<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20154301434069
Title:Apple recognition based on K-means and GA-RBF-LMS neural network applicated in harvesting robot
Authors:Jia, Weikuan (1, 2); Zhao, Dean (1, 2); Liu, Xiaoyang (1); Tang, Shuping (1); Ruan, Chengzhi (1, 3); Ji, Wei (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Facility Agriculture Measurement and Control Technology and Equipment of Machinery Industry, Zhenjiang, China; (3) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Dean
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:175-183
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the recognition precision and speed for apple, and further improve the harvesting efficiency of apple harvesting robot, an apple recognition method based on combining K-means clustering segmentation with genetic radial basis function (RBF) neural network is proposed. Firstly, the captured apple image is transformed into L* a* b* color space, and then under this color space, the K-means clustering algorithm is used to segment the apple image. The color feature components and shape components of segmented image are extracted respectively. The color features include R, G, B, H, S and I, a total of 6 feature components; and the shape features include circular variance, density, ratio of perimeter square to area, and 7 Hu invariant moments, a total of 10 shape components. These extracted 16 features are used as the inputs of neural network to train RBF neural network, and get the apple recognition model. Due to some inherent defects the RBF neural network has, such as low learning rate, easily causing over fitting phenomenon, genetic algorithm (GA) is introduced to optimize the connection weights and the number of hidden layer neurons. In this study, a new optimization way is adopted, that is, the hybrid encoding of the number of hidden layer neurons and connection weights is carried out simultaneously. This moment, the learning of weights is not completed, and the least mean square (LMS) is used to further learn the connection weights. Finally, an optimized neural network model (GA-RBF-LMS) is established, which is to improve the operating efficiency and recognition precision. In the experiments, there are 150 images captured, and they have 229 apples; among them 50 images are selected as training samples, and the rest as testing samples. Every image for training sample has only one apple, so the testing samples have 179 apples. In order to get the precise model, fruits of apple are together with branches and leaves for training during the training process, which avoids the influence of branches or leaves shade on the recognition to some extent. So the training samples have 50 apples, 50 branches and 50 leaves, which are a total of 150 training samples, and the outputs of neural network include 3 classes. In order to compare with the traditional back propagation (BP) and RBF neural network, and GA-RBF algorithm, a series of experiments are carried out. After repeated trainings of 50 times, the results show that the successful training rate of the GA-RBF-LMS is the highest, which can reach 100% and get the minimum training error; but its running time is the longest, because the 2 optimizations of genetic algorithm and LMS are at the expense of the time. The recognition rates of the fruits with different growth postures, such as fruit without obscuration, overlapping fruit and covered fruit, are calculated respectively. After repeated experiments of 50 times, the results show that these 4 recognition models can achieve very good effect for recognizing the fruit without obscuration. For covered fruit and overlapping fruit, the recognition rate of GA-RBF-LMS is the highest, which can reach 95. 38% and 96. 17%, respectively. Looking from the overall, the recognition rate reaches 96. 95%, recognizing 179 apples consumes 1. 75 s, and the sum of square of error is the smallest. From the training time, the GA-RBF-LMS algorithm is the longest, whose average training time is 4. 412 s for 150 training samples, but the training success rate can reach 100%, which saves the time wasted in human trying to construct the network structure. All of these illustrate that the GA-RBF-LMS neural network model has the higher operating efficiency and recognition precision, and it can be applied in target recognition for apple harvesting robot. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Clustering algorithms
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Backpropagation - Backpropagation algorithms - Color - Color image processing - Efficiency - Feature extraction - Fruits - Genetic algorithms - Harvesting - Identification (control systems) - Image processing - Image segmentation - Neural networks - Radial basis function networks - Robots - Sampling
Uncontrolled terms:Harvesting robot - Hu invariant moments - K-Means clustering algorithm - K-means segmentations - Least mean square (LMS) - Operating efficiency - Radial basis function neural networks - RBF Neural Network
Classification code:723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 731.1 Control Systems - 731.5 Robotics - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20154301434065
Title:Change of drought and its impact on potential yield of wheat in agricultural region of Shan-Gan-Ning region in 1961-2010
Authors:Liu, Ming (1); Li, Suju (1); Wu, Jianjun (2); He, Haixia (1); Huang, He (1); Lü, Aifeng (3)
Author affiliation:(1) National Disaster Reduction Center of China, Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing, China; (2) Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; (3) Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, China Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:147-154
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a typical meteorological disaster, drought has made serious impacts on human being. Especially during the recent decades, the frequency of drought has increased along with climate change. Researches on the change in the drought occurrence and its impacts will become more important to reduce the negative impacts of climate change. In this study, the agricultural region of Shan-Gan-Ning region, which was located in the eastern part of the Northwestern China and belonged to arid and semi-arid region, was chosen as the study area due to its vulnerability to climate change. Spring wheat and winter wheat were 2 main crops in this region and selected as the research crops. The trends in agricultural drought and its impact of crop yield were analyzed by drought index and crop growth simulation. Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), was used to analyze the change of agricultural drought in different periods and regions. It was based on the water balance in soil and considered the previous soil moisture, which had been widely used to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of agricultural drought. The trends of precipitation, temperature and PDSI in different months from 1961 to 2010 were investigated. Then the impact of drought on crop growth of wheat was analyzed by the crop growth simulation. Crop growth model, which was built based on the crop growth mechanism, could simulate the change of soil water deficit and crop growth in a long period. It had become an important method to the research on the impact of climate change on the crop yield. The crop growth under rainfed and efficient irrigation scenarios was simulated by the environmental policy integrated climate (EPIC) model. The crop yield under the efficient irrigation scenario could eliminate the negative impact of water deficit and reflect the impact of local condition on crop growth such as solar radiation and temperature. The rainfed condition showed the synthesized effect of local condition. The crop yield gap between those 2 scenarios was recognized as the impact of water deficit by lower precipitation. Over the past 50 years, it showed a significant increasing trend in temperature in this region, especially in January and February. There were significant decreasing trend in the precipitation in April, July and September. Increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation would result in more serious water deficit condition. PDSI had a significant decreasing trend in the eastern part of Northwest China in 1961-2010. The number of months with severe drought (PDSI was less than-3. 0) showed a significant increasing trend. Both of them indicated that drought had become more severe and more frequent. Especially in April, July and September, PDSI was much less than before because of the decreasing trend of precipitation in these months. Since many important crop growth stages were in those months, drought during this period would have more serious impact on the crop yield. Those stations that were distributed in the central part of this region had a larger negative trend in PDSI, because of the more reduction in precipitation. Based on the crop growth simulation, almost all the stations had an increasing trend on crop yield reduction caused by water deficit over the past 50 years. The situations in the central part of study area, especially for the northwestern stations in winter wheat growth region, had larger change range in the yield reduction. All of those stations had more serious water deficit condition because of the decreasing trend in precipitation, especially in April, which was jointing and heading stage and key to crop growth. The PDSI in those stations also had decreasing trend. The central parts of the study region should be more concerned by the agriculture and water resource managers, especially in April, July and September. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Climate change
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Climate models - Crops - Drought - Environmental protection - Irrigation - Plants (botany) - Soil moisture - Soils - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural - Arid and semi-arid regions - Environmental policy integrated climate models - EPIC model - Meteorological disasters - Palmer drought severity indices - Temporal and spatial distribution - Yield
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444 Water Resources - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20154301434049
Title:Improvement of walking stability and threshing performance for harvest ditch and stalk-disposing machine
Authors:Fang, Zhichao (1); Chen, Yulun (1); Ding, Weimin (1); Liu, Yutao (1); Qin, Kuan (1); Li, Xue (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Weimin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:26-33
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In rice-wheat double-cropping area, the top soil is compactible and the soil disturbance frequency is relatively lower, which eventually results in soil hardening due to the implementation of lacking tillage or no tillage. In order to increase soil disturbance frequency and improve soil environment based on conservation tillage, and solve excessive straw yield in full amount of straw returning under high-yield production, a new straw returning model named straw-returning-to-ditch was proposed. According to operation characteristics of this model, a multifunction machine combining harvester and ditch opener was designed. This machine could complete harvesting, ditching and stalk-disposing at one time, and realize multiple assignments with high efficiency. The ditching device of the multifunctional machine was biased in line with the unilateral grass outlet, which should however be aligned with the grass outlet to ensure the rice straw to be collected into the ditch reliably. So, after long-term practice, the assignment of the ditching device led to unilateral bearing, poor straight walking performance and running deviation for this machine, which was difficult to manipulate. Meanwhile, the machine still had some threshing problems, for example, under threshing and high loss rate in the process of harvesting. Therefore, based on the principle of transfer guide function and secondary threshing of the lateral cylinder, an assisted threshing cylinder that was located at the rear of the main threshing cylinder was equipped, which constituted a double threshing cylinder structure. And the grass inlet was connected with the main threshing cylinder. The double threshing cylinder structure could effectively solve the problem of the machine unilateral bearing and low harvest quality through changing the position of grass outlet, making the ditching device located in the middle surface of the track to eliminate deflecting force, and increasing the threshing time to improve harvesting quality. Combined with the characteristics and the available space in the rear of the main threshing cylinder, the overall length and diameter of the assisted threshing cylinder were 855 and 452 mm respectively, the diversion angle of cylinder end cover plate was 18°, and the angular speed was 1 350 r/min. The modified grass outlet and crawler surface were kept on the same vertical plane, and the distance between their centers was 573 mm. The performance test showed that the walking position deflections of modified machine under 3 different working speeds (low speed 0.38 m/s, medium speed 0.56 m/s and high speed 0.74 m/s) were reduced by 93.9%, 94.4% and 93.3%, respectively. Furthermore, the straight walking stability and control performance were significantly improved. In the harvest process, the total loss rates of wheat and rice were decreased by 20.9% and 11.8%, respectively, while the impurity rates were decreased by 45.7% and 21.4% respectively. The comprehensive performance of rice threshing was enhanced although the broken rate was increased by 7.4%; and meanwhile the broken rate could be acceptable for the use of harvesting machine. The result indicated that the double threshing cylinder structure was feasible for solving the problems of the machine. This research has improved the applicability of the multifunctional machine and provided the reference for the mechanical returning of the collected straw to the ditch. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Cultivation - Cylinders (shapes) - Design - Harvesters - Harvesting - Machine design - Optimization - Problem solving - Soil conservation - Soils - Speed - Walking aids
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive performance - Conservation tillage - Harvesting machines - Migration rates - Multifunctional machines - Operation characteristic - Stalk returning field - Walking stability
Classification code:461.5 Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601 Mechanical Design - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20154301434062
Title:Effect of salt-water regulation on improving takyric solonetz land and yield of oil sunflower
Authors:Yang, Jun (1, 2); Sun, Zhaojun (3); Luo, Chengke (3); Ma, Fei (3); Han, Lei (3); Wang, Xu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil Engineering and Water Conservancy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China; (2) Yinchuan Energy Institute, Yinchuan, China; (3) Research and Development Center of New Technology Application, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Zhaojun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:121-128
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Takyric solonetz, a typical subclass of alkali soil, is widely distributed in the north of Yinchuan Plain of Ningxia Province, the west of Hetao Plain and the desert steppe in north Xinjiang in China. Due to the hard soil texture, poor permeability and difficult improvement, takyric solonetz has become the main factor severely affecting the development of local agriculture, and is expected to bring threat to the regional food security in the future. More and more improvement techniques have been developed to achieve a sustainable utilization of saline-alkali waste land, but the effect of the treatment of leaching + gypsum + furfural residue + desert sand + deep scarification + soil bin on soil properties and yield of oil sunflower on newly reclaimed takyric solonetz land remains unknown. In the present study, we conducted a three-year field comparative experiment to investigate the effect of different salt-water regulation modes on soil properties and yield of oil sunflowers, which were planted on newly reclaimed takyric solonetz land on the Qianjin Farmland of Xidatan, Ningxia (106° 24'209″ E, 38° 50'289″ N). On the basis of the unified application of desulfurization gypsum of 28 t<sup>3</sup>/hm<sup>2</sup>, furfural residue of 22.5 t<sup>3</sup>/hm<sup>2</sup>and leaching water of 4 500 m<sup>3</sup>/hm<sup>2</sup>, 7 salt-water regulation measures were applied: desert sand (T1), deep scarification (T2), soil bin (T3), desert sand + deep scarification (T4), desert sand +soil bin (T5), deep scarification + soil bin (T6), and desert sand + deep scarification + soil bin (T7). A flat field only with leaching (4 500 m<sup>3</sup>/hm<sup>2</sup>) was used as control (CK). Soil permeability, pH value, electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium saturation percentage (ESP), salt ions and growth of oil sunflower were monitored during the whole growth season. Results indicated the pH value, EC, ESP and salt ions in 0-40 cm soil layer significantly decreased (P< 0.01) under T7 compared with those under CK, and the pH value, EC and ESP decreased by 22%, 95% and 71% respectively. Furthermore, the values of pH, EC and ESP were lower in the third year than those in the first year, which dropped to 7.25, 0.087 ms/cm and 5.2% respectively. By comparing the values of pH, EC and ESP between the 7 treatments in 0-40 cm, our results indicated that these values were the highest under T7, followed orderly by T6, T4, T2, T5, T3 and T1, and T1 showed the lowest values. In addition, T7 increased the emergence rate and the yield of oil sunflower by 6% and 16%, 8% and 19%, 3% and 15%, 21% and 28%, 16% and 20%, and 19% and 21% respectively compared to T6, T4, T5, T2, T3 and T1. We thus conclude that the regulation mode of desert sand + deep scarification + soil bin is able to improve the newly reclaimed takyric solonetz land most effectively. These results will also provide a technical support for the salt-water management of the newly reclaimed takyric solonetz farmlands, and a guide for the sustainable development and utilization of waste takyric solonetz land. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Landforms
Controlled terms:Aldehydes - Alkalinity - Bins - Electric conductivity - Farms - Food supply - Furfural - Gypsum - Irrigation - Leaching - Oils and fats - pH - Reclamation - Sand - Soils - Sunflower oil - Waste management - Waste treatment - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Electrical conductivity - Oil sunflower yield - pH value - Takyric solonetz - Water regulation
Classification code:452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 481.1 Geology - 482.2 Minerals - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 694.4 Storage - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 822.3 Food Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20154301434061
Title:Frozen heaving and capacity of frozen heaving resistance of trapezoidal concrete lining canal with water in winter
Authors:Song, Ling (1); Ouyang, Hui (1); Yu, Shuchao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:114-120
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The trapezoidal canal with the anti-seepage and anti-scour concrete lining is widely used in water conveyance project. However, the impervious effect of the canal in the seasonally frozen region doesn't work because the frozen heaving of the bed soil causes the concrete lining damage. The forms of frozen heaving force, which were caused by rigid concrete lining's confining the deformation of the canal bed soil, were analyzed for the different coupled field of temperature and water content in the canal bed soil under atmospheric negative temperature, by means of studying the change of the canal slope length with the formation mechanism of tangential frost-heave force. The conclusion was drawn that if the slope was shorter during frozen period than that during unfrozen period, tangential frost-heave force, pointing to the top end of the slope slab, would act on the undersurface of the concrete lining and vice versa. In fact, there are 2 kinds of frozen states of the bed soil in the section of the canal. One is that the bed soil below the whole concrete lining is frozen, which is mainly presented in the canal used for irrigation. The other is that the bed soil under the part of slope concrete lining is frozen in the canal providing water for city or factory. In the former, normal frozen heaving force acts on the bottom slab while tangential frozen heaving force acts on the slope slab pointing to the bottom of the slope. In the latter, there isn't normal frozen heaving force on the bottom slab but there is tangential frozen heaving force, pointing to the top of slab, under the slop slab above the canal water level. Many results were attained on the damage of concrete lining caused by bed soil's frozen heaving of the whole section, while few researches on the frost damage of the slope slab in the canal delivering water were carried out, and related researches were focused on ice situation, including the numerical simulation and control of ice situation and the analysis on ice condition. So the next research was on the capacity of frozen heaving resistance of concrete lining slab on the slope bed soil of the canal delivering water in winter. The problem of frozen heaving resistance of concrete lining was changed into that of bearing capacity of concrete structure under the action of frozen heaving force. Because slope slab was originally lain on the bed soil and the slope slab and the bottom slab were articulated, and the slope slab was jointless, the mechanical model of the slope concrete slab was established under the combination of the normal and the tangential frozen heaving forces, the gravity of the slope concrete slab, the water pressure and the frictional resistance under the slope concrete slab. The frost damage of the slope concrete slab of the canal carrying water in winter belongs to the problem of being pulled by frozen heaving. After the magnitude of normal force and tangential force of frozen heaving was calculated based on the force equilibrium and the formation mechanism of tangential frost-heaving force, the solution to the frost damage of the trapezoidal canal carrying water in winter was found. The capacity of frozen heaving resistance of the trapezoidal canal carrying water in winter could be calculated in the light of pulling resistance of pile as long as the anti-seepage concrete lining of the trapezoidal canal carrying water in winter was regarded as the pile suffered from frozen heaving force, which non-vertically acted on a part of lateral surface of the pile. So the method to design the concrete lining structure of trapezoidal canal carrying water in winter, whose core is checking the calculation of anti-pulling strength of the slope slab, was successfully founded. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Irrigation canals
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Canals - Concrete slabs - Concretes - Friction - Hydraulic structures - Ice - Ice control - Linings - Moisture - Piles - Seepage - Soils - Structural design - Temperature - Water levels
Uncontrolled terms:Formation mechanism - Frictional resistance - Frost heave forces - Frost-heaving force - Frozen heaving - Negative temperatures - Pulling resistance - Rigid surfaces
Classification code:407.2 Waterways - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 412 Concrete - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 443.3 Precipitation - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20154301434064
Title:Wheat straw returned combined with nitrogen as base fertilizers and topdressing at tiller stage improving the tiller emergency, earbearing traits and yield for machine-transplanted super japonica rice
Authors:Xiong, Ruiheng (1); Hang, Yuhao (1); Wang, Qiangsheng (1); Xu, Guochun (1); Liu, Xin (1); Wu, Hao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Qiangsheng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:136-146
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The tiller emergency and ear bearing traits of super rice have important influence on actual yield. With the transfer of rural labor and the integration of farming machine and agronomy, rice planting mechanization has become a dominated developing direction and key technology for modern agriculture in China. Rice-wheat rotation is the main mode in farming system of China, every year large amount of straw is produced by wheat planting, and the returning of straw has become the most direct and sustainable technical method to the comprehensive utilization of straw. The application of nitrogen is an important measure in improving rice yield, however, the unreasonable application is unfavorable for the growth of rice and the utilization efficiency of nitrogen. At present, the research about the tiller emergency and ear bearing traits of machine-transplanted super rice under the growing condition of straw returning and nitrogen management is still scare. In order to analyze the effects of different amount of returned wheat straw treatments and different ratio of basic and tiller nitrogen on tiller emergency, ear bearing and yield composition of machine-transplanted super rice, the experiment took the super rice Nanjing 9108 as experimental materials, and designed 5 treatments with different ratios of basic and tiller nitrogen and 3 treatments with different wheat straw returned amounts. Under the condition that the total nitrogen application amount was 300 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>and the panicle nitrogen was 120 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, the ratios of basic and tiller nitrogen were 0: 180, 45: 135, 90: 90, 135: 45 and 180: 0 respectively (unit: kg/hm<sup>2</sup>), and the amounts of the returned straw were 0, 3 000 and 6 000 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>. The study was done in a field plot experiment to survey the tiller traits and the yield composition at mature stage of machine-planted super rice in 2013 and 2014. The result showed that the tiller starting position of the primary tiller emergency for main stems of non-straw returned machine-transplanted super rice was 3/0, the main tiller positions were 4/0, 5/0, 6/0 and 7/0, and the emergency rates were over 73. 17%; the tiller starting position of the primary tiller emergency for main stems of straw returned machine-transplanted super rice was 4/0, and the main tiller positions were 5/0, 6/0 and 7/0, which indicated that the wheat straw returned treatment decreased the emergency rate of lower position tiller of machine-transplanted super rice. The tiller emergency rate of machine-transplanted rice was 100% when the tiller positions were 5/0 and 6/0 and wouldn't be influenced by the ratio of basic and tiller nitrogen. With the increasing application of basic nitrogen and the decreasing application of tiller nitrogen, the tiller emergency rate of other tiller positions decreased. Wheat straw returned treatments reduced the tiller ear bearing rate and therefore further reduced the effective panicle number at mature stage, but grain number, setting rate, thousand seed weight, panicle weight and actual yield increased. The increased ratio of basic nitrogen reduced the tiller ear bearing rate, but promoted the grain number per panicle and the panicle weight of single tiller. In the experiment, the highest yield was achieved when the ratio of basic and tiller nitrogen was 45 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>: 135 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>. Contrasting the experiments in 2013 and 2014, both the effective accumulated temperature at rice tillering stage and the tiller emergency rate under the same treatments in 2013 were higher than those in 2014, and hence the final effective panicle number and the yield in 2013 were improved. The research revealed the law of tiller emergency and ear bearing traits and the reasonable nitrogen management of super japonica rice, and provided the technical base for the high-efficiency and high-yield cultivation of machine-transplanted super japonica rice planted in large area. In conclusion, the research results of the experiment are as follows: 1) Wheat straw returned treatment postpones one tiller position in tiller emergency stage for machine-transplanted super rice, and leads to the reduction of effective panicle number, but improves grain number per panicle, seeding rate, thousand seed weight and actual yield. 2) With the increasing application ratio of basic nitrogen, the effective panicle number decreases, and the super rice has the highest yield when the ratio of basic and tiller nitrogen is 45 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>: 135 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>. 3) When the amount of the returned straw increases, the appropriate improvement of the ratio of basic and tiller nitrogen can improve the yield of super rice. 4) Under the temperature range appropriate for rice growth, the increase of air temperature or soil temperature can promote the tiller emergency of super rice and the tiller emergency rate has a significantly positive correlation to temperature, which can further improve the effective panicle number and the final yield. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Crops - Cultivation - Efficiency - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Accumulated temperatures - Comprehensive utilizations - Experimental materials - Positive correlations - Rice-wheat rotations - Tillers emergency and earbearing traits - Utilization efficiency - Yield
Classification code:804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20154301434050
Title:Analysis on discrete process of kernels caused by beak pecking corn ear by simulating threshing
Authors:Li, Xinping (1); Wu, Kang (1); Jin, Xin (1); Gao, Chunyan (1); Gao, Lianxing (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agricultural Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; (2) College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:34-40
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In China, corn harvest gradually tends to mechanization, and corn threshing is the most important section in the process of corn harvest, which is directly affecting the damage level of corn seed. Manual threshing often chips away a row of corn ear with an awl firstly, and then it's easy to thresh other kernels. Based on this, some agricultural experts put forward a process of "pre-dispersion and post-threshing". Besides, the study found that after the long-term evolution, beak has not only excellent ability to insert into corn kernels, but also strong ability of dispersing kernels with low damage. To explore the movement law of corn ear kernels and low damage in the discrete process of corn ear, this paper had an experimental study on the beak to peck the corn kernel using the discrete test system with high-speed photography. The variety of experimental corn was Zhengdan 958 and the common domestic chicken was selected for testing. Self-made corn discrete test system was used in this experiment. The whole system consisted of mechanical data acquisition system and high-speed photography system. Due to the randomness of chicken pecking corn, firstly, the high-speed camera was fixed to the bracket, and then the best angle was selected to shoot at the beginning of discrete process. The shooting in the test was mainly from the ahead, the side and the back side of the test equipment with the shooting angle of 45°. The sensors were installed on the fixture to measure the forces in 3 directions respectively. Through observing the photos, we found that the closer the kernel was from beak, the larger the horizontal component of thrust was, the more obvious the movement was, and the easier kernel was to disperse from ear; on the contrary, the further the kernel was from beak, the smaller the horizontal component of thrust was, and the more difficult kernel was to disperse from ear. The kernels followed the "arrangement law" to deliver forces, whose range was approximate to a "tower", and the movement of kernel separated from corn ear was similar to oblique throwing movement. According to the data measured, the maximum force on the corn ear was in x direction, second in y direction, and the force in z direction was the minimum. The resultant force of x and y direction had a great influence on the number of the kernels separated from the corn ear. The results of verification test were that the average discrete rate was 67.53% and the damage rate was 0.16%, which showed that the beak had a significant effect on dispersing corn ear, and the damage rate was low. The study will provide a bionic thought on designing corn threshing system with low damage. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:High speed photography
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Animals - Biomimetics - Bionics - Crops - Data acquisition - Dispersions - Equipment testing - High speed cameras - Long Term Evolution (LTE) - Machinery - Photography
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture machinery - Beak - Corn kernels - Discrete - Low damages
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 742.1 Photography - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 746 Imaging Techniques - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20154301434063
Title:Broad-row ridge culture improving photosynthetic characteristics and lodging resistance, and increasing yield of summer maize with waterlogging at seedlings stage
Authors:Wang, Chengyu (1); Zhang, Liqiong (1); Song, He (1); Li, Jing (1); Cheng, Beijiu (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; (2) School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Corresponding author:Cheng, Beijiu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:129-135
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To better understand the effects of broad-row ridge culture pattern on photosynthetic characteristics, lodging resistance and yield for summer maize waterlogged at seedlings stage, an experiment was conducted in the Institute of Agriculture Science in Funan County in 2013 and 2014. A summer maize cultivar, Xianyu-335, was selected as material in the field, and 4 treatments were designed including traditional culture without waterlogging (TW<inf>0</inf>), traditional culture with waterlogging (TW<inf>1</inf>), broad-row ridge culture without waterlogging (RW<inf>0</inf>) and broad-row ridge culture with waterlogging (RW<inf>1</inf>). The results showed that the date of SPAD (soil and plant analyzer development) value and photosynthesis rate of the maize functional leaf recovering to normal level under broad-row ridge culture was 10 days earlier than that under traditional culture in waterlogging year. Therefore, the photosynthetic capacity was more quickly meliorated under broad-row ridge culture than that under traditional culture when a flood occurred. The leaf area of maize recovered to normal level 15 days after waterlogging under broad-row ridge culture in waterlogging year, but couldn't recover to normal level even 30 days after waterlogging under traditional culture. Thus, a larger green photosynthetic leaf area was provided under broad-row ridge culture than under traditional culture when in waterlogging year. The lodging resistance indicators in the third internode of maize such as stem diameter, stalk rind penetration strength and bending property in waterlogging year were worse than those in normal years under traditional culture, with a reduction rate of 20. 1%, 16. 1% and 20. 0%, respectively. There was no significant difference for the lodging resistance capability between the 2 treatments with or without waterlogging under broad-row ridge culture. The lodging resistance capability for the 2 planting patterns had no significant difference under the same water-type years. Collectively, the capability of lodging resistance under broad-row ridge culture was more reliable than that under traditional culture. Sterile plant rate and 1 000 grain weight under broad-row ridge culture were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those under traditional culture in waterlogging year, with a decline of 21.5% and 5.7%, respectively. The number of grains per ear in maize in waterlogging treatment was significantly (P<0.05) less than that in no-waterlogging treatment under traditional culture, with a two-year average reducing rate of 11.3%, but it had no significant difference between the 2 different water-type treatments under broad-row ridge culture. So, more stable number of grains per ear was gained under broad-row ridge culture. The yield in waterlogging year was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that in no-waterlogging year, with a reduction of 1349.6 and 547.3 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>respectively for the 2 planting patterns, but the yield under broad-row ridge culture was not lower than that under traditional culture whether waterlogging or not. Therefore, a more stable yield was obtained under broad-row ridge culture in the areas liable to waterlogging. The research provides the reference for the high and stable yield theory and technology of summer maize in the areas liable to waterlogging. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Bending strength - Grain (agricultural product) - Moisture - Photosynthesis - Plants (botany) - Recovery
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture science - Corps - Lodging resistance - Photosynthesis rate - Photosynthetic capacity - Photosynthetic characteristics - Summer maize - Traditional cultures
Classification code:741.1 Light/Optics - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20154301434082
Title:Effect of pickling temperature and concentration of salt solution on lipid of duck egg yolk
Authors:Long, Men (1); Song, Ye (2); Du, Qingfei (1); Zhou, Di (1); Cai, Huazheng (1); Zhan, Ge (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Bio and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, China; (2) National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Key Lab of Food Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Zhan, Ge
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:281-288
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Salted duck egg is a kind of Chinese-style pickled egg with a long shelf life. Its pleasant and fragrant taste is preferred by most of the people in China and other Southeast Asian countries. Salted duck egg is normally made by pickling the duck eggs in 20.0%-30.0% NaCl solution at room temperature (30) for 30 days. Lipid is one of the important structural and functional compositions for duck eggs; it has a very important impact on the quality of the duck egg, and has close relationship with the nutrition value and flavor and texture of duck eggs. The lipid oxidation also plays a role in the human body health, and is closely related to many diseases of the human body. The prooxidant effect of NaCl will enhance the oxidation of duck egg lipid during pickling. In that case, the objective of this paper was to research the oxygenolysis of the lipid of duck egg. The effects of different pickling temperatures, concentrations of NaCl solution and pickling time on duck yolk lipid oxygenolysis were investigated by using the methods that determined yolk index, lipid content of yolk, saponification value of yolk, thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) value of yolk, fatty acids composition and free fatty acid content in this paper. The result showed that yolk index, lipid content, saponification value of yolk and free fatty acid content all significantly increased, and phospholipid content decreased with the increase of pickling temperature and time (P< 0.05). As the concentration of salt solution increased, saponification value of yolk significantly increased (P< 0.05), yolk index and lipid content of yolk didn't change obviously, and free fatty acid content decreased because of oxygenolysis. The increase of pickling temperature would accelerate lipid oxidation, and meanwhile could reduce the amount of final products of lipid oxidation. With the concentration of salt solution increasing, the TBARS value of yolk increased. Dynamics analysis showed that the activation energy of initial lipid oxidation reaction decreased as the concentration of salt solution increased, which accelerated lipid oxidation. The changes of fatty acid composition were that the saturated fatty acids content increased, especially those with small molecular weight, and the unsaturated fatty acids content decreased on account of oxygenolysis, in which the decrease of the amount of those with small molecular weight, e. g. myristic acid and palmitoleic acid, was more than those with large molecular weight, e. g. arachidonic acid and linoleic acid. The amount of the saturated free fatty acids and unsaturated free fatty acids both increased after pickling. The increase of the amount of the free fatty acids was because of the oxygenolysis of phospholipids and neutral lipid. The saturated free fatty acids were mainly made of short-chain fatty acids, e. g. caproic acid and octanoic acid, and had little in quantity for the medium-chain fatty acids. Palmitoleic acid and linoleic acid took a greater proportion in the unsaturated free fatty acids, and their contents increased during the pickling period. This paper may provide a theoretical reference for the effect of pickling condition on the oxygenolysis of the lipid of duck egg yolk. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Fatty acids
Controlled terms:Activation analysis - Activation energy - Chains - Hydrolysis - Linoleic acid - Models - Molecular weight - Oxidation - Phospholipids - Pickling - Salts - Saturated fatty acids - Unsaturated fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:Duck egg - Fatty acid composition - Functional compositions - Lipid oxidation - Medium-chain fatty acids - Pickling conditions - Short-chain fatty acids - Thiobarbituric acid
Classification code:539 Metals Corrosion and Protection; Metal Plating - 602.1 Mechanical Drives - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20154301434057
Title:Comparison of droplet size distribution experiments between complete fluidic sprinkler and impact sprinkler
Authors:Liu, Junping (1); Liu, Xingfa (1); Zhu, Xingye (1); Yuan, Shouqi (1); Bao, Ya (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:85-91
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Sprinkler is the key equipment of sprinkler irrigation system. The hydraulic performance of sprinkler is directly influenced by the quality and efficiency of irrigation. The fluid at the impact sprinkler (PY) outlet is single-phase water, and that at the complete fluidic sprinkler (PXH) outlet is gas-liquid two-phase flow. In order to explore the distribution regularity and difference of the 2 types of sprinkler droplets, based on the laser raindrop spectrometer measuring technique (laser precipitation monitor, LPM), the experimental study on droplet size distribution of PY and PXH sprinkler was carried out, and the volume weighted method was used to analyze the water droplets frequency distribution, cumulative frequency and medium diameter variation at different distances from sprinklers. The working pressures were 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 kPa, respectively. The results showed that the droplets frequency of the PXH sprinkler was generally less than the PY sprinkler, and the droplet distribution range of PXH sprinkler was wider than the PY sprinkler under different pressures. Under the low pressure conditions, the droplet distribution of PXH sprinkler was more continuous and uniform. The droplets frequency distribution of PXH and PY sprinkler conformed to logarithmic normal distribution and normal distribution respectively. With the distance from the sprinkler increasing, the slope of the droplet cumulative frequency curve decreased gradually. With the working pressure increasing, the slope of the droplet cumulative frequency curve at different distance from the sprinkler decreased gradually, and the droplet cumulative frequency variation for the PXH sprinkler was more uniform. The droplet cumulative frequency distribution of the 2 kinds of sprinklers conformed to the index function distribution, and when the distance from sprinkler was short, the fitting accuracy of the PXH sprinkler was higher than the PY sprinkler. At the distance of 2 and 4 m from the sprinkler, the correlation coefficients of the fitting function of the PXH sprinkler were respectively 0.9% and 3.5% higher than the PY sprinkler. At the distance of 6 and 8 m from the sprinkler, the correlation coefficients of fitting function of the PY sprinkler were respectively 3.3% and 1.2% higher than the PXH sprinkler. The median diameter increased with the distance from the sprinkler, and the median diameter decreased with the increasing of the working pressure. Under the same working pressure, with the distance from the sprinkler increasing, the increase percentage of the droplet median diameter for the PXH and PY sprinkler gradually became larger. Under the same pressure and the same position, the droplet median diameter of the PY sprinkler was less than the PXH sprinkler. The function of the relationship between median diameter, working pressure and distance from the sprinkler was established. Under the condition of 150 kPa and 7 m far from the sprinkler, the median diameter of PXH sprinkler was 66.2% higher than the PY sprinkler. Under the condition of low pressure, the droplet size distribution of the PXH sprinkler was more continuous and uniform at different distances from the nozzle, which was conducive to water crops and make the force uniformly distributed. The results provide the reference for the study of the jet motion model and the external spraying characteristics. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Sprinkler systems (irrigation)
Controlled terms:Distribution functions - Drops - Hose - Hydraulic machinery - Irrigation - Normal distribution - Nozzles - Size distribution - Spray nozzles - Spraying - Two phase flow
Uncontrolled terms:Complete fluidic sprinkler - Cumulative frequency distribution - Distribution regularities - Droplet size distributions - Droplet sizes - Gas - liquid two-phase flows - Impact sprinklers - Logarithmic normal distribution
Classification code:619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20154301434079
Title:Pork backfat thickness on-line detection methods using machine vision
Authors:Li, Qing (1); Peng, Yankun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Research and Development Center for Agro-processing Equipment, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Peng, Yankun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:256-261
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Detection of pork backfat thickness in most of the slaughtering houses depends on manual labors using measuring tools. The objective of this research was to investigate the method for detecting backfat thickness based on computer vision and image processing technologies. And the paper proposed an algorithm of image acquisition and automatically measuring backfat thickness which could solve the problems that manual measurement process had low efficiency, human factor influenced the test result and connective tissue was readily measured as backfat region. The images of pig carcass between the 6<sup>th</sup>and the 7<sup>th</sup>rib were collected by the machine vision image acquisition system on the slaughter line. The system consisted of an image acquisition module containing CCD (charge-coupled device) to capture the images and then save them in computer, a single-chip microcomputer, a detection switch, the calibration rule and the light source in system that could be regulated by the controller to change intensity, and the image processing algorithm was equipped into the self-developed system embedded in the computer. The distance between the camera lens and the carcass samples was fixed. A black background plate was placed behind the pig carcass in order to adapt to the complexity of the environment. When a half of carcass reached the camera view, the operator pressed the detection switch to acquire images which were automatically stored in the computer for further image processing. First, the image noise was removed by using the bilateral filtering method. And the binary image of the pig carcass to be detected was gained according to the Otsu method which calculated segment threshold automatically based on the image grey value. After filling the tiny holes in the binary images by using morphological transformation, the images still contained multiple connected regions. Then the image contours were extracted from the preprocessed images. Through the experiment, it was found that the backfat region was the largest region in the image contour region. Based on the differences of different contour sizes, the backfat region and edge contour were obtained. Secondly, the edge contours were fitted by the fitting line to yield the standard deviations, which were then used to determine whether the connective tissue existed in the backfat region. If so, the pixels of the backfat region image accumulated along X direction were plotted. The connective tissue was removed using the new detection line determined by the valley point coordinates of pixel curve. In this step, the image was cropped to separate the backfat region from the original image. Finally the backfat thickness could be measured accurately by mapping the line to the backfat region. Experiment showed that the detection accuracy of measuring the backfat thickness was 93.5% when the measurement error was less than 1 mm. The accuracy of the algorithm and the speed were verified with the theoretical analysis and practical test. And through test, the average recognition time of each sample was 0.3 s. The results showed that the algorithm could meet the requirement of the backfat thickness testing and measuring in precision for the practical application. This method is able to be used in online detection of the slaughtering line which is of great significance for the development of the automatic measuring system. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Binary images - Bins - Cameras - Charge coupled devices - Collagen - Computer vision - Image acquisition - Image segmentation - Light sources - Mammals - Musculoskeletal system - Pixels - Tissue
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic measuring system - Backfat region - Connective tissues - Contour - Image processing algorithm - Image processing technology - Morphological transformations - Single chip microcomputers
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.3 Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics - 694.4 Storage - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 742.2 Photographic Equipment
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20154301434074
Title:Present situation and trends in research on cultivated land intensive use in China
Authors:Lü, Xiao (1); Niu, Shandong (1); Li, Zhenbo (1); Huang, Xianjin (2); Zhong, Taiyang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, China; (2) School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:212-224
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The cultivated land intensive use (CLIU) is related to food security, supply of agricultural products, and even economic and social sustainable development. There is important theoretical and practical significance in deeply understanding the condition of CLIU and its change process, pattern, mechanism and comprehensive effect. The paper, by adopting the methods of literature analysis and systematic induction, analyzed the research status of CLIU in China from 3 aspects of research scale, research content and research method. Then with the help of Chinese literature database, we summarized the trends and the overall situation of the researches on CLIU in China in nearly 30 years. We think the existing research presents the following features: a diversity of research perspectives and analysis scales, a wide range of research contents and positivism methodology. Meanwhile, there are a lot of deficiencies in present research, which mainly show in 4 aspects: 1) The researches are insufficient in these aspects including the choice of proper scale, the selection of indicator to proper scale characteristics, the comparison analysis and diversion between different scales, the spatial and temporal scale coupling; 2) The subtype of the CLIU elaboration researches, including paddy field, irrigated land, dry land, is not reported; 3) The content and depth need to be developed, such as the scientificity of CLIU evaluation, the systematicness of influence mechanism, the integrity of intensive effect and the effectiveness of regulation approach; 4) The trend of favoring metric over mechanism, value results over process and verification in research methods need to be overcome, and the method system of multidisciplinary coupling has not yet been built. Overall, the existing research is difficult to meet expectations and requirements in cultivated land resource use of national strategic demand of the new urbanization, " five transformations coordination" and cultivated land protection. The result suggests that the studies on CLIU should focus on these scientific problems: 1) The influence of new development factors on CLIU should be explained, especially the influence differences between traditional elements and new development factors; 2) Revealing the feedback mechanism of the process that the CLIU affects the man-land relationship areal system; 3) Prove the collaborative process and coupling mechanism between CLIU and regional rural development, urban-rural integration and quality of regional ecological environment, build the theory and method system of " process, pattern, mechanism" of CLIU, and realize the effective control of CLIU. Based on the above main scientific problems, further studies should strengthen the project research on the scale and scaling in the evaluation of CLIU, especially the data acquisition, the identification of influencing factors and the driving mechanism analysis at multiple scales. We should be committed to building a comprehensive and integrative theoretical framework for analyzing the inside and outside process of CLIU, depicting the main body structure and spatio-temporal pattern of CLIU, and revealing the driving mechanism and regulation mechanism. More attentions should be given to the comprehensive and integrative method system for the CLIU research, as well as the scientificity and feasibility of data acquisition and processing. It is necessary to select appropriate scale and typical area to build the research system of the CLIU in China, explore the process, pattern, effect and trend of CLIU, and then put forward the typical mode and characteristic path for the intensive use of cultivated land. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:102
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Computer systems - Control - Data acquisition - Data handling - Distributed computer systems - Food supply - Land use - Regional planning - Rural areas - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Cultivated land intensive use - Cultivated lands - Driving mechanism analysis - Ecological environments - Intensification - Multidisciplinary coupling - Spatiotemporal patterns - Urban-rural integrations
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.3 Food Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20154301434085
Title:Appropriate addition of oat β-glucan improving rheological properties of dough
Authors:Pan, Lihua (1, 2); Xu, Tingting (1); Luo, Shuizhong (1); He, Yuankang (1); Luo, Jianping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China; (2) Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, United States
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:304-310
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Oat β-glucan, one of the non-starch polysaccharides, consists of long, linear chains of 30% β (1→ 3) and 70% β (1→ 4) linked D-glucopyranosyl residues and has been widely applications due to its outstanding functional and nutritional properties. One of its most important processing characteristics is the high water holding capacity and viscosity-forming potential which can be used as thickeners, emulsifiers and stabilizers to improve the texture and flavor in the food industry. In addition to the function as soluble dietary fibre, oat β-glucan has been associated with lots of other health benefits including better regulation of blood glucose and insulin levels, lowering of blood cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of heart disease. The potential use of β-glucans as texture improvers and fibre-enriching agents in bakery products to enhance consistency, resistance to deformation and elasticity of dough and to increase health benefits of products, has been reported by different authors. Chinese steamed bread flour and other 3 kinds of flours including low-gluten flour, medium-gluten flour and high-gluten flour dough that differ in the protein, are popularly used to make the staple food, for example, Chinese steamed bread, bread, dumpling and cookies, and have been recognized as the most efficient carriers for food special function strengthening of food to eliminate the deficiency of food functional factors and to meet the demand of customers. In this paper, the effects of 0.5%-5.0% of β-glucan from oat on the rheological properties, such as dough farinograph, tensile and pasting properties, of four different flour doughs formula, including low-gluten flour dough, medium-gluten flour dough, high-gluten flour dough and Chinese steamed bread flour dough, have been examined. The results showed that the farinograph water absorption rate of four doughs linearly increased with increasing contents of oat β-glucan. The addition of β-glucan to the dough formula increased the development time and the stability time and decrease their weakening degree. The addition of 0.5%-2.0% of oat β-glucan enhanced the maximum tensile resistance of four kinds of doughs, whereas 4.0%-5.0% of oat β-glucan reduced their maximum tensile resistance, extensibility and tensile energy. The addition of oat β-glucan decreased the peak viscosity, the hold viscosity, the final viscosity and the setback value of four kinds of doughs except the low-gluten flour dough formula with 2.0% or 4.0% of oat β-glucan addition and the high-gluten flour kinds of dough formula with 4.0% of oat β-glucan addition. The addition of oat β-glucan exhibited a significant decrease in the retrogradation value of all the dough formula. The addition of oat β-glucan to the dough formula increased the development time, the stability time, the weakening degree, the extensibility and the pasting temperature of the low-gluten flour dough, exceeding even that of the high-gluten flour dough. The reason that the change of rheological properties of dough fortified with oat β-glucan may be related to the high amount of water absorption and swelling of oat β-glucan subsequently forming of a net structure which increased the formation of hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds of gluten and surrounded the starch granules thus lowing the water the amount of water imbibed by the particles and preventing them from aging, which would help to extend the shelf life of flour products, such as bread, Chinese steamed bread, dumpling, and so on. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Water absorption
Controlled terms:Bakery products - Blood - Cholesterol - Covalent bonds - Food products - Health - Health risks - Hydrophobicity - Nutrition - Particles (particulate matter) - Polysaccharides - Rheology - Starch - Tensile properties - Viscosity
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese steamed breads - Correlation analysis - Flour - Hydrophobic interactions - Non-starch polysaccharides - Resistance to deformation - Rheological property - Water absorption rates
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.3 Food Products - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20154301434072
Title:Impacts of leakage of stored CO<inf>2</inf>to growth of trifolium hybridum L.
Authors:Zhang, Xueyan (1, 2); Yin, Zhongdong (3); Zhao, Zhi (4); Tian, Di (5); Ma, Xin (5)
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) Institute of Geographical Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (3) Collage of Water and Soil Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; (4) Collage of Geography Sciences and Tourism, Xing Jiang Normal University, Urumqi, China; (5) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Yin, Zhongdong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:197-203
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, more than 12 demonstration projects of carbon capture and storage (CCS) have been developed in China. The CCS technology can provide the CO<inf>2</inf>capture capacity of hundreds of billions of tons and has important significance for mid-long term mitigation of CO<inf>2</inf>in China. However, there is leakage risk for the CO<inf>2</inf>stored in the geological structure, which may lead to major threats for farmland ecosystem. Along with the development of carbon capture and storage technique, more attentions have been focused on the potential threats from the leakage of stored CO<inf>2</inf>, and the adaptation capacity of crops to CO<inf>2</inf>leakage has not been well understood. This study assessed the response of Trifolium hybridum L., which is widespread and has strong acid resistance, to leakage of stored CO<inf>2</inf>. And 4 treatments were designed in the pot experiment, in which the CO<inf>2</inf>with the airflow rate from 500 to 2 000 g/ (m<sup>2</sup>·d) was added into the bottom of the cultivation box. The experiment simulated the process of the leakage of CO<inf>2</inf>in surface soil, and tested if the crop with strong acid resistance would better adapt to the impacts of the leakage of stored CO<inf>2</inf>. The results revealed that the productive viabilities (biomass, height, root length and root activity) of Trifeolium hybridum L. increased slightly or remained stable under the leakage of 500 g/ (m<sup>2</sup>·d) CO<inf>2</inf>, and it showed better adaptation capability under 500 g/(m<sup>2</sup>·d) CO<inf>2</inf>leakage treatment. When the leakage of CO<inf>2</inf>increased to over 1 000 g/ (m<sup>2</sup>· d), Trifolium hybridum L. gradually presented environmental stress, and the biomass and root activity decreased quickly under the leakage of 1 500-2 000 g/ (m<sup>2</sup>·d). However, the crude protein, crude fiber, ash, crude fat and calcium have no obvious change. The change of soil pH value, from 6.6 to 7.2, was not out of the optimum pH value range for Trifolium hybridum L. growth and development, and the acid resistance should not be the key factor of adaptation capability. The replacement of CO<inf>2</inf>/O<inf>2</inf>in soil led to the decrease of O<inf>2</inf>concentration from 20% to 6.7% in the 10-20 cm soil layer. Previous study showed that the seedling rate, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and fresh weight of maize were significantly inhibited under 500 g/ (m<sup>2</sup>·d) CO<inf>2</inf>leakage treatment, while Trifolium hybridum L. showed a better tolerance to O<inf>2</inf>concentration reduction in soil than the maize. This finding suggests that Trifolium hybridum L. can be the alternative crop for the potential mild leakage area and can be developed as a new technology for the leakage of stored CO<inf>2</inf>. However, the mechanism of Trifolium hybridum L. for the resistance to CO<inf>2</inf>leakage is still unclear and further researches will be needed. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Carbon dioxide
Controlled terms:Acid resistance - Atmospheric composition - Carbon - Carbon capture - Crops - Ecology - Ecosystems - Energy storage - Gases - Leakage (fluid) - pH - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Concentration reduction - Demonstration project - Environmental stress - Geological structures - Growth and development - Net photosynthetic rate - Response - Trifolium hybridum L
Classification code:454 Environmental Engineering - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 525.7 Energy Storage - 801 Chemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20154301434048
Title:Seeding performance experiment of pneumatic-typed precision centralized metering device
Authors:Li, Zhaodong (1); Li, Shanshan (1); Cao, Xiuying (1); Lei, Xiaolong (1); Liao, Yitao (1); Wei, Yuepei (1); Liao, Qingxi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
Corresponding author:Liao, Qingxi
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:17-25
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The rapeseed precision seeding has the advantages of saving labor, time and cost, and high productivity and so on, and the rapes under the precision seeding have relatively consistent maturity, which are suitable for mechanized harvest. The rapeseed direct seeding is an important technical way to realize the sustainable development of rapeseed industry. In order to improve the seeding performance of the rapeseed pneumatic-typed precision centralized metering device, the main influence factors and their ranges were determined by analyzing the filling seed and clearing seed process. " Huayouza 62" was taken as experimental subject, while the cleaning angle was 53°, the protecting area angle was 90°, the throwing area angle was 110°, the protecting pressure difference was 150 Pa, and the section shape of air tap for clearing seed was circular and rectangular with the section area of 50.26 and 50 mm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. Three levels (8, 9, 10 m/s) were selected for the air velocity of clearing seed, 3 levels (19, 23, 27 mm) were selected for the filling height, and three levels (20, 30, 40 r/min) for the rotational speed of seeding cylinder. The speed of oil belt was 2.1-4.0 km/h. The L<inf>27</inf>3<sup>13</sup>orthogonal experiment was conducted to study the influence of cleaning seed and filling seed link on the performance of the centralized metering device on test bench. The influence factors were section shape of air tap for clearing seed, filling height, air velocity of cleaning seed and rotational speed of seeding cylinder, and the evaluation indices were coefficient of variation for seeding uniformity and variability coefficient of each row seeding quantity consistency. Results showed the order of the coefficient of variation for seeding uniformity was filling height > rotational speed of seeding cylinder > air velocity of cleaning seed > section shape of air tap for clearing seed; the order of the variability coefficient of each row seeding quantity consistency was filling height > section shape of air tap for clearing seed > rotational speed of seeding cylinder > air velocity of cleaning seed. Filling height, air velocity of cleaning seed and rotational speed of seeding cylinder obviously affected the seeding uniformity; section shape of air tap for clearing seed, filling height and rotational speed of seeding cylinder obviously affected the variability coefficient of each row seeding quantity consistency. Under the best working conditions that are section shape of air tap for clearing seed being rectangular, filling height of 27 mm; air velocity of cleaning seed of 10 m/s, rotational speed of seeding cylinder of 20 r/min, the coefficient of variation for seeding uniformity was 8.07%, and the variability coefficient of each row seeding quantity consistency was 1.95%, the damage rate was less than 0.1%. Thus improving the seeding performance of the rapeseed pneumatic-typed precision centralized metering device can be realized by expanding filling height, reducing rotational speed of seeding cylinder and auxiliary air for clearing seed. Also the hole, cone angle, seed-cleaning angle, relative situation between cleaning mouth and holes, and vibration are all main influence factors to the seeding performance. Based on the above results, further research is in urgent need for this rapeseed seeding metering device. The results provide the basis for the structure optimization of the pneumatic-typed precision centralized metering device and the improvement of its seeding performance. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Air cleaners
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Air - Cleaning - Cylinders (shapes) - Filling - Oilseeds - Optimization - Pneumatics - Seed - Speed - Structural optimization - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Experimental subjects - Metering devices - Orthogonal experiment - Pressure differences - Rapeseed - Seeding performance - Structure optimization
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution Control - 632.3 Pneumatics - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20154301434047
Title:Operation performance analysis of reciprocating cutter based on visual programming
Authors:Xiang, Yang (1, 2); Luo, Xiwen (1); Zeng, Shan (1); Zang, Ying (1); Yang, Wenwu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (2) College of Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
Corresponding author:Luo, Xiwen
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:11-16
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Cutting diagram is an important means of performance analysis of reciprocating cutter. The evaluation of working performance of reciprocating cutter principally depends on the size of 3 featured areas (repeated cutting area, area failing to cut and once cutting area), which can be observed from the cutting diagram. Drawing cutting diagram by the traditional manual tracing method has the disadvantages of low efficiency and imprecise result. Meanwhile the system of cutting diagram drawing and analyzing which is based on the MATLAB and other homemade programs cannot carry on the continuous analysis of parameter. Aiming at the inconvenience of the traditional methods, a cutting diagram analytic system was developed based on visualization platform. This paper took the standard ordinary I type reciprocating cutter as main research object, performed the kinematic analysis to cutting blade and obtained the moving-track curve of featured points. Method to calculate the 3 featured areas was deduced based on the kinematic analysis of the cutting blade. Moreover, 3 special situations which may happen during the calculation process were analyzed, and the respective solution for each situation was proposed. The software was developed based on VISUAL STUDIO 2008. The main interface of this system mainly consists of cutter parameter configuration zone, working property feature analyzing zone and cutting diagram drawing zone. After inputting the cutting parameter by user, system can draw corresponding cutting diagram and calculate the area of featured areas. The drawing of cutting diagram uses Picturebox control and GDI+ (graphics device interface plus) technology, and it can carry on the coordinate conversion to the actual dimension of cutting blade depending on the dimension of drawing zone. In order to adapt the calculation characteristics of computer, it uses the numerical analysis method in calculation process, including obtaining the coordinates of key points through the dichotomy solution to single-variable equation and calculating the area of featured areas by using the trapezoidal method to do definite integral calculation. The main content of working performance analysis is calculating the proportional relationship among the 3 featured areas under different working parameters, thus to find the best working parameters. Traditional method is to carry on comparative analysis by drawing many cutting diagrams, however, it has the shortages of hefty workload and imprecise result. This paper proposed a working performance analytical method depending on stepping calculation, which used the steeping method to automatically calculate and analyze the areas of 3 feature regions according to the cutter dimension parameters specified by users, and generated the corresponding curve graphs in set working parameter range. This provided the basis for users to analyze working properties of cutters and determine the best working parameters. The analysis of the standard ordinary I type reciprocating cutter showed that there was no area failing to cut when the rotator width was less than 44 mm, and no repeated cutting area when the rotator width was greater than 94 mm, moreover, when the rotator width equaled 61 mm, the area proportion of once cutting area reached the highest value which was 88%. Application result showed that the software had the advantages of convenient use, independence of the third platform and precise calculation result, which provided an efficient mean to optimize the operation of the reciprocating cutter. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Cutting equipment
Controlled terms:Application programs - Computer programming - Cutting - Drawing (graphics) - Harvesters - Kinematics - Machinery - MATLAB - Mechanization - Numerical methods
Uncontrolled terms:Calculation characteristics - Comparative analysis - Coordinate conversion - Operation performance - Proportional relationships - Reciprocating cutter - Visual programming - Visualization platforms
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.1 Computer Programming - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20154301434078
Title:Characteristic aroma detection of coffee at different roasting degree based on electronic nose
Authors:He, Yuqin (1); Hu, Rongsuo (2); Zhang, Haide (1); Wen, Nana (1); Cai, Tao (1); Peng, Jian (1); Xu, Yinghao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Food College, Hainan University, Haikou, China; (2) Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Haide
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:247-255
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The aim of the study is to investigate the relationships between coffee aroma and banking conditions so as to provide theory reference for accurately selecting reasonable processing conditions for special fragrance of coffee and reducing the production cost of coffee diversification. The Hainan Arabica coffee was used as material, and we made use of the solid phase microextraction-gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (SPME-GC-MS) and the electronic nose to detect the volatile compounds and characteristic aroma of coffee processed under several baking temperatures for 6 min. The results showed that a total of 43 kinds of volatile compounds were detected. When the baking temperature was lower than 120, volatile components of coffee mainly included alcohols, ethers and amine which slightly contribute to coffee aroma. With the temperature increasing, aromatic compounds were gradually generated from the pyrolysis of coffee endogenous compounds. Furthermore, pyrazine and pyrrole of coffee volatile compounds began to appear at 120. The contents of furan, aldehydes, pyrazine and pyrrole, such as 2-acetyl-5-methylfuran, 2, 6-diethyl-pyrazine, 5-methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde and 1-(2-furanylmethyl)-pyrrole, all peaked at 140. Parazole and imidazole, whose contents were less than 3%, only were detected at 160. At the same time, the content of volatile compounds changed irregularly because of the pyrolysis reaction of esters, phenols and ketones. After processing at different temperatures, the fragrance was composed of a large number of complex components which were able to lead to sensor inductive effect of electronic nose. Moreover, all of the response values were significantly different according to Tukey's multiple-range test at the P< 0. 05 level. However, part of the sensors of electronic nose could effectively analyze the variation of coffee characteristic flavor, such as the sensor T30/1, 70/2, PA/2, P30/2 and LY2/AA. Both the principal component analysis (PCA) and the discriminant factorial analysis (DFA) performed well when they were used to analyze coffee samples, with the first 2 principal components (PCs) explaining 100% and the first 2 factors explaining 100% of the variations of coffee aroma, which could effectively discriminate the coffee aroma with different roasting degrees. The hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) successfully clustered the different types of coffee into 4 groups which included raw coffee, light roast coffee, medium roast coffee and dark roast coffee. The raw coffee could be divided into the first class which mainly clustered alcohol, esters and alkane. The second species, including 80 and 100 samples, was likely to cluster the first PC and the first discriminant factor, which was regarded as light roast coffee. A part of coffee may be classified as medium roast coffee at 120 and 140 owing to esters, phenols, aldehydes, amine, pyrazine and pyrrole. When processing at 160, volatile components of coffee mainly contained plenty of aromatic compounds such as heptyl ether, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 5-methylfuran-2-carbaldehyde and 1-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-pyrrole, in other words, this kind was categorized as dark roast coffee. It was observed that, the higher the baking temperature was, the more easily the samples were discriminated with different volatile compounds. Therefore, the relationships among the roasted coffee volatile compounds, the special fragrance and the roasting degree were determined by the SPME-GC-MS in combination with the electronic nose, which contributed to discriminate different roasting degrees of coffee. The research results can provide scientific basis and technical support for selecting the production process to roast particular aroma of coffee. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Aldehydes - Aromatic compounds - Classification (of information) - Cluster analysis - Electronic nose - Esters - Ethers - Gas chromatography - Hierarchical systems - Identification (control systems) - Inductive sensors - Ketones - Mass spectrometry - Microcomputers - Odors - Organic pollutants - Phenols - Volatile organic compounds
Uncontrolled terms:Discriminant factorial analysis - Hierarchical cluster analysis - Principal Components - Processing condition - Roasted coffee volatiles - Roasting - Solid-phase microextraction - SPME-GC-MS
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 732.2 Control Instrumentation - 801 Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20154301434080
Title:Evaluation method of beef tenderness based on texture properties and self-organizing neural network model
Authors:Wang, Xiaodan (1); Liu, Aiyang (1); Sun, Yonghai (1); Wang, Ying (2); Han, Yunxiu (1); Wang, Hongmei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (2) College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:262-268
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Tenderness is one of the important assessment indices of beef quality. Traditional assessment methods, such as the sensory evaluation method and the Warner-Bratzler shear force method, have artificial error at different degrees. One steak from the mid-region of each longissimus dorsi (LD) was collected from each of 60 cattle as the testing sample. The age of cattle (400-550 kg) was from 30 to 36 months, and the cattle were fattened for more than 6 months on the same farm. After starving for 24 h, the live cattle were weighed, showered, stunned, killed, and letting blood for 56 min. After electrical stimulation, the 4 limbs and head of each animal were cut off, and the body of cattle was split into halves, cooled at 4 for 24 h, and then the carcasses were divided. The LDs were weighed, placed into plastic bags individually, vacuum-sealed, packed on ice, and transported to the laboratory. Each steak was cut into 10 cm× 10 cm× 10 cm samples, but the intermuscular fat and connective tissues were deleted. The samples were rinsed in water to remove surface contamination, then placed into plastic bags individually in a 75-80 water bath, and cooked for 15 min after the internal temperature of meat reached 70. Then the samples were cooled to room temperature (20). The 20 evaluators were healthy and dentally tidy adults with the age from 20 to 25 years old, without thirst or hunger. Each evaluator chewed the samples from each steak. After cooking, the samples within an LD were divided into 3 groups so as to run the experiments in triplicate. The samples freshly chewed for 0-20 times were measured using a Brookfield CT3 texture analyzer (Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, INC. Middleboro, Massachusetts, USA). With a two-cycle texture profile analysis (TPA) model and a TA44 probe (cylinder diameter = 4 mm), the size of testing surface of each sample was 10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm. A Hold Time-pressure and keeping model was used throughout. The instrument settings were: pre-test speed of 2 mm/s, test speed of 5 mm/s, posttest speed of 5 mm/s, trigger force of 10 g, distance of probe movement on the sample of 7 mm, and hold time after downward movement of the probe of 2 s. For those samples, viscous force, stickiness, elastic force, elastic length, cohesiveness, resilience, gumminess, chewiness and other texture properties were measured using the texture analyzer. The correlations were analyzed between the parameters and beef tenderness level. The main texture properties decreased with the increase of beef tenderness grade, and the texture properties value also showed a downward trend with chewing more times. Combined with the sensory evaluation method, the BP (back propagation) network model, the RBF (radical basis function) network model and the self-organizing competition network model were built, and all the training errors were 1× 10<sup>-6</sup>. Another steak from the mid-region of each LD collected from each of 20 cattle was selected as verification sample. Then the 3 network models were compared, and the self-organizing competition network model was the most accurate model with an accuracy rate of 90%, which showed that this method can accurately assess the level of beef tenderness. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Beef
Controlled terms:Backpropagation - Collagen - Laboratories - Meats - Models - Musculoskeletal system - Neural networks - Plastic containers - Probes - Sensory analysis - Textures - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:BP (back-propagation) network - Electrical stimulations - Engineering laboratories - Neural network model - Radical basis functions - Self-organizing neural network - Tenderness - Texture profile analysis
Classification code:445.2 Water Analysis - 461.3 Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 817.1 Polymer Products - 822.3 Food Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20154301434067
Title:Comparative assessment of two methods for estimation of soil organic carbon content by Vis-NIR spectra in Xinjiang Ebinur Lake Wetland
Authors:Yang, Aixia (1); Ding, Jianli (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resource and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Jianli
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:162-168
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a critical soil property that has profound impact on soil quality and plant growth. It is involved in soil structural formation and atmospheric carbon sequestration. This is especially true in the arid and semi-arid regions. Accurately detecting SOC is an important issue. Traditionally, SOC is limited to laboratory determination using the techniques such as wet or dry combustion, ion sensing electrodes, loss on ignition, or via chemical assays. Yet those traditional approaches often involve expensive testing materials, time-consuming sample preparation and production of excessive environmental pollutants. An approach which can quantify SOC content with time and cost savings is needed. With 140 soil samples acquired from the Ebinur Lake wetland protection area in Xinjiang, China, this research attempts to apply 2 algorithms in hyperspectral data mining, namely, the ant colony optimization-interval partial least squares (ACO-iPLS) and recursive feature elimination-support vector machine (SVM-RFE) to improve the estimation accuracy of SOC content using the visible and near-infrared (VIS/NIR) spectroscopy of soils (350-2500 nm) in laboratory. After convolution smoothing (S-G), 2 common spectra pre-processing methods, namely, first order differential and first order differential of the logarithm of inverse, are applied in the hyperspectral data to extract the feature wavelengths. Results indicate that the feature wavelengths pertaining to SOC mainly are located within 1786-1929 nm with ACO-iPLS and 745-910, 1677, 1755, and 1911-2254 nm with SVM-RFE. With the extracted feature wavelengths, the ensuing models with the same 2 approaches are established with the half of the samples (70 soil samples) as training set and the other half (70 soil samples) as testing set. The results show that the spectra processed with the combination of the S-G and first order with reflectance perform much better than the logarithm of first order differential of the logarithm of inverse after the S-G. Compared to the linear model used commonly, i. e. ACO-iPLS, the nonlinear model SVM-RFE pre-processed with first order differential with reflectance produces the higher estimation accuracy. The root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) for the SVM-RFE approach are respectively 0.158% and 0.268% in the training and testing set. The correlation coefficient of cross validation (Rcv) and the correlation coefficient of prediction (Rp) are 0.9687 and 0.9091, respectively. The relative prediction deviation (RPD) of testing set is 2.41. The RMSECV and RMSEP for the ACO-iPLS approach are respectively 0.329% and 0.396% in the training and testing set. The Rcv and Rp are 0.8647 and 0.8297, respectively. The RPD of the testing set is 1.63. The SVM-RFE approach pre-processed with first order differential of the logarithm of inverse produces the higher estimation accuracy than the ACO-iPLS. The RMSECV and RMSEP for the SVM-RFE approach are 0.033% and 0.448%, respectively. The Rcv and Rp are 0.9989 and 0.8111, respectively. The RPD of testing set is 1.44. The RMSECV and RMSEP for the ACO-iPLS approach are 0.496% and 0.586%, respectively. The Rcv and Rp are 0.7293 and 0.586, respectively. The RPD of the testing set is 1.10. Over all, the good performance of the SVM model can be ascribed to its good capability of dealing with non-linear and hierarchical relationship between SOC and feature wavelengths. The results are fairly satisfactory. This practice provides an efficient, low-cost, potentially highly accurate approach to estimate SOC content and hence support better management and protection strategies for desert wetland ecosystems. The next step is to attempt to apply VIS/NIR spectroscopy technique in the field for further research. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Soil testing
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Ant colony optimization - Artificial intelligence - Cost benefit analysis - Data mining - Forecasting - Ignition - Infrared devices - Lakes - Least squares approximations - Materials testing - Mean square error - Organic carbon - Reflection - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Soil surveys - Soils - Support vector machines - Wetlands
Uncontrolled terms:Arid and semi-arid regions - Ebinur lakes - Interval partial least squares - Laboratory determinations - Recursive feature elimination - Root-mean-square error of predictions - Soil organic carbon content - Visible and near infrared
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 521.1 Fuel Combustion - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20154301434081
Title:Preserved effect of nano-SiO<inf>2</inf>and nano-TiO<inf>2</inf>modified composite coating materials on pidan
Authors:Ma, Lei (1); Yan, Wenjing (1); Zhao, Jianying (1, 2); Zhang, Jianhao (1, 2); Wang, Fang (1); Peng, Kaiming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; (2) Changshu Yihao Food Packaging Materials Technology Company, Changshu, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Jianhao
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:269-280
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pickling is one of the oldest techniques in the food preservation as it not only extends the shelf life but also enhances the flavor and acceptability of the product. Pidan is a kind of traditional pickled egg with an extremely long shelf life. Its pleasant and fragrant taste is preferred by most of the people in China, Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries. Pidan is formed by the penetration of alkali through the egg shell and membrane, which leads to chemical changes and gelation of egg proteins. Apart from the formation of gel-like texture, alkaline treatment can induce the degradation of proteins as well as Maillard reaction to turn the color of pidan into brown during the processing. However, pickling could possibly destroy the outer shell membrane of eggs, make the shell structure loose and enlarge the pores of shell, which causes water to evaporate easily through the pores and the spoilage of fresh eggs. Therefore, coating pidan with composite film is one of the most effective ways to preserve the quality of pidan. Polyvinylidene chloride and polyvinyl alcohol are 2 kinds of macromolecular polymer with gas and water barrier performance, whose emulsions are used as based material to prepare nano-SiO<inf>2</inf>and nano-TiO<inf>2</inf>modified polyvinyl alcohol based composite coating material and nano-SiO<inf>2</inf>and nano-TiO<inf>2</inf>modified poly vinylidene chloride based composite coating material. In this paper, pidans were pickled by soaking chicken eggs into NaOH/NaCl/ZnSO4· 7H<inf>2</inf>O solution for a period of time and then were divided randomly into 3 groups. Uncoated pidan was chosen as control group (CK). Secondary soaking coating method was adopted to coat pidan. The coating process was that put pidan into coating liquid for 1 min, then take pidan out and blow dry, and later the above-mentioned process was carried out again. Pidan coated with nano-SiO<inf>2</inf>and nano-TiO<inf>2</inf>modified poly vinylidene chloride based composite coating material (Group A) and nano-SiO<inf>2</inf>and nano-TiO<inf>2</inf>modified polyvinyl alcohol based composite film (Group B), and uncoated pidan (CK) were stored under the same preserved condition whose temperature was 25 and relative humidity was 75%± 2%. During the storage the physical and chemical indicators included weight loss rate, albumen pH value, free alkalinity content, moisture, texture characteristics (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, chewiness and gumminess), chromatic aberration, brown intensity, absorbance at 294 nm, reducing sugar content, free amino content, sensory evaluation, and total number of bacterial colony, which were detected every 2 or 3 weeks to determine the pidan quality. The results showed that physical and chemical indicators of pidan in each group significantly changed (P< 0.05). Two kinds of coating materials both significantly reduced moisture loss and weight loss rate (P< 0.05), retarded the change of pH value, free alkalinity content and textural properties (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, chewiness and gumminess) of pidan, inhibited the growth of microorganisms, and improved the sensory evaluation of pidan. However, a* value, brown intensity, and absorbance at 294 nm of coated pidan were higher than uncoated pidan, and L* value, b* value, reducing sugar content and free amino content were less than uncoated group, which meant the development of brown color and the production of flavor substances were enhanced because of Maillard reaction. This paper provides the reference for the application of composite film materials in the preservation of pidan. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:50
Main heading:Nanocomposite films
Controlled terms:Aberrations - Alkalinity - Chemical reactions - Chlorine compounds - Composite coatings - Composite films - Composite materials - Degradation - Food preservation - Food storage - Gas permeable membranes - Gelation - Glycosylation - Hardness - Indicators (chemical) - Moisture - pH - Pickling - Plating - Polyols - Polyvinyl alcohols - Polyvinyl chlorides - Polyvinylidene chlorides - Proteins - Quality control - Sensory analysis - Shells (structures) - Titanium dioxide - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Chromatic aberration - Macromolecular polymers - Nano-TiO - Packging - Pidan - Textural properties - Texture characteristics - Vinylidene chloride
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 445.2 Water Analysis - 539.3 Metal Plating - 712.1 Semiconducting Materials - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 813.2 Coating Materials - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 822.1 Food Products Plants and Equipment - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20154301434077
Title:Electronic nose monitoring mature stage of litchi in orchard
Authors:Xu, Sai (1); Lu, Huazhong (1); Zhou, Zhiyan (1); Lü, Enli (1); Yang, Jing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Lü, Enli
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:240-246
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Mature stage monitoring can provide significant scientific instruction for the management of litchi orchard. However, nowadays, any research based on mature stage monitoring in orchard has not been reported yet. Given that this paper proposed a monitoring method of litchi orchard mature stage based on electronic nose. We used electronic nose (PEN3) to sample litchis which were in 6 different mature stages (s1, s2, s3, s4, s5 and s6) from about 25 days after it fruited to maturity, and measured 3 physical characteristics of litchi fruits (fruits' size, fruits' weight and fruits' soluble solid content). According to the changes of litchi's physical characteristics in different mature stages, the 2 physical indices (fruit size and weight) of litchi from the 30<sup>th</sup>to the 39<sup>th</sup>day and from the 53<sup>th</sup>to the 60<sup>th</sup>day after it fruited were increasing comparatively faster than other stages. That was to say, the litchi fruit normally grew fast in the 2 periods. In addition, the soluble solid content of litchi grew slowly from the 53<sup>th</sup>to 60<sup>th</sup>day after it fruited and could not be tested before the 32<sup>th</sup>day after it fruited. After extracting each sensor's response value in stable time (75 s), we used loading analysis (Loadings) for sensors optimization, and kept sensors (R2, R4, R6, R7, R8, R9 and R10) for the next analysis. Loadings results also showed that R7, R4 and R6 were comparatively more sensitive than other sensors when identifying the volatile of litchi, which provided a reference for the next research when exploring especial instrument for litchi quality detection based on bionic olfaction mechanism. Then, unitary processing was used for the noise reduction of the sensor's response value. At last, we used linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for further extraction of feature information to decrease the redundant information. In addition, LDA could not detect the mature stage of litchi in orchard effectively. LDA classification results showed that the sample points in s2 and s3 were overlapped by each other, which had poor classification effect. The sample points in s5 and s6 were not overlapped by each other, but the distance between them was close, which may easily cause the confusion in practical monitoring of fruit mature stage. For further research the feasibility of electronic nose application for litchi mature stage monitoring in orchard, fuzzy c means clustering (FCM) method, k-nearest neighbor (KNN) method and probabilistic neural network (PNN) method were used for pattern recognition. The experimental results showed that the accuracy of FCM for litchi mature stage monitoring in orchard was 89.17%. The classification effects of s2 and s3 were undesirable, and the mature stages s5 could not be absolutely distinguished from s6. After building up KNN and PNN detection model, their accuracies of training set were all 100%, and their accuracies of test set were both 96.67%, which had good effect for litchi mature stage monitoring in orchard. By comparing electronic nose analysis results with physical characteristics changes, we could infer that the accumulation speed of litchi's inner compositions had inverse correlation with the size growing speed of litchi fruit. That meant when the size of litchi fruit grew faster, the accumulation speed of litchi's inner compositions was slower. Otherwise, the accumulation speed of litchi's inner compositions was faster, and the classification effect was better. This research proves the feasibility of using electronic nose for litchi mature stage monitoring in orchard, and provides the reference for fruit quality and situation monitoring in orchard in the future. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Electronic nose
Controlled terms:Discriminant analysis - Farms - Fruits - Fuzzy inference - Fuzzy systems - Models - Monitoring - Motion compensation - Nearest neighbor search - Neural networks - Noise abatement - Nondestructive examination - Orchards - Pattern recognition
Uncontrolled terms:Classification results - Fuzzy C mean - Fuzzy C means clustering - K-nearest neighbor method - K-nearest neighbors - Linear discriminant analysis - Physical characteristics - Probabilistic neural networks
Classification code:721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 751.4 Acoustic Noise - 801 Chemistry - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922 Statistical Methods - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20154301434046
Title:Present situation, problems and countermeasures of cotton production mechanization development in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
Authors:Wu, Jianshe (1); Chen, Xuegeng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Xinjiang Shihezi Vocational Technical College, Shihezi, China; (2) Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation, Shihezi, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Xuegeng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:5-10
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The historical data analysis has showed that for the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (hereinafter referred as the Corps), its leading role of cotton production in the autonomous region and the nation is very clear. The reason is that the Corps cotton production mechanization has played a key role. Farming herd of the Corps are distributed in a typical arid region, and so agricultural harvest fertility should rely on not only the development of water-saving agriculture mechanization, but also the innovation of cotton production mechanization technology. First of all, mulch planting mechanization promotes the ascension of the Corps cotton production level for the first time, which has set the Corps cotton cultivation free from the traditional manual work into mechanical work. Cotton planting area and yield has greatly increased. On the basis of the mulch planting mechanization, the Corps integrated the drip irrigation under membrane, the precise seeding above membrane and the high density cultivation, and realized the second promotion of the Corps cotton production level. Two promotions, i. e. mulch planting mechanization and water-saving mechanization have realized high yield of cotton production in arid regions. Second, the cotton production mechanization technology innovation has basically achieved the Corps cotton planting mechanization in the whole process of the production. The water-saving agricultural mechanization development and the cotton production mechanization technology innovation, make the Corps cotton production develop towards the directions of large scale, mechanization, informatization, intelligentization and social service, and lead to the mechanization of cotton production in the full implementation. Also it fully shows that the improvement of agricultural equipment is a solid foundation for the development of modern agriculture, and especially in the arid region, the improvement of agricultural equipment level is more important for agricultural development. The Corps cotton production mechanization development is a good example to the agricultural mechanization development for not only China, but also the countries all over the world, especially in arid regions. But during the Corps cotton production mechanization development process, there are also some problems to be solved, such as residual membrane pollution to the environment and agricultural production, breeding new cotton varieties that adapt to mechanical harvesting and topping in cotton production mechanization. The solutions of these problems are badly in need of agricultural, biological, chemical, physical experts and management experts to overcome difficulty. Through the review of the history of the Corps cotton production mechanization development, on the basis of the summary of the Corps cotton production mechanization technology innovation, this paper combs some problems appearing in the process of cotton production mechanization, and then according to the development trend of agricultural machinery technology, puts forward some countermeasures for the Corps cotton production mechanization development in the future. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Main heading:Mechanization
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Arid regions - Cotton - Cultivation - Engineering research - Irrigation - Production - Seed - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural development - Agricultural equipment - Agricultural mechanization - Agricultural productions - Countermeasure - Problems and countermeasures - Water-saving agricultures - Xinjiang
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 601 Mechanical Design - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20154301434058
Title:Developing and accuracy analysis of portable device for automatically measuring diameter at breast height and tree height
Authors:Huang, Xiaodong (1); Feng, Zhongke (1); Xie, Mingxing (2); Chen, Jinxing (1); Liu, Jincheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Precision Forestry Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; (2) College of Geographical Sciences, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Zhongke
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:92-99
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Diameter at breast height and tree height are the foundations of evaluating site quality and tree's growing situation. A portable mini multifunctional smart station has been developed based on the image automatic recognition theory, the photogrammetry theory, the similar triangles theory and the triangular function theory, which can measure the diameter at breast height and tree height. Simultaneously, this device integrates charge coupled device (CCD) image sensor with inclinometer, central processing unit, memory, liquid crystal screen, power supply and laser ranging sensor. After assembling the components, the station can be used to automatically measure the diameter and tree height accurately. It can be used to observe the plot after being mounted on the holder. During the measuring process, light spot needs to be aimed at the position of the diameter at breast height that is to be measured. The CCD sensor can automatically transform the light into electric charge signal and then into digital signal by the inner analog digital converter (ADC). After the hue correction and white balance processing by the digital signal processor, the digital signal is finally transformed into the visual image on the screen. When measuring, it can acquire 2 values, namely the inclination and the distance from the measuring point to the point needing measuring. Moreover, it can record and save the image information measured. The measurements of forest stand mean height, volume of wood and tree number density can be realized on the above basis. This device realizes the automatic measurement of the diameter at breast height, tree height and diameter at any part, and the basic measurement, a total of 4 functions through its imbedded running program. The distance measuring range for this device is between 0.05 and 120 m, and its effective reflection distance is between 0.05 and 100 m. The minimum display value is 0.001 m and its measuring precision is ± 1.5 mm. The measuring range of the micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) inclination sensor is between-90° and +90° and its effective measurement range is between-75° and +75°. The measuring precision for the inclination is 0.1°. The diameter at breast height precision that the CCD calculates and stores is 1 mm. The temperature when this device works is between -10 and +50. The size of this device is 136 mm× 52 mm× 28 mm. Its length is 136 mm and its width is 52 mm. Its height is 28 mm. The continuous measurement time of this device is 5 000 s and its regular work time is 5 h. Testing data show the conditions of the mini smart station and the work mode of measuring the diameter at breast height and tree height. The best measurement distance for the diameter at breast height is between 5 and 20 m based on the analysis of testing data. And the effective measurement range for the tree height is between zero and 52 m. The absolute average error of the diameter at breast height is 0.147 cm, and the relative average error of the diameter at breast height is 1.26% according to 60 tests in the experiment. The average relative error for the tree height is 1.13%. These measurement precisions conform to the requirement on diameter at breast height and tree height measurement of the national forestry continuous investigation. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Forestry
Controlled terms:Analog to digital conversion - Charge coupled devices - Digital signal processors - Display devices - Electric power systems - Errors - Image processing - Liquid crystals - Measurements - Medical imaging - MEMS - Program processors - Sensors - Signal processing - Timber
Uncontrolled terms:Analog-digital converter - Charge-coupled device image sensors (CCD) - Continuous measurements - Diameter-at-breast heights - Electric charge signals - Micro electromechanical system (MEMS) - Tree height - Tree height measurements
Classification code:704.2 Electric Equipment - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 746 Imaging Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20154301434051
Title:Design and experiments of buds-injury-prevention system based on induction-counting in sugarcane-seeds cutting
Authors:Huang, Yiqi (1); Wang, Xiaobo (1); Yin, Kai (1); Huang, Meizhang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:41-47
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, all of the sugarcane planting machines are not equipped with buds-injury-prevention mechanism and all of the machines have the problem of high injury rates of buds. In order to solve this problem, a buds-injury-prevention system based on induction-counting in sugarcane-seeds cutting was designed, which not only could detect and count the buds that were located at the sugarcanes with different diameters to make the planter meet the planting requirements, but also could ensure the integrity of buds to improve the yield of sugarcane. In this system, we had designed a resistive induction-counting mechanism which was used to convert the signal of protuberant sugarcane buds into electrical signal in the process of conveying the sugarcane seed. The electrical signal would be input into the voltage comparator to compare with the reference voltage after it was amplified by amplifying circuit. According to the result of comparison, the comparator would output a signal of high level or low level which would be input into MCU (micro control unit) to implement the counting operation of buds. Every sugarcane seed should contain 2 buds according to the agronomic requirements. When the count reached 2, the MCU would send out a control signal to trigger the relay to force the hydraulic pump to supply the hydraulic cylinder with oil by controlling the electromagnetic valve. For the cylinder was fixed, the piston would move down to push the cutter to cut off two-bud sugarcane-seed, and then the function of buds-injury-prevention could be achieved. When the cutting was completed, the piston would force the cutter to return quickly. Meanwhile, the MCU would reset the counter, and the system would get into the next circle of counting and cutting automatically. In order to optimize the performance of the system, the integrity of sugarcane seeds and buds should be the prerequisite. Having a force analysis and a buds-injury-prevention analysis on the cutting process of the system, the optimal installation distance between induction-counting mechanism and cutter could be determined, which could make sure that the cutter had completely avoided the buds when the counting was meeting the requirement. Then the buds-injury-prevention function during the cutting could be achieved. In order to verify the buds-counting and buds-injury-prevention performance of this system, the physical prototype of the system was manufactured. When conducting the test, the reference voltage should be set reasonably. Through a lot of experiments, the system could achieve high precision when the reference voltage was 2. 9 V. In addition, to illustrate whether the buds-injury-prevention performance of the system is good or bad, a set of comparative tests needed to be designed. And the comparative test machine was 2CZ-2 multi-functional sugarcane planter from Nanning Wuling Guihua Vehicle Company, which was not installed with buds-injury-prevention system. The test results showed that the accuracy rate of buds counting of the system was 98. 87%, while the average rate of the injury buds was 1.57% that was 6.3% lower than the 2Cz-2 sugarcane planter, which showed that the system's buds-injury-prevention performance was remarkable. The results can meet the design requirements and the research can provide a reference for the design of sugarcane planting machinery. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Automobile manufacture - Comparators (optical) - Crops - Cutting - Cylinders (shapes) - Design - Hydraulic machinery - Machine design - Machinery - Pistons
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture machinery - Amplifying circuits - Counting - Electromagnetic valves - Hydraulic cylinders - Induction device - Injury prevention - Micro control unit
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine Components - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 662.1 Automobiles - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20154301434076
Title:Non-destructive detection of fatty acid content in mould paddy based on high-spectral technology
Authors:Wen, Tao (1, 2); Hong, Tiansheng (2, 3); Li, Lijun (1); Guo, Xin (4); Zhao, Bing (1); Zhang, Qianqian (1); Liu, Fu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology for South Agricultural Machinery and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Engineering College of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (3) Division of Citrus Machinery, China Agriculture Research System, Guangzhou, China; (4) School of Science, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
Corresponding author:Hong, Tiansheng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:233-239
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rice is rich in starches, proteins and carbohydrates, and when it is polluted by fungus, it is easy to become decayed and hence produces some poisonous substances for human bodies. Once moldy rice goes into the circulation market, human health will suffer from serious hazard. Therefore, how to effectively detect fungus in rice has become a fundamental work of guarantying food security. At present, the detection of moldy rice mainly depends on artificial qualitative analysis, which means that detectors discriminate fungus in rice according to some physical indices such as color and aroma. The detection precision of the mentioned methods mostly depends on the knowledge or experience of operators and the indication of statistic tools chosen by operators, which will bring out artificial errors inevitably. The fatty acid content is an important indicator of fungus information in rice. In order to solve these problems presented in the traditional way such as destruction, time consuming and low efficiency, a non-destructive detecting method for fatty acid content in rice using high-spectral technologies was proposed in this paper. In the research, rice samples for 4 different storage periods by means of artificial cultivating were selected as study objects, and spectral information and fatty acid content were detected through high-spectral measurement and physical and chemical experiment. The spectral data obtained were preprocessed using the Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothing and the first derivation (FD) method, and the characteristic spectrum that indicated the variations of fatty acid content was selected by the successive projections algorithm (SPA). The prediction model of fatty acid content in rice based on spectral reflectance was built by the regression analysis method, and the prediction effect was evaluated by comparing different preprocessed methods. Experimental results indicated that 14 and 10 spectral characteristic wavelengths, which were from the original spectral data after the SG smoothing and the FD preprocessing, were optimized and selected according to the SPA. The quality of modeling and prediction effect for fatty acid content in rice showed that the SG-SPA-MLR (multivariable linear regression) method was superior to the FD-SPA-MLR method. The correlation coefficient of cross-validation (R<inf>cv</inf>) and the root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) for the SG-SPA-MLR model were 0.9419 and 11.9646 mg/ (100 g) respectively at the model correction stage, while the correlation coefficient of prediction (R<inf>p</inf>) and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were 0.9366 and 12.3550 mg/(100 g) respectively at the stage of the model prediction. The optimal model showed a good prediction ability in fatty acid content of rice during different storage periods. In summary, the results have indicated that it is feasible to non-destructively predict fatty acid content variation in rice applying high-spectral technologies, and can be used as the reference for the rapid detection of fungus stress in rice in the future. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Fatty acids
Controlled terms:Digital storage - Errors - Finite difference method - Food supply - Forecasting - Mean square error - Models - Molds - Nondestructive examination - Regression analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Modeling and predictions - Multi-variable linear regression - Nondestructive detection - Regression analysis methods - Root-mean-square error of predictions - Spectral characteristics - Successive projections algorithms (SPA)
Classification code:722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.3 Food Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20154301434045
Title:"Trace quantity irrigation" is impossible: Thinking about "Trace quantity irrigation"
Authors:Zhang, Zhixin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Administration Bureau of Water Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Water Resources Department, Urumqi, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Zhixin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:1-4
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The paper analyzed trace quantity irrigation from five aspects including: reasons for irrigation, the source of irrigation water, crop demand for water, the role of soil during irrigation process, and functions of irrigation system. The author thinks that trace quantity irrigation is unable to meet the water requirement of crop in field at the demand peak because trace quantity irrigation system is unable to transport water to root zone of plant. During period other than peak demand, the water supplied by emitters of trace quantity irrigation system may be much more than that required by crops. In fact, trace quantity irrigation in Hami city is nothing but the subsurface drip irrigation with low flow rate, and results of the experiments showed that the flow amount of trace irrigation emitter was so small that it was unable to meet the water requirement of jujube trees, it did not have the self-adaptive ability, whose algorithms and experimental design were unreasonable. Theory and practice showed that the trace quantity irrigation with super low flow rate could not match with the water requirement of plant. This paper also explored the reasons why trace quantity irrigation could not achieve "self-adaptive irrigation". ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:1
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Crops - Design of experiments - Subirrigation
Uncontrolled terms:Drip irrigation - Irrigation systems - Irrigation waters - Self adaptive ability - Subsurface drip irrigation - Theory and practice - Water requirements - Xinjiang
Classification code:821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20154301434055
Title:Analysis on steering characteristics of wheel loader based on electric-hydraulic flow matching principle
Authors:Yan, Xudong (1); Quan, Long (1); Yang, Jing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
Corresponding author:Quan, Long
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:71-78
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As one of the most commonly used construction project machines, wheel loader has the problems of high fuel consumption and serious emissions. On one hand, the hydraulic steering system which uses a fixed displacement pump, will produce large energy losses; on the other hand, the action of steering is frequent during working process. Therefore, reducing the energy consumption of steering system is becoming one of the key research directions. Currently, small wheel loader generally uses load sensing steering system. Although the pressure of the system can match the load, the flow of the fixed displacement pump is proportional to the engine speed and can't match the varied loads, which leads to energy losses. For this issue, a new steering control method of electro-hydraulic flow matching which adopts a servo motor to drive the fixed displacement pump independently is proposed. By this method, the ratio between cycle number of motor and angle of steering wheel changes to a certain value. The speed of motor will level off if there is no steering movement, so finally the system energy consumption can be reduced. Meanwhile, in case of motor fault, this system automatically switches into the primal system by adopting electromagnetic valve. In addition, an accumulator is also added to the new method to reduce the installation power of servo motor. The loader co-simulation model built by the software Simulation X is used to simulate and calculate the characteristics of the steering system under pivot steering condition. The models of steering gear and tire have been described specifically during the modeling. The relationship between flow area and relative angle of the steering gear's spool and sleeve is achieved by adopting the valve edge module in software Simulation X. Meanwhile, the testing system platform is built to test the accuracy of simulation model. Before the experiment, displacement transducers and pressure transducers are installed to avoid affecting the performance and structure of wheel loader. The accuracy of simulation model is verified by comparing the results of simulation and experiment. The difference between the 2 results is mainly due to the discontinuous input signal of steering wheel. In addition, the model established in this paper is simplified appropriately. At last, the simulation model is used in the electro-hydraulic flux matching steering system. By comparing the energy efficiency between load sensing system and electro-hydraulic flux matching system, the simulation results show that, the energy consumption under the no-load condition with low and high speed can be reduced by about 36% and 37% respectively when using this method. Moreover, the energy consumption under positive and unbalanced load with middle speed can be reduced by about 39% and 28% respectively. This is mainly due to that the electro-hydraulic flux matching steering system can avoid not only the overflow losses when high pressure appears, but also the median loss of unloading. Moreover, the accumulator can provide certain pressure to the suction port of pump during the steering process, which also can finally decrease the output energy of pump. The output power of servo motor and battery capacity are calculated in this paper finally. The electric-hydraulic flow matching method can adjust the flow of pump according to the need of steering hydraulic cylinders, and thus decrease the loss of oil flow. Therefore, this method can provide a reference to the design of other hydraulic systems in which the load frequently changes. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Hydraulic accumulators
Controlled terms:Computer software - Construction equipment - Electric losses - Energy dissipation - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Hydraulic equipment - Hydraulic machinery - Hydraulics - Loaders - Mining machinery - Models - Pumps - Software testing - Transducers - Unloading - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Construction projects - Displacement transducer - Electromagnetic valves - Flow matching - Hydraulic cylinders - Load sensing systems - Steering characteristics - System energy consumption
Classification code:405.1 Construction Equipment - 502.2 Mine and Quarry Equipment - 525 Energy Management and Conversion - 601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 632.1 Hydraulics - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20154301434056
Title:Analysis of graphene structure in particulate matter emitted from diesel engine
Authors:Zhang, Jian (1); Wang, Zhong (1); He, Li'na (1); Wang, Yanpeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:79-84
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Particulate matter emitted from diesel engine is a factor that makes PM2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter of lower than 2.5 μm) increase, which is related to several adverse health effects including respiratory tract inflammation and cancer. Particulate matter is classified to 3 size modes, i. e. the nucleation mode (< 50 nm), the accumulation mode (100-1 000 nm) and the coarse mode (> 1 000 nm). As is known to all, particulate matter with smaller size does more harm to human than particulate matter with larger size. It is very necessary to carry out research on reducing particulate matter emitted from diesel engine, especially particulate matter with smaller size. It has been demonstrated that there is graphene structure in particulate matter emitted from diesel engine and graphene structure is related to particulate matter removal. Micro-orifice uniform deposition impactor which was produced in MSP company in America was used to collect diesel particulate matter with 3 size ranges, which were 0.18-0.32 μm, > 0.32-0.56 μm and > 0.56-1 μ m respectively. Raman spectroscopy, a fast and nondestructive method, was used to test crystal structure of carbon material. Near edge X-ray absorption spectra, a nondestructive method, was adopted to characterize molecular structure and valence state of carbon atom by using synchrotron radiation technique. DXR Raman spectrometer and soft X-ray microscopy beamline station were used to analyze the defect type of graphene structure, degree of graphitization, crystallite size of graphene, neighboring graphene spacing, molecular structure and valence state of carbon atom. The results showed that the ratio of D1 peak to D2 peak ranged from 3.34 to 4.01, which indicated that the defect type of graphene structure in diesel particulate matter mainly was graphene edge defect. With the size of particulate matter decreasing, the proportion of graphene edge defect increased. When the size of particulate matter increased, width at half maximum of D1 peak increased by 2.8 and 6. 7 cm<sup>-1</sup>, indicating that the material type in particulate matter increased and the chemical heterogeneity of particulate matter was higher. The ratio of D1 peak to G peak decreased by 14.67% and 27.17% respectively with particulate matter changing from small size to the other 2 bigger sizes, which indicated that the proportion of order graphene in diesel particulate matter increased and led to higher graphitic-like structure and degree of graphitization. When the size of particulate matter increased, the relative intensity of D3 peak decreased by 13.73% and 39.22%, respectively. That was to say the proportion of amorphous carbon especially organic ingredients reduced. The length of C-C bond in graphene lattice had no relationship with the size of diesel particulate matter. The length of C-C bond in graphene lattice of diesel particulate matter with 3 size ranges was about 0.142 nm. When the size of particulate matter increased, the crystallite size of graphene increased and the neighboring graphene spacing decreased, which indicated the oxidative reactivity of particulate matter reduced and the energy in the process of oxidizing diesel particulate matter increased. The types of surface functional groups in particulate matter had no relationship with the size of diesel particulate matter. There were many types of surface functional groups which were " graphene" C=C, C=C, aliphatic C=C, phenolic C-OH, ketones C=O, aliphatic C-H and carboxy C=O respectively. With the size of particulate matter increasing, aliphatic C=C, aliphatic C-H, carboxy C=O in diesel particulate matter decreased and " graphite" C=C, phenolic C-OH, ketones C=O in diesel particulate matter increased. This study can provide reference for the perfection of the formation mechanism of diesel particulate matter with different size range and for the optimization of particulate matter removal device. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Diesel engines
Controlled terms:Amorphous carbon - Crystal atomic structure - Crystal structure - Crystallite size - Engines - Exhaust gases - Graphene - Graphite - Graphitization - Ketones - Molecular structure - Organic carbon - Spectrometers - Synchrotron radiation - X ray absorption
Uncontrolled terms:Adverse health effects - Chemical heterogeneities - Diesel particulate matters - Near-edge x-ray absorption - Nondestructive methods - Particulate Matter - Surface functional groups - Synchrotron radiation techniques
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 761 Nanotechnology - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 932.1.1 Particle Accelerators - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20154301434066
Title:Assessment on retention efficiency of vegetative filter strips to nitrogen and phosphorus in surface runoff based on hydrology and soil erosion model
Authors:Deng, Na (1); Li, Huaien (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; (2) State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
Corresponding author:Li, Huaien
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:155-161
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Vegetative filter strips can effectively reduce nitrogen and phosphorus load or concentration from agricultural land to surface water. However, the efficiency of vegetative filter strips vary with soil, hydrology and vegetation condition in different rainfall-runoff cases through long-term monitoring, so it is important to assess retention efficiency of vegetative filter strips under single rainfall-runoff condition. Mathematical model is an important tool for the planning and design of vegetative filter strips. Thus, an ease-to-use assessment model is presented to better assess nitrogen and phosphorus retention effect by vegetative filter strips under single runoff condition in the northwest area of China with serious soil erosion. The simplified model proposed involves 3 parts: coupling sub-model, linear correlation sub-model and mixing zone conceptual sub-model. The coupling sub-model of the vegetative filter strips model (VFSMOD) and the modified universal soil loss equation (MUSLE) is made to simulate purification effect of suspended solids (mainly means sediments), because sediment retention efficiency is the combined effect of the sediments entrapped process and the soil erosion or sediments yield process in vegetative filter strips itself. According to significant correlation with sediments and those particle pollutants on runoff, the linear correlation method is used to calculate removal effect of particle nitrogen and particle phosphorus by vegetative filter strips. Infiltration is regarded as the only mechanism to remove dissolved pollutants, namely vegetative filter strips reduce dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus volume by diffusion and infiltration into soil. Therefore, based on mechanism research of the interaction of dissolved pollutants in topsoil and surface runoff, and through simplifying pollutant transport in deep soil, the mixing zone conceptual sub-model is utilized to assess the effect of vegetative filter strips on dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus. Furthermore, the mass dynamic balance equilibrium within overland flow and soil mixing zone is considered accordingly; in overland flow, mass balance includes diffusion, infiltration and soil losses, and in soil mixing zone, it is regarded as uniform mixing and its change covers diffusion and infiltration from runoff, denitrification, leaching, soil losses and adsorption etc. Among them, the coupling model can predict hydrology and suspended solids transport well by considering runoff sluicing impact on sediments from vegetative filter strips in surface soil, and the results show that the relative deviations between simulated and measured concentrations of suspended solids are within ± 20%, and the determination coefficients between simulated and measured values is 0. 98. The simplified particle nitrogen and phosphorus transport algorithm is presented by the linear correlation method based on field plot experiment data, and the good prediction in runoff and sediments also resulted in good prediction of particle nitrogen and phosphorus transport by vegetative filter strips, since adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus are the main components of nitrogen and phosphorus in the areas with serious soil erosion. Similarly, the results also show that the relative deviations between simulated and measured concentrations of particle pollutants are within ± 20%. It is obvious that a good prediction of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus is obtained by the mixing zone conceptual model, the input and output of the mass balance system of vegetative filter strips consider biological and chemical processes of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus in soil mixing zone, and furthermore the detailed analysis and proper simplification for vegetative filter strips system are presented. The relative deviations are within ± 20% between simulated and measured concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus. Thus, the combined nitrogen or phosphorus modeling approach successfully predicts runoff, sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus transport in the areas with serious soil erosion, which provides the reference for controlling runoff and pollutants transport using vegetative filter strips. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Agricultural runoff - Chemical analysis - Correlation methods - Diffusion - Dissolution - Efficiency - Erosion - Forecasting - Hydrology - Infiltration - Mixing - Nitrogen - Nitrogen removal - Phosphorus - Pollution - Rain - Runoff - Sediment transport - Sediments - Soils - Surface waters - Suspended sediments
Uncontrolled terms:Assessment - Determination coefficients - Modified universal soil loss equations - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Retention efficiencies - Soil erosion modeling - Suspended solids transport - Vegetative filter strips
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 444.1 Surface Water - 453.1 Water Pollution Sources - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 913.1 Production Engineering - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20154301434071
Title:Root-zone cooling effect of water-cooled seedling bed under different periods and its influences on growth of tomato seedling
Authors:Li, Shengli (1); Zhang, Tao (1); Sun, Zhiqiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:192-196
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The growth and physiological metabolism of plant are greatly affected by root-zone temperature. The heat stress around root zone in hot summer is an important factor limiting the seedling growth. Compared with air temperature cooling, root-zone cooling is more economical and is an effective solution to alleviate high temperature stress. A new water-cooled seedling bed (WSD) has been proved to be an effective method to lower the root-zone temperature. In order to utilize WSD scientifically, 5 different root-zone cooling periods were designed using the WSD device for root-zone cooling of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedling. The 5 different root-zone cooling periods were as follows: M1 (cooling from 7:00 to 11:00), M2 (cooling from 11:00 to 15:00), M3 (cooling from 7: 00 to 19:00), M4 (cooling from 19:00 to 7:00) and M5 (cooling all day). Non-cooling seedling bed was used as control. The objective of this study was to investigate the cooling effect of the WSD under 5 different root-zone cooling periods and its effect on the growth of tomato seedling. The root-zone temperature, seedling growth, root morphological traits and physiological characteristics of tomato seedling were tested. The results showed as follows: The root-zone daily mean temperature and daily maximum temperature of tomato seedlings under 5 cooling periods of the WSD were all lower than those under the non-cooled seedling bed (CK) during tomato seedling period. The cooling effect of the WSD was significantly (P<0.05) correlated with cooling duration and cooling period. Compared with cooling during night, mean temperature in the daytime, daily mean temperature and maximum temperature for the treatments cooling during the day time were lowered significantly (P< 0. 05). Compared with other treatments, the treatment M3 (cooling from 7: 00 to 19: 00) and M5 (cooling all day) got the best cooling effects. The daily mean root-zone temperatures of tomato seedlings under M3 and M5 were 23.6 and 22.6 respectively, which were lowered by 3. 3 and 4. 3 respectively compared with CK during tomato seedling period. The daily variation of root-zone temperature of tomato seedlings was affected also by cooling duration and cooling period. Root-zone temperature of treatments cooling during the day time showed a small variation, while root-zone temperature of treatments cooling during the night got a big fluctuation. The daily variation of root-zone temperature under M4 was maximum among all treatments and its diurnal temperature range reached 10. 3. In contrary, the daily variation of root-zone temperature under M3 was minimum among all treatments and its diurnal temperature range was only 1.7. Dry mass and leaf area per plant of tomato seedling in 5 treatments were enhanced significantly, of which the differences of the 2 growth indices between M3, M5 and CK reached significant level (P<0.05). Tomato seedling stem diameter and healthy index under the M3 treatment were improved by 35.1% and 39.5% respectively compared with the CK treatment. Total length of root, toot surface area, chlorophyll content and root activity were all improved in the 5 treatments. Considering the factors such as energy conservation and strong seedling culturing, root zone cooling from 7:00 to 19:00 (M3) is an effective way for the scientific utilization of water-cooled seedling bed. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Cooling
Controlled terms:Cooling water - Fruits - Growth (materials) - Physiology - Plants (botany) - Temperature - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Different period - Diurnal temperature ranges - High temperature stress - Physiological characteristics - Root zone - Root zone temperature - Seedling - Tomato
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20154301434053
Title:Motor controller design and indoor experiment for electric tractor based on myRIO
Authors:Xie, Bin (1); Zhang, Chao (1); Mao, Enrong (1); Chen, Yanni (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:55-62
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is well known that off-road vehicles contribute a huge amount of pollution to air, and studies have shown that renewable electric vehicles (EVs) decrease petroleum consumption and consequently reduce criteria emissions under nearly all circumstances. Diesel tractors exhaust CO, NOx PM<inf>10</inf>and pollutants that are harmful to human body. As a consequence, diesel tractors are not allowed to work in some limited and closed environments such as greenhouse. It is imperative that a kind of small electric tractor with less noise, zero emission and more comfort should be developed with the least delay. A brushless direct current (BLDC) motor drive is characterized by higher efficiency and lower maintenance. Therefore, it is necessary to have a low-cost but effective BLDC motor controller. This research develops a new low-cost method for the design of BLDC motor controller and designs a BLDC motor controller for a small electric tractor. The BLDC motor controller includes cybernetics core and controller peripheral circuits, and modular design idea is proposed. The advanced intelligent controller uses the myRIO as a cybernetics core, and the myRIO uses the latest Zynq technology from Xilinx, which features an FPGA integrated with a processor running a real-time OS that can meet the requirements of intelligent control for electric tractor. The myRIO is coupled with an onboard accelerometer, programmable LEDs (light emitting diodes) and analog and digital I/O, and USB port helps modular design ideas come to life. The controller peripheral circuits include power amplifier MOSFET gate drive, current protection, low voltage protection and temperature protection, which meet the tractor's transportation and working demands under different power conditions. Programs are developed in real-time processor ARM and I/O driver software in FPGA to the control flow in graphical programming environment. Main control and protection algorithms run in real-time OS; at the same time the driving timing sequence algorithms run in FPGA, and the algorithms with 2 different execution rates are isolating. In this way, it not only reduces the real-time processor's load, but also improves the accuracy and reliability of the controller. The software includes starter, driving, low-voltage protection, overcurrent protection, thermal protection and other sub-VI programs. The electric tractor prototype tests show that BLDC motor controller works properly with maximum starting current 120 A under zero load condition and 164 A under loaded condition with overcurrent detection. Under starting condition, after performing several experiments, when duty cycle of the PWM signal is set as 60% and the frequency is set as 10 kHz in initial stage, the better motor starting torque can be obtained, and amplitude of starting current is also limited. The sequence of motor drive voltages meets the requirement of the BLDC motor excellently with the help of hall position sensors. It is concluded that the modular design idea of developing a BLDC motor controller that combines cybernetics core and controller peripheral circuits is practicable. In the whole testing process, the disadvantage of the impact force does not exist, and less vibration and lower noise make the tractor driver more comfortable when it is working. The design proposal combining myRIO as control core and peripheral circuit solves the difficult problems of developing drive controller, it promotes the development of the intelligent electric tractor. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Electric machine control
Controlled terms:Algorithms - ARM processors - Brushless DC motors - Computer graphics - Control systems - Controllers - Crashworthiness - Cybernetics - Design - Electric drives - Electric motors - Ignition - Integrated circuit design - Intelligent control - Interfaces (computer) - Light emitting diodes - Machinery - MOSFET devices - Off road vehicles - Overcurrent protection - Pollution - Power amplifiers - Traction motors - Tractors (truck)
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture machinery - Brushless direct current motor - Drive circuits - Electric Vehicles (EVs) - Graphical programming environment - Intelligent controllers - Over-current detections - Protective circuits
Classification code:521.1 Fuel Combustion - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 705.3 Electric Motors - 705.3.2 DC Motors - 713.1 Amplifiers - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 731.2 Control System Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20154301434068
Title:Prediction of cayenne pepper plant height based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition and Elman neural network
Authors:Zhang, Yu (1); Wang, Xiaochan (1); Sun, Guoxiang (1); Li, Yongbo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Modern Facilities Agricultural Technology and Equipment Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Xiaochan
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:169-174
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the performance of greenhouse control system and figure out the multi-time scale variable problem between plant growth and environment elements in greenhouses, the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and Elman neural network were used to predict cayenne pepper height in this paper. Taking the cayenne pepper 8819 and its plant height and environment elements (temperature, relative humidity, total inner radiation) as research object, plant height and environment elements were decomposed by the method of EEMD. The cayenne pepper plants sampled were irrigated with the nutrient solution with electricity conductivity of 2.0 and pH value of 6.5 from Shandong Agricultural University. Five intrinsic mode functions (imfs) were obtained by the EEMD, named imf1, imf2, imf3, imf4 and imf5. Oscillations of cayenne pepper plant height and environment elements at different frequency were shown by imf1, imf2, imf3 and imf4, while variation trend of cayenne pepper plant height and environment elements were shown in imf5. All imfs were reconstructed by reconstruction of the EEMD with approximate values of 1, 0 and 0 respectively for correlation coefficient, standard error and mean absolute error to original time series. The imfs obtained by EEMD decomposition were used to build plant height prediction model at different time-scale frequencies based on EEMD method and Elman neural network. All the plants of cayenne pepper 8819 sampled were divided into 2 sets, which were training set and testing set. Average values of sampled plants and environment elements were used in neural network building. In this paper, the environment elements (temperature, relative humidity and inner total radiation) formed the input layer of EEMD-Elman network, and the prediction of cayenne pepper plant height was the output layer of EEMD-Elman network. Double-layer feedback structure method was used in this paper, in which there were 10 nodes in the first layer and 3 nodes in the second layer. The function "transig" was used as transfer function in the feedback layer, while the function "purelin" was used in the output layer. Sample data were divided into training set, validation set and testing set in proportion of 0.7: 0.15: 0.15. Five sub-neural networks were established by imf1, imf2, imf3, imf4 and imf5 of samples' plant height and environment elements. Final predicted value of sampled plant height was reconstructed by EEMD reconstruction, using the results of 5 sub-neural networks. Results of EEMD-Elman prediction model showed the mean absolute error for plant height was 1. 69 cm, with the correlation coefficient of 0.996 and the standard error of 1.104, which meant the prediction value was significantly correlated to the real value. Otherwise, 2 different prediction models were built by the method of EEMD-BP (back propagation) neural network and Elman neural network. Results of EEMD-BP prediction model showed the mean absolute error of 5.40 cm for plant height, with the correlation coefficient of 0.812 and the standard error of 7.012, while results of Elman model showed the mean absolute error of 8.87 cm, with the correlation coefficient of 0.908 and the standard error of 5.032. The results of 3 different prediction models were compared. The prediction of EEMD-Elman neural network was the best among the 3 neural networks. The results of the models with EEMD were better than that of the Elman model without EEMD. So, EEMD could decompose time series into different time scales according to its own features without the disturbance of noises and singular wave signals. Details of original time series were demonstrated decently by EEMD. Fluctuation of original time series could be explained better at different time scales by EEMD. Precision of prediction could be improved by Elman neural network with double-layer feedback structure construction. In conclusion, the combination of EEMD and Elman neural network can be used to figure out the issue of the prediction of multi-time scale between plant growth and environment variation in greenhouses, in order to provide effective references for control objectives optimization in greenhouse control system. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Network layers
Controlled terms:Backpropagation - Control systems - Errors - Forecasting - Greenhouses - Models - Neural networks - Optimization - Signal processing - Time measurement - Time series
Uncontrolled terms:BP (back propagation) neural network - Correlation coefficient - Different time scale - Elman neural network - Ensemble empirical mode decomposition - Ensemble empirical mode decompositions (EEMD) - Intrinsic Mode functions - Pepper plant
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 731.1 Control Systems - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20154301434075
Title:High-standard prime farmland planning based on evaluation of farmland quality and site conditions
Authors:Qian, Fengkui (1, 2); Wang, Qiubing (1); Li, Na (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, China; (2) Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Qiubing
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:225-232
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The high-standard prime farmland construction is an important measure to promote food production capacity on the background of land reclamation. Taking the new district of the north of Shenyang as study area, this paper constructed the synthesis system of farmland quality evaluation and site environment assessment under the guidance of LESA (Land Evaluation and Site Assessment) system idea for important farmland protection in America. The LESA system is composed of the LE system and SA system, which reflects the farmland quality by the result of LE evaluation and the suitability for social economy by the result of SA evaluation, and the site conditions include good and bad impact conditions. The land evaluation indices include natural indices such as slope, soil characteristics, and the site evaluation indices include social and economic indices such as urbanization, management efficiency and GDP (gross domestic product). In the evaluation process, suitability and unsuitability evaluation were separately carried out for high-standard prime farmland construction using the method of comprehensive contrastive analysis of several factors. Five suitable and unsuitable grades were classified by the natural breakpoint method with GIS (geographic information system) software. For the first 2 levels of suitability zone, the obvious characteristic was that the natural quality of farmland was superior to another 3 levels, which had better soil fertility including thicker soil layer, higher soil organic matter, better irrigation and drainage system. The LE result showed that these zones of good quality farmland were the most suitable for high-standard prime farmland construction, but when we considered the site conditions, some zones in the district were maybe not suitable, because some site conditions had negative impacts on the stability of high-standard prime farmland, which indicated that the evaluation of the site condition assessment was also needed. The unsuitability evaluation results showed that the farmland in the first 2levels of unsuitable zone had the highest risk of being occupied, and the site conditions included the pressure of urbanization, GDP and other social developing factors. Finally, 3 kinds of zones were planned including preferential construction area, conditional construction area and limited construction area. The results showed that there was 11 212. 42 hm<sup>2</sup>for preferential construction area, where the prime farmland had better quality and less pressure from social economy, and was distributed in the first and second grade of quality evaluation and the fourth grade of site environment assessment; there was 18 714. 36 hm<sup>2</sup>for conditional construction area, where the prime farmland had good quality and been influenced by site conditions, which was distributed in the second, third and fourth grade of quality evaluation and also the second, third and fourth grade of site environment assessment; there was 7 491.30 hm<sup>2</sup>for limited construction area, where the prime farmland had different qualities and site conditions, which were that the prime farmland in the town surrounding was more influenced by site environment and had the risk for protection and using, while that far from the town surrounding had difficult conditions for using and improvement. The LESA system had a lot of advantages, which considered not only the good quality of farmland, but also the risk occupied by economic development demand, and the evaluation index was selected flexibly and could be adjusted according to different conditions, so the LESA system could be used in planning basic farmland, land planning, land reclamation and requisition-compensation of arable land and so on. In each place, when we used the LESA system, the selected evaluation indices must be suitable for the actual conditions, and we could refer to different advisories of different people or departments including agricultural experts, economic experts and other social managers. In this paper, it was also pointed out that the high-standard prime farmland construction should mainly consider the demand of large farming household, agricultural cooperative and family farm, combined with agriculture scale and industrialization business. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Economic and social effects - Economics - Geographic information systems - Land reclamation - Land use - Planning - Quality control - Risk assessment - Soils - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural cooperatives - Economic development - GIS (geographic information system) - Gross domestic products - Irrigation and drainage systems - Management efficiency - Prime farmlands - Site conditions
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 912.2 Management - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20154301434083
Title:Performance upgrade of reactor for ethylene photocatalytic degradation with pulsed direct current DC square-wave
Authors:Cui, Xiaolei (1); Zhao, Shaojie (1); Ye, Shengying (1); Li, Liqin (1); Li, Yuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Ye, Shengying
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:289-295
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the research, we designed a new-style reactor that included a digital signal controller as the core of voltage source for ethylene photocatalytic degradation, which could carefully control the parameters (voltage, duty cycle and frequency). Area external standard method was used to detect the ethylene content with the gas chromatograph flame ionization detector (GC-FID) every 30 min during the whole research. The photoelectrode film material, i. e. (silver+titanium dioxide) /activated carbon fiber ((Ag+TiO<inf>2</inf>)/ACF) was made by Ag particles adding, ultrasonication and<sup>60</sup>Co-γ irradiation and so on. The (Ag+TiO<inf>2</inf>)/ACF photoelectrode under photoelectrocatalysis in the pulsed direct current square-wave (PDCSW) or direct current (DC) after 24 h were characterized by means of the energy diffraction spectrum (EDS). The characterization results showed that the Ag/Ti ratio sharply decreased from 1% to 0.24% after 24 hours' DC photoelectrocatalysis, while the ratio was 0.83% after 24 hours' PDCSW photoelectrocatalysis, and the latter exhibited higher activity than the former. The reason for the phenomenon was that the intermittent electric current could keep Ag particles close to the surface of TiO<inf>2</inf>for a catalytic effective distance so as to provide a carrier accept electrons. The study compared the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of ethylene under 2 different conditions of PDCSW and DC photoelectrocatalysis, and the ethylene degradation efficiency was evaluated by the K value as the main index. The results showed that the K value of PDCSW was 2.296×10<sup>-4</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>, which was obviously higher than that of DC, so the application of PDCSW to ethylene degradation efficiency would be of great significance. We tried to observe the variation tendency of the K value by adjusting these parameters (voltage, duty cycle and frequency) of pulse electric field in the PDC reactor system, and employed response surface methodology to analyze 3 single-factor experiments to find out the optimum assembly. The research adopted the method of quadratic rotation combination experiment and regression fitting to build up the quadratic multinomial mathematical model of the K value and the parameters, and verified the validity of the model. The 3 single-factor experiments showed that the K value increased at first and then decreased, and reached the maximum when the voltage was 20 V, the duty cycle was 20% and the frequency was 300 Hz. The degradation efficiency increased with the voltage changing from 0 to 20 V and decreased from 20 to 30 V, increased with the duty cycle changing from 0 to 20% and decreased from 20% to 80%, and increased with the frequency changing from 200 to 300 Hz and decreased from 300 to 400 Hz under the condition that the 2 other factors remained unchanged. Response surface analysis showed that the optimum assembly of the K value would achieve the highest efficiency when the voltage was 25.5 V, the duty cycle was 23% and the frequency was 310 Hz. The research can provide a basis for the application of pulsed direct current square-wave photocatalytic technology in the degradation of ethylene of fruit and vegetable in cold storage. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Silver
Controlled terms:Carbon - Carbon fibers - Cobalt - Cold storage - Degradation - Electric fields - Ethylene - Ionization of gases - Photocatalysis - Surface analysis - Surface properties - Titanium dioxide - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Digital signal controllers - Gas chromatograph-flame ionization detectors - Photo catalytic degradation - Reactor - Response surface analysis - Response surface methodology - Single-factor experiments - Square waves
Classification code:547.1 Precious Metals - 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 644.3 Refrigeration Equipment and Components - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20154301434054
Title:Design and experiment of four-wheel independent steering driving and control system for agricultural wheeled robot
Authors:Zhang, Jing (1); Chen, Du (1); Wang, Shumao (1); Hu, Xiaoan (2); Wang, Dong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Du
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:63-70
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Aiming at the problem of agricultural wheeled robots such as single steering mode, being difficult to adapt to the complex operating environment in field, higher cost for promotion and application, this paper designed a four-wheel independent steering driving and control system for the agricultural wheeled robot. The mechanical body of agricultural wheeled robot was composed of 3 parts, which mainly included robot walking chassis, power supply system, and electrical and computer control system. The robot walking chassis adopted the structure with high ground clearance which not only ensured the farmland operation, but also optimized the function of four-wheel independent steering driving and control system. Furthermore, the agricultural wheeled robot was also equipped with a battery, BLDC (brushless direct current) driver, angle sensor and other external devices. Besides, the hardware of the control system was constructed by using the modular design method and it could be divided into 4 parts which contained central processing module, terminal actuator module, upper computer and remote controller. Among them, the central processor module was the core platform of information exchange in the whole control system. The terminal actuator module could complete the control tasks of BLDC motor and send data to the central processor module at the same time. The control system selected the PIC18F25K80 microcontroller as master chip, applied the excellent hardware circuit isolation scheme and combined with the CAN (controller area network) bus, the serial communication and the technology of sensor, which techniques assisted the control system to realize the function of data acquisition and transmission for the speed and angle for the robot wheels. In addition, by analyzing the low-speed Ackerman four-wheel steering model and the PID (proportion, integration, differentiation) control algorithm, this paper verified the effectiveness and practicability of four-wheel independent steering driving and control system for agricultural wheeled robot. The experiment results showed that: through the upper computer and the remote controller, this robot could achieve the control function of four-wheel independent steering and speed. In the process of 0-360° steering, there was strong robustness and stability for the effect of wheel control. The maximum mean absolute error of the steering control was 0. 10°, and the corresponding maximum standard deviation was less than 0. 03°. It meant that the result of each control was relatively stable and there were no cases with major fluctuation. The speed control process of walking motor for the left front wheel and the right front wheel was analyzed. Both of the walking motors could basically get into stable control state and reach the required speed about 0. 5-1 s after accomplishing speed setting. It proved that the speed control precision of walking motor achieved the design goal and had a quick response. This paper also carried out the 30 h durability test which consisted of the rotor locking test of wheel and the over current protection test for this driving and control system. The four-wheel independent steering driving and control system with reliable and flexible function can adapt to the changes of complex environment factors, meet the actual needs of farmland operation and have better services for agricultural production. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Controllers
Controlled terms:Actuators - Agriculture - Algorithms - Automobile steering equipment - Brushless DC motors - Chassis - Complex networks - Computer control systems - Computer hardware - Control system synthesis - Control systems - Data acquisition - DC motors - Design - Durability - Electric power system control - Electric power systems - Farms - Four wheel steering - Hardware - Integrated circuit design - Locks (fasteners) - Machine design - Machinery - Mechanization - Process control - Remote control - Robots - Speed - Speed control - Telecontrol equipment - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Brushless direct currents - Cans (controller area network) - Central processing module - Data acquisition and transmissions - Modular designs - Modular-design method - Serial communications
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 705.3.2 DC Motors - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 36>
Accession number:20154301434073
Title:Total factor productivity of apple industry in China considering non-point source pollution and its spatial concentration analysis
Authors:Feng, Xiaolong (1); Huo, Xuexi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Center of Western Rural Development, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Huo, Xuexi
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:204-211
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Apple industry has become a major industry of rural economy in most of the north region in China, which plays an important role on the adjustment of agricultural structure, the increase of farmer's income and the export. But overall, the development of apple industry still has belonged to the traditional production style depending on fertilizer and pesticide; on one side it has brought high economic benefits for farmers, and on the other side it has been the main reason to agricultural non-point source pollution. There is no doubt that this production style has exacerbated the contradiction between the development of apple industry and the ecological environment in China. Therefore, in order to achieve the sustainable development of apple industry, the transformation of the development mode of apple industry, the improvement of resource use efficiency and the effective control of non-point source pollution in apple production should be taken into account urgently. And to achieve these goals are closely dependent on the contribution of apple total factor productivity to industry development, the reasonable estimation of apple total factor productivity, and thus the guide of the correct policy. Using the unit investigation and evaluation model, this paper calculates the non-point source pollution from apple industry, which is taken as non-ideal output and integrated into the model of total factor productivity, then analyzes the total factor productivity of apple industry under the constraint of environment of 21 provinces in China from 1994 to 2013 by applying the Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index, and finally tests the spatial autocorrelation of total factor productivity of apple industry by using Moran's index. The results show as follows: 1) Apple total factor productivity index under the constraint of environment is lower than that without this constraint, implying that environment pollution has obvious negative effects on apple productivity in China, and the development of apple industry presents extensive growth at the expense of polluting environment; at the same time the Malmquist index overestimates the contribution of technical efficiency and technical progress rate to apple total factor productivity. 2) Apple total factor productivities in different regions have obvious difference. Specifically, the growth rate of " good" output in Shaanxi, Ningxia, Yunnan and Guizhou is lower than the decreasing rate of " bad" output, and conversely the growth rate of " good" output in Shandong, Liaoning, Beijing and Tianjin is higher than the decreasing rate of " bad" output, which means the development of apple industry in the central and western China does not coordinate with environment, and conversely the development of apple industry in eastern region is in harmony with the environment. 3) Apple total factor productivity under the constraint of environment shows the significantly positive spatial correlation in both global and local level, but spatial association types of total factor productivity in different provinces during the sample period change obviously. Apple total factor productivity in specific provinces presents the spatial distribution characteristics of high-high aggregation, which takes Shaanxi, Gansu and Shanxi as the center. These results suggest that the government should strengthen the research and promote the environmentally-friendly technology related to apple production like soil-testing formula technology; the governments of different provinces should formulate the environmental management policy related to apple industry based on local conditions, and promote the development of apple industry in harmony with the environment. For instance, the western regions should draw lessons from the eastern coastal areas about apple's advanced production technology, improve the utilization rate of fertilizer, and reduce the gap between regions; different apple production provinces should strengthen the cooperation, pay more attention to and use the spatial spillover effect of apple total factor productivity, and then enhance driving force and radial force of apple total factor productivity of high-high aggregation areas. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Industrial economics
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Autocorrelation - Economics - Efficiency - Environmental management - Environmental technology - Fertilizers - Fruits - Pollution - Pollution control - Productivity - Research and development management - Soil testing - Spatial variables measurement - Sustainable development - Telecommunication industry
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point source pollutions - Distribution characteristics - Environmentally-friendly technology - Malmquist-luenberger productivity indices - Non-point source pollution - Spatial autocorrelations - Total factor productivity - Unit investigation and evaluation method
Classification code:454 Environmental Engineering - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 37>
Accession number:20154301434059
Title:Multi-objective optimum design of high specific speed mixed-flow pump based on NSGA- genetic algorithm
Authors:Wang, Chunlin (1); Ye, Jian (1); Zeng, Cheng (1); Xia, Yong (1); Luo, Bo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:100-106
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the vigorous promotion of the national strategy for hydraulic engineering, a demand for mixed-flow pump in infrastructure has been increasing for years. As a kind of high-performance pump, the high specific speed mixed-flow pump has the advantages of stable performance and wide application area. With the increasing of specific speed, the high specific speed mixed-flow pump has begun to replace the axial-flow pumps in some application areas in recent years. It is necessary to optimize the impeller performance for it affects the pump performance directly. The velocity torque distribution along mixed-flow pump impeller is a significant parameter, which plays an important role in energy conversion between impellers and fluid. In the design of dualistic theory of mixed-flow pump impeller, the regulation of velocity torque distribution should be defined. But, there is no uniform method of expression as well as specific rule for designers to follow, and too much experience is needed to rely on. It has far-reaching meaning for the promotion of the level of mixed-flow pump design and the performance by establishing the optimization parameter model of velocity torque distribution along impeller. In order to further research the hydraulic performance of optimization method for high specific speed mixed-flow pump, a mixed-flow pump whose specific speed is 803 was chosen as the research object, and the commercial software CFX and the shear stress transport turbulence model were applied to compute the interior flow field within the pump. In this paper, the efficiency and the head were chosen as the optimization objectives, and 3 parameters that describe the velocity torque distribution were chosen as the optimization parameters, which were used to parameterize the impellers. The uniform design was adopted to arrange the sample space, the RBF (radial basis function) neural network was used to fit the relationship between the variables and objectives, and finally the NSGA- genetic algorithm was used for multi-objective optimization. Moreover, the difference of the internal flow field was obtained by comparing the initial linear distribution individual with the optimal efficiency individual and the optimal head individual respectively, which were selected from the Pareto solutions. The velocity torque distribution and the change trends of the wrap angel along the axial plane streamline between the initial and optimal individual were analyzed. The wrap angel values of optimal efficiency and optimal head were 75.15° and 67.85°, respectively. The variation trends of the wrap angel of micro-element based on optimal efficiency individual were contrary with the initial one, while the variation trends based on optimal head individual were the same as the initial one, but the change range was enlarged. Compared with the initial linear distribution individual, the efficiency of the optimal efficiency individual was improved by 1.12% through experimental verification. Distribution maps of the relative streamline, velocity and static pressure of the impeller guide vane at 0.5 times blade height and the static pressure of the corresponding chord length at 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 times blade height were showed. And, the possible reasons for the differences between initial individual and optimal individuals were given. It was found that, utilizing the RBF neural network combined with NSGA- genetic algorithm, the effect of optimizing the impeller hydraulic performance of high specific speed mixed-flow pump was remarkable. The research provides a certain theoretical reference for further improvement of the performance of high specific speed mixed-flow pump. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Shear flow
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Computer simulation - Design - Energy conversion - Flow fields - Fluid mechanics - Genetic algorithms - Impellers - Multiobjective optimization - Neural networks - Optimization - Pumps - Radial basis function networks - Shear stress - Shore protection - Speed - Torque - Turbulence models - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental verification - High specific speed - Hydraulic engineering - Mixed-flow pump impellers - Multi-objective optimum designs - Optimization parameter - RBF(radial basis function) - Shear-stress transport
Classification code:407.1 Maritime Structures - 525.5 Energy Conversion Issues - 601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 723.5 Computer Applications - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 38>
Accession number:20154301434060
Title:Performance of cooling capacity adjustment in gas engine-driven heat pump
Authors:Wang, Mingtao (1); Liu, Huanwei (2); Zhang, Baihao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, China; (2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:107-113
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Gas engine driven heat pump (GEHP), which mainly consists of a gas engine, an evaporator, a condenser and an expansion valve, can make full use of the waste heat from cylinder jacket and exhaust gas and achieve a higher primary energy ratio (PER) than other forms of heating/cooling systems, and therefore has been considered as a preferable choice in the air-conditioning scheme. Compared with the electric-driven heat pump (EHP), the GEHP has two distinguished advantages: 1) the ability to recover the gas engine waste heat from cylinder jacket and exhaust gas; 2) easy modulation of gas engine speed to meet the cooling loads. In the present article, a novel GEHP which could independently provide heating, cooling and hot water for the buildings was presented. The capacity adjustment and stable operation of GEHP could be achieved by controlling engine rotary speed. The goals of engine rotary speed control were to match the rotary speed and cooling/heating capacity, and keep robust to disturbance. In order to control engine rotary speed effectively, the engine rotary speed expert proportion-integration-differentiation (PID) controller was designed according to the engine rotary speed control knowledge base and the controlling rules in this study. Meanwhile, the energy analysis of GEHP was presented as well as the GEHP operating parameters (such as ambient air temperature, evaporator water flow and engine rotary speed). The engine rotary expert PID controller was applied to the engine rotary speed control in a GEHP system experimentally under different conditions (modulation on cooling loads and anti-disturbance), and the cooling performance characteristics of GEHP were investigated experimentally over a wide range of engine rotary speed (1 400-2 200 r/min). The performance of GEHP was characterized by cooling capacity, waste heat amount recovered, coefficient of performance (COP) and PER. The relationships between engine rotary speed and cooling capacity, waste heat amount recovered from cylinder jacket and exhaust gas, COP and PER were studied based on theoretical analysis and experimental data. The experimental results indicate that the expert PID controller of engine rotary speed plays a better performance, i. e. small overshoots, flat output and the time before steady state being less than 20 s. The expert PID controller can effectively suppress the disturbance of superheat change, and improve the control quality observably. Furthermore, the cooling capacity, gas engine energy consumption, waste heat amount recovered from cylinder jacket and exhaust gas have increased by 32. 8% and 58. 4%, 50. 1% and 82. 3%, 39. 1% and 71. 1% respectively when the engine rotary speed increased from 1 400 to 1 800 and 2 200 r/min, but the COP and the PER of GEHP has decreased with the increase of gas engine speeds. Finally, the PER of GEHP is 1. 23-1. 66 and the COP is 2. 77-4. 25 under experimental condition. Therefore, the GEHP system can significantly improve energy efficiency, environmental quality and energy consumption structure effectively, and should be promoted by governmental incentive policies. The research results will contribute to the study on the engine rotary speed control of GEHP and provide the theoretical basis for the design and optimization of the GEHP. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Air conditioning - Control - Controllers - Cooling - Cooling systems - Electric control equipment - Energy efficiency - Energy policy - Energy utilization - Engine cylinders - Engines - Evaporators - Flow of water - Gallium - Gas engines - Gases - Heat engines - Heat pump systems - Knowledge based systems - Modulation - Proportional control systems - Pumps - Recovery - Rotary engines - Speed - Speed control - Three term control systems - Waste heat
Uncontrolled terms:Ambient air temperature - Coefficient of Performance - Cooling Capacity - Design and optimization - Energy consumption structure - Experimental conditions - Gas engine driven heat pumps - Proportion integration differentiations
Classification code:525 Energy Management and Conversion - 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 612.1 Internal Combustion Engines, General - 612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine Components - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 643.3 Air Conditioning - 723.4.1 Expert Systems - 731.1 Control Systems - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 732.1 Control Equipment - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 39>
Accession number:20154301434084
Title:Optimum pressure condition maintain quality of Pleurotus eryngii in hypobaric storage
Authors:Li, Zhigang (1); Song, Ting (1, 2); Hao, Liping (1); Chang, Mingchang (1); Shi, Jianchun (1); Feng, Cuiping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China; (2) Jinzhong Institute of Quality and Technical Supervision and Inspection and Testing, Yuchi, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Cuiping
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:296-303
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to study the effects of different hypobaric conditions (0.10, 0.06, 0.04, 0.02 MPa) on storage quality and physiological and biochemical indices of Pleurotus eryngii, the experiment was carried out with Pleurotus eryngii as materials, which were vacuum-packed with 0. 07 mm low density polyethylene bags, and stored in 4. The results showed that, compared with normal pressure (0. 10 MPa), hypobaric storage under 0.06 and 0. 04 MPa not only reduced the respiration rate of Pleurotus eryngii at different degrees and maintained the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), but also inhibited the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA), which delayed aging process, and inhibited the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), which delayed browning degree. So the hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness and the color of Pleurotus eryngii were better maintained under 0.06 and 0.04 MPa, among which the effect of hypobaric storage under 0.04 MPa was better. It also showed that, from 0.10 to 0.04 MPa, the lower the pressure, the better the effect of the hypobaric storage. But when Pleurotus eryngii was stored under 0.02 MPa, the changes of storage quality did not obey the law. Under this storage pressure, the change law of the respiration rate, the activity of CAT, the hardness of pileus, the springiness and chewiness of pileus and stipe all showed abnormal conditions. At the same time, abnormal conditions were found in the variations of the activity of PPO, the color and the MDA content of Pleurotus eryngii which was stored under 0.02 MPa. The cause of these abnormal conditions may be when the storage pressure was 0.02 MPa, the vacuum degree was higher, and a larger pressure difference was formed. The larger pressure difference caused some mechanical damage and physiological injury on Pleurotus eryngii fruit body. The cell structure was destroyed. And the normal metabolic pathway and related enzyme system were changed under the larger pressure difference condition. This storage condition finally caused that the change laws of the storage quality and the physiological and biochemical indices of Pleurotus eryngii were different from those under 0.06 and 0.04 MPa, and the concrete change law and the dominant cause needed further study. In summary, the hypobaric storage in appropriate pressure range could effectively reduce the respiration rate, and delay the ripening and senescence process of Pleurotus eryngii. The hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness and the color of Pleurotus eryngii were preferably maintained, and the storage period was effectively prolonged. But too low storage pressure would cause some damage to the Pleurotus eryngii fruit body and influence the storage effect. The concrete ultimate pressure value for hypobaric storage of Pleurotus eryngii needs to be determined by further experimental research. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Storage (materials)
Controlled terms:Color - Concretes - Energy storage - Enzymes - Fruits - Hardness - Image quality - Oxygen - Physiology - Plants (botany) - Pressure - Pressure effects - Textures - Vacuum applications
Uncontrolled terms:Abnormal conditions - Biochemical indices - Experimental research - Hypobaric - Pleurotus eryngii - Pressure conditions - Pressure differences - Superoxide dismutases
Classification code:412 Concrete - 461.9 Biology - 525.7 Energy Storage - 633.1 Vacuum Applications - 694.4 Storage - 741.1 Light/Optics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 40>
Accession number:20154301434052
Title:Design and test of chain guide rail-type plastic film collector
Authors:Lü, Zhaoqin (1, 2); Zhang, Lei (1); Zhang, Guangling (1); Liu, Shufeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China; (2) Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Machineries and Equipments, Tai'an, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:48-54
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the development of plastic film mulching cultivation technology, crop output increases substantially and crops are suitable for more areas. Consequently, a change of agricultural production mode and a leap of agricultural productivity occurred thereafter. However, with the application scope of the film expanding quickly, its side effects also emerges. Because of the " white pollution" caused by the remnant plastic film after potato etc. crops harvest, it is very important to solve the problem of low gathering film efficiency, leaking film, separating soil and film, wrapping film, unloading film of the existing plastic film collector. In order to counter the problems mentioned above, and combine with agronomic requirements of potato, a new project of chain guide rail-type plastic film collection is designed in this paper. Loosening soil shovels and picking-up film teeth which are next to each other in a chain, cooperate together to improve the rate of gathering film. The pallet of mulching film is in row structure, which will be able to leak soil, and further boost the efficiency to separate soil and film. While operating correctly, shovels loose soil and picking-up film teeth penetrate plastic film to pick them up. Plastic film is transported through the gap between picking-up film tooth and pallet, and then scraped by unloading impeller to collecting tank. Pallet springs will realize the space of picking-up film tooth and Pallet adapt to the quantity of gathering film. Thus, the film will not be left over, lost and blocked. Also it is ensured the entire remnant mulching film is gathered and delivered to the top of collecting film box. Unloading impeller and guide rail cooperate with each other to unload, so that wrapping film becomes much easier. Picking-up film tooth is able to slide over backwards to the side of film-unloading between the circular rail, and retreat from the circular rail, in order to separate of the picking-up film teeth and the plastic film. Picking-up film agencies, gathering film agencies, unloading film agencies are installed together in bracket fixing. They can adjust the fixing bracket through the angle adjustment lever, change the angle of loosening soil shovel to adapt the requirement. This paper designs and invents a chain guide rail-type plastic film collector which includes the function of picking-up film, gathering film, uploading film and collecting film. Each component of the chain-type plastic film collector is modeled and the virtual assembly is finished by Pro/ENGINEER. At the same time, FEM analysis is carried out to study the stress and deformation of the structure of the key components. The experimental results show that: this machine named the chain guide rail-type plastic film collector can achieve the goal of picking-up film, gathering film, uploading film and collecting film all in one. Under the help of this machine, the gathering film rate is over 92% after the potatoes are harvested. The design solves the difficulty of mechanization in collecting the plastic potato film. Results show that the designed machine is able to pick up plastic film successfully after harvesting potatoes. And it can be applied to other crops as well. Therefore, this paper has both economic and social benefit. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Collector efficiency
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Chains - Crops - Cultivation - Efficiency - Harvesting - Impellers - Machinery - Pallets - Plastic films - Productivity - Railroads - Separation - Shovels - Soils - Unloading
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Agricultural productivity - Agriculture machinery - Collector - Economic and social benefits - Guide rail - Plastic film mulching - Stress and deformation
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.2 Machine Components - 602.1 Mechanical Drives - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 702.3 Solar Cells - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 41>
Accession number:20154301434070
Title:Numerical simulation of sterilizing efficiency of ultraviolet disinfection reactors with different flow baffle types
Authors:Niu, Peiping (1); Ding, Risheng (1); Song, Weitang (2); Wang, Yuan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Risheng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:184-191
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nutrient solution recycling has become one of the essential techniques of soilless cultivation. But nutrient solutions are susceptible to be polluted by infectious diseases during the recycling process, so it is needed to disinfect nutrient solutions before recycling use. Compared to other disinfection methods of common nutrient solutions, ultraviolet (UV) disinfection has many advantages, such as high efficiency, low cost, not changing the physical and chemical properties of nutrient solutions, so UV disinfection is an environment-friendly technology of nutrient solution treatment. In general, experimental research and numerical simulation are the most common methods of UV disinfection. Although experimental results of the performance of UV disinfection reactor are credible, direct measurement is difficult and costly and thus seldom done. On the other hand, one can use numerical simulation techniques to model the UV disinfection. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been widely used for simulating the UV disinfection. In previous studies, some researchers analyzed the performance of small-scale horizontal UV disinfection reactors with different flow baffle numbers and flow areas. They designed an alternately arranged flat-type flow baffle and analyzed the performance of the UV disinfection device for nutrient solutions using the CFD simulations and the measurements of biological bacterial disinfection. However, the effects of different flow baffle types on the performance of the UV disinfection reactor have seldom been investigated. In this study, we designed 5 different flow baffle types of the UV disinfection reactor. The main objectives were to increase disinfection efficiency by optimizing the flow baffle arrangement and to test the performance of the UV disinfection reactor with different flow baffle types. The 5 different flow baffle types were proposed: 2 circular channels and annulus alternation, 2 circular channels, 4 circular channels and annulus alternation, staggered arrangement of 4 circular channels and 4 circular channels, and 4 circular channels. Using the discrete phase model (DPM) of the software ANSYS Fluent 14.0, we simulated the motion of Tomato Fusarium oxysporum particle in nutrient solution in the UV disinfection reactors with different flow baffle types, and the inlet flow rate was set to 900 L/h. The UV irradiation dose was calculated and compared for different flow baffle types using the radial radiation model (RRM). The result indicated that for the flow baffle type with 4 circular channels, the lowest and average radiation doses received by the Tomato Fusarium oxysporum particle increased by 33.4% and 4.2% respectively, and the coefficient of variation (CV) decreased by 0.07, compared to the original type. Compared to other flow baffle types, the lowest radiation dose and the CV value for the type with 4 circular channels were respectively significantly greater and less. These results suggested that the UV disinfection reactor of the flow baffle type with 4 circular channels was the best scheme. Furthermore, the simulation results suggested that the combined baffle arrangement had a higher disinfection effect than the single baffle for 2 circular channels, but the combined baffle arrangement had a lower disinfection effect than the single baffle for 4 circular channels. Therefore, these results can provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the internal structure and enhancing the performance of the UV disinfection reactor. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Bioinformatics - Disinfection - Dosimetry - Efficiency - Fluid dynamics - Fruits - Fungi - Numerical methods - Numerical models - Nutrients - Recycling - Solution mining - Ultraviolet radiation
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Disinfection efficiency - Disinfection reactors - Environment friendly technology - Flow baffle - Nutrient solution - Physical and chemical properties - Ultraviolet disinfections
Classification code:452.3 Industrial Wastes - 461.8.2 Bioinformatics - 502.1 Mine and Quarry Operations - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics - 944.8 Radiation Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 42>
Accession number:20154301434086
Title:Model and its application of literature-based financial loss caused by scientific articles published in foreign journals
Authors:Liu, Liying (1, 2); Wei, Xiuju (1, 2); Wang, Liu (2); Zhao, Aiqin (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Postdoctoral Research Stations, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China; (2) Editorial Office of Transactions of the CSAE, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Wei, Xiuju
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:311-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To understand the situation of the financial loss caused by the outflow of scientific articles published in foreign journals, a model for evaluating it based on literature loss was established in this study. Firstly, Loss of single equivalent for single outflow article includes publication fee, counter purchase fee and translation fee. The total loss of outflow was calculated using Equivalent loss of single article multiplying by number of outflow articles. Equivalent loss of single article was 3 348 yuan. The total number of outflow articles in agricultural engineering field published in foreign journals was 1991 in 2012, and its total financial losses were 6.67 million. And the total loss for all disciplines was 733 million, which originated from state scientific program, leading to loss of state resource. Therefore, we encourage appropriate amount of scientific articles published in foreign journals for international communication, but not the blind pursuit of SCI papers. ©, 2015, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Main heading:Publishing
Controlled terms:Finance - Losses - Models
Uncontrolled terms:Economic loss - Financial loss - International communication - ITS applications - Literature - Scientific articles - Scientific papers - Scientific programs
Classification code:903.2 Information Dissemination - 911.2 Industrial Economics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.18.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
期刊信息
- 主管单位 中国科学技术协会
- 主办单位 中国农业工程学会
- 主编 朱明
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