<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20154601556946
Title:Analysis of inverse kinematic solution for 6R robot based on screw theory and Sylvester resultant
Authors:Li, Shengqian (1); Xie, Xiaopeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical and Automatic Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Xie, Xiaopeng(xiexp@scut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:48-54
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The traditional denalit-hartenber (D-H) method is very popular to set up kinematic model for robot, but this method has lots of disadvantages, which include complexity, singularity and difficulties in inverse kinematic model solving. therefore the kinematic model of six degree freedom robot using traditional denalit-hartenber (D-H) method, can not get the high precision for inverse solution, and make the robot instantaneity for working. This article applied a product-of-exponential (POE) kinematic model based on screw theory for multi-degree of freedom series robots. Firstly, we used the screw theory to set up model for every joint of robot; then put matrix of every joint model multiply, which could get the POE of kinematic model for multi degree of freedom series robot. As we known from the above, the screw theory method was not limited by the form of joint, and could set up the kinematic model of robot very conveniently. This method was applicable to all types of multi degree of freedom series robot with versatility. Then the sylvester resultant method was used to solve these equations. The sylvester resultant method could solve high-dimensional nonlinear equations in advantage, and get the result of the nonlinear equations fast. The process of solving was used Maple software to calculate, due to the Maple software can use the symbol instead of the number to algorithm. Finally, in order to prove this method was correct and useful, we got special data, which was put into the forward kinematics formula to calculate the terminal attitude of robot, then we put this result of terminal attitude into the inverse kinematics formula, and got turning angle of each joint for the 6R robot, which was correct in the result from the calculation. In order to prove this method is correct further, we calculated from the perspective of geometry, which was through the geometric relationship of the robot to calculate each joint turning angle, and this result was as the same. At last, this inverse kinematic model and solving method was proved as an efficient and accurate method by calculating an example. In general, this method has efficient, accurate, reliable, and clear significance at physical and mathematician, also can apply to other robots with differences in configuration in kinematic modeling and inverse kinematic solution, providing a reference to quickly solution in inverse kinematic of robots. Meanwhile, this method can improve the algorithm efficiency 30% more than the general method of elimination. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Inverse problems
Controlled terms:Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Gears - Inverse kinematics - Kinematics - Models - Nonlinear equations - Robots - Screws - Ultrasonic devices
Uncontrolled terms:Algorithm efficiency - Geometric relationships - Inverse kinematic models - Inverse kinematic solutions - Multi degree-of-freedom - Screw theory - Six-degree-freedom - Sylvester resultant
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 731.5 Robotics - 753.2 Ultrasonic Devices - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20154601556973
Title:Research on evaluation of suitability degree of industry transfer in gentle hillside Area in Chongqing based on GIS
Authors:Yang, Wei (1, 2); Liao, Heping (1); Pan, Zhuo (3); Li, Xiaohua (4); Li, Tao (1); Li, Jing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; (2) School of Geology and Geometry Engineering of Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering, Chongqing, China; (3) Personnel Department of Southwest University, Chongqing, China; (4) Party and Administration Office of Vocational Institute of Engineering, Chongqing, China
Corresponding author:Liao, Heping(liaohp@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:244-252
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Gentle hillside area usually refers to the areas under 300 m in altitude and locating at the hilly area with terrain slope of 5°-15°. To some extent, utilization and development of gentle hillside area can contribute to relieve the problem of regional land resource supply tension, which is a real existent fact in most of regions, and may help achieve good social benefit. Most of the existing researches on the evaluation of suitability of gentle hillside area inside and outside China have adopted static way in general terms, which might not reflect the changing of land use condition completely, because of their lack of consideration of land use changing trending and applying those models with changeless weight to calculate for evaluation research, and have seemed to get comparatively unbelievable results. The purpose of this paper was to provide theoretical basis and methods for scientifically constructing suitability evaluation index system of industry transfer in gentle hillside area, which contributed to utilize land resource in gentle hillside area to develop industry efficiently and reasonably. This paper adopted GIS (geographical information system) and empirical studies, and literature research and questionnaire survey were synthetically applied. The paper constructed the evaluation index system with 3 evaluating target including basic conditions, traffic conditions and continuous conditions of industry development. And 13 indicators were selected, which included proportion of industrial output, proportion of existing industrial park, per-capita freight volume, road network density of ordinary highway, quantity of public transit hub, quantity of freight station, quantity of highway interchanges, distance to the nearest freight wharf, distance to the nearest freight station, distance to the nearest airport, average annual growth rate of fixed assets investment, proportion of professional personnel and land consumption per 10<sup>8</sup>yuan GDP (gross domestic product). The data statistical analysis was carried out and the processing method was built based on confidence interval, the index weight was corrected with dynamic weight, and the suitability of industry transfer in gentle hillside area of Liangjiang New Area in Chongqing was calculated and analyzed with the weighted average model. Then, the changing situations of suitability evaluating of industry transfer of each evaluating unit before and after the correction of evaluation index weight were contrasted and analyzed, and the grade map was compiled. The result is trustworthy, and has high reliability and viable method, which might enrich the theory and method for suitability evaluation of land resource in gentle hillside area and provide the reference and practical support for development, utilization and management of land resource in gentle hillside area. In theory, this evaluation research should be classified as macroscopic evaluation, however, evaluation research of micro block unit should be further verified in the future for enhancing the scientific nature and rationalization. At the same time, the evaluation of ecological and economical risk should also be considered in this type of research. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Geographic information systems
Controlled terms:Economics - Industry - Interchanges - Land use - Landing - Motor transportation - Natural resources - Reliability theory - Statistical methods - Surveys - Transportation
Uncontrolled terms:Average annual growth rates - Data statistical analysis - Gentle hillside - Gross domestic products - Land resources - Liangjiang New Area - Management of land resources - Suitability degree evaluation
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 406.1 Highway Systems - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20154601556969
Title:Extrusion process of corn stalk powder in single orifice die processing based on discrete element method
Authors:Li, Yongkui (1); Sun, Yuezhu (1); Bai, Xuewei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
Corresponding author:Bai, Xuewei(baixueweicn@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:212-217
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Mechanical behavior in the densification of biomass material is closely related to pellet quality. In order to explore the forming mechanism of typical biomass material from loose state to consolidation, the discrete element method (DEM) was introduced to investigate the movement and interaction of the milled corn stalk particles in the compacting process, and the verification experiments were carried out to test the effectiveness of the DEM simulation in this study. Firstly, the three-dimensional (3D) particle contact model of corn stalk powder based on the soft-sphere model of DEM was established, and the constraining walls in DEM model were completely consistent with the compressing cavity boundary conditions in geometric shape and dimension of experimental tests conducted in December, 2014; the loading speed in simulation was also set as the same value as the DEM model. Secondly, the diameter range of simulated particles was configured to 0.4-1.0 mm in accordance to the particle size distribution acquired through the screening experiment and calculation, and the generated particles were fully filled into the whole cavity at the original state before the compressing force was loaded. The mechanical parameters of the particles, such as normal stiffness, shear stiffness and friction coefficient between the 2 contact particles, were set to the values generated at random in specific range which was determined according to compacting experimental data. Thirdly, the comparison of compression stress relaxation data between tests and simulation was carried out and the validity of the simulation was verified by the hypothesis test. It was found that the force data with time from the hypothesis tests and DEM simulation followed the similar tendency, and the absolute error was not higher than 100 N in both initial loading stage and 20 seconds after stress relaxation. In the first 20 seconds of stress relaxation course, the values of absolute error were obviously higher than other time quantum. The consistency of the experimental and simulated data was fairly good on the whole, because there was little statistical significance between 2 group of data at 5% level in the significant difference analysis. The optimal numerical ranges of the mechanical parameters of the simulated particles in DEM model were also obtained. Namely, the normal stiffness was 1.2×10<sup>4</sup>-1.8×10<sup>4</sup>N/m, the shear stiffness was 0.8×10<sup>4</sup>-1.3×10<sup>4</sup>N/m and the friction coefficient was 0.10-0.12. Then, the compressive force was analyzed in DEM model at different compressive displacements, diameters and cone angles using the optimal mechanical parameters of particles. The result showed that the residual forces in stress relaxation were about 600 and 1300 N respectively when the compressive displacements were set to 26 and 50 mm, which indicated that the compressive displacement had a great influence on pellet morphological stability while other parameters kept constant. When the diameter of single-hole die varied from 8 to 12 mm in DEM model, all the compression forces peaked near 1100 N as compressing time went on, but the residual stress with 8 mm diameter was much higher than that with 12 mm, and in consideration of the consolidation degree, the recommended diameter was 8 mm compared with the mechanical behaviors of the diameter of 10 and 12 mm. The cone angle had a remarkable effect on the compression force, and the cone angle of 45° was suggested to get a reasonable balance between compression force and pellet density. The study indicates that the discrete element method provides an efficient and effective tool to address some engineering problems in biomass densification, and the soft-sphere model is appropriate to describe the mechanical behavior in the compression process of corn stalk powder. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Data compression
Controlled terms:Biomass - Crops - Extrusion - Extrusion molding - Finite difference method - Friction - Models - Molding - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Pelletizing - Powders - Spheres - Stiffness - Stress analysis - Stress relaxation - Stresses
Uncontrolled terms:Compression stress-relaxation - Corn stalk - Forming dies - Morphological stability - Screening experiments - Soft-sphere models - Statistical significance - Threedimensional (3-d)
Classification code:816 Plastics and Other Polymers: Processing and Machinery - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20154601556954
Title:Anti-frost heave effect of lining channel with concrete composite insulation based on TCR principle
Authors:Guo, Rui (1); Wang, Zhengzhong (1, 2); Niu, Yonghong (2); Liu, Quanhong (1); Wang, Yi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, CAS, Lanzhou, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Zhengzhong(wangzz0910@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:101-106
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In cold regions of northern China, the anti-frost heaving measures of lining channels were widely used. In the design of anti-frost heaving benzene insulation board, laying thickness was generally determined on the basis of semi-theoretical and half-experience analyses. However, it did not consider the thermal contact resistance (TCR) between canal lining and insulation board, as well as the influence of the staggered arrangement on thermal-insulating performance and anti-frost heave. Therefore, original canal insulation model was too idealistic. Based on the principle of TCR of solid materials and the stress-related heat transfer constitutive model, the paper presented a new concrete composite insulation lining. In order to explore the effect of anti-frost heaving capability and the anti-frost heaving mechanism, taking a trapezoidal channel in Altay irrigation area of northern Xinjiang as the simulation object and considering the impact of the frost heaving, the prototype channel model was set up. Based on this model, the anti-frost heaving effect of the EPS (expanded polystyrene) thermal insulation board on the channel was analyzed. The temperature field, stress and displacement field were calculated and analyzed by the thermo-mechanical coupling field finite element method. The composite thermal-mechanical simulation was used to compare the new one and the ordinary benzene insulation board by means of the finite element software ABAQUS. Simulation results showed that for the temperature field, the zero degree isotherm in the composite insulation lining channel soil was higher than that in the channel with EPS insulation board, and the maximum difference was nearly 20.3 cm. The concrete composite insulation lining could not only block the conduction of the negative temperature outside and improve the temperature of the soil, but also reduce the freezing depth of the soil and improve the anti-frost heaving ability effectively. For the displacement field, the distribution of the frost heaving amounts in the channel with EPS insulation board was even. Among these models, the frost heaving amounts of the channel with the composite insulation lining could be reduced by 71%, 46% and 40% respectively compared to the prototype channel and the other 2 models, which showed that the anti-frost heave effect was obvious. Similarly, the frost heaving force that functioned on canal lining was analyzed and compared, mainly including normal frost heaving force and tangential freezing force. In the stress analysis of flexible EPS insulation board composite insulation lining, the friction between concrete lining plate and foundation soil was reduced as the concrete lining did not contact with the soil. The EPS board between concrete lining and foundation had certain flexibility, and when the frost heaving of canal foundation occurred, it would release stress and distribute channel lining stress evenly. Compared with the prototype channel, the distribution of normal and tangential freezing force of the concrete composite insulation lining channel tended to be uniform, which improved the stress of the channel lining greatly. However, in terms of reducing the normal and tangential freezing force, the channel with the composite insulation lining was more obvious than the other 2 types of insulation linings in shady slope, and the frost heaveing force in this model could be reduced by 60% or more. Compared with the prototype channel and the other 2 types of channels, the normal frost heaving force in this model in shady slope was decreased by 91%, 78% and 66% respectively. In the sunny slope, the normal frost heaving force in the channel with the composite insulation lining was evidently decreased compared with the other 3 types. For the channel with the composite insulation lining, the tangential freezing force in shady slope about 1.0 meter from the top of the channel was decreased by 91%, 63% and 58% respectively compared with the prototype channel and the other 2 types of channels. Therefore, the composite insulation lining has stronger heat insulation and anti-frost heave capability than the ordinary insulation lining in the negative temperature. The research provides the theoretical reference for the design of the thermal insulation lining channel in cold regions. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Thermal insulation
Controlled terms:ABAQUS - Benzene - Canal linings - Computer software - Concretes - Finite element method - Freezing - Heat transfer - Hydraulic structures - Insulating materials - Insulation - Lasers - Linings - Masers - Models - Soils - Stress analysis - Stresses - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Anti frosts - Composite insulation - Concrete linings - Insulation board - TCR
Classification code:407.2 Waterways - 412 Concrete - 413 Insulating Materials - 413.2 Heat Insulating Materials - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 714 Electronic Components and Tubes - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 744.1 Lasers, General - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20154601556982
Title:Extraction and characterization of fibers with low lignin content from bark of cotton stalks for spinning
Authors:Dong, Zhen (1, 2); Hou, Xiuliang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; (2) School of Textiles & Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:309-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fibers with lignin content of 4.5% and fineness of 28.3 dtex were extracted from bark of cotton stalks using 4% alkali at 160 for spinning application. Bark of cotton stalks, with cellulose content of 40%, is a copious and inexpensive source for natural fibers. However, cotton stalk fibers extracted using conventional method, such as alkali, steam explosion or H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>, had too coarse fineness (>45 dtex) or too high lignin content (>11.8%), which rendered them to be made into high quality yarns. In this research, bark of cotton stalks was treated by 4% alkali at temperature of 150, 160 and 170, respectively. Time of alkali treatment was regulated to achieve fibers with good fineness and proper breaking strength for spinning application. Effects of alkali conditions on the dimension, composition, tensile property and crystalline structure of cotton stalk fibers were investigated. The results showed that fineness of cotton stalk fibers decreased gradually with the increase of time. However, excessively long time would cause drastic decrease in fiber length and bark of cotton stalks was even completely disintegrated into paste. Fibers extracted at temperature of 150, 160 and 170 had the best fineness of 30.8, 28.3 and 28.1 dtex, respectively. Increasing time reduced the lignin content of cotton stalk fibers. Fibers extracted at temperature of 150, 160 and 170 had the lowest lignin content of 5.1%, 4.5% and 4.5%, respectively. Moreover, the increase in the time and temperature also caused a drastic decrease in breaking strength and Young's modulus. Fibers extracted at temperature 160 had breaking strength of 1.8 cN/dtex whereas breaking strength of fibers extracted at temperature 170 decreased to only 1.4 cN/dtex. Therefore, fibers extracted by 4% alkali at 160 with time of 60 min had the best properties, including fineness of 28.3 dtex, length of 39 mm, lignin content of 4.5% and Young's modulus of 46 cN/dtex. All fibers in this research had crystalline structure of type I, indicating that alkali treatment did not change the crystalline structure of cellulose in cotton stalk fibers. Compared to the best cotton stalk fibers in references, fibers in this research had similar fineness but lower Young's modulus, which was due to more thorough removal of lignin at temperature of 160. Cotton stalk fibers with lignin content of 4.5% and 5.5% could be spun into yarns with fineness of 22.4 tex. When lignin content of cotton stalk fibers was decreased from 5.5% to 4.5%, unevenness and hairiness index of blended yarns were lowered by 75.1% and 29.6%, respectively, but breaking strength and breaking elongation increased by 11.1% and 9.8%, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of blended yarns also showed that fibers with lower lignin content could be spun into yarns with better structure. Fineness of yarns in this research was 68% lower but breaking strength was 93.5% higher than that in references, respectively. Overall, cotton stalk fibers extracted at 160 are characterized with low lignin content and low Young's modulus, which endow them a good potential to be used for making high quality yarns. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Spinning (fibers)
Controlled terms:Cellulose - Cotton - Crystalline materials - Degumming - Elastic moduli - Fibers - Lignin - Metal spinning - Natural fibers - Scanning electron microscopy - Straw - Yarn
Uncontrolled terms:Breaking elongation - Cellulose content - Characterization of fibers - Conventional methods - Cotton stalk - Crystalline structure - Low lignin contents - Low young's modulus
Classification code:535.2 Metal Forming - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 819 Synthetic and Natural Fibers; Textile Technology - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 933.1 Crystalline Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.043
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20154601556944
Title:Surface structure biomimetic design and performance testing of slippery trapping plate used for controlling agricultural insect
Authors:Wang, Lixin (1); Huang, Fengshan (1); Zhou, Qiang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China; (2) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:34-40
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The technology of photoelectric inducing-trapping can kill agricultural insect (locust, ant, etc.) and protect the agricultural production from being destroyed effectively, and avoid the environment pollution caused by spraying pesticide. The key factor of this technology is to develop a kind of slippery trapping plate which can restrict insects' excellent attachment ability generated by rigid claw and adhesive pad. To obtain structural information for biomimetic developing the slippery trapping plate, surface morphology of bionic prototype (slippery zone of Nepenthes alata pitcher) was detailedly examined in August and September of 2013. Several sections (1 cm<sup>2</sup>) were cut from the slippery surface and rinsed in distilled water before being air-dried, then mounted on aluminum blocks and sputter coated, and observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fresh sample (2 cm<sup>2</sup>) was cut from slippery surface and glued to an aluminum block, and examined with a scanning white-light interferometer (SWLI). The structural parameters of slippery surface were statistically acquired via analyzing the saved images with the software belonging to the SEM and SWLI equipment. The results showed that the slippery surface is covered by a layer of dense and irregular wax crystals, along with numerous downward-directed lunate cells. Length and thickness of the platelet-shaped wax crystals was 1109.6±68.5 nm and 89.11±5.17 nm, respectively; the height and interval distance of the lunate cells was 20.41±1.73 μm and 71.53±3.86 μm, respectively; the angles of the lunate cell's slope and precipice was 23.1±2.4° and 76.1±4.0°, respectively. These obtained parameters suggested that the slippery zone bears micro-nano scaled surface architectures. Based on acquired structural parameters, biomimetic model of the slippery trapping plate was designed with CAXA software. The biomimetic model consisted of a substrate and an epicuticular layer, the substrate was covered by micro-scaled triangular prisms (simplified lunate cells) and numerous blind holes, and the epicuticular layer was composed of massive flaky graphite (simplified wax coverings) possessing the physical properties of lubrication and slippage. To prepare the slippery trapping plate, laser micro-fabrication technology was adopted to machine the micro-scaled architectures (triangular prisms and blind holes) of the substrate (alloy steel, 100 mm×50 mm×5 mm, length×width×thickness), and high voltage electrostatic incorporation technology was used to attach the flaky graphite (mesh number 1500-2000, dimension 6.5-10 μm) to the machined substrate. The flaky graphite was put on an organic glass box (95 mm×45 mm×30 mm, length×width×height); and put the laser-machined substrate and an alloy plate on the top and bottom of the box, respectively. The positive and negative electrode of high voltage electrostatic source was respectively connected to the substrate and alloy plate, and applied high voltage electrostatic (16.0-18.0 KV) for 100-120 s. With the incorporation of the high voltage electrostatic, the flaky graphite was absorbed to the blind holes of substrate and attached tightly. To test the function of the biomimetic slippery trapping plate, attachment forces of adult locust (Locusta migratoria manilensis) were measured with an insect micro-force measurement system in July 2015. The system mainly consisted of a force transducer (1-PW4C3), a signal conditioning module (SCXI-1520), a data acquisition platform (PCI-6221), and data-processing & displaying software. The locust was connected to the force transducer (along load direction) using a thin thread (12 cm long) fastened its neck position, and then put on the tested surface. The locust climbed on the tested surface along the load direction of the force transducer. When the thin thread started to pull, the locust crawled ahead frantically to attempt to break away from this restriction, so generated attachment forces and their maximal values were recorded. The results showed that values of attachment force provided by locust on bionic slippery trapping plate ranged from 328.7 mN to 458.3 mN, whereas on slippery surface ranged from 307.3 mN to 397.1 mN. Attachment force of locust on bionic slippery trapping plate (402.9±26.1 mN) was barely 1.1 times than that on slippery surface (361.9±25.5 mN), suggesting the biomimetic slippery trapping plate bore rather similar function as the slippery surface, thereby achieved the protected biomimetic results. The obtained conclusion provides theoretical and technical references to biomimetic development of slippery trapping plate used for controlling agricultural insect. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Plates (structural components)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Alloy steel - Aluminum - Aluminum coatings - Biomimetics - Bionics - Crystal structure - Crystals - Data acquisition - Data handling - Electrostatics - Force measurement - Graphite - Organic lasers - Pest control - Prisms - Scanning electron microscopy - Substrates - Transducers
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Biomimetic design - Environment pollution - Laser micro-fabrication - Nepenthes pitcher - Scanning white light interferometers - Signal conditioning module - Structural information
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 531.1 Metallurgy - 541.1 Aluminum - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 744.1 Lasers, General - 813.2 Coating Materials - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 933.1 Crystalline Solids - 933.1.1 Crystal Lattice - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20154601556949
Title:Shift schedule of dual clutch automatic transmission based on driver type identification
Authors:Liu, Xi (1); He, Ren (1); Cheng, Xiusheng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Automotive & Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:68-73
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Shift schedule is one of the major factors for drivability. When using traditional method to establish shift schedule, it considers power performance and fuel economy, but neglects driver characteristics. Speed and throttle in traditional two-parameter shift schedule may reflect vehicle performance for driver to some extent, but driving characteristics of different drivers can't be considered. In this paper, a shift schedule method based on driver type was proposed for making vehicle maneuverability meet drivers' characteristics. In order to obtain the drive type, driving behavior and intention were analyzed according to drivers' operations in driving process, different driver characteristics were obtained, and then drivers could be classified into conservative and sport type. So identification scheme of driver type was proposed. Driver's operations, road condition and vehicle state were transformed into electrical signals by vehicle sensors. These electrical signals could be identified by electronic control unit and used to classify driving style, and then driver type could be obtained by fusion decision of driving style. Firstly, BP (back propagation) neural network classifier was employed for driving style identification from the obtained signals. The classifier designed had 3 layers, and any 2 layers were linked by nonlinear S-functions. The data of effective driving cycles and corresponding characteristic signals, which could remarkably characterize the driving style, were placed in the input layer, the different driving styles were obtained from the output layer, and the node number of the middle layer was optimized by the empirical formula. Moreover, the classifier was trained off-line on the basis of the driving data under various working conditions. Secondly, the driving styles were fused by Bayesian to obtain driver type. Because there were many different effective driving cycles while driving, the fusion decision process was performed in 2 stages. The fusion decision of driving style date of the same effective driving cycle was accomplished at the first stage, and the driver type was obtained at a later stage which was fusion decision of different effective driving cycles. Finally, the conception of power performance coefficient was proposed in this paper. It could be calculated with practical throttle opening, small opening threshold and large opening threshold. The values of small and large opening threshold were determined by driver type. By a change of power performance coefficient corresponding to driver type, the proportion of power performance and fuel economy in shift schedule could be adjusted. After the strategy of the power performance coefficient was determined, a comprehensive shift schedule based on driver type, power performance and fuel economy was presented. The more conservative the driver type was identified, the more attention the fuel economy was paid in the comprehensive shift schedule based on driver type. Conversely, the more sport driver type corresponded to the more power factor. In order to validate the reliability of comprehensive shift schedule based on driver type, vehicle shifting processes corresponding to different driver types were simulated by the test vehicle equipped with six-speed dual clutch transmission. This simulation was performed under the condition of starting with 50% throttle opening, and vehicle speed and gear position were observed. The simulation results showed that the more sport driver type corresponded to a higher speed of shift points under the condition of same throttle opening, which led to later upshift and higher vehicle speed at the same time, and then sport driver could obtain better power performance. So the shift schedule based on driver type proposed in the paper is feasible and efficient, and can meet the requirements of different drivers. The research provides a reference for driver style identification and intelligent shift schedule establishment. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Vehicle performance
Controlled terms:Automobile engines - Backpropagation - Behavioral research - Digital storage - Electric power factor - Fuel economy - Fuels - Gears - Identification (control systems) - Maneuverability - Neural networks - Speed - Sports - Transmissions - Vehicle transmissions - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Bayesian fusion - BP (back propagation) neural network - BP neural networks - Driver type - Dual clutch automatic transmission - Dual clutch transmission - Electronic control units - Shift schedule
Classification code:461.3 Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 601.2 Machine Components - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 661.1 Automotive Engines - 662.1 Automobiles - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 731.1 Control Systems - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20154601556948
Title:Application of adaptive wavelet algorithm in active vibration control for vehicle
Authors:Xing, Feng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business Institute, Chongqing, China
Corresponding author:Xing, Feng(xingfenglm@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:62-67
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Aiming at the problem of vibration suppression to large and nonlinear structures, the control strategy of adaptive wavelet algorithm was proposed based on on-line system identification method. Combining the wavelets and least mean square (LMS) algorithm, this paper focused on adaptive vibration control to body structure by using decomposition LMS algorithm. Experiments research on active vibration control was carried out with the piezoelectric elements as sensors and actuators. Firstly, adaptive LMS wavelet control strategy was analyzed and adopted. Input signals were decomposed into a series of different frequency bands through a set of band pass filters. By using LMS algorithm to deal with each component of frequency bands, parameter matrix equation of the adaptive controller was obtained. Secondly, experimental modal analysis and system identification of the car body were carried out, and the mathematical model of the system was obtained by experimental method. A car body was hung on the bracket, and it was arranged with 106 test points. In the center of the wheel, a vibration exciter was arranged at the selected frequency to stimulate the car body to vibrate. Vibration signals to each measuring point were digitized by data acquisition and analysis system. Modal parameters and frequency response function of the structure were obtained through parameter identification. Using the modal analysis software, the experimental function curves were fitted to the modal vibration mode. According to the input and output to the measuring points, the system identification toolbox of MATLAB was used to obtain the structural parameters matrix, and to establish the mathematical model of the body structure. The mathematical model would be used for vibration control experiments as the control object in the adaptive wavelet control system. Thirdly, parallel on-line system identification method was applied. Another adaptive digital filter was introduced into the traditional system identification method, and the two filters were all performed according to the LMS algorithm. The on-line system identification method had the characteristics of good real-time performance, high identification accuracy, easy implementation and simple structure. It could greatly improve the adaptability of the adaptive wavelet control system. MATLAB software was applied to establish adaptive wavelet control system based on parallel on-line system identification method. Identification was integrated into the control behavior, and the functions of identification and control were automatically accomplished in the control process. Finally, experiments based on the adaptive vibration control system were carried out. The experimental platform to vibration control was built by using the piezoelectric elements as the sensors and actuators. Vibration exciter with random signal motivated the car body to vibrate. The vibration signals were detected by piezoelectric sensors, and the signals were filtered and amplified by charge amplifiers to send into computer through data acquisition card. The data were changed into the control signals by adaptive wavelet control program to drive the piezoelectric actuators to produce deformation. The body panels of nested together were driven in a synchronous deformation to realize the goal of adaptive response to the vibration and adaptive adjustment to the vibration deformation. Comparing the vibration signals before controlled with the signals after controlled, it can be seen that the vibration amplitude to the body panels was reduced about 60% because of the application of the adaptive wavelet control. In the main range of vibration frequency, the control system had obvious vibration suppression effect. Especially in the low frequency region, where the vibration amplitude was relatively large, and the control effect was very good. The effectiveness of control system is verified to show that the adaptive wavelet control system, for uncertain vibration on large and nonlinear structures such as car body, can achieve good control results. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Adaptive control systems
Controlled terms:Actuators - Algorithms - Amplifiers (electronic) - Automobile bodies - Bandpass filters - Control systems - Data acquisition - Deformation - Digital filters - Digital storage - Frequency bands - Frequency response - Identification (control systems) - MATLAB - Matrix algebra - Modal analysis - Online systems - Parameter estimation - Piezoelectric actuators - Piezoelectric devices - Piezoelectricity - Railroad cars - Religious buildings - Signal processing - Vibration analysis - Vibration control - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Active control - Adaptive vibration control - Adaptive wavelets - Data acquisition and analysis system - Experimental modal analysis - Frequency response functions - Least mean square algorithms - Vibrations
Classification code:402.2 Public Buildings - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 682.1.1 Railroad Cars - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 703.2 Electric Filters - 713.1 Amplifiers - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731.1 Control Systems - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 732 Control Devices - 732.1 Control Equipment - 921 Mathematics - 921.1 Algebra - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20154601556976
Title:Development of a portable device for simultaneous detection on multi-quality attributes of fresh pork
Authors:Sun, Hongwei (1); Peng, Yankun (1); Lin, Wan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National R&D Center for Agro-processing Equipment, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Peng, Yankun(ypeng@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:268-274
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:For detecting the quality of pork, traditional optical equipment has high accuracy, whereas heavy weight, large size and high price make it difficult to use widely. The purpose of this research was to develop a portable optical device for detecting pork quality based on visible/near infrared spectroscopy and embedded system. This paper mainly explained the models building and the development of application software. Firstly, a compact and flexible system was made. Halogen lamp is as light source. To adapt to various complex environments, its hand-held probe can form black room on the surface of pork. Micro spectrometer (USB4000) receives and measures reflected light. ARM (advanced RISC machines) processor controls all parts in device and analyzes spectrum data. Based on Linux embedded operation system, liquid crystal display (LCD) touch screen interfaces with users. The whole weight of 3.5 kg makes it convenient for users. Secondly, collect the spectrum reflected from pork samples and build the partial least squares regression (PLSR) model. Before these, spectrometer parameters should be set, so that it works under the best conditions. Integration time of USB4000 was set to 7 ms, pixel boxcar width zero. Thus the reflection intensity of standard white plate was about 80% of spectrometer scale span. During experiment, after acquiring white and black spectrum data, detection probe was put on the surface of pork samples. Spectrum data in the wavelength range from 400 to 1000 nm were collected from the surfaces of 39 pork samples, 29 spectra of which were as calibration, while others as validation. The acquired spectrum data were then processed by standard normalized variables (SNV) and Savitzky-Golay filter (S-G) to eliminate the spectra noise. After collecting the spectrum data, reference pH values of pork samples were immediately tested by pH meter (METTLER TOLEDO FE20, Switzerland), and color parameters (L<sup>*</sup>, a<sup>*</sup>, b<sup>*</sup>) were measured by precision colorimeter (HP-200, Shanghai, China). The partial least squares regression (PLSR) was applied to establish the prediction models. Experiment results showed that prediction correlation coefficients of pH value, L<sup>*</sup>, a<sup><sup>*</sup></sup>and b<sup>*</sup>were 0.94, 0.98, 0.95 and 0.85, and standard deviations of pH value, L<sup>*</sup>, a<sup>*</sup>and b<sup>*</sup>were 0.17, 1.19, 0.42 and 0.61, respectively. Thirdly, application software was designed and developed for detecting the quality of pork. It consisted of spectrometer control unit, spectrum data acquisition unit, spectrum analysis unit, and displaying and saving unit for prediction result of pork quality. Particularly, in spectrometer control unit, all parameters of USB4000 were set as the same as those when building the PLSR models. The coefficients matrixes of models were loaded into pork quality detection software in spectrum analysis unit. After debugged, the application program detecting the quality of pork was cross-compiled, and downloaded into the device. Finally, the accuracy of models were tested. The reflect spectra of external 41 pork samples were collected and analyzed with the device. At the same time, the real values of these samples' pH, L<sup>*</sup>, a<sup>*</sup>and b<sup>*</sup>were measured. For the pH value, the prediction model could give satisfactory results with the correlation coefficient (Rv) of 0.88 and the standard error of prediction (SEP) of 0.19.For the color L<sup>*</sup>, a<sup>*</sup>and b<sup>*</sup>, the prediction models could gain prediction results with the Rv of 0.90, 0.97 and 0.97, and the SEP of 1.77, 1.17 and 0.63, respectively. In conclusion, the field application results indicate that this portable device can satisfy the requirements of meat quality detection with high accuracy and good performance. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Application programs - ARM processors - Color - Computer operating systems - Computer software - Data acquisition - Embedded systems - Forecasting - Infrared spectroscopy - Least squares approximations - Light sources - Liquid crystal displays - Meats - Models - pH - Portable equipment - Probes - Program debugging - Regression analysis - Spectrometers - Spectrum analysis - Touch screens
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Embedded operation systems - Liquid crystal display(LCD) - Partial least squares regression - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR) - Pork - Standard error of prediction - Visible/near infrared spectroscopy
Classification code:721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 822.3 Food Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20154601556947
Title:Surface gear-connecting rod analysis and application of composite structure
Authors:Lin, Chao (1); He, Chunjiang (1); Cai, Zhiqin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:55-61
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the recent years, with the normal circular gear revealing deficiencies, the studies on the new type of gear pair have attracted more and more attention. Taking the non-circular gear as an example, the pitch curve of non-circular gear is no longer a circle, so it can realize variable transmission ratio, and it can achieve continuous reciprocating movement after combining with link mechanism. This paper aimed to study the movement characteristics of the new type of gear pair. The pitch curve equation of the surface gear was obtained based on the normal circular gear. From the equation, it could be found that the equation included four parameters: the angular velocity ω, the number of surface gear n, the length of connecting-rod la and lb. And the related curves were displayed by MATLAB (Matrix laboratory). Based on the analysis of the surface gear, the surface gear pair could make the continuous transmission in a rotating cycle. What's more, its angular velocity could implement the periodic changes. Combing with the surface gear, we obtained the composited surface gear-crank-link mechanism; it combined the advantages of the gear pair and the crank-link mechanism, which could realize the expected trajectory and speed at the same time. Based on the principle of space gear and differential geometry and other related theories, the moving and static coordinate system of the composited mechanism were established, and then the movement equations of composited mechanism could be deduced. We could also get the displacement, velocity, acceleration and their variation tendencies by MATLAB, which provided the theoretical basis for the control of this mechanism. Based on the properties of the composited mechanism, a type of forage baling machine for packing agencies was designed. In addition, the simulation machining and characteristic analysis system of surface gear pair was developed using application programming interface (API) in Solid Works. The system was used to analyze the selection method and principle of correlation parameters in surface gear pair design, and the solid simulation model of the surface gear pair and the briquetting machine model were established. And the movement simulation was done by importing the mechanism into the ADAMS (Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems). The composited mechanism was produced by CNC (Computerized Numerical Control) machine, and the related experiment was finished in 2015. In the experiment, the surface gear was as the input part (constant rotating speed) and the slider as the output part (the displacement). During the experiment, the slider can realize the reciprocating movement. The displacement and velocity of the slider were recorded every 4 s, and the recording time was 60 s to reduce the conflict from assembly error. Compared with the theoretical data, the error of the gear pair, displacement, velocity and acceleration were 2.8%, 0%, 3.4% and 3.6%, respectively. These data confirm the correctness of the theoretical analysis, which has a guiding significance for subsequent similar research. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Mechanisms
Controlled terms:Angular velocity - Application programming interfaces (API) - Briquetting - Computer simulation - Computer systems programming - Connecting rods - Dynamic mechanical analysis - Gears - Geometry - Machinery - MATLAB - Mechanization - Models - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic dynamic analysis of mechanical systems - Characteristic analysis - Compound movement - Computerized numerical control - Entity modeling - Movement characteristics - Press agencies - Variable transmission ratio
Classification code:524 Solid Fuels - 601 Mechanical Design - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20154601556941
Title:Design and experiment of seed feeding device in air-assisted centralized metering device for rapeseed and wheat
Authors:Lei, Xiaolong (1); Liao, Yitao (1); Li, Zhaodong (1); Cao, Xiuying (1); Li, Shanshan (1); Wei, Yuepei (1); Liao, Qingxi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
Corresponding author:Liao, Qingxi(liaoqx@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:10-18
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Wheat and rapeseed are the major grain and oil crop in China and their sowing dates are closer. Seed feeding device is the core component of air-assisted centralized metering device which is capable of handling a wide range of seeds with different sizes and shapes. In order to improve the versatility and use efficiency of air-assisted centralized metering device and adjust the feeding rate accurately, the seed feeding device for rapeseed and wheat with staggered arrangement shape hole and combined conical-hole unit was designed. The problems of pulsing phenomenon due to outer grooved wheel metering device of the centralized pneumatic planter and high damage rate of mechanical metering device for rapeseed needed to be solved, and the structure of staggered arrangement shape hole could keep seeding consciously and uniformly. The seed feeding operation included seed filling, carrying and feeding process. The main structural parameters of shape hole and conical-hole unit were determined in this research. These included length, width, depth and cone angle of shape hole which were 8.0 mm, 5.0 mm, 4.0 mm and 14°, respectively. The diameter and number of shape holes in each conical-hole unit were 80 mm and 60, respectively. Mechanical models were established to estimate the seed filling and feeding process. It demonstrated that seed filling and throwing performance were better under the inclined angle of 13.75°-21.20°. Bench experiments were carried out in the seed metering laboratory of Huazhong Agricultural University in 2015 by using Huayouza 62 and Zhengmai 9023 as materials. The experimental factors were inclined angle (0°-30°) with 4 levels and rotational speed (10-60 r/min) with 6 levels in single-factor test. Two-factor full factorial test was designed with number of conical-hole unit (1-6) and rotational speed. The objective values were seed feeding rate, coefficient variation of seed feeding rate and damage rate. The results showed that: 1) The conical shape hole with inclined angle resulted in a better seed feeding performance. When the rotational speed of seed feeding device was 10-30 r/min, the seed feeding performance of conical shape hole with 20° inclined angle was better than that of others. The coefficients of variation of seed feeding rate for rapeseed and wheat were not more than 1.0% and 1.1%, respectively, and their damage rates were both less than 0.1%. 2) With the increase of rotational speed in the range of 10-60 r/min, the seed feeding rate increased gradually, while the coefficient of variation of seed feeding rate decreased first and then rose up. The lowest coefficients of variation of seed feeding rate for rapeseed and wheat were recorded at 20 and 30 r/min, respectively. Thus, the optimum rotational speeds which resulted in the coefficient of variation less than 1.0% for rapeseed and wheat were 10-40 and 20-50 r/min, respectively. 3) The ranges of seed feeding rate for rapeseed and wheat were 28-450 and 95-770 g/min, respectively when number of conical-hole unit and rotational speed changed. The wide range of seed feeding rate could be adjusted to meet the requirements of different sowing width and high operating speed. The quadratic regression prediction models were established to describe different seed feeding rate for rapeseed and wheat. The models were verified with different forward velocity of Dongfanghong-LX854 tractor. The relative errors between experimental and simulated results in seed feeding rate were smaller than 5%. It indicates that the models can predict seed feeding rate and calculate the number of conical-hole unit and rotational speed accurately. The staggered arrangement shape hole and combined conical-hole unit can realize the adjustment of seed feeding rate in wide range for rapeseed and wheat and the damage rate is reduced significantly. The results provide technical support for the adjustment of different sowing width of air-assisted centralized metering device for rapeseed and wheat. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Experiments - Feeding - Filling - Oilseeds - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Coefficients of variations - Inclined conical-hole unit - Metering devices - Quadratic regression - Rapeseed - Staggered arrangement - Wheat
Classification code:691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20154601556972
Title:Three-level concentrated prime farmland zoning and classified regulatory mechanism in suburb of metropolis
Authors:Shen, Yue (1); Yan, Jinming (1); Wang, Chen (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Land Management, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China; (2) Urban-Rural Planning Administration Center, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Yan, Jinming(yanjinming@ruc.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:234-243
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In view of increasing acute contradiction between urban expansion and farmland preservation, landscape and ownership fragmentation and the unstable overall layout characteristics of prime farmland in the metropolitan suburb, it is of great significance to study three-level concentrated prime farmland protection areas zoning and classified regulatory mechanism in the metropolitan suburb, which would keep the balance between the farmland preservation and urban development, and promote intensive and innovative land use. The paper aimed at exploring the permanent protection mechanism of prime farmland in metropolitan suburb combining protection with development, management, and environment improvement. Taking the typical metropolis suburb Changping District as the case study area, this paper firstly specified five objectives of the permanent protection mechanism, namely, the layout centralization, construction reduction, function diversification, management differentiation and capital intensification. With the concentrated prime farmland identification index system built, composed of 11 indicators, this paper analyzed the concentrated degree, the stability and rehabilitation potential. Data mainly comes from the second national land survey data updated to 2013 and land use planning database of Changping District. Meanwhile, alternative concentrated prime farmland areas were filtered and classified, according to the AHP identification results and the classify guideline of "Function, Spatial, Scale" principle. Three levels were categorized, the municipal-level, the district-level and the township-level respectively. The three-level concentrated prime farmland special planning is used to clarify the protection responsibility target at all levels and spatial control regulation, determine the evaluation indexes such as quantity, quality and function of prime farmland, and establish the "economic compensation and index reward" joint horizontal mechanism and three-level "rewards and punishments" joint vertical mechanism. The results indicated that: 13 three-classified prime farmland protection areas were demarcated including one municipal concentrated protection area, six district areas and six township areas, which achieved 96.63% of the prime farmland protection in Changping District. Three-classified farmland protection areas zoning revitalized the stock of construction land effectively, taped the reserve cultivated land resources fully, and increased 1149.97 hm<sup>2</sup>cultivated land. The zoning also relieved the landscape and ownership fragmentation, enhanced the management unit scale to 38.76 hm<sup>2</sup>and lowered the degree of landscape and ownership fragmentation to 1.21%. In addition, it optimized the farmland landscape pattern, expanded the multiple function of basic farmland utility: after delimiting 6 809.06 hm<sup>2</sup>basic production function farmland protection area, it also expanded 1172.88 hm<sup>2</sup>landscape function centralized protection area, 1003.03 hm<sup>2</sup>ecological function protected area, and 807.03 hm<sup>2</sup>blocking function centralized protection area. Moreover, it improved the prime farmland protection enthusiasm of the township and reduced the urban burden of two levels of capital and management pressure. The results could save 329.83 million Yuan for financial capital. The mechanism, three-level concentrated prime farmland protection areas zoning and classified regulatory in the metropolitan suburb, can guide the prime farmland concentrating, optimize the layout of prime farmland protection areas, extend the multi-function roles of prime farmland, strengthen the decentralized management of prime farmland, concentrate prime farmland capital allocation, then promote the scale management of prime farmland and improve the quality of the protection. With the farmland landscape pattern optimized and protection fund allocation efficiency and management efficiency improved, the results can help provide reference to decision makers and relevant researches for the national spatial planning of prime farmland protection and targeted policies making. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Concentration (process) - Conservation - Decision making - Economics - Efficiency - Land use - Quality control - Urban growth - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Concentrated intensive - Permanent protection - Prime farmlands - Regulation - Regulatory mechanism - Suburb of metropolis
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 912.2 Management - 913.1 Production Engineering - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20154601556959
Title:Influences of stand age on root patterns in a rain-fed jujube (Ziziphus jujube) plantation of Loess Plateau in China
Authors:Li, Lusheng (1, 2); Zhao, Xining (2, 3); Gao, Xiaodong (2, 3); Wu, Pute (2, 3); Li, Hongcheng (1, 2); Ling, Qiang (1, 2); Sun, Wenhao (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (2) Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (3) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Pute(wupute@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:140-146
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fine roots (roots ≤2 mm in diameter) are the primary organ of absorbing water and nutrients in forest systems. Since the initiation of the large-scale ecological rehabilitation project (known as "Grain for Green" project) by the Chinese central government in 1999, the acreage of the jujube orchard has been increased rapidly on the Loess Plateau mainly for conserving soil plus water and raising economic benefits. However, the knowledge of fine roots dynamics during stand development is lacked to guide management practices for rain-fed jujube plantations, and most studies focused on the vertical dynamic of fine roots, with the method of random sampling and missed characterizing the radial distribution of fine roots. The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of fine roots in a rain-fed jujube plantation (Ziziphus jujube Mill. cv. Lizao) with a range of stand ages (2, 6, 10, and 15 years) in Qingjian County in Shaanxi Province (37°15'N, 118°18'E). Specifically, the fine root length density (FRLD), and the specific root length (SRL) in different age classes of a rain-fed jujube plantation at different radial distances were characterized. The distribution of the jujube trees was relatively uniform in 2 m between rows with the distance of 3 m between plants in each row, and the fine root samples were collected at 0.2 m increments to a depth of 3 m in trisection radiation from the representative tree trunk (0, 120, and 240°) at 0.5 m, 1 m, and 1.5 m radial distance in October 2014. The soil samples were collected with a root auger, which included a long cylindrical steel auger with an internal diameter of 0.09 m. The results showed that the fine root length density increased with the stand age increasing, and the surface soil had the highest fine root length density values in the 0-0.6 m surface soil layer, representing 60%-90% of the total fine root length density (from 0 to 3 m) in all study sites. The fine roots of the 2-year-old jujube plantation were distributed mainly in a range of 1.5 m, horizontally, within a thickness of 1.6 m, vertically; while those the 10 and 15-year-old jujube trees have exceeded 1.5 m in the radial direction and 3 m in the vertical direction, and a high-density region of fine roots were observed in the middle of the inter-row in 10, and 15-year-old jujube trees. This suggested that through ten years of fine root system development in the dense rain-fed jujube plantation, the fine roots were overlapped between neighboring jujube trees, and there was no difference of fine root length density in the radical distribution in the mature jujube trees (10 and 15 years, p>0.05). Stand age had a significant effect on the specific root length (p<0.05), and the average values of the specific root length were 6.08 m/g, 4.80 m/g, 4.50 m/g, and 3.80 m/g in 2, 6, 10, and 15-year-old jujube trees, respectively. This implied that the younger stands (2 and 6 years) had relatively "thinner" fine roots compared with the mature stands in the rain-fed jujube plantation, which likely occurred because young stands could take advantage of scarce moisture and nutrients. Our results quantified the extent and magnitude of fine root distribution in the soil layers during a chronosequence, which may reflect an increase in the concentration of fertilizer in these soil layers. The outcomes suggest that fertilizer can be placed closing to the main trunk in young stands, whereas fertilizer can be more evenly distributed in mature stands, and local farmers should conduct necessary measurement strategies for soil moisture conservation in the rain-fed jujube plantation. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Soil conservation
Controlled terms:Augers - Density (specific gravity) - Drought - Fertilizers - Forestry - Landforms - Moisture - Moisture control - Nutrients - Plant shutdowns - Plants (botany) - Rain - Sediments - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological rehabilitation - Fine roots - Measurement strategies - Moisture conservation - Radical distributions - Root - Specific root length - Stand age
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 502.2 Mine and Quarry Equipment - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20154601556963
Title:Image de-noising of locust sections based on adaptive wavelet and partial differential equation method
Authors:Li, Li (1); Zhang, Nannan (1); Mei, Shuli (1); Li, Xiaofei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:172-177
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Noise pollution on locust micro-section images is always unavoidable during the acquisition of the images. However, few researches have been devoted to the de-noise processing of locust section images. The locust section image is generally characterized by rich textures, smooth regions and well-defined edges. Since the textures, the edges and noises of the images are high-frequency components, wavelet transformation can't successfully get rid of noise on the images effectively without destroying the edge features, i.e., it might cause the pseudo-Gibbs' effect and edge blurring. Since the gradient value of the textures is small while the gradient value of the edges and noises is large, partial differential equation (PDE) diffusion can't successfully get rid of noise on the images effectively without destroying the texture, i.e., it tends to lose the original textural details. Therefore, we proposed a new algorithm for the de-noise of locust section image, which was called adaptive wavelet PDE method. It possessed all the advantages of wavelet decomposition and anisotropic diffusion. It could remove noises successfully with the textural details preserved and the edges clear. The procedure of the proposed algorithm included 2 steps as follows. First, we de-noised the images using the sym5 wavelet soft-threshold algorithm, in which the wavelet decomposition level was adaptively selected according to the PSNR (peak signal to noise ratio) value of the de-noise images and the soft-threshold was obtained by the Birge-Massart penalty algorithm. Further de-noising was done with the Perona Malik (PM) model, in which the iterations were adaptively selected according to the PSNR value of the de-noise images, and the gradient threshold according to the 2-norm of the image grey value. After the implementation of the adaptive wavelet PDE algorithm, a 3-step simulation test was made to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm using MATLAB 8.2. In order to determine the optimal wavelet decomposition level for the image, we compared the image de-noising results on different wavelet decomposition levels. The experiments showed that wavelet decomposition level should be 2 while using the wavelet soft-threshold for the de-noise image. Then, to determine the optimal iterations for the PM model, the de-noise results in different iterations were compared with each other. The experiments showed that the iterations between 5 and 10 (inclusively) were appropriate while using the PM model for the de-noise image. Finally, the proposed algorithm had some comparison with the conventional de-noise algorithms. The de-noised image obtained by the proposed algorithm was less residual noise and clearer textures than other algorithms visually. We used 2 common de-noise evaluation criteria of image, i.e. PSNR and structural similarity image measurement (SSIM), which measured the degree of image distortion and similarity between the processed and the original image. The PSNR value of de-noise image obtained by the proposed algorithm was 28.7474 dB, which was higher than using the Wiener filtering, the median filtering, the wavelet threshold de-nosing and the PM Model de-nosing, by 2, 3, 2 and 1 dB, respectively. It was higher than the PSNR value of the noisy image by 4.6 dB. The SSIM value of de-noise image using the proposed algorithm was 0.8258, which was the largest among the above-mentioned algorithms and this indicated the de-noise image using the proposed algorithm was closer to the original image in the brightness, contrast and structure aspects. In conclusion, the proposed algorithm is feasible and effective for de-noising locust section image. It will provide technical support to the subsequent processing of the image, which will bring convenience to better understand the structure of locust cells and nerves and hence be helpful to reduce pollution resulting from the abuse of chemical pesticides ultimately. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Image texture
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Audio signal processing - Image acquisition - Image denoising - Image processing - MATLAB - Median filters - Noise pollution - Partial differential equations - Pollution - Signal to noise ratio - Wavelet decomposition
Uncontrolled terms:Image - Image measurements - Locust section - Perona-malik models - Section - Wavelet
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 751.4 Acoustic Noise - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20154601556951
Title:Dynamic model and numerical simulation of direct-acting pressure regulator for irrigation system
Authors:Zhang, Chen (1); Li, Guangyong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Li, Guangyong(lgyl@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:80-87
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A direct-acting pressure regulator is a key device for agriculture irrigation system used to ensure the equal operating pressure of the emitter or sprinkler nozzle required for high uniformity. This study develops a dynamic model for the pressure regulator by applying computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. For this purpose, after analyzing the structure and basic working principle of the direct-operated pressure regulator, the fluid-rigid body interaction model of the regulating plunger was built by force balance approach. The mathematical model consists of the fluid governing equations, the equation of dynamic mesh for regulator and an equation of motion for the regulating plunger. The Navier-Stokes equation along with standard k-Ε turbulent closure was solved numerically in the incompressible flow regime by commercial ANSYS Fluent code. The dynamic mesh technique using a layering algorithm was performed for the displacement of domain boundaries and mesh deformation due to the movement of the regulating plunger. A user defined function (UDF) was compiled in the ANSYS Fluent code for solving the equation of motion for the regulating plunger in every time step during the unsteady calculation. With a geometrically accurate CFD model of the pressure regulator, the complete transient process of the regulating plunger from the initial position to the final position device from force balance was simulated under inlet pressure ranging from 0.025 to 0.4 MPa and flow rate ranging from 350 L/h to the maximum within regulation range conditions. The regulating performance curves and the pressure distributions through the regulator at each time step were obtained with the response parameters, including the force acting on the regulating plunger, the displacement of the plunger, and the outlet pressure of the regulator. A series of experimental tests matching to the conditions of the calculation were performed on pressure regulator with preset pressure of 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1 MPa. The experimental determination of the outlet pressure was carried out and compared to the computational values. The results showed that the regulating performance curves obtained by simulation were close to that obtained by experimental tests, and the numerical and experimental preset pressure agreed within -13.4%, which was considered to be quite acceptable. The effects of the flow rate and spring parameter son regulating performance were investigated, which showed that the preset pressure was affected by the flow rate. For the same type pressure regulator, a lower flow rate corresponded to a slightly higher outlet pressure. Thus the spring preload hade linear relationship with the preset pressure. By increasing the spring per-stressed force, the preset pressure increased proportionally. On the basis of the experimentally valid model, the dynamic simulative results, which consisted of the force acting on the regulating plunger verse time, the motion characteristics of the plunger, and the outlet pressure of the regulator verse time, were analyzed and accounted for the pressure regulating mechanism of the direct-acting pressure regulator. The detail pictures of the pressure distributions through the regulator provided an improved understanding on operating characteristic of the pressure regulator. The numerical model is reliable to predict the preset pressure and regulating performance of the regulator, which has great potential of assisting the designers to optimize the direct-operated pressure regulator. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Navier Stokes equations
Controlled terms:Computational fluid dynamics - Dynamic models - Dynamics - Equations of motion - Flow rate - Image matching - Incompressible flow - Irrigation - Mesh generation - Numerical models - Pressure distribution - Pressure regulators - Rigid structures - Sprinkler systems (irrigation)
Uncontrolled terms:Computational fluid dynamics methods - Dynamic mesh - Dynamic mesh technique - Experimental determination - Motion characteristics - Operating characteristics - Rigid body interactions - User-defined functions
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 631 Fluid Flow - 732.1 Control Equipment - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20154601556965
Title:Analysis on affecting factors of heat preservation properties for thermal insulation covers
Authors:Liu, Chenxia (1); Ma, Chengwei (1); Wang, Pingzhi (1); Zhao, Shumei (1); Cheng, Jieyu (1); Wang, Minglei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) China Agricultural Machinery Testing Center, Ministry of Agricultural, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Ma, Chengwei(macwbs@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:186-193
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The thermal insulation properties of solar greenhouse thick cover are affected by many factors, due to the complexity of heat transfer process which include conduction, convection and radiation. There have been some studies on the effects of the outdoor wind speed and infrared characteristic parameters of cover surfaceon the thermal insulation performance of thick cover. However, it is difficult to obtain accurate results due to the site conditions are not easy to control, and there are limited systematic studies on impact factors, which include heat preservation performance of greenhouse thick cover, using heat transfer theory. To master the effects of main influence factors on heat transfer coefficient of thick cover, we analyzed the relationship between surface emissivity of thermal insulation covers, thickness of thick cover, coefficients of insulation materials, wind speed of outside and the heat transfer coefficient of thermal insulation covers using heat transfer theoretical model on thermal thick cover. While the relationship between one factor and heat preservation performance of thick cover was being analyzed, other factors should be considered as constants to eliminate the impact of these factors. Thus the variation trend of relationship between single factor and heat transfer coefficient K can be gained. The results showed that the effect of up surface emissivity of thermal insulation covers on K value was more than 8.9%, and the effect of down surface emissivity of thermal insulation covers on K value was less than 4.5%, when there was fixed film under the thermal thick cover. When there was without fixed film, the effect about down surface emissivity of thermal insulation covers on K value would increase, but it was still lower than that of up surface emissivity on heat transfer coefficient. The increase in thickness and the decrease in conductivity coefficient of thermal thick cover would increase the heat transfer resistance substantially. So the K value would be decreased with thickness increasing or heat conductivity coefficient of thick cover materials reducing. It also showed that all the thermal insulation materials could meet the heat preservation performance requirements of horticultural cover, when the thickness was between 40 mm and 50 mm, based on the analysis of the relationship between K and thickness of thermal thick cover, conductivity coefficient of thermal insulation materials. K value of thermal thick cover was decreased with wind speed increasing (neglecting the heat loss of thick cover overlap joints) when emissivity of the upper surface was high and the heat transfer coefficient was low; K value of thermal thick cover was increased with wind speed increasing when emissivity of the upper surface was low and the heat transfer coefficient was high. An empirical formula on heat transfer coefficient was promoted based on the analysis of the relationship between influence factors and heat transfer coefficient. And the parameters in the formula were obtained by regression method. The empirical formula about K provides theoretical foundation for development and application of thermal thick cover. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Thermal insulation
Controlled terms:Electromagnetic wave emission - Factor analysis - Greenhouses - Heat conduction - Heat resistance - Heat transfer - Heat transfer coefficients - Insulating materials - Insulation - Regression analysis - Solar heating - Thermal insulating materials - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Influence factors - Solar greenhouse - Theoretical modeling - Thermal insulation materials - Thermal insulation properties
Classification code:413 Insulating Materials - 413.2 Heat Insulating Materials - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20154601556974
Title:Sampling and optimizing methods of cultivated land quality based on spatial simulated annealing algorithm
Authors:Yang, Jianyu (1, 2); Yue, Yanli (1, 2); Song, Hairong (3); Tang, Sai (4); Ye, Sijing (1, 2); Xu, Fan (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China; (2) Key Laboratory for Agricultural Land Quality, Monitoring and Control of the Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing, China; (3) China Institution of Land Surveying and Planning, Beijing, China; (4) Zhejiang Information Center of Land and Resources, Hangzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:253-261
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:M Monitoring points in country area are the foundation to reflect changes of cultivated land quality, which directly affect the result of farmland grading and its accuracy. Through the monitoring network for cultivated land quality in county area, the distribution and changing trend of the cultivated land quality can be reflected. Besides, the quality of non-sampled locations should also be estimated with the data of sampling points. Due to the correlation among spatial samples, the traditional methods such as simple random sampling, stratified sampling and systematic sampling are inefficient to accomplish the task above. Thus, we propose a new spatial sampling and optimizing method based on the spatial simulated annealing (SSA). This paper presents a pre-processing method to determine the number of sampling points, including preprocessing the data of cultivated land quality before sampling, exploring the spatial correlation and spatial distribution pattern of cultivated land quality, and computing the appropriate quantity of sampling points by analyzing the change trend of sampling number and sampling precision, and on this basis we propose the extended spatial simulated annealing method to optimize spatial sampling design for obtaining the minimal Kriging variance. The main steps for computing the optimal sampling design can now be summarized as follows: 1) calculate the semi-variogram of cultivated land quality and determine the parameters of ordinary Kriging interpolation; 2) identify the quantity of samples, choose a set of cultivated land map spots randomly as an initial design, and compute the associated fitness function; 3) given one design, construct a candidate new sampling design by random perturbation; 4) compute the fitness function for the new design, and if it is smaller than or equal to that for the original design, accept the original design, or else accept the new design with an acceptance probability. If the new design is accepted, the estimated point (j) is returned to zero, or else increased by 1; 5) if j is smaller than or equal to a threshold value of continuous rejections, increase i (representing monitoring point) by 1, or else stop the iteration and current design is the best. Designs by simulated annealing that reduce the average Kriging standard error are always accepted, and designs that worsen the interpolation effect are accepted with a certain probability, which decreases to zero as iterations proceed. However, there are integrated factors such as soil organic matter content, topsoil texture, profile pattern, salinization which affect arable land quality change over time and space, and are taken as potential change factors to detect potential change areas. Under the guidance of expert knowledge, the sampling points are set up through spatial simulated annealing algorithm and adjusted based on potential change areas, rivers, roads and abnormal monitoring points. We illustrate this new method using Daxing District, Beijing City as a case study. Spatial overlay analysis of potential change factors and geostatistics method of GIS are employed to test this method. The spatial variability of cultivated land quality is simulated using natural quality indices and a specified number of network locations is defined which can be used to adequately predict the quality of cultivated land. The experimental results of Daxing District, Beijing City show that 55 monitoring reference sample units are finally deployed, and the average ordinary Kriging standard error with this method is 131.78, which is smaller than the simple random sampling (134.97) and stratified sampling (134.93) when the quantity of samples is the same. Besides, sampling accuracy and cost are both considered and reach a certain balance in this method. This method is suited for counties which have carried out several surveys of cultivated land quality, or counties whose grading factors have certain changes. Besides, it is also suitable for counties which have some prior knowledge but never have conducted a survey of cultivated land quality. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Iterative methods
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Design - Grading - Interpolation - Land use - Models - Random processes - Sampling - Simulated annealing - Surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Changes of cultivated lands - Cultivated land qualities - Optimal sampling design - Optimizing - Simulated annealing algorithms - Simulated annealing method - Spatial distribution patterns - Spatial sampling designs
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 537.1 Heat Treatment Processes - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20154601556958
Title:Principles of BTOPMC/SCAU distributed watershed hydrological model with system design
Authors:Zhou, Maichun (1); Xiao, Hongyu (1, 2); Hu, Yueming (3); Liu, Yuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (2) College of Information Technology, Zhuhai Division of Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China; (3) College of Natureal Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:132-139
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Based on a watershed digital elevation model (DEM) and by dividing a large basin into sub-basins or blocks, the TOPMODEL (TOPgraphic MODEL) concepts were applied for runoff generation and an adaptive Muskingum-Cunge method was proposed for runoff routing. A distributed watershed hydrological model was developed with a strong physical basis, named BTOPMC (a Block-wise use of TOPmodel with the Muskingum-Cunge method). Up to now, the model has been applied to watershed research globally and as a teaching tool of hydrological science in some organizations. In order to apply it to operational hydrological forecasts and water resources management over watersheds, a system named BTOPMC/SCAU (South China Agricultural University) was designed, consisting of 5 layers: data management, models, communication, data illustration and user operation. Data management layer laid at the system base, responsible for data storage and maintenance. Data was divided into two types: structured data and non-structured data respectively stored in relative database manage system and files. As a core of the system, models were consisted of modules of terrain analysis, runoff generation, flow concentration and basin application. The terrain module computed static characters of basin ground. The runoff generation and flow concentration modules computed dynamic hydrological processes by integrating meteorological inputs and basin ground characters. In order to improve modeling efficiency, an OpenMP (Open Multi-Processing) programming was used multiple cores of CPUs for parallel computation in the two modules. Based on an epoll mechanism and programmed in C/C++, the communication layer was designed for message passing among other layers and it supported simultaneous multi-users access. Depending on the user's intention it was passible after using some integration tools in the data illustration layer to extract inputs, outputs and some processing results from data layer and intuitively display them in tables or graphs. The user operation layer, which provided a concise GUI (Graphic User Interface), was programmed in Java, so it was able to run in different platforms such as Microsoft Windows, various Unix, Linux and so on. BTOPMC/SCAU was executed in a Client/Server environment where user operation layer and data illustration layer were deployed to clients and models and databases on server. The communication layer passed messages between Clients and Server. In this way, the system can concentrate on the huge burden of hydrological computation, and in the meantime allow large amount of data input and query from many users everywhere for the basin management. Two operation conditions were provided to run the system: calibration and simulation, and the calibration operation supported two methods: manual and automatic ways. In automatic calibration, a global optimization algorithm, SCE-UA (Shuffled Complex Evolution developed at University of Arizona), was used and seven kinds of objective functions ccould be chosen. BTOPMC/SCAU provided a set of sophisticated methods and convenient tools for hydrological forecasting and water resources management over watersheds. It was characterized with (1) A layered architecture but coupled weakly and allowed easy integration of advanced techniques. (2) Communicated in an epoll mechanism and supported multi-users accesses. (3) Modularized in model layer to include more methods and to develop more applications in the future. (4) Organization of data as non-structural (saved in files) and structural (managed in relative database) with high security, faster retrieval and storage, and accessibility. (5) Parallel computation dramatically enhancing calibration and simulation efficiencies in multi-core systems. (6) Multiple tools for visual queries, on-line statistical analysis, etc. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Information management
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Application programming interfaces (API) - Atmospheric movements - C (programming language) - Calibration - Climate models - Computer operating systems - Computer systems - Data handling - Database systems - Digital storage - Efficiency - Global optimization - Graphical user interfaces - Hydrology - Java programming language - Memory architecture - Message passing - Microprocessor chips - Models - Modular construction - Optimization - Program processors - Query processing - Runoff - Search engines - Solute transport - Surveying - User interfaces - Water resources - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:BTOPMC/SCAU - Global optimization algorithm - Hydrological forecasting - Layered architecture - Modularizations - Shuffled Complex Evolution - Water resources management - Watershed hydrological model
Classification code:405.2 Construction Methods - 405.3 Surveying - 443 Meteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20154601556957
Title:Impact of runoff regimes on sediment yield and sediment flow behavior at slope scale
Authors:Zhang, Letao (1, 2); Li, Zhanbin (1, 3); Wang, Shanshan (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dry-land Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources and Environment Ecology of Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
Corresponding author:Li, Zhanbin(zbli@ms.iswc.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:124-131
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The process of soil erosion is significantly impacted by rainfall-runoff pattern. To investigate the impact of runoff regimes on sediment yield and sediment flow behavior at slope scale, runoff and sediment data was collected and analyzed based on 65 individual runoff events from No. 7 runoff plot at entire slope scale at Tuanshangou Catchment. Runoff process was characterized by runoff duration (T), runoff depth (H) and the ratio of peak discharge to mean discharge (flow variability, RPM) based on correlation analysis. Combined method of K-mean clustering, discriminant analysis as well as One-Way ANOVA was utilized to classify the runoff regimes. To quantify the relative impact of different runoff regimes on sediment yield from the same runoff amount (depth), 12 comparative groups were selected to conduct comparative analysis. Furthermore, dynamic indexes termed ξ were constructed with the method of multiple stepwise regression based on main indexes of runoff characteristics to depict the flow sediment behavior under different runoff regimes and runoff phases (rising limb and recession limb). The results showed that the runoff at entire slope scale could be classified into five regimes: Regime A with super-long duration, low flow variability, and minor total discharge (a particular regime); Regime B with relative long duration, medium flow variability, and large total discharge; Regime C with long duration, high flow variability, and large total discharge; Regime D with short duration, low flow variability, and minor total discharge of high frequency; Regime E with medium duration, medium flow variability, and medium total discharge. Area-specific sediment yield, mean suspended sediment concentration and maximum suspended sediment concentration showed great difference between different runoff regimes, which ranked in the order of C>B>E>D>A. This indicated that regime B, E, and C should be paid more attention to conduct runoff regulation. The difference of area-specific sediment yield between different regimes mainly derived from the variations in runoff amount (depth); and yet, the effect of altered flow-sediment relationship on area-specific sediment yield was masked. From another perspective, the difference of area-specific sediment yield originated from different regimes with the same runoff amount (depth) mainly derived from the variations in flow sediment behavior. Driven by the variations in sediment flow behavior, in comparison with regime A, the relative area-specific sediment yield from regime D, E, B and C were increased by 7.9 times, 6.3 times, 4.8 times and 4.5 times, respectively. In addition, the increase ratio decreased with the increase in runoff amount (depth). The optimum regression equation between suspended sediment concentration (S) and dynamic parameters (ξ) based on main runoff characteristics obeyed the function form of S=alnξ+b (R<sup>2</sup>>0.5, sig<0.001), which can interpret the main driving factors resulting in variations in sediment concentration under different runoff regimes and runoff phases. In conclusion, the results may provide some evidence for runoff pattern classification, construction of flow-sediment relationship, overall evaluation on the benefit of runoff regulation system at slope scale, as well as the further enrichment of the theory of slope runoff regulation. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Runoff
Controlled terms:Catchments - Clustering algorithms - Discriminant analysis - Erosion - Rain - Sedimentation - Sediments - Suspended sediments
Uncontrolled terms:Entire slope - Regulation - Runoff regimes - Runoff regulations - Sediment flow behaviors - Sediment yields - Slope
Classification code:442.1 Flood Control - 443.3 Precipitation - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20154601556960
Title:Monitoring models of plant N accumulation of winter oilseed rape based on hyperspectral technology
Authors:Li, Lantao (1, 2); Ma, Yi (2); Wei, Quanquan (1, 2); Wang, Shanqin (2); Ren, Tao (1, 2); Li, Xiaokun (1, 2); Cong, Rihuan (1, 2); Wang, Zhen (3); Wang, Shaohua (3); Lu, Jianwei (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China; (3) Wuxue Bureau of Agriculture, Wuxue, China
Corresponding author:Lu, Jianwei(lunm@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:147-156
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Quick, non-destructive and accurate monitoring and diagnosis of plant nitrogen accumulation (PNA) is important for site-specific N management in winter oilseed rape production. To develop a method for determining PNA of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) with the hyperspectral techniques, field experiments were carried out for two growing seasons (2013-2014 and 2014-2015) at Meichuan town (30°06'47″ N, 115°35'35″ E), Hubei province, China. Rapeseed cultivar of Huayouza No. 9 (with low glucosinolate and erucic acid concentrations) was chosen as the test cultivar. Five N (as urea) fertilization rates were applied in the 2013-2014 growing season, i.e., 0 (N0), 90 (N90), 180 (N180), 270 (N270) and 360 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>(N360). Additionally, for further examining the effects of N status on crop growth and spectral reflectance characteristics, three additional N rates, 45 (N45), 135 (N135) and 225 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>(N225) were applied in the 2014-2015 growing season. Canopy hyperspectral reflectance and PNA under different N application rates at seedling, budding and flowering stage during the two growing seasons were measured separately using a Field Spec Pro spectrometer (Analytical Spectral Devices Inc. (ASD), Boulder, CO, USA) and chemical assays in the laboratory. Using linear and nonlinear regression methods, the estimate model for PNA of winter oilseed rape was built on the basis of the experiment data in 2013-2014 acted as training data set, and its precision had been evaluated and tested based on the experiment data in 2014-2015 acted as testing data set. The coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>), relative root mean square error (RRMSE) and mean relative error (MRE) were used to evaluate the fitness between observed and predicted PNA values. The following sensitivity analysis method, Noise Equivalent (NE) model was calculated to assess the sensitivity of the optimal spectral parameters for detecting changes in PNA across different growth stages. The results indicated that PNA in winter oilseed rape increased with N fertilization rates, and changes in canopy hyperspectral reflectance under varied N rates were all highly significant and consistent in patterns across different growth stages and years. Compared with single reflectance measures, the simple reflectance ratio was more satisfied with its sound correlations with the PNA. PNA were highly and linearly correlated with spectral reflectance ratio of 1259 nm and 492 nm (R1259/R492) with the highest R<sup>2</sup>values (0.850). Upon the analysis the linear and nonlinear (logarithm, parabola, power and exponential) regression models for PNA estimation, and the selected optimal spectral parameters, e.g., ratio vegetation index-5 (RVI-5), normalized difference spectral index (NDSI), red-edge position with linear interpolation method (REIP), triangle vegetation index (TVI), first derivative of the reflectance spectra at the given wavelength at 742 nm (FD742) and the sum of first derivative with the red-edge region (SDR) had a good correlation with PNA (averaged R<sup>2</sup>and standard error (SE) was 0.69 and 42.70, respectively), and the best spectral parameter was FD742 (R<sup>2</sup>=0.79, SE=35.66). Based on the results of precision analysis, the model in which the optimum reflectance ratios (R1259/R492) and first derivative of the reflectance spectra at the given wavelength at 742 nm (FD742) as variables would be perfect of estimating PNA of winter oilseed rape using hyperspectral techniques. The two spectral parameters had the relative lower Noise Equivalent (NE) values and would be not affected by growing stages. The model estimation accuracy was high, the R<sup>2</sup>values were 0.98 and 0.98, respectively, the RRMSE values were 0.73 and 0.72, and the MRE values were 14.42% and 10.31%, respectively. The overall results indicate that the PNA of winter oilseed rape could be reliably estimated with the canopy hyperspectral methods established in this study. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Reflection
Controlled terms:Chemical analysis - Data flow analysis - Errors - Fatty acids - Mean square error - Models - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Oilseeds - Regression analysis - Sensitivity analysis - Statistical tests - Urea - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Analytical spectral devices - Coefficient of determination - HyperSpectral - Hyperspectral reflectance - Non-linear regression method - Plant N accumulation - Reflectance ratio - Spectral parameters
Classification code:804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20154601556978
Title:Non-destructive detection of defects in Zizphus jujube Mill cv. Lingwu changzao based on near-infrared hyperspectral imaging
Authors:Wu, Longguo (1); Wang, Songlei (1, 2); Kang, Ningbo (1); He, Jianguo (1, 2); He, Xiaoguang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China; (2) School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
Corresponding author:He, Jianguo(hejg@nxu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:281-286
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Zizphus jujube Mill cv. Lingwu changzao, as one of characteristic agricultural products in Ningxia, is favored by the broad consumer for its high nutritional value. However, the external quality of long jujube will affect directly its sale and storage. In the traditional detection method, it has several disadvantages such as time-consuming, laborious and low efficiency, etc. Hyperspectral imaging technique has become an important trend to employ nondestructive testing of fruit quality, because it simultaneously has the merit of spectral technique and imaging technique. In order to study an effective method for quickly detecting common defects (bruise, insect-infested and cracks) on jujube fruits, the methods of principal component analysis (PCA) on the optimal wavelengths combined with band ratio (BR) were applied to identify the crack, insect and bruised jujubes. In the first place, a total of 300 samples were placed in 4 refrigerator storage, including a set of 100 defective jujubes with cracks; a set of 100 insect-infested jujubes with a hole greater than 0.1 mm in diameter on each of the selected jujube's surfaces; a set of 50 bruised jujubes, which are normal jujubes dropped from 1 m and with the region of injury marked; a set of 50 intact jujubes, were picked out by hand-picked the way to randomly and manually collect from three orchards in Lingwu, China during the harvest period of 2013.Before measuring, the samples were kept overnight at room temperature (23). Secondly, the hyperspectral images of jujubes in the spectral region 918-1 678 nm were acquired for 300 jujube samples. Region of interests (ROIs) as an average spectral of various jujubes were obtained and the wavelengths in the spectral region of near-infrared reflection were analyzed and combined with PCA method to determine feature wavelengths by weighted coefficient. Intact jujubes were selecting four optimal wavelength (1028, 1109, 1312, 1449 nm), crack jujubes were selecting seven optimal wavelength (1031, 1112, 1225, 1312, 1392, 1449, 1461 nm), bruised crack jujubes were selecting four optimal wavelength (1025, 1109, 1312, 1449 nm), and insect-infested jujubes were selecting four optimal wavelength (1034, 1112, 1312, 1449 nm). Compared to principal component images of full wavelength, the model of principal component images based on important wavelengths was the best to further studies. Then, the PCA method was performed again based on important wavelengths and the plot of PC-1 was used to classify bruised, insect-infested, cracked and intact jujube fruits. The classification rate of intact, insect-infested, cracked and bruised jujubes in the spectral region of near-infrared reflection were 100%, 72%, 86%, 100%, respectively; In order to further improve the recognition rate, the band ratio method was utilized to distinguish the previously unidentified jujubes (insect-infested, cracked). For insect-infested jujubes, four optimal wavelength (1034, 1112, 1312, 1449 nm) were made band ratio each other and the band ratio of R1231/R1109 was thought as optimal band combination. For crack jujubes, seven optimal wavelength (1031, 1112, 1225, 1312, 1392, 1449, 1461 nm) were made band ratio each other but the results was not ideal, so the method of band ratio was not applicable to crack jujubes. In a word, the classification rate of intact, insect-infested, crack and bruised jujubes in the spectral region of near-infrared reflection were 100%, 90%, 86%, 100%, respectively. The results showed that the band ratio algorithm had positive effect on insect-infested jujubes, but not to crack jujubes. The rest of jujubes could not be correctly identified because that some crack and insect-infested jujubes in the defect area was too small, resulting in unable to conduct normal recognition. The results proved that the capability of NIR hyperspectral imaging technology for identifying external defects of jujube was feasible, which would provide research basis for online detection of jujube quality using multi-spectral imaging technology. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Crack detection - Cracks - Defects - Fruits - Imaging techniques - Infrared devices - Nondestructive examination - Spectroscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Hyperspectral Imaging - Hyperspectral imaging techniques - Long jujubes - Multispectral imaging - Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging - NIR hyperspectral imaging - Nondestructive detection - Weighted coefficients
Classification code:746 Imaging Techniques - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20154601556981
Title:Suitability evaluation of different potato cultivars for processing products
Authors:Yang, Bingnan (1); Zhang, Xiaoyan (1); Zhao, Fengmin (1); Yang, Yanchen (1); Liu, Wei (1); Li, Shujun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Li, Shujun(lisj@caams.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:301-308
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China is one of the world's largest countries in potato production and consumption, and the quality of processing products was significantly affected by characteristics of raw materials. In order to research the relationship of raw materials and their processed products (potato chips, French fries and potato flakes), 44 common potato cultivars grown in domestic were collected and tested in China National Food Machinery Quality Supervision & Inspection Center and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences from Sep. 2012 to Dec. 2014. Fourteen indicators including eye numbers, shape index, mean weight, reducing sugar, total sugar, starch, moisture, dry matter, ash, total soluble solids, vitamin C, protein, fat and crude fiber of raw potatoes were analyzed according to China national or industrial standards. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences and great variation among most of indicators. Three kinds of products including potato chips, French fries and potato flakes were processed using 44 cultivars collected respectively. The quality indicators of processed products were also tested in the laboratory. For potato chips, four indicators including sensory evaluation, protein, crispness and Hunter whiteness were tested. For French fries, four indicators including sensory evaluation, protein, hardness and Hunter whiteness were tested. For potato flakes, four indicators including sensory evaluation, protein, viscosity and free starch ratio were tested. Analysis of variance also revealed great variation among indicators of three kinds of processed products. Using the maximum-minimum normalized method, multiple quality indicators of potato chips, French fries and potato flakes were calculated into a one-dimensional evaluation indicator in order to establish a representative model. Each comprehensive indicator had a significant correlation with four original indicators of processed products. With stepwise regression method, significant indicators of raw materials were selected to establish the model of processed products, while insignificant indicators were eliminated to reduce the redundancy of models. Based on three calculated comprehensive indicators and 14 indicators of raw materials, comprehensive quality evaluation models of potato chips, French fries and potato flakes were established respectively. The results showed that, the comprehensive quality of potato chips were remarkably influenced by the reducing sugar, ash, protein, eye number and total soluble solids of raw potatoes; the effect of potato chips' comprehensive quality evaluation model were: the coefficient of determination R<sup>2</sup>=0.802, adjusted R<sup>2</sup>=0.776, std. error of the estimate σ=0.101. The comprehensive quality of French fries was remarkably influenced by the moisture, protein, reducing sugar and mean weight of raw potatoes; the effect of French fries' comprehensive quality evaluation model was: the coefficient of determination R<sup>2</sup>=0.731, adjusted R<sup>2</sup>=0.704, std. error of the estimate σ=0.141. The comprehensive quality of potato flakes was remarkably influenced by the starch, eye number and total sugar of raw potatoes; the effect of potato flakes' comprehensive quality evaluation model was: the coefficient of determination R<sup>2</sup>=0.705, adjusted R<sup>2</sup>=0.682, std. error of the estimate σ=0.170. Three comprehensive quality evaluation models with high fitting degree and small error were reliable in practical application and could be used to evaluate the comprehensive quality of potato processing products. Calculated by K-means clustering algorithm, 44 potato cultivars were divided into three categories as the most suitable, suitable and unsuitable categories; the results showed that 15 cultivars (e.g., Atlantic, Hertha) were the most suitable for processing potato chips, 10 cultivars (e.g., GLKS-58-1642.4, Zhuanxinwu) were most suitable for processing French fries and 10 cultivars (e.g., Red Gold, Liangshu 17th) were most suitable for potato flakes. The K-means clustering result which was consistent with practical application was instructive and meaningful in screening special potato cultivars for processing. Systematic research of the relationship between raw materials of different potato cultivars and their processed products (potato chips, French fries and potato flakes) is of certain referential value to promote the development and upgrading of Chinese potato processing industry. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:13
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Clustering algorithms - Errors - Image quality - Machinery - Moisture - Moisture determination - Plants (botany) - Proteins - Regression analysis - Sensory analysis - Starch
Uncontrolled terms:Chips - Evaluation - French fries - Potato - Potato flakes
Classification code:804.1 Organic Compounds - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20154601556940
Title:Design of near-infrared soil moisture measring instrument
Authors:Yang, Liu (1); Xu, Rong (1); Lei, Tingwu (2); Li, Jianping (1); Ouyang, Tianqi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) College of Water Resource & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Li, Jianping(lijianping@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:1-9
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water is one of the most important factors which restrict China's agricultural production. The test of soil moisture content has the vital guiding significance on agriculture production practice. The proposed sensor only measures specific wavelengths which are sensitive to soil moisture, and does not need a full spectrum of certain wavelengths range scanning. As a result, filters, gratings, optical lens and other optical devices can be omitted. As the radiation area and the scattering angle of the scattered light from samples are very big, in order to guide all light into photoelectric conversion system and get stronger output signal of the reflected light, it is important to collect the diffuse light on the surface of the soil and to design optical unit of the sensor. The sensor used two light sources to irradiate the same position of the soil alternately, and the photoelectric converter was located above the soil surface, with the two light sources located in both sides of the photoelectric converter and the angle between the incident lights of the two light sources and the soil surface to be 45 degree respectively. Based on characteristics of the soil moisture absorption and reflection of different spectrum, light emitting diodes (LEDs) are used as light sources of the sensor, with the measuring light center wavelength to be 1940 nm and reference light center wavelength to be 1800 nm. A dedicated measurement circuit and the corresponding software were designed to measure soil moisture content. The light from the light source of the system reached the soil surface, after the reflection, then we assent to amplification circuit, analog-digital converter, display and storage in series. The circuit part included STC15W4K32S2 microcontroller, signal amplification circuit, real-time clock circuit, serial port module circuit, E2PROM circuit, LED driver circuit, LCD display circuit, key interface circuit, reference voltage circuit and A/D converter circuit. The software part included the initialization of internal ADC conversion module, MCU internal timer interrupt mode, LED pulse mode and A/D conversion. After the completion of the sampling and processing, related data was stored and sent to the PC via serial port module. From January to June of 2015, we designed this instrument and did experiments. There were five kinds of soil samples which were black soil of northeast, Yangling (Shaanxi province) loess soil, Yan'an loessial soil, purple soil in Chongqing and Jiangxi Red soil. By measuring a large numbers of samples for voltage transferred from light intensity, relative reflectance decreased with the increase of soil moisture content. The relationship between soil moisture content and the intensity of the reflected light was established by measuring the reference wavelength of the soil surface and the wavelength of the reflected light intensity. So we could establish a linear relationship between soil moisture and relative absorption depth, and the exact coefficient of its linear regression was 0.86. Calculating for each soil sample with relative absorption depth average value, we concluded that there was a positive relationship between the soil moisture and relative absorption depth. In order to prove the accuracy of measure instrument, the actual soil moisture was compared with measurement. The results showed that the error of root-mean-square between the oven drying method and the result of soil moisture content made by this instrument was 3.9%. Physical size of this equipment was no more than 100 mm×8 mm×30 mm, which was easy to carry. According to the small size of the sensors, the overall design requirement of the structure was simple, and the same location of the sensor was considered in the same position of the two kinds of light source. So this design meets the requirements of smart size and high measurement accuracy. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Light emitting diodes
Controlled terms:Absorption spectroscopy - Agriculture - Analog to digital conversion - Data handling - Design - Digital storage - Diodes - Infrared devices - Lenses - Light reflection - Light sources - Liquid crystal displays - Moisture - Moisture determination - Photoelectric devices - Photoelectricity - Plasma theory - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Agriculture productions - Analog-digital converter - Dedicated measurements - Near Infrared - Photo-electric converters - Photoelectric conversion - Reflected light intensity
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 932.3 Plasma Physics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20154601556966
Title:Breeding surveillance system in pig farm based on dynamic generalized linear model
Authors:Gao, Xiang (1); Wang, Huan (1); Qin, Hongyu (1); Xiao, Jianhua (1); Wang, Hongbin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Hongbin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:194-198
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the popularity of standardized breeding and artificial insemination, fetal time and insemination number have become the main factors influencing the reproduction of swine herd. In the foregoing methods, a simple average of the conception rate has been used for the monitoring of breeding, which is not precise because it is highly dependent on the age structure and other influence factors of the herd. An appropriate monitoring system for breeding must be adjusted for these systematic effects, being in a position to capture correlations between fetal time and insemination number, and developing over time. In order to improve the accuracy of the fetal time and insemination number monitoring in pig breeding, this paper developed and implemented a new breeding surveillance system in pig farm based on the dynamic generalized linear model. The dynamic generalized linear model is suitable for statistical data in accordance with the binomial distribution. It includes an observation equation and a system equation. The observation equation associates observation variables and parameters, and the system equation indicates the change process of impact factor over time. The key observation used throughout the system is "farrowing rate". Since "conception rate" has to be measured indirectly through the percentage of sows that return to oestrus 21 days after service, or based on pregnancy diagnosis at about 30 days post-service. The farrowing rate is a more reliable numeric indicator of the successful conception, and it is defined as the total number of sows farrowing divided by the total number of sows mating, and expressed as a percentage. Through the analysis of historical data of the target pig farm, we found that there are no significant differences in farrowing rate during the first 5 parities of sows. From the sixth parity, farrowing rate shows a significant downward trend. We made a negative slope on behalf of this downward tendency in farrowing rate. Besides, there is a kind of data representing the destructive effect of insemination number on reproductive performance. Based on the statistics of historical data of target pig farm, we achieved automatically updating of the impact factors' values using the system equation. The results of the dynamic generalized linear model are monitored using control charts inspired by Shewhart. A control chart is composed of 3 elements: a central line (CL), corresponding to a target value; an upper control limit (UCL) and a lower control limit (LCL). With the updating equation developed by Bono based on Bayes rule and Taylor expansion, we got the values of CL, UCL and LCL. The control limits were drawn using a 95% confidence interval built on the forecast variance. The monitoring method is a weekly control of the number of observed events (observed farrowing sows) compared to the LCL. An alarm is triggered when observed events are below the LCL. Workers in pig farm can choose any time range and the monitoring information to create the chart. The result of practical application shows that the system runs stably and its rate of false positives is lower than 2%. The study not only increases the accuracy of the pig breeding information monitoring, but also provides reference for the further analysis of potential information in pig production data. Suggestions for future improvements are adding the steps of forward filtering and backwards smoothing and the inclusion of a "sow effect" in the farrowing model. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Mammals
Controlled terms:Control charts - Flowcharting - Models - Monitoring - Security systems - Statistical process control
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial insemination - DGLM - Generalized linear model - Information monitoring - Insemination number - Monitoring information - Parity - Reproductive performance
Classification code:723.1 Computer Programming - 731.1 Control Systems - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20154601556953
Title:Effect of water hardness on emitter clogging of drip irrigation
Authors:Liu, Yanfang (1); Wu, Pute (1, 2); Zhu, Delan (1); Zhang, Lin (2, 3); Chen, Junying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling,, China; (2) China Arid-area Water-saving Agricultural Institute, Northwest A&F University, Yangling,, China; (3) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling,, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Pute(gjzwpt@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:95-100
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Hard water is used for drip irrigation in some areas of China due to precipitation and groundwater resource limitation. But it is proved that drip irrigation emitters can be clogged when using hard water for irrigation. In order to explore the influence of temporary hard water on emitter clogging and clogging mechanism in drip irrigation system, a laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the variations of the emitter's average relative flow rate and the distribution of clogged emitters along the drip line and the clogging materials in the clogged emitters. The experiment started in April 2014 at the Irrigation Hydraulics Laboratory of Northwest A&F University. Two kinds of emitters (internal cylindrical type and internal inserting type) were used and water hardness was set at 3 levels (0, 250 and 500 mg/L) in this experiment. Corresponding to 3 kinds of irrigation water, 3 independent and identical drip irrigation systems with cyclic water were built. Each system has 4 drip lines (2 drip tubes with internal cylindrical emitter and 2 drip tapes with internal inserting emitter). And there were 18 emitters on each drip line. The total duration of irrigation was 35 d, with a daily application of 4 h (from 8: 00 to 12:00) under working pressure of 100 kPa. Flow rates of all the emitters were measured once every 7 days using the weighting method. The clogging in the labyrinth passage was analyzed by the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) after all irrigation events. The results indicated that the water hardness had a very significant influence on the level of emitter clogging. For the 2 kinds of emitters, the average relative flow rates were maintained at more than 95% of the original flow rate during whole experiment with 0 hardness water, and none of emitters was clogged; the average relative flow rates were 51.1% and 59.4% respectively for internal cylindrical emitter and internal inserting emitter with 250 mg/L hardness water, and the percentages of clogging emitter were 50% and 41.7% respectively; with 500 mg/L hardness water, the average relative flow rates were 15.4% and 19.1% and the percentages of clogging emitter were 100% and 97.2% respectively. Therefore, hard water can cause emitter clogging in drip irrigation, which manifests as the decrease of emitter flow rate. And the harder the water, the less the flow rate. But in the experiment, the average relative flow rates and the clogging percentages were nearly the same for the 2 kinds of emitters with the same water hardness. The clogged emitters were distributed along the drip line uniformly including upper 1/3, middle 1/3 and lower 1/3 segments. There was no obvious clogging distribution pattern for each part of the drip line. FESEM analysis showed that there was an adhesion layer formed by white sediment attaching on the surface of emitter flow path. The sediment was formed by crystal particles. And the crystal particles were connected very closely. Energy spectrum analysis showed that the white sediment was composed by elements O (oxygen), Ca (calcium), C (carbon) and very small amounts of Fe (iron). It could be concluded that white sediment was a mixture of CaCO<inf>3</inf>and a very small amount of other chemical precipitations. So, the main reason for emitter clogging is chemical clogging caused by CaCO<inf>3</inf>precipitation. To maintain a high system performance, the water temporary hardness should be less than 250 mg/L at least. The results will provide a reasonable proposal and a theoretical reference to understand emitter clogging mechanism for hard water drip irrigation. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Water hardness
Controlled terms:Calcium - Calcium carbonate - Carbon - Experiments - Flow rate - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Hardness - Irrigation - Precipitation (chemical) - Scanning electron microscopy - Sediments - Spectrum analysis - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Chemical precipitation - Distribution patterns - Drip irrigation systems - Emitter clogging - Energy spectrum analysis - Field emission scanning electron microscopes - Hard water - Laboratory experiments
Classification code:444.2 Groundwater - 445.2 Water Analysis - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 631 Fluid Flow - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 901.3 Engineering Research - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20154601556979
Title:Effect of hot air-pulsed sudden decompression flashing drying on moisture and microstructure in apple slices
Authors:Wang, Xueyuan (1, 2); Chen, Qinqin (1); Bi, Jinfeng (1); Gao, Kun (1, 2); Zhou, Linyan (1); Wu, Xinye (1); Lü, Jian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
Corresponding author:Bi, Jinfeng(bijinfeng2010@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:287-293
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Food processing is designed to meet the supply for better shelf life for food and its materials, where pulsed sudden decompression flashing drying (PSDFD) is a kind of new type, environmental protection and not fried fruit and vegetable drying technology that give better quality to products. In this experiment, drying technology of hot air joint PSDFD was adopted. Moreover, on the basis of calculating moisture diffusion coefficient, with the combination technology of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), magnetic resonance imaging system (MRI), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), the effect of different pre-drying temperature on change of water diffusion, water state, glass transition temperature and microstructure was analyzed in the paper. Further analysis of water diffusion characteristic and microstructure under different pre-drying temperature PSDFD was expounded as well. NMR and MRI as a non-destructive, non-invasive, promising technique has been used in detecting the water state, moisture diffusion and movement by the trace of<sup>1</sup>H<inf>2</inf>O proton activities. DSC is another tool to quantify water migration in food and control the shelf life. The correlation between the results of moisture content, water state, water activity (a<inf>w</inf>) and glass transition temperature (T<inf>g</inf>) were also analyzed. In the study, fresh Fuji apple was peeled, pitted and cut into sector slice with 5 mm thickness and then placed evenly on the tray under different temperature of 50, 70, 90 until the water content reached 30%, finally went into PSDFD stage with flashing temperature of 95 and vacuum temperature of 70. Experiment results showed that, moisture diffusion rate was accelerated along with the pre-drying temperature increasing. As expected, the drying time was effectively reduced by high temperature, and the average drying rate proportion of 50, 70, 90 was 1:1.3:2. High temperature at 90 could directly shorten drying time, but reduce nutrition quality greatly. Thus 70 was selected as the best pre-drying temperature with its suitable color and crisp taste. Calculated by Fick's second law, the effective moisture diffusion coefficient up with increasing temperature, and ranged from 9.84×10<sup>-9</sup>to 7.24×10<sup>-8</sup>m<sup>2</sup>/s. All these explained that higher temperature facilitated moisture migration rate from interior to surface and evaporation rate from surface to air. Moreover, drying effect caused water state changes and moisture with high degree of freedom moved to the moisture with low degree of freedom. Free water existed in plant catheter and vacuole firstly diffused due to its low degree of bondage. Mutual transformation occurred between different states of moisture during PSDFD. Carbohydrate concentration increase and degradation of nutrients in cytoplasm resulted in the proton exchange action, which usually occurred on hydroxyl between water molecules and polysaccharide matrix. MRI showed that water in the fresh samples focused on its center. Then, moisture diffused outward and distributed uniformly in the sample during drying. A trend of decline was shown in brightness of MRI images with the water content decreasing, while the sample presented shrinkage to the center. A significant correlation were obtained from water content and T<inf>g</inf>(r>0.90, p<0.01) that moisture decreased leading to glass transition temperature rising. As well, water content strongly effected a<inf>w</inf>(r>0.93, p<0.01) during PSDFD and water activity reduced with water content declining. In addition, a linear correlation were represented between T<inf>g</inf>and a<inf>w</inf>(R<sup>2</sup>>0.81) under Origin analysis where T<inf>g</inf>decreased with a<inf>w</inf>increasing. Fresh apple is composed of a large number of swelling cells with compact connection and regular shape. Clear edge structure was showed in the micrograph for it untreated by SEM. Water loss resulted in the changes of microstructure and cell rupture into a cavity. Porous structure was created by vacuum effect under pulsing, which gave product crisp taste. This test could provide the theoretical basis and technical reference for apple slices in PSDFD. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Building materials - Cytology - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Differential scanning calorimetry - Diffusion - Diffusion in liquids - Environmental technology - Fick's laws - Food preservation - Food processing - Fruits - Glass - Glass transition - Magnetic resonance imaging - Magnetism - Microstructure - Moisture - Molecules - Nuclear magnetic resonance - Resonance - Scanning electron microscopy - Temperature - Thermal processing (foods) - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Apple slices - Effective diffusion coefficients - High Degree of Freedom - Increasing temperatures - Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF NMR) - Moisture diffusion coefficient - Mutual transformations - Water activity
Classification code:454 Environmental Engineering - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 701.2 Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 812.3 Glass - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 944.6 Temperature Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20154601556977
Title:Detection of cadmium content of lily by carbon nanoparticles modified screen-printed electrode
Authors:Zheng, Qiqi (1); Yu, Yonghua (1); Wu, Jian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Jian(wujian69@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:275-280
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:People are more and more interested in health foods with the improvement of living standard. Edible lily tastes sweet with a little bitter and can be used to treat cough, phthisis, beriberi, and so on. There are almost 10 species of edible lily in China. The production of lily is in rapid expansion. However, the sample of lily is usually found to have cadmium (Cd) above the national standard. Cd is one of the toxic heavy metals. It will cause damage of lung and kidney. There are a lot of methods to detect the cd in foods, such as graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, and spectrophotometry. Although these methods have high precision, they need large-scale equipment, high cost, and professional staff, and even some use toxic reagents. Scientists developed several rapid determination methods, one of which was electrochemical detection. In this paper, we designed a novel electrode, which combined screen printing technique with carbon nanodots to detect cd in lily. Carbon nanodots were prepared with candle soot which was low-cost and easily obtained. The carbon nanodots of 1.5 μL dissolving in dimethyl formamide were added twice onto the working electrode of screen-printed electrode which was fabricated in our laboratory. Using scanning electron microscope to compare the surface texture of modified screen-printed electrode with original one, we found that the former had more uniform particles. We also compared the electrochemical performance by cyclic voltammetry. The result showed that the modified screen-printed electrode had larger peak current and smaller peak separation which meant superior electrochemical performance. Furthermore, we tested an HAc-NaAc buffer solution with 75 μg/L Cd<sup>2+</sup>using 2 different electrodes noted above by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. The peak potential of original screen-printed electrode was -0.65 V, while modified one was -0.64 V. The anodic stripping voltammogarm showed that the carbon nanodots modified electrode had larger response current and peak height. So we used the screen-printed electrode modified with carbon nanodots to detect a series of HAc-NaAc buffer solutions with different Cd<sup>2+</sup>concentrations (30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 μg/L). The peak potential of very curve was -0.64 V. We found that peak height enlarged with the Cd<sup>2+</sup>concentration increasing. A regression equation of peak height and Cd<sup>2+</sup>concentration was obtained by calculating the data above. And the limit of detection was 0.91 μg/L according to the triple standard error principle. Get 4-5 g fresh lily, and then pound it to paste. Transfer the lily paste into conical flask. And digest the lily sample with 15 mL HNO<inf>3</inf>and 5 mL H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>on the heating plate till moisture went. Finally, add 20 mL HAc-NaAc buffer solution to dissolve the residue, and then filter to get the solution for detection. The peak height of lily sample was used to calculate the Cd<sup>2+</sup>concentration by the regression equation. The Cd<sup>2+</sup>content of lily sample was 0.130 mg/kg, while the relative standard deviation was 1.1%. The Cd<sup>2+</sup>content of lily was smaller than the China national standard NY 861-2004 and WM/T 2-2004. We also measured the recovery of standard addition of lily sample, which was 99.2%, 99.8% and 100.8%, respectively. It demonstrates that the modified electrode can be used to detect the cd content of lily. Because the carbon nanodots modified screen-printed electrode is low-cost, disposable, and easy to be produced, it will have a great prospect of application. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Electrochemical electrodes
Controlled terms:Absorption spectroscopy - Agricultural products - Atomic absorption spectrometry - Cadmium - Chemical detection - Costs - Cyclic voltammetry - Electrodes - Fluorescence spectroscopy - Heavy metals - Measurements - Nanoparticles - Pollution - Scanning electron microscopy - Screen printing - Spectrometry - Voltammetry
Uncontrolled terms:Anodic stripping voltammetry - Atomic fluorescence spectrometry - Carbon Nano-Particles - Edible lily - Electrochemical performance - Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry - Relative standard deviations - Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry
Classification code:531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 745.1 Printing - 761 Nanotechnology - 801 Chemistry - 801.4.1 Electrochemistry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 933 Solid State Physics - 941.4 Optical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20154601556943
Title:Experimental analysis on mechanical model of ramie stalk
Authors:Shen, Cheng (1); Li, Xianwang (1); Tian, Kunpeng (1); Zhang, Bin (1); Huang, Jicheng (1); Chen, Qiaomin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Qiaomin(nnncqm@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:26-33
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Mechanical cutting and fiber peeling are important parts in the ramie production process, and its working process is the process of interaction between rigid body (machine) and flexible body (ramie stalk). To make the developed harvester and peeling machine to meet the working requirement of high quality, efficiency and low consumption, the premise is to get mechanical characteristic parameters of crop, to have a fundamental understanding of ramie harvesting and fiber peeling mechanism. Based on this, in order to provide the mechanical parameters and theoretical basis for the research on cutting and peeling ramie, experimental analysis on the mechanical model of ramie stalk has been made in the paper. The crop object for experimental analysis was the third crop of Zhongzhu No. 1 planted in Xianning Ramie Comprehensive Experiment Station of China Agricultural Research System (Bast fiber crops), the acquisition time was on November 2nd, 2013, and the test was conducted in Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, during November 5th to 15th, 2013. During the experimental research process, the geometric model for ramie stalk was assumed firstly. The cross section of ramie stalk was similar to the circle, which could be respectively divided into central medulla, xylem, phloem and green husk layer. The mechanical property in the central medulla and green husk layer might be ignored. The paper abstracted and simplified the geometrical shape, and presumed that the cross section was round with certain diameter. The material, diameter and wall thickness dimension of each fraction were even. After ignoring the central medulla and green husk layer, the geometrical shape of ramie was assumed as hollow pipe, made up of different kinds of materials including xylem and phloem. Secondly, composite mechanical theory was employed to construct mechanical model of ramie stalk. Elastic parameters that should be obtained from experiment were decided according to the assumption of ramie geometrical shape and experimental equipment conditions, as well as the calculation formula of each elastic parameter. Thirdly, PC-controlled universal testing machine was applied to make mechanical test, such as tensile, compressive and bending, to ramie stalk from each direction (axial direction and radial direction) and to each part (xylem, phloem and the whole stalk), to acquire mechanical parameter data. The universal testing machine used in the experiment was WDW-10 PC-controlled electronic universal testing machine with test power range 5 kN, and the accuracy of its force sensor and displacement sensor were both maintained within ±0.1%. In tensile test, xylem, phloem and stalk samples were 20 groups of rectangle samples about 80 mm long, 6-7 mm wide, material thickness thick. Plate fixture was used, and the clamped position was covered by gauze for protection. Pre-tightening force when starting was less than 5 N, test loading rate was 5 mm/min. Then, axial tensile stress-strain curve of each sample group was obtained. In compressive test, xylem, phloem and stalk samples were 10 groups of rectangle samples about 10-11 mm long, 5-6 mm wide, material thickness thick. Compressive test briquetting was used. Thus, radial comprehensive stress-strain curve of each sample group was obtained. In bending test, xylem and stalk samples were 10 groups of samples with the length of about 120 mm. The sample cross section was tube-shape, and external and inner diameter was decided by material conditions. Sample was placed between the support and pressure head of three-point bending test fixture. Span of the support was 80 mm, pre-tightening force when starting was less than 5 N, and test loading rate was 5 mm/min. Radial bending force-deformation curve was obtained. At last, all elastic parameters of ramie stalk mechanical model were obtained with analysis of test data. The radial compressive elasticity modulus were 9.73 MPa (stalk), 10.34 MPa (xylem) and 8.03 MPa (phloem); the axis tensile elasticity modulus were 466.17 MPa (stalk), 320.92 MPa (xylem) and 2409.22 MPa (phloem); the radial bending shear modulus were 39.77 MPa (stalk), 69.02 MPa (xylem) and 33.80 MPa (phloem), the axis torsional shear modulus were 3.74 MPa (stalk), 3.98 MPa (xylem) and 3.09 MPa (phloem), the Poisson's ratios of plane XZ of each parts was assumed to 0.3, and the Poisson's ratios of plane XZ and the Poisson's ratios of plane XZ were equal, the values were <0.0269 (stalk), <0.0451 (xylem) and <0.0043 (phloem). Meanwhile, the test results of paper showed that the axial tension of ramie stalk played the load-bearing role much more in the xylem, and the adhesive force in the phloem and xylem was incapable to prevent the phloem from sliding along the surface of xylem; the measurement value of elastic parameter in the radial direction of ramie stalk was closed to the calculated value gained by calculating the elastic parameters of each fraction, and the radial direction of ramie stalk could match the characteristics of composite materials. In conclusion, the assumption of the composite model adopted in the experiment is reasonable, and experimental analysis results can be applied into subsequent related researches. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Hemp
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Bending (deformation) - Briquetting - Composite materials - Crops - Elastic moduli - Elasticity - Fixtures (tooling) - Geometry - Machinery - Materials testing apparatus - Mechanical properties - Models - Poisson ratio - Shear strain - Steam turbines - Stress-strain curves - Tensile testing
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural mechanization - Experimental analysis - Experimental equipments - Mechanical characteristic parameters - Ramie - Stalk - Three-point bending test - Universal testing machines
Classification code:524 Solid Fuels - 603.2 Machine Tool Accessories - 617.2 Steam Turbines - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20154601556942
Title:Study on fatigue life of frame for corn combine chassis machine
Authors:Chen, Zhi (1); Zhou, Lin (2); Zhao, Bo (2); Liang, Xuexiu (2)
Author affiliation:(1) China National Machinery Industry Corporation, Beijing, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil-Plant-Machine System Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:19-25
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The chassis frame is the installed base of the corn combine harvester, which bears a lot of force from the longitudinal bending, torsion, lateral bending, horizontal rhombic and their combined loads. The frame has obvious dynamic load characteristics, therefore the static strength check is not enough and research on the fatigue life is needed. As the lack of basic research, the key data accumulation is insufficient, the tradition design method is relatively limited, many Chinese products lack the necessary fatigue strength in design, and the reliability is poor. Experience in the automotive industry has proved that the combination of fatigue load spectrum and CAE technology can greatly improve the forecasting ability. Fatigue strength study of the corn combine harvester is the foundation of improving the reliability and an important method to reduce the structural mass. In order to reduce the structural weight and improve the fatigue reliability of the corn combine harvester, this paper studies a method to evaluate fatigue life of the main frame. Firstly, using ANSYS software, the stress distribution of the corn harvester chassis frame was analyzed, and the stress distribution of the maximum modal deformation position and under static stress analysis was obtained by the finite element analysis. The resonance was the biggest at 81.4 Hz frequency, so S8 point of the maximum strain region was placed on the frame to measure the strain. S5, S9 and S10 points were the high stress concentrated points and strain gauge needed to be placed. Other measuring point was placed on the part redesigned. Secondly, the stress data acquisition system was established, including sensors, data acquisition module and computer. Based on the modal analysis and static analysis, the strain gauge was pasted on the high stress concentrated points with the appropriate method, and the strain time histories of various typical conditions were measured through many experiments, which the operating speed of the corn harvester was the first and second gear in field operations, and the third in the road transport. Eventually, the stress and dynamic load characteristics were analyzed, the fatigue life of main frame was evaluated, and the lightweight design was completed by using nCode software. After the strain data acquisition, data preprocessing was carried out to ensure the evaluating accuracy, including the elimination of singular points, the elimination of temperature drift, noise filtering and so on. After eliminating the false data, the load spectrum was compiled by the rain flow method, and the load distribution curve of the load was obtained. Fatigue life of S-N curve was the cyclic number of fatigue crack under the condition of equal amplitude stress, and it could be considered as a superposition of different frequency and amplitude, so we used the principle of fatigue cumulative damage to evaluate the fatigue life. The result showed that, the fatigue life of the main frame was 241000 hours. The fatigue life on the road was longer than on the field, and the fatigue life was quite different at different measuring point. The main design part was an important supporting part connecting the body and rear axle. In the fatigue life analysis, it was found that the fatigue life of part was far greater than that of the body. Based on the fatigue life distribution, the optimization design of the main part in frame was completed. The result showed the new model can reduce 24% part mass under the condition of meeting the strength requirement. In this paper, the fatigue life of main frame was studied by combining fatigue load spectrum and CAE analysis, and lightweight designed was finished. This method can not only improve the stress distribution, strengthening rigidity, but also reduce the structural weight. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Fatigue of materials
Controlled terms:Automotive industry - Chassis - Computer aided engineering - Data acquisition - Design - Dynamic loads - Fatigue damage - Fatigue testing - Finite element method - Forecasting - Harvesters - Loads (forces) - Modal analysis - Product design - Reliability - Roads and streets - Spectrum analysis - Static analysis - Strain gages - Stress analysis - Stress concentration - Structural analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Combine harvesters - Data acquisition modules - Data acquisition system - Fatigue cumulative damage - Fatigue strength - Frame - Lightweight design - Static stress analysis
Classification code:406.2 Roads and Streets - 408 Structural Design - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 943.1 Mechanical Instruments - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20154601556967
Title:Simulation of disinfection optimization of vehicle tire surface using slightly acidic electrolyzed water
Authors:Zang, Yitian (1); Li, Xingshuo (1); Li, Baoming (1); Cao, Wei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Structure and Environment in Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Cao, Wei(caowei@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:199-204
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The process of transport has long been considered an important risk factor for pathogens entry into farms. Disinfection is a generally agreed concept to prevent the introduction of both endemic and epidemic infections, however, potentially toxic, corrosive or volatile problems have arisen because of the use of chemicals as disinfecting agents. Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) is considered environmental friendly as it is generated from water and dilute salt solution and reverts to water after use. Also, it has the advantages of possessing broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, reducing corrosion of surface and minimizing the potential of damage to human health. To reduce the risk of enteric pathogens transmission and leave little residue in animal farms, the disinfection effectiveness of SAEW with pH value of 5.85-6.53 for inactivating Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis) mixture on the surface of vehicle tires was evaluated. The coupled effects of tap water washing time (from 2 to 4 min), SAEW treatment time (from 3 to 7 min) and available chlorine concentration (ACC) (from 80 to 140 mg/L) on the reduction of E. coli and S. enteritidis mixture on tires were investigated using a central composite design of the response surface (RS) methodology. The established RS model had a good fitting quantified by determination coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.984 and adjusted determination coefficient of 0.969 (p>0.05). The model was validated with additional random 8 conditions within the experimental domain. The predicted value showed a good agreement with the actual values, for the points of response values were very close to the line of 100% correlation. The results showed that the cleaning time, disinfection time and ACC significantly affected the pathogens reduction (p<0.0001), and their influences were ranked as ACC>disinfection time>cleaning time. The linear correlation coefficients, the quadratic term coefficients and the cross validation coefficients between cleaning time and disinfection time, cleaning time and ACC were significant (p<0.05). The other term coefficient between ACC and disinfection time was not significant. The more reduction of pathogens and the significant interactions between cleaning time and other factors were likely due to the livestock manure, which was a strong limiting factor for disinfection of SAEW. Several authors have stated that the organic soiling could change the formation of combined available chlorines to affect the disinfection effectiveness of SAEW. Therefore, if livestock manure could be more removed by more cleaning time along with more SAEW treatment time and higher ACC, a more effective disinfection would be obtained. Therefore, cleaning time is very important for SAEW disinfection when organic matters exist. The maximum reduction of 1.38 log<inf>10</inf>cfu/cm<sup>2</sup>(92.9%) for E. coli and S. enteritidis mixture was obtained for the vehicle tire washed with tap water for 4 min followed by SAEW treatment for 5 min at an ACC of 140 mg/L. The established RS model could be used. The result proves the potential of the SAEW in disinfection of bacterial cells on tires and in promoting the implementation of disinfection measures to control and reduce the transmission risk of the disease. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Disinfection
Controlled terms:Agents - Agriculture - Chemicals removal (water treatment) - Chlorine - Cleaning - Disease control - Electrolytic cleaning - Escherichia coli - Manures - Mixtures - Models - Optimization - Pathogens - Risk assessment - Salmonella - Surface properties - Tires - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Adjusted determination coefficient - Available chlorine concentrations - Determination coefficients - Electrolyzed water - Linear correlation coefficient - Poultry farms - Response surface methodology - Slightly acidic electrolyzed waters
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 818.5 Rubber Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20154601556971
Title:Method and application of remote sensing monitoring in land consolidation based on High-1 satellite image
Authors:Zhang, Bing (1, 2); Cui, Ximin (1); Zhao, Yanbo (3); Yuan, Debao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China; (2) School of Resource and Environmental Science, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, China; (3) Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Hebei Province, Prospecting Center of Territorial Resources, Shijiazhuang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:225-233
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nowadays, China spends approximately 100 billion yuan on land consolidation every year, which has positive effects on both newly-cultivated land and efficiency of land use. However, there are still a lot of problems appearing in the process of land consolidation, for instance, the project funds are not used as what is required, the plans of land consolidation are not carried out completely, and there are even Jerry-built projects and false and concealed accounts. Because of these existing problems, the goals of the land consolidation cannot be achieved as expected. To solve the problems, Ministry of Land and Resources of the People's Republic of China developed and used the monitoring and controlling system of land consolidation project as early as in 2009, which monitors and manages the results of land consolidation all over the country. The procedures are as follows: the local authorities that are in charge of the project management will report the results to the higher authorities after land consolidation, and then the competent department will arrange to check the results on the spot. There are some certain problems, for instance, the distribution of land consolidation is wide and the area is large, yet the amount of samples is limited, therefore, the specific results of land consolidation cannot be obtained thoroughly and the system cannot be applied widely. So, it is necessary and urgent for land resources management sectors (LRMS) to find an effective and reliable technical method, with which the LRMS can monitor and evaluate the project results of land consolidation. Based on the panchromatic images and multi-spectral images with high resolution got by the High-1 satellite and the software tools including ENVI, AutoCAD and ArcGIS, the paper puts forward the complete technical method and operation procedures for land consolidation monitoring and evaluation, and also studies the ways of extracting the information of newly increased farmlands, newly-added roads and newly-dug ditches by using vector map, which is made after the land consolidation by project undertaker. Furthermore, from the specific monitoring instance of a land consolidation project along Han River i.e. South-to-North Water Transfer Project, by using the method introduced in this paper, we can find the monitoring ratio of newly increased farmlands is 88.40%, newly-added roads 97.34%, and newly-dug ditches 98.26% in the study area. After monitoring, the paper analyzed the causes of the differences of monitoring ratio between the 3, and especially explains the causes of the lower monitoring ratio of newly increased farmlands in details. They are as follows: first, part of newly-cultivated land is got by means of the landfill of ridges, roads and ditches; second, some project areas haven't made vector maps properly, and the layer names can't match the actual objects in the maps, which causes that the extracted information of new land isn't complete; third, the project undertaker cheats on the area of newly-cultivated land. From all above, we can draw a few conclusions. Firstly, High-1 remote satellite images have both panchromatic images of 2 m resolution and multi-spectral images of 8 m resolution, and after processing the images in the early stage, we have used the algorithm of Gram-Schmidt to fuse the 2 types of images and obtained ideal images in space and spectrum resolution, which can satisfy the requirements of monitoring results in land consolidation. Secondly, we have got the monitoring ratio of newly-cultivated land, new roads and new ditches from one project in the land consolidation along Han River. And the specific example shows that the technical methods in the paper are reasonable and effective. Finally, The ArcGIS software platform is used to process remote sensing images, vector maps of land consolidation results and other reference maps, so that different data from different sources can be unified to GIS. During the process of remote sensing monitoring, we can use various graphics files efficiently, and at the same time it's convenient to modify the maps and print the interpreted maps, which can improve the efficiency greatly. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Computer aided design - Efficiency - Farms - Geographic information systems - Highway administration - Image matching - Image reconstruction - Information retrieval - Land use - Landing - Monitoring - Problem solving - Project management - Remote sensing - Satellites - Space optics - Spectroscopy - Transportation
Uncontrolled terms:Land consolidations - Monitoring and controlling System - Monitoring and evaluations - Newly increased farmland - People's Republic of China - Remote sensing images - Remote sensing monitoring - South to North Water Transfer Project
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 655.2 Satellites - 656.1 Space Flight - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 912.2 Management - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20154601556962
Title:Extraction method for centerlines of rice seedlings based on SUSAN corner
Authors:Zhang, Qin (1); Chen, Shaojie (1); Li, Bin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; (2) School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Li, Bin(binlee@scut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:165-171
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In south China, the rice seedlings present various morphological characteristics during the growth period. What's worse, duckweed and cyanobacteria, whose colors are very similar with the rice seedlings, appear in the paddy field frequently. The complicated environment makes it challenging to extract the guidance lines in south China. Domestic and foreign scholars have proposed many methods to detect the guidance lines. But most of them are difficult to be applied in paddy fields in south China. In order to solve these problems, a new method which is based on SUSAN (smallest univalue segment assimilating nucleus) corner and nearest neighbor clustering algorithm is presented. The method consists of 4 main processes: image segmentation, feature points detection, feature point cluster and guidance lines extraction. Firstly, the color image is transformed into grey scale image using normalized ExG (excess green index). In this process, the distribution area of the crops can be extracted from the background. But there is a lot of noise in the grey scale image after this process. Secondly, SUSAN corner algorithm is used to detect the feature points in the grey scale image. The target crop regions were obtained by detecting the feature points. And most of the noise in the grey scale image can be filtered. In order to make the SUSAN algorithm adaptive, we propose an equation to compute the corner threshold. Thirdly, feature points are clustered using nearest neighbor clustering algorithm. There are 2 steps to cluster the feature points. Accordingly in the initial step, the image is scanned by a scanning window and then the feature points are clustered preliminarily. After that, the feature point groups are clustered in vertical direction. The center point clusters of each target region were obtained by using the clustering algorithm. Finally, the known point Hough transform is applied in the algorithm in order to extract the center line of each cluster rapidly and effectively. In order to test the algorithm, 3 growth stages are taken into consideration. The circumstances of 3 growth stages are different from each other. The significant differences of the 3 growth stages are: in the first growth stage, there are few duckweeds in the water; in the second growth stage, there are a lot of duckweeds in the water; in the third growth stage, there are a lot of cyanobacteria in the water and the crops are close to each other. Then 3 image datasets are used to test the algorithm. The images of the datasets are taken in a paddy field in South China Agricultural University. The test result shows that the highest accuracy rates are 87%, 89% and 85% respectively in the first, second and third growth stage. It also shows that the runtime of the algorithm is 352 ms in the first growth stage, 405 ms in the second growth stage and 563 ms in the third growth stage. The results indicate that not only the algorithm is able to detect the guidance lines accurately but also the run time of this algorithm is acceptable. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Clustering algorithms
Controlled terms:Adaptive algorithms - Algorithms - Crops - Edge detection - Extraction - Feature extraction - Hough transforms - Image processing - Image segmentation
Uncontrolled terms:Centerlines detections - Feature points detections - Known point Hough transforms - Morphological characteristic - Nearest neighbor-clustering algorithm - Rice seedlings - Smallest univalue segment assimilating nucleus - SUSAN corner
Classification code:802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20154601556955
Title:Optimization and parameter analysis for channel cross section with concrete lining in northern irrigation district
Authors:Liu, Dong (1, 2); Hu, Yuxiang (1, 3); Fu, Qiang (1, 2); Li, Tianxiao (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Water Conservancy & Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; (2) Key Laboratory of High Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Water Resource of Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; (3) School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:107-114
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Artificial open channels are the major conveyance systems to deliver water. Computation of parameters of channel cross section is an important task in hydraulic design of open channels. From a hydraulic engineering perspective, it would be prefer to have an optimal method with reasonable mathematical model and high accuracy for designing the parameters of channel cross section. However, the optimization method of the channel cross section in northern Irrigation District with concrete lining only considers the reliability under single hydraulics conditions, while ignoring the safety of frost heaving and the economy. To optimize trapezoidal cross section structure with the concrete lining accurately, a mathematical model based on optimal hydraulic section, economy, and safety of frost heaving is solved by adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO). The APSO is presented to overcome the problem of premature convergence and local optimal in conventional particle swarm optimization (PSO). With a reasonable assumption combined with the basic theory of mechanics, the constrained optimization model is propounded, which considers the thickness value of channel concrete slab simultaneously with the objective of cost minimization. The optimized channel section not only satisfies the optimal hydraulic cross section but guarantees the safety and stability of the side walls so that both the amount of the concrete lining and the land acquisition are optimized. Finally, the Xuexing main channel of Wokenhe Irrigation District in Heilongjaing Province is taken as an example to analyze the effects of design parameters, such as channel slope, width of channel bottom, height of channel on the objective function. The result shows that the parameters obtained by the APSO can minimize the lining cost and the land occupation under the condition of satisfying the optimum hydraulic section. Comparing the 12 continuous channel sections based on wetted perimeter, the reductions of the lining amount and the land occupation were 1.8% and 1.5% respectively with the low flow errors. For parameters, the optimum is less sensitive to the increase in bed width and more sensitive to the increase in side slope obviously. When the values of width and height of the channel increase, the objective function increases. The value of lining thickness is a comprehensive reflection of soil quality, negative temperature and status of moisture; thereby the objective function can be solved provided that freezing forces is determined according to the practical experience or experiment. The results obtained by APSO approach are satisfying and the method can be used reliably for the design of artificial open channels. The research can improve the level of concrete seepage channel optimization in cold region and provide a scientific basis for enhancing operation benefit in irrigation district. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Structural optimization
Controlled terms:Canals - Computation theory - Concrete slabs - Concretes - Constrained optimization - Fluid mechanics - Hydraulic structures - Hydraulics - Irrigation - Linings - Mathematical models - Models - Optimization - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Roll bonding - Safety engineering - Shore protection - Water piping systems
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive particle swarm optimizations - Frost heaving - Hydraulic engineering - Negative temperatures - Pre-mature convergences - Safety and stabilities - Section optimizations - Trapezoidal cross sections
Classification code:407.1 Maritime Structures - 407.2 Waterways - 412 Concrete - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 535.1 Metal Rolling - 632.1 Hydraulics - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 914 Safety Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20154601556956
Title:Effects of different ground surface mulch under subsoiling on potato yield and water use efficiency
Authors:Li, Rong (1); Hou, Xianqing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
Corresponding author:Hou, Xianqing(houxianqing1981@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:115-123
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water deficiency is the main limiting factor for crop growth in dry-farming areas. Many studies and practices have demonstrated that, mulching tillage can improve the soil microclimate, and significantly increase the yield and water use efficiency of crops. In order to explore the effects of different ground surface methods combined with subsoiling tillage on soil physical characteristics, potato growth, yield and water use efficiency, field fixed position experiment was conducted to study the effect of mulching tillage on soil volume quality, aggregate, water, potato yield and water use efficiency in arid areas of southern Ningxia between 2013 and 2015. The field experiment consisted of the following 4 treatments: straw mulch with subsoiling tillage (ST+JM), plastic film mulch with subsoiling tillage (ST+DM), no mulch with subsoiling tillage (ST), and no mulch with conventional tillage (CT). The no mulch with conventional tillage was used as the control. Our study results showed that, the soil volume quality of the 0-40 cm soil layer under subsoiling combined with mulch was effectively decreased compared with conventional tillage, while the soil total porosity was greatly improved, and especially the straw mulch with subsoiling treatment was the best. During the study, the mean soil volume quality (0-40 cm) under straw mulch with subsoiling treatment was significantly (P<0.05) decreased by 17.1% when compared with the conventional tillage treatment. Our study found that, the subsoiling with ground surface mulch produced significantly higher amounts of >0.25 mm elastic-stable macroaggregates in the 0-40 cm soil layer compared with conventional tillage. The amounts of >0.25 mm aggregates (0-40 cm) under straw mulch with subsoiling and plastic film mulch with subsoiling treatments were significantly (P<0.05) increased by 30.7% and 17.4% respectively compared with the conventional tillage treatment. Subsoiling combined with ground surface mulch greatly improved soil water storage in the 0-200 cm soil layer during the growing stage of potato. The straw mulch with subsoiling and plastic film mulch with subsoiling treatments had the best effect on water conservation; the soil water storage in the 0-200 cm soil layer under the plastic film mulch with subsoiling treatment was significantly higher than the conventional tillage treatment at the early stage of potato, while the straw mulch with subsoiling treatment could significantly improve the soil water content (0-200 cm) in the later growth period. The application of mulching tillage significantly promoted the growth of potato, and the plant height, stem diameter and aboveground biomass of potato under the different ground surface mulching methods with subsoiling were significantly higher than the conventional tillage treatment. The plastic film mulch with subsoiling treatment significantly promoted the growth of potato in the early stage, and the straw mulch with subsoiling treatment significantly promoted the growth of potato in the later growth period. Higher yield and water use efficiency improvement were also achieved under different ground surface mulching methods with subsoiling. The potato yield, commodity rate and water use efficiency under the straw mulch with subsoiling treatment were significantly (P<0.05) increased by 37.3%, 93.3% and 41.2%, respectively, when compared with the conventional tillage treatment. For the plot experiments in 2 years, the ground surface mulch with subsoiling measure can not only effectively decrease soil volume quality, but also significantly improve soil structure, and shows the better soil water conservation ability, therefore promoting the growth of potato; and the straw mulch with subsoiling treatment significantly increases potato yield and water use efficiency in the arid areas of southern Ningxia. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agglomeration - Aggregates - Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Arid regions - Climate change - Crops - Efficiency - Film growth - Food storage - Plastic films - Soil conservation - Soil moisture - Water - Water conservation - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Ground surfaces - Potato yield - Soil water storage - Water use efficiency - Yield
Classification code:406 Highway Engineering - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 694.4 Storage - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20154601556975
Title:Design and experiment for grain storage monitoring system based on 3-D laser scanning technology
Authors:Shao, Qing (1); Xu, Tao (1); Tatsuo, Yoshino (1); Song, Nan (1); Zhu, Hang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Hang(hangzhu@jlu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:262-267
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The rapid and accurate monitoring of the grain storage is an important problem to be solved by the national food regulatory authorities. This study developed an on-line monitoring system of grain storage based on the 3-D laser scanning technology to realize the on-line real-time monitoring of grain storage. The system consisted of a hardware system based on a 3-D laser scanner and a point cloud data processing software system. The hardware system mainly completed the function of collecting the 3-D point cloud data of the grain surface, and it consisted of the 3-D laser scanner (GSLS003, Hangzhou, China), the infrared camera of fixed waterproof lens (CBP-350N5, Upland, USA) and the workstation DELL M6800. The processing software system mainly realized the functions of point cloud data post-processing, data transmission and preservation. The software system comprised of the scanner control software, the grain volume calculation software and the reserved interfaces. In order to solve the problem of the rapid and high precision monitoring of the grain storage, the verification test of this system was carried out in a state-owed granary in Anhui province in February, 2014. In the test, the center of the 3-D laser scanner was fixed on the granary roof. All the instruments of the system were plugged into a power supply. After that, the upper computer could access to the local area network in order to control the whole system. The point cloud data of the grain surface, the grain volume and weight were obtained. The self-developed 3-D laser scanner of upside-down type for grain was used to scan the grain surface to get the point cloud data. Firstly, the scanner was connected by communicating with the upper computer. After that, the scanning parameters were initialized by zero adjustment function and the motor speed was set to start the scanning by the speed control function. Finally the 3-D point cloud data collected by the scanner were transmitted and stored in the terminal workstation. The upper computer was applied to communicate with scanner, collect point cloud data and control the working process of the scanner in the process of scanning. Then the grain volume calculation software was utilized to calculate grain storage volume and weight in time. First of all, the 3-D point cloud data of the grain surface was simplified, denoised and fused by the preprocessing function of the grain volume calculation software. Then the grain volume was calculated by the software, at the same time the grain weight was gained by setting the grain density in the parameter control function. In the end, the calculation results could be displayed on the screen of the workstation. The system worked in a stable condition in the test, finally eight groups of point cloud data were gained by scanning at the best rotational speed. The actual grain volume value was 8300.8 m<sup>3</sup>, which was provided by the state-owed granary. And the volumetric measurements of eight test groups were calculated in time by the grain volume calculation software. Through calculation, it was shown that the measured grain volume, which was monitored by the system based on 3-D laser scanning technology developed in this study, could meet the technical index of the maximum error less than 1%. And after a lot of tests, it was proven that this upgraded system was characterized by good stability, high measuring accuracy, and easy operation, therefore, the system promised as a higher precision and efficiency technique for monitoring grain volume in granaries. The effective implementation of this system will serve as a new method to access grain volume information based on 3-D laser scanning technology and data analysis method. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Monitoring
Controlled terms:Computer control systems - Computer hardware - Computer software - Data handling - Digital storage - Energy storage - Food storage - Grain elevators - Hardware - Laser applications - Local area networks - Process control - Scanning - Software testing - Surface analysis - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Data analysis methods - Grain storage - Grain volume - Laser scanning technology - On-line monitoring system - Point cloud data - Regulatory authorities - Volumetric measurement
Classification code:525.7 Energy Storage - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 694.4 Storage - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 744.9 Laser Applications - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 36>
Accession number:20154601556970
Title:Ash properties and integrated uses of corncob fly ash from biomass gasification station
Authors:Yao, Xiwen (1); Xu, Kaili (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Resources & Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Kaili(kaili_xu@aliyun.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:218-224
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Globally, biomass resources regarded as a green renewable energy has the potential of being more important in the future, which attract worldwide attention regarding their renewable nature, carbon dioxide-neutral characteristics, and world-wide availability. Consequently, many countries are putting great emphasis on the exploration of bio-energy, and the techniques used are various such as combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, hydrogen production, and so on. As a by-product generated from the processing of corn, the production of corncob (CC) is rather abundant, and reaches up to 3.87 million tons per year in China. The biomass gasification industries make use of CC residues as raw materials for producing biomass fuel gas. However, the gasification generates tons of corncob ash (CCA) everyday, which is requiring daily disposal properly. Herein this study is focused on the preliminary properties of waste CCA to analyze how it could be transformed into eco-friendly value added products. For a broad awareness of properties and possible utilizations of these waste CCA, some techniques were used such as laser particle size analyzer (LPSA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The results showed that the granularity distribution of CCA powders was very homogeneous, and the particle size analysis showed a mean diameter of 12.96 μm and a medium diameter of 10.23 μm. The elemental composition revealed that potassium and silicon were the most abundant elements. Being rich in potassium, calcium, sulfates and chlorine made CCA suitable for using as soil amendment and the high content of combined SiO<inf>2</inf>and Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>made it possible to be used a pozzolan in blended cement concrete. The XRD spectrogram indicated the presence of several crystalline phases in CCA. Many crystalline phase minerals containing potassium in the ash present in forms of KHCO<inf>3</inf>, KAlSiO<inf>4</inf>, KAlSi<inf>2</inf>O<inf>6</inf>, KCl and K<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>. The SEM images revealed the ash is highly agglomerated and with irregular shapes. Those shapes of ash particles were multiple and these dendritic reunion ashes had rich interspace, which easily leaded to adsorption of small particles step-by-step. A large number of weak bonding flocs adhered to the particle surface. The fracture surface of these particles was porous. Being rich in potassium was found on the surface of molten particles, which was mainly in form of KCl. The EDX data telled us that the surface of molten particles was covered with KCl. And the water soluble salt concentrate was particularly rich in KCl, which was of interest in terms of element extraction. The thermal analysis revealed the decomposition of CCA had a stepwise mechanism, which implied a total weight loss of 17.13% under nitrogen, that of 19.86% under dry air and that of 23.12% under 40% O<inf>2</inf>in N<inf>2</inf>when heating to 1200. This illustrated that the mass loss increases with the rise of oxygen concentration. An endothermic peak near 620 in nitrogen was due to melting of KCl, while the exothermic peak at around 630 in the aerobic environment was caused by ignition of unburned carbon and degradation of residual organic matters. The unburnt carbon in CCA has a potential to be separated and used for activated carbon or other applications. This paper provides the baseline of future work on the possible utility of the waste CCA from biomass gasification stations. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Particle size analysis
Controlled terms:Activated carbon - Alkali metals - Biomass - Bonding - Carbon dioxide - Crystalline materials - Differential thermal analysis - Fly ash - Gasification - Hydrogen production - Nitrogen - Particle size - Particles (particulate matter) - Pozzolan - Scanning electron microscopy - Silicon oxides - Slags - Soil cement - Soils - Thermoanalysis - Waste incineration - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Ash properties - Corn cob - Elemental compositions - Energy dispersive x-ray - Granularity distribution - Green renewable energy - Laser particle size analyzer - Oxygen concentrations
Classification code:412 Concrete - 412.1 Cement - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 522 Gas Fuels - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 801 Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 933.1 Crystalline Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 37>
Accession number:20154601556968
Title:Hot pressing forming experiment of the rice straw and sawdust mixed material
Authors:Tu, Deyu (1, 2); Li, Anxin (1); He, Guisheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:205-211
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The former result of cold pressing forming experiments for rice straw showed that the rice straw cold pellets had poor quality. We found that wood chips had a high content of lignin which can take the function of the binder in high temperature condition. To improve the quality of rice straw pellets, it was proposed to take some wood chips added to the rice straw materials which could form the mixed raw material with the research carried out through the test method. We chose raw straw material which was produced in the south area of Anhui, 2012 and wood processing plant residues-pine sawdust. The equipment of closed compressing molding experiment were design by ourselves. Firstly, pellets' physical properties (loose density, shatter resistance, compressive forces and water resistance) were chosen as judgment criteria, and contrast hot pressing forming experiments was carried out to investigate the effect of different materials(rice straw, wood chips and 1:1 blends of rice straw and wood chips) on pellets. Two hours later after experiment, physical properties were tested, and the date were analyzed by DESIGN EXPERT8.0 with the orthogonal design method of multi-index analysis-comprehensive balance. By analyzing the results of contrast tests, we find that under lower compressive forces, the comprehensive physical (loose density, shatter resistance and compressive forces properties) of 1:1 blend material pellets were better than rice straw pellets and wood chips material pellets, and the results also indicated that added wood chips in the rice straw material can indeed improve the quality of single rice straw material pellets. However, because of the structural feature of wood chips material, the 1:1 blends of rice straw and wood chips material pellets were more weaker than rice straw and wood chips materials pellets in the respects of water resistance physical property. In the actual production, one or more physical properties should be requested high based on the specified use of pellets. Therefore, to further research the effect of blends on the quality of pellets, secondly, we take mixing materials of rice straw and wood chips as research object, a set of orthogonal hot pressing forming experiment with three factors and four levels were used to investigate the effect of compressive forces, mixing ratio and temperature on mixing materials pellets. It aimed to respectively get the most significant effect factors and the reasonable combination of three parameters (compressive forces, mixing ratio and temperature) for each pellets' physical property and the result will testify by test. The orthogonal experiment results indicated that each process parameter had different impact extent to various physical properties. Indexes of loose density, shatter resistance and compressive strength were strongly correlated with compressive force, and the mixing ratio has massive effect on the index of water resistance. The reasonable parameter combination for water resistance and compressive strength: the mixing ratio was 1.5:1 and the temperature was 90 and compressive strength was 31.11 MPa. The reasonable parameter combination (mixing ratio, temperature and compressive forces) for loose density was 0.5:1×70×31.11 MPa, and for shatter resistance was 2: 1×110×31.11 MPa. Third, in order to testified the orthogonal experiment results, each reasonable parameter combination of physical property were text contrast with the reference group. The contrast group for physical properties (loose density, shatter resistance, compressive forces and water resistance) were respectively group two, group sixteen, group eleven, group seven. Other parameters of experiment were same as much as possible. Two hours later after experiment, physical properties (loose density, shatter resistance, compressive forces and water resistance) were tested and the date were analyzed. The result showed that each estimated value of treatment group are higher than reference group value, so the orthogonal experiment results were testified. The conclusion can provide technical support for industrialized production of rice straw molding fuel. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Wood
Controlled terms:Compressive strength - Density (specific gravity) - Hot pressing - Mixing - Molding - Pelletizing - Physical properties - Pressing (forming) - Straw - Temperature - Testing - Wood products
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive balances - High temperature condition - Industrialized production - Orthogonal design method - Parameter optimization - Rice - Wood chip - Wood processing plants
Classification code:641.1 Thermodynamics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 38>
Accession number:20154601556950
Title:PIV experiment of flow field in sewage pump with forward-extended double blades
Authors:Lang, Tao (1); Shi, Weidong (1); Chen, Keqiang (1); Li, Wei (1); Zhang, Desheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Research Center of Pumps, Jiangsu University Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Weidong(wdshi@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:74-79
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The back-swept double blades sewage pump studied in the paper belongs to the new high efficiency non clogging pump. It has the self-cleaning ability and can effectively solve the problem of fiber winding and congestion. This research was taken on probing the internal flow pattern of relative velocity flow field in the back-swept double blades sewage pump, of which the specific speed was 70. The main design parameters of the pump showed as follows: design flow rate Q<inf>des</inf>=17 m<sup>3</sup>/h, head H=9 m, rotation speed n=1450 r/min. Performance test was done to get the performance parameters curves and results showed the highest efficiency is 61.9% when Q=21.1 m<sup>3</sup>/h, corresponding to H=8.2 m. Then PIV test was done and the field distribution for relative velocity flow in the impeller was got. The test PIV system was the US TSI company's commercial PIV system, including: YAG200-NWL type pulse laser; 610035-type synchronizer; 630059POWERVIEW 4MP type cross-frame CCD camera; embedded Tecplot software for image acquisition and data analysis systems Insight 3G; 610015-SOL type light arms and light sheet lens group. External trigger synchronization system comprising: a shaft encoders, flexible couplings, synchronous trigger controller and optical fiber transmission converter. By analyzing the distribution of relative velocity of the impeller in different flow rate conditions (Q/Q<inf>des</inf>=0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.4), we found the variation of axial vortexes and low-speed zones in the impeller. When the flow rate changes from small to large, low-speed zones decrease, and the axial vortex zones were also reduced. When the flow rate changed from Q/Q<inf>des</inf>=0.4 to Q/Q<inf>des</inf>=0.6 which means the test the pump was at low flow rate conditions, there were large low-speed regions, axial vortex zones, and the flow field was very unstable, which meaned large hydraulic losses. These axial vortices scattered pressure sides of blades near the inlet, and spreaded to the back of the blade. When the flow rate changes from Q/Q<inf>des</inf>=0.6 to the Q/Q<inf>des</inf>=1.4, the low speed area gradually reduced. Overall, when Q/Q<inf>des</inf>=0.6 and 0.8, there were low-speed zones and axial vortexes opposite to rotation directions of impeller in the middle zone of channels nearby the pressure surface of the blades, and with the increase of flow rate, low-speed zones and axial vortexes decreases. To explain the phenomenon, the theory of limited number blades in centrifugal pump inner flow was introduced, which considered the relative speed of liquid in rotational impeller as the composition of axial vortex movement and fixed tubular flow. It revealed the fundamental reason for the existence and development of the low-speed zones and vortexes. Meanwhile, we analyzed the relative velocity distribution of different relative phase position between the impeller and volute when Q/Q<inf>des</inf>=0.6, and studied the effect of interference between the impeller and volute on the axial vortexes. It could be known that when the axial vortexes flow through the volute, the vortexes shift to the downstream of the channels. The research results have an important reference value for the further research of the internal flow pattern of protrusive type twisted blades sewage pump. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Vortex flow
Controlled terms:CCD cameras - Efficiency - Embedded systems - Flexible couplings - Flow fields - Flow patterns - Flow rate - Image acquisition - Impellers - Light transmission - Optical fibers - Pumps - Sewage - Sewage pumps - Software testing - Speed - Velocity - Velocity distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Blade - Internal flow patterns - Internal flows - Optical fiber transmission - Performance parameters - PIV - Trigger synchronizations - Twisted blade
Classification code:452.1 Sewage - 601.2 Machine Components - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 618.2 Pumps - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741.1.2 Fiber Optics - 913.1 Production Engineering - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 39>
Accession number:20154601556961
Title:Three-dimensional reconstruction method of farmland scene based on Rank transformation
Authors:Zhai, Zhiqiang (1); Du, Yuefeng (1); Zhu, Zhongxiang (1); Lang, Jian (1); Mao, Enrong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimized Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Zhongxiang(zhuzhonxiang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:157-164
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Growth parameters measurement of plants is an important aspect of crop growth monitoring, crop yield forecast and weeds detection. Since artificial measurements are always inefficient and inaccurate, more advanced technique of automatic measurement is required. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction can locate the real spatial position of target inside the view based on stereo vision techniques, which plays an important role in growth parameters measurement of plants. As field plants have similar features, the farmland scene is very difficult to be reconstructed completely in 3D space. Stereo matching is the key aspect of 3D reconstruction of farmland scene, which is usually time-consuming and low-accuracy. In order to solve the difficulty of 3D reconstruction of farmland and enhance the accuracy of stereo matching for farmland image, a new method based on Rank transformation was presented in this paper. The presented 3D reconstruction method consisted of 2 modules which were stereo matching and 3D cloud point reconstruction. The stereo matching module comprised grayscale transformation and disparity calculation. To reflect complete features of farmland scene, the weighted average method was used to image gray processing from color space to greyscale. Since the grayscale image is very sensitive to image noise, the Rank transformation result of grayscale image is set to matching primitive, which can increase the robustness of matching primitive against shadows, uneven illumination and other image noises. To save time and calculate dense disparity map, a region matching algorithm based on normalized sum of absolute difference (NSAD) measurement function was adopted to obtain the optimum disparity. The 3D cloud point reconstruction was composed of 3D coordinate calculation and color rendering. As the binocular camera used was assembled with 2 parallel and uniform monocular cameras, 3D coordinates of farmland scene were computed based on the parallel ranging method. Intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the binocular camera were obtained with Zhang's calibration method. Global 3D coordinate of cloud point was obtained after being transformed from the camera coordinate system, which could describe the practical position in the farmland. After obtaining 3D points cloud of farmland image, the 3D reconstruction of interested region of total scene was accomplished. To test the accuracy of presented stereo matching algorithm, standard images of Teddy, Aloe and Cones, which were downloaded from the Middlebury website, were used to calculate disparity maps. The simple sum of absolute difference (SAD) stereo matching algorithm based on grayscale image was used as a contrast. The window sizes of the Rank transformation, the measurement function and the SAD algorithm were assigned as 5×5 pixel, 11×11 pixel and 11×11 pixel, respectively. Results of stereo matching test validate that the presented algorithm is accurate enough, which decreases bad matching ratios by 5.63% compared to the SAD algorithm. Images of farmland scene of cotton in different situations were used to test the presented 3D reconstruction method. Due to the limited view of the binocular camera, top regions of obtained disparity maps contained some errors. To reduce the effect of disparity errors, the regions with the depth less than 6.8 m on farmland scene were set to the interested region. Results of 3D reconstruction test showed that geometrical parameters such as the height and width of crop and weed were close to practical measurements. Moreover, the average relative error of total tested items was 3.81%. Although, only cotton farmland image is tested, the presented method will be efficient for more varieties of crops. The presented 3D reconstruction method of farmland scene is accurate and robust in the situations of weeds and shadows, which is available to measure outside geometrical parameters of plants for further crop growth monitoring and weed detection research. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Image matching
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Binoculars - Bins - Cameras - Color - Cotton - Crops - Errors - Farms - Geometry - Image coding - Image processing - Image reconstruction - Parameter estimation - Pixels - Stereo image processing - Stereo vision - Three dimensional computer graphics - Vision - Weed control
Uncontrolled terms:3D reconstruction - Farmland scene - Intrinsic and extrinsic parameters - Rank transformation - Stereo match - Sum of absolute differences - Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction - Three-dimensional reconstruction
Classification code:694.4 Storage - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.5 Computer Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 40>
Accession number:20154601556964
Title:Design of dynamic information monitoring system for small-sized fishing vessels on inland waterway based on internet of things
Authors:He, Fuliang (1); Li, Xinke (2); Xu, Yuan (3); Wang, Quyuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; (2) College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; (3) Fishery Administration of Beibei Agriculture Commission of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:178-185
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to standardize the fishery production order and protect the fishing operation safety in the river, the dynamic information monitoring system for small-sized inland waterway fishing vessels was proposed based on the Internet of Things (IOT) application. This system included several technologies: wireless sensor networks, remote information transmission networks, and the terminal fishery monitoring center. In this system, wireless sensor networks were applied to obtain fishery field data, including vessel position signals, monitoring information of electrofishing, and detection information of fishing vessel overload. Vessel position signals were acquired by NovAtel RTK-L1/L2 global positioning system receiver. Based on the principle of high-frequency pulse electric signal detection in water, the sensing circuit was designed to monitor electrofishing illegal operations. The overload detection was executed through pressure sensor installed on ship's load draft mark, which could transform water pressure to fishing vessel draft, and judge accurately the overload. In addition, wireless sensor networks could normalize these sensor data of different types, detect fishing violations automatically, and transmit them to remote information transmission networks. Each fishing vessel was equipped with a wireless sensor network based on ZigBee. It comprised multiple acquisition nodes, multiple route nodes, and a gateway node. Acquisition nodes and route nodes could gather fishery field data of fishing vessels. As an inter-connected network integration access, the gateway node was connected to remote information transmission networks. Remote information transmission networks comprised the mobile communications network of GPRS (general packet radio service)/GSM (global system for mobile communication) and internet. Fishery field data were transmitted by the mobile communication network and internet, and uploaded to the terminal fishery monitoring center through private data link immediately. The purpose of the terminal fishery monitoring center was to identify fishing vessels on the electronic map, monitor fishing violations, and provide assistance to fishery management. This monitoring center contained 5 modules, which were user administration, location display, illegal alarm, data analysis, and data storage. The module of user administration was applied to the authorization of the user's identity and the maintenance of the system. The field information of fishing vessels could be displayed immediately by the module of location display and illegal alarm. The location database and the illegal case database had also been set up for storage and analysis in monitoring center, in order to query and analyze historical fishery data conveniently. The software system of terminal fishery monitoring center, including LabVIEW2013, ArcGIS Engine 10.2 and SQL server 2008, could provide fishery administrators with a visual image of real-time data monitoring platform. At last, the experiment was conducted on Jialing River in Beibei District, Chongqing Municipality, China. Particularly, in the test on electrofishing monitoring, the sensor was installed on the stern of the small-sized fishing vessel (No. YBY 077). The electronic fishing equipment, with 300 W average power, 100 V voltage effective value and 50 KHz frequency, worked in water at a distance from 6.21 to 1.23 m outside the fishing vessel. And the results demonstrated that the electrofishing monitoring sensor effectively detected fishing illegal operations within 5 m. In another test, 2 fishing vessels (No. YBY 018, No. YBYF 013) were loaded with sandbags in different distribution and different weight, to verify the validity of the overload detection sensor. And the results showed that these sensors could not only correctly distinguish the overload condition, but also accurately judge the uneven load state of fishing vessel. Also this dynamic information monitoring system was tested in Beibei District for more than 2 months (from January to February in 2015), and the hardware and software system could work cooperatively and stably. This dynamic information monitoring system for small-sized inland waterway fishing vessels provides simple and effective monitoring information to the fishery administrators, which is helpful to improve work efficiency and solve some problems of fishery management of inland waters in China. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Fishing vessels
Controlled terms:Cellular telephone systems - Computer software - Crime - Digital storage - Emergency traffic control - Fisheries - Gateways (computer networks) - Global system for mobile communications - Information analysis - Information management - Internet - Internet of things - Location - Management information systems - Mobile telecommunication systems - Monitoring - Query processing - Radio transmission - Sensor nodes - Signal detection - Software testing - Wireless sensor networks - Zigbee
Uncontrolled terms:Electrofishing - Global positioning system receivers - GPRS (general packet radio service) - Information transmission - Mobile communication networks - Monitoring centers - Overload - Real-time data monitoring
Classification code:432.4 Highway Traffic Control - 674.1 Small Marine Craft - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 722.3 Data Communication, Equipment and Techniques - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 41>
Accession number:20154601556945
Title:Effects of mechanical tensile properties of plastic film on plastic recycling method
Authors:Zhang, Jiaxi (1, 2); Wang, Xuenong (2); Zhang, Li (2); Yu, Chen (2); Jiang, Yongxin (2); Zhang, Haichun (2); Liu, Xuanfeng (2); Qiao, Yuanyuan (2); Wang, Xiangjin (3); Zhang, Shanshan (3); Hou, Shulin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Agricultural Mechanization Institute, Xingjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China; (3) Yuli Agricultural Technique Extension Center, Korla, China
Corresponding author:Hou, Shulin(hsl010@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:41-47
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Plastic mulching technology has brought huge economic benefits, while the residual plastic film produced series of serious problems such as pollution on land. A large number of plastic recycling is becoming urgent and important task in our country. A large amount and long term of used plastic film on soil has caused great serious influence on the high quality of farmland planting, crop growth, the rural ecological environment and new rural construction, which has attracted more and more attention. Now, the research on the recovery mechanism is limited to equipment of plastic film enwinding recycling, and there are few studies on the variation rule of the tensile properties of used plastic film and the impact. During our practical research work, performance such as unstable recycling capability, low film recovery rate and work parts deformation often appears in the used plastic film recycling. To address these problems, we carried out some field experiments. The series tests were conducted in Da West village, YuLi County in Korla, Xinjiang from March to October in 2014, including the test of tensile properties of plastic film changes in different thickness, time and direction by 0.01 mm plastic film enwinding recycling. The methods were as follows: Firstly, each sampling point, which are not very far with previous sampling point, were carried on hard, dry and flat land, and taken complete plastic film without damage. The sampling work should be conducted on the large space line, and the sampling point be as close as to the plants. Four plastic films with different thickness were selected with the width and length were 600 mm and 200 mm respectively. The tensile properties of plastic films were tested with CMT6000 electronic universal testing machine. Secondly, three-dimensional modeling and motion analysis were completed for the machine of retrieving by solid works software. According to the measure of maximum tensile force with payback time, the tensile force was contrasted with the sum of ground and slope in wrapping recovery. The result showed that the maximum tensile force was less than the twine. Finally, the recycling test was carried out with wrapping in 0.01 mm film, but the film fractured from time to time. The wrapping recovery could not meet the demand of 0.001 mm film. The results of field experiments showed that the tensile strength of used plastic film had dropped obviously for the wind and ultraviolet irradiation after 30 to 60 days laying the plastic film. The maximum tensile stress of 0.01 mm plastic film was 1.52 N, which was close to the plants and 1.305 N, which was far from the plants; and the stress was 1.4 times and 1.22 times of 0.008 mm plastic film, respectively. The maximum tensile strength of mulch film on the longitudinal direction was generally higher about 1/3 than the transverse direction of the mulch film. So the recycling aparts should be along the direction of laying the plastic film. The tensile properties of 0.01 mm plastic film had made a certain improvement compared to 0.008 mm, which were some helpful for plastic film recycling. However, by the theoretical calculation and field test of the experiment on 0.01 mm plastic film enwinding recycling, the tensile properties of 0.01 mm plastic film were not satisfied with simple winding way. This study revealed the rule that the plastic tensile properties were affected by UV, etc. at different times, thickness and direction, which would provide theory basis for the development of the plastic film recycling machine. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Film growth
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Plastic films - Recovery - Recycling - Soil testing - Tensile properties - Tensile strength - Tensile testing
Uncontrolled terms:Changing rules - Enwinding - New rural constructions - Plastic recycling - Rural ecological environments - Theoretical calculations - Ultraviolet irradiations - Universal testing machines
Classification code:452.3 Industrial Wastes - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 42>
Accession number:20154601556952
Title:Low-cost and low-power dissipation system to monitor soil water status in real time for areal irrigation management
Authors:Cai, Jiabing (1, 2); Liu, Yu (1, 2); Bai, Liangliang (1, 2); Chen, He (1, 2); Li, Xin (3)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China; (2) Department of Irrigation and Drainage, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China; (3) Beijing Shiyutong Technology Company Limited, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:88-94
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is a very important and fundamental work to monitor soil water status in real time for irrigation management in modern irrigation district. This paper presented a system with low cost and low power dissipation to monitor soil water status for areal irrigation management. The instrument of soil water monitoring contains a microcontroller-based system and is powered by 1# dry cell. All of the measurement data would be sent to web server through GPRS (general packet radio services) chipset assembled in it, for analysis and use in irrigation management based on each point of distributed framework. There were 4 sets of soil water content and temperature sensors and 1 set of water potential sensor designed, which could be installed at different depth in the crop root zone to meet the demand of irrigation management. However, it could be configured with less or more sensors in the system according to the channel values of the data acquisition unit, if there was a demand in the field investigation. This process had an advantage to assess the soil moisture more accurately. The microcontroller-based system and designed circuit had the responsibility to collect/log/transfer/control the data of soil water content, temperature and water potential once every 1 h. It was a very low-power dissipation system because the center processor supported energy to each unit when it needed. The interval of data collecting could be scheduled from 30 min to 24 h if necessary. All of the daily data would be transferred to the web server and the user's E-mailbox to check out or analyze. Users could receive the alarm information if the monitoring system had errors or was out of gear. They could configure the data logger near the monitoring system in wireless network, or through the internet server using GPRS technology. The designed system was installed in the whole crop growth season in 2014 in Jiefangzha Irrigation Area, Hetao Irrigation District, Inner Mongolia. The 10 sets of real-time soil water monitoring systems were set up in the fields of main crops (sunflower, maize, wheat and vegetable) with a good spatial arrangement, respectively. After one-year operation, the system made a good performance in soil water status data collecting/logging/transformation. The result analyses showed that they could reflect the soil water content change directly and support the irrigation decision-making in areal scale. At the same time, the soil temperature and water potential data had very good behavior as well. The soil water monitoring instrument had a small enough size to set up in field, avoiding the impact to field farming and unnecessary damage. The power supply was from 2 pieces of 1# dry cell or Li-ion battery, which also had a very small volume. These features could offer the guarantee to apply them in rural area and have a long enough execution time to finish the task. Meanwhile, it could conclude the characteristics of this system and next steps of the research and development in relative research field. For the system itself, the rapid assembling and the watertight performance are the key improvement in the near future. Moreover, how to determine the reasonable monitoring value and lay out the scheme of the system combined with the remote sensing data, is the research interest and hot issue for crop water requirement forecasting. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:12
Main heading:Monitoring
Controlled terms:Costs - Crops - Data acquisition - Decision making - Electric losses - Forestry - Irrigation - Lithium-ion batteries - Low power electronics - Microprocessor chips - Real time systems - Remote sensing - Soil moisture - Soils - Web services - World Wide Web
Uncontrolled terms:Areal - Crop water requirements - General Packet Radio Service - Hetao irrigation districts - Low costs - Low-power dissipation - Microcontroller based systems - Research and development
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912.2 Management
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 43>
Accession number:20154601556980
Title:Factors on goods temperature stability in fruits & vegetables cold storage during the loading process
Authors:Feng, Kunxuan (1); Nan, Xiaohong (1); Yang, Qiaoyin (1); Liu, Xiaofei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
Corresponding author:Nan, Xiaohong(nanxh@xauat.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:294-300
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Temperature is one of the most important environmental parameters for fruit or vegetable cold storage. During loading process of fruits or vegetables into cold storage, the new loading goods will influence the temperature stability of goods already settled in the storage room which have reached the storage requirements. Obtaining temperature variation and distribution characteristics in a cold storage during the loading process can provide theoretical reference for optimal design of the cold storage and improve its practical operation and management. To study the factors on the stability of goods temperature during the loading process of fruits and vegetables into cold storage, a combination of CFD (computational fluid dynamics) calculation and experimental study was carried out to further understand the complicated phenomenon of air flow and heat transfer in cold storage. A 3D (three-dimensional) unsteady numerical calculation model of storage environment was developed for a real cold storage with 50 t volume for apples in Xi'an. A ceiling air cooler was equipped in the cold storage. The k-Ε turbulent model was considered as CFD model. The apple zone was regarded as porous medium zone. The influences of the spacing of goods, loading temperature and loading quantity on the temperature stability of goods were numerically studied under the condition that the door was closed and the ceiling air cooler was running. The simulation results were validated by experimental results. The experimental system consisted of temperature sensor and temperature illustration cabinet. The temperature sensor was set at ceiling air cooler's air outlet and connected to the temperature illustration cabinet at test room. The temperature was measured and analyzed once every 2 h. In this study, the reliability of the simulation data was verified by the data of the temperature variation within 24 h after the new goods entered the cold storage. The numerical results were in good agreement with the measured results. The non-uniformity coefficient of temperature was introduced to evaluate the temperature stability of the cold storage. Simulation results showed that during the loading process of fruits and vegetables into the cold storage, increasing the spacing of new loading goods could reduce non-uniformity coefficient fluctuation range of temperature. But almost the same value of non-uniformity coefficient of temperature was obtained at the spacing of 0.8 and 0.5 m, which meant that the loading spacing was not the larger the better. The larger loading spacing would increase additional workload for settling apples. Thus, there existed a reasonable small space to ensure the storage quality of goods. Pre-cooling could be helpful to reduce the goods' cooling load. When the loading temperature was decreased from 281.15 to 276.15 K, the maximum value of non-uniformity coefficient of temperature was reduced by 50.3%. The impact of loading quantity on indoor thermal environment was also investigated with 5%, 10% and 15% of storage amount, respectively. When the loading quantity was decreased from 15% to 5%, the maximum cooling time was reduced by 23 h and the maximum value of non-uniformity coefficient of temperature was reduced by 73.7%. The reasonable loading measure should be "small quantity and multiple batches" which can effectively reduce the goods cooling load and the cooling time for the practical operation and management of the cold storage. For the cold storage, the reasonable loading condition is proposed to be 3 for loading temperature, 0.5 m for loading spacing and less than 10% for loading quantity. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:13
Main heading:Vegetables
Controlled terms:Air - Air conditioning - Ceilings - Cold storage - Computational fluid dynamics - Cooling - Cooling systems - Digital storage - Fruits - Heat transfer - Porous materials - Stability - Storage management - Temperature - Temperature distribution - Temperature sensors - Three dimensional computer graphics
Uncontrolled terms:3-D (three-dimensional) - CFD (computational fluid dynamics) - Distribution characteristics - Environmental parameter - Indoor thermal environments - Loading process - Numerical calculation model - Operation and management
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 643.3 Air Conditioning - 644.3 Refrigeration Equipment and Components - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 944.5 Temperature Measuring Instruments - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.20.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
期刊信息
- 主管单位 中国科学技术协会
- 主办单位 中国农业工程学会
- 主编 朱明
- 总编/社长 王应宽
- 地址 北京朝阳区麦子店街41号
- 邮编 100125
- 电话 010－59197078/7077/7076
- 邮箱 tcsae@tcsae.org
微信公众号
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友情链接
- Bioresource Technology
- Industrial Crops and Products
- Biomass & Bioenergy
- Biosystems Engineering
- Aquacultural Engineering
- International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering
- Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
- Paddy and Water Environment
- Journal of Agricultural Engineering
- Transactions of the ASABE
- Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental
- Applied Engineering in Agriculture
- Engenharia Agricola
- AMA-Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America
- 中华人民共和国农业农村部-MARA
- 中国科学技术协会CAST
- 国家新闻出版署
- 中华人民共和国科学技术部
- 国家自然科学基金委员会
- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
- CIGR
- ASABE
- EurAgEng-European Society for Agricultural Engineers
- American Society of Agronomy
- Crop Science Society of America
- Soil Science Society of America
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- CNKI
- 万方数据
- 维普