used to describe 21 to 31 kinds of fishes yield data at a time, and fish-code mode had not such a possibility. In the index-code table mode, assuming to describe X kinds of fishes yield data at a time, it must meet that there were no more than 41-X kinds of fishes yield data containing two non-zero bytes. When describing less than or equal to 8 kinds of fishes yield data, the ability of the two modes was almost the same. When describing more than 8 kinds of fishes yield data, index-code table mode needed fewer numbers of bytes than fish-code mode. In order to further enhance compressing ability of the index-code table mode, in this paper, we discussed the method of transforming the fixed-length index-code table to the variable-length index-code table based on Huffman coding. Although that might save the byte space more, the effect was not obvious, and at the same time that would increase the encoding and decoding complexity. Therefore, in practice, fixed-length index-code table mode was adopted, and the experiment proved that the method could satisfy the fishery harvesting information real-time communication based on Beidou short message. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Data compression
Controlled terms:Codes (symbols) - Data communication systems - Decision support systems - Decoding - Encoding (symbols) - Fish - Fisheries - Fishing vessels - Harvesting - Natural resources  - Radio navigation - Satellites - Ships - Tracking (position)
Uncontrolled terms:Beidou satellite systems - Index-code table - Information collecting - Limited communication - Lossless compression algorithm - Real-time communication - Real-time information - Short message
Classification code:655.2 Satellites - 674.1 Small Marine Craft - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20154901641978
Title:Operating principle and structural optimization of impulse type anti-blocking distribution device for biogas manure
Authors:Liu, Hongxin (1); Xu, Gaowei (1); Jia, Ru (1); Li, Yanlong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:32-39
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a result of rapid development of economy recently in China, energy consumption has increased. The total energy demand has increased with the average 8% annual rate from 2.1 billion tons of standard coal in 2004 to 4.3 billion tons of standard coal in 2014 during the past 10 years. Searching for alternative energy to easy the energy supply pressure is imminent in the face of the enormous energy demand. To lower the energy supply pressure, biogas engineering which is based on biogas fermentation technology has been the one of the sources of alternative energy. Biogas engineering alleviated the energy demand partly. However, the vigorous development of biogas brings a problem of a large number of biogas slurry and biogas residues which cannot be timely treated, especially for large and medium sized biogas facilities. Biogas slurry and biogas residues that have the characteristics of large amount and continuation will pollute the environment if without immediate treatment. Therefore, one of the important processing methods is that biogas slurry and biogas residues are used as a source of fertilizers for agriculture production. A machine was developed to treat biogas manure effectively at Northeast Agricultural University. Considering the biogas slurry and biogas residues might block easily in the process of multipath distribution and transportation, and the conveying passage might be blocked completely by the accumulation of sediment with time increasing, a pulse type biogas manure anti-blocking distribution device was used to solve the above problem innovatively. An invention patent of the fluidal mixed materials handling anti-blocking distribution device has been applied as a result of such research and development. The dredge pipe was built in the device to prevent block but the working mechanism and structure was expected to be further studied. To define working mechanism of impulse type biogas manure anti-blocking distribution device and provide theoretical basis for the engineering application and structure optimization, we took five passages of distribution device as research object. By using the water hammer pressure and water hammer vibration mechanism, the device on different number of the blocks was simulated by CFX computational fluid dynamics software. As such, the pressure waves at discharge hole on different number of blocks were obtained. In the simulation, five discharge holes were closed at the same time while other five blocks distributed equality on the circle at a speed of 37.8 rad/s, which could be determined through analyzing the pressure waves. For the structure optimization, the flow fields of the device with or without distribution conical structure were analyzed, the optimal taper of the cone was determined. The effectiveness of distribution conical structure was verified. Meanwhile the protective structure avoiding large particles was designed. The impulse type biogas manure anti-blocking distribution device and the distribution conical structure were integrated. The visualization test device was designed and processed according to the optimization scheme. We observed the material flow state in working mode of impulse type biogas manure anti-blocking distribution device, and measured the pressure waves in the discharge holes. The results showed that the test results were consistent with the simulation results, and the relative errors of the peak-valley values of the pressure waves were within 10%. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:11
Main heading:Biogas
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Computational fluid dynamics - Energy management - Energy resources - Energy utilization - Manures - Materials handling - Optimization - Patents and inventions  - Shape optimization - Structural optimization - Two phase flow - Water hammer
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural equipment - Agriculture productions - Anti-blocking distributor - Computational Fluid Dynamics software - Engineering applications - Fluid field - Research and development - Water hammer pressure
Classification code:525 Energy Management and Conversion - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20154901642012
Title:Analysis of dynamics and driving forces of lakes and reservoirs in western Songnen Plain
Authors:Luo, Ling (1, 2); Mao, Dehua (1); Wang, Zongming (1); Zhang, Bai (1); Ren, Chunying (1); Jia, Mingming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Mao, Dehua(maodehua@iga.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:285-291
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Lakes and reservoirs are important factors for ensuring the development of regional agricultural and animal husbandry economy and ecological security. In order to understand the changes and main driving factors of lakes and reservoirs in the western Songnen Plain from 1990 to 2013, based on the multiple-temporal images of Chinese HJ (Huanjing) and Landsat TM (thematic mapper), ETM+ (enhanced thematic mapper plus) and OLI (operational land imager) satellites, the spatial distributions of lakes and reservoirs in 1990, 2000 and 2013 were extracted using object-oriented classification method with eCognation software. Validated by a large number of field surveys, Google Earth and high-definition earth observation satellite (Gaofen-1), the accuracy of extracted results by users reached 95%, which could be applied to scientific research. Furthermore, this study investigated the area and number change of lakes and reservoirs and the driving forces of these changes from 1990 to 2013 in the western Songnen Plain. Referring to those with the area of more than 20 km², there were a total of 20 lakes, 17 in Heilongjiang Province and 3 in Jilin Province, and a total of 9 reservoirs among which only 2 in Jilin Province. Spatially, lakes and reservoirs in study area were mainly distributed on the both sides along the Nenjiang River and Songhua River, among which the Chagan Lake and the Yueliangpao Reservoir had the largest area, respectively. Areas of lakes in 1990, 2000 and 2013 were 3633.2, 3016.3 and 2534.0 km², and those of reservoirs were 885.9, 797.1 and 1433.2 km², respectively. Under the combined effects of climate change and human activities, the number of lakes showed an obvious decreasing trend while that of reservoirs was opposite during the past over 20 years. From 1990 to 2013, the area of the lakes totally decreased by 1099.2 km²and the existing area of lakes was 2534.0 km²in 2013; the area of reservoirs decreased by 88.8 km²at the first 10 years, and then increased to 1433.2 km²in 2013, having a total increase of 547.3 km². Climate factors were the important reasons for the above mentioned changes of lakes and reservoirs in the western Songnen Plain. Especially, slightly increased temperature and decreased precipitation between 1990 and 2000 and the opposite change of them from 2000 to 2013 were completely consistent with the variation of reservoirs. While for the changes of lakes, agricultural activities may be more influential than temperature and precipitation, which could be proved by obviously increased farmland and canal, and control expansion measures to avoid flood during the past over 20 years although several new reservoirs were built as well. It meant that more water had to be used for irrigation. In conclusion, climate factors, agricultural activities, and related water conservancy projects and control measures are the main and important influencing factors for the change of lakes and reservoirs in the western Songnen Plain, China. The observed results with a long time sequence in monitoring the lakes and reservoirs in study area can provide data support for ecological protection and restoration and scientific basis for regional sustainable development. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Reservoirs (water)
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Climate change - Ecology - Gesture recognition - Lakes - Landforms - Object oriented programming - Petroleum reservoirs - Remote sensing - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural activities - Earth observation satellites - Enhanced thematic mappers - Object oriented classification - Operational land imager - Regional sustainable development - Songnen plain - Water conservancy projects
Classification code:441.2 Reservoirs - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1 Geology - 512.1.1 Oil Fields - 723.1 Computer Programming - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20154901641991
Title:Estimation of greenhouse tomato evapotranspiration under deficit irrigation based on SIMDualKc model
Authors:Shi, Xiaohu (1, 2); Cai, Huanjie (1, 2); Zhao, Lili (1, 2); Yang, Pei (1, 2); Wang, Zishen (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China; (2) Chinese Arid Area Research Institute of Water-saving Agriculture, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Cai, Huanjie(caihj@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:131-138
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of SIMDualKc model in estimating greenhouse evapotranspiration and soil evaporation in northwest China. A deficit irrigation experiment was set up in tomato greenhouse in Yangling, Shaanxi from 2013 to 2015. Four treatments were designed including full irrigation, deficit irrigation with 50% full irrigation amount for only the development stage, both in the development stage and middle stage, and in the whole stage. Measurement items were meteorological data such as temperature, crop data (growing stage of tomato, root depth, plant height and ground surface coverage), soil data (moisture), irrigation depth, total evaporable water and easy evaporable water. Experiment date obtained in 2013-2014 was for model calibration and that in 2014-2015 was for model validation. The results showed that the SIMDualKc model could well simulate the evapotranspiration in 2013-2015 under the four treatments with the mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.22-0.33 mm/d, root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.26-0.48 mm/d, and coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.51-0.81. The model also simulated soil evaporation accurately with the MAE of 0.016-0.024 mm/d, RMSE of 0.013-0.034 mm/d and R²of 0.63-0.84. After model calibration, the basal crop efficient of each stage was adjusted as 0.34 for the initial stage, 0.34 for the development stage, 1.16 for the mid season stage, and 0.63 for the later season stage. According to the result of simulation, the soil evaporation ratio of greenhouse tomato was highest in the initial stage (10.7%-17.7%), and lowest in the mid stage or later stage (3.1%-5.1%). When the tomato was planted with mulching material, the crop transpiration ratio was 94.6% in the whole growth stage, and the soil evaporation ratio was 5.4% in the whole growth stage. The coefficients of water deficit calculated based on the simulated evapotranspiration for the development, middle, and later stage were 0.8, 0.94 and 0.98 for the deficit treatments with 50% irrigation amount only in the development stage, 0.8, 0.69 and 0.91 for the deficit treatments with 50% irrigation amount both in the development stage and the middle stage, and 0.8, 0.7 and 0.63 for the deficit treatments with 50% irrigation amount in the whole stage. The water deficit coefficient decreased with the duration of deficit irrigation, but would increase after rehydration. The coefficient of water deficit was lowest when the deficit irrigation lasted for the whole stage. Therefore, the SIMDualKc model can accurately simulate evapotranspiration of greenhouse tomato under deficit irrigation in the northwest China, and it is reliable to analyze the response of tomato to deficit irrigation and its water compensation mechanism based on simulation results. The study provides data support for tomato cultivation in greenhouse under deficit irrigation. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Evapotranspiration
Controlled terms:Crops - Cultivation - Evaporation - Fruits - Greenhouses - Irrigation - Mean square error - Meteorology - Models - Soils  - Transpiration - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of determination - Crop coefficient - Crop transpirations - Deficit - Meteorological data - Root mean square errors - Tomato - Water deficits
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20154901642005
Title:Detection method of ammonia emissions from broiler chamber
Authors:Jie, Dengfei (1, 2); Wei, Xuan (3); Ye, Zhangying (2); Pan, Jinming (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; (2) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; (3) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
Corresponding author:Pan, Jinming(panhouse@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:235-239
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Broiler breeding will produce many pollutant gases such as ammonia (NH<inf>3</inf>). Acquiring the information of the orderliness and rates of NH<inf>3</inf>emissions accurately during the broiler breeding is the foundation to estimate NH<inf>3</inf>emissions. It can provide the theoretical support for the study of the mitigation and control of NH<inf>3</inf>emissions during the broiler breeding. The broiler houses mostly use natural ventilation in China, the air flow field is complex and changeable, and it is difficult to measure and calculate the NH<inf>3</inf>emissions accurately. Compared with the site test, breeding chamber test is more convenient and easier to control the environment variation. The purpose of this work was to study the NH<inf>3</inf>emissions in simulated environment. In this study, a detection device was designed, which was used for broiler weight, waste, feed intake, water consumption and NH<inf>3</inf>emission detection, and composed of broiler breeding chamber, gas sampling devices and parallel-connected gas detection instruments. The investigation to the sealing property of the chamber and the accuracy of the detection system, and the determination of the NH<inf>3</inf>in the broiler breeding chamber were conducted. All of NH<inf>3</inf>data were recorded automatically. In static test, standard gas concentration of 7.59, 22.77 and 37.95 mg/m³were injected in the chamber, respectively. The results indicated that the average change rate of NH<inf>3</inf>concentration was -4.40% in the chamber after 24 h, which meant that the breeding chamber sealing was good. The dynamic test showed the detection device had a stable performance. The NH<inf>3</inf>of mass concentration of 37.95 mg/m³passed through the broiler breeding chamber detection system in 6 h, the maximum and minimum mass concentration of NH<inf>3</inf>measured were 36.75 and 35.22 mg/m³, respectively. The average concentration was 35.65 mg/m³and the accuracy reached 93.94%. It meant that we could determinate the concentration of the standard gases in the chamber by using the detection system. We also carried out the short-term test of broiler breeding using the detection device. Through the measurement of the gaseous contaminant in the broiler chamber, the result showed that the concentration of NH<inf>3</inf>in the dark period (10 p. m. to next day 6 a. m.) was greater than that in the light period (6 a. m. to 10 p. m.) in the breeding stage. The correlation between the broiler excretion amount and the NH<inf>3</inf>concentration was positive at the early stage of the test, but it became negative in the later stge. What was more, the concentration of NH<inf>3</inf>increased sharply on the 4^thday after the manure was accumulated. The NH<inf>3</inf>concentration test of broiler in short-term breeding reveals that the detection system has a good sealing performance, stability and detection accuracy. The detection system provides a facility for studying the relationship between the process of broiler breeding and the characteristics of NH<inf>3</inf>emissions. Further research is needed to coordinate the ventilation quantity with the breeding quantity and fecal cleaning management. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Testing
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Environmental chambers - Gases - Particulate emissions - Stages - Ventilation
Uncontrolled terms:Average concentration - Broiler - Detection device - Emission detection - Gaseous contaminants - Natural ventilation - Sealing performance - Simulated environment
Classification code:402.2 Public Buildings - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 643.5 Ventilation - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20154901642014
Title:Processing and bending behavior of wood-plastic laminated timber
Authors:Yue, Kong (1); Cheng, Xiucai (2); Xia, Jiao (1); Lu, Weidong (1); Liu, Weiqing (1); Wan, Li (1); Jia, Chong (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Civil Engineering Institute, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China; (2) Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection, Nanjing, China; (3) College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:301-307
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The mechanical performance of common wood plastic composites was poor and couldnot be used as structural member. Structural wood-plastic laminated timber was prepared with domestic fast-growing poplar wood veneer and thermoplastic plastic alloy by the flat-pressed method. The plastic alloy was composed with polyethylene and polypropylene film with the weight ratio of 1:1 and acting as adhesive in laminated timber. The hot pressing temperature, ranging from the melting temperature of plastic alloy measured by differential scanning calorimeter to the pyrolysis temperature of wood materials, could be determined preliminarily. Secondly the effects of the hot pressing temperature, the wood-plastic ratio and the concentration of maleic anhydride on the bonding strength of wood-plastic laminated timber were studied. Then the tests on the effects of the above 3 factors on the bending behavior of wood-plastic laminated timber were carried out. The results showed that, the interfacial damage mode of wood-plastic laminated timber with coupling agent under tension and shear forces was wood failure, while that of controlled specimens was interfacial delamination between wood and plastic. Compared with controlled specimens, the bonding strength of wood-plastic laminated timber pretreated with coupling agent was the highest, and increased by 16.7% at 180, wood-plastic ratio of 3/2 and maleic anhydride concentration of 4%. Wood-plastic laminated timber exhibited better mechanical properties with the flat pressing preparation method, and could be used as a structural wooden member. Bending strength was negatively correlated with modulus of elasticity for wood-plastic laminated timber. In the experiment, bending strength of wood-plastic laminated timber increased with the increasing of the wood density and the ratio of wood to plastic at the density of 0.6 and 0.8 g/cm³, while modulus of elasticity decreased, and the microstructure of wood kept integrated. Compared with the densities of 0.6 and 0.8 g/cm³, wood-plastic laminated timber was stronger at a density of 1.0 g/cm³. Bending strength decreased with the increasing of wood-plastic ratio at the density of 1.0 g/cm³. The resistance of wood-plastic laminated timber increased with the density and the wood-plastic ratio. There was much discontinuous crack at the direction of cross grain of wood veneer, so the structural integrity of wood decreased at a wood-plastic ratio of 3/3. The bending properties of wood-plastic laminated timber met the demands and reached the 100E level according to the national standard of China when the hot-pressing temperature was 190, the wood-plastic ratio was 3/2 and 3/3, the concentration of maleic anhydride was 4%, and the density was 0.8 g/cm³. The study may provide valuable information for the structural applications of wood-plastic laminated timber. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Wood
Controlled terms:Bending strength - Bending tests - Bonding - Composite materials - Coupling agents - Differential scanning calorimetry - Diffusion bonding - Elastic moduli - Failure (mechanical) - Hot pressing  - Laminated composites - Laminating - Maleic anhydride - Plastic deformation - Plastic films - Polypropylenes - Processing - Timber - Veneers - Wood products
Uncontrolled terms:Bonding strength - Differential scanning calorimeters - Hot pressing temperature - Interfacial delamination - Laminated timber - Mechanical performance - Structural applications - Wood plastic composite
Classification code:422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 816.1 Processing of Plastics and Other Polymers - 817.1 Polymer Products - 913.4 Manufacturing - 944.6 Temperature Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20154901641981
Title:Parameter analysis and optimization of tubular transitional layer damping structure for agricultural machinery
Authors:Yan, Bijuan (1); Sun, Dagang (1, 2); Zhang, Wenjun (1); Li, Zhanlong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Mechanical Engineering College, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China; (2) Mechanical Instrumental Engineering College, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:56-62
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To solve the violent vibration and impact problem of agricultural machinery together with considering that there are many tubular structures on it, the concept of transitional layer is introduced based on the traditional constrained damping structure, and a new kind of tubular damping structure with transitional layer is proposed. It is worth mentioning that the elastic modulus of the transitional layer must be situated between those of metal material and viscoelastic damping material. Thus, when the structure vibrates under the action of external force, the transition layer can work similar to a lever, and shear deformation of the damping layer will be increased so as to improve the effect of the energy consumption of the whole structure. At the same time, with respect to the thickness increase of the damping layer to improve the structure's energy consumption, the proposed transitional layer damping structure can also enhance the use stiffness of the original structure. Structural loss factor is an important index to evaluate the vibration reduction performance of a mechanical damping structure, and its mathematical model is established based on the strain energy method. The influence of transition layer parameters on the structural loss factor is studied. The results show that the selection of the transition layer's elastic modulus and thickness is more important than that of density in practical application. What's more, with the increase of the transition layer's elastic modulus, the structural loss factor does not always increase, but changes similar to the shape of inverted bell, which indicates that the optimum design value of transition layer's elastic modulus exists. In general, when the material elastic modulus of the transition layer is more than 100 times bigger than that of the damping layer, it will get the ideal vibration damping effect. In addition, with the increase of the thickness of the transition layer, the loss factors of the tubular transition layer damping structure are enhanced, too. In practice, the relationship between the increase of the transition layer's thickness and the installation space constraints should be considered. However, when the density of transition layer increases, the loss factor of the structure decreases, but it is not obvious. Using ANSYS's sub-problem approximation method, the parameters of the tubular transitional layer damping structure are optimized. Through optimization, the mode loss factors of structure of the first 4 orders are respectively increased, in which the first-order loss factor is increased by 34.19%, the second order is enhanced by 12.11%, the third order improves by 22.39%, and the fourth order is also increased by 12.70%. To further verify the optimization results, harmonic response analysis is done among the un-damped tube, the tubular transition layer damping structure before optimization and the optimized structure. The analysis results show that the transition damping treatment can effectively reduce the vibration amplitude of the structure and the optimized structure has better damping effect. The research results of this project are helpful to the further development of high-performance tubular damping structures in construction machinery. At the same time, it can also provide methods and theoretical basis for the design of other vehicles and vibration-isolating structures in many engineering applications. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Shape optimization
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Construction equipment - Crashworthiness - Damping - Elastic moduli - Energy utilization - Optimization - Shear flow - Strain energy  - Structural analysis - Structural design - Structural optimization - Vibration analysis - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Approximation methods - Construction machinery - Engineering applications - Harmonic response analysis - Transitional layers - Tubular structures - Vibration - Viscoelastic damping materials
Classification code:405.1 Construction Equipment - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20154901641993
Title:Geometric correction of GF-1 satellite images based on block adjustment of rational polynomial model
Authors:Liu, Jia (1); Wang, Limin (1); Yang, Lingbo (1); Shao, Jie (1); Teng, Fei (1); Yang, Fugang (1); Fu, Changhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:146-154
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:GF-1 satellite was launched successfully in April 2013, and its wide field view (WFV) images have been widely applied in agricultural remote sensing monitoring practice in China. To obtain high precision of image positioning, the paper proposes a correction method for acquiring higher geometric positioning precision based on block adjustment method to correct rational polynomial coefficients (RPC) of high resolution WFV. A business process including adjustment model construction, adjustment parameter calculation and geometric registration based on reference images has been formed. Firstly, affine transformation relation among images, namely, a block adjustment model, has been built based on the relationship between the RPC parameter image points and ground points; secondly, initial value of connection points is identified, and combined with a few ground control points, the affine transformation coefficients of various images are calculated so as to conduct the image block adjustment. Meanwhile, orthoimage is produced based on adjustment results and DEM (digital elevation model), and the correction result with sub-pixel accuracy is achieved. The calculation of adjustment parameters is achieved through 2 steps. The first step is to identify the initial value of the connection point. By utilizing one degree term of RPC model, the plane coordinates of the connection points are iterated and updated, till they converge to a stable state. The elevation values are extracted from DEM; the second is to identify affine transformation parameters. The updated connection points with a few ground control points are entered into block adjustment model to establish error equation. The elevation values acquired from DEM are taken as a constraint condition, and the relevance between plane coordinates and elevations is eliminated to ensure that the block adjustment model works. Meanwhile, the unknown variable is calculated by using the point-by-point elimination method. The block adjustment results under 3 different conditions of mixed terrain, plain area and mountainous area show that, the adjustment results of whole connection points have a relative higher positioning precision, with the errors of 0.3046, 0.4674 and 0.3365 pixels respectively at the row direction, and with the errors of 0.3677, 0.2849 and 0.2889 pixels respectively at the column direction; block adjustments with a few control points have very high absolute positioning precision, with the errors of 0.3648, 0.5041 and 0.3605 pixels respectively at the row direction, and with the errors of 0.4954, 0.4039 and 0.6323 pixels respectively at the column direction. Finally, under the support of base control map of agriculture application, the geometric registration of raw images, RPC correction images, and images after block adjustment is conducted, and the geometric correction precision under different input image conditions is analyzed. Only images after block adjustment have reached correction precision of sub-pixel. The errors at the row direction under 3 conditions of mixed terrain, plain area and mountainous area are 0.6857, 0.6664 and 1.0646 pixels respectively, and those at the column direction are 0.4342, 0.4696 and 0.5609 pixels respectively, indicating that the research method proposed by this paper can achieve accurate geometric correction under the condition of a few control points, though there is no significant improvement compared with the precision before geometric correction. After comparing the DEM with different resolutions in the model, we find that the precision of DEM affects the correction result. Applying higher resolution in mountainous areas can achieve better positioning precision. The above results show that this method can effectively improve the geometric correction precision of WFV images of CF-1 satellite, and it has been preliminarily applied in the operation of agriculture remote sensing monitoring. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Errors - Geometry - Image coding - Image registration - Pixels - Rational functions - Remote sensing - Rock mechanics - Satellites  - Surveying
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural remote sensing - Agriculture applications - Block adjustment - Elimination method - Geometric registrations - Rational function model - Rational polynomial coefficients - Remote sensing monitoring
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 655.2 Satellites - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20154901641995
Title:Morphological and structural data acquisition for above-ground part of grapevine
Authors:Wen, Weiliang (1); Guo, Xinyu (1); Wang, Yongjian (1); Li, Chao (1); Lu, Shenglian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture/National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture/Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Xinyu(guoxy@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:161-168
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of aerial plants using in-site measurement morphological data, which is effective and highly realistic, is one of the main approaches to show the morphological diversity of diverse cultivars and intra specific differences caused by cultivation and environment factors. In order to satisfy the demand of digital plant modeling using in-site measurement morphological data combined with the advanced instruments and approaches of current plant morphological data acquisition, in this study, we made a systematic exposition of the 3D morphological data acquisition method of aerial grapevine. Firstly, a target plant of grapevine was selected according to the demand of modeling cultivar, tree structure and cultivation factors. Secondly, to simplify the complex structure of grapevine, the topological structure of target grapevine was subdivided into structure units which were identified by a naming strategy to distinguish organ type, growth order and inter-connected relationships. This gave a digital representation of the real target grapevine and facilitates subsequent digital operations. On the basis of digital representation, morphological data acquisition was conducted including four parts: 1) The topological structure of the whole grapevine plant determined the reconstruction accuracy and sense of reality, hence to describe the 3D topological distribution of plant skeleton, 3D digital data in point skeleton form of the target plant was captured using 3D digitizer. This process had many difficulties actually, such as wide range, complex field environment, electromagnetic interference, etc. We used the FastScan digitizer and its probe combined with Polhemus Long Ranger calibration system to overcome these difficulties.2) The DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) information, which was used to describe the cultivar feature of plants, was captured randomly on target cultivar grapevines. DUS information reduced the data acquisition work on the basis that the measured morphological data could reflect cultivar characteristics statistically, especially providing guidance for choosing representative grapevine organs when acquiring 3D scanning and texture image data. In addition, DUS information provided a statistical description of organ parameters which were hardly to measure due to the huge amount of organs.3) Organ morphological data was obtained, including 3D scanning and 2D texture image. The 3D point cloud obtained by Artec EVA and Spider 3D scanners was used to reconstruct geometric models of grapevine organs, where the organs were chosen according to the DUS information to be more representative. Geometric models of organs had a unique name consistent with the naming strategy as a structure unit.4) Supplementary information such as current growth period, cultivation density, special treatment of target grapevine, consulted from the grapevine growers and experts, were recorded to describe the growth environment. To demonstrate the data acquisition approach, we acquired the morphological data of five different kinds of cultivar grapevines during the florescence to the first fruit-swell stage as the target plant, including a structure diagram of the grapevine; a morphological and texture DUS information; 3D point clouds with texture of the grapevine truck; 3D topological representation of the grapevine obtained by 3D digitizer; point clouds of leaves with texture; and point clouds of new shoot internode with texture. Combined with parameterized plant modeling technique and the measured morphological data, the geometric models of grapevine plant and organs were reconstructed with highly realistic. The models were used for 3D exhibition of the 11^thinternational conference on grapevine breeding and genetics. Finally, a procedure of plant morphological data acquisition was extracted and discussed for other plants, mainly including three parts: target plant selection, digital representation of plant structure and data acquisition. The procedure could constraint the morphological data acquisition of plants more systematic and standardized, which has significance for further study and provides efficient and accurate data to support the research of digital plant. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Three dimensional computer graphics
Controlled terms:Cultivation - Data acquisition - Electromagnetic pulse - Geometry - Image texture - Morphology - Musculoskeletal system - Plants (botany) - Topology
Uncontrolled terms:Digital plant - Grapevine - Intra-specific differences - Morphological diversity - Statistical descriptions - Supplementary information - Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction - Topological representation
Classification code:461.3 Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics - 701 Electricity and Magnetism - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921 Mathematics - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20154901641988
Title:Growth and photosynthesis characteristics of mulberry under flooding stress
Authors:Xu, Ziqi (1); Rao, Liangyi (1); Zhu, Jinzhao (1); Zhao, Yang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Rao, Liangyi(raoliangyi@bjfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:105-114
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to the seasonal variation of water level in the Three Gorges Reservoir, its surrounding region has turned into a large area of frequent water-fluctuation. The seasonal submergence causes an environment that can lead to difficulty in keeping living for most plants, and thus the serious degradation of vegetation in this area. It is important to screen the flooding-tolerant species for the ecosystem restoration of the water-fluctuation areas in the Three Gorges Reservoir. In this study, we conducted an indoor simulated flooding experiment to study the influences of different flooding stress on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of mulberry seedlings. One-year seeding of Mulberry was chosen, and three flooding treatments were designed including control with regular irrigation but without submergence, root submergence and deep submergence. The water level in the root submergence treatment was 1 cm higher than soil surface. The depth of water in root and deep submergence was 24 and 60 cm. External morphology of Mulberry were observed during the experiment, the plant height were measured by a measuring tape, the ground diameters were measured by a vernier caliper, and the photosynthetic parameters were measured by Li-cor 6400. The results showed that: 1) The mulberries in the root submergence and deep submergence grew adventitious root, the damage symptoms of mulberries in root submergence group were mild, but the leaves in the deep submergence begun to turn yellow and rot on the 5th day of submergence and barely had leaves in the end; 2) The inhibitory influence of flooding stress on the growth of height and ground diameter of deep-submerged group was far more obvious than the root-all-submerged group; For example, on the 90th day of submergence, the plant height increment of mulberry in the control group, root submergence and deep submergence were 19.5, 14.13 and 2.92 cm, respectively, which was significantly different (P&lt; 0.05); 3) The photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomata conductance of mulberries were reduced by the flooding stress; Comparatively, the photosynthetic characteristic values in the root-all-submerged group could remain a higher level, for example, the maximum net photosynthetic rate was up to 65.4% of that in control group; The photosynthesis of mulberry in the deep-submerged group was very weak on the 55th day, when the maximum net photosynthetic rate was only 23.7% of that in the control group, which was significantly different (P&lt;0.05); 4) The photosynthesis characteristic values of the above-water leaves in the deep-submerged group were higher than those of the under-water leaves on the 55th day, suggesting that flooding stress had the large influence on the under-water part of plant than on above-water part; On the 55 th day of submergence, the maximum net photosynthetic rate of under-water leaves and above-water leaves in the deep-submerged treatment are 2.53 and 1.14 &mu; mol/ (m²&middot;s), respectively, which was significantly different (P&lt;0.05). In conclusion, the one-year mulberry seedlings could not survive for a long time under the deep flooding stress, but they could live well in the root submergence condition. They are more suitable to be planted in high altitudes of water-fluctuation areas of the Three Gorges Reservoir area with low water level during the water storage season. The study could provide data support for selection of plant species in ecological reservation in the Three Gorges Reservoir. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Plants (botany)
Controlled terms:Digital storage - Ecology - Ecosystems - Floods - Growth (materials) - Photosynthesis - Reservoirs (water) - Stresses - Underwater soils - Vegetation  - Water levels
Uncontrolled terms:Ecosystem restoration - Forage mulberry - Net photosynthetic rate - Photosynthetic characteristics - Photosynthetic parameters - Submergence - Three gorges reservoir - Three gorges reservoir area
Classification code:441.2 Reservoirs - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 471.1 Oceanography, General - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 741.1 Light/Optics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20154901641977
Title:Fruit localization for strawberry harvesting robot based on visual servoing
Authors:Wang, Liangju (1); Zhang, Libo (1); Duan, Yunhong (2); Zhang, Tiezhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Department of Agricultural Machinery, Beijing Prominion Publishing Ltd., Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Tiezhong(zhangtz56@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:25-31
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the complexity of the fruits' growth environment, in which the geometric parameters of the fruits and the relative position between fruits and robot need to be structured. The harvesting robots are equipped with custom-made, end-effectors and machine vision system to harvest precisely. Currently, stereo vision and eye-in-hand visual servoing are usually used to locate fruits. The former needs the image matching algorithm which is complex, time-consuming and requires visual sensors with the same parameters and high mounting accuracy. This is one of the difficulties in the field of machine vision. The latter, with simple construction, needs real-time visual feedback which results in large amount of computation and can't get fruits' depth. Under the circumstance of ridge strawberry culture, since the fruits lie on the ridge slope which approximates a plane, the depth of strawberry is almost unchanged during harvesting. Considering these, in this paper, we took the latter method to get the position parameters for harvesting with the eye-in-hand system. Because there was no obstacle between fruits and the end-effector, a Descarte robot which was simple and easy to be controlled but with weak obstacle-avoidance capability was developed. The robot consisted of a gantry walking mechanism, a machine vision based precision positioning mechanism and an end-effector. Firstly, the kinematic equations that describe the position relation between the world coordinate system and the camera coordinate system were deduced. Secondly, the circumscribed rectangle of fruits region's outline was used to describe target fruits region to reduce computation of vision analysis after the image was binarized. Thirdly, to design the visual servoing PID controller, the image Jacobian matrix which relates the end-effector's velocity in the task space to the change rate of feature parameter in the image space was deduced according to the pinhole camera projection principle and the harvesting process. The position of servo motor encoder was recorded with high speed when the motion controller was triggered by the exposure signal of camera to solve the problem that the position at which the camera capturing image inconsistencies with the image caused by the lag of visual feedback. Real-time position information from servo motor encoder was taken to compensate the low frequency of visual feedback. Fourthly, the equation of harvesting position parameters was deduced, from which the distance was obtained between the top of the target fruits' region and the end-effector and the width of the target fruits' region. With these parameters, the end-effector's lifting height and opening width was known. Fifthly, according to different centroids of target fruits' region in the image while the camera moved to different positions during the visual servoing process, the depth of target fruits' region was obtained on the basis of structure from motion. The test of fruit localization was respectively conducted when the angle between the ridge plan and the image plan was &plusmn; 10, &plusmn; 5, 0 degrees while the target fruits region contained 1, 2, 3 strawberries. Because the relation between harvesting position parameters and the depth of target fruits' region can be drawn that the accuracy of harvesting position parameters met the harvesting requirements when the error of the fruits depth was within a certain range, and only the depth error was obtained to evaluate the accuracy of harvesting position parameters in the test. The results showed that the angle, the number of strawberries of the target fruit region and their interaction had significant effects (P=0) on the localization time which was between 0.633 s and 0.886 s. The angle and the two elements' interaction had significant (P=0) effects on the relative error of the fruit depth which was in the range of -4.34% ~ 0.95% when the angle was invariant. The localization time increased with the number of strawberries of the target fruit region as the increase of the target fruit region centroid which increased with the number of fruits decreased the controlling speed. That the standard error of the relative error of the fruit depth increased with the number of strawberries of the target fruit region showed that a wider target fruit region led to a lower robustness of the relative error of the fruits depth. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Cameras - Computer vision - End effectors - Errors - Harvesting - Image matching - Image processing - Information dissemination - Jacobian matrices  - Location - Pinhole cameras - Robots - Servomotors - Stereo image processing - Stereo vision - Three term control systems - Visual communication - Visual servoing
Uncontrolled terms:Image jacobian matrix - Image matching algorithm - Machine vision systems - Precision positioning - Real time visual feedback - Strawberry - Structure from motion - World coordinate systems
Classification code:705.3 Electric Motors - 717.1 Optical Communication Systems - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 731.5 Robotics - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 903.2 Information Dissemination - 921.1 Algebra
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20154901642006
Title:Impact of different climate change scenarios on non-point source pollution losses in Miyun Reservoir watershed
Authors:Geng, Runzhe (1, 2); Zhang, Pengfei (1); Pang, Shujiang (1); Wang, Xiaoyan (1, 3); Ma, Wenjing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources, Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China; (2) Policy Research Center for Environment and Economy, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, China; (3) Research Center of Aquatic Environment in the Capital Region, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Xiaoyan(cnuwxy@gmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:240-249
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Changes in climate pattern and/or land cover may alter hydrologic processes, in turn leading to changes in water quality and quantity that may be detrimental to the environment. Climate change may result in increasing variability of extreme precipitation and other hydrologic extremes, leading to greater and more frequent pulses of contaminants being introduced into receiving waters. Analysis and study of the response of hydrology and water resources to climate change have a very important practical and theoretical significance to understand the influence to water resources' development and utilization, planning and management, ecological balance and environmental protection. Miyun Reservoir is the unique surface water source in Beijing. Non-point source pollution, especially agricultural non-point source pollution has now become the main factor influencing the water quality of the Miyun Reservoir. Therefore, the study of the climate characteristics of the Miyun Reservoir basin and discussing changes of the watershed's non-point source pollution load under the influence of climate change, have a very great practical significance to the formulation of policy on water resources protection. A statistical method was employed to analyze the variation tendency of temperature and precipitation based on the meteorological data (during the years from 1961 to 2000) collected from 4 weather stations within the Miyun Reservoir watershed (northeast of Beijing). And then 25 scenarios of temperature and precipitation were generated by a situational method. The hydrological model HSPF (hydrologic simulation program-fortran) was applied to assess the impact of the climate change on the stream flow and nutrient losses of the catchment under different climate change scenarios. The main results showed that: 1) the influence of change in precipitation on runoff was greater than the temperature; if precipitation increased by 20%, it would lead to an increase of 73.37% for the runoff, and on the contrary, if precipitation decreased by 20%, it would result in an decrease of 56.34% for the runoff; 2) there was a positive relationship between the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) load and the runoff change. When the precipitation increased by 20%, the TN and TP load could potentially increase by 70.8% and 78.3% respectively; and if the precipitation decreased by 20%, the TN and TP load would decrease by 55.3% and 57.2% respectively; 3) For the Chao River watershed, the runoff in wet season was 3.1 times that in dry season, and similarly, the TN and TP load in wet season were 2.9 and 3.5 times those in dry season; for the Bai River watershed, the runoff produced in wet season was 4.6 times that in dry season, and the TN and TP load generated in wet season were 5.6 and 8.5 times those in dry season. The high-risk areas were mainly concentrated in Chao River watershed and the most of the CSAs were close rivers. There was significant discrepancy of the distribution between TN and TP load in this area. Due to the high population density together with crop planting, livestock and surface mining being main industries, Huairou, Yanqing, Luanping and Miyun County had higher loads than other areas, and the non-point source pollution should be controlled using essential measures. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Climate change
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Catchments - Climate models - Drought - Hydrology - Meteorology - Nitrogen - Phosphorus - Pollution - Population statistics  - Precipitation (meteorology) - Reservoirs (water) - River pollution - Rivers - Runoff - Stream flow - Surface waters - Water pollution - Water pollution control - Water quality  - Water resources - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point source pollutions - Climate change scenarios - Development and utilizations - HSPF models - Hydrology and water resource - Miyun Reservoir - Non-point source pollution - Water resources protections
Classification code:407.2 Waterways - 441.2 Reservoirs - 443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 445.2 Water Analysis - 453 Water Pollution - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20154901641980
Title:Effect of adjuvant types and concentration on spray drift potential of different nozzles
Authors:Wang, Xiaonan (1); He, Xiongkui (1); Song, Jianli (1); Herbst, Andreas (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Institute for Chemical Application Technology of JKI, Messeweg; Braunschweig, Germany
Corresponding author:He, Xiongkui(xiongkui@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:49-55
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pesticide exposure via spray drift can have a negative impact on bystanders, residents, livestock, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Reducing pesticide spray drift and maximizing efficacy are the paramount considerations when selecting technologies and operating parameters prior to making an application. With the increasing awareness about the potential risk of pesticides, many mitigation measures for pesticide exposure via spray drift have been developed. The effect of spray adjuvant and pesticide formulations is not yet well evaluated and implemented into drift mitigation scenarios. It is often stated that drift reduction with an appropriate nozzle is greater than those achieved by formulated products or spray adjuvant. In fact, to explore the combined effect of nozzle type and physical properties of spray liquids is also important. In order to study effect of adjuvant on spray drift potential of different nozzles, we used wind tunnel, and spectrofluorophotometor to carry out experiment which focused on how concentration of anti-evaporation adjuvant Agrospred 730 (AS-2), anti-drift adjuvant Break-thru Vibrant, Silwet DRS-60 and Greenwet 360 were affected by Drift Potential Index (DIX) of conventional flat fan nozzle Lechler ST 110-015, hollow cone nozzle TR 80-015, reference nozzle Lumark F110-03 and rotary nozzle. It has been reported in literature that the amount of spray drift is usually related to the percentage of fine spray droplets. The smaller a spray droplet, the longer it remains as airborne and the higher the possibility for it to be carried away by crosswind. Moreover, spray droplets of a few microns in size can evaporate before sedimentation. Therefore, it is fundamentally important to measure droplet size and the size distribution to understand the environmental and the biological fate of spray droplets. In this article, Malvern particle sizer was used to test Volume Median Diameter (VMD) and the percentage of droplets with diameter &lt; 75 &mu; m of the four nozzles above. The concentration of AS-2 solution was 0, 0.005 %, 0.05 %, 0.5 %, the concentration of Break-thru Vibrant solution was 0, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4 %, the concentration of Silwet DRS-60 solution was 0, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8% and the concentration of Greenwet 360 solution was 0, 0.3% respectively. In the test, Pyranine 120% (0.01%) tracers were used to test and analyze the spray drift potential. The results showed that: when spraying 0.05% solution with anti-evaporation adjuvant AS-2, DIX of rotary nozzle (6 000 r/s, 400 mL/min) increased 81.8%, VMD increased 16.7% compared with water under the condition of which wind speed was 1.8 m/s, temperature was 30^oC, humility was 40% in the wind tunnel. With the concentration of 0.8%, 0.4% and 0.3%, respectively, anti-drift adjuvant Silwet DRS-60, Break-thru Vibrant and Greenwet 360 can significantly reduce the spray drift. Especially for TR 80-015, DIX decreased 98.7%, 58.2% and 80.1% separately with the adjuvant above compared with water. The drift reduction performance of three hydraulic nozzles was TR80-015&gt; ST110-015&gt; Lumark F110-03 under the condition of which wind speed was 2 m/s, temperature was 20, humility was 80% in the wind tunnel. For rotary nozzle, DIX decreased 70.3% and 26.0% with 0.8% Silwet and 0.3% Greenwet 360 separately, while Break-thru Vibrant had no effect on it. For Silwet DRS-60 and Greenwet 360, DIX increased as the volume percentage of droplets with diameter &lt; 75 &mu; m increased which showed positive correlation (the correlation coefficient R&gt;0.5); DIX decreased as VMD increased which showed negative correlation, so VMD and volume percentage of droplets with diameter &lt; 75 &mu; m were considered to be important factors affecting drift potential. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Aquatic ecosystems - Drops - Evaporation - Nozzles - Pesticides - Risk assessment - Spraying - Wind - Wind tunnels
Uncontrolled terms:Adjuvant - Anti-drift - Correlation coefficient - Drift potential - Negative correlation - Operating parameters - Pesticide formulations - Positive correlations
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 651.2 Wind Tunnels - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20154901641992
Title:Prediction and validation of water-soluble salt ions content using hyperspectral data
Authors:Dai, Xijun (1, 2); Zhang, Yanli (3); Peng, Jie (3); Luo, Huaping (1, 2); Xiang, Hongying (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Tarim University, Alar, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Mordern Agricultural Engineering, Tarim University, Alar, China; (3) College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar, China
Corresponding author:Peng, Jie(pjzky@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:139-145
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In soil, series of water-soluble salt ions can be used for identifying the types and degrees of soil salinization. Applying spectrum technology is a rapid way to detect the content of water-soluble salt ions in soil. To a certain extent, it could provide a new technique or channel for diagnosing the types and degrees of soil salinization. In this study, total of 399 soil samples were collected from Wensu county (105 samples), Baicheng county (79 samples), Awati county (60 samples), Xinhe county (48 samples) and Hetian county (107 samples) in southern Xinjiang province at a depth of 0-20 cm. The spectral reflectance and content of water-soluble salt ions (HCO<inf>3</inf>^-, Cl^-, SO<inf>4</inf>^2-, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) were determined on all the soil samples and a number of salt ion testing methods were applied in this research. In order to find the most suitable spectrum pre-processing method, thirty one spectrum processing methods were conducted in the Unscrambler 9.7 software (a professional processing product for spectrum data), and through this way, the modeling accuracy may be promoted. The correlation between the content of water-soluble salt ions and the spectral reflectance was analyzed. Correlation analysis results on soil reflectance and different water-soluble salt ions showed that the correlation of K⁺was the worst, and it was verified with the worst inversion accuracy in the validation process. Before being modeled, the single or combination pre-processing method was used as soil reflectance data. The original features masked showed up so that the correlation and the inversion accuracy were improved. Using K-S (Kennard-Stone) method, the total samples were divided into two groups with 299 samples for modeling and 100 samples for validating. Aiming at every water-soluble salt ion, thirty two corresponding quantitative inversion models were built through applying Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) method. Hereafter, the most suitable inversion model was identified among all the 32 models based on the predicting accuracy of the 100 validation samples. The research results demonstrated that the correlation curves of different water-soluble salt ions with their corresponding spectrum reflectance varied significantly. At the same time, the selected spectrum pro-processing methods for the specified water-soluble salt ions showed obviously differences. However, same processing methods were used for some of the salt ions. For example, the pre-processing method for Cl^-and Ca²⁺were the same, as well as for SO<inf>4</inf>²⁺and Mg²⁺. In addition, the methods applied for processing the spectrum data of other water soluble salt ions were different according to the predicting accuracy, such as HCO<inf>3</inf>^-, K⁺and Na⁺. The predicting accuracies of different water soluble salt ions were demonstrated differently. In terms of modeling process, the coefficients of determination termed as the R²for HCO<inf>3</inf>^-and Ca²⁺were 0.859, 0.848, respectively. For the index of relative percent deviation termed as RPD for HCO<inf>3</inf>^-and Ca²⁺were 2.67, 2.57, respectively, which showed relatively good predicting abilities. Meanwhile, the R²of Cl^-, SO<inf>4</inf>²⁺and Mg²⁺were 0.773, 0.781 and 0.761. At the same time, the RPD for these three salt ions were 2.10, 2.14 and 2.05, which displayed that the predicting abilities for Cl^-, SO<inf>4</inf>²⁺and Mg²⁺based on the spectrum technique were relatively better than K⁺, Na⁺. As far as K⁺, the R²and RPD for modeling in predicting K⁺were 0.181 and 1.11, which showed the disabilities for predicting the content K⁺. Some results demonstrated roughly predicting abilities. For example, the R²and RPD for Na⁺were 0.702 and 1.83, respectively. The results and methods of this research expanded new applicable fields of spectrum technique in exploring the content of water soluble salt ions in soil. Consequently, this research provided new perspective and method for monitoring soil salinization. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Ions
Controlled terms:Calcium - Data handling - Forecasting - Least squares approximations - Processing - Reflection - Salts - Soil surveys - Soil testing - Soils  - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Hyper spectra - Inversion - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR) - Pre-processing method - Spectral reflectances - Spectrum reflectance - Water soluble salts - Xinjiang regions
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 913.4 Manufacturing - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20154901641975
Title:Meta-analysis on maize and wheat yield under subsoiling in Northern China
Authors:Zheng, Kan (1); He, Jin (1); Li, Hongwen (1); Wang, Qingjie (1); Li, Wenying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Laboratory of Design and Optimization in Modern Agricultural Equipment, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:He, Jin(hejin@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:7-15
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This study was to assess the effect of subsoiling &amp; rotary tillage (SSRT) and subsoiling &amp; no tillage (SSNT) on crop yield under conditions of different districts, crops, climate and experimental duration. Rotary tillage (RT) was taken as the control for SSRT while no tillage (NT) was taken as the control for SSNT. A total of 65 papers were selected from the published papers about North China in recent 30 years, including 111 pairs of trials and 357 observations. Data of experimental sites, treatments, crop strains, annual precipitations, average annual temperatures and experimental durations were abstracted from the selected papers. The planting district was divided into northeast, north and northwest. The annual precipitation was divided into three classes of &le; 400 mm, 400-600 mm and &ge; 600 mm. The experimental duration and the average annual temperature was classified as 2-3 a and &ge; 4a, &lt; 12 and &ge; 12, respectively. The effects of different condition on the relative yield change of SSRT against RT and SSNT against NT were analyzed by Meta-analysis. Results showed that SSRT significantly increased crop yield by 8.62% when compared with RT; SSRT significantly increased crop yield in Northeast, North and Northwest by 8.96%, 7.95% and 8.85%, respectively; Wheat yield and maize yield were significantly increased by 12.66% and 7.78% due to SSRT, respectively, however with no significant difference between these two crops; under different annual precipitation of &le; 400, 400-600 and &ge; 600 mm, crop yield was significantly increased by 8%, 9.24% and 10.34% due to SSRT, respectively; significant increase in crop yield was also obtained with SSRT under different average annual temperature of &lt; 12 (8.47%) and &ge; 12 (9.43%); SSRT significantly increased the crop yield by 10.37% when the experimental duration varied between 2 and 3 years, while no significant effect on crop yield change was observed when experimental duration was longer than 4 years. Generally, SSNT significantly increased crop yield by 10.17% when compared with NT; SSNT significantly increased crop yield in Northeast, North and Northwest by 11.25%, 10.63% and 9.17%, respectively; Wheat and maize yields were significantly increased by 8.73% and 11.56% due to SSNT, respectively, however with no significant difference between these two crops; annual precipitation, average annual temperature as well as experimental durations showed significant influence on crop yield increase of SSNT; the crop yield increase due to SSNT was 8.95% higher under the annual precipitation of 400-600 mm than that of &ge; 600 mm; the crop yield increase due to SSNT was 7.08% higher with the average annual temperature of &ge; 12 than that of &lt; 12; the crop yield increase due to SSNT was 10.2% higher with the experimental duration of 2-3 years than that of &ge; 4 years. Therefore, SSNT would benefit the crop yield in areas with the higher annual precipitation and average annual temperature in North China. It suggested that subsoiling should be performed in alternate year or once in years since the positive effect of soiling on crop yield decreased with time. Our work could provide valuble information for the application of subsoiling technology in the northern region of China. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:56
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Climate change - Cultivation - Precipitation (chemical) - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Annual precipitation - Annual temperatures - Meta analysis - Northern China - Northern regions - Rotary tillages - Subsoiling - Yield
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20154901642007
Title:Crop straw collecting and storage facility location for Chemen township of Sihong county
Authors:Wang, Xue (1); Chang, Zhizhou (2); Wang, Xiaohua (1); Zhang, Henggan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; (2) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Xiaohua(xhwang@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:250-255
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The facility location for straw collecting and storage station is an important part of resource planning. An scientific collecting and storage station location can effectively save the logistics costs, improve the collecting and storage amount of straw, increase the utilization efficiency and promote the sustainable use of straw facilities. In this paper, we used GIS network analysis method torealize the location of Sihong County Chemen Township and then we analyzed storage and transportation cost, and provided the reference for the straw logistics network planning and a complete and operable method for other facility location selection. To achieve the target, firstly we obtained the amounts and the distribution of the township straw resources by survey. Secondly, we investigated the township road conditions and confirmed the straw transportation vehicle type, fuel costs. Thirdly, we modeled the straw logistics network. Based on the optimization method of GIS, the spatial optimization of the target area was carried out under the target space layout and road condition. It did not violate the NIMBY rule premise. By setting total transportation cost to minimum, optimal facility size, and minimum facility numbers, and by optimizing the space analysis, we obtained candidate points and then analyze them in combination with other related factors. As such he artificial decision to develop the final position of the collecting and storage facilities can be reached. The selection of the candidate facilities was based on the combination of uniform setting and manual setting. We chose three different density of grid points (20 &times; 20 194 points, 24 &times; 24 288 points, 30 &times; 30 444 points) as the candidate facilities, minimum facility points were analyzed by three grid points within a radius of 5 km. In order to make full use of the site, and minimize the cost of investment, straw storage facilities should be set to five, and the location was uniform distribution with the most concentrated in the main road intersection, three located in the north river, two located in the south river. These five facilities points were named as Chenlou, Daliu, Chemen, Gangzhu, and Tuanjie. The average transport distance was 2.34 km from facilities to farmlands. All paths of a total distance was 8346.8 km, and total transportation amount and cost were 46987 kmt and RMB 253730 yuan, respectively. The total distance and transport volume were both increased without considering NIMBY ruler. Most of the straw farmlands were in the green area with 3 km distance to storage center. Above the facility location arithmetic was based on crop plots area weighted and application of farmland area as a location index can avoid the uncertainty of the actual crop type. This not only took into account various crop types, but also avoided complexity of the crop type and the different of actual yields. Finally, due to resource constraints and difficult to investigate, this paper also had some limitations and shortcomings. The different types of roads would affect transportation costs, road type was not included in the operation process of facility location, which on the accuracy of the location and the cost of computing may have a certain impact. Actual facility location problem was affected by many factors, which not only needed to consider transportation cost and NIMBY rules; government planning, political, environmental and other factors should also be considered. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Cost benefit analysis
Controlled terms:Collector efficiency - Complex networks - Costs - Crashworthiness - Crops - Farms - Geographic information systems - Location - Logistics - Roads and streets  - Social aspects - Straw - Transportation
Uncontrolled terms:Facility location problem - Facility location selection - Facility locations - GIS network analysis - Storage and transportations - Transportation cost - Transportation vehicles - Utilization efficiency
Classification code:406.2 Roads and Streets - 702.3 Solar Cells - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.4 Impact of Technology on Society - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20154901642010
Title:Spatial configuration method about plow layer stripping and reusing in hilly region
Authors:Chen, Yanhua (1, 2); Huang, Xianjin (1); Lin, Yibiao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; (2) Land Development and Consolidation Center of Fujian Province, Department of Land and Resources of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Xianjin(hxj369@nju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:267-275
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the hilly region, how to choose the suitable plow layer to strip and configure the soil resource scientifically and rationally in the space, to achieve the purpose of controlling the implementation cost and improving the comprehensive benefit, is a scientific question that needs to be solved at present. Based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, geographic information system (GIS) technology and cost-benefit analysis, this study constructed an evaluation model of the plow layer stripping suitability with 5 indicators including earthwork, distance to the lane, topography, soil texture and organic matter. And, another evaluation model about the soil-covering priority degree was built with 8 indicators including plow layer thickness, soil thickness, distance to the lane, topography, plot size, irrigation-drainage condition, soil texture and organic matter. In order to protect the plow layer resource effectively and improve the comprehensive benefit of plow layer reusing, this study adhered to 4 basic principles for the plow layer spatial configuration, which were the maximum stripping, the priority for new farmland, the remarkable benefit and the reasonable cost. After selecting appropriate plots, a plow layer spatial configuration method based on the co-ordination of supply and demand circle was proposed, which was applied to propose a scientific framework to configure the stripped plow layer to the plots which needed plow layer soil to cover. General idea of this spatial configuration method was as follows: Firstly, use the 2 creative evaluation models to choose which plots were suitable to be stripped, and which plots were the first or the second choice for soil-covering; Secondly, according to the spatial agglomeration between the chosen soil-stripping region and the chosen soil-covering demand region, combined with the local financial investment level, set up a suitable transport distance to limit the implementation cost (within the distance range, the stripping plow layer soil was preferred to cover the plots in the first choice region for soil-covering demand); Lastly, according to certain methods and requirements, match the chosen soil-stripping region and the chosen soil-covering demand region, and form the supply-demand co-ordination circles which were relatively independent in the space. In this study, Guangze County, Fujian Province in the hilly regions was chosen to be our research area. The results showed that: the plots' area suitable to be stripped in the permit construction zone was 169.23 hm², which contained 300 500 m³strippable earthworks. The area of the first soil-covering region was 706.1 hm², accounting for 5.2% in the region of soil-covering demand, which contained 700 000 m³plow layer's earthwork. Forty-six percentage of this research area was the existing low-yielding field, which had poor quality soil, but meanwhile good infrastructure. The rest area was the supplementary farmland which had poor quality soil. The area of the second soil-covering region was 6 646.4 hm², which accounted for 49.1% in the region of soil-covering demand, and needed 2 410 000 m³plow layer earthwork. There was the existing middle-yielding field mainly in this region. The spatial configuration scheme including 33 supply-demand co-ordination circles was planned, with the stripped area of 169.23 hm², the soil-covering area of 559.03 hm², the earthwork of 300 500 m³, and the average transport distance of 4.65 km. In the definite soil-covering region, there was 57.79 hm²for the new created farmland, accounting for 34.1% of the stripped area. There was 501.25 hm²for the medium-and-low-yielding farmland which needed to be fattened and thickened, accounting for 37.6% of the total area of the medium-and-low-yielding farmland. The scheme's average transport distance was 4.65 km, less than the distance for suitable transportation. The spatial configuration's method proposed in this paper considered the cost and benefit. It had strong operability and high quantification, as well as a certain generalization. The developed scheme can provide a scientific basis for the study area to carry out the special planning and practice about the plow layer stripping and reusing. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Cost benefit analysis
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Analytic hierarchy process - Bark stripping - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Cost effectiveness - Costs - Economics - Excavation - Farms  - Foundations - Geographic information systems - Investments - Land use - Organic compounds - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Guangze county - Plow layer - Reusing - Soil coverings - Spatial configuration - Suitability
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 481.2 Geochemistry - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 483.2 Foundations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 961 Systems Science - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20154901642009
Title:Thermal analysis and combustion characteristics in different stumping period of caragana korshinskii
Authors:Liu, Jian (1); Yao, Junkang (2); Wu, Denan (1); Wu, Rui (1); L&uuml;, Wen (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Petrochemical Engineering, Yinchuan Energy Institute, Yinchuan, China; (2) China University of Petroleum-Beijing Institute of New Energy Co., Ltd., Beijing, China; (3) Three-north Construction Bureau of State Forestry Adminstration, Yinchuan, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:261-266
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Caragana korshinski, an shrub species, is very important to soil and water conservation. Korshinskii not only can be used as wind-break and sand-fixation can also be deemed to be economic crops. However when age increases, some problem exist, such as the decrease of growth and beneath and so on. The stubble technology in Caragana growth, not only to make it more robust growth can also produce a large number of korshinskii. Caragana is a high-value crop economy, is often used as livestock feed, as have better combustion characteristics to be used as fuel. Northwest of Chinese Caragana yield is large, it can replace coal, for power generation. Caragana utilization technology can not only improve its economic value, increase revenue for the local, but also reduce environmental pollution. Ningxia region has a large Caragana, but usually used as domestic fuel, which value low. It's a study of caragana korshinskii in Ningxia province. Through the growth index, industry analysis, sulfur analysis, calorific value, and thermal gravimetric analyzes. The results indicated: 1) Three years later after stumping, plant height, basal diameter and number of branches were higher than CK by 16.67%, 11.54% and 160.00%. This shows take appropriate stumping period can make korshinskii grow more vigorous, and korshinskii production increased more than doubled.2) By analyzing the calorific value of five students Caragana were compared, Korshinskii heat value increases with it's age, korshinskii and found 3-5 years old Caragana heat better, but it was not much difference; Caragana through different months from October to December harvest harvesting Caragana found most beneficial.3) From the analysis of the sulfur content, Caragana sulfur content is 1/12 times of bituminous coal.4) Industry analysis and thermo gravimetric analysis showed that caragana korshinski and coal ash generated as compared, Caragana ash is 1/9 times of bituminous coal, Dust is a major pollutant of the city. Dust is mainly produced by burning coal, including power plants, combustion boilers. PM2.5 and PM10 is due primarily to burn a lot of coal, the coal will not only generate large amount of dust, but also produce many sulfide and nitrogen oxides and other harmful substances. So it should be possible to reduce the use of coal. Korshinskii contain small amounts of sulfur compounds and ash, it is a good substitute for coal, which benefits the environment.5) Kinetics parameters of activation energy E and frequency factor A were deduced by reaction kinetics equations. It indicated that biomass has lower E value. So it's easy to be ignited. The activation energy korshinskii 3 years old and above growth cycle is relatively low, the escape of volatile combustion stage and the activation energy in the 2.31-2.77 kJ/mol range, fixed carbon combustion stage activation energy of about 35.26-40.45 kJ/mol in the range. In summary, by stumping for a period of three years of caragana are most suitable as a thermal power plant fuel. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Coal combustion
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Agriculture - Air pollution - Biomass - Bituminous coal - Briquetting - Calorific value - Carbon - Chemical activation - Coal  - Coal ash - Coal dust - Coal industry - Combustion - Conservation - Crops - Dust - Ecology - Economics - Environmental technology  - Fossil fuel power plants - Fuel economy - Fuels - Gravimetric analysis - Nitrogen oxides - Particles (particulate matter) - Pollution - Power generation - Reaction kinetics - Soil conservation  - Sulfur - Sulfur compounds - Thermoanalysis - Thermoelectric power plants - Thermogravimetric analysis - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Caragana korshinski - Caragana Korshinskii - Combustion characteristics - Environmental pollutions - Soil and water conservation - Stumping period - Thermal gravimetric - Thermal power plants
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 451 Air Pollution - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 454 Environmental Engineering - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 524 Solid Fuels - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 615.4 Thermoelectric Energy - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 951 Materials Science - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20154901641990
Title:Ridge-furrow planting with black film mulching over ridge and corn straw mulching over furrow enhancing summer maize's growth and nutrient absorption
Authors:Yin, Minhua (1); Li, Yuannong (1); Li, Hao (2); Yang, Yang (3); Xu, Yuanbo (1); Zhang, Tianle (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China; (2) College of Economics and Management, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China; (3) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
Corresponding author:Li, Yuannong(liyuannong@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:122-130
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Precipitation shows frequent and great variability in arid and semi-arid region in northwest China where crop production is generally dependent on rainfall, therefore, rainwater harvesting has been widely used in northwest China for its capacity of conserving soil water, increasing crop production and improving water use efficiency. The main purpose of this study was to explore the effects of different rainwater harvesting patterns on growth and nutrient absorption and utilization of summer maize, and organic matter content and nitrate nitrogen distribution in soil. To achieve these goals, a 2-year field experiment was carried out in 2013 and 2014 at the Key Laboratory (108&deg; 24'E, 34&deg; 20'N) of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas sponsored by Ministry of Education, at Northwest A&amp;F University. Five kinds of treatments were conducted using a complete randomized block design with three replicates. They were ridge-furrow planting with transparent film mulching over ridge only (M1), ridge-furrow planting with corn straw mulching over furrow only (M2), ridge-furrow planting with transparent film mulching over ridge and corn straw mulching over furrow (M3), ridge-furrow planting with black film mulching over ridge and corn straw mulching over furrow (M4), and a control treatment of ridge-furrow planting without mulching both over ridge and furrow (CK). The accumulation of shoot dry mass, root growth (including root length, root surface area, root volume and total root dry weight), nutrient accumulation (including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and yield of summer maize and organic matter content and NO<inf>3</inf>^--N distribution in soil under different rainwater harvesting patterns were measured. In addition, nutrient use efficiency, nutrient uptake efficiency and partial fertilizer productivity among treatments were compared. The results showed that the aboveground biomass of summer maize matched the Logistic curve over time. Mulching treatments had larger theoretical values of aboveground biomass, longer durations of rapid accumulation period, and stronger root system than that of CK. And M4 had the highest level among the four mulching treatments. The results also indicated that root system mainly distributed in the depth of 0-40 cm and it tended to be shallower under mulching treatment. The rainwater harvesting pattern had impact on soil nutrients as well. For example, the content of organic matter under straw mulching (M2, M3 and M4) was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher than that of CK and M1. M3 and M4 had a greater infiltration depth of nitrate nitrogen than others and the depth peaked to 200 cm, which could prevent nitrate nitrogen from deep percolation. The nutrient accumulation among plant organs was highest in fruit, followed by leaf, stem and root, and the amount of potassium in stems was slightly larger than that in leave. Compared with CK, the mulching treatments remarkably increased not only nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake efficiency, but also the partial factor productivity of fertilizer. Among the 4 mulching treatments, M4 had the highest partial factor productivity of fertilizer, which was averagely increased by 8.37%, 14.93% and 3.74% compared with M1, M2 and M3 in the 2 years, respectively. In this study, taking plant growth, nutrient absorption, fertilizer use efficiency and soil fertility maintenance into consideration, the dual-mulching, especially the ridge-furrow planting with black film mulching over ridge and corn straw mulching over furrow could be an appropriate method for summer maize cultivation in drought area. The results above would provide valuable information for selecting efficient rainwater harvesting pattern to realize high and stable yield and sustainable agriculture development in semi-arid regions of China. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Nutrients
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Arid regions - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Crops - Cultivation - Ecology - Efficiency - Fertilizers - Film growth  - Forestry - Harvesting - Nitrates - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Optical films - Organic compounds - Phosphorus - Plants (botany) - Potassium  - Precipitation (meteorology) - Productivity - Rain - Soil conservation - Soil moisture - Soils - Solvents - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Arid and semi-arid areas - Arid and semi-arid regions - Nutrient absorption - Nutrient-use efficiencies - Partial factor productivity - Rain water harvesting - Root growth - Summer maize
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 481.2 Geochemistry - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20154901641982
Title:Influence of mechanization on technical efficiency of large-scale layer breeding
Authors:Zhu, Ning (1); Qin, Fu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Qin, Fu(qinfu@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:63-69
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the foundation of large-scale breeding of livestock and poultry, mechanization is the springhead to improve the efficiency of livestock and poultry breeding. Although it may have been greatly improved, the mechanization of China's livestock and poultry breeding is still facing problems such as low degree of automation and underinvestment. Therefore, studies on the influence of mechanization on the technical efficiency of livestock and poultry breeding are extremely important for improving China's livestock and poultry breeding and realizing the modernized large-scale livestock and poultry breeding. This paper obtained the production and business operation data of 402 farmers breeding layers on a large scale in China's 5 major egg-producing provinces through field survey. Besides, it used DEA (data envelopment analysis) method to calculate the technical efficiency of large-scale layer breeding. Based on that, it used Tobit model to analyze the influence of mechanization on the technical efficiency of large-scale layer breeding. The result shows that, according to the evaluation standard on layer breeding machinery specified in the acceptance standard of standardized demonstration layer farms, large-scale breeding of layers in current China is still insufficiently mechanized; with the improvement of mechanization, farmers breeding layers on a large scale are gradually decreasing, which indicates that the mechanization of layer breeding has a potentially large room for improvement; mechanization of layer breeding is better than traditional breeding in both overall and pure technical efficiency. With the improvement of mechanization, both the comprehensive technical efficiency and pure technical efficiency of layer breeding are increasing, indicating that mechanized breeding enjoys a technological superiority; verified by Tobit model, farmers breeding layers on a large scale are poorly mechanized; whereas the mechanization effectively improves the technical efficiency of large-scale layer breading, i. e., mechanized breeding plays a positive role in improving the technical efficiency of layer breeding. It shows that the mechanization of livestock and poultry breeding, which is promoted in China, has clearly demonstrated its advantages on the improvement of livestock and poultry breeding. Besides, the field survey shows that the mechanization greatly facilitates the development of standardized and large-scale layer breeding. Therefore, under the background that labor cost keeps growing and employing labors for layer breeding gets increasingly difficult, mechanization should be promoted to improve the layer breeding. In addition, the number of farmers who have a good education background and breeding training is in significantly direct proportion to the scale, region and technical efficiency of large-scale layer breeding, while the number of labors in layer breeding is in significantly reciprocal proportion to the technical efficiency of layer breeding. Based on the practical situation of different regions, therefore, governments at all levels should, through training, site instruction and publicity, etc., continuously improve the quality and breeding skills of chicken farm owners and decision-makers, and keep promoting the standardized and large-scale layer breeding. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Animals - Compensation (personnel) - Data envelopment analysis - Decision making - Economic analysis - Efficiency - Machinery - Mechanization - Surveys - Wages
Uncontrolled terms:Business operation - Decision makers - Evaluation standard - Farmers breeding layers on a large scale - Field surveys - Pure technical efficiencies - Technical efficiency - Underinvestment
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 912.2 Management - 912.4 Personnel - 913.1 Production Engineering - 922 Statistical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20154901642001
Title:Improved control strategy of turbine driven doubly-fed induction generators under harmonic grid voltage conditions
Authors:Wang, Ruiming (1); Xie, Zhen (2); Zhang, Xing (2); Li, Shaoling (1); Li, Houtao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing, China; (2) School of Electric Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:207-214
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Recently, wind power industry has got rapid development with widespread concern at home and abroad. In China, it plays an important role to solve the problem of power supply in rural and remote areas without electricity. As the key to connect wind turbines with the grid, the converter's output current will directly affect the quality of power. In actual operation, because the grid voltage contains a certain low-order harmonic components, IEEE519-1992 and ERG5/4-1 predetermines that grid voltage allows no more than 5% of the 5^thorder and 7^thorder harmonic components. And with the development of wind industry, more power electronic converter devices are incorporated into the grid, which leads to the increasement of harmonic in the grid. These harmonic components may bring more current and voltage harmonics to the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) of the system. The DFIG (doubly fed induction generator)'s stator current will distort and electromagnetic torque will pulse under low order grid harmonics voltage. Therefore, a useful way to suppress the current harmonics, which comes from the DFIG under lower order harmonics grid voltage is very important. Because of the harmful of these harmonics, this paper analyzes a control method to suppress the current harmonic and power ripple. First, This paper establish mathematical model of DFIG under the 5^thand 7^thorder harmonics grid voltage and analyze the stator current and electromagnetic torque pulsation problems caused by the harmonics distortion. Then this paper compared rotor current loop based on proportional-integral (PI) and proportional-integral-resonant (PIR) strategies of harmonic suppression of system. Based on above analysis, stator current closed loop based on resonance (R) regulator and rotor current loop based on PIR regulator is designed to suppress stator current harmonics and electromagnetic torque pulsation. This strategy did not need sub-sequence grid voltage and notch filter to extract different order harmonics and did not depend on motor parameters. The operating performance of DFIG at low order harmonics grid voltage has also improved. Finally, the control strategies was proposed to reduce the grid current harmonic components and power ripple is verified by simulation and the experiment. In experiment, when stator output at 0.5pu, THD of stator current has reduced 5.8%, 5^thorder harmonic of stator current has reduced 81%, 7^thorder harmonic of stator current has reduced 27% and electromagnetic torque pulsation has reduced 50%. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Asynchronous generators
Controlled terms:Electric currents - Electric fault currents - Electric generators - Electric machine control - Electric power system control - Electric power systems - Electric power transmission networks - Harmonic analysis - Optical resonators - Power converters  - Rotors (windings) - Stators - Torque - Two term control systems - Wind power - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms:DFIG - Double closed loop - Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) - Harmonic suppression - Point of common coupling - Power electronic converters - Stator current harmonics - Torque pulse
Classification code:615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 704.1 Electric Components - 705 Electric Generators and Motors - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 731.1 Control Systems - 731.2 Control System Applications - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:20154901641976
Title:Design and experiment on spiral-tube reseeding device for loss sowing of rapeseed
Authors:Ding, Youchun (1); Wang, Xueling (1); Liao, Qingxi (1); Zhang, Wenyu (1); Zhang, Xing (1); Cai, Xiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:16-24
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Loss sowing phenomenon is inevitable for rapeseed pneumatic precision metering device. For the small size and light quality, it is not easy to observe the metering process; when rapeseed emerges, carrying out artificial reseeding or transplanting is both labor-intensive and adversely affecting the farming season. It will increase the complexity of structures, increase costs, and slow down reseeding response by using pneumatic precise metering device to reseed. In order to solve this problem, a new kind of structure of spiral-tube reseeding device for rapeseed was presented. The working principle, main structure and performance parameters of spiral-tube reseeding device were analyzed. This spiral-tube reseeding device was able to complete these operations such as seed filling, protecting, taking and releasing automatically with the help of the liquidity of rapeseed and gravity. It took a short trip and less time. By using the discrete element method software EDEM (discrete element method), experiments were taken to analyze the relationships between seeding quantity and rotation speed of spiral-tube reseeding device. Meanwhile, tests were also carried out for spiral-tube reseeding device which was manufactured by using three-dimensional (3D) printer. The test indicated that when the rotation speed of seven-spiral-tube reseeding device was 25-180 r/min, the linear correlation coefficient between seeding quantity and rotation speed was 0.99. The equivalent seeding quantity of each hole was 1.7-1.9 grains. Its stability variation coefficient was no more than 6% and the seeding damage rate was less than 0.5%. There was no hole blocked. It was quick and easy to reseed by taking this spiral-tube metering device for reseeding. Combined the characteristic of seeding quantity for spiral-tube reseeding device with loss sowing detection in real time by time-varying window, the relationship model between reseeding rotation speed of spiral-tube reseeding device and loss sowing coefficient was established. This achieved a variable reseeding in the current time window. Tests were carried out on the JPS-12 testbed of the pneumatic rapeseed precision metering device. During the test, 10 holes were detected as one time window by using forty-hole rapeseed precision metering device. Spiral-tube reseeding device lagged behind rapeseed precision metering device by 500 mm. The theoretical loss sowing coefficient of rapeseed precision metering device was set as 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0, and the tested were taken out respectively at the different rotating speed of 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 and 30 r/min. According to the rotation speed of metering device, conveyor belt speed was set differently in order to ensure a fixed seeding spacing in the course of test. Loss sowing coefficient within a time window was got by the method based on time-varying window of loss sowing real-time detection. If the loss sowing coefficient was bigger than or equal to the loss sowing coefficient threshold, a stepper motor drove spiral-tube reseeding device to reseed variably in the current time window. The test on testbed showed that when the speed of pneumatic precision metering device was within 15-30 r/min at different loss sowing states, spiral-tube reseeding device could adjust its working speed to realize the required amount of loss sowing in the current time window automatically. Tests showed that reseeding times was equal to metering device's equivalent loss sowing quantity within the current time window. The rate of successful reseeding was 100%. And the filling seeds by spiral-tube reseeding device were uniformly distributed within the reseeding distance. The largest seeding spacing was less than 1.5 times theoretical metering seeding spacing after reseeding. The loss sowing index of seed spacing after reseeding was zero, namely no loss sowing phenomenon after reseeding. The device proposed in this study can reseed effectively for small seed precision metering such as rapeseed to remove loss sowing and improve the quality of sowing. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Tubes (components)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Belt conveyors - Electric machine theory - Models - Oilseeds - Pneumatics - Rotation - Seed - Speed - Stepping motors  - Testbeds - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Linear correlation coefficient - Rapeseed - Real-time detection - Spiral tubes - Threedimensional (3-d) - Time windows - Variable reseeding - Variation coefficient
Classification code:619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 632.3 Pneumatics - 692.1 Conveyors - 705.3 Electric Motors - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:20154901642008
Title:Pilot experiment on biogas production of dry fermentation of wheat straw and cow dung with composting pre-treatment
Authors:Wu, Aibing (1); Cao, Jie (1); Zhu, Dewen (1); Qu, Haoli (1); Wang, Pengjun (1); Li, Ruirong (1); Ma, Biao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Dewen(zdwww7009@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:256-260
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a big agricultural country, China produces a large number of crop stalks every year. However, most of them have not been effectively utilized, but are burned in the field. This not only is a waste of resource, but also causes a lot of environmental pollution problems. It is usually said that the garbage is misplaced resource, and then how can we use such a large number of crop stalks One answer is anaerobic fermentation. Utilizing crop straw by anaerobic fermentation can not only reduce a lot of agricultural waste, but also produce a large amount of methane, which is renewable clean energy and can replace the traditional natural gas as energy, and the by-product of biogas slurry can also be used as high-quality organic fertilizer. According to the water content of the material, anaerobic fermentation can be divided into dry anaerobic fermentation and wet anaerobic fermentation. Generally speaking, dry fermentation refers to the fermentation material with total solid (TS) content of more than 20%. The content of TS less than 20% is wet anaerobic fermentation. At present, composting pre-treatment is mostly used in wet anaerobic fermentation. In order to expound the effect of composting pre-treatment on biogas production of wheat straw and fresh cow dung under dry fermentation, taking wheat straw and fresh cow dung as raw materials, using garage dry fermentation system, under the conditions of the ambient temperature of 26-35 and the TS concentration of 20%, the characteristics of biogas production under dry anaerobic fermentation after composting pre-treatment and the component changes of wheat straw and fresh cow dung were analyzed. Results showed that composting pre-treatment could improve the degradation rate of cellulose by 7%, but it couldn't increase the biogas production of wheat straw and fresh cow dung, on the contrary, this process of pre-treatment may reduce the total biogas production, because the process of composting would consume some part of hemicellulose, which may cause hemicellulose content to decrease by more than 13%, and hence reduce the total gas production. But the process of composting pre-treatment could significantly shorten the start-up time of dry anaerobic fermentation, and could improve the methane content and enhance the quality of biogas. From the engineering aspect, we collected gas only when the methane content in the gas is more than 30%, and composting pre-treatment had the higher initial value and increasing trend of methane content in the gas production. In this experiment, because of the process of composting pre-treatment, the target that the methane content in gas production reached 30% could be completed in advance of 4 d, which meant that gas supply time could be advanced and more gas could be collected. On the other hand, composting pre-treatment could increase compactness of fermentation materials, which could improve the feeding rate and processing load and further improve the volume loading rate of fermentation device, and at the same time, more crop stalks could be used in a fixed volume of the fermenting tank, which was beneficial to the mechanical feeding and the labor cost saving. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Fermentation
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Biogas - Cellulose - Compensation (personnel) - Composting - Crops - Degradation - Fertilizers - Gases  - Methanation - Methane - Straw - Wages - Waste treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Biogas production - Dry fermentation - Engineering aspects - Environmental pollution problem - Organic fertilizers - Pre-Treatment - Waste of resources
Classification code:452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 912.4 Personnel
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 42>

Accession number:20154901642004
Title:Design and implementation of production supervising system for large scale rabbit farm
Authors:Ye, Yun (1); Hu, Yueming (1); Zhao, Xiaojuan (2); Jiang, Sheng (3); Sun, Baoli (4); Chen, Yinghao (5)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (3) College of Electrical Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (4) College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (5) Guangdong Junwei Agricultural Co., Ltd., Yunfu, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Yueming(ymhu163@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:22
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:229-234
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Farm raised rabbit has high yield, low cost, and economic efficiency, etc. However, along with the improvement of production scale, there exit issues of environmental degradation, breeding disorder of baby rabbit, inbreeding depression, low efficiency of management. Currently, livestock breeding production supervision system has been researched widely, but the rabbit as the research object for such system is rare. For rabbit fast pace of breeding habit, environment is easy to be deteriorated, and focusing on the automatic monitoring of the environment and genetic relationship analysis for large scale rabbit farm production supervision is rarely reported. Based on the characteristics and existing problems of rabbit breeding habits, and use of wireless sensor network, Internet technology such as network communication, in this study, we designed a large scale rabbit farm production supervision system. The system realized rabbit farm production management, business management, business analysis and the basic management functions at the same time. These components in the system were the keys for applying the remote environment monitoring and genetic relationship analysis function. Aiming at the problem that the large-scale rabbit breeding is easy to be influenced by environment, such as air temperature, humidity and ammonia, and for the design and development of the low power consumption rabbit's environmental monitoring node, we placed 2~3 sensor nodes in each rabbit house. The use of multiple sensors to collect rabbit inner environmental data of air temperature and humidity, ammonia concentration and other environmental data was constructed by ad-hoc network between the nodes in the form of large-scale rabbit farm environmental monitoring wireless sensor network (WSN). As such, the realization of the rabbit breeding environment parameters can be on-line monitored based on remote transmission and monitoring results via a Web interface for data visualization display, query and trend of early warning indicators. When the monitoring data were more than threshold that led from favorable to bad environment, the system automatically alerted and reminded the breeding personnel to make preparations for the prevention, thus reducing the mortality of the rabbit. Rabbits multiply rapidly, and are vulnerable to inbreeding depression. When large-scale breeding reached to a certain number, recording the relationships between individual rabbits manually becomes impossible. The system model based on the coefficient of inbreeding and rabbit relative formula, and through the computer software system of the rabbit genetic information in storage in combination with calculation and analysis, the rabbit inbreeding coefficient and genetic relationship of the automatic calculation and analysis has been realized. The results showed that the maximum risk reduction of young rabbit quality affected by inbreeding depression was improved resulting in high survival rate and the yield of seed rabbit. The system has been applied to Guangdong's largest meat rabbit breeding enterprise for a year in three rabbit sheds with nearly total 900 rabbits in management. In comparison with the rabbit shed without the system installation, rabbit pups survival rate in the shed with the system increased by 5.15%, rabbit mortality dropped 3.33%. All reached the significant level (P&lt;0.05). Through the application of the system, the enterprise work efficiency was improved, rabbit disease and mortality rates decreased significantly, the improvement of rabbit breeding, the survival rate and profit level in the enterprise had greatly improved. &copy; 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Monitoring
Controlled terms:Ad hoc networks - Agriculture - Ammonia - Atmospheric temperature - Computer software - Data visualization - Digital storage - Efficiency - Environmental engineering - Genes  - Information management - Management information systems - Population statistics - Sensor nodes - Wireless ad hoc networks - Wireless sensor networks
Uncontrolled terms:Ammonia concentrations - Design and Development - Design and implementations - Early warning indicators - Environmental Monitoring - Inbreeding analysis - Network communications - Rabbit
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.22.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES