<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20154801612111
Title:Performance parameter optimization and experiment of forced-vibration subsoiler
Authors:Li, Xia (1); Zhang, Dongxing (2); Wang, Weixin (1); Cui, Tao (2); Tang, Mingjun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China; (2) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:17-24
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to solve the problem of high traction resistance of the traditional subsoiler, a forced-vibration subsoiler was designed and developed. This paper introduced the structure and described the working principle of this forced-vibration subsoiler. What was more, the motion process of the vibrating deep loosening shovels was analyzed and the motion equation of the shovel point was established. Type of forward velocity, vibration frequency and vibration angle were selected as 3 factors of the orthogonal simulation experiment to evaluate their effects on traction resistance, total power and torque in the soil-bin experiment. The sequence of factors in affecting the traction resistance was vibration frequency > forward velocity > vibration angle. The traction resistance was reported to increase consistently with the increasing of forward velocity. The sequence of factors in affecting the total power was forward velocity > vibration frequency > vibration angle, and the total power values firstly increased and then decreased with the increasing of vibration frequency while the total power values firstly decreased and then increased with the increasing of vibration angle. The sequence of factors in affecting the torque was vibration frequency > forward velocity > vibration angle, and the torque values firstly increased and then decreased with the increasing of forward velocity while the torque values consistently increased with the increasing of vibration frequency. The optimal combination of the performance parameters was the forward velocity of 2 km/h, the vibration frequency of 10 Hz and the vibration angle of 12°. For further validating the rationality of optimal combination of parameters, the test on working performance of the forced-vibration subsoiler was carried out in the experimental field, and soil properties (bulk density and water content), soil bulkiness, soil disturbance coefficient and traction resistance were selected as the evaluation indicators to compare with non-vibration subsoiler. The results showed that the bulk density of all soil layer decreased after forced-vibration sub-soiling and that at 0-15 cm soil layer decreased by 21.74%. At the same time, the water content at 15-25 cm increased by 16.02%. The variation coefficient and stability coefficient of sub-soiling depth, which were the indicators to the change quantity and degree, were 7.37% and 92.63% respectively. Meanwhile, the variation coefficient and stability coefficient of the depth reached the requirements of the Ministry of Agriculture, and the land surface was smooth and flat after sub-soiling. Moreover, soil disturbance coefficient was 57.11% after subsoiling and soil bulkiness was 36.96%. Both soil bulkiness and disturbance coefficient reached the requirements of the test indicators. In addition, the traction resistance was reduced by 9.09% compared with non-vibrating subsoiler, so the effect of reducing traction resistance was obvious. These results provide a reference for further optimization of the mechanical structure and improving dynamic and economic performance of the whole machine. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Soil testing
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Equations of motion - Optimization - Shovels - Soils - Torque - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Evaluation indicators - Mechanical structures - Performance parameters - Resistance reduction - Stability coefficient - Subsoiler - Variation coefficient - Vibrations
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921.2 Calculus - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20154801612128
Title:Experiment on mechanical properties of Pisha-sandstone at recurrent shear
Authors:Li, Xiaoli (1); Zhai, Tao (1); Zhang, Qiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:154-159
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pisha-sandstone is a kind of loose rock stratum. Since the rock stratum is thin and low in pressure, it is hard to form rock, poor to glue the sandstone and low in structural strength. In nature, the stratum is apt to become muddy when encountering water and to form sands when encountering wind, consequently resulting in severe erosion. Geological disasters happen continually due to unsteady margins of Pisha-sandstone area, and its peak strength and residual strength are the important indexes in the assessment of the stability of landslides. The strength is in close relation with its density, particle diameter, contact pressure between particles and moisture contents. According to China's general scheme of soil fraction, the Pisha-sandstone is graded into coarse sand (≥0.5-1 mm in diameter), medium sand (≥0.25-0.5 mm in diameter), and fine sand (<0.25 mm in diameter). Under four moisture contents (5%, 8%, 11%, 14%), recurrent direct shear tests were performed on Pisha-sandstone by using the Digital Direct/Residual Shear Apparatus to investigate its changing laws of peak strength and residual strength. Based on the particle diameter of Pisha-sandstone soil, the recurrent direct shear tests were performed on three ranges of particle diameters (≥0.5-1 mm, ≥0.25-0.5 mm, <0.25 mm) under the pressure at 50, 100, 200 and 300 kPa. We found that among the four recurrent direct shear tests of Pisha-sandstone at the same particle diameter, the peak value of shearing stress appeared at the first shear in different ranges of particle diameter; the peak value of the fourth shear was very similar to that of the third shear, and the shear strength of the fourth shear was actually the residual strength. When the particle diameter was between ≥0.5-1 mm and moisture content at 5%, the peak value appeared at the first shear, which tended to be strain softening. With the increase of normal pressure, the strain softening increased. At the same moisture content and normal pressure, the shear strength and residual strength of the Pisha-sandstone differed from its particle diameters, which were lowest in the diameters ≥0.25-0.5 mm. For the Pisha-sandstone of same particle diameter, the peak strength and residual strength were increased with the decrease of moisture content. In the particles at the diameter ≥0.5-1 mm, the peak strength varied with the moisture content. In the particles at the diameters ≥0.25-0.5 mm and <0.25 mm, the shear peak slightly reduced with the moisture content. When the moisture content was lower than 11%, the residual strength of Pisha-sandstone did not change significantly. When the moisture content was over 14%, the residual strength of Pisha-sandstone in three diameters were significantly reduced, especially in the Pisha-sandstone in the diameters ≥0.5-1 mm. Therefore, 11%-14% were the critical values of moisture content, during which the residual strength of Pisha-sandstone was apt to change dramatically. Moreover, the functional relationship between normal displacement and shearing displacement was achieved and analyzed by SAS software, which can better reflect the dilatancy law of Pisha-sandstone in the shearing process. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Shearing machines
Controlled terms:Experiments - Moisture - Moisture determination - Particle size - Sand - Sandstone - Shearing - Soil testing - Soils - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Dilatancy - Direct shear - Functional relationship - Normal displacement - Peak intensity - Residual strength - Shearing displacement - Structural strength
Classification code:482.2 Minerals - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 603.1 Machine Tools, General - 604.1 Metal Cutting - 901.3 Engineering Research - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20154801612139
Title:Characteristics of camellia shell pyrolysis products and optimization of preparation parameters of activated carbon
Authors:Gu, Jie (1); Zhou, Jianbin (1); Ma, Huanhuan (1); Ma, Meng (1); Xing, Meiteng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Jianbin(zhoujianbin@njfu.com.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:233-239
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biomass is a clean, abundant and renewable energy source with many ecological advantages. Camellia, as one of the most important economic forest resources in China, is a potential biomass source for energy demand. Camellia shell is the primary residue left over from camellia oil production. Currently, the majority of camellia shells haven't been converted into high-quality bio-fuels efficiently. To utilize the camellia shell waste, pyrolysis for poly-generation is a promising technology which converts biomass resource to solid char, liquid oil and biogas. This paper focused on the product yields, characteristics and energy distribution during camellia shell pyrolysis at the temperature ranging from 300 to 700, and the reaction of activated carbon prepared from camellia shell pyrolysis used water vapor activation, so as to explore the effects of temperature on the characteristics of camellia shell pyrolysis product, and achieve the comprehensive utilization of products derived from camellia shell pyrolysis based on pyrolytic poly-generation. The pyrolysis of camellia shell and the preparation of activated carbon were carried out with the fixed bed reactor and the small rotary activation furnace, respectively. Gas chromatograph was used to analyze the compositions of non-condensable gas. The surface area of biochar and activated carbon was determined by the surface area and porosity analyzer via nitrogen adsorption at -196. The specific surface area was calculated from the adsorption isotherms using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) equation. The results showed that with the temperature increasing, biochar yield was declined mainly due to the thermal decomposition of the 3 components (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin), which resulted in the increase of non-condensable gas yield. The biochar yield rapidly decreased from 53.59% to 34.12% at 300-400, whereas the decrease at the temperature of more than 400 was less than 6% because the decomposition of cellulose and hemicellulose was completed. The bio-oil yield achieved the highest at 500, which was about 33.75%. Biochar was considered to be the primary product of camellia shell pyrolysis because it had energy yield of 47.21%-81.59%. The sum of energy yield of bio-oil and non-condensable gas reached almost 50% when the pyrolysis temperature was >600. Therefore, these 3 types of pyrolysis products as valuable resources should be developed together for utilization. With the increasing of temperature, the fixed carbon percentage of biochar generally increased, while the BET surface area declined after firstly rising, and achieved the highest value of 278 m<sup>2</sup>/g at 500. This increase in temperature also increased the low heating value from 29.92 to 32.40 MJ/kg. The optimum preparation conditions of camellia shell activated carbon were determined as follows: based on yield, the camellia shell activated carbon could be prepared at the activation temperature of 800, activation time of 1 h, and water vapor-carbon ratio of 1.0, and the yield achieved 47.79%; based on iodine adsorption value, the camellia shell activated carbon could be prepared at the activation temperature of 850, activation time of 1.5 h, and water vapor-carbon ratio of 2.0, and the iodine adsorption value achieved 825 m<sup>2</sup>/g; based on BET specific surface area, the camellia shell activated carbon could be prepared at the activation temperature of 850, activation time of 1.5 h, and water vapor-carbon ratio of 2.0, and the BET specific surface area achieved 736 m<sup>2</sup>/g. The study of camellia shell pyrolysis based on pyrolytic poly-generation provides a reference for a comprehensive and effective use of the products of camellia shell pyrolysis. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Shells (structures)
Controlled terms:Activated carbon - Adsorption - Biofuels - Biomass - Cellulose - Chemical activation - Chemical reactors - Decomposition - Gas adsorption - Iodine - Natural resources - Pyrolysis - Renewable energy resources - Specific surface area - Temperature - Water vapor
Uncontrolled terms:Activation temperatures - BET specific surface area - Brunauer emmett tellers - Camellia shell - Cellulose and hemicellulose - Comprehensive utilizations - Preparation conditions - Renewable energy source
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 802 Chemical Apparatus and Plants; Unit Operations; Unit Processes - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20154801612131
Title:Risk evaluation of sub-surface waterlogging of summer crops based on DHSVM model on county scale
Authors:Xiong, Qinxue (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jinzhou, China; (2) Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Jinzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:177-183
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Sub-surface waterlogging is one of the main agricultural meteorological disasters affecting summer crops in Jianli County, Hubei Province, China. For sub-surface waterlogging is caused by the long-term influence of high soil moisture on crops, it is not easily identified. Few studies were found on the risk evaluation and zonation of crops injured by sub-surface waterlogging. The researchers of this paper firstly adjusted the parameters of DHSVM (distributed hydrology soil vegetation model) by using soil moisture data collected from February 13 to May 20 in 2014 and verified it with the data collected from May 25 to September 23 in 2014. The result showed that the DHSVM could be used to simulate the soil moisture changes in Jianli County. Based on this model, the influencing parameters of waterlogging injury were input, which included meteorology, soil physical properties, groundwater levels, topography, drainage and irrigation conditions, and the farming system. Then the spatial distributions of soil surface moisture were simulated using the DHSVM with a step of 24 h during the growth seasons (March and April) of summer crops from 1970 to 2014. Also the waterlogging moisture indicators were also used to analyze the injury times of each grid in Jianli County (waterlogging injury occurs when the water level is less than 60 cm and surface soil moisture is higher than 95% of soil saturation for 5 days), and the spatial resolution was 90 m. In this way, the spatial distribution of the sub-surface waterlogging injured ratio (SWIR) was calculated, as well as the indicator of the degree of sub-surface waterlogging injury. According to the different range of SWIR value, the research areas which were at the risk of the sub-surface waterlogging injury, were consequently classified into 4 grades: the severe damage zone (SWIR greater than or equal to 0.6), the moderate damage zone (SWIR greater than or equal to 0.3 and less than 0.6), the mild damage zone (SWIR greater than or equal to 0.1 and less than 0.3), and the damage-free zone (SWIR less than 0.1). Thus the zonation of sub-surface waterlogging injury of summer crops was mapped. With some risk evaluation of each zone, the zonation conformed to the actual situation. Since the method used in this paper is based on the model and all the damage factors are taken into account, it is more accurate than the division only using the meteorological elements and proved to be an applicable method for the zonation of sub-surface waterlogging injury on the county scale. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Crops - Groundwater - Models - Moisture - Soil moisture - Soils - Spatial distribution - Water levels
Uncontrolled terms:Distributed hydrology soil vegetation models - Influencing parameters - Meteorological disasters - Meteorological elements - Risk evaluation - Soil physical property - Sub-surfaces - Surface soil moisture
Classification code:444.2 Groundwater - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20154801612117
Title:Parameter optimization and validation experiment on jet pipe of pneumatic pollination
Authors:Li, Zhongqiu (1); Tang, Chuzhou (1, 2); Li, Ming (1, 2, 3); Luo, Haifeng (1, 2, 3); Wu, Mingliang (1, 2, 3); He, Juying (4); Zhang, Haiqing (3, 5)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; (2) Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Agricultural Equipment, Changsha, China; (3) Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in South China, Changsha, China; (4) Long Ping High-Tech Co. Ltd, Changsha, China; (5) College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
Corresponding author:Tang, Chuzhou(chzhtang2002@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:68-75
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Auxiliary pollination is the most critical process during hybrid rice seed production. The uniform and sufficient pollination has significant meaning for improving seed setting rate and operating efficiency. In the process of pneumatic auxiliary pollination for hybrid rice seed production, the pollens move with airflow, the airflow fields of multiple parallel nozzles of jet pipe overlay, and the jet cone angle and nozzle air pressure are the most important characters in airflow field. Increasing jet cone angle can expand the coverage of airflow field and reduce blind area of pollination effect, and eventually improve the uniformity of auxiliary pollination. Increasing nozzle air pressure can improve the airflow speed and increase airflow penetration, which significantly influences the uniformity and sufficiency of pollen distribution and determines the propagation distance of pollens. In order to study the relationships among jet cone angle, nozzle air pressure and pipe parameters, and find the ideal combination of pipe parameters for pneumatic auxiliary pollination, the paper firstly analyzed the superposition principle of the airflow field formed by parallel multiple nozzles, and obtained the formulae of jet cone angle and nozzle air pressure. Chromatic smoke was generated by the smoke grenade and sprayed through the nozzle, and pictures of airflow field were taken by camera. Jet pipe diameter, pipe thickness, nozzle diameter of pipe were selected as 3 factors, jet cone angle and nozzle air pressure were selected as 2 evaluation indices, and the three-factor and five-level of single factor and multi-factor orthogonal tests were done. In experiment, initial airflow velocity of nozzle and vertical distance between airflow junction point and center line of jet pipe were measured, and 5 photos and 5 measurements were taken for each test; the range analysis and matrix analysis were carried out, the influence laws of various factors on airflow field characteristics and their weights were obtained, as well as the relationships between airflow field characteristics and jet pipe parameters. Results showed that the influences of nozzle diameter on jet cone angle and nozzle air pressure were very obvious. As the nozzle diameter of pipe increased, the nozzle air pressure and jet cone angle increased accordingly. The influence order of the 3 factors from high to low was nozzle diameter, pipe diameter and pipe thickness. The optimal combination of the factors to jet pipe was the pipe diameter of 63 mm, the pipe thickness of 5 mm, and the nozzle diameter of 12 mm. At this time, the jet cone angle was 13.38°, and the nozzle air pressure was 31.6 Pa. The optimal factors were verified by test. Pollination effects were evaluated by the selected 3 evaluation indices on effective distribution area ratio, average distribution density, nonuniformity of pollen distribution. The confirmatory test showed that the pollen distribution was more uniform, the effective distribution area ratio of pollen was obviously improved, the nonuniformity of pollen distribution (variance) dropped to 1.33, the degree of uneven distribution was significantly reduced, and the distribution images of pollen showed unimodal normal distribution. The pipe parameters can satisfy the requirements of auxiliary pollination, which provides important reference to the design of jet pipe for pneumatic auxiliary pollination in hybrid rice seed production. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Air
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Atmospheric pressure - Experiments - Fighter aircraft - Normal distribution - Nozzles - Optimization - Piping systems - Pneumatics
Uncontrolled terms:Air pressures - Cone angle - Nozzle diameter - Pipe diameter - Pipe thickness
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 632.3 Pneumatics - 652.1.2 Military Aircraft - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20154801612115
Title:Test and analysis of performance of screw conveyor for rubbing and breaking corn straw
Authors:Wulantuya (1); Wang, Chunguang (1); Qi, Shaohua (1); Yan, Jianguo (1); Wang, Jinlian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Chunguang(jdwcg@imau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:51-59
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Screw conveyor is one of most important agricultural machineries for crop harvest and fiber materials processing. The advantages of screw conveyor include simple structure, small volume, compact total size, easy operation and management, and good seal. There are 3 major problems in use that are high loss of power, low productivity and transmission inefficiency. This study was to explore the method to reduce power consumption and improve efficiency and productivity in transportation. First, with stress analysis of the screw blade, the research found the factors that influenced the force of the blade. This research also designed blade stress test system and power test system by using thin-film pressure sensors, data acquisition unit, signal receiver, torque speed sensor and computer. The experiment was implemented by taking the screw conveyor as experimental platform, which was developed by the project group. The parameters of the experimental platform were as follows: the conveying gap length was 2500 mm, the diameter of the screw blade was 250 mm, the diameter of the center axis was 60 mm, the pitch was 200, 250 and 300 mm respectively, and the space between the screw blade and the casing was 5-8 mm. The experiment samples were from the corn stalks rubbed and broken by the 9R-40 type rubbing machine, which had less than 180 mm length, 2-8 mm width, and 43.98% moisture content. Based on the performance index such as pressure on the blade, transmission power, productivity and transmission efficiency, the experiment studied the impact of pitch, speed, and feeding quantity on transportation performance. The results showed that: 1) Under the same pitch, the closer to the outer edge, the greater the pressure on the helical blade, and the pressure at inner diameter was the minimum. On the same shaft, the pressure was different at different points of screw blade, the closer to the spout, the greater the pressure on all parts of the blade. 2) When the speed was 58 r/min and the feeding quantity was 70 kg/min, with the pitch increasing, the pressure on each part of the blade increased, the productivity increased and the transmission efficiency was enhanced. When the pitch was 250 mm, the average power consumption was 294.63 W which was the minimum. When the pitch was 300 mm, the transmission efficiency was 90% that was the highest. 3) When the pitch was 250 mm and the feeding quantity was 70 kg/min, as the speed increased, the pressure on different parts of the blade increased, the power consumption increased, the productivity first increased and then decreased, and the transmission efficiency decreased. Consequently, for transporting agricultural fiber material, the optimum speed was 117 r/min. Under such condition, the average power was low, 354.63 W, and the transmission efficiency was high, 75%. 4) When the pitch was 250 mm and the speed was 117 r/min, with the increase of feeding quantity, the pressure on all parts of the blade increased, the transmission power and the productivity increased, and the transmission efficiency reduced. Therefore, the feeding quantity should be determined according to the requirement in practical work. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Screws
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Conveyors - Crops - Data acquisition - Efficiency - Electric power utilization - Energy efficiency - Feeding - Mechanization - Productivity - Screw conveyors - Sensors - Signal processing - Signal receivers - Speed - Straw - Stress analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural fibers - Data-acquisition units - Experimental platform - Operation and management - Performance indices - Performance tests - Rub - Transmission efficiency
Classification code:525.2 Energy Conservation - 601 Mechanical Design - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 692.1 Conveyors - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20154801612141
Title:Analysis on characteristics of rural residential land at village level based on differentiation of rural household
Authors:Feng, Yingbin (1); Yang, Qingyuan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Public Administration, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang, China; (2) School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Qingyuan(yizyang@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:248-258
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Scientific identification on the differentiate type of rural household and its evolution trend, is an important prerequisite and infrastructure work for the study of rural household's economic behaviors in the new period. Discussing the evolution process and trend of rural residential land at plot scale level under the background of rural household differentiation, can provide the basis for the direction and mode control of rural residential land. This paper took Guni Village, Chongkan Town, Tongnan County in Chongqing as a typical case study, from the 3 aspects of rural household income, employment occupation, and place of employment, and defined the differentiation type of rural household. Rural households in Guni Village had changed from homogenization led by planting and breeding industry to heterogeneity led by planting and breeding industry and non-agricultural technical management which was called rural household differentiation. Rural households in Guni Village were divided into 5 types, which were agricultural type, agriculture dominant type, locally non-agriculture dominant type, different-place non-agriculture dominant type and non-agricultural type. Rural households who were agricultural type and agriculture dominant type were about 56.21%, rural households who were locally non-agriculture dominant type were about 11.51%, and those who were different-place non-agriculture dominant type and non-agricultural type were about 32.28%. According to rural household differentiation and its type division, the interaction between rural household differentiation and rural residential land evolution was analyzed horizontally to understand the characteristics of rural residential land evolution at patch level based on rural residential land scale, form, internal function structure and location condition for different types. Rural households who were dominated by planting and breeding industry had a largest rural residential land per household, rural households who were dominated by non-agricultural industry and left their land and home had a largest rural residential land per capita, while rural households who were dominated by non-agricultural industry and left their lands but still stayed at home had the least rural residential land per household and per capita. Rural residential land used for non-agriculture industry and agriculture industry had the most complex spatial forms, while rural residential land used for locally non-agriculture industry and agriculture dominate industry had comparably simple spatial forms which trended to the regular square shape. House form was more compact and intensive for rural households who were locally non-agriculture industry type and agriculture dominate industry type, while house form was looser and more extensive for peasants who were agriculture type. Rural household differentiation had little influence on the proportion of rural residential land with production function, but the non-agriculture conversion of rural households had a high effect on the residential function of rural residential land. In another word, the higher the degree of non-agriculture, the stronger the residential function of rural residential land. Rural household differentiation type had less significance to the action mode of productive function for newly-added rural residential land, and service function of newly-added rural residential land, which was for non-agriculture dominate livelihood type, will gradually be weakened. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Classification (of information) - Economics - Employment - Houses - Housing - Land use
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural industries - Agriculture industries - Internal structure - Mechanism of action - Production function - Rural households - Rural residential - Technical management
Classification code:402.3 Residences - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20154801612122
Title:Universal autopilot system of tractor based on Raspberry Pi
Authors:Yang, Liu (1); Luo, Tingting (1); Cheng, Xinrong (2); Li, Jianping (1); Song, Yuyao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Cheng, Xinrong(cheng_xinrong@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:109-115
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the process of industrialization, young workers pour into the city, the number of farm labor declines. The average age of farmers is increasing. The tractor, as a modern agricultural production machine, is one of the most important driving force sources of agricultural production. However, some drawbacks come with the manual control, such as, the uncomfortable working condition, the inaccurate routine and the operator fatigue. However, automated driving can improve the field operation standard, the utilization rate of the existing machinery, the mechanical efficiency and labor comfort. Therefore, designing a set of tractor automatic system has a significant meaning in terms of agriculture. At present, the majority of the tractor automated driving systems are designed for specified tractors. When a new type of tractor is used, the developers often need to upgrade their system in terms of software and hardware. And the monotonous work can be reduced by developing a universal system for all types of tractors. Professor Simon Blackmore has been working on a software system for tractors for more than 10 years, and this system can be used as a universal tractor control software system. However, a hardware system is still needed to cooperate with it. In the project, a distributed control system was developed for tractors. Raspberry Pi is used as ECU (electronic control unit) in this system, and TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/internet protocol) is used as the communication protocol in this system; laser distance sensors are used to monitor the environment of the tractor; a Heart Beat system is used to check every important part of this system to make sure the system runs properly. This system receives control commands from a Xbox wireless controller or SAFAR (software architecture for agricultural robot), and it responses to the control commands rapidly and correctly. The John Deere X534 tractor was transformed into automated tractor in the test, R2100 laser scanning distance sensor was selected to safeguard the security of information input system. Since John Deere X534 uses a light tractor CVT automatic transmission, the control strategy is to control the size of the throttle by a servo, and use a motor to control the tractor steering. Experimental results showed that the system was stable and reliable. Due to high precision and high frequency, R2100 laser scanning sensor made the security of the system greatly improved. In the test, when an object was close to the tractor, the tractor could timely stop to protect life and property safety. During the test, in the case of normal operation, disconnecting directly the TCP/IP interface, turning off the router and using other methods to make a fault in the system, the Heart Beat detection mechanism could immediately find the system fault, and Arduino Mega could make the speed set to 0 m/s and the steering angle set to 0 when other tractor control devices failed. The angle of the steering gear was changed in the experiment by changing the width of input signal (square wave signal, the frequency 50 Hz). The test results showed that this system could response to the operator or SAFAR rapidly and correctly, and the response time was about 0.5 s, which was highly acceptable for an off-road vehicle system. The communication between 3 ECUs was stable, dependable and fast. The safety system worked perfectly when any obstacle was found or any system error occurred. The experiment result shows that this system meets the requirement of this project significantly. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Tractors (agricultural)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Automation - Automobile steering equipment - Automobile testing - Closed loop control systems - Computer software - Control systems - Distributed parameter control systems - Hardware - Internet protocols - Laser applications - Light transmission - Machinery - Off road vehicles - Security of data - Security systems - Sensors - Surface analysis - Tractors (truck) - Transmission control protocol
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Agriculture machinery - Automated driving systems - Control software system - Ecus (electronic control unit) - Field - Laser distance sensors - Transmission control protocol/internet protocols
Classification code:605 Small Tools and Hardware - 662 Automobiles and Smaller Vehicles - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.1 Light/Optics - 744.9 Laser Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20154801612121
Title:Design and experiment of cleaning device with magnetic wheels for plastic greenhouses
Authors:He, Peixiang (1); Wang, Yang (1); He, Jiacheng (1); Liang, Yongjiang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; (2) Zunyi Guizhou Tobacco Company, Zunyi, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:102-108
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The technology of plastic greenhouses is widely used in China. Greenhouses' films get dirty easily with dusts and mosses with the increasing of use time. That's the reason why its transmittance (which is one of the important factors that affect the greenhouses' productivity) decreases. Nowadays, cleaning devices are mainly designed for glass curtain walls, ventilating ducts and air conditioner pipes. These cleaning devices have difficulties in cleaning plastic greenhouses because of the greenhouses' arc frames and the films' variable surfaces. To solve the problems, a cleaning device with magnetic wheels was designed in this paper. The cleaning device consists of magnetic wheel walking mechanism and brush cleaning mechanism, whose core components are magnetic wheels, walking motors, brushes and cleaning motors. When greenhouses need cleaning, put the device on the greenhouses' canopy and provide power for it. Thus, the walking motors can drive the magnetic wheels to walk forward on the greenhouses' frame by magnetic absorption. Meanwhile, the cleaning motors also drive the brushes to clean the greenhouses with water or detergent for the first time. When the device walks to the top of the canopy, manually shift the power switch to make walking motors rotate reversely, then, the device can walk back and operate the second cleaning work. When the device returns to the bottom of the greenhouses' frame, it should be translated to the neighboring frame for the next cleaning work. The device's minimum driving force and magnetic force were calculated by the device's mechanical model and its force situation analysis, which was essential for walking on the greenhouses' frames. The analysis results showed that the driving force and magnetic force needed at least 58.9 and 235.6 N, respectively. And each magnetic wheel's magnetic force was no less than 58.9 N. In order to verify whether the magnetic wheel met the requirements of minimum magnetic force, the magnetic force analysis was taken in ANSYS and the analysis results indicated that each magnetic wheel' magnetic force was 67 N, which had met the requirements. In order to balance the cleaning effect and working efficiency, the device's theoretical walking speed was computed and designed to 0.13 m/s. Based on the design and calculation of the magnetic force, driving force and walking speed, the cleaning device can walk safely and stably on the arc frame of plastic greenhouses with skeleton spacing of 1 m and ridge height of 4.7 m in theory. To test if the cleaning device can walk safely and stably on the arc frame of plastic greenhouses in practice and achieve a good cleaning effect, researchers did the walking velocity and cleaning effect experiment, the driving force experiment and the using effect experiment. The walking velocity and cleaning effect experiment's results showed that: 1) the device's walking was stable at the velocity of 6.6 m/min; 2) its average work efficiency could reach 6.6 m<sup>2</sup>/min; 3) the transmittance of plastic greenhouses was increased from 50.9% to 88.4% and from 49.0% to 88.9% after the cleaning of water and detergent, respectively; 4) the best cleaning water and detergent consumption were 1.2 L and 1.0 L per minute. The driving force experiment's results indicated that the minimum driving force of the device was 69 N, which was greater than the theoretical calculation value and met the walking requests. The using effect experiment's results showed that the transmittance increased by 46.7% when the greenhouse' dip angle changed, which manifested this cleaning device had a good effect in use. This study solves the difficulty of plastic greenhouses cleaning, which can provide some reference for plastic greenhouses' design. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Air cleaners
Controlled terms:Air conditioning - Cleaning - Design - Efficiency - Greenhouse effect - Greenhouses - Machinery - Magnetism - Mechanization - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Cleaning devices - Driving forces - Magnetic wheels - Plastic greenhouse - Transmittance
Classification code:451 Air Pollution - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 643.3 Air Conditioning - 701.2 Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20154801612143
Title:Glass transition and storage stability for explosion puffing dried jujube powder
Authors:Bi, Yandi (1, 2); Chen, Qinqin (2); Bi, Jinfeng (1, 2); Yan, Tingcai (1); Wu, Xinye (2); Zhao, Yue (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Bi, Jinfeng(bijinfeng2010@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:265-270
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Since the 1980s, water activity has been commonly used to evaluate the food storage stability, and food storage will be more stable in or below the moisture content of monolayer molecular layer. Water activity is related to the composition, temperature and physical state of the compounds, and the physical state of food compounds is also related to the stability. But recently, some scholars had found the limitations of using water activity to assess the food storage stability, so the glass transition theory was proposed. Glass transition is a well-known change in the state of amorphous materials, and the characteristic temperature is the glass transition temperature. When the temperature is lower than the glass transition temperature, the system is in glass state, energy is low, viscosity is high, and the molecular chain is segmented into "frozen" state, so the system is relatively stable. On the contrary, when the system temperature is higher than the glass transition temperature, the system is in rubbery state, which leads to the viscosity reduction, the free volume increasing and a variety of changes in motion by diffusion-controlled reactions acceleration, so the system is unstable. Therefore, food in glass state is often considered to be stable, and the glass transition temperature has become an important predictor of food quality. With the deep understanding of water activity and glass transition theory, more and more scholars had combined these 2 theories together to predict the stability of food storage. In order to investigate the suitable storage condition of explosion puffing dried jujube (Zizyphus jujube cv. Huizao) powder, moisture sorption isotherm and glass transition temperature were determined at 25 by the gravimetric method and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. Three water sorption models and Gordon-Taylor equation were used to fit the moisture sorption isotherms and the glass transition temperature data, respectively. The state diagram of jujube powder was developed using the fitted moisture sorption isotherm and glass transition temperature curve to determine the suitable storage condition. Results showed that the equilibrium moisture content of explosion puffing dried jujube powder increased with the increasing of water activity, and the equilibrium moisture content (dry basis) was increased from 0.06 to 0.76 g/g as water activity increased from 0.113 to 0.902. The sorption behavior displayed "J" type isotherms, which may be due to the high sugar content of jujube powder. The best model to describe the moisture sorption isotherm characteristics of jujube powder was GAB model (R<sup>2</sup>=0.9968). The fitting curve indicated great fitting effect. The glass transition temperature was decreased with the increasing of moisture content, and the glass transition temperature was decreased from 29.90 to -35.02 as moisture content (wet basis) of jujube powder was increased from 0.064 to 0.175 g/g. The Gordon-Taylor equation was used to fit the glass transition temperature nonlinearly, and the correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) was 0.9912, which revealed good fitness. When dry basis moisture content was at or below 0.1223 g/g, and the temperature was at or below -0.062, the storage condition was suitable for jujube powder. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Glass transition
Controlled terms:Adsorption isotherms - Amorphous materials - Curve fitting - Differential scanning calorimetry - Digital storage - Energy storage - Food storage - Glass - Grain (agricultural product) - Isotherms - Moisture - Moisture determination - Sorption - Stability - Storage (materials) - Temperature - Viscosity
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristic temperature - Correlation coefficient - Diffusion controlled reactions - Equilibrium moisture contents - Gordon-Taylor equation - Moisture sorption isotherms - State diagram - Transition theories
Classification code:525.7 Energy Storage - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 694.4 Storage - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 812.3 Glass - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 933.2 Amorphous Solids - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 944.6 Temperature Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20154801612109
Title:Analysis and reflection on development strategy of walnut processing industry in China
Authors:Zhang, Youlin (1, 4); Yuan, Shuangjin (2, 4); Wang, Xiaoji (3, 4); Feng, Binkui (4); Zhang, Runguang (1); Han, Junqi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China; (2) Shaanxi Provincial Forestry Technology Promotion Station, Xi'an, China; (3) Forestry Technology Promotion Center of Xi'an, Xi'an, China; (4) Shaanxi Expert Group of Walnut Strategic Alliance, Xi'an, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:1-8
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Walnut is an important nut distributed throughout more than 50 countries and regions. The planting area of walnut in the whole world is 4 million hm<sup>2</sup>and its yield is about 4 million tons so far. The planting area and yield of walnut in China are both maximum in the world, which is ranked the first among Chinese four dried fruits. Walnut is also a kind of important economic forest tree species in China. Walnut fruit contains rich nutrition such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid, protein, vitamins, minerals, and its unsaturated fatty acids content is more than 50%. Walnut has the reputation of the longevity fruit as it possesses good health care function. In particular, the oil content of walnut kernel can be up to 60%-70%, so walnut plays an important role in the safety of Chinese edible oil. Based on the walnut's nutritional ingredients and economic values, Chinese government has increased the development of walnut planting, and walnut is in an unprecedented stage of development and its planting area has been growing with a rate of 10% per year. By 2020, walnut area will reach 2.67 million hm<sup>2</sup>and its yield will reach 3 million tons in China, which maybe leads to a decline of sales volume of walnut nuts, so it is urgent to develop the walnut processing industry. In this paper, Chinese walnut resource and its development strategy, walnut nutritional values, walnut processed products and Chinese walnut processing industry's status are described. Meanwhile, the economic benefits brought by Chinese walnut processing are analyzed. It will increase the revenue by 14.51 billion yuan and net profit by 12.85 billion yuan for enterprises if walnut can be sold 0.7 million tons, stored 0.5 million tons and processed 1.8 million tons (60% of the total production) per year. This paper presents 10 problems to be solved for walnut processing industry in China, including such aspects as increasing the policy support, improving the top-level design, implementing the industry-university-research alliance, exploiting the processing machinery, supporting the processing enterprises, forming the industrial chain, focusing on the public products, developing the high-grade products, carrying out the in-depth theoretical study, and opening the international market. Chinese walnut processing is still in the initial stage, and it is can not meet the needs of domestic and foreign markets at present. With the expansion of the planting area of walnut, it is necessary to develop the walnut processing industry. Chinese walnut processing industry will have broad market prospect and huge development space by means of developing high-grade products under the premise of improving the quality of popular production. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Oils and fats
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Commerce - Economics - Fatty acids - Fruits - Industrial research - International trade - Linoleic acid - Machine design - Machinery - Nutrition - Planning - Product design - Strategic planning - Unsaturated fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:Development strategies - Health care functions - International markets - Nutritional ingredients - Processing industry - Processing machinery - University research - Walnut
Classification code:461.7 Health Care - 601 Mechanical Design - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 912.1 Industrial Engineering - 912.2 Management - 913.1 Production Engineering - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20154801612126
Title:Runoff and sediment reduction benefits of soil and water conservation and its mechanism of corn stalk juice
Authors:Wei, Xia (1); Su, Huidong (1); Li, Xungui (1); Ye, Yongzhu (1); Peng, Haixin (1); Huang, Qingneng (1); He, Zhiwen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Earth Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:142-147
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil and water loss has been degrading the precious soil and water resources. How to control soil and water loss has been paid increasingly great attentions by the societies and scientists all over the world. Chinese Loess Plateau is the region where water and soil loss is the most serious in the world. Therefore, Chinese people have got a long history of soil and water conservation practices and invented many sound measures for soil and water conservation, such as biological methods, tillage measures, engineering technologies and small watershed comprehensive management. However, the serious erosion problems have not been significantly improved in the Loess Plateau because of large investment, long controlled cycle, slow effect and other issues of these measures. In recent, manufactured and natural soil amendments such as polyacrylamide, biological crust, corn stalk juice have been effective in runoff control and sediment reduction, and especially corn stalk juice is natural byproduct and belongs to natural soil amendment. Corn stalk juice was tested for its effects on runoff generation intensity and sediment yield rate in the previous literature. In this paper, corn stalk juice was tested for its effects on runoff and sediment reduction benefit and soil properties. The experimental design involved the simulated rainfall intensity (50 mm/h), 2 application concentrations of diluted corn stalk juice (25% and 50%), and the application amount of diluted corn stalk juice (1000 mL) on 2 soil boxes which were 1.2 m long, 0.8 m wide, and 0.4 m deep and set to 15% slope. Rainfall experiments were conducted at the Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Gansu Province, China. Surface soil (0 20 cm) materials were from Doujia Mountain Experimental Station in Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, and they had 72% clay, 10% silt and 18% sand. The test soil was air-dried, crushed and then passed through a 10 mm sieve. The corn stalk juice used in this study was extracted from field corn plants grown at Yuzhong Campus of Lanzhou University. A 60-min continuous rainstorm was applied. The rainstorm intensity was 50 mm/h. Runoff samples were collected in 10 L HDPE (high density polyethylene) bucket every 5 min during the whole rainfall process. Time of filling the runoff bucket was recorded. After each run, the sample buckets were weighed immediately to obtain the runoff rate. After settling overnight, the excess water was poured off the buckets. The sediments were transferred to the iron boxes and placed in the oven at 105°C for at least 24 h or until the sediments were dried. Dry weights were then taken to calculate the sediment delivery rate and sediment concentration. Mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregate, and soil organic matter mass fraction under application concentration of different corn stalk juice were measured by the traditional measure method in the laboratory. The results showed that all kinds of diluted corn stalk juice application could increase the soil aggregate MWD and soil organic matter mass fraction, but reduce runoff generation intensity and sediment yield rate. When application concentration of corn stalk juice was 0%, 25% and 50%, the corresponding soil aggregates MWD was 0.18, 0.46 and 0.51 mm, respectively, and the corresponding soil organic matter mass fraction was 5.70%, 6.75% and 7.17%, respectively. When application concentration of diluted corn stalk juice was 25% and 50%, the corresponding runoff reduction benefit was 45.81% and 48.34%, respectively, and the corresponding sediment reduction benefit was 65.00% and 75.47%, respectively. Sediment reduction benefit was greater than runoff benefit reduction under the same application concentration of diluted corn stalk juice. Runoff and sediment reduction benefit reduced with the increasing of time. The average annual runoff reduction benefit was about 12.5%, and the average annual sediment reduction benefit was about 14.1%. The optimum application amount of corn stalk juice and the optimum volume ratio of corn stalk juice to running water were suggested to be 1041.7 mL/m<sup>2</sup>and 1:1, respectively. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Soil conservation
Controlled terms:Aggregates - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Forestry - High density polyethylenes - Landforms - Organic compounds - Rain - Runoff - Sediments - Silt - Soil structure interactions - Soil testing - Soils - Storms - Water conservation - Water resources - Well drilling
Uncontrolled terms:Corn stalk - Mean weight diameter - Runoff and sediments - Soil aggregate - Soil organic matters
Classification code:406 Highway Engineering - 443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 481.1 Geology - 481.2 Geochemistry - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20154801612145
Title:Suitable extraction method improving extraction efficiency and oil quality of Sacha inhi oil
Authors:Wu, Qiaojin (1); Zhang, Jiayi (1); Du, Bing (1); Chen, Jun (2); Xie, Lanhua (2); Hua, Yanglin (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (2) Puer Lianzhong Biological Resources Development Co., Ltd., Puer, China; (3) Infinitus (China) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Du, Bing(26598642@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:277-284
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Sacha inchi is an ancient plant existing in highland in Ecuador and Peru. It is a good oil source containing many unsaturated fatty acids, which are beneficial to our health. In present, the study of Sacha inchi has been focused on its nutritional composition, oil stability and cultivation techniques. The study on different kinds of extracting oil methods of Sacha inchi has not been reported. Moreover, the reports of Sacha inchi were usually from Ecuador and Peru and other countries abroad, but that from China was seldom seen. So the purpose of this paper was to study the extraction oil methods and the nutritional composition of Sacha inchi which was provided by Puer Lianzhong Biological Resources Development Limited Company in Yunnan Province, China. Sacha inchis were used as raw material in order to compare the oil extraction efficiency and oil quality among 4 kinds of extraction methods, which were aqueous enzymatic extraction, supercritical CO<inf>2</inf>extraction, ultrasonic-assisted organic solvent extraction and low-temperature cold pressing method. In this processing, oil extraction efficiency and oil quality including color, transparency, smell and taste as well as the physical and chemical indices of Sacha inchi oil were determined. Furthermore, fatty acid and other nutritional compositions of the oil were determined by GC-MS (gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer) and HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography), respectively. The elimination rate of DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-Diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl) free radical was determined to evaluate the antioxidant activity in vitro between Sacha inchi oil and other vegetable oils. The results showed that although the oil extraction efficiency of supercritical CO<inf>2</inf>extraction was lower than that of aqueous enzymatic extraction and ultrasonic-assisted organic solvent extraction, it was still the best extraction method among these 4 methods due to its good oil quality. The color, insoluble impurities, moisture and volatiles by hot plate, acid value and peroxide value of the oil extracted by supercritical CO<inf>2</inf>method were significantly lower (P<0.05) than ultrasonic-assisted organic solvent extraction, and the color, insoluble impurities, acid value and peroxide value were also significantly lower (P<0.05) than low-temperature cold pressing method. The oil obtained by aqueous enzymatic extraction had the lowest acid value and peroxide value compared to the other 3 methods, but the smell and taste of oil were relatively light. The Sacha inchi oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids and tocopherol, polyphenols and other active ingredients. The unsaturated fatty acids contain α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid and so on, and their contents were up to 92.37% of total lipids. The content of α-linolenic acid was 43.7% of total lipids which was higher than that of blackberry seed oil (8.38% of total lipids) or rapeseed oil (9% of total lipids). The content of linoleic acid was also high, which made Sacha inchi oil have a good proportion between omega-6 and omega-3 (about 1:1). The content of total tocopherol and total polyphenols were 59.2 and 10.2 mg/(100 g), respectively, and among them (β+γ)-tocopherol was high to 41.2 mg/(100 g), which made Sacha inchi oil more stable than flaxseed oil whose unsaturated fatty acids were also high. However, vitamin A was not detected in Sacha inchi oil. The 50% inhibitory rate (the required concentration of antioxidant substances when the removal rate was 50%) for Sacha inchi oil was 1.148 mg/mL, which was only 13%, 1%, 11% and 13% of olive oil, tea oil, flaxseed oil and perilla oil, respectively. This indicated that the antioxidant capacity in vitro for Sacha inchi oil was obviously better than that of olive oil, tea oil, flaxseed oil and perilla oil. In conclusion, supercritical CO<inf>2</inf>extraction is the best way to improve oil quality of Sacha inchi and Sacha inchi oil is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Extraction
Controlled terms:Agents - Antioxidants - Carbon dioxide - Chromatography - Color - Drying oils - Efficiency - Fatty acids - Flax - Free radicals - Gas chromatography - High performance liquid chromatography - Linoleic acid - Lipids - Liquid chromatography - Oils and fats - Oilseeds - Olive oil - Organic solvents - Oxidation - Peroxides - Polyunsaturated fatty acids - Quality control - Solvent extraction - Solvents - Temperature - Unsaturated fatty acids - Vegetable oils
Uncontrolled terms:Extraction method - In-vitro - Nutritional compositions - Oil and fats - Oil quality - Sacha inchi oil
Classification code:641.1 Thermodynamics - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20154801612137
Title:Effect of compost inoculation on pig manure composting
Authors:Cao, Yun (1); Chang, Zhizhou (1); Huang, Hongying (1); Xu, Yueding (1); Li, Caifeng (1); Wu, Huashan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Agricultural Waste Treatment and Recycle Engineering Research Center, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Chang, Zhizhou(czhizhou@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:220-226
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Microbial inoculation is often performed to accelerate the process of composting and improve the quality of the compost, but its effect is controversial. The effectiveness of inoculants in composting mainly depends on the properties of the raw material and microorganisms applied. It is therefore important to propose a strategy of inoculation based on the evolution of biochemical and microbiological characteristics at different composting stages. In this study, two composting piles with pig manure (CK) and pig manure inoculated with 3% (w/w) matured compost (T) were composted for a total of 11 days. Various biochemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed during the process of composting. The experimental results indicated that windrow temperature in the inoculated pile was 5 higher than CK at 24 h of composting (P<0.05). The inoculated pile reached peak temperature six hours earlier than non-inoculated. However, the average temperature of the inoculated pile was 8 lower than CK in the thermophilic stage of composting, and the maintenance of high temperature (>50) in inoculated pile was four days shorter. The degradation of organic matter, as indicated by the reduction of C/N ratio and the organic matter loss rate, was higher in the inoculated pile in the early composting stage. The dynamic of microbial evolution was similar between the inoculated and non-inoculated. The number of mesophilic microorganisms increased in the initiation phase but decreased in the thermophilic phase of composting, while the number of thermophilic microorganisms in the two piles increased with the increase of the temperature. Inoculation of pig manure compost increased the multiplication rates of mesophilic bacteria, thermophilic bacteria and cellulose degradation microorganisms in the initiation phase. Compared with CK, the numbers for mesophilic bacteria, thermophilic bacteria and cellulose degradation microorganisms in the inoculated pile were increased by 12.2%, 152.6%, 60.3%, respectively. The peak values of dehydrogenase activity and cellulase activity were brought forward and the protease activity was enhanced by 4.9% in the inoculated pile. However, the populations of thermophilic cellulytic bacteria was 22.5% lower and the cellulose activity as well as the degradation of organic matter was 25.8% and 6.1% lower in the inoculated pile than the control in the thermophilic phase. Above all, compost inoculation was able to accelerate the initiation rate at the early stage of pig manure compost, however, inoculated was neither effective to prolong the thermophilc stage nor increase the peak temperature during composting, because of the decreased number of cellulytic microorganism and cellulose activity in the thermophilic stage. As a result, we proposed that inoculation of thermophilic cellulose decomposition microorganism at the thermophilic stage of the process would be necessary in order to facilitate decomposition of pig manure. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Piles
Controlled terms:Bacteria - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Cellulose - Composting - Enzymes - Fertilizers - Information dissemination - Manures - Microbiology - Microorganisms - Organic compounds
Uncontrolled terms:Cellulose decomposition - Dehydrogenase activity - Micro-biological parameters - Microbial inoculation - Microbiological characteristics - Thermophilic bacteria - Thermophilic microbe - Thermophilic microorganisms
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 481.2 Geochemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 903.2 Information Dissemination
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20154801612147
Title:Processing of rapid salting on duck eggs by using magneto-electric-assisted method
Authors:Yang, Na (1); Jin, Yamei (1); Xu, Yue (1); Xu, Xueming (1, 2, 3); Jin, Zhengyu (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; (2) State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; (3) Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Xueming(xmxu@jiangnan.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:295-300
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Salted eggs are a typical non-fermented and salted food, and duck eggs are often used as raw material in salted egg processing to ensure the product has excellent flavor. Currently, salted eggs with better quality can be produced through saline brining, which has the added advantage of convenient operation. In order to improve the efficiency of salting and shorten the production time, food scientists have investigated various techniques for salting eggs through improving the efficiency of diffusing ions into food materials. In this manuscript, a salting process for duck eggs, under the influence of an induced alternating electrical field combined with a rotating magnetic field, was investigated at room temperature. Additionally, the commercial quality factors, such as salt content and oil exudation, were also analyzed. The rationale is that the random movement of ions is affected by the action of an alternative electric field and magnetism, thereby altering the efficiency of mass transfer which is conducive to the diffusion of ions into the eggs. The experimental salting system was established, so that sine signals of different frequencies were generated by a function generator connected to the power amplifier. Subsequently, the signal voltage levels were amplified in order to drive the primary winding which was twined on one side of a low-frequency silicon steel core. Eventually, the induced voltage appeared in the secondary winding twined on the other side of the core, which was produced by the action of the corresponding alternating magnetic flux in the supporting silica tube where the highly concentrated NaCl solution acted as the conductor. Concurrently, a saline solution system was also affected by the rotating perpendicular magnetic field, which was generated by the different types of Nd-Fe-B magnetic tile driven by the electric motor. In this experimental salting system, the solution in the sample location chamber was connected to the supporting tube, which acted as the secondary winding. Accordingly, the total length of the salting loop system was 100 cm. The fresh duck eggs used in this test had the mass of 38-42 g, with the diameter not exceeding 40 mm. Subsequently, the duck eggs were immersed in the solution with a salt content of 20 g/(100 g), at a temperature of (20±2). The processing voltage frequencies were 50, 100 and 200 Hz respectively, while the system electric field strength levels were 1, 2 and 3 V/cm, respectively. Additionally, the frequencies of the rotating magnetic field were 1, 5 and 10 Hz respectively, while the magnetic flux densities in the sample location were 0.026, 0.09, and 0.13 T, respectively.The bubbles were extracted using a vacuum pump and the samples were taken out once every 2 days during the salting for the analysis of physicochemical factors. Meanwhile, the duck eggs that were pickled with a conventional method were used as a control. The results showed that a higher system electric field strength and magnetic field strength produced higher salt content and oil exudation in eggs. The highest oil exudation in the yolk was 17.84%, which was achieved after pickling assisted with electric-magnetic field treatment. The optimum electric and magnetic frequencies were 100 and 5 Hz, respectively. No significant difference on oil exudation of the yolk was detected, when the egg was immersed in deionized water while applying a rotating magnetic field. This study provides a potential method for rapidly salting food materials by using alternating electric fields and magnetic fields. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Magnetism
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Deionized water - Efficiency - Electric field effects - Electric fields - Electric windings - Ions - Magnetic fields - Magnetic flux - Mass transfer - Oils and fats - Power amplifiers - Salts - Silicon steel - Technology - Winding
Uncontrolled terms:Alternating electric field - Electrical methods - Oil exudation - Perpendicular magnetic fields - Physico-chemical factors - Salted eggs - Salting - Signals of different frequencies
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 545.3 Steel - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 701.2 Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 713.1 Amplifiers - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20154801612136
Title:Optimization of running time of automatic dedusting system considered generating performance of PV mudules
Authors:Guo, Xiao (1); Che, Ligeer (1); Han, Xue (1); Tian, Rui (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, China; (2) Inner Mongolia Renewable Energy Key Laboratories, Hohhot, China
Corresponding author:Tian, Rui(tianr@imut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:211-219
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Low power generation efficiency is one of the main obstacles to apply PV (photovoltaic) modules in large scale, and therefore studying the influence factors is of great significance. This article has independently developed a kind of automatic dedusting system of PV modules, which has the advantage of simple structure, low installation cost, reliable operation, without the use of water in the ash deposition, continuous and effective dedusting. The system has been applied to 3 kinds of occasions, including supplying power separately by the PV conversion cell with temperature in the range of -45-35, having various experimental tests of the assemble angles by the PV module cells and a large area of the PV power system. The dedusting effect of the automatic dedusting system is tested with temperature in the range of -10-5 when applied in the power separately by the PV conversion cell. Adopting the automatic dedusting system, the dynamic occlusion in the operation process has been simulated and the influence law of the output parameter for PV modules has been researched; the effect of dedusting has been analyzed under different amounts of the ash deposition; the effect of dedusting changing with the amount of the ash deposition has been summarized, and the opening time and the running period have been determined. The experimental PV modules are placed in outdoor open ground at an angle of 45° for 3, 7, 20 days and the amounts of the ash deposition are 0.1274, 0.2933, 0.8493 g/m<sup>2</sup>separately. The correction coefficient of PV modules involved in the experiments is 0.9943. The results show that, when the system is in the horizontal and vertical cycle, the cleaning brush makes the output parameters of the PV modules, including the output power, the electric current and the voltage, change according to the V-shaped law as it crosses a row of battery. Compared with the process of downlink, the output parameters of PV modules in the process of uplink fluctuate more largely. When the dynamic occlusion area is increased by 1.6150%, the low value of power output of PV modules will decline by about 40%; when the automatic dedusting system runs for 1 year in horizontal and vertical direction, the independent PV modules generate energy loss of 1.0241 and 0.8034 kW·h respectively. So the electricity consumption can be neglected in terms of the independent PV modules, however, the electricity consumption of large capacity PV generation system in the process of dedusting can not be neglected. The running process of the system is scheduled to start about 10 min before sunrise and operated once every 3 days according to different regions and seasons; the average output powers of PV modules are increased by 1.5171%, 1.7312% and 9.6021% respectively after dedusting when the ash depositions are collected for 3, 7 and 20 days. The more the amount of ash deposition is, the more obviously the automatic dedusting system runs. The automatic dedusting system can better improve the power generation efficiency of PV modules. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Photovoltaic cells
Controlled terms:Ash handling - Deposition - Electric power utilization - Energy dissipation - Photoelectric cells - Power generation
Uncontrolled terms:Ash deposition - Correction coefficients - De-dusting systems - Electricity-consumption - Installation costs - Output power - Plotoelectric modules - Power generation efficiency
Classification code:525.4 Energy Losses (industrial and residential) - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 802.3 Chemical Operations
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20154801612134
Title:Optimization method of intra-row weeding hoe positioning data based on odometry information fusion
Authors:Chen, Ziwen (1); Li, Nan (1); Li, Tao (1); Zhang, Chunlong (1); Sun, Zhe (1); Li, Wei (1); Zhang, Bin (1); Zhang, Junxiong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Chunlong(zcl1515@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:198-204
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The accurate positioning data of intra-row weeding hoe can provide the basis for intelligent intra-row weeding robot and influence the effects of weeding directly. The main method of crop and weed information acquisition is based on computer vision which has excellent real-time performance, high accuracy, low cost and other benefits. But light intensity, appearance of the crop, shadow, missing plant, weed density, mechanical vibration or other conditions could degrade the performance of machine vision. This work describes an optimization method which includes the correction algorithm and the visual lag compensation algorithm based on the fusion of odometry and computer vision for improving the accuracy of intra-row hoe positioning data. In this work, the fuzzy corrector was designed for fusing odometry data and vision data. Fuzzy correction system was simplified as a form of single input and single output by the fuzzy rules achieved earlier. The Mamdani fuzzy inference method was used to obtain the reliability and weighted value of vision data, and then, a new corrected positioning data could be created by weighted values of 2 sensors. Because of the time-consuming problem in image processing, the hoe positioning data received by processor and the actual hoe positioning data were not equal. Using odometry information which could be calculated by the pulse signal of rotary encoder as a compensation of visual delay was proposed and the formula for calculating compensation was given. To assess the performance of optimization method, 2 sets of field experiments which consisted of static and dynamic tests were designed for detecting the correction accuracy and the compensation precision. The hoe positioning optimization system was equipped with the weeding robot which was connected with tractor by the front three point linkage system. In the static trails the tractor was randomly stopped, and the vision data and optimized data of hoe position were received by processor; then the distance from hoe to crop was measured as a standard for calculating the error of 2 sets of data. Experimental results showed that the average errors for vision data and optimized data were 9.88 and 6.06 mm respectively, and the error after optimization decreased compared to that before optimization. In dynamic experiment, hoe positioning data were collected in real time and the curve of data change was drawn. Curve analysis showed that the error rate of vision data was 4.8%-6.6% and optimization method could effectively filter the error and unstable vision data points. The average error of optimized data was 5.30-7.08 mm at different speeds, about 25% less than before. Research results showed that the error data would occur in intra-row weeding system based on machine vision in the field environment. The fuzzy correction algorithm and the visual lag compensation algorithm could effectively judge and filter the wrong visual data points and improve the accuracy of hoe positioning data and the stability of system under static and dynamic conditions. The method mentioned in this paper can provide the theoretical basis for precise hoe positioning of intra-row weeding technique and the technical reference for the related researches on weeding robot. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Fuzzy inference
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Computer vision - Crops - Curve fitting - Errors - Fuzzy filters - Image processing - Intelligent robots - Optimization - Robots - Tractors (truck) - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Information acquisitions - Intra-row weeding - Mamdani fuzzy inferences - Odometry - Sensor fusion - Single input and single outputs - Static and dynamic conditions - Weeding hoe positioning
Classification code:663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.5 Robotics - 731.6 Robot Applications - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20154801612135
Title:Flow and heat transfer characteristics in rectangular microchannel heat sinks using coolant with variable thermal property
Authors:Zheng, Jieqing (1); He, Hongzhou (1); Yuan, Jialong (1); Lin, Xiongping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Cleaning Combustion and Energy Utilization Research Center of Fujian Province, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:205-210
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to study the impact of coolant with variable thermal property on the flow and heat transfer characteristics under different Reynolds numbers in rectangular microchannel heat sink, a three-dimensional conjugate heat transfer in a rectangular microchannel heat sink were analyzed numerically. Firstly, in general, a numerical model was established on the conditions that: 1) the microchannel heat sink was made by silicon, deionized water was applied as coolant fluid; 2) fluid was incompressible laminar steady flow; 3) the values of thermal conductivity coefficient and dynamic viscosity of the fluid varied with temperature, specific heat capacity at constant pressure was given; 4) the effect of radiation and natural convection heat transfer were ignored; and 5) in the control unit, constant heat flux at 70 W/cm<sup>2</sup>was applied in the heat sink surface, inlet fluid temperature was specified at 20 , and Reynolds numbers were from16 to 333. Secondly, according to different thermal and physical properties, the average heat transfer coefficient of the channel wall was applied to compare the different heat transfer characteristics, and the surface friction coefficient was used to describe the variation of flow characteristics in microchannel, respectively. Finally, Fluent 6.3.26 was applied based on finite volume method for discrete equations, pressure-velocity coupling method used SIMPLE algorithms, and momentum and energy equations used second-order upwind scheme, respectively. In order to avoid errors caused by entrance effect, a ratio of 1.01 continuous grid was performed along the long side of the flow direction of the z axis. To verify the reliability of the established numerical model, the experimental data of resistance characteristics under intraductal laminar flow conditions performed using Shah and London was used to compare with this paper's numerical calculation results. A good agreement was found. The simulation results indicated that: 1) When Reynolds number was 16, compared with coolant with constant thermal property, coolant with variable thermal property had better average convective heat transfer coefficient and average Nusselt number, which was particularly evident on the side wall of the micro channel. While, with the increase of Reynolds number, the gap between average convective heat transfer coefficient and average Nusselt number of the both coolants was significantly reduced. When Reynolds number increased to 333, the heat transfer characteristics of coolant with variable thermal property and coolant with constant thermal property were approximate. 2) For flow characteristics, when Reynolds number was 16, compared with coolant with constant thermal property, coolant with variable thermal property had significantly lower surface friction coefficient. When Reynolds number increased to 70, the gap between friction coefficients of the both coolants was reduced dramatically. However, coolant with variable thermal property still had obvious advantages. When Reynolds number increased to 333, with the approximate flow characteristics, the friction coefficient of coolant with variable thermal property was only slightly lower than that of the coolant with constant thermal property. 3) At low Reynolds number, the coolant numerical assumption based on the constant thermal property deviated from the actual situation, which explained the reason of the deviation of the experimental data and the simulation results to a certain extent. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Heat transfer
Controlled terms:Chemicals removal (water treatment) - Coolants - Deionized water - Finite volume method - Friction - Heat convection - Heat flux - Heat sinks - Heat transfer coefficients - Incompressible flow - Laminar flow - Microchannels - Models - Numerical analysis - Numerical models - Nusselt number - Reynolds number - Specific heat - Thermal conductivity - Thermodynamic properties - Tribology
Uncontrolled terms:Convective heat transfer Coefficient - Heat transfer characteristics - Pressure-velocity coupling - Rectangular microchannels - Resistance characteristics - Second order upwind scheme - Thermal conductivity coefficient - Variable thermal properties
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20154801612119
Title:Comparison of tribological properties of dog teeth, pig teeth and beer teeth
Authors:Ma, Yunhai (1, 2, 3); Pei, Gaoyuan (1, 2); Wang, Hubiao (1, 2); Ma, Shengsheng (1, 2); Zhuang, Jian (1, 2); Tong, Jin (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (3) State Key Laboratory of Soil-Plant-Machinery System Technology, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:87-92
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a kind of typical natural biological material, mammalian teeth have formed the optimized geometry with excellent mechanical properties after a long period of evolution, and have occupies an important position in the field of engineering bionics. Biological tribology is a new cross subject, which involves extensively, such as medicine, materials science, biology, tribology, mechanics, and is mainly divided into 2 categories i.e. human biological tribology and bionic tribology. Teeth tribology is a branch of biological tribology. The study object of modern tooth tribology is divided into 2 major categories i.e. human and animal. The research of human tooth friction is mainly concentrated in the medical field. The main purpose of the research is to master the mechanism of the friction and wear, minimize the irreversible damage of the tooth in the occlusion process and service human oral health. The research and application of animal tooth friction is mainly in engineering field, and a series of studies have been carried out in recent years. Studies on mechanical properties of the mammalian teeth mainly use nano-mechanics test and Vickers hardness test. Taking the teeth of dogs, pigs and deer as the research objects, the friction and wear behavior of the 3 different animal teeth was investigated systematically in this paper. The wear resistance of the 3 teeth surfaces was estimated by a wear tester and a roughness tester. The structure of different worn surfaces was characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the mechanical properties such as hardness and elastic modulus were also evaluated by using a nano-test apparatus. Hardness is the ability of material to resist the pressure of hard objects onto its surface, which is the inherent property of the material, and the tribology properties of materials depend on its hardness to a certain extent. Research results showed that wear debris peeling off from the surface of dog enamel was serious. The surface was attached with a lot of fine abrasive particles and had obvious cracking phenomenon. The wear volume was 1.91×10<sup>7</sup>μm<sup>3</sup>. The surface of pig enamel showed mainly wear debris peeling, and the wear volume was 1.56×10<sup>7</sup>μm<sup>3</sup>. Compared with the pig teeth, the worn surface of the deer teeth enamel also showed wear debris peeling, but the wear degree was lower, and the wear volume was 1.39×10<sup>7</sup>μm<sup>3</sup>. The results also showed that the friction and wear properties of different teeth were closely related with hardness. The wear resistance, hardness and elastic modulus of deer tooth enamel were the largest, and that of dog tooth enamel was the smallest. The higher the hardness of enamel, the better the wear resistance, the less the wear debris, and the smaller the enamel wear. The larger the elastic modulus of enamel, the smaller the wear volume. Compared with dog molars and pig molars, deer molars have good characteristics on the tribology properties and mechanical properties, which illustrates that the tooth abrasion resistance of herbivore molars is better than that of predator and omnivore. This paper reveals the relationship between the abrasion resistance and the nano-hardness and elastic modulus of 3 animals' molars, which provides the basis of experiment data and theoretical basis for the study of the tribology properties of animal teeth in the future and also provides a reference for the design of a new type of agricultural soil-contacting component with high wear resistance. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Wear resistance
Controlled terms:Abrasion - Animals - Biological materials - Biology - Biomimetics - Debris - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Elastic moduli - Enameling - Enamels - Friction - Hardness - Mammals - Mechanical properties - Microstructure - Scanning electron microscopy - Soil testing - Tooth enamel - Tribology - Vickers hardness - Vickers hardness testing - Wear of materials
Uncontrolled terms:Friction and wear behaviors - Friction and wear properties - Hardness and elastic modulus - High wear resistance - Optimized geometries - Research and application - Tribological properties - Tribology properties
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 813.1 Coating Techniques - 813.2 Coating Materials - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20154801612138
Title:Characteristics of unregulated emissions from biodiesel fuel with different mixing proportion
Authors:Xu, Guangju (1); Li, Mingdi (1); Li, Xuezhi (1); Chen, Qingzhang (1); Wang, Zhong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Automobile Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, China; (2) School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Corresponding author:Li, Mingdi(limingdi@cslg.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:227-232
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the alternative fuel of diesel, biodiesel has been applied widely. Apart from the regulated emissions like nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and particulate matter, the diesel engine produces unregulated emissions, such as carbonyl, mono-aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metal particles in the process of burning biodiesel. These unregulated emissions can be further oxidized and polymerized into other substances. And the unregulated pollutants are important precursor of carbon smoke and nitrogen oxides. In order to realize the clean combustion of diesel engine, it's necessary to study the formation mechanism and emission characteristics of unregulated pollutants. According to the physical and chemical characteristics of the carbonyl and aromatic hydrocarbons, this paper chooses appropriate sampling method, sample pretreatment method and sample separation and determination method, adopts derivatization method and high performance liquid chromatography method to measure carbonyl, and uses activated carbon adsorption tube and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze aromatic hydrocarbons. In a single-cylinder 186 diesel engine, this paper adopts biodiesel and blend fuel to carry out diesel engine bench test. The emission rule of carbonyl and aromatic hydrocarbons with different proportion under different condition is investigated. The ring number distribution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and the gas phase and particle phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are emphatically analyzed in this paper. The results show that, the dinitrobenzene hydrazone sampling method combined with high-performance liquid phase chromatography technology can realize the rapid and accurate determination for 13 kinds of carbonyl compounds, and at the same time, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants can be achieved by using activated carbon adsorption combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The carbonyl emissions of 3 fuels are not very different between the medium and low load condition; the total carbonyl emissions of BD0 and BD50 increase with the increase of load, yet the total carbonyl emission of BD100 decreases with the increase of load, and the total carbonyl emission of BD0 is higher than BD50 and BD100. In the whole load range, there is a big difference among the mono-aromatic hydrocarbon emissions for the 3 different fuels, and the mono-aromatic hydrocarbon emission of BD0 is the highest. Compared with diesel fuel, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission can be reduced by 32% when the diesel engine is fueled with biodiesel fuel. There is a `two-peak' characteristic under the low and high load operating conditions for gas phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, the hydrocarbon emissions are mainly derived from incomplete combustion when the diesel engine under the condition of low load, and the generation of aromatic hydrocarbon depends on the fuel cracking and subsequent oxidation rate under the high load condition. The distribution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for the 3 fuels are also different. Compared with BD0 fuel, the aromatic hydrocarbon concentration of BD100 decreases significantly, the emission concentration of naphthalene with 2 rings decreases by 37%, the emission of phenanthrene with 3 rings decreased by 27%, and the pyrene emission decreases by 33%. Obviously, biodiesel fuel is helpful to reduce the harm of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to human body. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Aromatic hydrocarbons
Controlled terms:Activated carbon - Alternative fuels - Aromatic compounds - Aromatization - Biodiesel - Blending - Carbon monoxide - Carbonyl compounds - Chemical analysis - Chromatography - Combustion - Diesel engines - Diesel fuels - Effluent treatment - Emission control - Engine cylinders - Engines - Fuels - Gas chromatography - Gas emissions - Gases - High performance liquid chromatography - Hydrocarbons - Liquid chromatography - Mass spectrometry - Naphthalene - Nitrogen oxides - Particles (particulate matter) - Pollution - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - Spectrometry
Uncontrolled terms:Activated carbon adsorption - Carbonyl - Distribution characteristics - Emission characteristics - Emission concentration - Gas chromatography/Mass spectrometry - Physical and chemical characteristics - Qualitative and quantitative analysis
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution Control - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 523 Liquid Fuels - 612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine Components - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 941.4 Optical Variables Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20154801612113
Title:Parameter optimization and experiment of dual roller harvesting device for safflower
Authors:Ge, Yun (1); Zhang, Lixin (1); Gu, Jiawei (1); Fu, Wei (1); Zhu, Rongguang (1); Zhang, Huiming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Lixin(zhlx2001730@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:35-42
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Because of the growth characteristics of safflower, it is very difficult to realize mechanized harvesting. At present, the mechanized harvesting technology of safflower in China is still in infancy. Most of the current harvesters are divided into 3 types according to their working principle, including the cutting type device, the pneumatic plucking type device and the cutting-pneumatic plucking combination type device. The current harvesting machines have some disadvantages. For example, safflower petals are easily broken and dropped, and safflower fruit balls are easily broken. Therefore, there is no application of 3 types of machines above in safflower harvesting. For the safflower has the characteristics that a single petal is small, light, slim, and easily interfered by air, the research presented a method for safflower harvesting which made use of the negative pressure generated from a pair of high-speed spinning rollers. It achieved the harvesting of safflower mainly by the modes of capture, friction and extrusion. Compared with 3 types of machines above, the plucking device with dual rollers had the advantages of high harvesting rate, and low petal dropping rate and broken rate, so it would be widely applied for harvesting safflower. In order to further study the safflower picking device and improve the work quality for the safflower harvesting device, the dual-roller harvesting testbed was designed. The safflower plucking testbed consisted of plucking unit, driving device, frame and collecting box. The experiment chose the safflower of "Yu Min stingless" as the object. In order to determine the operation parameters of the safflower plucking device, the response surface experiment with 3 factors and 5 levels was completed on the safflower plucking testbed with dual rollers. Three parameters, including roller diameter, dual-roller clearance and rotation speed, were selected as the input variables, and safflower removal rate, dropping rate and safflower broken rate were selected as the output parameters. Quadratic orthogonal rotary regressive experimental design was employed to develop the second order polynomial regression model, which explained the relationship between the input and output parameters. By the Design-Expert 6.0.10 software, the corresponding mathematical regression model was established, the influence of significant factors on the quality of operation was analyzed, and the experimental parameters were optimized. The optimal combination of parameters determined was as follows: roller diameter was 40 mm, dual-roller clearance was 0.5 mm and rotation speed was 1400 r/min. Based on the combination of optimization parameters, the roller clearance was revised as 0.5 mm, and safflower harvesting test was done 1-5 days after the flowering (moisture content ranged from 44.6% to 78.4%). The experimental results indicated that the removal rate was more than 90.02%, the dropping rate was less than 2.46%, and the safflower broken rate was less than 3.04%. However, when the moisture content was in the range of 22.9%-29.5%, the removal rate of the device was less than 19.37%. Therefore, the period within 1-5 days after the flowering was appropriate for the timely harvesting of safflower. Through the field testing of prototype in Xinjiang, the harvesting and laboratory results were basically consistent. This design provides a new reference for mechanical harvesting of safflower, and the study may also provide the basis for mechanism design and parameter optimization of harvesting machine with dual rollers. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Harvesting
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Design - Harvesters - Machine design - Moisture - Moisture determination - Optimization - Pneumatics - Regression analysis - Rollers (machine components) - Testbeds
Uncontrolled terms:Combination of optimizations - Experimental parameters - Harvesting devices - Mechanized harvesting - Parameter optimization - Roller type - Safflower - Second-order polynomial
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 632.3 Pneumatics - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20154801612118
Title:Effects of seeding date on growth characteristics of mechanical transplanted rice of different variety types
Authors:Sun, Jianjun (1, 2); Zhang, Hongcheng (1); Wang, Shengxuan (2); Guo, Baowei (1); Chen, Bo (1); Wei, Haiyan (1); Dai, Qigen (1); Xu, Ke (1); Yin, Haiqing (2); Huo, Zhongyang (1); Chen, Xiangong (2); Wang, Fuhua (2); Wang, Ya (2); Zhai, Shunguo (3); Jiang, Mingbo (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; (2) Cereal Crops Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China; (3) Luoshan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Luoshan, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Hongcheng(hczhang@yzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:76-86
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The objective of the study was to explore the effects of seeding date and variety on the growth characteristics of mechanical transplanted rice in the rice-wheat cropping system in the rice area of southern Henan. Taking 5 rice varieties i.e. conventional medium-maturing medium japonica rice variety, conventional and hybrid late-maturing medium japonica rice varieties, conventional early-maturing late japonica rice variety and hybrid late-maturing medium indica rice variety as experimental materials, sowing experiments were carried out. The effects of different seeding dates on grain yield and yield components, number of stems and tillers, dry matter weight and population growth rate of mechanical planted rice were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that: 1) Within the set range of seeding date in the experiment, average yield of mechanical planted rice showed very significant difference among different sowing dates and varieties (P<0.01), but no significant difference between different years. This was particularly evident for the yield of hybrid late-maturing medium japonica rice variety (10.44 t/hm<sup>2</sup>) that was 9.20%-17.53% higher than the other 4 varieties (P<0.01). The output of conventional medium-maturing medium japonica rice variety was the highest in the second sowing period (on May 16) and subsequently showed a gradual decrease. The yields of other rice varieties were all the highest in the first seeding period (on May 11), and showed a trend of gradual decline with the delayed seeding date (P<0.01), but the decrease amplitudes were different among different rice varieties and sites. 2) In different yield components of mechanical planted rice, the difference of seed setting rate was not significant between the years but very significant for different sowing dates and varieties, while the differences of other yield components were all very significant for different years, sowing dates and varieties (P<0.01). The seed setting rate of conventional medium-maturing medium japonica rice variety slowly increased at first and then decreased significantly since the second sowing data, but the yield components of other rice varieties such as panicle number, number of spikelets per panicle, total spikelets, seed setting rate, 1000-grain weight all showed a significant (P<0.05) or extremely significant (P<0.01) declining trend. Different seeding dates had a significant influence on number of spikelets per panicle and seed setting rate, but less significant influence on 1000-grain weight and panicle number. Correlation analysis showed that the effects of yield components on the yield from high to low were as follows: number of spikelets per panicle > seed setting rate > panicle number > 1000-grain weight, and grain yield showed significant or extremely significant positive correlation with number of spikelets per panicle, total spikelets and seed setting rate, but showed negative correlation with panicle number and 1000-grain weight. Total spikelets showed an extremely significant positive correlation with number of spikelets per panicle, but showed a negative correlation with panicle number. Further path analysis showed that the rate of contribution to rice yield was total spikelets > seed setting rate > 1000-grain weight, and the rate of contribution to total spikelets was number of spikelets per panicle > panicle number. 3) With the delaying of seeding date, the number of stems and tillers showed an obvious increase at jointing stage and decreased at heading and maturity stage. Dry matter weight per stem and population, and population growth rate showed a gradual decline at jointing, heading and maturity stage depending on different rice varieties and seeding dates, but spike rate and harvest index had significant difference between rice varieties and seeding dates. Overall considering high yield and growth safety for mechanical transplanted rice, the preferred choice should be hybrid late-maturing medium indica rice variety for southern Henan, and the suitable seeding date may be delayed to May 25. The results will provide a reference for the high-yield and efficient production of different rice varieties under mechanical planting and for the choice of best possible varieties in southern Henan Province. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Cloud seeding - Cultivation - Grain growth - Growth rate - Hybrid materials - Machinery - Mechanization - Plants (botany) - Population statistics - Regression analysis - Seed
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental materials - Growth characteristic - Mechanical transplanting rice - Population growth rates - Positive correlations - Rice-wheat cropping systems - Seeding dates - Yield
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 601 Mechanical Design - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 933.1.2 Crystal Growth
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20154801612140
Title:Analysis on land cover change based on visual method of monitoring information
Authors:Zhang, Rongqun (1); Sun, Weijian (1); Ai, Dong (2); Wang, Sheng'an (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:240-247
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In land use/land cover change dynamic monitoring, the classic land use transfer matrix can reflect the conversion relationships among different land cover types during a period, but it can't solve the problems of position analysis and visual expression of land cover change information in study area. The analysis method of Geo-information TUPU was used for visual analysis of the information of land cover dynamic change in the paper, and the paper put forward concise TUPU visual expression method to apply in land cover dynamic monitoring. The paper took Shuangcheng District, Haerbin City, Heilongjiang Province as a study area, and 2 years' (2002 and 2013) remote sensing images were used for land cover classification mapping. Based on the classification map, GIS (geographic information system) technology and geostatistics requirements, the paper got the land cover types transfer TUPU and land cover change intensity information TUPU from 2002 to 2013, which realized the TUPU visual expression of land cover change information in Shuangcheng District. Based on this, the paper got the spatial-temporal change rule of land cover structure in study area. The land cover change intensity was high in the south and west of Shuangcheng District which was close to the Songhua River and the Lalin River, and the regions showed obvious characteristics of the ribbon and the highest change rate could reach 31%. The region with high change rate was also located in the main towns of Shuangcheng District which showed ring-shaped features. The main driving forces for the high change rate were the high-speed economic development, the increasing population and the transformation of planting structure. The center towns at all levels, water conservancy facilities, transport network directly influenced the spatial distribution pattern of land cover change. The change rate was lower in the middle area where the main land use type was dry land, and the lowest change rate was 1.5%. Among the different land use types, the input speed of paddy field, construction land and water body was higher than the output speed from 2002 to 2013, which had a trend of scale increasing. In the meanwhile, the input speed of dry land and other land use types was less than the output speed, which presented a scale reducing trend. And the conversions from dry land to paddy field, from dry land to construction land, from other land use types to dry land, from paddy field to dry land, from construction land to dry land were the main transfer types. From 2002 to 2013, the dry land was the main type and accounted for more than 80% of the total area, and the change rate of dry land was only 1.73%, so the total land cover structure was stable. However there were some problems in land use change of Shuangcheng District, which were over exploitation of land, reduction of wetland, shortage of reserve land resources and so on. It was important to take some measures to solve these problems in the land use planning during the next period. The method of visual Geo-information TUPU analysis can not only provide a new way for positioning expression of land use and land cover change information, but also enhance the understanding of spatial-temporal change of land cover structure in Shuangcheng District. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Mapping
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Economics - Flow visualization - Geographic information systems - Image reconstruction - Land use - Monitoring - Problem solving - Remote sensing - Speed - Transfer matrix method - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Geo-information Tupu - Geo-statistics - GIS (geographic information system) - Land cover - Land cover classification - Land use and land cover change - Land use/land cover change - Spatial distribution patterns
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 405.3 Surveying - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 921 Mathematics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20154801612127
Title:Design of multi-channel data acquisition and processing model and optimization of moisture sensor buried position
Authors:Wang, Fan (1); Huang, Lei (1); Wu, Suping (1); Li, Kun (2); Li, Jianshe (2); Gao, Yanming (2); Cao, Yun'e (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China; (2) School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Suping(wspg123@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:148-153
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With soil moisture sensors being widely used in precision irrigation, soil moisture is measured with soil moisture sensor to guide irrigation, as well as to improve water use efficiency and yield of crops. But because of the complexity of soil moisture sensor principle and soil composition, it will lead to the larger error between the measured and the actual value when using soil moisture sensor. In addition, soil moisture sensor has higher price. Therefore more sensors buried will increase the cost of irrigation system, and influence the popularization of irrigation system. So it is important to study the water status of the whole field with fewer sensors. The studies aiming at the soil moisture sensor laying position are mainly focused on buried depth, but there are few experimental studies of combining embedment width and depth. In this paper, the multi-channel data acquisition and monitoring system is designed, and the laying deepness and wideness of moisture sensors is studied in the cucumber drip irrigating field of the greenhouse in Ningxia. In addition, the calibration model of soil moisture sensor is also researched. Firstly, the calibration model of MP406 soil moisture sensor (made in Australia) is studied; thus the quadratic curve fitting of the experimental sensor calibration is got by the least squares method, and the calibration model for soil moisture sensor in Ningxia area is established. The errors between the fitting values and the measured values are calculated, in which the maximum error is 2.33%, and the correlation coefficient (r) is 0.9906. Then the multi-channel automatic data acquisition and monitoring system is designed and realized. The system is made up of 5 parts, including sensors (2 groups, 9 sensors each group), data acquisition devices (master data acquisition device and extended data acquisition device), GPRS (general packet radio service) wireless transmission module, remote PC terminal and remote mobile phone terminal. Data of 18 moisture sensors of different experimental treatments can be obtained at the same time, and moisture data can be downloaded and monitored from remote PC terminal in no time. During the irrigation process, when soil under treatment reaches the irrigation upper or lower limit, the system can notify the user's mobile phone via short message service (SMS), and users can also send SMS commands to control one or more treatments to start or stop irrigation. The data of irrigation, cucumber production and water use efficiency under different treatments are recorded. From the analyses of water use efficiency and cucumber production, T4 treatment (horizontal distance from drop head is 10 cm and embedding depth is 10 cm) is the best irrigation treatment. Regression analysis and examination is conducted on adjacent soil layers with burying sensors in 3 growing stages of cucumber, and the results show that it is feasible and effective to use moisture content values of T4 treatment to calculate moisture content values of T3 treatment (horizontal distance from drop head is 10 cm and embedding depth is 20 cm) in the flowering and fruit period. From the difference coefficient and correlation coefficient of the moisture sensor data, it is concluded that the best burying position of the moisture sensor in the cucumber drip irrigating field of the greenhouse in Ningxia is that the vertical distance from the drop hole is 10 cm, and the horizontal distance from the drop hole is 10 cm. It can achieve low cost drip irrigation intelligent control. This research method provides a reference for determining the buried depth and width of soil moisture sensors. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Moisture control
Controlled terms:Cellular telephone systems - Cellular telephones - Costs - Curve fitting - Data acquisition - Data handling - Drops - Efficiency - Emergency traffic control - Errors - Greenhouses - Irrigation - Least squares approximations - Mobile phones - Models - Moisture - Moisture determination - Moisture meters - Monitoring - Optimization - Radio transmission - Regression analysis - Soil moisture - Soils - Telephone sets - Text messaging
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic data acquisition - Buried depth - Calibration model - Drip irrigation - Soil moisture sensors
Classification code:432.4 Highway Traffic Control - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 718.1 Telephone Systems and Equipment - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.1 Moisture Measuring Instruments - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20154801612112
Title:Kinetic model of combine harvester threshing system and simulation and experiment of speed control
Authors:Ning, Xiaobo (1, 2); Chen, Jin (1); Li, Yaoming (3); Wang, Kun (1); Wang, Yifan (1); Wang, Xuelei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Chaohu University, Hefei, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Jin(chenjinjd126@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:25-34
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, only movement state of single threshing rotor is considered for threshing system power model in simulation design of speed control system for combine harvester, and movement states of other work parts and impurity quantity in threshed materials are not considered, so it is necessary to make further study on theoretical model of threshing system in order to improve simulation design of speed control system and subsequent optimization of control algorithm. In this paper, 3 fundamental hypotheses were made as follows: 1) Crop was fed continuously and evenly into the threshing system and crop moisture was not taken into account; 2) Crop flowing was constant and continuous in threshing space, and there was no relative sliding between crop layers; 3) The threshed materials were separated from concave, the speed of which was equal to the peripheral speed of threshing rotors. And taking the XG610 combine harvester as example, the kinetic model for threshing system was established based on kinetic analysis of work parts, of which equivalent device 1 was mainly composed of reel, cutting table auger-type conveyer and conveyer trough, and equivalent device 2 was mainly composed of cleaning mechanism and grain auger-type conveyer, and intermediate shaft. Then the simulation model of speed control system was constructed based on the combination of the fuzzy logic controller and the kinetic model of threshing system. At the same time the simulation subsystem of feedback element was also built based on the kinetic model formula. In the design process of the fuzzy logic controller, the variables were input, including threshing rotor rotation speed deviation and deviation variation rate, and the output variable was the rotation angle of stepping motor by using fuzzy inference according to the corresponding input variables. The types of their membership functions were all triangular, and fuzzy inference system had 49 fuzzy rules. The simulation results showed that in beginning stage the threshing system was doing self-adjustment, then the threshing rotor's rotation speed dropped a little and kept stable at about 825 r/min, and the change of forward speed had the delay of 0.7 s compared to that of the threshing rotor rotation speed and was stable at about 2.0 m/s. And at the 25<sup>th</sup>second the cropping intensity had step change that it increased from initial value 0.95 to 1.09 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, which made the feeding quantity increase by about 15% compared to initial value and the engine would work in full load state, and the speed control simulation system made effective adjustment in about 5 s. It spent 1.5 s for crop flow from cutting table auger-type conveyer to conveyer trough and till into the threshing rotor space, and at the 26.5<sup>th</sup>second, the threshing rotor rotation speed began to fall again to about 780 r/min and was finally stable at about 803 r/min, and the forward speed, which had the delay of 0.7 s compared to the threshing rotor rotation speed, began to fall to about 1.90 m/s and was finally stable at about 1.99 m/s. The above changes of threshing rotor rotation speed and forward speed prevent effectively the occurrence of overload and jam of threshing system in working process, which shows that the kinetic model of threshing system is reasonable for speed control of the combine harvester. Experimental data also prove that the speed control system is feasible and the kinetic model is reasonable. Additionally, the threshing system kinetic model established can comprehensively reflect the working characteristics of XG610 combined harvester threshing system, and give a good reference model of threshing system for other types of combine harvester. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Computer control systems
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Augers - Computer simulation - Control systems - Controllers - Conveyors - Crops - Electric machine theory - Fuzzy inference - Fuzzy logic - Harvesters - Kinetic parameters - Kinetic theory - Kinetics - Machinery - Mechanization - Membership functions - Rotation - Rotors (windings) - Speed - Speed control - Stepping motors
Uncontrolled terms:Combine harvesters - Control simulation system - Fuzzy inference systems - Fuzzy logic controllers - Kinetic modeling - Reference modeling - Theoretical modeling - Threshing system
Classification code:502.2 Mine and Quarry Equipment - 601 Mechanical Design - 692.1 Conveyors - 704.1 Electric Components - 705.3 Electric Motors - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 732.1 Control Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20154801612129
Title:Exogenous organic materials applied to paddy field improving soil microbial biomass C, N and dissolved organic C, N
Authors:Chen, Anqiang (1); Fu, Bin (1); Lu, Yao (1); Duan, Zongyan (1); Hu, Wanli (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Agricultural Environment & Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Wanli(huwanli.2007@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:160-167
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil microbial biomass C, N and dissolved organic C, N are the most active organic C components, and they can serve as important and also sensitive indexes for soil in response to disturbance. The change in characteristics of soil microbial biomass C (MBC), N (MBN) and dissolved organic C (DOC), N (DON) and their interrelations were studied by setting the field plot experiment with an addition of exogenous organic materials at different organic carbon rate. The results showed that soil microbial biomass C, N and dissolved organic C, N under the combined application of mineral fertilizers and biochar, maize straw, cow dung and pine needle were significantly (P<0.05) greater than those under no fertilizer (CK) and mineral fertilizers application treatments, respectively, with an average of 23.52% and 12.66% (MBC), 42.68% and 24.02% (MBN), 14.70% and 9.99% (DOC), 22.32% and 21.79% (DON) higher than those under CK and chemical fertilizers, respectively. For the treatments of combination of mineral fertilizers and different organic materials, soil microbial biomass C, N and dissolved organic C, N in the treatment of mineral fertilizers plus cow dung were the highest, they were 26.20% (MBC), 49.54% (MBN), 19.29% (DOC) and 32.81% (DON) respectively more than those of CK treatment, and next came the treatments of mineral fertilizers plus biochar or maize straw. Soil microbial biomass C, N and dissolved organic C, N were the lowest in the treatment of mineral fertilizers with pine needle incorporated. These differences were caused by the carbon, nitrogen contents and their component differences in quality of organic materials, different microbial communities and their ability to use carbon, nitrogen in organic materials, etc. The content of soil dissolved organic C (308.87 mg/kg soil) was less than microbial biomass C content (474.71 mg/kg soil), and the content of soil dissolved organic N (53.07 mg/kg soil) was less than microbial biomass N content (34.79 mg/kg soil). The combined application of mineral fertilizers and organic material significantly (P<0.05) reduced the MBC/MBN and DOC/DON compared to no fertilization treatment, and the average rates of decrease were 24.57% and 7.71%. With the increase of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), the MBC and DOC, MBN and DON were the significant (P<0.05) linearly increase. There were the significant positive correlations (P<0.01) between MBC, MBN, DOC, DON, DOC+MBC and DON+MBN. The degree of correlation between different forms of carbon and nitrogen, DOC+MBC and DON+MBN better illustrated the changes of soil active organic carbon and nitrogen pools than DOC, MBC, DON, MBN alone, and they were the more effective indicators for evaluation of soil fertility and quality. The study provided valuable information for improving soil nitrogen supplying capacity, enhancing soil nitrogen fixation, reducing soil nitrogen loss from farmland in Erhai Lake Valley and protecting water quality and safety of Erhai Lake. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Organic carbon
Controlled terms:Biomass - Dissolution - Fertilizers - Forestry - Lakes - Minerals - Needles - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fixation - Soils - Waste disposal - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Degree of correlations - Dissolved organic C - Microbial communities - Organic materials - Paddy fields - Positive correlations - Quality and safeties - Soil microbial biomass c
Classification code:445.2 Water Analysis - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 482.2 Minerals - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20154801612123
Title:Modeling and experiment of common rail injector based on bond graph method
Authors:Bai, Yun (1); Fan, Liyun (1); Ma, Xiuzhen (1); Dong, Xiaolu (1); Liu, Peng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Fan, Liyun(fanly_01@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:116-124
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to comply with increasingly strict emission regulations and energy-saving means, it is necessary to reduce emissions and improve fuel economy and a new generation of fuel injection system has to be developed. The introduction of high pressure common rail fuel injection system certainly plays an essential role in achieving the current performance of diesel engines. As the critical component of high pressure common rail fuel injection system, electronic controlled injector involves the multi-physical fields coupled together including mechanical field, electrical field and hydraulic field during the working process. The equations of the traditional fluid dynamics modeling method are complicated. Moreover, the accuracy of solution for the system state equations increases with the complex of the numerical solution method. Power bond graph is a system dynamic graphical modeling method. It can systematically describe the composition, the transformation of the power flow and the logical relationship between variables in the system. In addition, the basic physical characteristics of the system and the relations of energy conversion and conservation also can be represented using the power bond graph method. In order to predict the fuel injection quantity characteristics of the high pressure common rail fuel injection system under different working conditions, and reveal the multi-physical fields coupling characteristic mechanism of the system, a bond graph numerical model of common rail injector is proposed based on the composition and the operating principle of the injector in this paper. The fuel physical properties and variable liquid capacitance which have influence on the dynamic injection characteristics of the system have been taken into consideration. The common rail injector bond graph model includes the main components such as high pressure fuel pipeline, high pressure fuel pipeline joint, pipeline between inlet of the injector and nozzle volume, nozzle volume, pipeline between nozzle volume and needle chamber, nozzle, needle moving parts, control chamber and solenoid valve. The state equations are derived based on the bond graph model of the common rail injector, and the equations are numerically solved by Matlab programming. Fuel injection quantity of the system at different common rail pressure and different control pulse width is obtained. The test bench of high pressure common rail fuel injection system is established in order to validate the accuracy of the developed bond graph numerical model. The experimental measured fuel injection quantities of the system and the calculation values of the bond graph numerical model are compared at common rail pressure of 80, 100 and 120 MPa and control pulse width of 800, 1000, 1200, 1400 and 1600 μs respectively. It can be concluded that the developed bond graph numerical model of common rail injector for high pressure common rail fuel injection system has an acceptable calculation precision. The numerical model of common rail injector based on the power bond graph method can be used to predict the fuel injection quantity characteristics of the fuel injection system, and the bond graph method is an effective modeling tool for system dynamic numerical calculation. The results have a significant theoretical guidance for the multi-physical fields modeling of high pressure common rail fuel injection system and the numerical calculation of fuel injection characteristics of the system. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Fuel injection
Controlled terms:Diesel engines - Dynamics - Electric load flow - Energy conservation - Energy conversion - Engines - Equations of state - Fuel economy - Fuels - Graph theory - MATLAB - Models - Needles - Nozzles - Numerical methods - Numerical models - Pipelines - Solenoid valves
Uncontrolled terms:Energy conversion and conservation - Fuel injection characteristics - High pressure common rail - High pressure common rail fuel injection system - Injector - Numerical calculation - Numerical solution method - Power bond graphs
Classification code:525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.5 Energy Conversion Issues - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 619 Pipes, Tanks and Accessories; Plant Engineering Generally - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20154801612110
Title:Finite element analysis of performance on elastic press wheel of row sowing plow machine for covering with soil and its experiment
Authors:Jia, Honglei (1, 2); Guo, Hui (1, 2); Guo, Mingzhuo (1, 2); Wang, Lichun (2, 3); Zhao, Jiale (1, 2); Fan, Xuhui (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (2) College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (3) Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China; (4) Jilin Province Academy of Agricultural Machinery, Changchun, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Lichun(wlc1960@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:9-16
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The soil coverer and the press wheel are the main parts of the corn planter, and their performances are directly related to the growth and the output of the corn. The operation of soil compaction immediately after the soil covering can improve the soil moisture content and reduce soil evaporation. The application of elastic material in the press device also has a positive effect on solving the phenomenon of soil adhesion during the operation of seeding. In order to improve the performances of seeding and soil compaction of the corn planter under conservation tillage, an elastic press wheel with the function of covering soil was designed through the combination of the deformation theory of rubber material and the tire mechanics to solve soil covering and soil compaction simultaneously after corn planting. The force of contact unit during the operation process of press wheel was analyzed, a theoretical model of the press wheel was built up based on shape characteristics of furrows, and an elastic press wheel with a double-cavity structure was presented. Depending on the extrusion force caused by the contact between the lateral edge of press wheel and furrows realize the functions of soil covering and soil compaction simultaneously. The structural parameters of the elastic press wheel with the material of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) was determined through the analysis of the theoretical mode as follows: the diameter, the width and the thickness of the press wheel were 500, 180 and 8 mm, respectively; the width of cross section of single-cavity of the press wheel was 70 mm, the cross section of single-cavity of the press wheel was composed with the curvature radius of the lateral edge of the press wheel respectively ρ<inf>1</inf>, ρ<inf>2</inf>and ρ<inf>3</inf>, which were 30, 135 and 60 mm separately; the internal pressure of the press wheel was 500 Pa, and the external load during working was 475 N. The theoretical model was confirmed by the finite element simulation based on ABAQUS through analyzing the stress, strain and displacement of soil, contact area and vertical contact force. The simulation results showed that the elastic press wheel could realize these objectives of soil covering and soil compaction with less disturbance of the soil and better working stability. A field experiment was conducted to validate the theoretical model and the elastic press wheel's functions of soil covering and soil compaction, and the results showed that the soil covering depth of seed after compacting operation was 34 mm, the coefficient of variation of the seed's soil covering depth after compacting operation was 15.68%, the soil compactness was 33.54 KPa in the top 50 mm soil layer of the seed furrow, and the coefficient of variation was 13.97%, which indicated that the elastic press wheel would work effectively in the functions of soil covering and soil compaction. An additional comparative experiment was carried out between the elastic press wheel presented in the paper and the double-disc coverer and rubber press wheel widely used in precision planter, and the desired soil covering depth of seed was both obtained in the corn planting, but the corn planter equipped with elastic press wheel worked more effectively in the functions of soil compaction, and our result indicated that the corn planter equipped with elastic press wheel could also result in good performances on the stability of soil covering and soil compaction. Therefore, this method and the theoretical model are demonstrated to be practical and feasible, and the elastic press wheel presented in the paper can achieve the expected target of the soil covering and soil compaction with good performance of working stability. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Presses (machine tools)
Controlled terms:ABAQUS - Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Compaction - Experiments - Finite element method - Models - Plants (botany) - Protactinium - Rubber - Soil conservation - Soil mechanics - Soil moisture - Soils - Structure (composition) - Styrene - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Comparative experiments - Double-cavity structures - Finite element simulations - Simulation - Soil coverings - Styrene butadiene rubber - Theoretical modeling
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.2 Machine Components - 603.1 Machine Tools, General - 622.1 Radioactive Materials, General - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 818.1 Natural Rubber - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20154801612120
Title:Design and experiment of grading and counting device for scallop seedling
Authors:Li, Mingzhi (1, 2, 3); Zhang, Guangfa (1); Yu, Gongzhi (3); Zhao, Xuewei (4); Zhang, Hong (4); Hu, Pan (3); Sun, Dexu (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Navigation and Shipbuilding Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; (2) Research and Development Center of Fisheries Equipment and Engineering of Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; (3) College Students "Blue" Innovative and Venture Bases of Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; (4) Zhangzidao Group Limited Company, Dalian, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Guangfa(zhangguangfa@dlou.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:93-101
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:By analyzing and investigating the system of random sampling for bottom sowing offspring seed of patinopecten yessoensis in Dalian Zhangzidao, a new type of high-efficiency and reasonable grading and counting device for scallop seedling was designed. In order to prove the rationality of its structure, comparison tests were executed on the island of Xiao Changshan and the scallop seedlings were collected from this island. Scallop grading specifications were <30, 30-35, >35-40 and ≥40 mm. Mesh specifications were 38, 33 and 28 mm. There were 2 phases for the experiment. In the first phase, the orthogonal experiment analyzed the critical influencing factors of grading and counting statistical accuracy, and determined the optimum technological parameters of grading and counting device for scallop seedling. In the second phase, based on actual production situation, the tests lasted for 1 month (from October 5<sup>th</sup>to November 4<sup>th</sup>, 2014) and 4 groups of comparative tests were executed in which 1 group of test was executed within 1 week. Each group of test was repeated by 3 times, and each time grading and counting was finished for one box which stored 20 kg scallops. The interval time between each time was one hour. Grading and counting tests were completed by manual labor and machine respectively. At the end of each day, calculate the statistical deviation rate of scallops, the lower activity rate, the total number of workers and the total time. Through optimizing technological parameters of grading and counting device, the input of scallop seedling grading was finally determined to be 2.5 kg/min, the mesh size increment was -2 mm, the screen motor speed was 130 r/min, the angle between screen surface and horizon was 2°, the screen length was 1.2 m, the input of scallop per unit time in counting was 2 kg/min, the queueing baffle positional relationship was that the angle of upper baffle and conveying direction was 45° and the angle of under baffle and conveying direction was 30°, and belt motor speed was 115 r/min. The results showed that the deviation rates of grading and counting between mechanical and manual manner were 2.82%, 2.33%, 2.28% and 2.90% respectively in the 4 tests for the ≥40 mm group, 3.05%, 4.26%, 4.38% and 3.66% respectively for the >35-40 mm group, 2.26%, 1.75%, 2.10% and 2.29% respectively for the >30-35 mm group, and 9.04%, 11.44%, 7.63% and 9.23% respectively for the <30 mm group. The deviation rates of grading and counting for the 4 specifications between mechanical and manual manner were not significantly different (P>0.05). Working efficiency of mechanical manner was increased by 3.54 times and employed workers were reduced by 6 compared with manual manner. Labor intensity was significantly reduced, and exposing time of scallop seedling was also reduced, which ensured the activity of bottom sowing scallop seedling. It had remarkable economic benefit, and the grading and counting device for scallop seedling could save investment cost by 62.512 ten thousand yuan per year. This method meets the development needs of green industry. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Grading
Controlled terms:Conveyors - Efficiency - Mesh generation - Molluscs - Screening - Shellfish - Specifications
Uncontrolled terms:Counting - Orthogonal experiment - Patinopecten yessoensis - Positional relationship - Screening devices - Statistical accuracy - Statistical deviations - Technological parameters
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 692.1 Conveyors - 723.5 Computer Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 902.2 Codes and Standards - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20154801612132
Title:UAV based multi-load remote sensing technologies for wheat breeding information acquirement
Authors:Yang, Guijun (1, 2); Li, Changchun (3); Yu, Haiyang (1, 2); Xu, Bo (1, 2); Feng, Haikuan (1, 2); Gao, Lin (1, 2); Zhu, Dongmei (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) School of Surveying and Landing Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China; (4) Lixiahe Region Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou Subcenter of National Wheat Improvement, Yangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Yu, Haiyang(yuhy@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:184-190
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To realize rapid acquisition of massive phenotypic information of wheat breeding material, the studies on UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) platform selection, sensor integration, and remote sensing data processing and analyses were carried out respectively, and a set of multi-load agricultural UAV based remote sensing system for assisting crop breeding information acquisition was developed. The speed and height of multi-rotor UAV could be controlled easily, even at low altitude. Different kinds of sensors such as digital camera, multi-spectral camera and infrared thermal imager, could be loaded on the UAV at the same time. The above characteristics make multi-rotor UAV most suitable to acquire different kinds of farmland spatial information at different scales readily. The crop lodging area could be obtained according to the generated ortho-image based on the high-definition digital images. The crop growth status and crop coverage could be estimated through multispectral images. The canopy temperature, as an important index related to crop growth, could be rapidly acquired by a thermal infrared sensor. The developed system was used in the breeding experiments in the breeding base of Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Lixiahe, Jiangsu from March to June in 2014. In order to acquire orthophotos, canopy spectrums and temperature of wheat breeding area, the Canon PowerShot G16 digital camera, the Tetracam ADC Lite multi spectral camera and the Optris PI thermal imager were loaded on the multi-rotor UAV. The position and altitude parameters of UAV were acquired by GPS (global positioning system) and IMU (inertial measurement unit) sensor simultaneously. The ASD FieldSpec Pro spectrometer collected reflectance data of black and white calibration cloth, cement and water synchronously. The data were subsequently used in multispectral camera radiometric calibration. The data were also tested by the FLIR SC620 thermal imager and the SPOT THERMOMETER HT-11D infrared radiometer for validating the acquired temperature data. At the same time, leaf area index (LAI) data of each plot were collected, and their accurate positions were recorded by hand-held differential GPS (centimeter level). The boundary extraction of breeding subarea and the lodging area estimation were conducted by the image recognition and artificial discrimination in the study. The lodging area estimated was up to 49.88 m<sup>2</sup>. Multispectral reflectance images were generated by strict radiometric calibration after accurate geometric correction. Vegetation indices, such as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), optimization soil adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI) and nitrogen reflectance index (NRI), were computed, respectively. The results showed that NDVI had a strong correlation with LAI (R<sup>2</sup>=0.48, RMSE=0.27, n=8). The wheat yield forecast was carried out by the nitrogen fertilization optimization algorithm in which INSEY (in-season estimate of yield) index was calculated by the NDVI and local weather data. The yield prediction model was established (R<sup>2</sup>=0.722, RMSE=0.45, n=25). In this study, the temperature of sky and ground observed were used in the thermal imager temperature correction. Quick mosaic was done to temperature image after correction and then canopy temperature data were extracted. Wheat canopy temperature acquired synchronously by infrared radiometer was combined in the validation with the accuracy (R<sup>2</sup>=0.84 and RMSE=1.77, n=14). ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Calibration - Crops - Data handling - Digital cameras - Global positioning system - Image processing - Image recognition - Infrared detectors - Loading - Nitrogen - Optimization - Radiometers - Radiometry - Reflection - Units of measurement - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Vegetation - Video cameras
Uncontrolled terms:Breeding - Gps (global positioning system) - Inertial measurement unit - Normalized difference vegetation index - Remote sensing technology - Thermal infrared sensors - UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) - Wheat
Classification code:652.1 Aircraft, General - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 902.2 Codes and Standards - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments - 944.8 Radiation Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20154801612114
Title:Numerical simulation and experiment on seeding performance of pickup finger precision seed-metering device based on EDEM
Authors:Wang, Jinwu (1); Tang, Han (1); Wang, Qi (1); Zhou, Wenqi (1); Yang, Wenpan (1); Shen, Hongguang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Engineering College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:43-50
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Precision planting is the advanced technology that sows seeds in the predetermined position of soil accurately and quantitatively by precision planter. Precision metering device is the key component of precision planter, which is divided into 2 types according to the working principle. The one is mechanical metering device, and the other type is pneumatic metering device. Pickup finger precision seed-metering device is a kind of mechanical metering device, which has been increasingly widespread due to its advantages of high planting quality, low seed-injuring rate and good uniformity when sowing corn grains. Studies have shown that corn grain's size has a greater influence on the seeding performance. However, most corn grains are irregular in shape, which can cause the clamping performance of key component (pickup seed finger) to descend when operation at high speed. Therefore, studies on the motion characteristics of corn grains and the influences of rotational speed and size grade are meaningful to improve seeding performance. The pickup finger precision seed-metering device was studied in this paper based on the theory of discrete element method (DEM). The dynamical clamping models of pickup seed finger were established based on its working principle. On this basis, the optimization design of structural parameters of pickup seed finger was conducted. The DEM model of pickup finger precision seed-metering device was established by the discrete element software EDEM and the numerical simulation of seeding performance was carried out. The rotational speed and the size grade were selected as influencing factors, and the qualified index, the repeated index and the missing index were selected as experimental indices. The main causes of repeated seeding and missing seeding on different size grades of corn grains were researched. The simulation results showed that as the rotational speed was between 15 and 45 r/min, the seeding quantity of medium-size grains was the best, and the qualified index was greater than 84%, followed by that of large-size grains. The seeding quantity of small-size grains was the worst and its qualified index was greater than 80%. With the increase of the rotational speed, the seeding quantity had a decreasing trend to all size grades of corn grains. Under the same condition (15-45 r/min), 3 kinds of corn grains were selected and the bench test was done. The test results showed that the simulation results were consistent with the bench test results, the maximum error of qualified indices was 7.4%, and the changing trends of seeding performance with rotational speed and size grade between simulation experiments and bench tests were also consistent. The field test showed that, when the rotational speed was 35 r/min and the forward velocity was 7 km/h, the seeding performance of seed-metering device could meet the requirements of precision sowing for all size grades of corn grains. The results in this paper can provide the guidance and direction for the research of mechanical precision seed-metering device and its key parts. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Computer software - Experiments - Finite difference method - Grain (agricultural product) - Models - Numerical analysis - Numerical models - Pickups - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Speed - Structural optimization - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Corn - EDEM - Mechanical precision - Motion characteristics - Precision seed-metering devices - Seed metering devices - Seeding performance - Structural parameter
Classification code:632.4 Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20154801612133
Title:Modelling of crop chlorophyll content based on Dualex
Authors:Li, Zhenhai (1, 2, 3); Wang, Jihua (3, 4); He, Peng (1, 2); Zhang, Yongfeng (1, 2); Liu, Haiying (1, 2, 5); Chang, Hong (1, 2); Xu, Xingang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information Application, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; (4) Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing, China; (5) College of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Xingang(xxgpaper@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:191-197
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Real-time non-destructive and quick estimation of leaf chlorophyll content can provide important information about plant stress, nutritional state and relationships between plants and their environment, and therefore will be of great significance in agriculture field management. In this study, 2 hand-held chlorophyll absorbance meters, Dualex 4 and SPAD-502, for relative chlorophyll content, and standard chemical method by the spectrophotometric for absolute chlorophyll content in wheat and maize were used for analyzing the relationships between relative chlorophyll content and absolute chlorophyll content. The absolute chlorophyll content can be expressed in terms of chlorophyll mass per leaf mass (Chl-M, mg/g) and chlorophyll mass per leaf square (Chl-S, mg/dm<sup>2</sup>). The objective of this study was to establish chlorophyll content models, Chl-M model and Chl-S model, and evaluate whether these models could be as general models for estimating leaf chlorophyll content. Four field experiments were carried out, including 2 experiments with 3 winter wheat cultivars during the growing season from 2014 to 2015 and 2 experiments with 3 maize cultivars during the growing seasons in 2013 and 2015. Time-course measurements were taken on relative chlorophyll content and absolute chlorophyll content. Linear regression analyses between relative chlorophyll content (Dualex value or SPAD value) and absolute chlorophyll content (Chl-M or Chl-S) were conducted. Three statistical indicators including determination coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>), root mean square error (RMSE) and normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) were employed to evaluate the performance of each model. The results showed that the performances of Chl-M and Chl-S model using Dualex (R<sup>2</sup>values of 0.77 and 0.88, respectively) were better than those using SPAD (R<sup>2</sup>values of 0.66 and 0.79, respectively). Chl-S models using Dualex at each growing stage were superior to Chl-M models. The relationship between Chl-M and Dualex values at each growing stage should consider the influence of leaf thickness. A strong relationship between Chl-S and Dualex values was demonstrated, with the R<sup>2</sup>value of each Chl-S model ranging from 0.87 to 0.97 and the nRMSE value lower than 10%. The general model of Chl-S demonstrated a high performance, with the R<sup>2</sup>, RMSE, and nRMSE of 0.88, 4.80 mg/dm<sup>2</sup>, and 8.33%, respectively. The range of Chl-S was from 12.2 to 105.6 mg/dm<sup>2</sup>, and could be applied at any growing stage for winter wheat and maize. Therefore, this study proposes a consensus equation for the transformation of Dualex into leaf chlorophyll content of winter wheat and maize, achieves the real-time and non-destructive estimation of chlorophyll content, and provides theoretical basis and technical support for the acquisition of crop nutritional state and the field decision-making. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Chlorophyll
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Chemical analysis - Crops - Cultivation - Curricula - Decision making - Mean square error - Models - Regression analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Determination coefficients - Dualex - Leaf chlorophyll content - Maize - Root mean square errors - SPAD - Statistical indicators - Winter wheat
Classification code:804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.2 Education - 912.2 Management - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20154801612130
Title:Slow-release fertilizer containing urease inhibitor and nitrification inhibitor improving nitrogen release characteristic and uptake and utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in tomato
Authors:Chen, Xugen (1); Xu, Weihong (1); Wang, Chongli (1); Chen, Yongqin (1); Chi, Sunlin (1); Xiong, Shijuan (1); Xie, Wenwen (1); Chen, Rong (1); Zhang, Jinzhong (1); Xiong, Zhiting (2); Wang, Zhengyin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; (2) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Weihong(xuwei_hong@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:168-176
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to provide theoretical basis for improving the utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer, in this study, special slow-release fertilizers containing urease inhibitor (NBPT) and nitrification inhibitor (DCD) were produced according to the nutrient requirements of tomato. Nitrogen release characteristics of two vegetables special slow-release fertilizers were studied in the experiment of "soil incubating method". In addition, pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of the slow-release fertilizers on yield, fertilizer use efficiency and NPK content of tomato. The results showed that in three different soil, cumulative nitrogen release in soil was in order of ordinary compound fertilizer (OCF)>commercial slow-release fertilizer (MSRF)>tomato special compound fertilizer NO.1 (TCF)>tomato special slow-release fertilizer NO.2 (TSRF1)>tomato special slow-release fertilizer (TSRF2), and nitrogen released in soil from the special slow release fertilizers (TSRF1 and TSRF2) were less than that of other fertilizers. The amount of nitrogen accumulated release of different fertilizer treatments in three different soil types showed alkaline soil > neutral soil > acid soil. In 14<sup>th</sup>day of incubation, the accumulation of ammonium nitrogen in the soil increased, and the accumulation of nitrate in soil increased significantly after 14 d. Nitrogen accumulation in soil were more in NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N than in NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup>N due to the nitrification inhibitor (DCD) which can inhibit soil nitrification and The nitrification process was inhibited by nitrification inhibitors, and the nitrogen fertilizer remained in the soil for a long time in the form of NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N. Nitrogen accumulation for NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N and NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup>-N was also as alkaline soil>neutral soil>acid soil. The release of different forms of nitrogen in the three soils was fitted with an equation of the first order kinetics (r ranged from 0.963 to 0.998). Using the first order kinetic equation, the N<inf>0</inf>value of the maximum release rate of different forms of nitrogen was total N>NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N>NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup>-N, which was consistent with the changes of the accumulation and release characteristics of different forms of nitrogen in soil. The characteristics of nitrogen release simulated by the equation were suitable for the prediction of the release and release characteristics of nitrogen in soil. In the pot experiment, two special slow release fertilizers (TSRF2 and TSRF1) were significantly (P<0.05) increased the yield of tomato by 18.18%, 7.24%, 31.40% and 13.45%, 2.96%, 26.15% compared with treatments of TCF, MSRF and OCF, respectively. The accumulation of nitrogen in tomato was TSRF2>TSRF1>MSRF>TCF>OCF, and the absorption of phosphorus by tomato was TSRF1>TSRF2>MSRF>TCF>OCF, and the accumulation of K in tomato was similar with that of nitrogen. Special slow release fertilizer treatment was beneficial to improve the uptake of NPK nutrient in potted tomato. Compared with common compound fertilizer (OCF), plant utilization of NPK in two special slow release fertilizers (TSRF1 and TSRF2) were increased by 10.66% (N), 21.95% (P), and 18.48% (K) for TSRF1, and 20.53% (N), 18.62% (P) and 14.94% (K) for TSRF2, respectively. Special slow release fertilizer with addition of the inhibitors, the nutrient release rate was relatively flat, so that it can effectively avoid the adverse effects of oversupply of nutrients in the soil, and improved the utilization rate of nutrient. Two special release fertilizers (TSRF2 and TSRF1) increased the uptake of N, P and K by tomato plants and tomato yield, and improved the efficiency of NPK due to the nutrient release rate of the special slow release fertilizers with addition of inhibitors., As such they balanced soil available nutrients with crop nutrient requirements. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Efficiency - Fertilizers - Fruits - Integral equations - Nitrification - Nitrogen - Nutrients - Phosphorus - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:First order kinetic equations - Nitrification inhibitor - Nitrogen release - Nutrient uptake - Release characteristics - Slow release fertilizers - Soil available nutrients - Tomato
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.2 Calculus
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20154801612125
Title:Spatio-temporal variability of terrestrial evapotranspiration in China from 1980 to 2011 based on GLEAM data
Authors:Yang, Xiuqin (1, 2); Wang, Guojie (3); Pan, Xin (1); Zhang, Yuqing (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Hydrometeorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China; (3) College of Geography and Remote Sensing Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China; (4) School of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:132-141
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Analysis of spatio-temporal variability of terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) over China facilitates understanding the response of water cycle to global climate change and water resources rational allocation. However, large-scale ET estimation methods based on satellite-based observations have some uncertainty. In this study, we firstly validated the accuracy and applicability of ET data from Global Land-surface Evaporation: the Amsterdam Methodology (GLEAM) using in-situ observations from China FLUX at point scale. Secondly, based on water balance model, we also validated the GLEAM ET data over China and Chinese 10 sub-basins using hydrological data at basin scale. In addition, we obtained the 32-year spatio-temporal datasets of terrestrial ET over China from 1980 to 2011 using GLEAM ET data. The research results indicated that: 1) GLEAM ET data were basically reasonable over China after the validation at both point and basin scales. Point scale validation using daily data revealed that GLEAM ET data showed overall comparable daily accuracies. GLEAM ET data showed the highest performance for three Grassland sites, which had the highest CC (correlation coefficient) mean value 0.77 (0.65-0.85) and lower relative bias (RB), root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) value. GLEAM ET data showed high performance for forest sites except XSBN site, which had CC mean value 0.66 (0.40-0.85) and had a low performance at XSBN (CC, 0.4, RMSE, 1.14 mm). GLEAM ET data also showed high performance for cropland (CC, 0.68; RB, 11.73%). Validation results at basin scale over 2003-2011 using water balance ET data as a reference indicated reasonable accuracies for GLEAM ET data, especially in Haihe River basin (RB, 16.2%), Yellow River basin (RB, 15.2%) and the Northwest River basin (RB, 9.2%). GLEAM ET value may be greater than precipitation value in oasis or agricultural irrigation area due to the artificial irrigation increased the soil moisture content in relative drought years. 2) GLEAM ET data showed that the climatological annual mean ET value varied spatially from 18 to 1400 mm during the 1980-2011 period over China. Spatial patterns of mean annual ET showed an increase from the northwest to the southeast part with the smallest ET value over Northwest region and the largest ET value over Hainan Island and Taiwan Island. 3) The domain-averaged annual ET over China showed an inter-annual variability ranging from 349.7 to 436.0 mm with the climatological value of 397.5 mm and a significant increasing trend of 12.3 mm per 10 years. 4) The trend in grid-based GLEAM ET over China displayed a prominent spatial variability ranging from -86.5 to 108.7 mm/(10a). The percentage of areas with decreased trends was 28.4%, and the significantly decreased areas was 9.45% of the total, which were mainly distributed in east Nei menggu, west Tibetan plateau (west and northeast Xinjiang, northwest Xizang), south Gansu. The areas with increased trends were 71.6% of the total and the significantly increased regions were 18.2%, which were mainly distributed in south Hebei and northwest Shandong (Haihe River basin), Shandong peninsula in Huai River basin, east Qinghai in the Yellow River basin, east Sichuan, south Shanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, and Jiangxi (Middle-lower Yangze River), Southeast River basin, Pearl River basin and south Yunnan et al. 5) The trends in grid-based GLEAM ET over China showed a remarkable seasonal cycle with the largest value in summer. The trend in the spring, autumn and winter time ET was not significant. Results from this research probably played an important role in understanding the interaction between climate change and water resources and provided reference and decision making base for China's water resources evaluation and management. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Water resources
Controlled terms:Climate change - Decision making - Evapotranspiration - Irrigation - Landforms - Mean square error - Models - Remote sensing - Rivers - Soil moisture - Vegetation - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural irrigation - China - GLEAM ET data - Root mean squared errors - Satellite based observations - Spatial and temporal variation - Spatiotemporal variability - Terrestrial evapotranspiration
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 912.2 Management - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20154801612124
Title:Optimization design and experiment of centrifugal pump based on CFD
Authors:Zhao, Weiguo (1, 2); Sheng, Jianping (1); Yang, Junhu (1, 2); Song, Qice (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Fluid Machinery and Systems, Lanzhou; Gansu Province, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:125-131
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The centrifugal pump is one of the most widely used fluid machinery. However, 3 problems i.e. lower efficiency, unsteady flow and bad cavitations performance are perplexing the development of centrifugal pump. For a single centrifugal pump, the impeller is one of the most important flow components, so it is selected as the optimum objective. Parametric fitting is a prerequisite in impeller optimization design. This process provides optimization variables and controls impeller automatically for the optimization design. Bezier curve and B-spline curve are used to reconstruct the impeller to obtain the profile of the blade and the meridional surface. The stacking point is reference point which defines the position of the two-dimensional (2D) blade section on a stream surface. This point is first defined on the 2D blade section, and then positioned on the corresponding stream surface in the meridional and tangential directions. Trailing edge is selected as stacking curve. Bezier-line-Bezier curve can be used to fit tangential location. The optimization variables are the angle between linear segment and vertical direction and the angle between the second Bezier curve and vertical direction with the span of 1, which 2 variables control the tangential position of stacking line on the 2D blade section. The range of -3°-3° is chosen as the constraint condition of optimization variables. Recently, CFD (computational fluid dynamics) technology has been widely applied to numerical computation of the three-dimensional viscous flow inside turbomachinery, which has made much progress. Meanwhile, many excellent optimization algorithms have been proposed. Fortunately, the CFD technology isn't confined to the research of centrifugal pump inner flow. Combining the CFD technology and optimization algorithm will play a very important role in the increase of pump efficiency, the decrease of flow loss and the extension of high-performance areas. An automatic optimization design platform for the centrifugal impellers is constructed by the genetic algorithm combined with the parameterization method and the commercial computational fluid dynamics software NUMECA. Based on the genetic algorithm and the artificial neural network, a new optimization method for the optimization of a centrifugal impeller is presented. Different from the traditional optimization method, the performance of centrifugal impeller is predicted with the CFD technology in the new developed method. The relationship between objective function and optimization variables is established by the learning function of artificial neural network. The results show that the efficiency of impeller achieves the maximum, when the angle between linear segment and vertical direction is -2.886° and the angle between the second Bezier curve and vertical direction with the span of 1 is 1.31°. Compared with the original, the efficiency is improved by 4.02% for optimum impeller in the design point. The centrifugal pump efficiency is increased by 4.41%, and the head is increased by 2.63 m. Volute is one of important flow components and has a great effect on the single centrifugal pump. The loss in volute is very great with optimized impeller, or with original one, especially in the large flow area. The volute is redesigned and the numerical simulation of modified volute with optimum impeller is performed for the flow field analysis of the flow passage components. The efficiency is improved by 1.59% compared with the pump with optimum impeller and original volute in design point, and by 6% compared with the pump with original impeller and original volute in design point. The performance of centrifugal pump is optimized, and the purpose of energy saving is achieved. These findings confirm that the optimization design method is effective for the centrifugal impellers. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Centrifugal pumps - Centrifugation - Curve fitting - Design - Efficiency - Energy conservation - Fluid dynamics - Genetic algorithms - Impellers - Interpolation - Machinery - Neural networks - Optimization - Parameter estimation - Parameterization - Pumps
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic optimization - CFD (computational fluid dynamics) - Computational Fluid Dynamics software - Numerical computations - Optimization algorithms - Optimization variables - Parameterization method - Three dimensional viscous flow
Classification code:525.2 Energy Conservation - 601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 36>
Accession number:20154801612116
Title:Design and experiment of an electrostatic sprayer with on-line mixing system for orchard
Authors:Yang, Zhou (1); Niu, Mengmeng (1); Li, Jun (1); Xu, Xing (1); Xu, Jitong (1); Chen, Zhaochun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Li, Jun(autojunli@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:60-67
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to optimize the spraying performance of orchard light self-propelled sprayer, an orchard electrostatic sprayer with online mixing system was developed. The online mixing system had several advantages compared to manual mixer and mechanical premix system. The safer operating conditions, reducing waste production and improving mixing performance were the main features. Sprayer was equipped with induction charging spray nozzles to obtain the enhanced adhesion and deposition. Compared with corona charging and contact charging, induction charging had several advantages such as lower working voltage, easier electrode insulation and smaller current capacity. The electrostatic sprayer was equipped with an air support system to produce additional atomization and improve deposition uniformity by assisting the transport of spray towards the target. The design of air-assisted electrostatic nozzles could prevent the charged droplets from wetting the electrodes and thereby keep the electrodes dry. The spray booms could be adapted to the shape of the individual plants. The mixing uniformity and stability were evaluated experimentally under the conditions that the mixture proportion of 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% and the sprayer pressure of 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 MPa. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the droplet deposition of air-assisted electrostatic spraying system and non-air-assisted electrostatic spraying system, and compare the droplet adhesion rates in the deposition shelf and the interior of artificial tree canopy with electrostatic voltage of 8 kV and outlet wind speed of 27.6 m/s. The measured maximum variable coefficients of mixing uniformity and stability were 4.46% and 3.51% respectively. With air-assisted electrostatic spraying system, the droplet adhesion rates in the upper side of the deposition shelf were 94, 98 and 72 /cm<sup>2</sup>respectively at the sampling distance of 0.5, 0.8 and 1.1 m, which increased by 9.3%, 46.3% and 53.2% respectively compared to those of non-air-assisted electrostatic spraying system. The droplet adhesion rates in the bottom side of the deposition shelf were 75, 74 and 54 /cm<sup>2</sup>respectively, which increased by 82.9%, 164.3% and 184.2% respectively compared to those of non-air-assisted electrostatic spraying system. The droplet adhesion rates in the upper and bottom side of the interior of artificial tree canopy were 48 and 37 /cm<sup>2</sup>respectively with air-assisted electrostatic spraying system, which increased by 166.7% and 428.6% respectively compared to those of non-air-assisted electrostatic spraying system. The results indicate that the proposed online mixing system has good mixing performance. The air-assisted electrostatic spraying system can improve the performance of spray deposition and spray penetration, which can meet the requirement of droplet adhesion rate over 25 /cm<sup>2</sup>in the application of pest and disease control. These results also show that it is feasible to improve the deposition performance by using the proposed charging technology with air support system, which can provide a reference for the design of orchard sprayer mechanism and the optimization of spray performance. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Adhesion - Agricultural machinery - Deposition - Design - Disease control - Drops - Electrodes - Electrostatics - Farms - Forestry - Machine design - Mixing - Nozzle design - Orchards - Spraying - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Adhesion rate - Electrode insulation - Electrostatic nozzles - Electrostatic spraying - Electrostatic voltage - On-line mixing - Orchard sprayers - Variable coefficients
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 601 Mechanical Design - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 37>
Accession number:20154801612144
Title:Optimal drying method improving quality of Lycium barbarum L
Authors:Wang, Hai (1); Gao, Yue (2); Wang, Jie (2); Yao, Siyuan (2); Wang, Weihua (2); Ran, Guowei (1); Liu, Yu (1); Guo, Xuexia (1); Zhang, Huiyuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agro-Products Processing Engineering, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China; (2) College of Food Science and Technical, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:271-276
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Lycium barbarum L is the fruit with rich sweet and sour taste. It is not only the traditional medicinal material, but also a kind of nutritional supplement. Lycium barbarum L has seasonal and regional characteristics for harvest and short storage period. So the drying of Lycium barbarum L becomes a kind of important processing. At present, the drying of Lycium barbarum L is mainly traditional natural drying. This method needs long drying time and the mildew rate is high, so it has no guarantee to the quality of the products. It is difficult to meet the needs of the modern production. The drying in coal-fired drying room needs high energy consumption and produces severe pollution during the drying process. The temperature and humidity is not easy to control. The fireworks affect the quality of the dried Chinese wolfberry seriously. The solar drying equipment appears in Ningxia region in recent years. It uses solar energy and electrical energy to dry Lycium barbarum L. It is able to not only save energy and protect environment but also dry fast. The Lycium barbarum L was dried by natural drying, coal-fired drying room and solar drying equipment separately, and the drying rates of Lycium barbarum L were compared by weighing method. Their main functional components were measured and analyzed through the variance. The appearance quality and the rate of sugar were measured and analyzed as well. The fresh Lycium barbarum L was soaked by 5% sodium carbonate solution. Three wire weighing boxes were for a group and put in the coal-fired drying room, the solar drying equipment and the yard of cooperative separately. It was weighed once every 2 hours until it reached the standard of drying. The drying time of the 3 methods was recorded. The test results showed that the drying time of the natural air drying was about 78 h and that of the coal-fired drying room was 34 h. The shortest drying time of the solar drying equipment was about 26 h. The results showed that the content of the main functional components of Lycium barbarum L by the solar drying equipment drying was the highest, and it was about 71.77 g/(100 g). The main functional components of Lycium barbarum L by the coal-fired drying room was about 64.59 g/(100 g), and that by the natural drying was the lowest, about 57.84 g/(100 g). The Colourimetry was used to measure the color of the dried Lycium barbarum L. The results showed that the color and lustre of dried Lycium barbarum L by the solar drying equipment was the closest to that of fresh Lycium barbarum L. The color and lustre of dried Lycium barbarum L by the natural drying was the worst. The lowest syrup yield of dried Lycium barbarum L was obtained by the solar drying equipment, and it was about 1.533 g/(100 g). The highest syrup yield of dried Lycium barbarum L was obtained by the natural drying, and it was about 6.739 g/(100 g). ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Coal - Color - Energy utilization - Equipment - Humidity control - Quality control - Solar dryers - Solar energy - Weighing
Uncontrolled terms:Appearance qualities - Functional components - High energy consumption - Lycium barbarum L - Nutritional supplements - Regional characteristics - Syrup yield - Temperature and humidities
Classification code:524 Solid Fuels - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 741.1 Light/Optics - 901 Engineering Profession - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 38>
Accession number:20154801612148
Title:Preparation and characteristic analysis of calcium-chelated ossein peptide
Authors:Han, Keguang (1); Zhen, Shouyan (2); Fan, Hua (3); Gao, Wenwei (1); Fan, Weixin (3); Wu, Suozhu (2); Huo, Nairui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China; (2) College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China; (3) Experimental Center, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
Corresponding author:Huo, Nairui(tgnrhuo@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:301-307
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Preparation and identification of calcium-chelated ossein polypeptides were carried out in this study. Ossein polypeptide used for chelating was the supernatant fraction of the alkaline protease hydrolysates of sheep bone powder (with a hydrolyzing degree of 28.12%) after centrifugation. The optimal chelating condition between ossein polypeptide and CaCl<inf>2</inf>was obtained by Box-Behnken factorial design and response surface analysis. According to the results of 4-factor 3-level response surface experimental design, a regression model of the chelating rate in response to initial pH value, temperature, reaction time, mass ratio of polypeptide to CaCl<inf>2</inf>was established using the software of Minitab 16. Variance analysis for the regression equation indicated that the model was extremely significant (P<0.01) and the lack-of-fit was not significant (P>0.05), so the model was reliable. In light of the model, within the set level of each factor, the theoretical maximum of the chelating rate reached 66.4%. After the verification tests, the optimal chelating condition was determined: the mass ratio of polypeptiede to CaCl<inf>2</inf>of 2:1, the pH value of 7.66 and chelating at 53 for 50 min, under which a chelating rate of 67.24% was obtained. After reaction, the calcium-chelated polypeptide was precipitated by ethanol (>90%), collected after centrifugation (8000 r/min, 15 min), and then dehydrated by vacuum freeze drying. NaS replacing test together with ninhydrin reaction suggested that the product was the chelate of Ca<sup>2+</sup>and polypeptides. The infrared spectrum of the polypeptide before and after chelating did not totally overlap, so chelating reaction actually occurred between peptides and Ca<sup>2+</sup>. The wave number of distinctive absorption peak representing -COOH shifted from 1406.75 to 1425.92 cm<sup>-1</sup>, that representing -NH<inf>2</inf>shifted from 3285.84 to 3405.31 cm<sup>-1</sup>and that representing C=O shifted from 2969.54 to 2972.06 cm<sup>-1</sup>, which indicated that the 3 chelating sites were C=O inside the polypeptide, -COOH and -NH<inf>2</inf>at the terminal of the peptide chain. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) showed that before chelating, the structure of the ossein polypeptides was loose and sheet-shaped, with small amount of crystal-like substance (formed through naturally chelating) on the surface of each sheet-like structure; after chelating, the loose structure turned to be tight and exhibited as the aggregation of small salt-like particles. This further proved the formation of carboxylate and ammonia salt by chelating. The energy spectrum of the SEM picture demonstrated that there were 3 Ca peaks both for the ossein polypeptides and for the calcium-chelated polypeptide. Peak 2 had the largest area in the spectrum for polypeptides, while for calcium-chelated polypeptide peak 3 had the largest area. The energy spectrum also illustrated that there were 3 sites where Ca<sup>2+</sup>could be chelated on the polypeptides, and before chelating with exogenous Ca<sup>2+</sup>, the polypeptides could be chelated with the endogenously released Ca<sup>2+</sup>during hydrolyzing. Element analysis of the energy spectrum demonstrated that the atom percentage of Ca increased from 1.76% to 6.84%, and the element weight percentage of Ca increased from 4.76% to 15.98%. In conclusion, SEM picture, energy spectrum and element analysis proved that the sheep ossein polypeptide itself contains calcium that can be naturally chelated, which further indicated that the enzymatic hydrolysis can cause the release of the Ca<sup>2+</sup>from the hydroxyapatite accompanied by collagen degradation. Infrared spectrum illustrated 3 chelating sites on the peptide, and they are C=O, -COOH and -NH<inf>2</inf>, respectively. The chelating technique determined in present study will be useful for the future production of new-type supplementary calcium which is safer than other forms of calcium and easily absorbed by body, for the high-value use of the bones of the live stock and for the extension of sheep-breeding industry. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Chelation
Controlled terms:Alkalinity - Bone - Calcium - Carboxylation - Centrifugation - Compressive strength - Crystal structure - Enzymatic hydrolysis - Hydrolysis - Infrared spectroscopy - Peptides - pH - Polypeptides - Regression analysis - Spectroscopy - Spectrum analysis - Surface analysis - Surface properties
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristic analysis - Collagen degradations - Energy spectra - Response surface analysis - Scanning electronic microscopy - Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) - Sheet-like structure - Supernatant fractions
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 933.1.1 Crystal Lattice - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 39>
Accession number:20154801612146
Title:Proper cryoprotectants improving properties of L. plantarum LIP-1 microcapsules
Authors:Tian, Wenjing (1); Wang, Junguo (1); Song, Jiaojiao (1); Yue, Linfang (1); Wang, Yali (1); Bao, Qiuhua (1); Zhang, Heping (1); Menghe, Bilige (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Junguo(junguo379@aliyun.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:285-294
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As all know, probiotics have many physiological functions, but the actual levels detected in probiotic products are often much lower due to adverse conditions during product storage, transportation, marketing and consumption. Many studies have shown that, microencapsulation techniques can provide protection against adverse conditions for probiotics. In order to enhance the storage stability of microcapsule, freeze drying is commonly used, but freeze-drying technique exposes the bacterial cells to additional stressful processing steps and the loss in viability of cells was observed. To prevent these adverse effects, cryoprotectants are commonly added to samples before freeze drying. In this study, we investigated the optimal ratio of cryoprotectants and the effect of cryoprotectants on the properties of L. plantarum LIP-1 microcapsules. Single factor and orthogonal experimental design were used to study the influence of adding different types of cryoprotectants on microencapsulation efficiency (ME) and survival rate of LIP-1 during freeze-drying process. Based on those data, the effect of optimal cryoprotectants on the properties of L. plantarum LIP-1 microcapsules was evaluated, such as surface morphology and microstructure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), simulated gastric fluid (SGF) resistance, release characteristic in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) and viability during four-week storage at different temperatures (4, 20 and 37). The results showed that the best cryoprotectant formulations were glycerol of 2%, maltose of 1%, L-cysteine of 2% and lactose of 2%, and based on this formulation, the ME was 67.60% and the survival rate was 83.80%, which increased the number of living bactera after freeze drying significantly (P<0.05) compared with the blank (microcapsules without cryoprotectants, the ME and the survival rate were 70.5% and 56.41%, respectively). The microcapsules with optimal cryoprotectants indicated a compact microcapsule structure and regular shape, and a finer and more dispersed substructure than the blank. The microcapsules with optimal cryoprotectants had significantly faster release properties in SIF than the blank, for the microcapsules with optimal cryoprotectants werecompletely released within 60 min, while the blank took 90 min to be fully released, which was maybe due to the difference in size and distribution status of those microcapsules. The size of microcapsules with optimal cryoprotectants was smaller and the distribution was better than the blank, resulting in a larger specific surface area for enzyme activity, and the increase of the speed of disintegration. The microcapsules with optimal cryoprotectants had a better SGF resistance than the blank. And in our study, free cells of LIP-1 were sensitive to low pH value, the viability began to decrease significantly (P<0.05) within 30 min, and they lost about 90% when exposed to acidic conditions for 120 min; the viability of microcapsules in blank began to decrease significantly (P<0.05) after 90 min, and lost about 44% when exposed to acidic conditions for 150 min; while the viability of microcapsules with optimal cryoprotectants began to decrease significantly (P<0.05) after 120 min, and they lost about 30% when exposed to acidic conditions for 150 min. So the microencapsulation provided a significant protection for L. plantarum under acidic conditions, and cryoprotectants could enhance the SGF resistance of LIP-1 significantly. Maybe because the surface of microcapsules with optimal cryoprotectants was denser, and had less aperture, it was likely to be more resistant to the penetration of SGF. The viability of microcapsules was significantly (P<0.05) higher than free cells during four-week storage at different temperatures (4, 20 and 37), while the viability of microcapsules with optimal cryoprotectants was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the blank. So the microencapsulation provided a significant protection for L. plantarum during storage at different temperature, and the microcapsules with optimal cryoprotectants could significantly (P<0.05) increase the viability of LIP-1 during storage at different temperature, for the dense membrane formed around the microcapsules may provide effective protection by separating LIP-1 from harmful factors, such as air, moisture, light. In addition, the oxidative stability of L-cysteine was in favor of the storage of microcapsules. Therefore, the results indicate that the adding of optimal cryoprotectants can improve the properties of L. plantarum LIP-1 microcapsules significantly, and also provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance for improving the properties of probiotic microcapsules during the commercial production. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Encapsulation
Controlled terms:Amino acids - Cells - Cytology - Digital storage - Drying - Enzyme activity - Low temperature drying - Microencapsulation - Optimization - Scanning electron microscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Commercial productions - Freeze-drying process - Lactobacillus plantarum - Microcapsule structure - Orthogonal experimental design - Physiological functions - Release characteristics - Simulated gastric fluid (SGF)
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 813.2 Coating Materials - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 40>
Accession number:20154801612149
Title:Water resistance of rare earth fluorescent bamboo plastic composites modified with hydrogen silicone oil
Authors:Zheng, Feng (1); Wang, Yanshan (2); Ding, Dabin (3); Zhang, Xinxiang (1); Yang, Wenbin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Materials Engineering College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; (2) Jin Shan College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; (3) Yinzhou District Forestry Bureau, Fuyang, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Wenbin(fafuywb@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:308-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To improve the water resistance of rare earth fluorescent bamboo plastic composites and broaden the scope of application, the surface of bamboo powder and strontium aluminate phosphor were modified by hydrogen-containing silicone oil. Rare earth fluorescent bamboo plastic composites modified with hydrogen-containing silicone oil were manufactured by melt blending and injection molding process. In the composites, the contents of bamboo powder and strontium aluminate phosphor were both 13.89%. The effects of hydrogen-containing silicone oil on the contact angle, water absorption, thickness swelling, emission spectrum, bending strength, bending modulus, tensile strength and impact strength of rare earth fluorescent bamboo plastic composites were investigated by using contact angle meter, fluorescence spectrophotometer, electronic universal testing machine, pendulum impact tester and so on. The tensile fracture microstructure of rare earth fluorescent bamboo plastic composites was observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The results from water contact angle test showed that the water contact angles of composites unmodified and modified by hydrogen-containing silicone oil were 83° and 100°, respectively, which indicated that the unmodified composite was hydrophilic and the modified composite was hydrophobic. Analysis showed that the water absorption and thickness swelling of composites increased with the increasing of soak time and then leveled off. The water absorption and thickness swelling of modified composites were smaller than those of unmodified composites. Emission spectra showed that the relative luminous intensity peak of modified composites was 67.84% higher than that of unmodified composites before being soaked in water. The relative luminous intensity of them decreased with the increasing of soak time. After being soaked in water for 11 d, the relative luminous intensity of unmodified and modified composites was decreased by 46.40% and 28.82%, respectively, indicating that the modified composites possessed better luminous stability in water. Mechanical properties showed that the mechanical properties of modified composites were superior to unmodified composites before being soaked in water. With the increasing of immersion time, the flexural strength, flexural modulus and tensile strength of composites decreased and then leveled off, and the impact strength of composites increased at first, then decreased and finally leveled off. Compared with the unmodified composites, the modified composites had better mechanical properties after being soaked in water. For modified composites, the decreasing rates of bending strength, flexural modulus and tensile strength were smaller, while the decreasing rate of the impact strength was larger. However, the impact strength of modified composites was still bigger than that of unmodified composites after being soaked in water for 11 d. Field emission scanning electron microscopy showed that in the modified composites, strontium aluminate phosphors and bamboo powder dispersed very well, the agglomeration decreased, and the interfacial adhesion strength improved. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that after the composites were modified by hydrogen-containing silicone oil, the number of free hydroxyl groups was decreased and hydroxyl absorption peak shifted to lower wavenumber. After modification, there was a new characteristic absorption peak attributed to the Si-CH<inf>3</inf>groups appeared in 1387.75 cm<sup>-1</sup>, which indicated that chemical reactions happened between the hydrogen-containing silicone oil and the hydroxyl of bamboo fiber and strontium aluminate phosphor surface. The research results in this paper have great practical significance on improving water resistance of rare earth fluorescent bamboo plastic composites. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Water absorption
Controlled terms:Absorption spectroscopy - Bamboo - Bending strength - Blending - Chemical modification - Composite materials - Contact angle - Electron emission - Electron microscopy - Emission spectroscopy - Field emission - Field emission microscopes - Fluorescence - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Hydrogen - Impact strength - Injection molding - Light emission - Mechanical properties - Phosphors - Rare earths - Scanning electron microscopy - Silicones - Strontium - Tensile strength - Tensile testing
Uncontrolled terms:Bamboo-plastic composites - Emission spectrums - Field emission scanning electron microscopy - Fluorescence spectrophotometer - Interfacial adhesion strength - Silicone oil - Strontium aluminate phosphor - Universal testing machines
Classification code:549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 801 Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 811.1 Pulp and Paper - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 41>
Accession number:20154801612142
Title:Comparison and analysis of different model algorithms for CPUE standardization in fishery
Authors:Yang, Shenglong (1, 2); Zhang, Yu (2); Zhang, Heng (1); Fan, Wei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of East China Sea & Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China; (2) Key and Open Laboratory of Remote Sensing Information Technology in Fishing Resource, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
Corresponding author:Fan, Wei(fanwee@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:259-264
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Catch per unite of effort (CPUE) is often used as an index of relative abundance in fisheries stock assessments. However, the trends in nominal CPUE can be influenced by many factors in addition to stock abundance, including the choice of fishing location and target species, and environmental conditions. Therefore CPUE standardization is a basic work in stock assessment and management. CPUE standardization research is a rapidly developing field, and many statistical models have been used in this field. Improvement of data quality and continued evaluation of model performance should be given priority so as to provide recommendation for management and conservation. In this paper, we evaluated the performance of 5 candidate methods (artificial neural network (ANN), regression trees (RT), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM) and generalized linear model (GLM)) using the actual fishery data for bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) from the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT). Statistical performances of these 5 models were compared based on mean square error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), 3 kinds of correlation coefficients (the Person's, Kendall's rank and Spearman's rank) and normalized mean square error (NMSE), which were measured by the difference between the observed and the corresponding predicted values. The results showed that the performance of the SVM was better than (or equivalent to) the RF, and their MSE, MAE, 3 kinds of correlation coefficients and NMSE were almost the same. These 2 algorithms were superior to the other methods based on the results from the training and testing dataset and all data, except the NMSE value in training dataset. The NMSE value of the RT was better than the SVM and RF. The performance of the RT was better than that of the ANN, but inferior to that of the SVM and RF except the NMSE value in training dataset. The performance of the ANN was better than that of the GLM. The performance of the GLM was almost the lowest in all the models, which suggested the performance of the traditional statistical method (GLM) was inferior to the other nonlinear statistical models in fishery data CPUE standardization. The annual trends of the standardized CPUE from the ANN, RT, RF and SVM models were similar to nominal CPUE from 2001 to 2013. But the annual trends of the GLM did not coincide with nominal CPUE. The average CPUE for the SVM method was almost always lower than that of the nominal CPUE value from 2001 to 2013. In this regard, because the more important and essential point was the comparison of three parameter selection in the testing data based on the validation, it was concluded that the SVM and RF were the best methods in fishery data CPUE standardization. The SVM and RF should be considered as potential statistical methods for fishery data CPUE standardization in fisheries stock assessment and management. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Support vector machines
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Decision trees - Errors - Fisheries - Forestry - Mean square error - Models - Neural networks - Quality control - Standardization - Statistical methods - Statistical tests - Statistics
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental conditions - Generalized linear model - International Commission - Management and conservations - Normalized mean square error - Random forests - Regression trees - Statistical performance
Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 902.2 Codes and Standards - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.21.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
期刊信息
- 主管单位 中国科学技术协会
- 主办单位 中国农业工程学会
- 主编 朱明
- 总编/社长 王应宽
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