<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20154501494360
Title:Hydrodynamic model and flow resistance characteristics of plant vessel wall thickenings
Authors:Chen, Qi (1); Xu, Fang (1); Ai, Qinglin (1); Zhang, Libin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) The Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Libin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:1-8
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water transportation in plants has been an important issue in plant physiology and ecophysiology. Limited by experimental conditions, the flow patterns of water through xylem vessels, especially through the vessels with wall thickenings, is not easily perceived, and it is critical to understand the water transportation through plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the hydrodynamic properties and the detailed flow patterns occurring in xylem vessels with annular (helical) thickenings in order to obtain a functional interpretation of these structures. For this purpose, the flow of water through xylem vessels with wall thickenings was studied by adopting a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach here. For the computation approach, the Bernoulli mathematical model of the annular vessel was established based on the energy conservation law. According to the obtained mathematical model, the geometrical structures of vessel, such as the inner diameter of vessel, the distance between the thickenings, the height of thickenings, the width of thickenings and the inclination of thickenings, were the main factors that affected the vessel flow resistance. Numerical calculations based on shear stress transport (SST) k-&omega; turbulence model were implemented to simulate the flow in xylem vessels with various wall thickening structures. In the simulation experiments, we studied and analyzed various aspects, such as influences of inner diameter, distances among thickenings, heights and widths of thickenings, and inclinations of thickenings to the flow resistance coefficient. The results showed that the fluid resistances depended largely on vessel diameters, distances among the thickenings, and heights of thickenings. When other parameters were initialized, with the increase of vessel inner diameter, the average flow raised, while the pressure drop and flow resistance coefficient decreased, for instance, the flow resistance coefficients ranged from 21050.1 to 811.9. With the increase of the distance among thickenings, the average flow remained unchanged, while the pressure drop and flow resistance coefficient decreased, for instance, the flow resistance coefficients ranged from 10078.9 to 2369.9. With the increase of heights of thickenings, the average flow remained unchanged, while the pressure drop and flow resistance coefficient increased, for instance, the flow resistance coefficients ranged from 2032.6 to 20452.1. In contrast, the width and inclination of thickenings had little effect on the fluid resistance of vessel. It was noteworthy that the wall thickenings in small vessels contributed a large fraction of resistance to flow, whereas the wall thickenings in vessels with larger diameter contributed a relatively small fraction of resistance to flow. For example, the flow fraction of resistance generated by the thickenings was 57.0% in a vessel with an inner diameter of 16 &mu;m when given the thickening height of 2.3 &mu;m, while it was reduced to 27.2% in a vessel with an inner diameter of 50 &mu;m. Under the same condition of structural parameters, the flow resistance of annular vessels was closed to that of helical vessels, and the flow resistance difference between annular vessel and helical vessels was less than 0.5% with the increase of the vessel diameter. The results above suggested that it was appropriate for the proposed mathematical model to consider the structures with complex geometries, and it was suitable for the CFD model based on SST k-&omega; turbulence model to simulate the flow through wall thickening structures in plant vessel, and to acquire the flow field parameters for which it was difficult to obtain by experiments. The proposed numerical simulation method provides a valid tool for further studies on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the plant vessels. Further studies on the properties of vessel structures are required in order to obtain detailed information about the interaction between wall thickenings and other functionally structures such as pits, and perforation plates. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Automobile cooling systems - Drops - Flow patterns - Fluid dynamics - Geometry - Hydrodynamics - Models - Numerical methods - Physiology - Pressure drop  - Shear flow - Shear stress - Stream flow - Turbulence models
Uncontrolled terms:Bernoulli model - Flow resistance characteristic - Plants - Wall thickening - Xylem vessels
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20154501494377
Title:Deep soil moisture dynamic of typical irrigation farmland in piedmont of Taihang mountain
Authors:Jing, Bingdan (1, 2); Jin, Genhui (3); Min, Leilei (1); Shen, Yanjun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hebei Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture, Shijiazhuang, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (3) Shijiazhuang Preschool Teachers College, Shijiazhuang, China
Corresponding author:Shen, Yanjun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:128-134
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The groundwater level of typical irrigated farmland in the piedmont region of Taihang Mountains has gradually declined since the 1970s. Soil water dynamics and movement in the deep vadose zone under the irrigated farmland in the piedmont region of Taihang Mountains have not been further studied because of the difficult in obtaining data in the thick vadose zone. The soil water content and soil matrix potential under a typical irrigated farmland were monitored. The experimental site was chosen in Luancheng Agro-ecosystems Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in which winter wheat and summer corn were planted. We carried out continuous monitoring on the soil water content and soil matrix potential for three years (October 1, 2011 to September 30, 2014). A neutron tube with a depth of 1540 cm was installed to measure the soil water content. Seventeen tensiometers (Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS) were installed for the measurement of soil water matric potential with a maximum depth of 800 cm based on an open caisson (with inner diameter of 1.5 m and depth of 9 m) whose inner sidewall was brick lined. Based on the measured data, combined with the meteorological data of the study area, the soil water dynamics and movement was investigated. The results were as follows: 1) At the layer of 0-800 cm, the soil water content varied from 0.03 to 0.47 cm³/cm³and the soil water matrix potential was between -628.21 and 0 cm; Moreover, the distribution of soil water in the vertical profile was affected by the soil texture; 2) At the layer of 0-200 cm, the soil water content varied from 0.14 to 0.47 cm³/cm³and the soil water matrix potential ranged from -628.21 to 0 cm; Soil water potential gradient changed significantly in this soil layer; Under the influence of infiltration and evaporation, the soil water could move upward or downward in this layer; 3) Below the root zone (200-800 cm), the soil water content varied from 0.03 to 0.41 cm³/cm³and the soil water matrix potential ranged from -311.79 to 0 cm, which implied that the soil water content approximately ranged from saturated situation to the field capacity and the velocity of the wetting front could be up to as high as 0.13 m/day below the root zone; The value of soil water potential gradient was positive (positive potential gradient value means the downward direction of soil water movement in this study), thus soil water moved downward below the root zone; 4)The soil water matric potential changed from -311.79 cm to 0 cm and water potential gradient varied from 0.1 to 5.61 cm/cm at the layer of 200-600 cm; In the layer of 600-800 cm, the variation range of soil water content was 0.04-0.41 cm³/cm³and the soil water matric potential varied from -138.18 and -45.57 cm; The variation range of soil water content was 0.03-0.35 cm³/cm³and water potential gradient maintained approximately at the unit water potential gradient (1 cm/cm) below the depth of 600 cm; and 5) According to the soil water dynamics mentioned above, the vadose zone from the depth of 0 to 800 cm could be divided into three layers: infiltration and evaporation layer (0-200 cm), unsteady infiltration layer (200-600 cm) and quasi-steady infiltration layer (600-800 cm). This study is helpful for the more accurate estimation of groundwater recharge and provides data support for the sustainable utilization of groundwater. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Caissons - Dynamics - Evaporation - Farms - Foundations - Groundwater - Irrigation - Landforms - Matrix algebra - Meteorology  - Moisture - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese Academy of Sciences - Continuous monitoring - Experimental stations - Ground water recharge - Soil water matric potentials - Soil water potential - Sustainable utilization - Taihang Mountains
Classification code:405.1 Construction Equipment - 444.2 Groundwater - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 483.2 Foundations - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921.1 Algebra
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20154501494367
Title:Effect of clocking position of inducer on hydraulic characteristics of centrifugal pump
Authors:Lu, Jinling (1); Deng, Jia (1, 3); Xu, Yirong (2); Feng, Jianjun (1); Luo, Xingqi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China; (2) Wuhai Electric Power Bureau, Wuhai, China; (3) Xi'an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi'an, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:54-60
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Different circumferential positions of stator/stator, rotor/rotor, stator/rotor have different wake vortex, which has different effects on the downstream blade boundary. This phenomenon is called clocking effect. The clocking effect has been widely used in the radial and axial pneumatic machinery, and the aerodynamic performance has been greatly improved. However, clocking effect is rarely used in hydraulic machinery, especially for hydraulic machinery with inducer. For the viscosity of the water is much larger than that of most gases, large trail vortex may occur at the downstream of vanes of hydraulic machinery, even at low flow velocity. When entering the impeller, this kind of vortex may further develop and mix with each other in the impeller. New vortex may be brought out downstream of the impeller, resulting in a greater impact on overall performance. Thus, the clocking effects may play a more important role in hydraulic machinery than pneumatic machinery. In order to study the influence of clocking effect on centrifugal pump, a single-stage centrifugal pump was selected as the study object, and three-dimensional unsteady viscous numerical method was applied to simulate inner flow in the centrifugal pump at 3 different clocking positions of inducer relative to impeller. The pump mainly consisted of inlet pipe, inducer, impeller, diffuser and outlet pipe. When the angle between reference blade of inducer and reference blade of impeller was 53&deg;, the relative circumferential position was called clocking position 0, named CL0; the clocking position number increased by 1 every increase of 40&deg; clockwise. External characteristics, cavitation characteristics and vibration characteristics were analyzed. It was found that the external characteristics of centrifugal pump were greatly influenced by clocking effects. With the change of clocking position, the head and efficiency of pump first increased and then decreased; the head and efficiency were the highest at CL1. Comparing CL1 with CL0, the head was 1.3% higher and the efficiency was 0.39% greater; comparing CL1 with CL2, the head was 0.7% higher and the efficiency was 1.32% greater. It could also be found that the size and direction of velocity at the pressure side of inducer blade tail were greatly influenced by clocking effects. With the change of clocking position, the vortex at the pressure side of inducer blade tail gradually disappeared, indicating that the flow state was becoming better and better. Big and clear vertex was found at the pressure side of inducer blade tail at CL0 clocking position and no vertex at other clocking positions, which indicated that clocking position had the influence on the mutual interference of inducer and impeller, thus affecting the flow field inside the inducer, and appropriate clocking position could improve the flow field. At CL0 clocking position, radial forces were mainly distributed in a circle with the radius of 300 N. At CL1 clocking position, radial forces were mainly distributed in a ring with the radius of 100-300 N. At CL2 clocking position, radial forces were mainly distributed in an area with the radius of 100-320 N, which was "seven petal" shaped and coincided with the number of diffuser blade, indicating that the change of clocking position of the inducer had the influence on the interference between impeller and diffuser, thus affecting the size and direction of radial force to some extent. Besides, pressure pulsation frequency and amplitude of impeller and diffuser would also be directly affected, and the vibration may be caused by the interference between impeller and diffuser, or by the passing frequency of impeller, or by the "jet wake" of impeller. Reasonable clocking position can improve the cavitation performance of centrifugal pump. In summary, pump has the best overall performance at CL1. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Clocks
Controlled terms:Cavitation - Centrifugal pumps - Efficiency - Flight dynamics - Flow fields - Flow of fluids - Flow velocity - Hydraulic machinery - Impellers - Numerical methods  - Pneumatics - Pressure - Stators - Vibration analysis - Vortex flow - Wakes
Uncontrolled terms:Aero-dynamic performance - Cavitation characteristics - Clocking position - External characteristic - Hydraulic characteristic - Inducer - Single-stage centrifugal pumps - Vibration characteristics
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631 Fluid Flow - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 632.3 Pneumatics - 705.1 Electric Machinery, General - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20154501494364
Title:Design and experiment of flat die pellet mill with plunger
Authors:Chen, Zhongjia (1); Yu, Guosheng (1); Wang, Qingyu (1); Yuan, Xiangyue (1); Ning, Tingzhou (1); Jin, Shi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Yu, Guosheng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:31-38
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A flat ring die mill is frequently used for producing pellets. In the densification process, a great amount of energy is required to avoid spring back and to overcome the friction between the material and the channel surface of the die. However, extra energy is unnecessarily consumed because of friction between densified material and the pressure between the roller and the die, where there are no opening channels. The aim of this work was to attempt to eliminate a portion of the frictional and compaction energy based on an improving method of densification using a flat die. A new flat die pellet mill with plunger was developed. The self-developed flat die pellet mill mainly consisted of three parts: a flat die, plungers, and a swash plate. When the swash plate rotated, it drove the rolling bearing which was set up on one side of the plungers 16 mm in diameter to reciprocate along with the sliding bearing. The moment the plunger reached to the end position without the urge of swash plate, the return spring began to push the plunger back to the other end position. With the reciprocating motion of the plungers, the raw material under the plungers was compacted precisely only on the spot of the opening channel of the flat die to avoid compaction and friction that exists in the conventional flat die. Then the pellets were squeezed out through open end pelleting cylinders connected to the flat die. The pelleting cylinder was 16 mm in diameter and 80 mm in length, so the ratio of the length to the diameter of the pelleting cylinder was 5. The pelleting cylinders can be changed, then they can suit for different raw material. Moreover, each pelleting cylinder was wrapped by a heating tape with a thermocouple to preheat the cylinder die to a certain temperature when necessary controlled by a temperature controller and monitor. A series of experiments on its feasibility were carried out at ambient temperature. Corn straw and acacia were used as the experimental material. Corn straw was milled into fibrous pieces at three levels of particle size (0-2, &gt;2-4, and &gt;4-6 mm) with moisture content of 15%, while acacia was milled into fibrous pieces at three levels of particle size (0-3, &gt;3-5, and &gt;5-7 mm) with moisture content of 15%. The results demonstrated the pellet mill exhibited a good feasibility and capacity, which met preliminary requirements of pelletization. When working at the speed of 50 rpm, the molding rate in all the trials were above 98%. The productivity of using acacia was greater than that of using corn straw because of its higher bulk density. Furthermore, the density values of all the pellets were over 1.1 g/cm³, and the mechanical durability values of pellets were above 97%. After 4 weeks' trials working, there were no obvious signs of wear on the plungers and the cylinder dies. The results above revealed the feasibility of the improving densification method, and the flat die pellet mill had the ability to produce the qualified pellets and to avoid the unnecessary wear and deformation on the flat die, which would be a new way for biomass densification technology. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Dies
Controlled terms:Bearings (machine parts) - Biomass - Briquetting - Compaction - Cylinders (shapes) - Densification - Design - Friction - Moisture - Moisture determination  - Particle size - Pelletizing - Roller bearings - Thermocouples - Tribology
Uncontrolled terms:Biomass densification - Densification process - Experimental materials - Mechanical durability - Plunger - Reciprocating motion - Swash plate - Temperature controllers
Classification code:534.1 Foundries - 601.2 Machine Components - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 944.5 Temperature Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20154501494400
Title:Moderate amount of lecithin improving rheological properties of low-methoxyl apple pectin gel
Authors:Sheng, Linjie (1); Fu, Ying (1); Guo, Chunjing (1); Wu, Wenjie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Chemical Engineering and Material, Tianjin University of Science &amp; Technology, Tianjin, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Wenjie
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:302-308
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pectins were traditionally applied in food industry as well as other industries such as pharmaceutical industry as typical gelling, emulsifying, thickening and stabilizing agents. Lecithin, a highly compatible lipid and an important constituent of biological membranes, is applied to the pectin gel as a colon-specific carrier in recent years. In order to investigate the gel properties of pectin, the effects of soybean lecithin on the rheological properties of low-methoxyl apple pectin gels were studied in this paper. The weight average molecular weight of pectin obtained by the size exclusion chromatograph method was 1.27&times;10⁵, the number average molecular weight was 3.77&times;10⁴, and thus the molecular weight distribution index was 3.36. In the presence of calcium ion, adding different proportions of lecithin to low-methoxyl apple pectin, the storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G") were recorded through the observation during the gelation process of the pectin, when the plate was cooled from 80 to 26 at a certain rate with the rheological technology. Then the structure development rate (SDR) analysis method was adopted to explore the effects that the presence of lecithin brought to the gelation system in the gelation process of pectin. The results showed that the addition of lecithin had significant effects on SDR and G'. With a low amount of lecithin (&lt;0.4%) added into the pectin gel, both SDR and G' had no considerable changes in comparison with the low-methoxyl pectin calcium gel without lecithin; with a higher amount (0.4%), a significant increase in SDR and G' suggested a faster gel development rate and a stronger strength of gel than the sample without lecithin, which indicated that adding lecithin could promote the formation of the pectin gel. However, with a much higher amount (&gt;0.4%), SDR and G' tended to decrease. The average structure developing rate and the end storage modulus showed the same tendency as above; when adding 0.4% lecithin, the average structure developing rate increased to 4.2 Pa/s and the end storage modulus increased to 2950 Pa; both of them were significantly higher than the sample without lecithin (P&lt;0.05). Loss tangent curves of all gel samples showed the same trend that the loss tangent began to decrease while the temperature dropped. But when adding 0.4% lecithin, the loss tangent of pectin calcium gel was the lowest, which indicated the best elasticity. Then a non-isothermal kinetic model, which described the storage modulus change during the gelation induced by cooling dispersions, was adopted for analysis. Pectin gelation could be described by a two-step process corresponding to 2 different temperature ranges. Adding suitable amount of lecithin (0.4%) resulted in more obvious difference between the pectin gelation processes of the 2 temperature districts as well as the values of activation energy, which were 290.6 kJ/mol for high temperature district and 67.1 kJ/mol for low temperature district. Finally, after the vacuum freeze drying treatment, the scanning electron microscopy showed that the three-dimensional network structure of pectin calcium gels added with 0.4% lecithin was characterized by greater uniformity and compactness. The research results will provide a theoretical basis and reference for the application of the system of lecithin pectin gel. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Lecithin
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Biological membranes - Calcium - Cytology - Dynamics - Elastic moduli - Emulsification - Fruits - Gelation - Gels  - Molecular weight - Molecular weight distribution - Rheology - Scanning electron microscopy - Structure (composition) - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Different proportions - Non-isothermal kinetic models - Number average molecular weight - Pectin - Pharmaceutical industry - Structure development - Three dimensional network structure - Weight-average molecular weight
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20154501494388
Title:Microstructure characteristic and X-ray energy dispersive microanalysis of combustion ash of rice husk and rice straw
Authors:Yao, Xiwen (1); Xu, Kaili (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Resources &amp; Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Kaili
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:208-215
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the past decades, sustainable development and increasing fuel demand have necessitated the identification of possible energy sources. The utilization of biomass will reach up to 50 million tons in China after ten years. Nowadays, many countries are putting great emphasis on the exploration of biomass energy. The techniques used are various such as combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, hydrogen production. The use of the biomass as fuel generates a large amount of residual ash which causes serious environmental problems, as the biomass ash is easy to melt and volatilize. During the thermo-chemical conversion process, the residual inorganic materials also form the slag inside the boiler and the fly ash deposits on the tail heating surface, which retards heat transfer, deteriorates burning, and causes high temperature corrosion and super heat explosion. As one kind of clean and renewable energy, rice husk (RH) and rice straw (RS) are the main by-products during the process of rice processing. Especially, in comparison with other agricultural wastes, the ash content of RH is much higher. After thermo-chemical conversion, the inorganic mineral matters left are ashes, which can easily bond with tar and lead to the phenomenon of slagging, fouling and corrosion for the thermo-chemical conversion equipments. Therefore, in this study, the analysis of microstructure characteristics and elemental composition of these ashes from the combustion of RH and RS at 600 and 815 respectively was comprehensively conducted by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). The influence of ashing temperature on the particle size distribution, micromorphology, particle surface, interior structure and elemental composition of biomass ash was investigated. The results showed that the higher the ashing temperature was, the smaller the size of the ash would be. With the increase of ashing temperature, the distribution of ash was more homogeneous. A majority of rounded particles were found in the rice husk ash (RHA), while most of rod-like particles were found in the rice straw ash (RSA). For the 600 RHA, part of the ash particles still retained the original fiber structure of rice husk, and some dense granules were observed which had no sticking phenomenon. Whereas, plenty of floccule that was adhered to by many small particles existed in the 600 RSA, which indicated that the weak caking occurred which was caused by the melting of the constituents with low melting point. Molten alkali metal material and quartz structure in the form of vitreous bumps were found on the surface of 815 ash particles, which presented obvious reunion slagging phenomenon. The main composition elements of RHA and RSA were carbon (C), oxygen (O), silicon (Si), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca). Magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) which had only a small quantity were also detected. The element surphur (S) was only detected in the RSA, which was not detected in the RHA. With the increase of ashing temperature, the K content of RHA obviously decreased. But for RSA, the content of K, sodium (Na) and Ca changed slightly while the content of chlorine (Cl), Fe and Al decreased obviously. The K, Na, Ca and Cl contents of RSA were much higher than those of RHA, which indicated that the RSA was much easier to cause equipment corrosion than the RHA. This work reveals the effects of ashing conditions on the microstructure characteristics and elemental composition of RHA and RSA comprehensively, and can provide the guidance not only for preventing slagging, fouling and corrosion in the thermo-chemical conversion equipments, but also for the clean burning of biomass and comprehensive utilization of both RHA and RSA. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Particles (particulate matter)
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Alkali metals - Aluminum - Biomass - Boiler deposits - Calcium - Carbon - Combustion - Corrosion - Electron microscopy  - Electron probe microanalysis - Equipment - Fly ash - Heat transfer - Hydrogen production - Microanalysis - Microstructure - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Scanning electron microscopy  - Slags - Sodium - Straw - Structure (composition) - Sustainable development - Waste incineration
Uncontrolled terms:Biomass ashes - Comprehensive utilizations - Energy dispersive x ray microanalysis - High temperature corrosions - Microstructure characteristics - Rice husk - Thermochemical Conversion - X-ray microanalysis
Classification code:452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 522 Gas Fuels - 539.1 Metals Corrosion - 541.1 Aluminum - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 801 Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 901 Engineering Profession - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20154501494378
Title:Effects of overland flow and soil erodibility on soil organic carbon loss in red soil sloping land
Authors:Lu, Yinmei (1, 2); Li, Zhongwu (1, 2); Nie, Xiaodong (1, 2); Huang, Bin (1, 2); Ma, Wenming (1, 2, 3); Xiao, Haibing (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, China; (3) College of Tourism Historical Culture, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
Corresponding author:Li, Zhongwu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:135-141
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Clarifying soil organic carbon (SOC) loss plays a vital role in studying SOC sequestration and regional C cycling. In order to investigate effects of overland flow and soil erodibility on SOC loss, field simulated rainfall experiments were conducted at Soil and Water Conservation monitoring station (111&deg;22'E, 27&deg;03'N) located in the Shuangqing district in Shaoyang City of Hunan Province, in the hilly red soil region of southern China. Rainfall events were performed in 2012 on 4 chisel tillage plots with rainfall intensities of 100, 80, 40 and 30 mm/h (CT-1, CT-2, CT-3 and CT-4) and 2 no tillage plots with rainfall intensities of 80 and 30 mm/h (NT-1 and NT-2), respectively. Field plots (5 m length &times; 2 m width) were designed at a sloping land with a slope of 10&deg;, and all the rainfall events lasted 60 min since the runoff began. Runoff and sediment samples were collected every 6 min for measuring runoff volume, sediment weight, and concentration of runoff-dissolved organic C and sediment-bound organic C. The results showed that sediment exports averaged 2.400, 1.400, 0.960, 0.290, 0.200 and 0.014 g/(m²&middot;s); Sediment-bound organic C exports averaged 0.009, 0.007, 0.010, 0.002, 0.003 and 0.0001 g/(m²&middot;s) in CT-1, CT-2, NT-1, CT-3, NT-2, and CT-4, respectively. The sediment and associated SOC loss in high-intensity rainfall events were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher compared to low rainfall intensity events, coinciding with changes in runoff. However, runoff-dissolved organic C loss rate presented the higher values in CT-1, CT-2, and CT-3 than the other plots, different from change in runoff rate. Runoff rate of all the plots increased first and then within 12 min. The sediment loss rate of CT-1, CT-2, and NT-1 firstly increased and then decreased within 30 min, subsequently kept a stable value with rainfall duration; The sediment loss rate of CT-3, CT-4, and NT-2 was steady during the rainfall event. Sediment-bound organic C loss rate of CT-1, CT-2, and CT-3 sharply increased and then decreased within 30 min, subsequently stayed a stable value with rainfall duration; The change of sediment-bound organic C loss rate in CT-3, CT-4, and NT-2 was relatively steady. Runoff-dissolved organic C loss rate of CT-1 appeared two peak value at 25 min and 45 min, respectively, and both CT-2 and CT-3 appeared the peak value at 30 min. Runoff-dissolved organic C loss rate of NT-1, and NT-2 kept a stable value within 35 min and then appeared the peak value at 45 min, while runoff-dissolved organic C loss rate of CT-3 was steady during the whole rainfall event. This indicated that the loss process of sediment-dissolved organic C was similar to that of runoff except for the peak values appeared during 10-30 min in high-intensity rainfalls, and the sediment-bound organic C loss rate firstly increased and subsequently kept a relatively stable value. The results above demonstrated the magnitude of runoff affected SOC loss; Loss process of runoff had an obvious effect on that of sediment-bound organic C, but was not highly correlated with that of runoff-dissolved organic C. A positive linear relationship between SOC loss rate and runoff rate was shown. The regression analysis reveals variability of runoff could explain 80% of the variance in SOC loss, and runoff rate had a larger effect on sediment-bound organic C than runoff-dissolved organic C. In addition, the results showed that the soil erodibility had a nonlinear effect on SOC loss. Greater soil erodibility indicator could result in higher SOC loss rate, but the growth rate of SOC loss gradually decreased with the increase of soil erodibility indicator, which indicated the effect of soil erodibilty on SOC loss was limited. These observations led to the conclusion that runoff and soil erodibility were two significant impact factors of SOC loss. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Organic carbon
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Dissolution - Erosion - Rain - Regression analysis - Runoff - Sediments - Soil conservation - Soils  - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Erodibility - High intensity rainfall - Linear relationships - Monitoring stations - Red soil region of southern chinas - Runoff and sediments - Slope - Soil and water conservation
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20154501494362
Title:Optimization experiment of influence factors on greenhouse vegetable harvest cutting
Authors:Gao, Guohua (1); Wang, Tianbao (1); Zhou, Zengchan (2); Bu, Yunlong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Electronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China; (2) Beijing Plant Factory Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:15-21
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the developed countries of the West, the greenhouse vegetable industry has become highly mechanized, with a relatively stable mechanization production system and necessary supporting tools. In order to improve the efficiency of harvesting greenhouse vegetables, Beijing University of Technology has designed an innovative vegetable harvester. The cutting tool that is used to remove vegetables from their stems is a critical factor in greenhouse vegetable harvesting and must be optimized to ensure that greenhouse vegetables are harvested effectively. The designed machine can have a better harvest effect and reduce the wear of cutting tool in the process of the work. At present, the mechanical properties of stem-cutting factors affecting crops have been extensively studied with sugar cane, corn stalk, eulaliopsis binata stem and cabbage in China and abroad. This paper detailed the design and study of the SHQG-I greenhouse vegetable harvest cutting experiment platform, which used a response surface method (RSM) to optimize the harvest process through a comprehensive cutting tool that removed vegetables from their stems. The study object of this paper was butter lettuce; the experiment was carried out on the SHQG-I greenhouse vegetable harvest cutting experiment platform, and the working process of greenhouse vegetable harvester was analyzed. According to the butter lettuce growth and the working process conditions, 6 parameters of the harvest cutting process were analyzed: cutting position, way of cutting, cutting speed, cutting angle, clamping distance and clamping angle. Determining the ways in which these parameters affected cutting force was the target of the experiment. The working range of these factors, which could be adjusted on the SHQG-I greenhouse vegetable harvest cutting experiment platform, influenced the cutting force. For the RSM employed in the experiment, generally no more than 4 parameters would be adjusted at a time. Therefore, the experiment first used the factor-screening test to determine the cutting position and cutting way. The cutting position was at 7 mm and the smooth cutting angle was 10&deg;. The results of the experiment were analyzed with the Design-expert software. In addition, the regression equation of the cutting force and the various factors were determined, and lack of fit of the regression equation was found to be insignificant. Next, variance analysis was used to determine the significant factors, which were cutting speed, clamp distance, interaction between cutting speed and cutting angle, and interaction between cutting speed and clamp distance. Then, the curve diagram of significant factors and the response surface figure were drawn. Ultimately, the optimal working parameters were determined: cutting speed was 675 mm/s, cutting angle was 4.85&deg;, clamping distance was 98.5 mm and clamping angle was 64.5&deg;. According to the optimization parameters, the expected cutting force was 17.9 N, and the actual cutting force was 17.4 N (2.8% less than the expected force), which met the demand of the test. The experiment guaranteed a harvest success rate of 100% in all of the cases, as well as effectively reduced the necessary cutting force in the harvest process. After optimization, the harvester machine was in good condition, it produced a good harvest, and the cutting fracture was smooth, which satisfied the engineering requirement. The optimization parameters obtained in the experiment can be applied for the improvement of the actual equipment in the greenhouse vegetable industry field. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Vegetables
Controlled terms:Cutting - Cutting tools - Greenhouses - Harvesters - Harvesting - Machinery - Optimization - Speed - Sugar cane - Surface properties
Uncontrolled terms:Developed countries - Force - Greenhouse vegetables - Harvester machines - Optimization parameter - Regression equation - Response surface - Response surface method
Classification code:603.2 Machine Tool Accessories - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20154501494368
Title:Numerical simulation of flow field distribution in centrifugal separator for micro-irrigation
Authors:Qiu, Yuanfeng (1); Meng, Ge (2); Luo, Jinyao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; (2) School of Resource and Civil Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
Corresponding author:Meng, Ge
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:61-67
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Centrifugal separator is one kind of filtration equipment that can separate the sediment from high-silt content water based on principles of rotational flow and centrifugal force. In recent years, research on numerical simulation of centrifugal separator is mostly in the fields of petroleum and chemical industry, and focuses on low concentration and mixture multiphase flow model. When using high-silt content water as micro-irrigation water source in water shortage areas, there will be high-silt content water near the centrifugal separator wall and underflow, in such case, low concentration and mixture multiphase flow model is not applicable to the numerical simulation of centrifugal separator that has used for micro-irrigation. Using high-silt content water as micro-irrigation water source, combined with the structure parameters of centrifugal separator, in this article, we established hydromechanics fundamental equation and used finite volume method to discretize and solve it. High concentration turbulence model was selected to analyze the internal flow field characteristics of the centrifugal separator by dividing grids and setting boundary conditions. Numerical simulation results were verified through an experiment, which was carried out in December 2014 at the State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University. XLF200 centrifugal separator was selected with the cylinder diameter of 200 mm, the water outlet diameter of 65 mm, the water inlet diameter of 50 mm, and the bottom outlet diameter of 50 mm. Three different working conditions including the bottom flow diversion ratios of 1.0%, 10.0% and 25.0% were designed. Samples for overflow and bottom flow in 3 different working conditions were taken, and inlet flow, inlet concentration, bottom flow, bottom concentration, and concentration of overflow were measured so as to calculate the separation efficiency. The separation efficiency from the numerical simulation was compared with that obtained from the experiment. The results showed the relative error of the separation efficiency obtained from simulation and experiment was within 10%, indicating that the numerical simulation method was reliable. The separation efficiency was increased gradually with increasing inlet pressure, further verifying the feasibility of numerical simulation. At the inlet pressure was less than 0.3 MPa, the simulated data was consistent with the measured data on the working condition 1 (diversion ratio was 1.0%), but the former was less than the latter on the working condition 2, and 3 (diversion ratio was 10.0% and 25.0%). At the inlet pressure was greater than 0.3 MPa, the simulated result was greater than the measured result on the three different working condition. On the basis of the experiment, this paper analyzed the speed distribution, turbulent kinetic energy distribution and static pressure distribution of the centrifugal separator by applying computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software with the high-silt content water as micro-irrigation water source in water shortage areas. The results showed that velocity in centrifugal separator was distributed along the tangential, axial and radial directions, and the velocity distribution had symmetry along the radial direction. The turbulent kinetic energy of the centrifugal separator had symmetry, and the distribution from the middle to the wall on both sides became gradually smaller. The static pressure distribution of the centrifugal separator had symmetry, and the distribution from the wall on both sides to the middle became gradually smaller. The results provide data support for optimization of parameters for centrifugal separator in microirrigation. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Centrifugation - Centrifuges - Chemical industry - Finite volume method - Flow fields - Fluid dynamics - Fluid mechanics - Irrigation - Kinetic energy - Kinetics  - Mixtures - Multiphase flow - Numerical methods - Numerical models - Petroleum industry - Petroleum research - Pressure distribution - Separators - Silt - Turbulence models  - Water - Water distribution systems - Water filtration - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Flow field distribution - Microirrigation - Numerical simulation method - Optimization of parameters - Silt contents - Static pressure distributions - Turbulent kinetic energy distribution - Water resources and hydropower engineering
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 805 Chemical Engineering, General - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20154501494401
Title:Preparation of N-doped ultramicropore-containing active carbons from waste soybean dreg by one-step carbonization/activation
Authors:Li, Dawei (1); Tian, Yuanyu (1); Hao, Junhui (1); Tian, Bin (1); Li, Junhua (1); Che, Yuanjun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:309-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:So far, some studies have been conducted on preparation of nitrogen-doped (N-doped) active carbon from N-containing biomasses using alkalis as activators. In these studies, the commonly used preparation method was activation with alkali after biomass carbonization. Compared with this method, the one-step carbonization/activation method was simple and apt to reduce energy consumption, but its application in the preparation of N-doped active carbon was not investigated. In this research, N-doped active carbon with ultramicropores was prepared from waste soybean dreg using K<inf>2</inf>CO<inf>3</inf>as activator via one-step carbonization/activation technology. The effects of activation temperature on chemical composition, pore structure, and low-pressure CO<inf>2</inf>adsorption performances of the active carbon were investigated. To prepare active carbon, waste soybean dreg with particle size of 0.15-0.90 mm was impregnated with K<inf>2</inf>CO<inf>3</inf>aqueous solution at K<inf>2</inf>CO<inf>3</inf>/dreg dry-basis weight ratio of 2:1, and after mixing uniformly, the mixture was sealed and kept for 4 h. Then, it was dried in an oven at 110 till constant weight was achieved. Subsequently, the dried mixture was heated to 500-650  at an average heating rate of 6/min and then kept for 75 min. Afterwards, the heated mixture was washed with distilled water until the pH value reached about neutral, and then dried at 110 for 12 h to produce active carbon. The obtained samples were subsequently characterized; pore structure and CO<inf>2</inf>adsorption performance were measured with volumetric adsorption analyzers, elemental composition was measured with an elemental analyzer, surface chemistry was measured with an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and surface morphology was measured with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). To gain an insight into the mechanism of pore formation, the soybean dreg and K<inf>2</inf>CO<inf>3</inf>-impregnated soybean dreg were pyrolyzed and analyzed using a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with an infra-red spectrometer. The results showed that the technology could be successfully used to prepare N-doped active carbon with ultramicropores. As the activation temperature increased from 560 to 650, the N was distributed homogenously both on surface and in bulk of the active carbon; the N content (4.1%-4.4%) varied slightly, but the N chemical state changed. As the activation temperature rose, the specific surface area, total pore volume, and micropore volume of active carbon increased monotonously, but their ultramicropore volume first increased and then decreased. The activated carbon prepared at 600 possessed the maximum ultramicropore volume (0.13 mL/g), and the pore diameter of the ultramicropores was mainly in the range from 0.42 to 0.70 nm. The micropore volume, total pore volume, and specific surface area of this kind of carbon were 0.40 mL/g, 0.43 mL/g and 948 m²/g, respectively. After characterizations of these carbon materials, the carbon materials were used for the adsorption of CO<inf>2</inf>. The CO<inf>2</inf>uptakes of the obtained active carbon at low pressures (10, 15 and 20 kPa) first increased and then decreased with the increment in activation temperature, which coincided with the variation trend of their ultramicropore volume. This result indicated that the low-pressure CO<inf>2</inf>uptake of the activated carbon prepared at 600 was ascribable to its developed ultramicropores. The carbon prepared by activation at 600 showed a CO<inf>2</inf>uptake of 1.94 mmol/g at 10 kPa and 0, which was superior to the corresponding values ever reported for many biomass-based active carbon, indicating that the obtained sample could display a high CO<inf>2</inf>uptake at low pressures. Besides, at 10 kPa, this sample displayed a selectivity for CO<inf>2</inf>/N<inf>2</inf>, 41.6 and 30.0 respectively at 0 and 25, which were high compared with the values of many biomass-derived N-deficient active carbon. The high CO<inf>2</inf>/N<inf>2</inf>selectivity of the carbon was owing to the presence of N-containing groups on its surface. Finally, we found that the CO<inf>2</inf>adsorption isotherm of the sample activated at 600 hardly changed after 5 successive runs of adsorption-desorption, indicating that the sample showed excellent recyclability. From the results derived from the CO<inf>2</inf>adsorption tests, it is concluded that the active carbon prepared from N-containing biomass via one-step carbonization/activation technology can display a high uptake of low-pressure CO<inf>2</inf>, large selectivity of CO<inf>2</inf>/N<inf>2</inf>, and excellent recyclability. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Carbon dioxide
Controlled terms:Activated carbon - Adsorption - Biomass - Carbonization - Characterization - Chemical activation - Coal tar - Doping (additives) - Energy utilization - Microporosity  - Mixtures - Particle size - Pore structure - Reflective coatings - Scanning electron microscopy - Solutions - Specific surface area - Spectrometers - Surface chemistry - Technology  - Transmission electron microscopy - Wastes - X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Activation temperatures - Adsorption performance - Elemental compositions - N-Doping - Reduce energy consumption - Thermogravimetric analyzers - Ultra-micropore volumes - Ultramicropore
Classification code:411.2 Coal Tar - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 813.2 Coating Materials - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20154501494373
Title:Sprinkler irrigation enhancing accumulation and quality properties of starch in wheat grain
Authors:Yao, Sumei (1); Wu, Dafu (2); Yang, Wenping (1); Yang, Xueqin (1); Huang, Ling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China; (2) College of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:97-102
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Starch accumulation in wheat is a physiological process of transportation and conversion of photosynthetic assimilates into starch that determines grain yield and quality. The process of starch accumulation cannot only be affected by genetic factors, but also be regulated by environmental conditions. Sprinkler irrigation is one of the most advanced irrigation methods used worldwide and plays a vital role in wheat production in China. However, little is known about the starch accumulation characteristics and its quality variation of wheat grains under sprinkler irrigation. The objectives of this study were to quantify the difference between sprinkler irrigation and surface irrigation in starch accumulation and starch quality properties of wheat grains. In order to achieve the objectives, field experiments were conducted during 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 winter wheat growing seasons with medium-gluten wheat cultivar Bainong AK58 as a test material and surface irrigation as control. The experiment was carried out in Experimental Field of Henan Institute of Science and Technology (35&deg;17'N, 113&deg;56'E) located in Hongmen town of Xinxiang city, Henan, China. Content of starch and its component were determined according to the method of double-wave length. Starch pasting properties were measured by using the Rapid Visco Analyser. The accumulation courses of total starch, amylose and amylopectin were simulated by Logistics equation and then characteristic parameters of the curves were calculated.The results showed that: 1) Compared with surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation improved the total starch content and the content of amylopectin in wheat grains, and decreased the amylase content and amylose/amylopectin ratio; 2) The accumulated total starch content and amylopectin content each grain under sprinkler irrigation were significantly increased by 7.8%-8.0% and 12.2%-12.5% (P&lt;0.05); 3) The accumulated amylose content each grain under sprinkler irrigation was significantly decreased by 8.3%-11.4% (P&lt;0.05); 4) The accumulation courses of starch could be well fitted to the logistic equations by relating starch contents against days after anthesis with R²of 0.995-0.999 (P&lt;0.05); Logistic simulation revealed that the higher total starch and amylopectin accumulation in a single grain under sprinkler irrigation resulted from the higher maximum and average accumulation rate while the lower amylose accumulation in a single grain under sprinkler irrigation resulted from the smaller maximum and average accumulation rate; 5) Compared with surface irrigation, the peak of viscosity, through viscosity, breakdown value and final viscosity of wheat flour under sprinkler irrigation were increased (P&lt;0.05) by 0.169-0.186, 0.053-0.062, 0.116-0.124 and 0.155-0.171 Pa&middot;s, respectively; However sprinkler irrigation had no significant effect on the pasting time and pasting temperature of wheat flour. The results suggested that sprinkler irrigation improved starch accumulation and starch quality of medium-gluten wheat grain. This study may provide valuable information for the high-yield and good-quality cultivation of winter wheat. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Sprinkler systems (irrigation)
Controlled terms:Amylopectins - Crops - Cultivation - Curricula - Cyclodextrins - Grain (agricultural product) - Image quality - Irrigation - Starch - Viscosity
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental conditions - Pasting temperature - Physiological process - Science and Technology - Sprinkler irrigation - Starch accumulation - Surface irrigation - Winter wheat
Classification code:631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.2 Education
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20154501494398
Title:Infrared drying properties and drying experiment of carbon fiber for agricultural production
Authors:Zhang, Weipeng (1, 2); Xiao, Hongwei (1); Gao, Zhenjiang (1); Zheng, Zhian (1, 2); Ju, Haoyu (1); Liang, Shan (3); Zheng, Xia (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) China Research Center for Agricultural Mechanization Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (3) Shanghai Reli Technology Group Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China; (4) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
Corresponding author:Gao, Zhenjiang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:285-293
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Recently, infrared radiation heating has been widely applied in different thermal processing systems in food industry. It has several advantages such as high efficiency, low energy consumption, and high quality of dried products. In addition, the heating power generated from infrared radiation can penetrate into food materials. But the electric radiant infrared heater, such as ceramic infrared heater and gas-fired infrared radiator, has the some drawbacks e.g., large structure and high heating temperature, which lead to higher energy consumption of infrared drier. In order to explore the drying characteristics of carbon fiber and develop a new heating technology of infrared drying, the drying characteristics of banana slices, apple slices, carrot slices and agaric were investigated in a carbon fiber infrared heating. The material internal temperature, ambient temperature, ambient humidity of drying process were detected during drying process. Result indicated that: 1) Far-infrared waves in the rage of 1-30 &mu;m could be launched by the carbon fiber heating board, and main infrared waves were concentrated in the rage of 5-15 &mu;m. The surface temperature of carbon fiber board was in the range of 84-92. Fruits and vegetables could be quickly dried in this form of infrared drying. Under the radiation power of 1.1 kW/m²and the radiation distance of 8 mm, the drying time of 3 kinds of fruit slices (20 mm&times;20 mm&times;11 mm) and agaric (approximately 6-8 g) was about 270-300 min; 2) Carrot slices with size of 20 mm&times;20 mm and 5-11 mm thickness were dried under the radiation power of 1.1 kW/m². It was found that the internal temperature increased with the increase of the thickness. 3) Under the radiation power of 1.1 kW/m², at the radiation distance of 4, 8 and 12 mm, the drying time of 11 mm thick carrot slices was 240, 320 and 450 min, respectively and the drying time increased with the increase of the radiation distance. The adjustment of the distance between the heat source and the material could enhance convection heat transfer, and the temperature of the medium inside the dryer could also be effective in decreasing the drying time without causing quality degradation. 4) Samples were dried in 5 modes: infrared drying, infrared + dehumidification drying, infrared + cold air drying, infrared + hot air drying, hot air drying. The energy consumption of infrared drying of the carbon crystal fiber infrared plate was lower, and the energy consumption of the infrared + cold air drying mode was only 7.68% of the traditional hot air drying at temperature of 55. "Infrared+ hot air" drying could effectively shorten the drying time and reduce the energy consumption, which were 60% and 49.39% of the hot air drying at 55, respectively. In addition, reducing the humidity of drying chamber at the initial drying stage and keeping low air velocity could accelerate drying process. This phenomenon was probably due to the fact that with air velocity increasing, the cooling effect is enhanced, which can reduce the material's temperature. In summary, the carbon crystal fiber infrared plate can be used in fruits and vegetables drying as the heating source, which has the advantages of higher heating rate, compact radiation distance, lower energy consumption and simple structure. The findings of the current work provide theoretical basis for the practical application of carbon fiber heating infrared plate in drying. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:41
Main heading:Infrared drying
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Air - Atmospheric temperature - Carbon fibers - Crystal structure - Crystal whiskers - Drying - Energy utilization - Fibers - Fruits  - Heat convection - Heat transfer - Heating - Humidity control - Infrared heating - Infrared radiation - Plates (structural components) - Radiation - Solar dryers - Thermal processing (foods)  - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Agriculture products - Carbon crystals - Carrot - Drying characteristics - Fruits and vegetables - Infrared radiation heating - Low energy consumption
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 642.1 Process Heating - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 741.1 Light/Optics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 933.1.1 Crystal Lattice
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20154501494381
Title:GF-1 satellite image atmospheric correction based on 6S model and its effect
Authors:Liu, Jia (1); Wang, Limin (1); Yang, Lingbo (1); Teng, Fei (1); Shao, Jie (1); Yang, Fugang (1); Fu, Changhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:159-168
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:GF-1 satellite is the first satellite of the high resolution satellite series in China. Since its successful launch on April 26 2013, GF-1 satellite has been widely applied in agricultural remote sensing monitoring practice in China, and it has become a major data source of agricultural remote sensing dynamic monitoring. Based on the principle of radioactive transfer model of 6S (second simulation of a satellite signal in the solar spectrum), this paper designed and realized the algorithm and program suitable for GF-1 satellite data atmospheric correction. By using the 6S model, the algorithm obtains the parameters for the conversion from reflectivity (or irradiance) of Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) to surface reflectance, and then calculates the surface reflectance of each pixel of each image according to the conversion parameter. The algorithm takes GF-1 satellite first level data, metadata, and open parameter of sensor as the input data, without auxiliary data from other sources. The specific process includes 3 steps, i.e. radiometric calibration, running parameters settings and atmospheric correction. Radiometric calibration is to convert the DN (digital number) value of the original GF-1 satellite first level image into radiation brightness, and then calculate apparent reflectance by combining the reflectivity (or irradiance) of TOA. Either reflectivity (or irradiance) of TOA or apparent reflectance can be taken as the input of atmospheric correction program. Precondition for realizing the algorithm is to calculate the average solar irradiance parameters of each wave band of satellite sensor atmospheric top according to spectral response function of GF-1 satellite sensor and WRC (world radiation center) sun spectrum function. Operation parameters include 2 types: 1) input of satellite images, including satellite zenith angle, satellite azimuth angle, solar zenith angle, solar azimuth, sensor height, ground elevation, radiation calibration coefficient and spectral response functions of various loads, which can be acquired from the metadata of the images; 2) atmospheric model parameters, such as atmospheric model, atmospheric aerosol model, visibility, solar spectrum function. The default value will be set by the system according to the data conditions, and it can be adjusted according to the real situation. Spectral response function of GF-1 satellite is provided by the satellite producer, and the re-sampling is the spectral response curve with the resolution of 2.5 nm and it is input into the 6S model. Atmospheric correction is to convert the apparent reflectance image (or radiation brightness) into ground reflectance. Now, the input is the GF-1 apparent reflectance image (or radiation brightness) which needs atmospheric correction and the output is the ground reflectance image. On the basis of the development of the algorithm, the Fortran and interface description language are applied to compile atmospheric correction batch processing programs, so as to realize the batch processing during atmospheric correction process. This paper used the data of GF1 WFV (wide field view) of Beijing region on April 3, June 28, and November 2, 2014, and January 19, 2015, which 4 phases represented 4 seasons, i.e. spring, summer, autumn and winter. By using the atmospheric correction result of FLAASH (fast line-of-sight atmospheric analysis of spectral hypercubes) of ENVI software, the evaluation was conducted. The relative deviation of the whole year for 4 phases between the 2 methods was 3.26%. Blue light band had the highest deviation of 11.21%, followed by red, near-infrared, and green light bands, which were 1.19%, 0.73% and 0.24% respectively. The average relative error in the areas covered by crops was 12.99%, the highest was in winter which was 17.40% and those in autumn and spring were 15.02% and 14.15% respectively, and summer had the lowest value of 8.31%. Whole correction of ground reflectance of various bands didn't show significant difference, but the reflectance of various bands after 6S correction was usually slightly higher than the correction result of FLAASH. The calculation results of the NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) based on 2 correction results were basically same with the relative deviation of 0.64%, and the absolute difference was within 0.0548 except water body. In terms of calculation efficiency, the 6S model has realized the batch calculation which was not provided in the commercial software of FLAASH module. Under the same hardware environment, the calculation efficiency was improved by more than 75.0%. The research result shows that the atmospheric correction program developed by this paper can stably process GF-1 satellite data in batch, and it can be used as a component of agricultural remote sensing monitoring operation. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Satellites
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Atmospheric aerosols - Batch data processing - Calibration - Efficiency - Infrared devices - Luminance - Metadata - Parameter estimation  - Radiometry - Reflection - Remote sensing - Solar radiation - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:6s models - Agricultural remote sensing - Atmospheric corrections - GF-1 - Interface description languages - Normalized difference vegetation index - Spectral response functions - Surface reflectance
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 655.2 Satellites - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 944.8 Radiation Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20154501494371
Title:Impacts of different root miroirrigation emitters on water distribution of red loam and yellow sand soils in Yunnan
Authors:Yu, Yang (1); Yang, Zhenjie (1); Zhang, Jiansheng (2); Guo, Pan (1); Xue, Xiang (1); Zhang, Xinxing (1); Hu, Hongchao (1); You, Ruiju (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China; (2) College of Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:84-90
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is important to explore the effect of different root micro emitters on soil water distribution, which improves the efficiency of root micro irrigation system. The influence of micro emitter type on soil water distribution was studied in this paper. Two different irrigation systems (surface drip irrigation and root micro irrigation), two different irrigation emitter types (flow adjustable irrigation emitter and drip irrigation belt embedded with inner patch) and three different irrigation times (5, 15 and 30 minutes) were applied on the Yunnan red loam and the yellow sand soils. Soil moisture was determined. The results showed that there was a very significant interaction between the emitter type and the soil type, the emitter type and the irrigation time (P&lt;0.01), but there was no significant interaction between the three (P&gt; 0.05). The flow adjustable irrigation emitter has 8 horizontal drainage holes. The horizontal width of the irrigation water in the 2 soils was both wide (about 25 cm). The drip irrigation belt embedded with inner patch has a downward single hole. The horizontal width of the irrigation water in the 2 soils was both narrow (about 16 cm). Therefore, for the wide root extension of crops, the application of the flow adjustable irrigation emitter should be more suitable, on the contrary, the drip irrigation belt embedded with inner patch are used instead. In the Yunnan red loam, the areas with higher water content for the root micro-irrigation using belt embedded with inner patch were more close to those of crop roots, the areas with higher water content for the surface drip irrigation basically concentrated on the upper part of the soil of the flower pot. Therefore, compared to the surface drip irrigation, water loss due to evaporation in root irrigation greatly reduced. In the Yunnan red loam, the matric potential to the movement of irrigation water played the main role and water was easy to sink; In yellow sand soil, the gravitational potential to the movement of irrigation water played a main role which could cause the deep percolation of water. In the Yunnan red loam, the soil moisture areas corresponding to 70% of the total area mostly had the narrow and low water content when the irrigation time was short. And each section was continuous. The range of the soil moisture section corresponding to 70% of the total area was the widest in the 3 irrigation times. And the uniformity of soil water distribution was also the highest; in the yellow sand soil, with the increase of irrigation time, the range of the soil moisture content section corresponding to 70% of the total area was larger than that in Yunnan red loam. This showed that sections with low and high soil moisture content were in the majority with uneven distribution in Yunnan red loam. And the sections with middle soil moisture content were in the majority with even distribution in yellow sand soil. This paper provides valuble information for increasing water use efficiency in the roots of micro-irrigation system. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Crops - Efficiency - Embedded systems - Moisture - Moisture determination - Sand - Soil moisture - Soils - Solvents - Water  - Water content - Water supply - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Gravitational potential - Increasing water-use efficiencies - Microirrigation systems - Soil-water distribution - Surface drip irrigations - Water distributions - Yellow sands - Yunnan red loam
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20154501494363
Title:Development and experiment of full feeding and movable combined machine for banana stalk fiber extraction
Authors:Zhang, Xirui (1); Liang, Dong (1); Li, Yue (1); Wang, Chao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanics and Electrics Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:22-30
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Banana is one of the four fruits. The annual banana production is 9&times;10⁶t in China, and the banana stem waste is 2.7&times;10⁷t. At present, the traditional way to process the banana stem, such as artificial cut, natural decay and dry burning method, is still adopted in the banana planting area in China. These methods not only cause time consuming, high cost and low benefit, but also probably lead to environmental pollution, disease spread, waste of resources, fire accidents and other problems. Meanwhile, banana stalk contains high-quality plant fiber that is lightweight and with strong permeability, which has high economic value and is suitable for the production of medium and top-grade products, such as suits, shirts, ties, and various decorations, as well as fine paper. But nowadays the researches most have focused on the fiber extraction and application of pineapple, corn stalk and cotton stalk, etc. Based on the above issues, we design the fully feeding and movable combined machine for banana stalk fiber extraction, which is mainly composed of conveying device, feeding device, rolling device, fiber extracting device, discharging device, output device and collection roller. Before the machine works, the banana stem need to be cut into slices and the electric motor of the model machine need to run without load first. After the machine operates steadily, the slices of banana stem are put on the conveying device. With the transmission of the electric motor, the slices of banana are brought into the feeding device by which the banana stem will be fed continuously. Then the banana stem will be sent into the rolling device where the banana stem will be pre-squeezed water out and smoothed, and then it is put into the space between scraping roller and scraping blocker. The minimum distance is 2 mm between scraping roller and scraping blocker. The scraping roller rotates with high speed by means of electric motor's power through conveyor belt. The constant hit of the scraping knife makes the stem succulent part around the banana stem fiber be disintegrating slag and separated from the stem fiber. Meanwhile the disintegrating slag will be discharged from the outlet of impurity along the tangent direction of scraping knife's move by wind force that is created by scraping roller's rotation. After that, banana stem fiber is brought into the crushing device by its own gravity. Then the remaining moisture of stem fiber is exhausted by the discharging device, and stem fiber is output through the output device. At last, the banana stem fiber is collected by people for further processing. The sample test results showed as below: the output was 206.6 kg/h, the extraction rate of stem fiber was 90.4%, the impurity rate was 16.2%, and the energy consumption for extracting 100 kg banana stem fiber was 22.3 kW&middot;h. The machine meets the agronomic production and raw material standards of related industries. The machine has excellent performance, is easy to operate, and works stable and safe. The machine can bring significant ecological benefit to the banana land of main production areas, and will have a promising prospect of application and spreading in the banana planting areas in the south of China. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Belt conveyors - Design - Electric motors - Energy utilization - Equipment - Experiments - Extraction - Feeding - Fibers - Input output programs  - Mechanical permeability - Rollers (machine components) - Slags
Uncontrolled terms:Banana stalk - Disintegrating slags - Ecological benefits - Economic values - Environmental pollutions - Feeding devices - Minimum distance - Waste of resources
Classification code:525.3 Energy Utilization - 601.2 Machine Components - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 692.1 Conveyors - 705.3 Electric Motors - 723.1 Computer Programming - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901 Engineering Profession - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20154501494394
Title:Process optimization of wasted edible oil hydrolytic acidification in two-phase anaerobic digestion
Authors:He, Jing (1); Deng, Yayue (1); Li, Lin (2); Li, Zhengwei (1); Yin, Xiaobo (1); Deng, Yu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Rural Renewable Energy Development and Application, MoA, Chengdu, China; (2) College of Materials and Chemistry Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:247-253
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It was reported that in China the annual consumption of edible oil was 21&times;10⁶tons which consequently produced waste oil of about 6&times;10⁶tons. The waste oil can be recycled to produce biodiesel, bulk chemicals, surfactant, fine chemicals and biogas. The recycling and bioconversion of waste edible oil into biogas will be beneficial to energy crisis and environmental pollution, and promote sustainable economic development. Because of the suppression of long chain fatty acid that is one of intermediate metabolites, waste edible oil that is directly used in anaerobic fermentation often causes digestion inhibition or system crash. The two-phase anaerobic digestion process can avoid the accumulation of long chain fatty acid and volatile acid in the methanogenesis process. Waste edible oil hydrolysis and long chain fatty acid degradation are critical steps in anaerobic digestion of waste edible oil. Improving the production rate of volatile fatty acid (VFA) in hydrolysis acidification phase will raise the subsequent methanogenesis reaction. The response surface methodology (RSM) can obtain the best combination of the factors in a given area and the optimal value of response values, which has been widely used in the optimization of culture conditions and technology conditions in the areas of food processing, water treatment and so on. Therefore, the RSM was used to optimize waste oil biological hydrolysis to produce volatile acid (including acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid). By adopting the method of central composite design (CCD) line design of experiment, using the soft Design Expert to analyze the experiment result, we established the quadratic polynomial in which volatile acid concentration was taken as the response value. The effects of initial pH value, raw material load, reaction time and inoculation rate on volatile acid concentration were investigated. The mathematical model and optimized parameters of process were also acquired. The results showed that the effects of different factors on volatile acid concentration were as following: inoculation rate&gt;reaction time&gt;raw material load&gt;initial pH value. The mathematical model could greatly simulate the practical process with the equation F value of 15.65, correlation coefficient of 0.9359 and adjusted correlation coefficient of 0.8761. The optimum parameters of biological hydrolysis process of waste edible oil were initial pH value of 6.2, raw material load of 300 g/L, reaction time of 8 d and inoculation rate of 40%. Under the optimum conditions, the volatile acid concentration was up to 7221.0 mg/L which was closed to the predicted value of 7224.0 mg/L. The anaerobic fermentation was carried out using waste edible oil with or without acidification treatment. Under the optimum condition, the methane content and total methane yield after acidification increased by 44% and 11%, respectively, and also, the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and volatile solid (VS) increased by 28% and 51%, respectively. Furthermore, the time for achieving 80% of total gas production during a cycle of anaerobic fermentation was shortened by 3 days. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Volatile fatty acids
Controlled terms:Acidification - Anaerobic digestion - Biogas - Biological materials - Butyric acid - Chains - Chemical oxygen demand - Design of experiments - Energy policy - Fatty acids  - Fermentation - Food processing - Hydrolysis - Methane - Oils and fats - Optimization - pH - pH effects - Propionic acid - Recycling  - Surface properties - Surface reactions - Sustainable development - Waste treatment - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Central composite designs - Environmental pollutions - Hydrolytic acidification - Intermediate metabolites - Oils - Response surface methodology - Sustainable economic development - Two phase anaerobic digestion
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 522 Gas Fuels - 525.6 Energy Policy - 602.1 Mechanical Drives - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20154501494382
Title:Measurement of field area based on tractor operation trajectory
Authors:Lu, Zhixiong (1); Zhong, Wenjun (1); Diao, Xiuyong (1); Mei, Shikun (1); Zhou, Jing (1); Cheng, Zhun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:169-176
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The rapid development of modern agriculture in China has put forward higher requirements for agricultural machinery operation. In terms of area measurement, GPS (global positioning system) has become an important measuring tool, completely changed the traditional mode of operation, liberated the labor force, and improved the operation efficiency. Field operation is still basically in the stage of manual operation, so it is inevitable that there is much repetitive operation and missing operation. How to accurately measure the area of operation, this is a necessary issue. In this paper, the adaptive Kalman filter was used to improve GPS positioning accuracy for accurately measuring the tractor operation area. The adaptive Kalman filtering algorithm was mainly to solve the problem of the degradation of the system's filtering accuracy and the divergence of the system in the case of noise statistics being unknown or not accurate. In order to achieve the system noise estimation of adaptive filtering, we used the covariance matching technology and the Kalman filter residual error to realize the algorithm. In this research, the LABVIEW software was used to get latitude and longitude data of GPS receiver. And then the Gauss projection algorithm was used to change the longitude and latitude data into plane coordinates to calculate the area. To test and verify the influence of different ways of operation on the operation efficiency, back tillage, spindle tillage and alternative plough method were chosen. Firstly, this research used MATLAB to identify the operation trajectory, then used different color to show the area of operation, and used the image processing method to calculate the effective operation area, the actual operation area, and the missed and repeated tillage rate, which were used to evaluate the operation efficiency of the tractor. In order to verify the feasibility of the algorithm, the accuracy of single point positioning and the accuracy of area measurement were tested. The single point positioning experiment showed that the Kalman filter improved the accuracy of GPS single point positioning. The numerical changes at the x and y direction before filtering had relatively big fluctuation, and became flat after filtering. The mean value of coordinates changed after filtering, and the mean square error became smaller. The x coordinate reduced from 0.06317 to 0.05807 m after filtering, and the y coordinate reduced from 0.07901 to 0.04097 m after filtering. In the test of GPS area measuring precision, which was the preparation for its work in the measurement of field area, this research used the GPS to measure some regular and irregular figures. The result showed that the relative error of area measurement was 2.09%. Finally, the field experiment was conducted. The result showed that Block 1 missed tillage rate was 14.29%, and repeated tillage rate was 6.19%; Block 2 balk rate was 10.72%, and backset rate was 5.54%; Block 3 balk rate was 1.81%, and backset rate was 6.82%. With the measurement area increasing, the measurement accuracy was higher. The most efficient farming method was alternative tillage, and the second was spindle tillage. Back tillage's balk rate was the highest, and its operating efficiency was the lowest. Image processing method was used to calculate the backset and balk acreage in this paper. Different colors were used to display normal area, repeated tillage area and missed tillage area, through which it could visually display missed and repeated tillage locations, and then calculate the working efficiency. We can use this method to guide the actual agricultural production operation, and select the operation mode with high efficiency. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Computer programming languages - Efficiency - Errors - Geodesy - Global positioning system - Image matching - Image processing - Kalman filters  - MATLAB - Mean square error - Processing - Surveying - Tracking (position) - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck)
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive kalman filter - Adaptive Kalman filtering - Agricultural productions - Gps (global positioning system) - Image processing - methods - Operation area - Single-point positioning - System noise estimation
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 913.1 Production Engineering - 913.4 Manufacturing - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20154501494366
Title:Vibration characteristics analysis and optimization of corn combine harvester frame using modal analysis method
Authors:Yao, Yanchun (1); Du, Yuefeng (1); Zhu, Zhongxiang (1); Mao, Enrong (1); Song, Zhenghe (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimized Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Song, Zhenghe
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:46-53
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The low level of Chinese corn harvest seriously has restricted the corn harvest mechanization. Modal analysis is a very important and useful method for various engineering applications, such as design and dynamic test. There are few researches on vibration test and modal analysis of corn combine harvester frame, which is a key part of the corn harvester. During the harvester's operation, the frame carries and supports the assembly and components, such as engine, cutting header, cab, picking mechanism, elevator, granary, tank, and all alternating loads will eventually pass to the frame. When the vibration frequency is caused by the external excitation and closed to the natural frequency of the frame, it will produce resonance phenomenon, which accelerates the frame strength failure, and therefore affects the dynamic performance and reliability of the frame structure. Using the method of combining the vibration test and modal analysis, this paper studies the vibration characteristics and optimizes the frame, which has the guiding significance for the corn combine harvester design and optimization. Firstly, the paper studies the finite element modeling and analysis method of the frame, and obtains the natural frequency and vibration mode based on the theory of modal analysis. Secondly, using the method of time domain and power spectrum analysis, the paper analyzes the field road test data, and gets amplitude characteristics and power spectrum at 4 measuring points of the frame, as well as attains the excitation frequency of road roughness which is concentrated in the range from 0 to 2.4 Hz, and the whole machine key components' excitation frequency, and studies the influence of the frame. Eventually, this paper studies the influence of discontinuous change of the interval of frame wall thickness and stiffness on the frequency and mode, improves the first-order frequency based on the fundamental frequency optimization method, and then puts forward the improvement scheme and optimized frame structure. The result shows that the vibration frequency of the rear bridge above the frame is 9.79 Hz, close to first-order resonance frequency, which has caused resonance and strength failure. At the same time, the vibration amplitude of the frame from high to low is as follows: the rear bridge above the frame, the engine beam position, the engine longitudinal beam position, and the front bridge above the frame. The vibration amplitude of the rear bridge above the frame exceeds the engine amplitude, which illustrates the resonance has occurred. After the optimization, the first-order natural frequency of frame keeps away from the external excitation, which increases from 15.9927 to 22.4595 Hz, and at the same time, after the optimization of vibration shape, the first-order torsional eigen mode magnitude decreases from 7.778 to 3.768; the first-order bending eigen mode magnitude decreases from 6.83 to 3.651, which has improved the mode shape. The durability test shows that the failure rate of optimized frame is reduced, and the mean time without failure increases from 20 to 60 h. This paper presents the modeling analysis, vibration test, data processing and structure optimization method, and provides a good reference for corn combine harvester vibration control and performance optimization. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Time domain analysis
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Data handling - Durability - Engines - Failure analysis - Finite element method - Frequency domain analysis - Harvesters - Machine components - Modal analysis  - Natural frequencies - Optimization - Outages - Power spectrum - Resonance - Roads and streets - Shape optimization - Spectrum analysis - Structural frames - Structural optimization  - Vibration analysis - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Amplitude characteristics - Combine harvesters - First order natural frequency - Frame - Performance optimizations - Vibration characteristics - Vibration characteristics analysis - Vibrations
Classification code:406.2 Roads and Streets - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 601.2 Machine Components - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20154501494365
Title:Development and experiment of movable solar aerator
Authors:Tian, Changfeng (1); Liu, Xingguo (1, 2); Zhang, Yongjun (1); Zou, Haisheng (1); Shi, Xu (1); Che, Xuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Fishery Equipment and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Xingguo
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:39-45
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the most important factor in pond aquaculture. In order to reduce "oxygen debt" of water in the bottom and prevent fish from hypoxia in the next morning, aerators usually need to run which can stir the water in pond. However, this method consumes a lot of electrical energy and is of low efficiency. A movable solar aerator was designed by the software of Solidworks to solve these problems. It mainly consisted of solar power mechanism, water walking mechanism, aerator and working control system, which could move upon the water, generate waves and exchange amount of water from bottom to surface, etc. The solar power mechanism provided energy for the entire machine, while the water walking mechanism drives the whole machine to move on the water surface. The aerator orbits of the equipment could affect a large area of the pond. In order to verify the reliability of the system, the reliability of walking performance was tested under both idling and load situation by the experiment in which the walking test platform was separately proceeded on the ground and in the pond. First, to deploy the reliability test on the ground, the steel cable was fixed with the stainless steel stem with the diameter of 6 mm, and the locked position was located outside the stop block, so as to ensure there was sufficient gap between stainless steel stem and steel cable. Based on that, it would ensure the synchronous motion of steel cable and stainless steel stem while no interference issue between them. Additionally, to perform the reliability test in the pond, the 2 ends of the steel cable were fixed through the wooden stake. When the moving distance was separately set as 2, 3 and 4 m, after setting the parameters in the control system, the running time and the odometer of single track could be recorded separately. The test duration was 1 day, running 5 h per day with 3 replications, and the illumination intensity of movable solar aerator start-up was 17000 lx. In order to test the stirring water capacity of the movable aerator, the aerator was mounted in the center of the round pond with depth of 1.8 m and diameter of 9 m, to get the relevant parameters, such as rotation speed, wave height located at 0, 3 and 6 m away from the device center, wave velocity and wave length. Results of a series of tests on the mechanical properties revealed that the minimum illumination intensity of movable solar aerator start-up was 17000 lx; the idle running noise was 75.3 dB; the moving speed upon the water was between 0.027 and 0.041 m/s; the remote-controlled distance was 44.2 m; the maximum wave height was 0.44 m in the aerator position. When the illumination intensity got stronger, the value of oxygen transfer efficiency and the capacity of stirring water were getting higher. The maximum mechanical aeration capacity was 1.24 kg/h, with dynamic efficiency of 2.59 kg/(kW&middot;h); the maximum stirring water capacity was 1254.4 m³/h, with stirring dynamic efficiency of 2613.3 m³/(kW&middot;h). The movable solar aerator utilized solar power, which had the advantages of large operational area and long running time, which was about from 5 to 6 h per day. According to the test result of the water walking mechanism, it performed well with high stability and reliability, which overcame the traditional problems of limited operation area and large energy consumption. It could effectively accelerate to exchange water of the upper and lower layer by machinery disturbing in the whole pond, which could be up to 60%-80% of the pond area. Thus, this process corresponds to the concept of environmental friendly, energy saving, high efficiency and low-carbon emission. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Stainless steel
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Aquaculture - Biochemical oxygen demand - Cables - Carbon - Control systems - Dissolved oxygen - Dynamics - Energy conservation - Energy efficiency  - Energy utilization - Fish ponds - Lakes - Mechanisms - Oxygen - Ponding - Reliability - Remote control - Solar energy - Water waves  - Wave propagation
Uncontrolled terms:Aerator device - Environmental-friendly - Illumination intensity - Low-carbon emissions - Oxygen transfer efficiency - Solar - Stability and reliabilities - Walking mechanism
Classification code:471.4 Seawater, Tides and Waves - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 545.3 Steel - 601.3 Mechanisms - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 731.1 Control Systems - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20154501494376
Title:Response of cotton during flowering and boll-forming period to groundwater table and heat stress as well as determination of drainage index
Authors:Yang, Wei (1); Zhu, Jianqiang (1, 2); Wu, Qixia (1, 2); Wang, Zengzhen (1); Ye, Hao (3); Cheng, Lunguo (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China; (2) Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China; (3) College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China; (4) Irrigation and Drainage Experimental Station of the Four Lake Engineering Management Bureau, Jingzhou, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Jianqiang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:120-127
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Cotton production is frequently limited by periods of subsurface waterlogging and heat stress in Hubei plain area of China in summer, but the combined effects of surface waterlogging and heat stress on cotton have been rarely studied. In order to investigate the effects of groundwater table (WT) on main morph-physiological traits and yield of cotton under high temperature (HT) condition as well as determination of drainage index, the combination of WT and HT stresses was carried out by test-pit in Irrigation and Drainage Experimental Station of the Four Lake Engineering Management Bureau, Jingzhou, China in 2012 and 2013. WT were set as 0, 30 and 50 cm with waterlogging for 10 days and HT duration for 6 days (from 10:00 to 16:00 per day) during flowering and boll-forming period of cotton. The morphological indexes as plant height (PH) and complex ratio of red stem to green stem (R/G), and physiological traits as photosynthetic efficiency, leaf pigments and antioxidant enzymes along with yield components were measured and analyzed. The results were as follows: the PH and R/G of cotton were decreased in WT treatments of 0 and 30 cm, whereas they were not significantly different in HT situation. Chlorophyll (Chl) content and photosystem II potential photochemical conversion efficiency of leaf (4 th from top) decreased with increasing WT under HT condition. The relationship of either Chl or photochemical conversion efficiency with WT and HT could be described by linear models (R²=0.961-0986, P&lt;0.01). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities of leaves (4th from top) increased firstly and then declined and catalase (CAT) activity declined with the increment in WT, but malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased. SOD and POD activities decreased remarkably while MDA content increased rapidly at WT of 0-30 cm with HT stress, indicating that HT exacerbated the degree of membrane lid peroxidation. However, HT contributed to subsurface waterlogging tolerance by maintaining a higher SOD and POD activities at WT of 50 cm. The yield losses of the combination of WT and HT attributed principally to a reduction of boll numbers and boll quality. The reduction of seed yield was highest in the treatment of WT+HT (33.7%), followed by WT (26.2%) and HT (7.5%). Assuming the reduction of 15%-20% of seed yield was accepted, the sum of excess soil water of 80 cm (SEW<inf>80</inf>) during flowering and boll-forming period was 216.0-321.2 cm&middot;d with 6 days of HT for WT 0-50 cm. The study may provide valuble information for cotton stress-resistance cultivation and drainage management in Hubei plain lake region of China. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Cotton
Controlled terms:Conversion efficiency - Drainage - Efficiency - Enzymes - Groundwater - High temperature engineering - Lakes - Oxygen - Physiological models - Physiology  - Plants (botany) - Soil moisture - Thermal stress
Uncontrolled terms:Flowering and boll-forming period - Ground water table - Heat stress - Physiological response - Yield
Classification code:444.2 Groundwater - 461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 525.5 Energy Conversion Issues - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20154501494389
Title:Optimum mushroom planted residual as briquetting binder in ramulus mori pellet fuel improving their modeling ratio and combustion properties
Authors:Li, Yanming (1); Huang, Zhimin (1); Long, Siyu (1); Wei, Guangxian (2); Li, Junxiao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China; (2) Guangxi GuiSen Bioenergy Technology Co., Ltd., Nanning, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:216-221
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A mass of Ramulus Mori (RM), Mushroom Planted Residual (MPR) are generated from sericulture and mushroom planting industries in China every year. After adequate drying and densification, these residues can be used as alternative raw materials of pellet fuel for heat generation. RM and MPR differ from crop stalks and sawdust for their physical characteristics and chemical composition. In order to produce high-quality pellet fuel from such materials,it is necessary to understand the role of these variations. The RM and MPR (Main components: 85% Ramulus Mori, 12% cassava alcohol residues, 2% calcium oxide and 1% calcium sulfate) were tested for moisture content, net calorific value in air dried basis, contents of ash, volatile, fixed carbon, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and three biomass components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin). Also the glass transition temperature of two types of lignin which were extracted from RM and MPR, respectively, were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that RM had low ash, sulfur and nitrogen content, but high volatile, net calorific value and glass transition temperature at 72.54%, 17.57 MJ/kg and 160, respectively, implying that RM was an excellent raw material for pellet fuel production, especially if the pressure and temperature during its pelletization can be controlled. The volatile, net calorific value and glass transition temperature of MPR were 66.72 %, 15.23 MJ/kg and 136.8, respectively, which were very significantly different from those of RM by univariate variance statistical analysis. Compared with RM, MPR had lower content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. These results showed that the single MPR was not a suitable raw material for pellet fuel production, but an excellent briquetting binder. MPR was mixed with RM as a briquetting binder when the percentages of MPR content were 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, respectively. The composites were grounded by vibrating screen (constant size at 4 mm) and conditioned at constant moisture contents (20%&plusmn;0.5%). Then the pelletization tests were carried out by using a ring die pellet mill with different length-diameter ratio of ring dies. Therefore, the influence of the length-diameter ratio of ring dies and the mass ratio of RM/MPR on the pelletizing-molding ratio and some mechanical properties (density, durability, net calorific value, etc.) of RM/MPR composite pellets were analyzed. The result showed that the single RM cannot be densified effectively to produce durable pellets when length-diameter ratio of ring die was 4:1, and the pelletizing-molding ratio of single RM was low at 50.24%. One of the methods to increase the pelletizing-molding ratio was to increase the length-diameter ratio of ring dies. The pelletizing-molding ratio of single RM rose to 95.67% when the length-diameter ratio of ring die increased to 5.5:1, but working with such length-diameter ratio of ring die, the ring die pellet mill could be damaged easily. Another effective method to increase the pelletizing-molding ratio was to increase the mass proportion of MPR in the composites. During pelletizing process, MPR can be used as a briquetting binder to connect RM fibers due to its good performance of liquidity and cohesiveness. When mass proportion of MPR in the composites increased to 10% or 15%, the pelletizing-molding ratio of RM/MPR composite pellets was more than 91.54% with length-diameter ratio of ring die at 4:1. The density and durability of the RM/MPR composite pellets were enhanced when a small amount of MPR was added, which indicated that the mass proportion of MPR was proportional to density and durability of RM/MPR composite pellets. Meanwhile, RM/MPR composite pellets showed a satisfying value on net calorific value due to its volatility. When the mass proportion of MPR in the mixture was be within 0-20%, the density, durability and net calorific value of RM/MPR composite pellets was more than 1.208, 96.42% and 17.26 MJ/kg, respectively, which met the criteria of biomass pellet fuel. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Pelletizing
Controlled terms:Binders - Biomass - Briquetting - Calcium - Calorific value - Cellulose - Combustion - Density (specific gravity) - Dies - Differential scanning calorimetry  - Durability - Fueling - Fuels - Glass - Glass transition - Lignin - Low temperature production - Moisture - Moisture determination - Molding  - Nitrogen - Residual fuels - Sulfur - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Alternative raw material - Chemical compositions - Mulus mori - Mushroom planted residual - Pellet fuels - Pelletization - Physical characteristics - Pressure and temperature
Classification code:523 Liquid Fuels - 534.1 Foundries - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 812.3 Glass - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 944.6 Temperature Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20154501494397
Title:Evaluation on suitability of planting potential of energy plants on marginal land of Guangdong Province
Authors:Wang, Fang (1, 2); Zhuo, Li (2, 3); Qin, Xindao (4); Li, Shaoying (1, 2); Yang, Zhaohui (5); Huang, Hongjian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geographical Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China; (2) Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-Simulation, Guangzhou, China; (3) Center of Integrated Geographic Information Analysis, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; (4) Guangzhou Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China; (5) Department of Urban and Environmental Science, USTS, Suzhou, China
Corresponding author:Zhuo, Li
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:276-284
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Liquid bioenergy from energy plants is a promising sustainable energy source in China. But, due to a huge population, it is impossible to use many cultivated lands to expand the planting area of liquid bioenergy to safeguard food security and meet rapidly increasing energy demand. Planting the energy plants on marginal lands in China is an important approach to develop liquid bioenergy industry and solve the supply problem of raw materials. It can be also helpful to relieve the pressure of carbon emission reduction and protect the environment. However, the availability and the multi-suitability of marginal lands, especially at a regional scale, remain uncertain. Accurate evaluation of marginal land potential for energy plants growing is a serious part for rational planning and utilization of marginal lands. Existing land multi-suitability evaluation models are mostly linear models, which often cause overestimation or underestimation of single ecological factor. A nonlinear ecological multi-suitability evaluation model was developed in this study, which introduces expert knowledge and uses Gauss curve to match the optimum ecological niche of the marginal land based on the demand of ecological niche of the energy plant. Matching degree is used as fitness value to measure the multi-suitability and potential of the marginal land for planting energy plants. Taking Guangdong Province as an example, 4 species of liquid energy plants, namely Cassava, Vernicia fordii, Jatropha curcas L. and Pistacia chinensis, were chosen to evaluate the potential of liquid bioenergy. Using a supervised classification process, we identified the marginal lands from the Landsat TM/ETM satellite images with a 30 m resolution that cover Guangdong. The multi-suitability of the marginal lands for planting the 4 species was evaluated using the ecological niche models (ENMs), which incorporate local temperature, precipitation, soil, terrain and traffic. Our modeling consisted of 2 steps, one at the individual ecological factor level, and the other at the habitat level that integrated the outputs from the individual factors. Three kinds of situations were considered, which were represented by 3 types of function curves, namely the S-shaped, Bell-shaped, and Z-shaped curve. The S-shaped curve characterizes the situation that large ecological factor values favor the crop. The Z-shaped curve indicates that small factor values favor the crop. The Bell-shaped curve defines a most optimal range in the factor value, and the optimality drops as the factor value deviates from this range. The results support the following conclusions: the total area of the marginal land in Guangdong is 106.35&times;10⁴hm², and the shrub land, open forest land, and grassland account for 31.36%, 43.86% and 22.43%, respectively. The shoal/bottomland and unused land only account for very small proportion. With abundant heat and water resources, good soil condition and rich marginal land resource, Guangdong Province has high multi-suitability of planting energy plants and great potential of developing liquid bioenergy industry. The area of marginal land suitable for planting the 4 species is 62.15&times;10⁴hm², which accounts for 58.44% of the total marginal land. Ecological niche fitness value for Jatropha curcas L. and Pistacia chinensis is the highest, and for these 2 species have similar ecological niche, there is a competition between them for development space; the second is Vernicia fordii; Cassava has the lowest niche fitness value, which is suitable for growing on the west terrace plain and east coastal hilly tableland in Guangdong Province. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Ecology
Controlled terms:Carbon - Crops - Cultivation - Emission control - Food supply - Forestry - Health - Land use - Liquids - Plants (botany)  - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Carbon emission reductions - Ecological niche models - Fitness modeling - Marginal lands - Plants - Suitability evaluation - Supervised classification - Sustainable energy sources
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444 Water Resources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.3 Food Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20154501494385
Title:Cooling with fans and spray in closed cowshed and chromium supplementation improving growth performance of beef cattle
Authors:Cai, Jingyi (1, 2); Feng, Tangchao (3); Liao, Kuoyao (1, 2); Du, Zhangfei (1, 2); Yi, Zongrong (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; (2) Key Laboratory of University in Cattle Breeding and Low Carbon Production Safety in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China; (3) Livestock Product Safety Testing Center in Yibin City in Sichuan Province, Yibin, China; (4) Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:190-194
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Heat stress in summer can cause beef cattle to decrease feed intake and perform poorly, but such declines can be lessened if the beef cattle are cooled. Both the barn installed cooling fan and the chromium supplementation in diet are effective measures to relieve the degree of heat stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of fanning and sprinkling and chromium added to diet on physiological indexes and growth performance of beef cattle in summer in the Southern China. Twenty-eight Simmental Crossbred beef cattle (average body weight 379.3 kg) were chosen and randomly divided into four groups, and were raised in enclosed feedlot barn for 30 days. In treatment I (T1), fans and spraying system were installed and chromium nicotinate was supplemented in the diet. Only fans and spraying system was assembled in treatment II (T2). In treatment III (T3), only chromium nicotinate was supplemented. Neither the fan and spraying system nor chromium nicotinate was used in the control (T4). The dosage of chromium was 800 &micro;g/kg. The indexes such as environmental factors, temperature-humidity index (THI), rectal temperature (Tr), respiration rate (RR), average daily gain (ADG) and economic benefits were collected. The results showed that compared with the barn without fans and spraying system, the average room temperature was lowered by 1.84 (P&lt;0.01) and wind speed increased by 8.27 times (P&lt;0.01) in 14:00 in barns installed with fans and spraying system. The RR was reduced by 4.93 times (P&lt;0.01) by fans and spraying system, and Tr was reduced by 0.23 (P&lt;0.01) by chromium supplementation compared to T4. No interaction effect on RR and Tr was obtained between chromium supplementation and fans and spraying system. The ADG in T1 was increased by 12.37% (P&lt;0.05), 19.59% (P&lt;0.05) and 34.02% (P&lt;0.05) respectively to T2, T3, and T4. Compared with the control group, the ADG of T2 were increased by 24.71% (P&lt;0.05), and gross profit of T1 was increased by 4.44 yuan per head per day. In conclusion, both the fans and spraying system and chromium supplementation relieved the heat stress of beef cattle, and the average daily weight gain was improved, and finally the economic benefits was increased. However, the combination use of the two measures could lead to better results. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Chromium
Controlled terms:Beef - Cooling - Economic and social effects - Fans - Farm buildings - Heat resistance - Meats - Nutrition - Thermal stress - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Beef cattle - Closed beeflot barn - Effective measures - Environmental factors - Growth performance - Physiological indices - Sprinkling - Temperature humidity index
Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 461.7 Health Care - 543.1 Chromium and Alloys - 618.3 Blowers and Fans - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 822.3 Food Products - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20154501494392
Title:Urea ammoniated pretreatment improving dry anaerobic fermentation characteristics of rice straw
Authors:Luo, Li'na (1); Ding, Qinghua (1); Gong, Weijia (1); Wang, Zhongjiang (1); Li, Wenzhe (1); Qin, Liyuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Li, Wenzhe
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:234-239
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Approximately, crop residues of 700 million tons are generated in China annually, accounting for 52.85% of the amount of biomass resources. Rice straw is one of the major agricultural residues and the output is about 203 million tons. Straw is a valuable renewable resource, but most of straw is burned in the field, which not only results in severe environmental pollution but also affects soil structure and cropland quality. The utilization of straw for anaerobic fermentation can simultaneously solve the waste of resources and environmental pollution problems. Anaerobic fermentation includes wet and dry anaerobic fermentation. Compared with wet anaerobic fermentation, dry anaerobic fermentation has many advantages such as water conservation, easy management, low energy consumption, high gas production rate. Rice straw mainly consists of 3 types of materials, i.e. polymer, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin which are strongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent forces and covalent cross linkages. Rice straw is normally difficult for dry anaerobic fermentation in its natural form due to the complex structure. Therefore, biomass pretreatment prior to anaerobic digestion has become a hot research topic which can reduce structural and compositional impediments of lignocellulosic biomass and expose the polymer chains of cellulose and hemicellulose to microbial breakdown for increasing the rate of biomass degradation and biogas yield. Recently, a variety of pretreatment methods have been researched and applied, such as crushing, milling, steam explosion, biological pretreatment, acid and alkaline pretreatments. Compared with other pretreatment methods, urea pretreatment process can be easily performed, and can alter the structure of lignocellulose, weaken the hydrogen bonding, partially dissolve hemicellulose and lignin, increase the nitrogen content and hence decrease the carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N) of rice straw to the level of 20-30, which is more favorable for anaerobic digestion. Thus, different concentration of urea (2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) and different pretreatment temperature (25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50) were investigated to evaluate the changes of lignocelluloses and the characteristics of dry anaerobic fermentation. The results showed that: 1) The different concentration of urea had a significant effect on the pretreatment of rice straw, which can break down lignocellulose structure of the straw and reduce the C/N ratio. The cumulative biogas production of the pretreated rice straw was 20.67%-38.20% higher than that of the untreated rice straw, and the optimal urea concentration for anaerobic fermentation was 4%. 2) The different pretreatment temperature had little effect on dry anaerobic fermentation of rice straw. Therefore, urea pretreatment of rice straw was mainly affected by urea concentration. The results provide a reference for pretreatment process, and also provide the data support for dry anaerobic fermentation technology of the straw. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Biogas - Biomass - Carbon - Cellulose - Energy utilization - Fermentation - Hydrogen bonds - Lignin - Metabolism  - Nitrogen - Pollution - Straw - Urea - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Biological pre-treatment - Cellulose and hemicellulose - Environmental pollution problem - Hemicellulose - Ligin - Pre-Treatment - Pretreatment temperature
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20154501494387
Title:Establishment and application of integrated agricultural enviro-economic benefit model
Authors:Tang, Lihua (1); Yang, Dawen (1); Meng, Fanlei (1); Ma, Huan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; (2) The Haihe River Water Conservancy Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources, Tianjin, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:202-207
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Agricultural economy development and environment protection are often contradictory and closely linked in today's world. For example, fertilizer application in some extent can increase crop production. On the other hand, it also may cause non-point source pollution and aggravate water pollution. In order to evaluate the environmental and economic benefits of agricultural activities objectively and scientifically, an integrated agricultural enviro-economic model was established in this study. The maximum of crop net profit calculated by agricultural input and output is the target function in this model, and the limit condition is the nitrogen loads released to the surface water body and/or groundwater. Thus how to calculate the crop yield and nitrogen leaching is the key issue. The Weishan irrigation district is the fifth irrigation district in China, which is irrigated by the Yellow River. More than 90% of the area is farmland, with rotation of winter wheat and summer maize. As a case study, the Weishan irrigation district was selected for model application because of its homogeneous planting and measurable irrigation. A calibrated and validated Hydrus-1D model was employed to simulate the nitrogen leaching, root uptake of nitrogen and crop yields in several scenarios with different irrigation and fertilization. And then the regression equations were reached between crop yield/nitrogen leaching and the amounts of irrigation and fertilization to get the values of coefficients in the integrated model. Finally, the integrated model was solved by using the optimization toolboxes in Matlab software, and optimal irrigation and fertilization schemes were obtained under different controls of nitrogen leaching. According to the scenario simulations by Hydrus-1D model, nitrogen leaching had a positive correlation with both irrigation and fertilization amounts. Crop yield had a peak value with some optimal irrigation, while no peak value appeared with the change of fertilization for the model's inner deficiency. Based on the analysis and discussion, the economic benefit would increase as a result of the easing control of pollution (i.e., allowable nitrogen leaching increase), but the growth rate would slow down, that is, the marginal benefit of agricultural development was diminishing at the expense of environment benefit. In the study area, the net income of crops planting was reached the maximum when nitrogen leaching controlled under 500 kg/hm²with irrigation of 240 mm and fertilization of 732 kg/hm². If more strict control of nitrogen leaching is expected, fertilization should be decreased, which may reduce the farmer's income. In this way, government can provide compensation to farmers for encouraging more environment-friendly agricultural production. By using the integrated enviro-economic model, the environmental compensation was about 913.5 Yuan/hm²if cutting the allowable nitrogen leaching from 500 to 450 kg/hm². Moreover, scientific guidance of irrigation and fertilization can offer best economic and environmental benefits. For example, if the local actual irrigation of 300 mm and fertilization of 610 kg/hm²changed with irrigation of 240 mm and fertilization of 458 kg/hm², the farmer's income would increase 478 Yuan/hm², and nitrogen leaching would decrease 123 kg/hm²at the same time, which may reduce agricultural non-point source pollution remarkably. Although there are some uncertainties in the estimation, this model can be used to provide references for the policy making of agricultural environmental protection and compensation. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Water management
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Cultivation - Economic analysis - Economic and social effects - Economics - Fertilizers - Groundwater - Irrigation - Leaching  - MATLAB - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Pollution - Pollution control - River pollution - Surface waters - Water content - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point source pollutions - Agricultural pollution - Economic and environmental benefits - Environmental compensation - HYDRUS-1D - Irrigation districts - Nitrogen leaching - Non-point source pollution
Classification code:444.1 Surface Water - 444.2 Groundwater - 453 Water Pollution - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 921 Mathematics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20154501494399
Title:Microwave drying kinetics and energy consumption analysis of extruded cotton stalks
Authors:Wang, Hongti (1); Guo, Kangquan (1, 2); Li, Peng (3); Lin, Yawen (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China; (2) Shaanxi Province Agricultural Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center, Yangling, China; (3) College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China; (4) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Kangquan
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:294-301
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China has abundant biomass resources. The total production of biomass stalks was over 0.8 billion tons in 2013 and is expected to increase in the future. It is a big challenge to utilize the abundant biomass stalks and increase their economic value. It is known that crop straw is suitable for making scrimber, which has broad market potentials. Cotton stalk is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which is similar to wood. Due to the semi-lignified features and higher cellulose content, cotton straw is a kind of good straw biomass resource that is the alternative to wood resource. Cotton stalk scrimber has some properties which are comparable to wood-based composites, and its fabrication is a new effective way to utilize the cotton stalk resource. The processes of manufacturing crop straw scrimber included raw material preparation, extruding, drying, glue blending, lay-up, cold pressing, hot pressing and after-treatment. After being extruded, the moisture content of cotton stalk was usually over 100% (dry basis), but the appropriate moisture content was no more than 6% for the following process. So the drying process of extruded cotton stalk was very important and necessary. Compared to other drying methods, microwave drying has several advantages, such as uniform energy and high thermal conductivity to the inner of the material, energy saving, fast startup and shutdown conditions. Microwave drying also reduces the drying time. At present, microwave drying has not been applied in the drying of extruded cotton stalk because of lacking related researches, such as, mathematical modeling of the drying process, effective moisture diffusivity and drying energy. Aiming at these questions, in this study, extruded cotton stalks were dried in a domestic microwave equipment with microwave frequency of 2450 MHz and output power of 1 kW to assess the effects of material load on drying time, drying rate, drying efficiency and specific energy consumption. Microwave drying experiments with different material loads ranging from 34 to 200 g were performed under the 1 kW microwave output power. The results showed that the drying took place mainly in the rate-falling period. A relatively long rate-falling period was observed after a short heating period and without constant rate. Among the 7 mathematical models used to fit the drying process of extruded cotton stalks, through the comparison on the R², RMSE and sum of squares of deviations between experimental and predicted moisture ratios, it was found that the Midilli model was the best one for all the data points. The value of the drying coefficient decreased with the increase in the material load. By increasing the material load (from 34 to 200 g), the drying time increased from 10 to 20 min. To examine the effect of material load on effective moisture diffusivity, the samples in the range of 34-200 g were dried under the constant microwave output power of 1 kW. By increasing the material load of sample, the effective moisture diffusivity decreased, the average of which ranged from 1.8078&times;10^-8-4.1997&times;10^-8m²/s. The activation energy was calculated using an exponential expression based on Arrhenius equation, which was 4.82 W/g. Energy consumption decreased and drying efficiency increased with the increasing of material load of extruded cotton stalks. Average specific energy consumption and drying efficiency varied in the range of 12.49-35.90 MJ/kg and 7.52%-19.78%, respectively. The results can provide the theoretic basis for the drying and industrialized production of cotton stalks. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Energy efficiency
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Biomass - Blending - Cellulose - Cotton - Crops - Diffusion - Drying - Energy conservation - Energy utilization  - Enzyme kinetics - Hot pressing - Microwave heating - Microwaves - Moisture - Moisture determination - Plants (botany) - Wood
Uncontrolled terms:Cotton stalk - Drying efficiency - Effective moisture diffusivity - Energy consumption analysis - High thermal conductivity - Industrialized production - Microwave drying kinetics - Specific energy consumption
Classification code:525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 711.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20154501494395
Title:Optimization layout method of monitoring sample points of cultivated land quality based on semi-variance analysis and grade combination
Authors:Zhu, Jinxia (1); Xu, Baogen (1); Zhang, Linyun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Economic and Social Development, Zhejiang University of Finance &amp; Economics, Hangzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:254-261
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The quantity and quality of cultivated land plays an important role in the national food security and the long-term stability of the community. The purpose of this study was to explore a method of location sampling with optical number for monitoring the quality of cultivated land at county level. Songyang County, Zhejiang Province was selected as our study area to investigate the proposed method. We adopted a combination of theoretical modeling and empirical analysis together in this study. The absolute deviation and the variance of national natural index of cultivated land were used to calculate the theoretical sample size of the monitoring points of cultivated land within the permitted statistical error range. We preliminarily determined the number of monitoring reference samples according to the technical specification for soil environmental monitoring. There were 47 monitoring sample points simulated in Songyang County. Then, we applied the variogram model of geostatistics to set up the monitoring sample points, which provided a way for controlling monitoring costs and improving monitoring accuracy based on variability analysis. The input parameter of semi-variable function was national natural index. All the process was explored in the software GS+. The semivariance of agricultural land natural index was analyzed at separation distance. The variation of the radius of cultivated land in Songyang was 3.1 km, which was the exactly radius of the grid in the proposed method. There were 89 monitoring points of land quality grading arranged by the use of variogram results. Next, sample points were corrected and optimized by the use of grading combination and spatial attributes. The core idea of the procedure was how to correct the monitoring sample points to reflect the land quality level successfully. In order to improve the representativeness of monitoring points and the integrity of arable land quality monitoring information, we analyzed the distribution characteristics of grading factors and the potential change areas of cultivated land quality. In this study, there were 14 grade combinations of national agricultural land natural level, national land use level and national agricultural land economical level. After spatial overlay analysis of quality grading factors, potential change areas and grade of cultivated land using the geostatistics method of the GIS (geographic information system), the number of reasonable layout of the monitoring points was reduced to 40. Finally, we compared the grade monitoring point arrangement and the distribution map of grading results of land quality respectively between the proposed and the traditional method. The overall accuracy of national natural grade, national usage grade and national economic grade was improved by 12.75%, 5.3% and 10.55%, respectively. Kappa coefficient was also improved by 0.19, 0.10 and 0.17, respectively. Additionally, the area ratio of grading factors was almost the same as the number ratio of monitoring points of cultivated land. We also analyzed the distribution of monitoring points within potential change areas of cultivated land quality. The area ratio of potential change areas was almost the same as the number ratio of monitoring points in potential change areas. Results indicated that the proposed method was effective for locating sampling for monitoring the quality of cultivated land and significantly improved the accuracy of the cultivated land grading. All the monitoring points were successful in representing the integrity of cultivated land quality. The explored new method is feasible, scientific and standard, which can be widely used in the management of monitoring the quality of cultivated land at county level. Further research is needed in other scales, such as city, province and country. The proposed method should be further tested in other regions containing more complex conditions in geology and geomorphology. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Food supply - Geographic information systems - Grading - Land use - Monitoring - Optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Cultivated land qualities - Cultivated lands - Distribution characteristics - Environmental Monitoring - GIS (geographic information system) - Methods - Semi-variances - Technical specifications
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.3 Food Products - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20154501494393
Title:Effects of pre-fermentation methods on acidification bacteriostasis and methane fermentation of kitchen waste
Authors:Song, Na (1); Wang, Qunhui (1); Wang, Lihong (2); Che, Shun (1); Yu, Miao (1); Zhao, Nana (1); Wu, Chuanfu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China; (2) Department of Architectural Engineering, Handan Polytechnic College, Handan, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Qunhui
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:240-246
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Kitchen waste easily sours and smells during the process of collection and transportation because of its high content of water and organic substrate, which hinders its resource utilization. Therefore, how to solve the problem of kitchen waste bacteriostatic preservation is the key to achieve the resource utilization of kitchen waste. The final purpose of anaerobic digestion is to produce methane, so we want to find an effective pretreatment method which can not only realize the kitchen waste bacteriostatic preservation, but also promote the methane production. In this study, fresh kitchen waste was inoculated with yeast and acetic acid bacteria to conduct ethanol and acetic acid pre-fermentation respectively. Ethanol and acetic acid pre-fermentation groups were compared to the control group, which group's kitchen waste had no inoculation and just was placed in anaerobic environment. After pre-fermentation, the pretreated kitchen waste was mixed with distillers' grains to anaerobic methane fermentation. All groups underwent anaerobic methane fermentation under the same experimental condition. The study was aimed to make clear of the effect of the 2 pre-fermentation methods on acidification bacteriostasis and anaerobic co-digestion compared to the control group by investigating the methane yield, the changes of parameters such as pH value, VFAs (volatile fatty acids), acetic acid, propanoic acid and ethanol mass concentration during hydrolytic acidification and methane fermentation phase. The results showed that ethanol and acetic acid pre-fermentation performed well on acidification bacteriostasis, as the numbers of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus both decreased by 2 orders of magnitude during pre-fermentation phase through plate counting method. The descending order for the accumulated methane yield was: ethanol pre-fermentation group (4725 mL) &gt; control group (3896 mL) &gt; acetic acid pre-fermentation group (3135 mL), and the accumulated methane yield of ethanol pre-fermentation group was 21.3% and 49.8% higher than control group and acetic acid pre-fermentation group, respectively. Through the above results we found that ethanol pre-fermentation group could not only realize the kitchen waste bacteriostatic preservation, but also promote the methane production. Ethanol pre-fermentation group was found to have the highest ethanol mass concentration and pH value while the lowest VFAs, acetic acid and propionate acid mass concentration in both hydrolytic acidification and methane fermentation phase. Through ethanol pre-fermentation process, kitchen waste was converted into ethanol, which decreased the VFAs' concentration in the meantime. As is well known, the accumulation of VFAs leads to the activity of methanogens decreasing, which results in the reduction of gas production rate. Meanwhile, methanogens' activity is very sensitive to tiny changes of propanoic acid concentration. Since ethanol is neutral, which will not led to the pH value decreasing, and it can be converted into acetic acid gradually, which can be directly used by methanogens, this ethanol pre-fermentation process can indeed improve digestion efficiency and methane yield in the following anaerobic system. Moreover, with less VFAs produced at the beginning of digestion, the acid accumulation issue can be well relieved in the later stage. In conclusion, ethanol pre-fermentation is an effective treatment which can do well in the acidification bacteriostasis of kitchen waste and also stabilize the fermentation system to improve methane production rate. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Volatile fatty acids
Controlled terms:Acetic acid - Acidification - Anaerobic digestion - Bacteria - Escherichia coli - Ethanol - Fatty acids - Fermentation - Kitchens - Methane  - Methanogens - Organic acids - pH - Process control - Propionic acid - Saturated fatty acids - Solid solutions - Waste treatment - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic co-digestion - Anaerobic environment - Distillers' grains - Experimental conditions - Fermentation process - Hydrolytic acidification - Resource utilizations - Staphylococcus aureus
Classification code:452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 461.9 Biology - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20154501494380
Title:Spatio-temporal patterns of evaporative fraction in vegetation ecosystem based on remote sensing data and its responses to climatic factors in China
Authors:Qiu, Kuanbiao (1); Jia, Baoquan (2, 3, 4); Zhang, Zhiqiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating, College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; (2) Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, China; (4) Research Centre of Urban Forestry, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Zhiqiang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:151-158
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Evaporative fraction (EF) is an important parameter to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) for regional ecosystem, and also an indicator to evaluate the moisture status of the terrestrial ecosystem. Based on the climate data in China and moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) products such as MOD11B3, MOD13A3 and MOD12, this manuscript focused on the monthly mean EF estimation using the Priestley-Taylor model and EF validation using the ground-based eddy measurement data, analyzed the spatio-temporal patterns of monthly mean EF and evaluated its responses to the climate factors in the vegetated region in China, in order to obtain the seasonal change characteristics of EF and its sensitivity to climate. Results showed that monthly mean EF dynamics in the vegetation ecosystems had significant seasonal change characteristics. During the whole year, vegetation ecosystem in South China had a higher value than those in other regions in China. In spring, monthly mean EF increased in the south of Yangtze River and Sichuan Basin. And then the regions with high EF value expanded to the North China Plain and the Northeast China in summer. In autumn, the regions with high EF value shrank, and the distribution of monthly mean EF was similar to that in spring. The correlations between the spatial distribution of EF and climate factors showed seasonal variability. In spring and autumn, the EF was significantly correlated (P&lt;0.01) with monthly total solar radiation, monthly mean temperature and monthly precipitation. In winter, monthly mean temperature was the sole factor significantly affecting (P&lt;0.01) the EF in vegetation ecosystem in China. Contrary to these, there were no significant correlations between EF and climate factors in summer. The reason was the distinguishing relationships between monthly mean EF and climatic factors. Regional variability was also found in the sensitivity of seasonal EF to the climate. The higher sensitivity to monthly precipitation was found in the northern and inland regions compared to that in the southern and coastal regions. On the contrary, vegetation ecosystem in the southern and coastal regions showed higher sensitivity to monthly mean temperature and monthly solar radiation. This was accordant with the differences of the moisture conditions between northern and southern ecosystems. In Southwest China, the negative relationship between monthly mean EF and monthly mean temperature showed the drought in the hot season was controlled by the southwest monsoon in this region. On the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the sensitivity of monthly mean EF to climate was lower than that in other regions. Monthly mean EF of deciduous broadleaf forest, shrub land and grassland had high seasonal variability, while the seasonal variability on monthly mean EF of evergreen broadleaf forest was relatively insignificant. The relationships between EF and climatic factors for each vegetation type showed that monthly mean EF of cropland was more highly related to monthly precipitation, monthly mean temperature and monthly solar radiation than those of other vegetation types. Compared to cropland, monthly mean EF of forest showed less sensitivity to monthly precipitation. Among various forest types, monthly mean EF of mixed forest and evergreen broadleaf forest had the highest sensitivity to monthly solar radiation, followed by deciduous broadleaf forest, deciduous conifer forest and evergreen conifer forest, suggesting that the broadleaf forest had higher sensitivity to monthly solar radiation. Similar to the sensitivity to monthly solar radiation, monthly mean EF of broadleaf forest had a higher sensitivity to monthly mean temperature than that of conifer forest. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Ecosystems
Controlled terms:Climate change - Climate models - Coastal zones - Ecology - Evapotranspiration - Forestry - Image reconstruction - Moisture - Radiation - Radiometers  - Remote sensing - Satellite imagery - Solar radiation - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:China - Climatic factors - Evaporative fraction - Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer - Qinghai Tibet plateau - Season variation - Spatiotemporal patterns - Terrestrial ecosystems
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 655.2 Satellites - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 921 Mathematics - 944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20154501494386
Title:Promoting effects of corn stalk as suitable component of mixed substrate on potato virus-free seedling growth
Authors:Li, Shuang (1); Hou, Jie (1); Zhang, Jingying (1); Li, Xiang (1); Han, Yuzhu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
Corresponding author:Han, Yuzhu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:195-201
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Peat and vermiculite are usually used as cultivation substrates to produce potato mini tubers but the peat is non-renewable resource. There is no enough peat that can be used as cultivation substrate to produce potato mini tubers. The vermiculite is used as substrate material for one year usually. When we use vermiculite as cultivation substrate to produce potato, we may spend more money because the repetition utilization rate of the vermiculite is low and the vermiculite is expensive. Corn stalk resource is rich and its price is low, however, corn stalk as cultivation substrate has not been used efficiently in potato mini tubers cultivation. In order to make full use of the corn stalk, we carried out the experiments. This experiment studied the application effect of corn stalk substrate in the production of potato mini tubers. Through the comparative analysis of the test results, we hope we can find out more suitable application ratio of cultivation substrate for producing potato mini tubers. This paper took the potato Chunshu No.4 virus-free seedling and 5 different substrates including corn stalk, peat, vermiculite, sand and soil as experimental materials. We used the corn stalk through fermentation treatment. We sieved the peat by 1 cm aperture. These 5 kinds of substrates were mixed in various ratios to form 6 compound substrates: M1 (peat : vermiculite=1:1), M2 (corn stalk : peat : vermiculite=1:1:2), M3 (corn stalk : peat : sand=1:3:4), M4 (corn stalk : peat : sand=1:1:2), M5 (corn stalk : sand : soil:3:4:1) and M6 (corn stalk : soil=3:2). We used the 500 times liquid of 50% wettable powder of Duolaibao pesticide and the 1000 times liquid of 50% wettable powder of Duojunling fungicide for insecticidal sterilization after the substrate materials were mixed evenly in various ratios. Before the experiment, we made the land leveling in the greenhouse and put insect-proof screen on the land. We used the bricks to make 9 test flumes. The length of the test flume was 2.4 m and the width was 1 m. The passage was 40 cm between the test flumes. We divided the test flume into 2 experiment plots with equal area. There were 18 experiment plots. The area of each experiment plot was 1.2 m². Random block method was used in the experiment and the tests were repeated three times. Before the potato virus-free seedlings were planted, we put the sunshade net with the transmittance of 50% above the greenhouse. We took down the sunshade net after the rejuvenation period of the potato virus-free seedlings. Starting from the time that the potato virus-free seedlings were planted in the greenhouse, random sampling was carried out every half a month. The effects of 6 kinds of substrates with different ratios on the form and physiology of the potato virus-free seedlings were analyzed and compared. The form indicators of the potato virus-free seedlings included plant height, stalk width, leaf number, stem number, above-ground mass and root mass, and the physiology indicators of the potato virus-free seedlings included chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and root activity. The results indicate that M2 (corn stalk : peat : vermiculite=1:1:2) is better than the other experiment substrates, on plant height, stalk width, above-ground fresh mass, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll, and provides more nutrients for potato mini tubers during the period of growth. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Substrates
Controlled terms:Chlorophyll - Greenhouses - Growth (materials) - Peat - Physiology - Sand - Seed - Soils - Straw - Sun hoods  - Testing - Tubes (components) - Viruses
Uncontrolled terms:Comparative analysis - Corn - Cultivation substrates - Different substrates - Experimental materials - Insect proof screen - Non-renewable resource - Potato
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 524 Solid Fuels - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20154501494383
Title:Estimation methods for crop straw yield in township level based on MODIS and world map remote sensing data
Authors:Wang, Xue (1); Chang, Zhizhou (2); Zhang, Henggan (2); Wang, Xiaohua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; (2) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Chang, Zhizhou
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:177-182
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Township is the main direct part of duty for straw burning. It is very important for an effective method to estimate the total amount of straws in small-scale region, such as Chinese townships. Research of township regional estimation methods for crop straw production would provides an effective approach for the township straw resources' planning and storage facilities location. This study aims to estimate straw production and their spatial distribution by using MODIS time series data and free world map image data in Chemen experimental site of Sihong County. The estimation process included three steps. Firstly, an uniformly distributed and relatively large field patch were chosen as the sample plot according to the electronic map. A field survey was conducted to investigate the current planting types. Then the "Crop type-EVI parameter" discriminant function and rules were established by setting crop type as classification variable and annual time series EVI as discriminatory variable, its MODIS-EVI time series data of the sample plot was collected online, and the accuracy rate was 97.37% in the case of setting confidence level of 95%.Secondly, sample plots' images were recognized based on the field surveys data. The discriminant analysis was used to implement the "Crop type-EVI parameter" discriminant function and rules. There blocks were discriminated as rice stubble wheat planting type, and 8 for dryland wheat type, free lands exactly judge right, The correct total of 109 blocks, the judge accuracy rate of 90.8%; after the exclusion of free lands, the judge accuracy rate of 88.2%.In order to improve the classification accuracy, this paper adopted assistant judgment by the Chemen township autumn map world remote sensing image data in 2012. Meanwhile, field investigation and verification were combined with, drawn the image of Chemen township straw resources type distribution map. The residents, woodland, rivers and other objects classify through on-the-spot investigation. Wheat, rice stubble wheat, dryland wheat, free lands were classified by discriminant classification rules, and then combined with time series data to revise the field investigation results. Thirdly, we extracted the free world map image data corresponding to each field patch and judged the crop types in the region according the rule approached. Subsequently, straw resource area and straw yield and of the whole county were estimated, which included 1.77 million tons of rice straw resources, collecting rice straw resources volume of 1.27 million tons, 2.78 million tons of wheat straw resources, collection of wheat straw resources amount to 1.51 million tons, the dryland of Gangzhu, Tuanjie village planted corn, soybean, peanut mixed cropping, but unable to statistics identify and estimate. The results showed that this method could get more accurate straw production area, resources yield and the spatial distribution data in small-scale regions, compared with the traditional investigation method, this method is faster and easier. All operations of the process have been developed into plug-in, which is integrated into the software Croplab. Users only need simple operation knowledge can be completed, and does not require too much knowledge of statistics and technical, especially for investigation and planning of rural area of straw resources. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:Calculations - Crops - Digital storage - Discriminant analysis - Image reconstruction - Maps - Radiometers - Rural areas - Spatial distribution - Straw  - Surveys - Time series
Uncontrolled terms:Classification accuracy - Classification variable - Discriminant classifications - Discriminant functions - Investigation methods - MODIS-EVI - Parcel data - Remote sensing images
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 921 Mathematics - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20154501494375
Title:Effects of mulching with no-tillage on soil physical properties and potato yield in mountain area of southern Ningxia
Authors:Hou, Xianqing (1); Li, Rong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
Corresponding author:Li, Rong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:112-119
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Droughts often occur, particularly in spring in southern mountainous region of Ningxia. The problem of soil water shortage and drought in seedling stage seriously influence the growth and yield of potato. In order to explore the effects of different ground surface methods combined with no tillage on soil physical characteristics, potato growth, and yield, a 3-year field experiment was conducted to study the effect of mulching with tillage on soil bulk density, elastic-stable aggregate, soil water, potato growth indexes, and yield in arid areas of southern Ningxia between 2013 and 2015. The field experiment consisted of the following 4 treatments: straw mulching with no tillage (NT+SM), plastic film mulching with no tillage (NT+FM), no mulching with no tillage (NT), and no mulching with conventional tillage (CT). The CT was used as the control. Our study results showed that the soil bulk density of the 0-40 cm soil layer under no tillage combined with mulching was decreased compared to CT, while the total soil porosity was greatly improved, and the NT+SM treatment was the best. During the study, the mean soil bulk density (0-40 cm) with NT+SM treatment was significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased by 10.22% when compared to CT treatment. The NT+SM, NT+FM, and NT treatments increased significantly content of &gt;5 mm elastic-stable macroaggregates by 29.16%-37.92% (P&lt;0.05) at the 0-20 cm soil layer compared to CT. The amounts of &gt;0.25~2 mm aggregates at the &gt;20-40 cm soil layer in the NT+SM and NT+FM treatments were significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased by 40.50% and 67.07% than that of CT treatment, respectively. No tillage combined with mulching greatly improved soil water storage at 0-200 cm soil layer during the growing season of potato. The soil water storage of the NT+FM treatment was higher than the CT treatment at early stage of potato. However, the NT+SM treatment could significantly improve soil water content in later growth period. The application of mulching and tillage significantly promoted the growth of potato, and the plant height, stem diameter and aboveground biomass of potato under the different mulching methods with no tillage were higher than CT treatment. The NT+FM treatment significantly promoted the growth in the early stage of potato, while the NT+SM treatment significantly promoted the growth in later growth period. The potato yield and commodity rate improvements were the highest in the treatment of straw mulching with no tillage, and they were significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased by 24.14% and 15.93% compared to CT treatment, respectively. In sum, the ground surface mulching with no tillage can not only effectively decrease soil bulk density, but also improve soil structure, and show the better ability of soil water conservation, therefore promoting the growth and yield of potato. Among all treatments, the straw mulching with no tillage was best for potato cultivation in the arid area of South Ningxia. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agglomeration - Aggregates - Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Arid regions - Cultivation - Drought - Food storage - Forestry - Porosity  - Soil conservation - Soil moisture - Water conservation - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Arid areas of southern ningxia - Bulk density - Mountain area of southern Ningxia - No tillage - Physical characteristics - Plastic film mulching - Soil physical property - Soil-water conservation
Classification code:406 Highway Engineering - 444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 694.4 Storage - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20154501494361
Title:Speed of bionic breaking corn ear hand and experiment on power consumption
Authors:Zhang, Liping (1); Li, Qiyun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
Corresponding author:Li, Qiyun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:9-14
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Corn has already been the first major grain crop in China and its planting area is growing quickly. Compared to the wheat mechanical harvesting, corn mechanical harvesting level is very low. For traditional corn harvesting machine, snapping device most snaps corn ear. It makes extrusion or nibbling on the corn ear caused by snapping roller, leading to the high loss rate. It hinders the development of mechanization. As the subsidies on agriculture are generous in recent years, corn harvesters have been developed rapidly. But there are also many problems that can't be solved in current corn harvesters, such as high grain damage rate, high impurity rate and high power consumption. So a new way to pick up corn is needed urgently. In order to solve these current problems, our research team designs the bionic device of breaking corn ears. This design's inspiration is from artificially picking up corn ears; people pick up corn ears from top to bottom, and this way does not have the problem of hurting corn ears, so we break through the traditional way and use a new way to design this device. The working principle of this device is that power is provided by the speed regulating motor. After driving sprocket drives the power, the left driving wheel for breaking ears rotates clockwise and the right driving wheel for breaking ears rotates counterclockwise. The breaking ear hands move from the top to the bottom in the breaking ears space, which does not allow the corn ears to cross the space, and when the hands touch the corn ear, they will pick up it. Many tests have already been done to prove the feasibility of the device. First we do the single-factor tests, and we test the force required by picking up corn ears in the traditional way and the bionic way respectively under the static and dynamic condition. In traditional way we fix the corn on the equipment along the direction of plant growth, and in bionic way we fix the corn on the equipment against the direction of plant growth; under static condition we provide tension slowly, under dynamic condition we provide tension suddenly, we analyze the data and get the relationship between them; and then we do the power consumption test that is used by bionic device of breaking corn ears. We do the test in laboratory in which the device can't move but corn plants move; we design a device system and fix the corn plants in the track that can be driven by motor, and the traveling speed is set as 1.0 m/s. The speed of breaking corn ears hand is different, and the ko camera is used to record the test process and the power meter is used to record the power consumption. Finally we get the relationship between the speed of breaking corn ears hand and the pure power consumption. Tests show that the force required in the bionic way is significantly reduced, which is only one tenth of the traditional way, and this is decided by physiological characteristics of corn; compared with the current corn harvesters with snapping rollers or snapping boards, this device does not hurt corn ears and consumes less power, which is only one sixth of the snapping rollers' power consumption; and the relationship between the pure power consumption and speed of breaking corn ears hand is quadratic function. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Electric power utilization
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Biomimetics - Bionics - Costs - Crops - Design - Digital storage - Dynamics - Grain (agricultural product) - Harvesters  - Harvesting - Machinery - Pickups - Plants (botany) - Problem solving - Rollers (machine components) - Speed - Tensile strength - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture machinery - Breaking ear corn - Harvesting machines - High power consumption - Physiological characteristics - Power - Quadratic function - Static and dynamic conditions
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 601.2 Machine Components - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20154501494391
Title:Rheological characteristics of stratification in anaerobic fermentation of cow manure
Authors:Li, Gang (1); Hao, Jiongju (1); He, Chao (1); Wang, Shaopeng (1); Su, Huang (1); Jiao, Youzhou (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, College of Mechanical &amp; Electrical Engineer He'nan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
Corresponding author:Jiao, Youzhou
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:228-233
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the process of anaerobic fermentation, the material stratification and the parameters of the stratified fermentation fluid, such as viscosity and density, are the key foundation of the stirring device design. In this paper, the relay methods were adopted to investigate the variation of the basic properties of stratified anaerobic fermentation fluid in the process of cow dung anaerobic fermentation at mesophilic temperature. The results demonstrated that the densities of the fermentation fluid increased from top to bottom in the reactor, and increased along with the increase of substrate concentration. In the process, the maximum density of each stratified fluid appeared on the 4^thday; when Total solid were 4%, 6% and 8%, the maximum densities were 1.02, 1.02 and 1.03 g/cm³in the top layer, 1, 1.03 and 1.03 g/cm³in the middle layer, and 1.02, 1.07 and 1.07 g/cm³in the bottom layer, respectively. The viscosities of fermentation fluid in the top and middle layer of the reactor increased in primary stage, then got decreasing and tended to be stable at last under the influence of the liquid stratification. The maximum viscosity of the liquid in the bottom layer was the initial viscosity, and the initial substrate concentration affected the viscosity change significantly. When TS was 4%, the viscosities of the fluid in the top and middle layer reached the maximum on the 7^thand 4^thday, respectively, and the maximum viscosities were 11.5 and 14.7 mPas, respectively; the maximum viscosity of bottom layer was 107 mPas. When TS was 6%, the viscosities of the fluid in the top and middle layer reached the maximum on the 4^thday, and the maximum viscosities were 25.5 and 15.5 mPas, respectively; the maximum viscosity of bottom layer was 135.5 mPas. When TS was 8%, the viscosities of the fluid in top and middle layer reached the maximum on the 4^thday, and the maximum viscosities were 63.5 and 95.5 mPas, respectively; the maximum viscosity of bottom layer was 185.5 mPas. Daily gas yield increased and the gas peak appeared earlier with the increase of the substrate concentration. The cumulative gas yield with the TS of 8% was 21.4% and 8.71% higher than those with the TS of 6% and 4%, respectively, while the increase of methane content of the biogas was almost the same, and basically stable around on the 10^thday. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Viscosity
Controlled terms:Density (specific gravity) - Fermentation - Fertilizers - Manures - Methane - Thermal stratification
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Maximum density - Mesophilic temperature - Rheological characteristics - Rheological property - Stirring devices - Stratified fluid - Substrate concentrations
Classification code:804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20154501494369
Title:Soil moisture monitoring based on measured hyperspectral index and HSI image index
Authors:Li, Xiang (1, 2); Ding, Jianli (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology (Xinjiang University) Ministry of Education, Urumqi, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Jianli
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:68-75
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to explore the intrinsic relationship between soil moisture and hyperspectral vegetation indices, and achieve fast and accurate monitoring of soil moisture, 26 vegetation indices were chosen and figured out based on the hyperspectral data measured by ASD spectrometer and the HSI image data in a typical study area. These hyperspectral vegetation indices and soil moisture data measured in laboratory, which were collected from the northeast of delta oasis of Weigan and Kuqa rivers, were analyzed with the gray relative analysis method, and there were 5 indices which had higher correlation with soil moisture among 26 vegetation indices. These indices were selected; using the multiple linear regression, the soil moisture inversion models based on the measured spectral index and the image spectral index were established respectively, and then the inversion model based on the HSI hyperspectral image vegetation indices was corrected with that based on the measured indices. The purpose of this paper was to determine the optimal model through comparing the precision of the model and the correction between the 2 models, and thus could solve the difficulty that hyperspectral vegetation index estimated soil moisture in the oasis of arid area, and improve the precision of estimation. The results showed that: The fittings of 2 kinds of soil moisture inversion models were satisfied, and the 2 models' determination coefficients (R²) were both higher than 0.589 and the models had better stability; the estimation accuracies of 2 kinds of soil moisture inversion models in the soil depth of 0-10 cm were the best. The accuracy of soil moisture inversion model based on the measured hyperspectral vegetation indices was higher than that based on the HSI image vegetation indices. In the soil moisture inversion model based on the measured hyperspectral vegetation indices, the best combination of vegetation indices included mSR705, SAVI2, mNDVI705, SARVI and VOG3, and the value of R²was 0.668, and through the 0.001 significance level inspection, the R²value of inspection sample was 0.730, the root mean square error (RMSE) was 0.0021. In the soil moisture inversion model based on the HSI hyperspectral image, the best combination of vegetation indices included ARVI, RVI, MSR, NDVI and OSAVI, and the coefficient of determination was 0.589, and through the 0.001 significance level inspection, the R²value of inspection sample was 0.610, the RMSE was 0.0020. After being corrected, the accuracy of HSI image soil moisture inversion model was greatly improved, and the coefficient of determination was raised from 0.589 to 0.711 and the RMSE was decreased from 0.0020 to 0.0014. The corrected HSI image soil moisture inversion model can improve the accuracy under the regional scale. This paper studies the scale transformation of the soil moisture content high spectral inversion model from the point to the continuous surface of dispersed point and then to the surface of the soil. Through application of this method, it will be feasible to carry out remote sensing monitoring of soil moisture content, and provide reference for further improvement of the accuracy of quantitative remote sensing monitoring of soil moisture content under the regional scale. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:44
Main heading:Soil moisture
Controlled terms:Inspection - Linear regression - Mean square error - Moisture - Moisture control - Moisture determination - Monitoring - Remote sensing - Soil surveys - Soils  - Spectroscopy - Spectrum analysis - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of determination - Delta oasis of Weigan and Kuqa Rivers - Gray relative analysis - HSI image indexes - Hyperspectral vegetation indices - Multiple linear regressions - Quantitative remote sensing - Vegetation index
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20154501494396
Title:Mode and practice of land consolidation based on human-earth harmonization
Authors:Xin, Guixin (1); Yang, Chaoxian (1); Wei, Chaofu (1); Chen, Rongrong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Chaoxian
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:262-275
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Based on the perspective of human-earth harmonization, we used the method of literature summary and case analysis method to analyze the idea, mode, and technological approaches of land consolidation, and tried to enrich the theory and practice of Chinese rural land consolidation in the transitional period. The results indicated that as land-use regulation pathway of positive feedback, land consolidation should be on the basis of structure optimization and functional integration of the 3 large spaces (production space, living space and ecological space). So, as the active response of social and economic development stage requirements, land consolidation of the transitional period should be necessary to persist in the goal orientations like these-to ensure grain and food safety, and promote agricultural modernization; to support new village construction and optimize urban-rural land use space; to establish ecological security pattern and promote ecology landscape service function. The achievement of these targets needs the support of land consolidation based on the perspective of human-earth harmonization, but not traditional land consolidation mode. There are 4 elements in this kind of new mode. Three elements like goals of land consolidation, key points of land consolidation, and operation pattern have to match with the structure and function of rural territorial space; behavior rationality, another element, has to reach an organic unification between the value rationality and the instrumental rationality. In the technical form, this mode follows intelligent fusion of 3 kinds of technical ways-the farmland integrated technologies of production space, the rural construction land reused technologies of living space, and the ecology landscape improving technologies of eco-space. When this mode was applied, the results on the study area indicated that the practice of land consolidation was more standard and orderly than the traditional, and the whole structure and function of rural territorial space was improved. In the 3 large spaces, the agriculture production conditions of production space was improved much, the proportion of moderate scale management area increased from 18.00% to 30.53% after consolidation, the number of cultivated land plots averagely reduced by 1.6 for every peasant household, the guarantee rate of irrigation increased from 29.68% to 51.22%, the comprehensive mechanization ratio increased from 42.50% to 61.80%, and the local characteristic advantaged industries developed at the same time; the rural settlement landscape of living space was optimized much, and a total area of 1.74 hm²referring to 24 blocks of abandoned rural residential lands was reclaimed and reused to cultivated land and other agricultural land, as a result the rural landscape harmony, the farmland concentration, and the style and feature of settlement got further improvement; the eco-network structure of eco-space was restored and intensified, the eco-nodes and eco-galleries linking with the farmland, settlement, forest and grassland in the study area were perfected through maintaining the original rivulets, ponds, irrigation canals and drainage channels, field roads and production roads, and building new storage paddy fields, new impounding reservoirs, new desilting pits and new production roads, and finally one ecology landscape pattern characterized by the integration of 'dot-line-field' was weaved. In this pattern, the basic space pattern was composed of production core space, living core space and ecology core space, and the key links were constituted by ecological corridors, ecological jump islands, stepping stones, and ecological buffer areas. According to the above study, the mode of land consolidation based on a perspective of human-earth harmonization will be a really rational choice under the background of high pressure of man-earth relationship in China. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Consolidation - Ecology - Economics - Farms - Feedback - Irrigation - Irrigation canals - Land use - Local area networks  - Machinery - Problem solving - Structural optimization - Transportation
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural modernizations - Agriculture productions - Human-earth harmonization - Instrumental rationalities - Integrated technologies - Modes - New village constructions - Social and economic development
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 731.1 Control Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20154501494370
Title:Design of soil moisture sensor based on differential signal
Authors:Fu, Wenyuan (1, 2); Ling, Chaodong (1, 2); Liu, Yiping (1, 2); Lin, Wei (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information Science and Engineering of Huaqiao Univesity, Xiamen, China; (2) Xiamen Key Laboratory of ASIC System, Xiamen, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:76-83
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Measurement of soil moisture is important for water management in crop cultivation, design of irrigation schedule and development of agricultural automation. Harmonic distortion of soil moisture sensor is high so that the measurement of soil moisture content by using those sensors has a large deviation. Therefore, a new design of soil moisture sensor based on differential signal was proposed in this study. The sensor consisted of six parts, which were circuit based on differential signal, correcting circuit, waveform generator, microcontroller unit, power conversion module and electrode module. Since the output signal of senor electrode had harmonic distortion due to the nonlinear factors of soil, a new circuit scheme was proposed using integrated time-based timer to design differential signal control circuit. The relationship between soil resistance and signal period was analyzed by mathematical models. The soil moisture could be obtained by constructing the hardware structure of sensor and measuring the signal period on microprogrammed control unit (MCU) controller in terms of the relationship. The two ends of input waveform in differential signal control circuit were with equal amplitude and phase difference of 180o. Thus these electrodes were almost equal to differential signal. Energy of even order harmonic distortion reduced, while odd order harmonic distortion energy increased at the same time. Moreover, considering the probability of mismatch to electric characteristic parameters, the variance ratio of period of signal in the output was less than the proposed circuit. To verify harmonic distortion of the proposed sensor, frequency spectrum was obtained by utilizing the software of electronic design automation for the proposed sensor with two ends of input-output and classical sensor with a single end of input-output. Total harmonic distortion of traditional circuit for a single end of input-output was 47.40% where the voltage amplitude of two-order harmonic and three-order harmonic was as high as 0.325 and 0.516V, respectively. In contrast, differential signal control circuit could be applied to improve harmonic distraction where the voltage amplitude of two-order harmonic was 0.097 V and that of three-order harmonic was 1.161 V, respectively. Experiment on the proposed sensor was organized as follows. Firstly, the sensor was calibrated by utilizing two types of soils including loam and sandy soil. Secondly, the sensor was evaluated in the soil samples with different soil moisture content. The result showed that the total harmonic distortion of this sensor of output signal was lower than traditional one. The maximum absolute error of soil moisture was less than 4.89% and the error of soil resistance was less than 2% when soil moisture was between 5% and 30%. The absolute error of soil resistance was less than 10% in the condition that soil moisture was in the interval of 30% and 47%. The study provides an effective method for design of soil moisture sensors. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Moisture control
Controlled terms:Computer aided design - Controllers - Cultivation - Design - Electrodes - Errors - Harmonic analysis - Harmonic distortion - Moisture - Moisture determination  - Moisture meters - Sensors - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils - Water management - Wave filters
Uncontrolled terms:Differential signal - Electric characteristics - Maximum absolute error - Microcontroller unit - Microprogrammed control unit - Power conversion modules - Soil moisture sensors - Total harmonic distortion (THD)
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 703.2 Electric Filters - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.5 Computer Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 944.1 Moisture Measuring Instruments - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20154501494372
Title:Regulated deficit irrigation promoting growth and increasing fruit yield of jujube trees
Authors:Qiang, Minmin (1); Fei, Liangjun (1); Liu, Yang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
Corresponding author:Fei, Liangjun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:91-96
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Drought and water shortage have been the main factors restricting the sustainable and healthy development of jujube industry in the Northern Shaanxi Province. In the stage of crop growth, regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) can balance the degree of nutrition among each organ of plants, and lead to high fruit yield and quality and water use efficiency. This study investigated the effect of RDI on the jujube growth and its fruit yield under surge-root irrigation. The jujube (Ziziphus jujube Mill) widely cultivated in Yulin of Northern Shaanxi Province was selected for the field experiment in a jujube demonstration zone orchard in Yuanzhi village, Mizhi Country, in 2013. Three treatments of water deficit were designed in sprout leaves period and flowing and fruit-setting stage, respectively. The relative soil moisture of 70%, 60%, and 40% simulated mild, moderate and severe water deficit. The full irrigation with relative soil moisture of 80% was taken as control. During the experiment, the meteorological factors, including the wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, air relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, solar radiation intensity, and rainfall were monitored. Soil moisture was measured. Jujube panicle length, and vertical and horizontal diameter of jujube fruit were measured. The average weight of 100 jujubes was determined. The results showed that compared to the full irrigation, the mean soil moisture in 0-60 cm depth were reduced by 8.9%, 14.4% and 22.4% (P&lt;0.05) for the treatments of mild, moderate, and severe RDI respectively. Compared to full irrigation, the jujube panicle length were reduced by 7.2%, 13.2% and 19.7% (P&lt;0.05) for the treatments of mild, moderate, and severe RDI, respectively. During the period of the flowing and fruit-setting stage, the fruit growth was slow, which only reached 14.5%, 14.1%, 13.8% and 13.5% of the final volume of jujube fruit for the treatments of mild, moderate, severe RDI and full irrigation fruits, respectively. About 65% of jujube volume grew in the fruit enlargement stage. Compared with full irrigation, the yield of jujube has increased by 22.1% and 16.7% for mild and moderate RDI, respectively, but decreased by 9.5% for severe RDI. The jujube volume was highest for the mild RDI, followed by moderate RDI, full irrigation and severe RDI. The moderate RDI had the highest water use efficiency of 2.32 kg/m³, but the severe RDI had the lowest water use efficiency of 1.28 kg/m³. It suggested that the mild and moderate water deficit played an inhibitory effect on the growth of jujube panicle, and could reduce the amount of shoot growth and summer pruning. However, they could promote the growth of the fruit and increase yield during the sprout leaves period and flowing and fruit-setting stage of jujube. Among all the treatments, the mild water deficit of RDI had the best effects on jujube growth and yield. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Atmospheric humidity - Atmospheric pressure - Atmospheric temperature - Efficiency - Forestry - Irrigation - Moisture - Moisture control - Plants (botany) - Soil moisture  - Soils - Stresses - Water supply - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Fruit growth - Jujube trees - Meteorological factors - Regulated deficit irrigation - Relative soil moistures - Solar radiation intensity - Surge root irrigations - Water use efficiency
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20154501494379
Title:Effect of total nitrogen ratio of biogas slurry/chemical fertilizer on microflora and enzyme activities of soil
Authors:Zheng, Xuebo (1, 2); Fan, Jianbo (1); He, Yuanqiu (1, 2); Cui, Jian (1); Xu, Lei (1, 2); Zhu, Zhenqiu (1, 2); Zhou, Jing (1, 2, 3, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (3) National Engineering Research and Technology Center for Red Soil Improvement, Red Soil Ecological Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yingtan, China; (4) Institute of Biology Resource, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Jing
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:142-150
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biogas slurry was known to influence soil-plant ecosystem when it was applied as a fertilizer, especially in combination with chemical fertilizer. However, limited information was available regarding how this combination affected soil microflora and enzyme activities. In the present research, a two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of the application of biogas slurry combined with chemical fertilizer on the quantity of soil edaphon, enzyme activities (urease, dehydrogenase) as well as nitrification intensity in upland red soil, Southern China under the same input of N-P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>-K<inf>2</inf>O (120-90-135 kg/hm²). The soil was fertilized with 6 treatments, including CK (no fertilizer), NPK (chemical fertilizer only), BS100 (biogas slurry only) and other 3 combination treatments with different biogas slurry and chemical fertilizer (BS15, BS30, BS45). The nitrogen in biogas slurry under BS15, BS30 and BS45 accounted for 15%, 30% and 45% of applied total nitrogen respectively, which were respectively 18, 36 and 54 kg/hm²and applied with biogas slurry and the remaining amounts of nitrogen were applied with chemical fertilizer. The results showed that the quantities of soil bacteria, fungi, actinomyces responded significantly to the application of biogas slurry combined with chemical fertilizer, which increased by 3.88%-40.78%, 1.64%-31.15% and 28.21%-79.49% respectively compared to NPK treatment. The quantities of soil edaphon (bacteria, fungi, actinomyces) all showed a trend of decreasing after initial increase with the percentage of nitrogen in biogas slurry accounting for applied total nitrogen amount increasing. In addition, the urease activity showed a trend of increasing, and the dehydrogenase activity showed a trend of increasing after an initial decrease, with the percentage of nitrogen in biogas slurry accounting for applied total nitrogen amount increasing in the 4 growth stages. Therein, BS45 treatment significantly increased the activities of soil urease and dehydrogenase as well as nitrification intensity at the stages of bearing pod and harvesting. Besides, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate the soil biological activity. The obtained results showed that 2 principal components, which reflected 92.13% of the original information, were extracted from the initial indices. Within the primary principal component (PC1), the quantities of bacteria, fungi, actinomyces and the total microorganism as well as nitrification intensity were the main impact factors. Meanwhile, the activities of urease and dehydrogenase were the main impact factors in the secondary principal component (PC2). Based on synthesis scores calculated from the 2 principal component scores, the effects of the application of biogas slurry combined with chemical fertilizer on soil biological activities displayed an order as follows: BS30 &gt; BS45 &gt; BS100 &gt; BS15 &gt; NPK &gt; CK. The results suggest that proper application of biogas slurry combined with chemical fertilizer (BS30) can increase the microbial quantity and enzyme activities in upland red soil. Moreover, the peanut yield also reached the highest (2875 kg/hm²) under the treatment BS30. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:41
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Bacteria - Bioactivity - Biogas - Enzyme activity - Enzymes - Fertilizers - Fungi - Nitrification - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers  - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Actinomyces - Biogas slurry - Chemical fertilizers - Combination treatments - Dehydrogenase activity - Limited information - Principal Components - Soil biological activity
Classification code:461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 522 Gas Fuels - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:20154501494390
Title:Jet mixing improving biogas production performance of mesophilic anaerobic fermentation with cow manure
Authors:Xiong, Xiangfeng (1, 2); Jia, Lijuan (1); Ning, Ping (1); Qu, Guangfei (1); Zhou, Cheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China; (2) Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
Corresponding author:Ning, Ping
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:222-227
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Livestock manure was the main pollution source to lake basin. Anaerobic digestion process would be a promising alternative to control the pollution from livestock manure. The prevalent mixing method of mesophilic biogas engineering was mechanical mixing or single slurry recirculation. There were many defects in the biogas plants, such as low gas production, unstable and difficult to repair. To solve these problems, the jet mixing equipment was designed as a mixing strategy, which simultaneously carried out the slurry and biogas recirculation. The fermentation experiment was carried out with cow manure slurry feed with 5.5% total solids (TS) concentration and controlled temperature of 35, which was intermittently stirred by different mixing modes for 10 minutes per hour. The methane and carbon dioxide content of the biogas, the microbe species and the colony forming units, the variation of volatile fat acids (VFAs) and the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the biogas production process were investigated in the experimental bioreactors with jet mixing. Besides, the efficiency and the mechanism of enhancement on anaerobic fermentation of cow manure were evaluated. The experimental results showed that the total biogas production of non-mixing, impeller mixing, slurry recirculation and jet mixing strategies in 30 days was 52.34, 64.30, 61.97 and 71.22 L, respectively. The biogas production was 0.324 L/g in the jet mixing bioreactor. The jet mixing method improved biogas production by 36.1% compared to the method of non-mixing, and by 13.2% and 17.7% compared to the method of mechanical mixing and single slurry recirculation respectively. The daily biogas production efficiency in the jet mixing bioreactor ascended to the peak quickly on the 6^thday, and the peak value was 6.53 L. The highest COD removal efficiency was 60.8% with the jet mixing, about 20% more than the other methods. What was more, the mass transfer was enhanced and the microbial activity was increased in the bioreactor with the jet mixing. The microbial activity would have contributed to the vigorous degradation of organic matter. VFAs were utilized by methanogens for biogas production, which were unable to accumulate during the anaerobic digestion process with the jet mixing, and thus the product inhibition or substrate inhibition was eliminated. The methanogens in the jet mixing bioreactor grew fast since the 10^thday, and the peak value was 2.0&times;10⁸mL^-1. During fermentation process in the jet mixing bioreactor, the amount and the activity of hydrolytic bacteria, acetogenic bacteria and methanogens remained at a high level. Meanwhile, the methane content of the biogas increased drastically from about 20% to over 55% before the 10^thday, and it ranged between 55% and 65% from the 10^thto the 30^thday. The methane content variation was less than 10% in approximately 20 days. Carbon dioxide in biogas could be absorbed by the jet mixing, and therefore it was reused to generate methane with hydrogen as an electron donor. Moreover, the acetate could be formed from hydrogen and carbon dioxide by hydrogen-oxidizing acetogenic bacteria. These reactions should improve the performance of methanogenesis process. To sum up, the jet mixing method had a higher methane content and lower carbon dioxide content. Based on the results presented in this article, the jet mixing system shows a higher efficiency than the mechanical mixer and single slurry recirculation. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Fighter aircraft
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Anaerobic digestion - Bacteria - Bioconversion - Biogas - Bioreactors - Carbon dioxide - Carbon dioxide process - Chemical oxygen demand - Efficiency  - Fermentation - Fertilizers - Gas plants - Image enhancement - Manures - Mass transfer - Methanation - Methane - Methanogens - Mixing  - Pollution - Pollution control - Substrates - Volatile fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic digestion process - Anaerobic fermentation - COD removal efficiency - Controlled temperature - Improved biogas productions - Jet mixing - Slurry recirculation - Total solids concentrations
Classification code:461.8 Biotechnology - 461.9 Biology - 522 Gas Fuels - 534.2 Foundry Practice - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 652.1.2 Military Aircraft - 802 Chemical Apparatus and Plants; Unit Operations; Unit Processes - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:20154501494384
Title:Collaborative optimization of photovoltaic/battery power source for water quality buoy based on fuzzy integer programming
Authors:Zhang, Huiyan (1); Li, Shuang (1); Yu, Jiabin (1); Wang, Xiaoyi (1); Xu, Jiping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Computer and Information Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:183-189
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Renewable stand-alone energy power generation system is one of the effective ways which solve the problem of electric power supply for water quality monitoring buoy. Due to its unique application background and operating characteristics, there are still some problems to be considered and solved in the current design. In our work, the first step was to build a construction cost optimization model for PV-battery energy power with the constraints of the cost and dimension parameters and operating environments. That was, the model comprehensively and synergistically constructed an economical and reliable independent power supply model for water monitoring buoy under 5 conditions of buoy ontology cost, buoyancy, volume and weather etc. Furthermore, it was also vital to find the solutions of this model for getting the optimal design parameters of the renewable stand-alone energy power source for the water monitoring buoy. Firstly, the maximum continuous rainy days in the operating location was set by an RBF (radial basis function) neural network method. The 3 inputs were light intensity, temperature and relative humidity, and its output was daily generating capacity of photovoltaic power. When the daily generating capacity was less than zero, it was the rainy day without electricity output. And so the maximum continuous rainy days of poor photovoltaic power generation were effectively set by the historical meteorological data of the buoy operation place. Then, for the possible size deviations between the expected and the practical values, a fuzzy integer programming algorithm was proposed. The advocated solution fused the characteristics of Werners algorithm and cutting-plane method. It transformed the objective function and fuzzy constraints into the general constraints, and the Werners symmetric model was obtained. The cutting-plane method was used to get the integer solution of the model, which would optimize the design parameter configuration of PV-battery power source with the fluctuation tolerance. Later, the sensitivity analysis of the maximum consecutive rainy days was carried out to investigate the fluctuating effect of weather factor on the system stability. Finally, the simulation examples indicated that the maximum continuous rainy days could be reduced by 5 d, which meant to reduce 33.3% margin requirements of the storage battery. By the proposed fuzzy integer programming method, the parameters of electric power supply for the water quality monitoring buoy were obtained with the minimum construction cost and maximum fuzzy membership degree. It was helpful to overcome the fluctuation of the size of the buoy body in practice, which would improve the feasibility and effectiveness of the theoretical method applied. Sensitivity analysis showed that when the maximum continuous rainy days extended occasionally to 1 d, the power source still could support the running of water quality monitoring buoy. This research provides a feasible solution to the problems of the renewable stand-alone energy power generation system of water quality monitoring buoy. The simulated results have demonstrated the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed configuration optimization method. The method can not only give the comprehensive optimal scheme for the power source of the water quality monitoring buoy, but also combine local conditions to avoid subjective setting of key parameters. This research has focused on making high efficient research and application of the renewable stand-alone power supply for water quality monitoring equipment, and the presented results can also provide the reference for other similar equipments and facilities. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Integer programming
Controlled terms:Buoys - Costs - Digital storage - Electric batteries - Electric power supplies to apparatus - Electric power systems - Meteorology - Monitoring - Optimization - Photovoltaic cells  - Power quality - Problem solving - Quality control - Radial basis function networks - Sensitivity analysis - Solar energy - System stability - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Collaborative optimization - Configuration optimization - Fuzzy integer programming - Operating characteristics - Photovoltaic power generation - PV/battery - RBF(radial basis function) - Temperature and relative humidity
Classification code:445.2 Water Analysis - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 702.1 Electric Batteries - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 706.1.2 Electric Power Distribution - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

<RECORD 42>

Accession number:20154501494374
Title:Ammoniated straw incorporation promoting straw decomposition and improving winter wheat yield and water use efficiency
Authors:Yu, Kun (1, 2); Feng, Hao (1, 3); Zhao, Ying (1, 4); Dong, Qin'ge (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese National Academy of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Region, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China; (2) College of Water Resource and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China; (3) Institute of Water and Soil Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China; (4) College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Hao
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:103-111
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Straw is often incorporated into field by covering on soil surface or being plowed into soil in China, which may cause problems such as competition of nutrients between soil microbes and crop because of slow decomposition of straw, and frequent occurrence of pests and diseases when crop straw is applied into soil, thereby negatively affecting the crop yield. An appropriate method may solve the problems above. The objectives of this study were to select an efficient straw incorporation method that could accelerate the decomposition rate of crop straw and promote the growth of winter wheat in semi-arid region of Shaanxi, China. To achieve these goals, a 3-year field experiment was carried out in the year of 2011-2014 at the Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Area sponsored by Ministry of Education (34&deg;18'N, 108&deg;04'E), at Northwest A &amp; F University. Using summer maize straw harvested last season, two control treatments were designed including long straw returning by covering soil (CK1), and long straw plowed into soil (CK2). In comparison, another two straw treatments were long-ammoniated straw plowed into soil (AS) and powdered-ammoniated straw plowed into soil (PAS). The straw decomposition rate, soil respiration, leaf area index (LAI) and aboveground biomass of winter wheat were measured during different growth stage in the growing seasons of 2013-2014. Soil water of 0-100 cm depth during different growth stages and winter wheat yield under different treatments in the growing season of 2011-2014 were measured. Results showed that compared with the CK1 and CK2, the straw left in soils with the treatment AS was significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased by 24.31% and 13.68%, respectively, and the remaining with the treatment PAS was significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased by 34.64% and 25.46%, respectively. And the treatment of ammoniated straw accelerated the decomposition rate mainly in the early growth stage of winter wheat. The correlation coefficient between soil respiration and straw decomposition rate was 0.67 (P&lt;0.01); Soil respiration rate of the treatment AS and PAS was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher than that of CK1 and CK2 in the early winter wheat growth stage, which was increased by 109.66% and 170.13%, respectively, compared with CK1, and by 34.55% and 73.36%, respectively, compared with CK2. The variation tendency of soil water of 0-100 cm depth in three-consecutive growing seasons during different growth stages was almost consistent. The treatment of ammoniated straw had higher soil water storage at the late growth stage of winter wheat. The treatment PAS could significantly (P&lt;0.05) improve the winter wheat LAI, and promoted the accumulation of aboveground biomass. And at the mature stage of winter wheat, the aboveground biomass for the treatment PAS was significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased 7.02% and 9.78%, respectively, compared with CK1, and by 5.52% and 8.25%, respectively, compared with CK2. The three-year mean winter wheat yields with AS and PAS was higher than that of conventional straw incorporation, which was significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased 6.13% and 9.53%, respectively, compared with CK1 and by 3.99% and 7.32%, respectively, compared with CK2. However, the difference of grain yield between PAS and AS was not significantly (P&gt;0.05). The three-year mean water use efficiency (WUE) with AS and PAS was significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased by 5.03% and 8.73%, respectively, compared with CK1, and by 5.13% and 8.83%, respectively, compared with CK2. And the three-year mean WUE of the treatment PAS was higher than that of the treatment AS. Comparably, the treatment of PAS was the best among the four treatments in accelerating the straw decomposition, promoting the growth of winter wheat, and increasing winter wheat yield and water use efficiency, which could be an effective straw incorporation measure for winter wheat cultivation in the arid and semi arid area. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Arid regions - Biomass - Crops - Cultivation - Decomposition - Ecology - Efficiency - Powders - Soil moisture  - Straw - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Ammoniation - Arid and semi-arid areas - Correlation coefficient - Different growth stages - Ministry of Education - Soil respiration rates - Water use efficiency - Yield
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.19.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES