<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20153601250999
Title:Droplet kinetic energy distribution regulation of complete fluidic sprinkler
Authors:Zhu, Xingye (1); Liu, Xingfa (1); Liu, Junping (1); Yuan, Shouqi (1); Bao, Ya (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, United States
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:26-31
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The kinetic energy of sprinkler spraying is an important factor to evaluate sprinkler hydraulic performance, and has a great significance to study soil and water conservation. The kinetic energy of sprinkler spraying mainly includes the droplet kinetic energy, the kinetic energy per unit volume, the kinetic energy intensity and the uniformity coefficient of kinetic energy intensity. All of them are closely related to the hydraulic parameters of sprinkler. The hydraulic parameters contain the water distribution, the droplet diameter and the droplet velocity. To study the kinetic energy distribution of PXH, PXH10 sprinkler hydraulic parameters were tested under the no wind condition, with the operating pressure of 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30 and 0.35 MPa, respectively. The single sprinkler water distribution was measured by catch cans. The catch cans were placed on the testing stand with a spacing of 2 m × 2 m. The laser precipitation monitor (LPM) was used to measure the droplet diameter and velocity. The results showed that the kinetic energy of sprinkler spraying distribution of PXH was different from the other types of sprinklers. The droplet kinetic energy increased with the increase of the droplet diameter. The relationship between droplet kinetic energy and droplet diameter of PXH was indicated by the power function model. The correlation coefficients for the model were up to 0.9 in different pressures. It increased by an average of 20% compared with the other models which were used to show the droplet kinetic energy distribution of PXH. Under different pressures, both the droplet kinetic energy and the kinetic energy per unit volume reached a maximum at the end of the spraying wetted radius. When the pressure increased, the maximum of the kinetic energy per unit volume decreased. The kinetic energy per unit volume increased linearly with the distance from the sprinkler increasing. There were proportional relationships between kinetic energy per unit volume and operating pressures. The proportional function model, which was more appropriate than the exponential function model, could be used to express the distribution of the kinetic energy per unit volume for PXH. The kinetic energy intensity was greatly affected by the water distribution and the kinetic energy per unit volume. The kinetic energy intensity decreased with the operating pressure increasing at the same location. Under the pressure of 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30 and 0.35 MPa, the maximum kinetic energy intensity of PXH emerged at the distance of 8, 6, 7, 7 and 8 m, respectively. However, there was little difference between these maximum kinetic energy intensity values. Moreover, the kinetic energy intensity gradually increased with the distance from the sprinkler and rapidly decreased at the end of the sprinkler wetted radius. Under different pressures, uniformity coefficients of kinetic energy intensity about the rectangle combination spacing of PXH were simulated by MATLAB. The rectangle combination spacings were 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 times of the spraying wetted radius of PXH. The simulated results showed that under the operating pressure of 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30 and 0.35 MPa, the optimum combination spacings were 1.2, 1.0, 1.1, 1.0 and 1.1 times of the spraying wetted radius, respectively, and the uniformity coefficients of kinetic energy intensity were 56.6%, 71.1%, 76.2%, 77.2% and 72.9%, respectively. The results provide certain academic value for studying the sprinkler external spraying characteristics, and optimizing the sprinkler structure and irrigation system. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Kinetic energy
Controlled terms:Drops - Electric power distribution - Exponential functions - Hose - Kinetics - Soil conservation - Spraying - Sprinkler systems (irrigation) - Water conservation - Water supply systems - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Complete fluidic sprinkler - Correlation coefficient - Energy intensity - Hydraulic parameters - Hydraulic performance - Kinetic energy distributions - Proportional relationships - Soil and water conservation
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 706.1.2 Electric Power Distribution - 813.1 Coating Techniques - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921 Mathematics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20153601251009
Title:Soil moisture thermal interaction effects under snow cover during freezing and thawing period
Authors:Fu, Qiang (1); Hou, Renjie (1); Wang, Zilong (1); Li, Tianxiao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:101-107
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Seasonal frozen soils accounts for 54% of Chinese total acreage, mostly distributed in Northeast China where snowing is frequent. Soil moisture under snow cover may interact with temperature, both affecting many processes of biogeochemistry. However, few studies have focused on soil moisture and temperature interaction under snow covers. Therefore, this study investigated the soil moisture and temperature characteristics under seasonal frozen soils in field experiments. The experiment was set up in an experiment field of Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China. It was located in south Songnen Plain. During November 8 of 2013-April 28, 2014, four treatments were designed including bare land, natural snow cover land, snow compacted land, and snow thickened land. Each treatment was repeated three times. In bare land, snow was removed by hand. In snow compacted land, snow density was manually increased to 0.256 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. In the snow thickened land, snow depth was increased but snow density was similar with natural snow cover land. During the experiment, soil temperature was measured by thermometers at 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm soil depth, and soil moisture was measured by time domain reflectometery at same depth. Soil moisture data were divided into two parts: one for model establishment and the other for model validation. Relationship between soil moisture and temperature was described by exponential models. Fractal dimensions were used to evaluate complexity of soil moisture and temperature. The results showed that: 1) The whole experiment duration could be divided into rapid freezing stage, stable freezing stage, and melting stage; On March 1, the freezing depth reached the highest value of 118 cm; 2) Soil moisture and temperature could be well described by exponential models with determination coefficient about 0.9 and relative errors less than 5% for the model establishment and relative error less than 3% for the model validation; 3) The complexity of soil moisture and temperature interaction was simpler during freezing phase than the melting phase since the relative errors of the former were less than that of the latter; The relative errors decreased with increasing snow density and thickness during the freezing phase, but the contrast was observed during the melting phase, indicating the interaction of soil temperature and moisture is greatly affected by freezing-thawing process; 3) During melting stage, soil moisture was 14.31%, 15.9%, and 16.91% for natural snow, snow compacted, and snow thickened treatments, respectively, and soil temperature ranged -5.9-5.3, -3.6-6.9 and -3.1-3.8 for natural snow, snow compacted, and snow thickened treatments, respectively, and the interaction between soil moisture and temperature weakened; The complexity of soil temperature and moisture interaction increased with snow cover; and 4) The fractal dimension of soil temperature under different treatments lied between 1.4149-1.6019 during the freezing phase and 1.4621-1.5775 during the melting phase, revealing a downward trend with snow thickness and compactness during the freezing phase but an opposite trend during the melting phase; The fractal dimension of soil moisture ranged from 1.5047 to 1.5973 and from 1.547 to 1.6607 during the freezing and melting phases, respectively, with a similar trend with soil temperature changes among different snow cover treatments. The results are helpful in predicting soil temperature and moisture in sowing stage, and revealing soil moisture and temperature dynamics. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Errors - Fractal dimension - Fractals - Freezing - Frozen soils - Melting - Moisture - Moisture determination - Snow - Snowfall measurement - Soil moisture - Soils - Temperature - Thawing
Uncontrolled terms:Complexity - Determination coefficients - Different treatments - Exponential models - Freezing and thawing - Temperature characteristic - Temperature dynamics - Thermal interaction
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 443.3 Precipitation - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531.1 Metallurgy - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 921 Mathematics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20153601251002
Title:Framework for comprehensive benefit assessment on conservation tillage and its application
Authors:Li, Yangyang (1); Liu, Siyu (1); Shan, Chunyan (1); Ji, Yaqin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Corresponding author:Shan, Chunyan
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:48-54
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Considered as a health-harmful and climate-relevant pollutant, particulate matter (PM) has become a serious concern in China for recent years. Source apportionments of Chinese major cities show that fugitive dust can explain a large percentage of PM sources, while soil wind erosion contributes substantially to fugitive dust. Conservation tillage plays an important role in promoting crop growth and increasing production as well as in preventing wind erosion. Researches have been done to assess the benefits of conversation tillage in several perspectives respectively, whereas little concentrating on its comprehensive benefits. For better assessing the benefits of conservation tillage on eco-environmental, social and economic aspects comprehensively, a 3-tired index system was constructed based on field surveys, experiments and literatures, and tested in the case study of Tianjin. The assessment system included 3 indices of Grade-1 eco-environmental index, Grade-2 social index and Grade-3 economical index. Eco-environmental index included 4 sub-indices in Grade-2: soil physical-chemical properties, water retention ability of soil, soil resistance to wind erosion, and weeds and insects indices, respectively. Social index involved 2 sub-indices: agricultural mechanization rate, transfer of rural labor. The last 2 Grade-2 indices are input, and output subject to economical index. There were 19 more detailed indices in tire-3 to cover better range of this assessment. Three tillage modes utilized in Sujiayuan Village in Dagang District, Tianjin including traditional tillage and two kinds of conservation tillage (no-tillage with mulch and subsoiling) were analyzed to verify the feasibility of this index system. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) method was adopted and the weights of indices were calculated by standard deviation method in this assessment. The values of soil anti-erosion efficiency and soil particulate emission rate subject to soil resistance to wind erosion were calculated by a wind tunnel experiment conducted in Dagang district. A questionnaire survey was conducted in Sujiayuan Village to get values of agricultural mechanization rate and all the economical indices. An intensive literature research has been performed to get the rest of the indices' values considering the similarity of climate and agrotype between Sujiayuan Village and places from where those values were obtained. According to the coverage of data collected, an eco-environment assessment with 11 indices involved and a comprehensive assessment with 19 indices included were conducted respectively. The results showed that conservation tillage performed more benefits than traditional tillage on the eco-environmental, social and economic aspects. Traditional tillage, no-tillage with mulch and subsoiling scored 0.182, 0.540, 0.875 in eco-environment assessment, respectively, and 0.279, 0.435, 0.584, in comprehensive assessment, respectively. At last, several problems were noted for the further study or utilization: 1) Due to the lack of knowledge about standards of each indices, it's hard to define the detailed "rank" (or "evaluation value") of specific index, which lead to the result that this assessment value only reflectes the relative superiority but not the practical gaps of these tillage modes; 2) Most values of indices were obtained from literatures; Despite the similarity of climate and agrotype, significant biases may potentially exist; and 3) Geographical condition varies among different areas, it is rational to utilize this assessment method with local conditions carefully considered. This study provides a useful tool for comprehensive assessment of conservation tillage. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Soil conservation
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Cultivation - Dust - Erosion - Machinery - Mechanization - Particulate emissions - Rural areas - Soils - Surveys - Wind tunnels
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural mechanization - Comprehensive assessment - Conservation tillage - Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation - Fuzzy evaluation - Particulate Matter - Physical chemical property - Standard deviation method
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601 Mechanical Design - 651.2 Wind Tunnels - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20153601251031
Title:Determination of eco-compensation of sloping land conversion program based on GIS and RS
Authors:Guo, Huimin (1); Wang, Wukui (1); Feng, Zhongke (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Economic and Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; (2) College of Economic and Management, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China; (3) Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Wukui
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:264-271
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Since the implementation of ecological compensation policy in China, micro difference of geographic location does not been considered basically, but the implementation of the "sweeping approach" national compensation policy is divided into north and south of the Yangtze River. In practical application, although it has the advantages of unified standard, it ignores the actual existence of many realistic factors, such as terrain, soil, climate in forest land. The gap between compensation and woodland fine operation and management is very big. The objective of this paper was to solve the problem of ecological compensation standard in different regions. Taking compensation configuration of the Sloping Land Conversion Program in Zhangjiakou area as the research object, remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS) and other space technologies were applied, the method of qualitative and quantitative analysis was adopted, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to determine the factors affecting ecological compensation weight, and the space allocation model of ecological compensation was established in this research. The results showed that: 1) The AHP method and the spatial analysis technology of RS and GIS were integrated. The AHP was good at multi-factor comprehensive evaluation, and in the application process, the GIS software showed a greater advantage on the data expression space, the digital and graphics integration as a whole, and the data processing, analysis and management functions, which could objectively reflect the specific situation of the region. Overall, the method in this research provides a new way for the calculation of the ecological compensation standard of farmland. 2) Among affecting factors of ecological restoration compensation in the study area, the weights of natural factors, social factors, economic factors were 0.5279, 0.3325 and 0.1396, respectively. 3) Based on the total sum of annual payment for ecosystem services (PES) from the Sloping Land Conversion Program in Zhangjiakou City, taking the districts as the main areas of the distribution, the value of PES for every district and county allocated by using the space allocation model was the most in Shangyi county, and the least in Huailai county. The PES that farmers in Shangyi county received was 0.082 per hectare on average; the PES that farmers in Huailai county received was 0.036 per hectare. This was in accordance with the principle of fairness. 4) Compared with the original uniform standards for different counties, the highest amount of compensation increased by 308 yuan/hm<sup>2</sup>, in Huailai county, the least amount of compensation reduced by 623 yuan/hm<sup>2</sup> in Shangyi county, and the highest amount of compensation was 2.28 times the minimum amount. This not only solved the problem of the previous unified compensation standards, but also followed the principle of ecological contribution priority and social justice. This paper concludes combining the hierarchical analysis method and the spatial analysis method of RS and GIS technology provides a new idea for eco-compensation of the Sloping Land Conversion Program. The accurate purpose for Sloping Land Conversion Program is realized by space allocation model for compensation. Space allocation model for compensation is a technical method to explore the scientific, reasonable, optimizational ecology compensation. Spatial distributional model of PES based on GIS and RS can solve the "sweeping approach" phenomenon basically. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Factor analysis
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Analytic hierarchy process - Application programs - Compensation (personnel) - Data handling - Ecology - Ecosystems - Forestry - Geographic information systems - Hierarchical systems - Information management - Information systems - Remote sensing - Space optics - Spatial variables measurement
Uncontrolled terms:Analytic hierarchy process (ahp) - Compensation configuration - Distance decay - Multi-factor comprehensive evaluations - NDVI - Operation and management - Qualitative and quantitative analysis - Sloping land
Classification code:454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 903.2 Information Dissemination - 912.2 Management - 912.4 Personnel - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20153601251025
Title:Biomass continuous pyrolysis characteristics on shaftless screw conveying reactor
Authors:Wang, Mingfeng (1); Wu, Yujian (1); Jiang, Enchen (1); Chen, Xiaokun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Jiang, Enchen
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:216-222
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Technology of continuous pyrolysis is an effective method of disposing biomass, and the shaftless-screw-conveying pyrolysis reactor, which is a kind of device with great development prospects, can not only reduce the weight of the conveying mechanical components, but also provide effective space for the removal of volatile products. At present, there were few researches on the biomass continuous pyrolysis characteristics with the shaftless screw conveying reactor. So, the continuous pyrolysis of rice husk, peanut shell and cassava stalk was investigated on the shaftless-screw-conveying reactor, and the product distribution, the pyrolysis gas components and the pyrolytic charcoal characteristics of the 3 biomasses at different pyrolysis temperatures were analyzed. The pyrolysis characteristics were compared with the existing pyrolysis technology, and the material adaptability of the reactor was discussed. This paper provided a theoretical basis for the determination of the process parameters of biomass continuous pyrolysis and the utilization of pyrolysis products of different biomass materials. The results showed that the distribution of pyrolysis products was consistent with other pyrolysis reactors. With the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the charcoal yield decreased gradually, the gas yield increased, and the liquid yield increased firstly and then decreased, which reached the maximum at 450. The maximum liquid yield of rice husk, peanut shell and cassava stalk was 35.24%, 33.04% and 31.94% respectively. The gas yield and liquid yield presented a competitive relationship. For different bio-materials, the order of the charcoal yield from high to low was: rice husk > peanut shell > cassava stalk, the liquid yield from high to low was: rice husk > peanut shell > cassava stalk, and there were contrary rules between the gas yield and the liquid yield. The pyrolysis gas was mainly composed of CO<inf>2</inf>, CH<inf>4</inf>, H<inf>2</inf>, C<inf>2</inf>H<inf>4</inf> and CO and the gas component content was influenced by temperature greatly. With the increase of reacting temperature, the content of the combustible gas rose, and non-combustible gas components declined. The relative content of combustible gas in pyrolysis gas reached 75% at reaction temperature 650. Different bio-materials had little effect on the composition and content of the gas. The industrial analysis results of the pyrolysis carbon were related to that of the raw materials. With the pyrolysis temperature increasing, the volatile content of the pyrolysis charcoal decreased gradually, and the ash and the fixed charcoal content increased. There were differences of the functional groups among different kinds of charcoals, the surface functional groups of peanut shell charcoal was more abundant than that of rice husk charcoal. In the 3 kinds of charcoals, the highest contents of volatile, ash and fixed carbon were obtained from cassava stalk charcoal, rice husk charcoal and peanut shell charcoal respectively. The structure characteristics of raw material had a greater influence on the surface morphology of carbon. The surface functional groups of low-temperature-pyrolysis charcoal were very rich, the type of the surface functional groups reduced gradually with the pyrolysis temperature increasing. The surface structure of biomass materials continued to be destroyed, and pore structure appeared when the pyrolysis temperature increased. The structure characteristics of raw material had a significant influence on the surface morphology of carbon, and the surface pore structure of peanut shell charcoal and cassava stalk charcoal was more than rice husk charcoal. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Pyrolysis
Controlled terms:Biomass - Charcoal - Chemical reactors - Gases - Ionization of gases - Liquids - Oilseeds - Plants (botany) - Pore structure - Screws - Shells (structures) - Straw - Surface morphology - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Gas component - Low-temperature pyrolysis - Material adaptabilities - Product distributions - Pyrolysis characteristics - Shaftless screws - Structure characteristic - Surface functional groups
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 461.9 Biology - 524 Solid Fuels - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20153601251017
Title:Remote sensing estimation of wheat practical yield on regional scale using partial least squares regression algorithm based on HJ-1A/1B images
Authors:Tan, Changwei (1); Luo, Ming (1); Yang, Xin (1); Ma, Chang (1); Zhou, Jian (1); Du, Ying (1); Wang, Ya'nan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:161-166
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Estimation of crop yield by remote sensing is a key research and application field in agriculture, and such research can provide timely and reliable yield information for regional food production. In order to further improve the accuracy of estimating wheat yield by remote sensing, and demonstrate the application of satellite imaging products in agricultural production, we used HJ-1A/1B images on April 26th 2010, April 28th 2011 and 2012, May 2nd 2013 at wheat anthesis stage as remote sensing data. 335 samples of wheat yield were collected from agriculture production field and divided into modeling dataset and validation dataset on a ratio of 3:2. Based on the minimum value of predictive residual error sum of square (PRESS), the number required for principal component model was determined. The yield estimation model was assessed through determination coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>), root mean square error (RMSE) and relative error (RE). This research was undertaken to make a systematic analysis on the quantitative relationship of satellite remote sensing variables to actual wheat yield. Depending on the partial least squares regression (PLS), the multivariable remote sensing estimation models and the space level distribution maps of actual wheat yield were constructed and verified by the modeling dataset and validation dataset, and the estimation effect of the PLS model was compared to linear regression (LR) and principal components analysis (PCA) algorithm models, respectively. The results of this research indicated that the majority of remote sensing variables were significantly (P < 0.05) related to practical yield, and there were significant (P < 0.05) multiple relationships among the majority of remote sensing variables. For the actual yield estimation model based on PLS, the number of the best principal components was 5. Plant senescence reflectance index (PSRI), green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI), optimal soil adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI), ratio vegetation index (RVI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were identified as the sensitive remote sensing variables for estimating wheat yield. Through testing the actual yield estimation model based on PLS algorithm with modeling dataset and validation dataset, the R<sup>2</sup> were 0.74 and 0.71, respectively, and the RMSE were 754.05 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> and 748.2 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, respectively, the RE were 11.50% and 8.88%, respectively. The PLS model with selected sensitive variables performed better to estimate wheat yield. PLS algorithm models to estimate wheat yield obtained the higher accuracy by above 20% and above 40% than the LR algorithm models, by above 18% and above 30% than the PCA algorithm models for modeling dataset and validation dataset, respectively. Based on the above PLS model and HJ-1A/1B image on May 2<sup>nd</sup>, 2013, the wheat practical yield spatial distribution level was mapped in central Jiangsu region. The results of applying the PLS models were correspondent with the actual distribution of wheat yield. It was concluded that PLS algorithm can provide an effective way to improve the accuracy of estimating wheat yield on regional scale based on aerospace remote sensing, and can contribute to large-scale application of the research results. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Errors - Least squares approximations - Mean square error - Multivariable systems - Principal component analysis - Regression analysis - Space optics - Statistical tests - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Green normalized difference vegetation index - HJ-1A/1B - Normalized difference vegetation index - Partial least squares regression - Partial least-squares method - Principal components analysis - Wheat - Yield estimation
Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20153601251033
Title:Analysis of moisture changes during rice seed soaking process using low-field NMR
Authors:Song, Ping (1); Yang, Tao (1); Wang, Cheng (2); Pan, Dayu (2); Ren, Peng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China; (2) National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agri-Informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (4) Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment Technology for Agriculture, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Tao
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:279-284
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) has the technique advantages of nondestructive and non-invasive, which can be used to study the variation, distribution and flow of different phase state moisture in rice seed through the detection of proton's density and distribution in samples. In this paper, Shennong No. 9816 and No. 9903 rice seeds were used in the study. The center frequency and pulse width were determined using the FID pulse sequence in the NMR spectroscopic analysis software. The low field NMR technique and dynamic detection of the CPMG pulse sequence signal were used to determine the spin relaxation time of samples (the transverse relaxation time T<inf>2</inf>). The variation and flow of different phase state moisture during seed soaking were analyzed by the change of time signal and the peak position due to the inversion mapping of T<inf>2</inf>. The value of the relaxation time T<inf>2</inf> reflected the value of the water degree of freedom in the sample. The change of the relaxation time T<inf>2</inf> can reflect the mobility of the water molecules. The effects of rice varieties and soaking temperature on the moisture absorption ratio has been studied according to the regression equation between the T<inf>2</inf> relaxation spectrum total area of peak A and rice seed moisture absorption ratio. The experimental results showed that the regression equation of the T<inf>2</inf> relaxation spectrum peak area and the moisture absorption ratio of rice seed was correlated well and the equation reached a significant (P < 0.05) level of detection. The moisture absorption ratio of rice seed was reasonably estimated through the T<inf>2</inf> relaxation spectrum peak area. The moisture in the rice seeds was in two phases, combined moisture and free moisture during soaking process according to the multiple components characteristics of T<inf>2</inf> and moisture characteristics of the seed. The critical value of combined moisture and free moisture was 10 ms. The short relaxation time T<inf>21</inf> (0.1-10 ms) was defined as combined moisture. This water was closely linked to protein, sugar, phospholipids and other through hydrogen bonds. This water can not flow freely and evaporate. The longer relaxation time T<inf>22</inf> (10-1000 ms) was defined as free moisture in magnetic field. This water was in the vacuole, the intercellular and cells gap, which can not be absorbed by the colloid or with poor adsorption capacity. This water can flow freely and can be used as solvent since it has the general properties of water. As for Shennong No. 9816, the trends of combined moisture and total moisture content kept increasing, while the variation of free moisture content was irregular during 18 and 6 h soaking process. The variation of moisture content can reflect the physical and chemical reactions in rice seed during soaking process. The differences of rice seed moisture absorption in two rice cultivars were not significant (P>0.05), but rice seed moisture absorption was highly sensitive to the soaking temperature. With the increased soaking temperature, the rice seed moisture absorption per unit time significantly (P < 0.05) increased. This experiment proposed a non-destructive rice seed moisture content detection method, which can reveal the moisture variation more directly and accurately during seed soaking, thus the results can be used to determine the best soaking conditions. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Moisture
Controlled terms:Absorption spectroscopy - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Grain (agricultural product) - Hydrogen bonds - Magnetic fields - Magnetism - Moisture determination - Molecules - Nuclear magnetic resonance - Phospholipids - Relaxation time - Seed - Signal detection - Spectroscopic analysis - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Adsorption capacities - Inversion spectrum - Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF NMR) - NMR spectroscopic analysis - Rice - Seed soaking - Spin relaxation time - Transverse relaxation time
Classification code:701.2 Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 933 Solid State Physics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20153601251020
Title:Cyber physical system spatio-temporal modeling method and its application in greenhouse control
Authors:Wang, Haoyun (1); Liu, Jiaojiao (1); Hou, Siyu (1); Ren, Shougang (1); Xu, Huanliang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Huanliang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:183-190
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Traditional agriculture uses manual way to control temperature and moisture in a greenhouse, but with the rapid development of modern agriculture, this high manpower investment and low accuracy control method cannot meet the needs of the modern agriculture. This paper used the concept of hierarchical finite state machine and lattice-based event to build a 3-layer cyber physical system model, and put forward a hierarchical finite state machine based spatiotemporal cyber physical system modeling method to design a new greenhouse control system. In these modeling methods, the cyber physical system was divided into three layers: physical layer, physical-cyber layer and the cyber layer. There were also two flows in cyber physical system: information gathering flow and decision control flow. The physical layer had sensor nodes, sensor motes and actors, the physical-cyber layer had sink nodes and controller nodes, and the cyber layer had a decision node. The hierarchical finite state machine can easily express the 3-layers system, the state transition between each layer, and the conversion relationship between the two flows in mathematical expressions. In the information gather flow, sensor nodes monitored the physical environment and generated sensor events, sensor motes used physical layer's hierarchical finite state machine to transform sensor events into physical events, and then passed physical events to sink nodes. Sink nodes used physical-cyber layer's hierarchical finite state machine to transform physical events into physical-cyber events. In the decision control flow, decision node used another physical-cyber layer's hierarchical finite state machine to transform the physical-cyber events into cyber events, and passed cyber events to the controller nodes, controller nodes used another physical layer's hierarchical finite state machine to transform cyber events into control events, and passed control events to the actors. At last, actors used the control events to change the physical environment. The lattice-based event modeling method can be used to divide cyber physical system event into three parts: event attributes, the observer information, the occurrence time and location and attribute information of the event. Event attributes referred that which type the event belonged to, the occurrence time referred that when the event happened, the occurrence location referred that where the event happened, and the attribute information of the event referred the physical environment. Because the 3-layer spatiotemporal model method considered the spatiotemporal attribute into the events of each layer's state machine, it improved the event detection and control accuracy in the greenhouse effectively, and ensured the greenhouse environment to meet the plant growth demands for temperature, humidity and light. The experiment proved that 3-layer spatiotemporal modeling method which realized the joint modeling with spatial and temporal attributes, reduced the error detection, improved the detection accuracy and the model performance was good. Compared with the traditional control methods based on "Internet of Things", we found that using 3-layers spatiotemporal cyber physical system modeling in facilities of agriculture, can improve the control accuracy from 80.20% to 87.20%, decrease the false control positive rate from 7.50% to 3.60% and the false negative rate from 12.30% to 9.20%, and it can also be adapted to the modern agriculture requirements of high precision and high automation. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Moisture control
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Atmospheric humidity - Controllers - Embedded systems - Error detection - Greenhouses - Humidity control - Intelligent control - Logic circuits - Network layers - Sensor nodes - Signal encoding - Solar radiation - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Attribute information - Cyber physical systems (CPSs) - Event lattices - Greenhouse environment - Hierarchical finite state machines - Information gathering - Mathematical expressions - Spatio-temporal models
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.4.1 Expert Systems - 732.1 Control Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20153601251005
Title:Optimal water-saving irrigation mode reducing N<inf>2</inf>O emission from rice paddy field in cold region and increasing rice yield
Authors:Wang, Mengxue (1); Zhang, Zhongxue (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Water Conservancy & Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; (2) Agronomy College of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Zhongxue
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:72-79
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Greenhouse gas emissions from paddy field in China have aroused widespread attention. Northeast China is the most important marketable grain base in China, and the paddy fields acreage of northeast China is increasing rapidly in nearly a decade. It has only scattered reports in regard to paddy greenhouse gas emissions in the northeast cold region. The winter of northeast is very cold and long, and organic matter of farmland soil is relatively high. Nitrous oxide (N<inf>2</inf>O) emissions from fields in cold region of northeast China may play an role in climate change. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the N<inf>2</inf>O emissions from rice paddy field in cold region under different irrigation modes and its response to environmental factors. The experiment was set up in Rice Irrigation Experimental Center of Heilongjiang located in Heping town of Qing'an county in 2014 with four treatments including control irrigation, wet irrigation, intermittent irrigation and flood irrigation. The For all the treatments, drainage and drying were conducted in the lateral tillering stage and yellow ripe stage. In addition, under the control irrigation system, the soil water content was controlled at 0.7 or 0.8 times of saturated moisture content except for seeding establishment when water layer was 0-30 mm; Under the intermittent irrigation system, water layer was arranged at 0-30 or 0-40 mm for stages other than the lateral tillering stage and yellow ripe stage; Under the wet irrigation system, water layer was arranged at 0-20 or 0-30 mm for stages other than the lateral tillering stage and yellow ripe stage; Under the flood irrigation, most of stages had water layer of 0-40 mm. Each treatment was repeated three times. During the experiment, the N<inf>2</inf>O emission was measured at 10:00-14:00 using the method of static chamber-gas chromatographic techniques. Additionally, rice yield was determined at harvest. The results showed that the N<inf>2</inf>O emissions fluxes had same trend in the seasonal variation under different treatments. The peak of emissions appeared in the stage when water alteration was frequent. The N<inf>2</inf>O emission was low in the early stage of rice growth and small amounts of N<inf>2</inf>O emissions occurred in steeping field stage. Compare to flood irrigation, the total amount of N<inf>2</inf>O emissions under intermittent irrigation increased by 47.3%, but that of control and wet irrigation treatments reduced by 40.7% and 39.6%. The N<inf>2</inf>O emission flux from cold rice paddies was closely related to soil NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup>-N content and soil 10-cm temperature (P<0.05). The N<inf>2</inf>O emission from rice yield would increase with soil temperature and NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup>-N content. For rice yield, the treatment of wet irrigation was worse than the others and the other treatments had no significant difference. The N<inf>2</inf>O emissions per unit yield of control and wet irrigation were 40% and 30% lower than the flood irrigation. However, the rice yield of control irrigation treatment was significantly higher than wet irrigation. Therefore, the control irrigation was best irrigation mode to increase rice yield and reduce N<inf>2</inf>O emission among the four treatments. It should be heavily emphasized in future in the cold regions of China. The results can provide valuable information for selection of water-saving irrigation method in Heilongjiang cold region. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Climate change - Emission control - Floods - Gas chromatography - Gas emissions - Greenhouse gases - Ionization of gases - Nitrogen oxides - Soil moisture - Soils - Water conservation - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Chromatographic techniques - Cold regions - Environmental factors - Intermittent irrigations - Irrigation treatments - Nitrous oxide - Northeast cold regions - Water-saving irrigation
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 451 Air Pollution - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20153601251013
Title:Design and development of real time data push in web-based automatic irrigation control system
Authors:Li, Shuhua (1); Hao, Xingyao (2); Zhou, Qingbo (1); Pan, Yuchun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (5) Beijing Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Internet of Things, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Qingbo
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:133-139
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The automatic irrigation control system based on web is a main trend of current water-saving technology development. In order to provide personalized irrigation control scheme and precise water metering, the system needs higher real-time data transmission performance. The real-time performance of web application is currently poor, and difficult to meet the needs of accurate irrigation control. Aiming at this problem, in this paper, the structure and bottleneck of real-time data transmission of web-based automatic irrigation control system was analyzed, and the data push scheme of improving the real-time performance was proposed. Based on observer pattern, the data push mode between data layer and logic layer, and that between logic layer and presentation layer were specifically designed. In the former data transmission process, the observed object is database table, and the observer is Web server monitoring program. After the data is inserted into the data table, the database immediately triggers the stored procedure to notify the relevant Web service program and executes updating data subject. In the latter data transmit process, the observed object is program object running on the Web server, and the observer is client program object running on the browser. Because the Web service program cannot directly initiate data connection to the client program. Therefore, in order to implement the observer pattern, it is essential to establish a real-time tow-way data connection in the client program loading process. Then through subscribing a group of data subjects, the client program can receive real-time data push as soon as the data subjects are updated. The connection between client and Web server is established and maintained by client connect request, then a streaming connection is evoked by client through which Web server streams data down to the client with no poll overhead. But these client-to-server messages are not sent over the streaming connection, instead an internal HTTP connection was used to send data for the duration of the operation. Through database, server and client programming, the construction of web-based irrigation control system and the realization of the real time data push mechanism were implemented. Then tests were carried out to quantitatively assess real-time performance of data acquisition and instruction sending process. The result showed that: the average delay of the data acquisition process was 1.7 seconds, the average delay of the control process was 3.4 seconds, and the real-time performance could basically meet the needs of equipment control and irrigation decision-making. The average delay of one-way data transmission in the software system was no more than 130 milliseconds. The delay factors of the data pull mode were totally eliminated, and this improvement plays an important role in enhancing overall real-time performance of system. The results of this paper showed that, through the reasonable design and development, the real-time performance of the Web based irrigation control system can reach the level of desktop control system. When the system is accessed through internet or 4G mobile communication network, the delay is on the hundreds milliseconds level, which has little effect on the real-time performance of the system. The data push scheme can also be applied to other related monitoring and control software system in internet of things, which can improve the real-time performance with low cost. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Process control
Controlled terms:4G mobile communication systems - Computer software - Control systems - Data acquisition - Data communication systems - Data transfer - Database systems - Decision making - Design - HTTP - Internet - Irrigation - Social networking (online) - Water conservation - Web services - Websites - World Wide Web
Uncontrolled terms:4G mobile communication - Data push - Design and Development - Irrigation controls - Observer pattern - Real time - Real time data transmission - Water saving technology
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 444 Water Resources - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 912.2 Management
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20153601251034
Title:Hatching eggs nondestructive detection based on hyperspectral-imaging information and RVM
Authors:Zhu, Zhihui (1); Liu, Ting (1); Ma, Meihu (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; (2) National R&D Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
Corresponding author:Ma, Meihu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:285-292
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is one of difficult problems to be resolved in egg hatching industry to identify the fertile information of hatching eggs and eliminate infertile eggs prior to the incubation. Many infertile eggs have been wasted in the process of incubation every year, which has caused considerable economic loss. The existing domestic infertile egg detection mainly depends on traditional manual candle method. However, this detection method requires high intensity of labor and is time-consuming. In addition, the result of detection is subjective and its accuracy can not be guaranteed. The detection of infertile eggs prior to incubation can improve the economic efficiency of incubation and the quality of egg processing in late period, and it can bring considerable economic benefits. This paper proposed that the hyperspectral imaging technology consisting of image and spectral information and the relevance vector machine (RVM) were used for detecting the fertile information of eggs before incubation. To build a hyperspectral transmission image acquisition system, the light source, the light intensity, the resolution, the exposure time, the platform moving speed and other parameters were adjusted when the images of hyperspectral instrument were captured. Ultimately, the exposure time of the camera was determined as 0.1 s, the resolution of image as 400×400 pixels, and the platform moving speed as 1.7 mm/s. Before hatching eggs incubation, hyperspectral images system was used to acquire the images of hatching eggs between 400 and 1000 nm. The characteristic information of the ratios of length to short axis, the elongation, the roundness and the ratios of the yolk area to the whole area was extracted based on the images. Based on the comparison of the calibration results among 3 waveband regions (400-760, 760-1000, and 400-1000 nm), the visible light in band range of 400-760 nm was chosen to classify actual type of hatching eggs. Different spectra pretreatment methods were used to analyze the spectra, e.g. multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), normalize, standard normal variate transformation (SNV), first derivative (FD), MSC+FD, SNV+FD, normalize+FD, among which the normalized pretreatment method was the most effective, and its classification accuracy was better than other methods. The normalization method was used as the spectral data preprocessing, and then 155 spectral characteristic variables were extracted from 520 wavebands through the correlation coefficient method. Principal component analysis (PCA) method was adopted to reduce the dimension of image-spectrum fusion information which consisted of 4 image characteristic variables and 155 spectral characteristic variables, and then the top 6 principal components were extracted. According to the distribution principle of 2:1 for 300 hatching eggs, the numbers of eggs for training set and testing set were 200 and 100 respectively. RVM and support vector machine (SVM) were used to establish classification models, which were based on image, spectrum and image-spectrum fusion information respectively. The accuracies of the RVM models were 90%, 91% and 96% respectively, while the accuracies of the SVM models were 84%, 90% and 93% respectively. The cost time of the RVM models was 0.6619, 1.0821 and 0.5016 s respectively, while that the SVM models was 5.9386, 5.9886 and 5.6672 s respectively. The experimental results showed that the model based on image-spectrum fusion information was better than the single information model; the RVM model was superior to the SVM model for detecting fertile information of hatching eggs before incubation; and the cost time of RVM model was shorter than that of SVM model. The fertile and infertile eggs were identified very quickly. This project implementing would provide theoretical basis for the real-time online detection and testing of hating eggs for the instrument. Thus using hyperspectral fusion information and RVM can improve the detection accuracy of hatching eggs before incubation. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Finite difference method - Image acquisition - Image fusion - Independent component analysis - Instrument testing - Light - Light sources - Losses - Models - Nondestructive examination - Principal component analysis - Spectroscopy - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Hatching eggs - Hyper-spectral images - Imaging processing - RVM - SVM
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801 Chemistry - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20153601251028
Title:Effect of sewage sludge and its mixed compost on soil properties and N<inf>2</inf>O emission from tomato soil
Authors:He, Shanying (1); Li, A'nan (1); Wang, Lei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Hangzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:239-246
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:There is still a great uncertainty of nitrogen conservation and greenhouse gas reduction from farmland soil due to lack of data of the soil properties change and greenhouse gas emissions from the land application of compost and sewage sludge. In this study, tomato plants were cultivated in the greenhouse in treatments of 1) 800 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> fresh sludge (S-H), 2) 400 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> fresh sludge (S-L), 3) 800 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> straw composting product (VM-S), 4) 800 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> swine manure composting product (VM-M), and 5) no fertilization (CK). The soil properties, inorganic nitrogen forms and N<inf>2</inf>O emission characteristics were investigated. The results showed that, compost treatments significantly increased the soil EC value (P<0.05), and the VM-M treatment exhibited the largest soil EC value. With the addition of sludge and compost products, soil pH value increased significantly (P<0.05) and soil pH tended to be neutral. The inhibitory effect of VM-M on soil acidification was better than VM-S. Under the treatments of sludge and compost, concentration of soil NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup>-N was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the CK, and the NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup>-N concentration of each treatment decreased gradually with time. Most of the NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup>-N was absorbed by tomato plants, and part of the nitrate was leached from the upper to the lower soil layers. Most of the NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup> was oxidized to NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup>-N, but some were absorbed by plants. With the application of organic nitrogen, the shoot biomass in the VM-M, VM-S and S-H treatment was 1515, 1383 and 1103 g/plant, respectively, each corresponded with the plant height of 56.8, 54.5 and 51.3 cm, respectively. The positive effect of the treatment on the tomato growth was VM-M > VM-S > S-H. In addition, the excess application of organic nitrogen fertilizer from S-H compared to S-L did not promoted growth of tomato markedly (P>0.05). Compared with the CK, N<inf>2</inf>O emission from soil was significantly improved by sludge (P<0.05). The N<inf>2</inf>O emission from the all treatments were focused on the first 20 days after fertilization, and the amount of emission of soil N<inf>2</inf>O was S-L (0.76 kg/(hm<sup>2</sup>·a)) < VM-M (0.95 kg/(hm<sup>2</sup>·a)) < VM-S (1.19 kg/(hm<sup>2</sup>·a)) < S-H (1.71 kg/(hm<sup>2</sup>·a)). Therefore, the types and the amount of manure should be considered when the sludge or compost was applied in farmland, so that, the yield of crops can be improved and the emission of greenhouse gases could be reduced at the same time, and it's better to compost using sludge and animal manure. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:52
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Composting - Conservation - Emission control - Farms - Fruits - Gas emissions - Greenhouse gases - Ionization of gases - Manures - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Sewage sludge - Soil conservation - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Compost products - Emission characteristics - Greenhouse gas reductions - Inhibitory effect - Inorganic nitrogen - Land applications - Organic nitrogen - Soil acidifications
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 454 Environmental Engineering - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20153601251036
Title:Process optimization of nanocrystalline cellulose from sunflower seed hull and its characterization
Authors:Chen, Shanshan (1); Tao, Hongjiang (2); Wang, Yajing (1); Ma, Zhongsu (1); Zhang, Liping (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (2) Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China; (3) College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Liping
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:302-308
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nanosized single crystal cellulose is often called whisker. Nano-whisker or nanofibrils can be prepared from various sources, such as natural fibers, agricultural by-products, and marine animals. Nano-whiskers are characterized by excellent mechanical properties, high specific surface area, high length-diameter ratio, environmental friendliness, and low cost. Because of these properties, nano-whiskers are used in many fields and attract growing attention by researchers in the world. In China, the agricultural product processing industry yields abundant cellulose waste. Thus, it becomes meaningful to find out a better resolution to 'agricultural cellulose waste'. In this study, nano-cellulose was prepared by a sulphuric acid hydrolysis method and with shells of sunflower seeds as raw material. The effects of four factors (e.g. acid hydrolysis temperature, sulfuric acid concentration, acid hydrolysis time, and liquid to material) on nano-cellulose yield were investigated by single-factor tests. The preliminary results showed that the optimal conditions were: acid hydrolysis temperature at 40; sulfuric acid concentration at 60%; hydrolysis time at 90 min; liquid to material ratio at 12:1. The results of single-factor tests showed that the nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC) yield was maximized to 26.72% at the acid hydrolysis temperature 40. The yield of NCC was maximized to 29.89% at the sulfuric acid concentration of 60%, to 30.09% at the acid hydrolysis time of 90 min, or to 25.33% at the liquid to material of 12:1. Based on the single-factor test, the process parameters were optimized by a response surface method. A quadratic polynomial model was built, and then its effectiveness and the interactions between different factors were analyzed. Also the microstructure of the nano-cellulose as-prepared was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size distribution, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results showed that the importance degrees of all factors on yield of NCC rank as follows: Acid hydrolysis temperature > acid hydrolysis time > liquid to material > sulfuric acid concentration. The optimal process conditions were as follows: acid hydrolysis temperature at 42, acid hydrolysis time at 83.71 min, sulfuric acid concentration at 59.97%, and liquid to material ratio at 12.33:1. Under these conditions, the highest yield of NCC was 31.67%, which was validated to be 31.31%. SEM and particle size distribution analysis showed that the NCC from shells of sunflower seeds was rod-like and partially aggregated. The diameter was measured to be 10-30 nm, and length was 150-300 nm. FT-IR showed that NCC still possessed the basic chemical structure of cellulose and did not have functional group variation. XRD showed that NCC possess a typical cellulose I crystal structure and their crystallinity degree was obviously higher the crystallinity degree. This study provided some reference for the comprehensive utilization of sunflower seeds. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Cellulose
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Animals - Characterization - Crystal structure - Crystalline materials - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - High resolution transmission electron microscopy - Hydrolysis - Light transmission - Liquids - Nanocrystals - Nanowhiskers - Natural fibers - Optimization - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Single crystals - Size distribution - Sulfur determination - Sulfuric acid - Surface properties - Transmission electron microscopy - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive utilizations - Environmental friendliness - Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy - High specific surface area - Particle size distribution analysis - Preparation - Response surface methodology - Sunflower seed hull
Classification code:741.1 Light/Optics - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 761 Nanotechnology - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 933 Solid State Physics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20153601251026
Title:Operation parameter optimization of wastewater from swine farms using submerged membrane bioreactor
Authors:Yao, Huijiao (1); Dong, Hongmin (1); Tao, Xiuping (1); Shang, Bin (1); Liu, Yang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management in Agricultural Structures, Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Tao, Xiuping
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:223-230
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Waste-water is very difficult to treat, especially the waste water from swine farms with high contents of organic matters. Addressing the environmental problems incurred by waste-water is important for the swine farms for their sustainable development. The raw waste-water from swine farm in this study was treated by submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR). Three levels of dissolved oxygen concentrations (DO: <1.5 mg/L, 1.5~3.0 mg/L, and >3.0 mg/L), three levels of hydraulic retention times (HRT: 0.75 d, 1.5 d and 3.0 d) and three levels of reflux ratios (RR, 200%, 300%, and 400%) were used to form nine combined experiments treatments using the orthogonal design. The nine treatments were conducted in three batches in a swine farm with manual manure dry-collection method. The farm was located in Henan province. The MBR was designed with an available volume of 30 L, and the inside temperatures of bioreactors were controlled at (25±5) by heating rods, and the pH values were maintained around 7~8 by addition of acid or alkali. During the experiments, waste-water was pumped to MBR automatically, and sludge retention time (SRT) was controlled at 25-30 d. Each batch of the experiments lasted for 50 d, including 20 d of acclimatization and 30 d for the trial. The results showed that the average concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of the MBR effluents were(202±201) mg/L, (56.6±54.0)mg/L, (91.6±69.1) mg/L and (19.2±10.0) mg/L when the influent having COD, NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N, TN and TP concentrations of (3277±1192) mg/L, (203.8±51.2) mg/L, (361.0±133.3) mg/L, and (65.0±23.1) mg/L, respectively. The corresponding removal rates of MBR were 93.6%±9.5%, 70.0%±27.2%, 70.7%±20.7% and 68.3%±17.4%, respectively for each of these measured parameters. MBR could also remove the fecal coliforms from waste water efficiently. A removal rate of (99.9±0.08)% was observed, and the amount of fecal coliforms in effluents ranged from 30 to 19, 350 count/L. About 86.4% of the effluent could meet the hygiene requirements of the national standard. The range analysis results indicated that the importance order of operational parameters on the removal of COD and NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N was DO>HRT>RR, while the order for the TP removal was HRT> DO>RR. When DO increased from <1.5 mg/L to 1.5-3.0 mg/L, the removal rates of COD, NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N, and TN increased significantly (P<0.01). However, when DO was further increased to >3.0 mg/L, significant difference (P<0.01) was only observed in the removal rate of NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N. In comparison with HRT of 0.75 d, the removal rates of COD NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N and TP increased significantly (P<0.01) under HRT of 1.5 d. As for reflux rate (RR), the removal rates of NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N and TN at RR of 300% were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those at RR of 200%, but significant differences (P<0.05) in the removal rates of COD and TP were observed between RR of 300% and RR of 400%. With reference to range analysis results, the optimized operational conditions of MBR were DO of 1.5~3.0 mg/L, HRT of 3.0 d and RR of 300%, which corresponded to the Treatment 4 in the experiments, in which the COD, NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N, TP concentrations were (69.3±48.7) mg/L, (10.0±8.2) mg/L and (14.0±9.9)mg/L, respectively, and the corresponding removal rates were 97.8%±1.5%, 93.8%±5.0% and 81.5%±14.2%, respectively. The effluent from MBR could be disinfected using ultraviolet to ensure biosecurity if the disinfected effluent was recycled for on farm flushing, which implicates the water resource conservation in swine production. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Effluents
Controlled terms:Biochemical oxygen demand - Bioconversion - Biological water treatment - Bioreactors - Chemical oxygen demand - Conservation - Dissolved oxygen - Membranes - Natural resources - Nitrogen - Oxygen - Sustainable development - Wastewater - Wastewater treatment - Water conservation - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Dissolved oxygen concentrations - Effect - Environmental problems - Hydraulic retention time - Operational parameters - Reflux ratio - Submerged membrane bioreactors - Swine farm
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 454 Environmental Engineering - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20153601251014
Title:Segmentation method for kernels of corn ear based on hierarchical threshold and multi-level screening
Authors:Du, Jianjun (1); Guo, Xinyu (1); Wang, Chuanyu (1); Xiao, Boxiang (1); Wu, Sheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Xinyu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:140-146
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The phenotypic characteristics of corn ear are closely related with kernels information of corn ear. For example, ear rows, kernels in row, total kernel number and kernel shape are directly determined by kernels distribution in the surface of corn ear. However, the quantitative analysis of kernels based on images of corn ears is a challenging task owing to shape distortion and color difference. In this paper, we presented a novel segmentation method to extract kernels from the image of corn ear, which was effective to overcome the shape distortion and color differences of kernels. The shape distortion of kernels in images manifests that kernel shape was highly sensitive to the imaging angle and orientation of corn ears, i.e. kernels in the different positions of the same image showed completely different shape characteristics, such as area and aspect ratio etc. Thus, the shape information of kernels needed to be recovered from the image of corn ear. Considering the diversities of corn ears, especially variegated ears, common segmentation methods based on color and threshold parameters were difficult to exactly extract all kernels since the threshold values of variegated kernels were located in the large distribution range. Hence it was necessary to find the local threshold for each kernel in the image of corn ear. The proposed method consisted of three main steps: radial distortion correction of corn ear, hierarchical threshold, and multilevel screening of kernels. In the first step, a radial distortion correction method was developed to recover the surface information of corn ear, which unfolded the surface of corn ear along its radical direction according to the three-dimensional shape characteristics, and generated a corrected image in which the edges of corn ear were extended and the shapes of kernels were restored for the subsequent analysis. In the second step, a hierarchical threshold strategy was applied to iteratively segment kernels from the image of corn ear. Following each threshold process, the geometrical properties (area and perimeter etc.) of segmented objects were respectively calculated and further used to evaluate if they can be used to classify valid kernels. By hierarchical thresholds, the adaptive local threshold for each kernel can be detected. Therefore it was useful for elimination of adhesion effect between kernels. In the last step, feature extraction, principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machine (SVM) were combined to investigate the validness of segmented kernels. For each kernel, 115 shape, color and texture feature descriptors were extracted, and a 19-dimentional vector was generated based on PCA. Then, a SVM model of kernels was trained and tested using the training samples with 2164 images of kernels. This model was used to filter out invalid segmented objects, e.g. abortive, vacant, or bare area. Finally, segmented objects which were determined as valid kernels were collected to build a distribution image of kernels, which represented kernel information of half corn surface and were quite appropriate for calculating the phenotypic characteristics of corn ear and its kernels. Experimental results demonstrated the proposed method has significant advantages than those that already existing in accuracy and robustness for kernel segmentation of various types of corn ears, thus it can be used as fundamental method for automated trait analysis of corn ear. Under the mode of the highest accuracy, the average computation efficiency was 15 second per ear. In the future work, parallel computation and parameters templates techniques are needed to improve the algorithm efficiency. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Aspect ratio - Classification (of information) - Color - Colorimetry - Computational efficiency - Feature extraction - Image analysis - Image segmentation - Iterative methods - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Color and texture features - Computation efficiency - Corn ear - Geometrical property - Hierarchical threshold - Radial distortions - Segmentation methods - Three-dimensional shape
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.1 Light/Optics - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 941.4 Optical Variables Measurements - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20153601251035
Title:Optimal extraction technology of polysaccharides from red kindey bean using ultrasonic assistant with enzyme
Authors:Li, Ying (1); Chen, Xuemei (1); Yan, Yueping (1); Lai, Danni (1); Chen, Xiaohong (1); Shi, Xiaoqiong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Minxi Food Research Institute, Longyan University, Longyan, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:293-301
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Red kidney bean is a kind of valuable edible and medicinal soy food, which contains rich nutrients and a lot of effective ingredients. Polysaccharides are the main active component of red kidney beans, which have a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-aging, anti-virus, anti-oxidant, antitumor and decreasing blood sugar and blood fat. In recent years, there have been substantial studies on the healthcare value, nutrition composition, product development of red kidney beans, but the extraction process of polysaccharides from red kidney beans and the analysis on its structure and biological activity have not been explored yet. The study respectively used enzyme's characteristics of effectively destroying the cell wall and keeping the activity of polysaccharide, etc, and the ultrasonic's characteristics of rapidness and energy saving by producing the effect of cavitation, shearing and intense mixing in liquid with the dispersion effect, to damage the cell tissue. By using the combined enzymatic and ultrasonic method assisted to extract polysaccharides out of red kidney beans, taking red kidney beans as raw material and polysaccharides yield as the index, and fixing the temperature at 50, the study firstly applied the L<inf>9</inf>(3<sup>4</sup>) orthogonal experiments to screen out the best ratio of compound enzymes; and then on the basis of single factor experiment, the Plackett-Burman design was used to analyze solid-liquid ratio, amount of complex enzyme, pH value for enzyme hydrolysis, enzymolysis time, ultrasonic power and ultrasonic time, and these 6 factors were significant. Furthermore, the main factors affecting polysaccharides yield (pH value for enzyme hydrolysis, ultrasonic power, amount of composite enzyme and ultrasonic time) were investigated and optimized by response surface design using Box-Behnken center-united experiment software. Meanwhile, red kidney beans polysaccharide structure had been preliminarily analyzed by using ultraviolet spectrum and infrared spectrum scanning, together with analytical results of the glycosides. The results showed that the best ratio of compound enzymes for Papain, Pectinase and Cellulase enzyme was 3:1:3; among 6 factors, the influences of pH value for enzyme hydrolysis and ultrasonic power on the extraction of red kidney beans polysaccharides reached extremely significant effect, and amount of composite enzyme and ultrasonic time were the significant factors. For optimum technological parameters, i.e. solid-liquid ratio 80:1 mL/g, amount of composite enzyme 4.0%, pH value of 5.0 for enzyme hydrolysis, enzymolysis time 1.5 h, ultrasonic power 400 W and ultrasonic time 34.0 min, the yield of the polysaccharides of red kidney beans was 14.15%. Ultraviolet spectrum scan and infrared spectrum scan showed that after DEAE-52 chromatography column and Sephadesx G-200 cellulose chromatography column, red kidney beans polysaccharide had higher purification; the connecting way of red kidney beans polysaccharides was alpha (1→4) and (1→6) connection, which could be speculated by periodate oxidation and Smith degradation analysis. The results provide theory basis for further development and utilization of combined enzymatic and ultrasonic method in assisting to extract polysaccharides out of red kidney beans and subsequent research on red kidney beans polysaccharides structure characterization and biological activity. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Enzymes
Controlled terms:Bioactivity - Blood - Chromatography - Column chromatography - Energy conservation - Extraction - Hydrolysis - Liquids - pH - Polysaccharides - Product development - Spectroscopy - Spectrum analysis - Surface analysis - Surface properties - Ultrasonic testing - Ultrasonic waves - Ultraviolet spectroscopy - Viruses
Uncontrolled terms:Development and utilizations - Plackett-Burman designs - Red kidney - Response surface analysis - Single-factor experiments - Structure analysis - Structure characterization - Technological parameters
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 753.1 Ultrasonic Waves - 753.3 Ultrasonic Applications - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20153601251015
Title:Algorithm and experiments of noisy low-illumination silkworm pupa images restoration
Authors:Tao, Dan (1); Li, Guanglin (1); Wang, Zhengrong (1); Qiu, Guangying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
Corresponding author:Li, Guanglin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:147-152
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the machine vision-based intelligent system for recognizing and sorting male or female silkworm pupa, the quality of silkworm pupa images is the key for accurate recognition. Low illumination and noise, as the main factors degrading silkworm pupa images, can give rise to the loss of images textures and structures to a great extent, which brings a challenge for intelligent system to identify silkworm pupa's gender. State-of-the-art methods, like Shan's work, can be ineffective when images are perturbed by noise. The main contribution of our work was the effective elimination of noise by Tikhonov regularization while restoring image contrast and preserving image textures and structures based on the Shan's modeling. In order to improve the quality of degraded silkworm pupa images, a novel method combining tone mapping with Tikhonov regularization, which was capable of enhancing image contrast and compressing noise simultaneously, was proposed in this paper. According to Shan's work, it was assumed that Low-illumination image is obtained via dynamically compressing a Low-illumination image. A 3×3 neighborhood of pixels in both images was defined. The linear functions mapping locally radiance in such a 3×3 window of low-illumination silkworm pupa images to that of the desired ones were formulated. The monotonicity of linear functions can preserve local structural information of image. Through integrating these linear functions, the image-level objective function was established to restore image illumination contrast. Further, Tikhonov regularization implemented by the Laplace of Gaussian (LoG) operator was used to obtain the final objective function. Tikhonov regularization could not only smooth noise and preserve structural information of image effectively but also could be beneficial to a stable solution in the iterative processes. The existence and unique of solution of the objective function was addressed via verification of convexity according to D. P. Bertsekas' convex theory. After coefficients of local functions aforementioned were solved analytically, the global optimal restored silkworm pupa image was obtained by linearly optimizing objective function. In the experimental section, simulated data and real data (both including male and female silkworm pupa images) experiments were conducted on the platform configured with CPU i5, 2.4 G Hz, memory 2 G, and 32 bit operation system and matlab2012. The result showed that the performance of the proposed method was better than Shan's method, especially, when quality of images was degraded by noise and low illumination at the same time. Noise can be greatly removed while the image contrast was improved and the details were preserved. Moreover, the proposed method can be conveniently extend to improve the quality of low-illumination plant images, such as vegetables, because only one parameter, i.e., regularization parameter, needed to adjust by trial and error until the best results were obtained in the implementation of the proposed method while other parameters involved basically were the constant values. The automatic selection of regularization parameter can be achieved by cross validation of L curve and U curve. The proposed method can benefit a wide application of machine vision technologies, such as biological measurement and pattern recognition, in agricultural fields. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Image texture
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Algorithms - Animals - Computer vision - Image quality - Intelligent systems - Iterative methods - Mapping - Parameterization - Pattern recognition - Restoration
Uncontrolled terms:Machine vision technologies - Noise perturbation - Regularization - Regularization parameters - Silkworm pupa - State-of-the-art methods - Tikhonov regularization - Tone
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 409 Civil Engineering, General - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.2 Vision - 814 Leather and Tanning - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 822 Food Technology - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20153601251019
Title:Performance testing on warming effect of heat storage-release metal film in Chinese solar greenhouse
Authors:Fang, Hui (1); Zhang, Yi (1); Yang, Qichang (1); Lu, Wei (1); Zhou, Bo (1); Zhou, Sheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) Key Lab. of Energy Conservation and Waster Treatment of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Yi
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:177-182
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The Chinese Solar Greenhouse (CSG) that is widely used in North China is characterized by a lean-to south-facing roof, a removable insulating blanket and a solid north wall. The south facing roof structure and removable insulating blanket maximize the exposure to short-wave radiation during the day and minimize heat loss at night, respectively. To increase the year-round greenhouse production in North China, a sustainable heating method needs to be developed to increase the night air temperature during the winter in CSGs. Solar heating is an inexpensive and effective way to heat greenhouses, and has been investigated by several previous studies. For the present study, a heat storage-release metal film system that was attached to the north wall was developed for CSG night temperature improvement. Two experimental greenhouses were located in Beijing, China, with a floor area of 304 m<sup>2</sup> each. Environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, heat flux) inside and outside the greenhouse were investigated, including the average solar collection efficiency of the heating system and the energy saving rates. The results showed that the average solar collection efficiency of the system was 83%, 1.6 times greater than the reported value of a heat storage-release metal film system installed in a small CSG. The energy collection efficiency during the daytime decreased sharply with declining plate-air temperature differences. To have high energy collection efficiencies, plate-air temperature differences must be kept high and this can be achieved by applying a heat pump to reduce the circulating water temperature and transfer the energy to another water tank. The effective collector absorptivity was 0.81 and heat transfer was by natural convection. During the relatively cold nights of December 23 and 24 with the lowest outdoor air temperature of approximately-18, the inside air temperature of the experimental CSG also was 3.7 higher than in the reference CSG after starting operation of the heat storage-release metal film system. The night air temperature in the experimental CSG was increased by 2.4 on average compared to the reference CSG. The performance of the heat storage-release metal film system can be analyzed via the collected and released heat. The variations of the total heat collected and released by the heat storage-release metal film system during the day/night periods investigated were presented together with the radiation sum at the back wall over the total area of the heat storage-release metal film system. The system collected much more energy during sunny days than during cloudy days. The utilization ratio of the collected heat of the heat storage-release metal film system was calculated and it was between 64% and 71%. So the collected heat was not utilised completely during the night as some heat was lost during transport and storage. The heat collecting efficiency for these days was calculated as 86%, 82% and 82%, respectively which was nearly constant. So the use of the heat storage-release metal film system for heating the greenhouse at night during the winter can improve the environmental conditions inside Chinese solar greenhouses for crop production, achieving high energy collection efficiency and a reduction in energy consumption. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Energy efficiency
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Collector efficiency - Cultivation - Energy conservation - Energy utilization - Greenhouse effect - Greenhouses - Heat flux - Heat storage - Heat transfer - Heating - Heating equipment - Metal testing - Metallic films - Metals - Plates (structural components) - Roofs - Solar heating - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese solar greenhouse - Collecting efficiency - Collection efficiency - Environmental conditions - Environmental parameter - Heat release - Outdoor-air temperature - Reduction in energy consumption
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 642.2 Industrial Furnaces and Components - 643.1 Space Heating - 702.3 Solar Cells - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20153601251021
Title:Fanning in open-topped cowshed and chromium added to diet improving growth performance of heat-stressed beef cattle
Authors:Cai, Jingyi (1); Feng, Tangchao (3); Shi, Zhujun (1); Liao, Kuoyao (1); Yi, Zongrong (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; (2) Key Laboratory of University in Cattle Breeding and Low Carbon Production Safety in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China; (3) Livestock Product Safety Testing Center in Yibin City in Sichuan Province, Yibin, China; (4) Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:191-195
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:There are high moisture and temperature in summer in the Southern China, and moisture and hot stress impact the feed intake of livestock, further impact the production properties of cattle. Many measurements such as overshadowing on top of the barn, fanning, and spraying cooling, additive in diet etc, were used to relief the hot stress of livestock. To improving the production properties of cattle, fanning in open-topped cowshed combining with chromium added to diet were investigation. A 2×2 factorial trial was conducted to determine the effects of fanning and chromium added to diet on thermal environment, physiological indexes and growth performance of beef cattle in summer in the Southern China. Thirty-six Simmental crossbred beef cattle (average body weight 392.8 kg) were chosen and randomly divided into 4 groups, and were raised in open feedlot barn for 30 days. In treatment 1 (T1), fans were installed and chromium nicotinate was added to beef cattle diet; In treatment 2 (T2), fans were only assembled; In treatment 3 (T3), chromium nicotinate was added to diet; In the control treatment (T4), the beef cattle were raised in feedlot barn without fans and without chromium nicotinate in diet. The dosage of chromium was 800 μg/kg. The indexes such as environmental factors, temperature-humidity index, rectal temperature, respiration rate, average daily gain and economic benefits were collected. The results showed as following: 1) Compared with the control barn without fan, average room temperature was lower by 1.9 (P < 0.01), wind speed was increased by 5.6 times (P < 0.01), THI reduce by 5.65% (P < 0.01) in 14:00 in treatment barn with fan. 2) For the cattle suffered from the heat stress, the respiration rate was reduced by 2.37 times (P< 0.01), and rectal temperature were reduced by 0.18 (P<0.01) by chromium supplementation, and the respiration rate was reduced by 6.97 times (P < 0.01) by fanning. No interaction effects on respiration rate and rectal temperature was obtained between chromium supplementation and fanning. 2) The average daily gain of beef cattle in T1 were increased by 44.16% (P < 0.05), 35.37% (P < 0.05) and 79.03% (P < 0.05) than that in T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Gross profit in rearing beef cattle in T1 was increased by 8.72 yuan per head per day than that in T4. In conclusion, both cooling by fans in feedlot barn and chromium supplementation relieved the heat stress of beef cattle, and the average daily weight gain was improved, and finally the economic benefits was increased. However, the combination use of the two measures leads to better results. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Chromium
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cooling - Economic and social effects - Fans - Farm buildings - Heat resistance - Meats - Moisture - Nutrition - Stress relief - Thermal stress - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Beef cattle - Beeflot barn - Control treatments - Environmental factors - Physiological indices - Production properties - Temperature humidity index - Thermal environment
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 543.1 Chromium and Alloys - 618.3 Blowers and Fans - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 822.3 Food Products - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20153601251030
Title:System framework of land consolidation based on systematic engineering and statistics theory in China
Authors:Zhang, Chuan (1); Yu, Jianxin (1); Zheng, Honggang (1); Zhang, Gengjie (3); Gong, Tao (1); Zeng, Weijun (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Hydraulic Engineering, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China; (2) Ministry of Land and Resources "Land use-Field Base in Luliang County of Yunnan Province", Kunming, China; (3) Engineering Research Center of Science and Technology of Land and Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
Corresponding author:Yu, Jianxin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:255-263
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Because of the contradiction of more people and less land, combining with the threat of land degradation and pollution, land consolidation has become the main way resolving these problems. In the end of 1990's, China issued Land Administration Law, which meant that land development, land arrangement and land reclamation had been promoted to law level and showed the government's attention to land consolidation. At present, ecological civilization has been treated as the national strategy, which needs system framework for land consolidation designed at top level including quantity control, quality management and ecology protection. Unfortunately, a systematic and scientific land consolidation system has not been established on account of theory research work falling behind application work. This paper compared the content, importance and framework level of land consolidation system and land scientific system based on the overseas and domestic research status. Starting from the logic view of land use and cognition, which manifested the procedure of needing land, understanding land, controlling land, fearing land and sustainably using land, the system was divided into the core layer, the supporting layer and the criterion layer. The core layer consisted of technology, theory and discipline. The technology and theory could set up the discipline, while the discipline could accelerate the development of the former two. The supporting layer consisted of management and culture, which could facilitate each other. The criterion layer was land consolidation law, which was treated as a basic standard and guideline for the other systems. It presented the method and principle of how to establish the system framework according to the theory of system engineering and statistics. The results showed that land consolidation system was composed of 6 contents including technology system, theoretical system, disciplinary system, management system, cultural system and legal system. Firstly, land consolidation technology system was the core, which included region classification, investigation, land planning, engineer designation, engineering construction, evaluation, information, technology criterion. Secondly, land consolidation theory system was the basis, which included basic theory, methodology and application. Thirdly, land consolidation discipline system was the impetus, which included major cultivation, personnel training, platform construction, communication and cooperation. Fourthly, land consolidation management system was the main body, which included management object, management subject and management rule. Fifthly, land consolidation cultural system was the soul, which included material culture, spiritual culture and rule culture. Last but not least, land consolidation legal system was criterion, which included law, regulation, rule, normative documentation and institution. The system had the properties of systematicness, innovation and guidance. Systematicness could reflect the attributes' characteristics and the relationship of all the sub-systems. Innovation could fill the current content of land consolidation system using culture connotation and legal criterion. Guidance meant that the technical perfection, theoretical innovation, discipline cultivation and management diversity showed the main development direction of land consolidation in the future. The new view of land consolidation system should be changed, for example, the technology system, theoretical system and discipline system could be treated as core part from only technology system and management system, while management and culture system as the supporting part, and legal system as the criterion. It can be concluded that system framework of land consolidation is a dynamic system, whose content still need to be added and amended in the future. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Land reclamation
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Computer systems - Consolidation - Ecology - Engineering research - Land use - Laws and legislation - Personnel training - Quality control - Quality management
Uncontrolled terms:Cultural systems - Discipline system - Legal system - Management systems - Technology system - Theoretical system
Classification code:442.2 Land Reclamation - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 901.2 Education - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20153601251003
Title:Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis for CROPGRO-cotton model at different irrigation levels
Authors:Wu, Lifeng (1); Zhang, Fucang (1); Fan, Junliang (1); Zhou, Hanmi (1); Xing, Yingying (1); Qiang, Shengcai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (2) Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Fucang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:55-64
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Process-based crop models use a large number of variety and soil parameters to simulate dynamic changes of crop growth and soil moisture. Many of the parameters are difficult to measure directly for different crop varieties or environments, recalibrations are often needed. Determining the importance of specific parameters to the model outputs is helpful to simplify the crop model calibrations. Sensitivity analysis (SA) can quantify the impact of input parameters on the model outputs and is helpful for model parameterizations. This study aimed to obtain model parameters of DSSAT-CROPGRO-Cotton model for irrigation schedule optimization of cotton in Xinjiang, China through sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. Based on the field cotton experiments in Shihezi Region of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, the Morris method and extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (EFAST) method were applied to analyze the sensitivity of six outputs of the CROPGRO-Cotton model to the variety and soil parameters at three irrigation levels. The model outputs included days of initial flowering and maturing, seed cotton yield, aboveground dry biomass, maximum leaf area index and evapotranspiration. In addition, the correlation between the two methods was analyzed and the uncertainty analysis was conducted for the model outputs from the EFAST method. Results showed that EFAST method was better than Morris method in sensitivity test. The Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that the correlation coefficient was between 0.87 and 0.93 for the aboveground dry biomass and maximum leaf area index, and between 0.66 and 0.81 for the days of maturing, seed cotton yield and evapotranspiration. The numbers of sensitive parameters was smaller from Morris method than EFAST method, indicating that Morris method may oversimplify sensitivity problem. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses indicated that irrigation levels had no significant effects on the days of initial flowering and a simplistic parameter sensitivity issue existed for simulation of the days of initial flowering and maximum leaf area index. Soil parameters in different soil layers had different effects on the model outputs. The days of maturing were more sensitive to the soil parameters in soil layer of 40-80 cm, but the aboveground dry biomass and evapotranspiration were more sensitive to the soil parameters in soil layer of 80-120 cm. The maximum leaf area index and evapotranspiration were both overestimated to a certain extent, it was necessary to make an improvement so as to enhance the simulation accuracy before this model could be applied in Xinjiang. The most sensitive parameters for cotton mature days simulation was time between plant emergence and flower appearance (EMFL), time between the first flower and first seed (FLSD) and time between the first seed and physiological maturity (SDPM). The most sensitive parameters for seed cotton yield simulation was maximum fraction of daily growth that was partitioned to seed and shell (XFRT) and the most sensitive parameters for aboveground dry mass are drainage rate (SLDR) and field capacity in soil layer from 80 to 120 cm (SDUL3). The most sensitive parameters for evapotranspiration simulation was SDUL3. The parameter of seed filling duration for pod cohort at standard growth conditions (SFDUR) was not sensitive for all outputs and thus could be set as constant values. Surface albedo (SALB), runoff curve number (SLRO) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (SSKS1) were only sensitive to mature days. The results above would help to improve simulation efficiency and precision of CROPGRO-Cotton model in Xinjiang region. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Uncertainty analysis
Controlled terms:Biomass - Cotton - Crops - Ecology - Evapotranspiration - Hydraulic conductivity - Irrigation - Physiological models - Sensitivity analysis - Soil moisture - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:EFAST - Extended fourier amplitude sensitivity test (eFAST) - Maximum leaf area index - Morris - Saturated hydraulic conductivity - Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis - Spearman rank correlation - Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region
Classification code:444.1 Surface Water - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.1 Biomedical Engineering - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20153601251008
Title:Migration characteristics of soil water and salt and their interaction under different groundwater levels
Authors:Xia, Jiangbao (1); Zhao, Ximei (1); Zhao, Ziguo (1); Chen, Yinping (1); Liu, Junhua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for Yellow River Delta, Binzhou University, Binzhou, China; (2) College of Resource and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; (3) College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:93-100
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil salt and water closely related to groundwater depth mainly affect vegetation distribution pattern and community succession of the Yellow River Delta. Thus, it is important to explain the changing process of water and salt in groundwater and soil and their effects on the occurrence of the secondary salinization. This study aimed to understand the response of soil water-salt distribution characteristics to groundwater depth and their interactive effects under saline groundwater conditions. To achieve the objective, a laboratory experiment was carried out in a controllable greenhouse of Shangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for Yellow River Delta, Binzhou University, China in 2014. Soils were collected from Yellow River downstream and air-dried. A total of 18 soil columns planted with Tamarix chinensis Lour, a constructive species in the Yellow River Delta were prepared and the soil columns were made of polyvinyl chloride resin. These soil columns were immersed into saline water that simulated groundwater levels of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 and 1.8 m. The water-salt parameters (such as relative soil water content, soil salt content and soil solute absolute concentration) of different soil column profiles were measured. The results showed that: 1) Relative soil water content of soil columns was greatly decreased as the level of groundwater increased while soil salt content: soil moisture fluctuated dramatically for treatment of groundwater level 0.9-1.2 m and was stable for groundwater level 0.3-0.6 m; 2) Soil solution absolution concentration increased first and then decreased, and the turning point of soil water and salt content occurred at level of groundwater 1.2 m, under which soil salinity and soil solution absolute concentration of soil profiles were both the highest; 3) The maximum variation of water content, salt content and soil solution absolution concentration occurred for treatments of the level of groundwater 0.9-1.2 m, 0.6 m and 1.5-1.8 m, respectively; 4) As soil depth increased, the relative soil water content also increased, the soil salt content fell first and then rose up to 1.34% at surface layer, while soil solution absolute concentration decreased; From the soil surface down the soil profile, the change range and degree of relative soil water content and soil solution absolute concentration decreased gradually with increasing groundwater level; The groundwater level corresponding to the highest salt content of all soil profiles was 1.2 m; and 5) Soil salt content and relative soil water content had significant negative correlations with level of groundwater at P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively, and a significant positive correlation (P<0.01) was observed between relative soil water content and soil salt content. Based on changes in soil moisture, salinity and soil solution absolute concentration, the T. chinensis should be planted 20 cm at least of soils, preferably 30-40 cm under saline groundwater conditions. The suitable level of groundwater was between 1.5 and 1.8 m. The results can provide important information for the prevention of soil secondary salinization, and the planting and management of T. chinensis under saline groundwater conditions. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Moisture - Polyvinyl chlorides - Rivers - Saline water - Soil moisture - Soils - Water content - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Distribution characteristics - Laboratory experiments - Salinity - Simulated ground water - Soil secondary salinizations - Soil solution concentration - Tamarix chinensis lours - Vegetation distribution
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20153601250998
Title:Influence factors on hydraulic performance of pressure-compensating emitter
Authors:Wei, Zhengying (1); Ma, Shengli (1); Zhou, Xing (1); Yuan, Weijing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Lab. for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
Corresponding author:Ma, Shengli
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:19-25
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pressure-compensating emitter is widely used in the agricultural irrigation due to its better compensation and higher uniformity performance than non-pressure compensating one. However, the factors that influence the hydraulic properties of pressure-compensating emitter are complicated, which causes difficulty in design and optimization of the structure of the pressure-compensating emitter. In this study, we determined important influential factors of pressure-compensating emitter based on theoretical analysis and investigated effects of those important factors on its hydraulic performance in laboratory tests. Single factor and orthogonal experiment designs were carried out to analyze the each factor's and their interactive effect. The HydroPC cylindrical pressure-compensating emitter with orifice inline was purchased from PLASTRO. It had working pressure of 60-350 kPa, flow rate of 1.2 L/h, outlet distance of 2.8 mm, cavity diameter of 6.8 mm, boss height of 0.1 mm, groove width of 0.35 mm, boss diameter of 2 mm, diaphragm hardness of 30 HA, and diaphragm thickness of 0.85 mm. The theoretical analysis showed that the hydraulic performance of the emitter could be affected by the distance of outlet from inlet, the outlet diameter of the pressure regulating cavity, the height of the boss in the regulating cavity, the diameter of the boss in the regulating cavity, the width of the boss in pressure regulating cavity, the materials characteristics of the diaphragm such as hardness and thickness. The hydraulic performance experiment of single-factor design showed that: 1) The far distance of inlet from outlet could result in poor flow regulating performance of the emitter since the flow rate tended to be reduced with high working pressure; 2) When the pressure regulating cavity diameter was 00.5 mm, the emitter had good compensating performance and also high initial pressure, which suggested the diameter should be less than 0.05 mm under non-micro drip irrigation; 3) Boss height had a large influence on pressure-compensating performance and its optimal value was 0.2 mm; 4) Boss height did not greatly affect hydraulic performance of the emitter and the performance was almost same when its value was high than 2.0 mm; and 4) The large value of groove width could facilitate pressure-compensating process but not the flow regulating performance. The orthogonal experiment revealed that the hydraulic performance of the emitter was optimal with flow exponent of 0.02795 and initial pressure of 25 kPa when its boss diameter was 2.0 mm, groove width was 0.35 mm, outlet distance and diameter were 2.0 and 0.8 mm, boss height was 0.1 mm. In addition, the material properties of the diaphragm could greatly affect pressure-compensating performance and the performance was best when the hardness of diaphragm was 50° and the thickness was 0.7 mm. In sum, those factors should be considered in design of pressure-compensating emitters. The results would provide important data for emitter design. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Diaphragms
Controlled terms:Design - Hardness - Irrigation - Structural optimization - Structure (composition)
Uncontrolled terms:Design and optimization - Drip irrigation - Hydraulic performance - Hydraulic performance experiments - Influential factors - Non-pressure compensating - Orthogonal experiment design - Pressure compensating
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20153601251018
Title:Estimation of sediment delivery ratio and modelling of absorbed nitrogen and phosphorus load in Three Gorges Reservoir Area nearly 20 years
Authors:Wang, Dan (1); Shao, Jing'an (2); Wang, Jinliang (2); Li, Yangbing (2); Ni, Jiupai (1); Gao, Ming (1); Xie, Deti (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; (2) College of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Surface Process and Environment Remote Sensing, The Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing, China
Corresponding author:Shao, Jing'an
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:167-176
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this paper, sediment delivery ratio was spatially rasterized, and the model of sediment delivery ratio was constructed by the motivation cofficient and the resistance cofficient. Among them, the motivation cofficient was expressed by topographic index which reflected hydrological process, and the resistance cofficient was expressed by the vegetation interception resistance. Finally, the exsting soil erosion model, sediment load model and absorbed nitrogen and phosphorus load model were used to estimated the pollution load of absorbed nitrogen and phosphorus in the Three Gorges Reservoir area from 1990 to 2010. The results showed that the motivation coefficient affacting sediment delivery was primarily on median range from 0.4 to 0.8 in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Moreover, its spatial heterogeneity was not significant (p > 0.05?). However, the performance of resistance coefficient was more complicated. The parallel ridge and valley zone, river alluvial gentle slope zone and mesa zone had high resistance coefficient, due to low gradience of slopes, while the northern zone of Qinba Mountain area, and the Alpine and Valley zone of Wuling Mountain area possessed low resistance coefficient due to steeper slopes. The results also showed that the sediment delivery ratio was in approximately normal distribution in the Three Gorges Reservoir area with a single peak. Its mean value was 0.48. It exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity. The ratio of sediment delivery in the middle and western parallel ridge and valley zone was much smaller than the Qinba Mountain and Wuling Mountain areas. At the same time, it had the tendancy of the gradient increase from the center of the river to the sides. Moreover, the change trend of mean sediment load was the same as the interannual variation of total sediment load in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Simulation of the total sediment load (0.9 t) and the value of monitoring from bulletin (0.92 t) was the most close in 1995. At the spatial patterns, the spatial distribution of the low value zone and high value zone of sediment load were relatively stable due to little change in mean sediment load during 1990-2010. The distribution ranges of the low value zone was very wide with a high concentration degree. The distribution of high value area was very discrete and broken. In addition, absorbed nitrogen and phosphorus load possessed on value year-on-year growth with soil erosion modulus and sediment load in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The maximum values of the total load in 2010 reached 1.2 tons and 0.6 tons respectively for nitrogen and phosphorus. Overall, they had similar spatial distribution with an unbalanced characteristics. Absorbed nitrogen and phosphorus load presented gradually decreasing tendency from east to west. The simulation result of adsorbed of nitrogen load was better than adsorbed phosphorus load when their correlation analysis was made with monitoring data. Absorbed nitrogen and phosphorus load had spatial correlation within in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Sediments
Controlled terms:Erosion - Landforms - Motivation - Nitrogen - Normal distribution - Phosphorus - Pollution - Reservoirs (water) - River pollution - Spatial distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Nitrogen and phosphorus - Pollution loads - Sediment delivery ratio - The motivation cofficient - The resistance cofficient - Three gorges reservoir area
Classification code:441.2 Reservoirs - 453 Water Pollution - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 912.4 Personnel - 921 Mathematics - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20153601251037
Title:Producing protein feedstuff by multiple strains solid-state fermentation with raw sweet sorghum stalk residue
Authors:Yang, Sen (1); Wang, Shilei (1); Zhang, Lei (1); Zhao, Hongjun (2); Xie, Hui (1); Wang, Fengqin (1); Chen, Hongge (1); Song, Andong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; (2) Luoyang Guangrui Agricultural Science & Technology Co. Ltd., Luoyang; Henan, China
Corresponding author:Song, Andong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:309-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Sweet sorghum is a high-energy crop which has many applications, such as producing sugars and fuel ethanol. The sweet sorghum stalk residues are discarded as waste. However, there are fat, protein, crude fiber and other carbohydrates in stalk residues which can be used to make protein feedstuff. To achieve the rapid promotion and large-scale application of producing protein feedstuff using sweet sorghum stalk residues, the solid state fermentation system was used. First, the physical and chemical parameters of the sweet sorghum stalk residues were determined, the total content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin was 73.75% (dry weight, the same below) and the crude protein content was 2.27%. Secondly, the combination of Aspergillus nige, Trichoderma reesei, Candida utilis and Lactobacillus casei was optimized. The optimal combination of the strains was selected based on the component change of crude protein, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, crude ash and crude fat. The results showed that the fermentation after adding 4 strains was proper. In this condition, the cellulose content decreased by 27.0%, and the hemicellulose content decreased by 15.72%. The crude protein content in the combination added with Lactobacillus casei increased by 26.96%, the crude ash content decreased by 15.49% and the crude fat decreased by 18.15%, compared with those without adding Lactobacillus casei. Third, based on the optimal combination of the strains, 1% and 3% urea were respectively added in the sweet sorghum stalk residues to confirm the optimal content of urea. It indicated that the contents of crude protein and true protein were significantly improved with the addition of 1% urea. The true protein content was increased by 21.90% compared with that without the addition of urea under the same condition. In conclusion, the crude protein content of sweet sorghum stalk residues increased from 2.27% to 7.14% and its true protein increased from 2.01% to 6.41% after 8 days under the raw solid state fermentation along with inoculating 4 strains and adding 1% urea. This study provides an effective process to produce protein feedstuff from the raw sweet sorghum stalk residues feasibly on a large scale. It is helpful to explore an alternative of protein feedstuff in the animal husbandry industry. On the other hand, this can alleviate the environmental pollution caused by the accumulation of the sweet sorghum stalk residues, and has a very promising future. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Proteins
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cellulose - Crops - Fermentation - Lignin - Metabolism - Straw - Urea
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental pollutions - Feedstuff - Large-scale applications - Mixed strain - Optimal combination - Physical and chemical parameters - Solid-state fermentation - Sweet sorghum stalks
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20153601251010
Title:Determination of gas diffusion coefficient in soils with different porosities
Authors:Su, Zhihui (1); Wu, Bing (1); Gong, Yuanshi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Soil and Water Sciences, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Gong, Yuanshi
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:108-113
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil gas diffusion coefficient is an important parameter for describing soil gas diffusion process. Its value varies with soil texture, water content, bulk density, and thus is difficult to predict. In this study, we designed a testing apparatus of soil gas diffusion coefficient based Currie's one chamber method and investigated its relationship with air filled porosity. The apparatus was composed of 2 components: a polyvinyl chloride soil chamber on the top with cutting ring and O ring, and gas chamber below. The soil chamber was connected with air and gas chamber on both sides. The gas chamber was made of transparent resin as an observation window. A stainless steel plate was located between soil chamber and gas chamber for gas diffusion control. In addition, KE-25 O<inf>2</inf> sensor from Figaro Inc., Japan was used to transmit voltage to computer screen. From prepared calibration curve of gas concentration and voltage, the gas concentration and the gas diffusion coefficient could be calculated. A preliminary experiment showed that the measurement error caused by gas leakage was 0.000006, smaller than measurement results, indicating that the gas leakage could be ignored and the measurements were relatively accurate. In the laboratory experiment, quartz sand of 3 particle sizes were prepared to investigate the changes of relative gas diffusion coefficient with different total porosity and undisturbed and disturbed sandy loams were used to study the changes of relative gas diffusion coefficient with air-filled porosities. Meanwhile, the relative gas diffusion coefficient estimation based on measurements was compared with 3 models (Buckingham method, Millington and Quirk method, structure-dependent water-induced linear reduction model SWLR model). The results showed that relative diffusion coefficient of quartz sand increased with increasing total porosity regardless of particle sizes and also increased with particle sizes regardless of total porosity. The relationship between relative diffusion coefficient and air-filled porosity followed power function. For the sandy loam, disturbed and undisturbed soils yielded similar results with values smaller than 0.006. Among the three models, the relative diffusion coefficients estimated only from the Buckingham method was closer to that from measurement-based results with bias of -0.219×10<sup>-3</sup> and root mean square error of 0.799×10<sup>-3</sup>, indicating caution should be paid when estimators from empirical models were used and the value couldn't replace the measurements. The study would provide valuble information for relative gas diffusion coefficient measurements and calculation. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Diffusion
Controlled terms:Diffusion in gases - Gases - Ionization of gases - Mean square error - Models - O rings - Particle size - Polyvinyl chlorides - Porosity - Quartz - Sand - Soil conditioners - Soil testing - Soils - Stainless steel - Surface diffusion
Uncontrolled terms:Air-filled porosities - Coefficient measurement - Gas diffusion - Laboratory experiments - Measurement device - Root mean square errors - Stainless steel plate - Structure dependent
Classification code:482.2 Minerals - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 545.3 Steel - 601.3 Mechanisms - 731.1 Control Systems - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20153601251007
Title:Gaussian mixture model for water-conduction performance of infiltrating irrigation composite
Authors:Wang, Xiaojian (1); Mao, Yijian (2); Zhang, Zengzhi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Institute of Ecological and Functional Materials, School of Mechanical Electronic and Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China; (2) Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Zengzhi
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:87-92
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Infiltration irrigation is a promising water-saving technique. The characteristics of infiltration irrigation material greatly affect the water use efficiency. However, little studies have focused on the material components and hydraulic conductivity. This paper was aimed at acquiring the quantitative self-adjusting water-conduction characteristics of infiltrating irrigation material (composed by montmorillonite MMT and polyacrylamide PAM) with its components and soil moisture. The Gaussian mixture model was used to simulate and calculate the relationship function of balance hydraulic conductivity of infiltrating irrigation material, component proportion and soil moisture. Infiltrating irrigation materials with 9 different ratios of components (MMT:PAM=5:1, 7.5:1, 10:1, 12.5:1, 15:1, 17.5:1, 20:1, 22.5:1, 25:1) were prepared. The material was ovendried and condensed into solid and then ground into power ≥37µm, weighed into a glass tube (diameter in 5 mm and height in 200 mm) with both ends fixed with degreasing cotton for tests. The glass tube was marked with scales. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory under different soil moisture conditions (3%, 5%, 7%, 5%, 11%, 13%, 15%, and 13%). The glass tube filled with material was immersed into soils with different moisture. There was enough water in the glass tube for water supply. The dry weight of soil placed in a beaker was about 250 g. The beakers were put into an artificial climate box with the humidity and temperature of 50% and 25 to ensure that the soil environment did not change with the environment outside during the experiment. Water height was recorded every 2 h when the water-conductivity balance state was reached after 24 h. The data were used for establishing modes describing conductivity, components and soil moisture relationship. In addition, another materials with different component ratios (MMT:PAM=8 and 18) under 2 different soil moisture (4% and 14%) were applied for model validation. There was a total of 72 experimental points for model establishment. The Gaussian mixture model was fitted using MATLAB toolbox cftool. The results showed that the relationship between hydraulic conductivity and component ratios under different soil moisture could well fitted by Gaussian mixture model with the determination coefficient higher than 0.9 and the root mean square of error (RMSE) of 4.981-25.87 g/h. Obvious peaks were present in the fitness curves, which may reflect the interaction of material itself and soil moisture. On water balance, the material was of even swelling structure, which facilitated water conduction in materials and thus led to peaks of hydraulic conductivity. From the fitness, the model parameters could be obtained and these parameters had good exponential relationship with soil moistures with determination coefficient about 0.9 and RMSE smaller than 195 g/h. When those parameter values were used for validation, the relative errors of measured and predicted hydraulic conductivity were 0-14.14%, less than 20%. It indicated the Gaussian mixture model could well describe the relationship between hydraulic conductivity of infiltrating irrigation material, material composition and soil moisture. However, the results need to be validated in field and more studies on influential factors of hydraulic conductivity of infiltrating irrigation material should be carried out. This study has a guiding role on subsequent infiltrating irrigation material preparation and application. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Climate change - Curve fitting - Gaussian distribution - Glass - Hydraulic conductivity - Irrigation - Materials - MATLAB - Moisture - Moisture determination - Soil moisture - Soils - Swelling - Water conservation - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Component proportion - Determination coefficients - Gaussian Mixture Model - Humidity and temperatures - Material compositions - Material preparation - Moisture conditions - Water use efficiency
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 451 Air Pollution - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 812.3 Glass - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921 Mathematics - 922.1 Probability Theory - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20153601251012
Title:Field experiment on impacts of grass belt length on characteristics of sediment yields and transport rates for gullies in Jinsha dry-hot valley region
Authors:Yang, Dan (1); Xiong, Donghong (1); Zhang, Baojun (1); Guo, Min (1); Zheng, Xueyong (1); Zhang, Su (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Earth Surface Processes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China; (2) Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences & the Ministry of Water Resources, Chengdu, China; (3) University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (4) Agronomy College of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
Corresponding author:Xiong, Donghong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:124-132
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Permanent gully is well developed in Jinsha Dry-hot valley region in China. The ravine density of this region can be up to 7.4 km/km<sup>2</sup> with the maximum soil erosion modulus 1.64×10<sup>4</sup> t/(km<sup>2</sup>·a). Gully erosion seriously threatens the ecological security and social-economic development of the region. Vegetation is one of effective measures to cut down soil erosion. In order to explore the mechanism that vegetation affects overflow movement and promotes gradual stability of active permanent gullies, and find out efficient approaches and methodologies to control the development of permanent gullies in this area, a field scouring experiment was carried out between March and April 2013. The study aimed to investigate the impact of grass belt length on runoff sediment yields and transportation process as well as the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of sediment content and sediment transport rate. Five experimental plots with grass belt length of 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 m were constructed on an in-situ gully head in the Gully Erosion and Collapse Experimental Station, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences & the Ministry of Water Resources, Chengdu. Observing cross-sections were set in the gully bed every 4 m as well as an observing cross-section in the drainage area in every plot, and the distance between the gully headwall and the observing cross-section in the drainage area was 1 m. In addition, the width of flow section was measured by steel tap, the depth of runoff was measured by straightedge, and the velocity of overland flow was detected by staining method. Furthermore, sediment samples were collected by particular plastic bottles in every observing cross-section, and oven drying method was utilized to determine the sediment content, and sediment transport rate was calculated by sediment content and flow rate of flow cross-section. The results showed that: 1) Increasing grass belt length could not only effectively reduce the sediment content, but also change the spatio-temporal distribution of sediment content; Runoff sediment content decreased in an exponential function with the flushing time and exhibited an increasing trend along with the experimental plots from the upstream drainage area to downstream gully bed; The fluctuation degree of sediment content over the experimental time went through a decrease process with the increase of grass belt length; As the increase of grass belt length, the fitness of sediment content with experimental time became better, that is to say, the downward trend of sediment content became more and more obvious; On the other hand, although the sediment content underwent an increase process, the increasing trend of sediment content became weaker and weaker along with the experimental plots from the upstream drainage area to downstream gully bed; 2) the grass belt could reduce the sediment transport rate; The sediment transport rate in the experimental plots where the grass belt length was less than 8 m were higher than those in plots where the grass belt length was greater than 8 m; Moreover, when the grass belt length was less than 8 m, sediment transport rate exhibited to increase firstly and then change to sharply decrease and then tended to stable over the whole experimental time; However, runoff sediment transport rate had a weakly decreasing trend over the experimental time when the grass belt length was or greater than 8 m; Furthermore, with the increase of grass belt length, runoff transport rate of the same position observing cross-section in every experimental plots tended to decrease; The mean of runoff sediment transport rate of every observing cross-section showed an increasing trend along with the experimental plots from the upstream drainage area to downstream gully bed, while the specific increasing way of sediment transport rate was influenced by the grass belt length. Comparably, 8 m grass belt may be the optimal length for reducing runoff sediment content. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Sediments
Controlled terms:Erosion - Exponential functions - Landforms - Plastic bottles - Rivers - Runoff - Sediment transport - Sedimentation - Soils - Vegetation - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese Academy of Sciences - Grass belt length - Gully erosion - Sediment transport rate - Sediment yields - Spatial and temporal distribution - Spatiotemporal distributions - Transportation process
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 694.2 Packaging Materials - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20153601251000
Title:Effects of low pressure edge thickness on cavitation performance and strength for pump-turbine
Authors:Ruan, Hui (1); Luo, Xingqi (1); Liao, Weili (1); Zhao, Yaping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
Corresponding author:Luo, Xingqi
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:32-39
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Because flow separation of blade entrance region and low pressure area are located in the inlet of runner at pump mode, and the low pressure of blade at turbine mode usually occurs in the outlet of runner, the low pressure edges of runner are more risks of cavitation compared with other parts for pump-turbine. In this research, first of all, a two-order polynomial was proposed to describe the blade setting angle distribution law along the meridional streamline in the streamline equation. The runner was designed by the point-to-point integration method with a specific blade setting angle distribution with a consideration of the working condition of turbine and the working condition of pump by adjusting the blade setting angle of heading-edge and trailing-edge. Three blades with different thickness distributions of the low pressure edge were obtained in this method. The main difference was located in the relative chord length 0.8-1.0 position. Secondly, in order to analyze and evaluate the performance of designed runners, structured meshes were adopted to describe the geometries such as scroll case, stay vanes, guide vanes, runner and draft tube. Base on Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equation, steady state numerical simulations of the Francis pump turbine at three turbine operations with different outputs and at three pump operations with different discharges were completed. The computational boundary conditions were applied at the inlet and outlet surfaces of the computational domain. For the inlet boundary condition, the uniform velocity distribution was assumed. As for the outlet boundary condition, the average pressure was set to constant. For the surface of a wall, the non-slip boundary conditions was prescribed, the velocity components were set to zero. Furthermore, for the interaction of the flow between a stator and rotor passage, Frozen Rotor interfaces were used. Comparisons of cavitation morphology and flow characteristics between runners with different thickness distributions of low pressure edge were analyzed. Finally, the finite element method was employed for checking the strength of runner blades, and the maximum equivalent stress values and positions of runner blades were confirmed. The research results showed that the strengths of three kinds of hydrofoil met the design requirement. For cavitation performance, airfoil 2 cavitation did not occur at 42% output operational condition. However, at 88% output, and 100% output and large discharge pump conditions, cavitation became more intense with the increase of the thickness distribution of low pressure edge of runner. At small discharge and design conditions, cavitation was not more intense with the increase of the thickness of low pressure edge of runner. Under the pump design condition, the airfoil3 with the largest thickness distribution of low pressure edge had the better cavitation performance due to the flow around the head of blade was smoothly compared to the other two airfoil runners which had severe cavitation as result of flow separation and vortices. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Turbine components
Controlled terms:Airfoils - Boundary conditions - Cavitation - Equations of state - Finite element method - Flow separation - Hydraulic turbines - Navier Stokes equations - Pumped storage power plants - Pumps - Thickness control - Turbines - Turbomachine blades - Vortex flow
Uncontrolled terms:Blades - Low pressures - Outlet boundary condition - Point-to-point integrations - Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations - Strength check - Thickness - Thickness distributions
Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 617 Turbines and Steam Turbines - 617.1 Hydraulic Turbines - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20153601251006
Title:Diel vertical variability analysis of denitrifying bacteria abundance in oxygen-enriched irrigation pond
Authors:Yi, Neng (1); Di, Panpan (1); Wang, Yan (1); Zhang, Zhenhua (1); Liu, Xinhong (1); Zhang, Li (1); Yan, Shaohua (1); Gao, Yan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Gao, Yan
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:80-86
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In China, there are an increasing number of ponds receiving sewage effluents with high concentrations of nitrogen (N) and dissolved oxygen (DO) for agricultural purposes. Therefore, it is worthwhile to understand the essential N transformation processes as well as the characteristics of N-cycling bacteria driving these processes under the condition of high DO concentrations. In order to evaluate the diel vertical variation of denitrifying bacteria in the water column of the ponds during the process of accumulation and storage of sewage, an experiment was carried out to monitor the changes of denitrifying genes abundance and chemical and physical characteristics at the different depths of sewage water reserved in a pond at Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China. The water samples were collected from a sampling site where had the most stable hydrodynamic condition and least disturbance due to the discharge of sewage water during irrigation season. Water samples were collected from the different water depths of 10-30, 90-110 and 150-170 cm, periodically (5 consecutive time points, 12:00 pm, 0:00 am, 4:00 am, 08:00 am and 12:00 pm at the next day), within 24 hours during 15th-16th August 2013. The collected samples were then analyzed with the abundances of denitrifying genes (nirK, nirK, and nosZ) using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and water parameters including pH, water temperature, illuminance and the concentrations of DO, NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup>-N, NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N and PO<inf>4</inf><sup>3-</sup>-P. The correlations between the changes of nirK, nirK, and nosZ genes abundance and water parameters were statistically analyzed. The results showed that the strong and persistent stratification formed along vertical profile of sewage water with regards to all above monitored physical and chemical parameters. The relatively higher pH, water temperature, illuminance, and the concentrations of DO and NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup>-N were observed in the surface water layers (10-30 cm), decreasing with the increase of water depths. On the contrast, the higher concentrations of NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N and PO<inf>4</inf><sup>3-</sup>-P were observed in the bottom water, which means that they were increased with the increase of water depths. Due to high photosynthetic activity of microscopic algae in the pond, the concentrations of DO concentration increased during the daylight and decreased during night. Diurnal variation of pH was positively (P<0.001) correlated with DO concentration in the vertical profile of the water column in the pond, with pH in the ponds also followed the diurnal cycle of sunlight intensity. The abundances of nirK, nirK, and nosZ genes were strongly affected by the diurnal distribution patterns of pH and DO concentrations along vertical profile of water,with significant higher abundance during the daytime while lower abundance during the night at all the different water depths. Heterogeneous distribution of denitrifying bacteria abundances along the vertical profile of sewage water column were also demonstrated, with the least abundances in the bottom water (150-170 cm) and the highest in the surface water column (10-30 cm). Although the nirK and nirS are functionally equivalent, denitrifying bacteria harboring either nitrite reductase seem to be likely not under the same community assembly rules. The abundance of nirS gene was always greater than that of nirK gene in all water samples, suggesting that the sewage water in this study was more suitable for the growth of nirS-type denitrifying bacteria. This speculation was consistent with previously identified habitat preferences of nirS- and nirK-gene bearing organisms. The abundances of nirK, nirS, and nosZ genes were significantly correlated with DO concentration and pH (P<0.01). These results demonstrated that the diel vertical variability of the water physical and chemical parameters, especially DO concentrations, in the oxygen-enriched sewage water could affect the diel vertical distribution patterns of nirK, nirS, and nosZ genes abundances. This may suggest that a large number of aerobic denitrifying bacteria could have extensively developed in sewage water under the condition of high DO concentrations during the process of conservation in the pond. These aerobic denitrifying bacteria can have an important impact on the nitrogen transformation processes in the vertical profile of sewage water column. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Effluents
Controlled terms:Aerobic bacteria - Agriculture - Bacteria - Biochemical oxygen demand - Denitrification - Dissolved oxygen - Eutrophication - Genes - Irrigation - Lakes - Lighting - Nitrogen - Oxygen - pH - Polymerase chain reaction - River pollution - Sewage - Surface waters - Temperature - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Chemical and physical characteristics - Day and night change - Denitrifying bacteria - Heterogeneous distributions - Nitrogen transformations - Oxygen enrichment - Physical and chemical parameters - Real time polymerase chain reactions
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 445 Water Treatment - 445.2 Water Analysis - 452.1 Sewage - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 453 Water Pollution - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 707 Illuminating Engineering - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 801.2 Biochemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20153601251001
Title:Hydraulic and acoustic property optimization for centrifugal pump as turbine based on response surface method
Authors:Dai, Cui (1); Kong, Fanyu (2); Dong, Liang (2); Wang, Jiaqiong (2); Bai, Yuxing (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Corresponding author:Dong, Liang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:40-47
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a way of energy saving by recovery of residual pressure, centrifugal pump as turbine (PAT) has been widely used in many fields. As PAT is gradually developed for high power, flow-induced noise becomes one of the most important issues that cause negative effect on reliability. In order to improve both hydraulic and acoustic performances of PAT, an optimization method combining sensitivity analysis and response surface was established. Firstly, through comparison of impeller parameter impact on hydraulic and noise performances, the geometric parameters with great influence on acoustic were filtered based on sensitivity analysis. Further more, with the efficiency and A-weighted overall sound pressure level (OASPL) as target, the multiple regression models connecting variables and multi-objective functions were constructed. Optimization for high efficiency and low OASPL of PAT was carried out with the focused research on the interaction among key parameters. During the investigations, a synchronous acquisition of hydraulic parameters and noise signals were realized on the basis of INV3020C data acquisition system and hydraulic test system in an open test loop. The liquid was pressurized through booster pump, and then impacted the turbine's impeller to make it rotate. The dynamometer consumed and measured the turbine's energy. The operating condition was adjusted by regulating the converter's frequency to change the booster pump's capacity. The flow-induced noise signals were collected using hydrophone at a sampling frequency of 25,600 Hz. The signals were amplified and recorded by INV3020C data acquisition system, and Fast Fourier Transform was used to compute the spectra with the Hanning window for reducing the spectrum leakage. The hydraulic performance (such as head, shaft power and hydraulic efficiency) was calculated. The unsteady numerical simulation was performed to obtain noise-generating fluid forces using k-Ε turbulence model. After that, a time series of pressure fluctuations at fluid-wall interface was obtained. Then, the boundary element method (BEM) was applied to study flow-borne noise caused by impeller and casing dipole sources in interior acoustic. Validated by experiments, the flow-borne interior noise prediction by k-Ε turbulence model combined with BEM acting by casing dipole source was feasible. The results showed that the factors including impeller inlet diameter, blade outlet width, blade number as well as blade wrap angle had a great influence on OASPL in interior noise. The interaction between inlet diameter and outlet width was significant, while it was not obvious between inlet diameter and blade number, inlet diameter and wrap angle. The impact of blade number on OASPL was more significant than outlet width. The best match of outlet width and wrap angle was near the diagonal. The impact of blade number on OASPL was more significant than wrap angle. After variance analysis on regression equation, the response surface model of hydraulic efficiency and OASPL could reflect the correlation between parameter and response value. According to the experiments, after optimization using this proposed method, one third octave OASPL of the PAT was reduced by 4.25 dBA with efficiency increase of 1.98%. All these showed that the response surface method can improve acoustic performance without losing the original hydraulic performance. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Hydraulic motors
Controlled terms:Acoustic noise - Acoustic noise measurement - Acoustic properties - Boundary element method - Centrifugal pumps - Computational fluid dynamics - Data acquisition - Energy conservation - Fast Fourier transforms - Impellers - Optical design - Pumps - Regression analysis - Sailing vessels - Sensitivity analysis - Surface properties - Turbines - Turbulence models - Well pumps
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation between parameters - Hydraulic performance - Multi-objective functions - Multiple regression model - Overall sound pressure level - Response surface method - Response surface modeling - Unsteady numerical simulations
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 601.2 Machine Components - 612.3 Gas Turbines and Engines - 618.2 Pumps - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 674.1 Small Marine Craft - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.1 Light/Optics - 751.2 Acoustic Properties of Materials - 751.4 Acoustic Noise - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20153601251027
Title:Kinetics of petroleum hydrocarbon degradation in soil and diversity of microbial community during composting
Authors:Zhen, Lisha (1); Gu, Jie (1); Hu, Ting (2); Liu, Chen (2); Jia, Feng'an (2); Lü, Rui (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (2) Shaanxi Province Microbiology Institute, Xi'an, China; (3) Research Center of Recycle Agricultural Engineering and Technology of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Gu, Jie
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:231-238
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to investigate the mechanism of bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil by composting, an experiment was conducted with bacteria agent and mature chicken manure as amendment. We studied the kinetics of petroleum hydrocarbon degradation and the diversity of microbial community during the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil by composting with different concentrations. The concentrations included 5000 mg/kg (T1), 10000 mg/kg (T2) and 50000 mg/kg (T3). The results showed that biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon followed the first-order model during composting. The constants of biodegradation rate in 3 treatments respectively were 0.012, 0.094 and 0.050/d. The half-life period was 6.79 d in T1 treatment, 7.37 d in T2 treatment and 13.86 d in T3 treatment. The average degradation rate was 112.08 mg/(kg·d) in T1 treatment, 230.05 mg/(kg·d) in T2 treatment and 887.93 mg/(kg·d) in T3 treatment during composting. This indicated that the average degradation rate increased with the increase in the petroleum hydrocarbon concentration. The average well-color development (AWCD) and use of carbon sources (except aromatic compounds) increased during the composting process, and reached the peak at the end of composting. There was a sharp rise in AWCD at the beginning of composting. This phenomenon could be easily explained by the fact that the total activity of soil microbial community increased significantly in the early of the process, while the use of carbon sources rose. The value of AWCD and the use of carbon sources in T3 were significantly higher than that in T2 and T3 at the end of composting. This demonstrated that there were dominant microbial consortia in the treatment with higher petroleum hydrocarbon concentration, and the dominant microbial consortia raised the total activity of soil microbial community and the use of carbon source. The dominant microbial consortia were metabolism communities of polymers and carbohydrates in composting process. The principal component analysis results revealed that there was a significant difference in soil microbial community structure among 3 treatments and the difference was mostly related to the use of carbohydrates and carboxylic acids. The microbial community diversity, as indicated by Shannon and McIntosh, increased during the composting process, and reached the peak at the end of stage. The values of Shannon and McIntosh in T3 were 0.21% and 17.64% higher than those in T1 respectively, and the differences were significant at 0.05 level (P<0.05). Simpson reached the maximum in middle stage. The value of Simpson in T1 was 2.12% and 9.44% higher than that in T2 and T3 respectively (P>0.05). This phenomenon was likely due to the stimulating effect of lower concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon on the growth of the dominant microbial consortia. However, the structure of soil microbial community in 3 treatments had no significant difference. The seed germination index (SGI) reached the maximum at the end of composting. Compared with the first stage of composting, the SGI in 3 treatments increased respectively by 18.26%, 20.42% and 36.41%. This suggested that bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil by composting had a high effect for improving soil health. The results can provide a reference and theoretical basis for the application of bioremediation in petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil in the Loess Plateau by composting with different concentrations. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Biodegradation - Bioremediation - Biotechnology - Carbohydrates - Composting - Contamination - Degradation - Hydrocarbons - Intelligent networks - Kinetics - Microbiology - Microorganisms - Petroleum chemistry - Pollution - Principal component analysis - Rate constants - Seed - Social sciences - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Average well color development - Contaminated soils - Degradation kinetics - Microbial communities - Microbial community structures - Petroleum hydrocarbons - Soil microbial community - Soil microbial community structure
Classification code:452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 717 Optical Communication - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20153601250996
Title:Review on visual characteristic measurement research of aquatic animals based on computer vision
Authors:Duan, Yan'e (1); Li, Daoliang (1); Li, Zhenbo (1); Fu, Zetian (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) College of Computer and Information Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) Beijing ERC for Internet of Things in Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (4) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Fu, Zetian
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:1-11
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In aquaculture, visual attribute information of aquatic animals is the basis of determining growth condition, feed conversion, medication dosage, harvesting date and grading for aquaculture farmers and managers. For improving the quality of aquatic products, the automatic and non-destructive measurement of visual attributes is becoming more and more important in modern fishery. For decades, computer vision, as a non-destructive, rapid, economic, consistent, reliable and objective inspection tool based on image analysis and processing with a variety of applications, has been gradually used in visual quality detection of aquatic animals. Quite a number of researches have highlighted its potential application in aquaculture. Underwater or overwater video/image measurement systems based on image processing technologies have been used widely for automatically counting and measuring fish in aquaculture, fisheries and conservation management. However, the application of computer vision technologies in aquaculture is very challenging because the inspected objects are sensitive, easily stressed and free to move in an environment in which lighting, visibility and stability are generally not controllable, and the camera must be operated underwater or in a wet environment. This review updates and summarizes recent representative researches and industrial solutions proposed in order to evaluate the general trends of computer vision and image processing in the visible range applied for inspection of aquatic animals. On the basis of introducing the mode of operation and the components of a computer vision detection system, this paper presents a review of the overseas and domestic research status in visual attribute measurement of aquatic animals according to inspection tasks that are common to almost all visual attribute detection systems of aquatic animal: measurement of size and shape parameters, estimation of mass and quantification of color, etc. Specially, the techniques involve in computer vision detection system used for the improvements of data acquisition environment, accuracy of object detection and contour extraction, and the measuring results are analyzed in detail, including the consideration of image acquisition method and mode, the development of fish detection and feature points definition algorithm, as well as the study about feature computation method and mass prediction model. In addition, the comprehensive application of computer vision detection technology in aquatic animals is also discussed, including disease diagnosis, identification of species, detection of gender and age, as well as grading and sorting of fish. The objective of the review is to highlight the development of computer vision systems, image analysis and processing approaches in aquaculture and analyze the advantages and limitations of current computer vision detection systems which have made some progresses, but have not matured into a useful tool in aquaculture. Considering the overall trends, we propose some future research directions of the computer vision detection systems for aquatic animals, including the technology of image acquisition in natural underwater environment, complete process of fish detection and contour extraction, seamless integration of modules, as well as the technology of multi-information fusion. With the future development in these areas, computer vision detection technique may achieve higher accuracy and efficiency, and wider application in visual quality detection of aquatic animals. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:90
Main heading:Computer vision
Controlled terms:Animals - Aquaculture - Data acquisition - Diagnosis - Extraction - Fish - Fish detectors - Fisheries - Grading - Image acquisition - Image analysis - Image processing - Inspection - Measurements - Quality control - Technology transfer - Video signal processing - Vision
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristic measurements - Computer vision technology - Data acquisition environments - Future research directions - Image processing technology - Multi-information fusion - Non-destructive measurement - Quality detection
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 471.5 Sea as Source of Minerals and Food - 716.4 Television Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 814 Leather and Tanning - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822 Food Technology - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 913.3.1 Inspection - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20153601251029
Title:Zoning and mode of rural residential land consolidation based on accessibility to production and living facilities
Authors:Liu, Yaolin (1); Fan, Jianbin (1); Kong, Xuesong (1); Liu, Yanfang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems, Ministry Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; (3) Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Information Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:247-254
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The consolidation of rural residential land should meet the needs of farmers for their life and for agriculture production, and improve the accessibility to production and living facilities. In this paper, we started with the accessibility to production and living facilities and used the accessibility to production and living facilities in rural residential land as the basis for deciding different zones for consolidation and what consolidation modes to adopt. Firstly, we built an indicator system for assessing the accessibility in terms of the two aspects, the production accessibility and living facilities accessibility. Production accessibility was based on the consideration of both agricultural production sites and non-agricultural employment places. While the living facilities accessibility was based on the accessibility of education, medical care, commercial and recreational facilities. Then, we used the time-cost to demonstrate the accessibility. On the basis of setting the passage time of unit distance (30 m) on the lands of different function, measure the accessibility of various facilities using Path Distance Tool of ARCGIS 10.0 with elevation as its correction factor. After that, by using indicator comprehensive judgment method, and superimposing with map layer of rural residential land, we obtained the accessibility to production and living facilities of rural residential land, which was divided into four grades I, II, III and IV, corresponding to development zone, optimization zone, guidance zone and demolition zone, respectively. Finally, according to different zones of consolidation and the actual situation, six modes of consolidation were presented, including urbanization development mode, urban and rural overall development mode, comprehensive optimization mode, networking guidance mode, land-use increase and decrease linked mode and ecological relocation mode. In the development zone, rural residential lands located in the urban planning area were planned to follow urbanization development mode, while others were planned to follow urban and rural overall development mode. These rural residential lands had good accessibility to production and living facilities. They can connect with urban development and also can be used as a note of network for rural areas. The consolidation recommendation for them were 1) planning first, strengthening management, optimizing construction and facilitating industry development and providing preferential policies, supporting agriculture production, rural area development and farmers' wellbeing, 2) encouraging industry development and constructing a better environment. Rural residential lands in optimization zone were planned to use comprehensive optimization mode, which combined land consolidation and infrastructure optimization and optimized land use and infrastructure arrangement to improve the accessibility to production and living facilities as well as the working and living conditions of farmers. The rural residential lands in guidance zone with large scale, high quality roads construction and convenience to connect to the development zone and optimization zone were chosen to follow network guidance mode, while others were in increase and decrease linked mode. These two modes combined small parts to build several large and well-functional rural residential lands. This can help to improve the accessibility to production and living facilities and to connect other residential lands, and to guide and attract residential lands to be centralized. Ecological relocation mode was planned for the rural residential lands in demolition zone with fragile environment and poor accessibility to production and living facilities. Integral relocation was necessary for them to protect the environment and optimize the entire arrangement of rural residential lands. The study tries to apply the results of assessing the accessibility to production and living facilities in the consolidation of rural residential land, which was of directive significance to orderly consolidate rural residential land and improving the rural living environment. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Consolidation - Demolition - Ecology - Housing - Land use - Transportation - Urban growth - Urban planning - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Accessibility - Agricultural productions - Agriculture productions - Comprehensive optimizations - Directive significance - Mode - Preferential policies - Rural residential
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 431 Air Transportation - 432 Highway Transportation - 433 Railroad Transportation - 434 Waterway Transportation - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20153601251032
Title:Spatial distribution of grain yield based on different sample scales and partitioning schemes and its error correction
Authors:Ji, Guangxing (1); Liao, Shunbao (1); Yue, Yanlin (1); Hou, Pengmin (1); Yang, Xu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, China; (2) Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Liao, Shunbao
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:272-278
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Spatialization of grain yield can contribute to comprehensive analysis of grain yield with other natural and cultural data. Grain production has a close relationship with the distribution of farmland. Therefore, information on spatial distribution of farmland is an important parameter for spatialization of grain yield, and the statistical analysis and modeling are the basic means to realize spatialization of grain yield. Spatialization of nationwide grain yield relates to sample scales and partitioning schemes. Different sample scales and partitioning schemes will inevitably lead to different errors of spatialization. In this paper, models considering farmland distribution and sample scales and partition schemes were proposed to estimate grain yield and its spatial distribution. The grain yield data were collected from 2005 Yellow Book of China. Data of paddy field, irrigated land, and dry land areas in each county or district were calculated. Four datasets of 3 scales were selected including total grain yields of counties, total grain yields of prefectures and their average grain yields. A total of 2321 county data and 349 prefecture-level data were obtained. 3 partitioning schemes (no partition of China, 7 regions of China, partitions of China by province) were considered. A total of 15 kinds of multiple variable linear models were constructed with area of different types of farmland as independent variables, grain yields as dependent variables. The results showed that: 1) Based on model fitness of grain yield and its spatialization results, optimal models could be selected since the model fitness suggested that the model without constant term based on prefecture-level data and 7 regions was best but the spatialization results indicated that the model without constant term based on county-level data and 7 regions was best; 2) For models without constant term, precision of spatialization results increased first and then decreased with scaling down of partitioning scheme; For models with constant term, precision of spatialization results decreased with scaling down of partitioning scheme; 3) In the 2 partitioning schemes (no partition of China and 7 regions of China), the precision of spatialization results increased first and then decreased with scaling down of samples from prefecture level to county level and 1 km by 1 km level; and 4) Compared with other models, in the case of county grain yields as samples, the model without constant term and 7 regions of China had the highest precison with coefficient of determination of 0.655. The spatialization results were modified with error by a proportional coefficient method, and the precision was improved to coefficient of determination of 0.968. This research made up for the deficiency of spatial error analysis of grain yield, explored the relationship between different sample scales and partitioning schemes and spatial error. Meanwhile, it also provided valuable information for other types of social and economic statistical data. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Spatial distribution
Controlled terms:Error correction - Errors - Farms - Grain (agricultural product) - Models
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of determination - Comprehensive analysis - Distribution of grains - Independent variables - Multiple variable regression - Partitioning scheme - Spatialization - Yield
Classification code:721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 36>
Accession number:20153601251011
Title:Effect of tillage on runoff and sediment yields and morphology development characteristic of ephemeral gully in loessial region
Authors:Guo, Mingming (1); Wang, Wenlong (1); Li, Jianming (3); Zhu, Baocai (1); Shi, Qianhua (1); Kang, Hongliang (1); Li, Yanfu (5); Li, Yaolin (6)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Agriculture on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China; (3) Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, China; (4) Forestry College, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China; (5) Nanjing Hudraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, China; (6) Xifeng Soil and Water Conservation Experimental Station, Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Qingyang, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Wenlong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:114-123
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the hill-gully area of the Loess Plateau, serious man-made soil and water loss occurs in disturbed soils of sloping farmlands formed in the process of tillage operation. Frequent farming activities cause ephemeral gullies to develop continuously on sloping farmlands. Although an ephemeral gully may be refilled and rehabilitated, new ephemeral gully may develop in the original position in next rainy season. An indoor flow scouring experiment under artificially simulated rainfall was carried out in the State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Agriculture on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, China in July 2014. The effects of tillage treatments on runoff and sediment yielding in ephemeral gully and its morphology were investigated at different rainfall intensities and slope degrees under the condition of upslope concentrated flow. Based on preliminary field investigations, 3 slope degrees of 15°, 20° and 25° were selected. Rainfall intensity was designed at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mm/min. Flow discharges were 7.53 to 23.45 L/min. Plots of 8 m×1m were laid out for experiments and 3 flow sections were set up for runoff and sediment measurements. Before each test, rainfall intensity was calibrated repeatedly until the rainfall uniformity coefficient reached 85% or above. During each test, flow velocity was measured with dye tracing method and flow width and depth were measured with point gauge system. Runoff sample was taken once a minute within 3 minutes before runoff generation, and once 3 minutes after runoff generation. The results showed that: 1) Flow regimes for non-tilled and tilled ephemeral gullies were characterized by turbulent flow; Tillage could decrease Reynolds number and Froude number by 0.95%-30.77% and 3.41%-35.66%, and increase Darcy-Weisbach coefficient and Manning roughness coefficient by 4.01%-58.82% and 0.88%-27.87%, respectively; and 2) Compared to non-tilled ephemeral gully, the soil detachment rate for tilled ephemeral gully increased by 9.48%-37.87% under the experimental condition; The soil detachment rates for non-tillage and tillage ephemeral gullies were in a very significantly linear relationship with the interaction of slope and flow discharge, and the interaction of rainfall intensity and slope; It was also significantly linearly correlated with flow shear stress, stream power and unit stream power; Critical shear stress, stream power and unit stream power was 17.576 N/m<sup>2</sup>, 5.036 W/(m<sup>2</sup>·s) and 0.0381 m/s, respectively for non-tillage ephemeral gully, and 10.585 N/m<sup>2</sup>, 3.544 W/(m<sup>2</sup>·s) and 0.0277 m/s, respectively for tillage ephemeral gully; 3) Compared to non-tillage ephemeral gully, the eroded width and area of tilled ephemeral gully increased by 1.98%-31.79% and 0.84%-32.03%, respectively, but the incised depth was reduced by 2.82%-26.67%; 4) The soil erosion mass for ephemeral gully increased from 0.91% to 22.80% due to tillage treatment; The ratios of soil erosion mass for tillage and non-tillage ephemeral gullies to the total soil erosion mass were 35.95%-57.72% and 42.68%-69.03%, respectively. The erosion masses for non-tillage and tillage ephemeral gullies were a significantly linear function of the interaction of rainfall intensity and flow discharge. This study may provide valuble information for the construction of an ephemeral gully erosion model and the security and protection of agricultural eco-environment. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Runoff
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Catchments - Cultivation - Erosion - Farms - Flow of fluids - Flow velocity - Flowmeters - Landforms - Rain - Reynolds number - Rivers - Sediments - Shear flow - Shear stress - Soil conservation - Soils - Water conservation - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese Academy of Sciences - Ephemeral gullies - Loessial region - Manning Roughness Coefficient - Morphological characteristic - Runoff and sediment yields - Sloping farmlands - Soil and water conservation
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 943.1 Mechanical Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 37>
Accession number:20153601251022
Title:Thermal performance of over-ground household biogas production system heated by solar energy
Authors:Feng, Rong (1); Li, Jinping (1); Li, Xiuzhen (1); Yang, Jieyuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Western China Energy & Environment Research Center, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
Corresponding author:Li, Jinping
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:196-200
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Household biogas is widely used in rural areas of China because it is clean, convenient and renewable energy, and the temperature of slurry in biogas digester is one of the most important factors on the biogas production. It has been proved that heating the biogas digester by solar energy is an effective manner to improve the biogas production performance of digester in winter, and many scholars have researched the thermal performance of heating the biogas digester by solar energy. The new type over-ground household biogas digester has been researched and developed successfully by Lanzhou University of Technology, which can be applied in most areas of China. In this paper, the thermal performance of the new type household biogas production system was experimentally studied in order to provide guidance for the design optimization and promotion of this type of system, which mainly included the heat collection efficiency of vacuum-tube solar water heater, the heat loss of digester and the heat transfer coefficient between hot water and slurry. The new type of system had been constructed completely in November, 2014 in a farmer family in a village of Minqin County, Gansu Province, including an vacuum-tube solar water heater with 3.85 m<sup>2</sup> heat-collecting area which consisted of 40 vacuum tubes made of glass, an insulating room of 1.9 m × 1.9 m × 2.6 m, a rheid biogas digester of 1.6 m × 1.6 m × 2.5 m, a temperature controller, a circulating pump and other devices. After feeding 1.73 m<sup>3</sup> slurry to the digester, the test had been done from December 1<sup>st</sup> to December 22<sup>nd</sup>, 2014, and the following parameters were measured: solar radiation on the collection face of solar water heater, hot water temperature in solar water heater's storage, ambient temperature, slurry temperature in digester, inlet and outlet temperature of heat pipe and hot water flow rate in heat pipe, which were recorded by the computer automatically. Else, in order to avoid reducing the activity of methane bacteria caused by the temperature's quick rise, the daily temperature rising was controlled within 2. Five days later, the slurry temperature reached up the designed value, and then was kept at (27±2) when the lowest daily ambient temperature was within -9--18.2, and the average daily ambient temperature was within -2.1--8.6. The results showed that, if the solar radiation on the collect area of solar water heater increased by 1 MJ/m<sup>2</sup>, the daily average heat-collecting efficiency would increase by 5.99%; if the average daily temperature difference of hot water and ambient increased by 1, the efficiency would reduce by 1.5%; if the average daily temperature difference of slurry and ambient increased by 1, the daily heat loss of digester would increase by 0.931 MJ; if the inlet water temperature increased by 1, the heat transfer coefficient between hot water and slurry would reduce by 0.11 W/(m<sup>2</sup>·K); the slurry temperature had significant effect on the heat transfer coefficient, and when the slurry temperature increased by 1, the heat transfer coefficient would increase by 0.83 W/(m<sup>2</sup>·K). ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Heating
Controlled terms:Biogas - Collector efficiency - Electron tubes - Flow of water - Heat losses - Heat pipes - Heat transfer - Heat transfer coefficients - Rural areas - Slurries - Solar energy - Solar radiation - Solar water heaters - Temperature - Water - Water heaters
Uncontrolled terms:Collecting efficiency - Design optimization - Household biogas - Inlet water temperatures - Lanzhou University of Technology - Slurry temperature - Temperature controllers - Thermal Performance
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 522 Gas Fuels - 524 Solid Fuels - 533 Ore Treatment and Metal Refining - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 643 Space Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning - 643.1 Space Heating - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 702.3 Solar Cells - 714.1 Electron Tubes - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 38>
Accession number:20153601251004
Title:HHT modal parameter identification for aqueduct based on secondary filtering
Authors:Zhang, Jianwei (1); Jiang, Qi (1); Cao, Kelei (1); Zhu, Lianghuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:65-71
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the accuracy of safe operation assessment for larger aqueduct structure, a valid Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) modal parameter identification method based on secondary filtering under ambient excitation was proposed. For the vibration signal of large aqueduct structure, high-frequency white noise and low-frequency noise are often mixed into structure vibration information, which belongs to non-stationary and nonlinear signal in low signal to noise ratio (SNR). Wavelet threshold method can partially filter out the high-frequency white noise, and Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) can be used to obtain a series of intrinsic mode functions from high frequency to low frequency. So the secondary filtering combined wavelet threshold and EMD was used to process vibration signal to achieve a higher precision and a better de-nosing effect. High-frequency white noise and low-frequency water flow noise were filtered out firstly through the secondary filtering, highlighting the useful dominant dynamic characteristics of structure, which reduced the noise interference in a certain extent and avoided the phenomenon of modal frequency mixed effectively during the later modal identification. Then structure system order was determined by theory of singular entropy increment. Finally the modal parameter of large structure was identified through HHT in combination with natural excitation technique (NExT) to process the de-noised signals, which improved accuracy and precision of modal parameter identification. Taking U-shaped aqueduct of Jintai river pumping irrigation as the research object, we collected the vibration response data under normal working condition. We then used this proposed method to identify vibration response data to achieve the modal parameter of aqueduct structure. According to fluid-solid interactions theory, the three-dimensional finite element model of a cross U-shaped aqueduct structure was constructed through finite element model analysis to obtain the structure modal parameter under the same working condition. By comparing the modal parameter results from HHT model parameter identification method with three-dimensional finite element analysis, the result showed that the error between two methods was very small. The study showed that HHT modal parameter identification based on the secondary filtering method can be used to obtain the dominant structure vibration information and to improve the de-nosing precision, which decreased the strong noise disturbance and suppressed the modal frequency mixed phenomenon, and identified effectively structure modal parameter under strong noise background. Thus the method can be extended to lager aqueduct structures to improve the structure safe operation assessment. This proposed method provided a new aspect for safe operation and on-line monitoring of the aqueduct, and can be used effectively to solve the problem of structure modal parameter identification under ambient excitation, especially under the background with strong noise. Thus the method would have a broad prospect in engineering application. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Finite element method
Controlled terms:Agricultural engineering - Composite beams and girders - Flow of water - Hydraulic structures - Identification (control systems) - Information filtering - Interference suppression - Mathematical transformations - Modal analysis - Parameter estimation - Signal processing - Signal to noise ratio - Uranium - Water supply - Wavelet decomposition - White noise
Uncontrolled terms:Aqueduct - Finite element model analysis - HHT - Modal parameter identification - Model parameter identifications - Natural excitation techniques (NExT) - Three dimensional finite element analysis - Three dimensional finite element model
Classification code:412 Concrete - 441 Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 547 Minor, Precious and Rare Earth Metals and Alloys - 611 Hydroelectric and Tidal Power Plants - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 731.1 Control Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 39>
Accession number:20153601250997
Title:Design and experiment of planting hole forming device of crawler transplanter for rape (Brassica napus) seedlings
Authors:Xiang, Wei (1); Wu, Mingliang (1); Guan, Chunyun (3); Xu, Yujuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Collage of Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; (2) Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Agricultural Equipment, Changsha, China; (3) Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Changsha, China; (4) Oilseeds Crops Institute, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Mingliang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:12-18
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to resolve some key issues about the machinery of transplanter for rape seedlings, a new type of transplanter with crawler planting hole forming tools for rape was designed based on the working characteristic in the dry land and agronomic requirement. Research on soil physical and mechanical characteristics were conducted to provide the technical parameters for the design of the hole forming device. First, we completed the whole structure design and analyzed the working principle of the device. The crawler was drove by power system to go forward, on which the hole forming device was installed and synchronously moving. The surface cam was mounted on the chassis. As the caterpillar moved forward, the pore forming device installed on the track vertically stabbed into the soil under the pressure of surface cam supplied by body weight. As the tracks moved forward, the hole forming device was out of the surface cam profiling. As such, a plant hole was formed. We analyzed the curve of surface cam limit, confirmed the limited point so that a coordinate system was established. We then chose the definition curve interpolation method to solve the parameter equation of surface cam profiling combining with Matlab7.0 software plot function in the program and generated surface cam outline curve. For the optimization of punch mechanism of structural design, the surface cam profiling and reset spring control capacity into hole device unearthed vertically. The cylindrical hole was pressured by shearing and extrusion soil. We analyzed the same track number, it had two tracks. Each of them had two linear holes. When the machine moved forward, each side could dig holes in four rows at one time. We installed rolling bearing in the hole forming device for rolling friction instead of sliding friction to reduce friction in the cylindrical hole and the friction between the surface cams. By use of the prototype machine in field, we recorded variables, such as the time, moving distance, distance between holes, the depth of effective planting hole, and the diameter of planting hole. We analyzed indexes such as the rate of qualified hole, hole forming frequency, efficiency, etc.. The result showed that if the machine at lower speed at 1.65-1.78 km/h, the efficiency was up to 0.231-0.249 hm<sup>2</sup>/h, and the rate of qualified hole up to 93.8% on average. The various performance indicator met the design requirement. The planting and hole forming machine can get holes at 1 400 mm in length each, 50 mm in diameter, 50 mm in depth, and 120000 holes/hm<sup>2</sup> in hole density per area. This could get the planting hole to satisfy agronomic requirement. The research provided theoretical and technical references for design of the new type of transplanter. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agronomy - Bearings (machine parts) - Cams - Cylindrical roller bearings - Design - Forming - Friction - Machinery - Roller bearings - Soils - Structural design - Transplants - Tribology
Uncontrolled terms:Curve interpolation - Hole forming device - Mechanical characteristics - Parameter equations - Performance indicators - Planting holes - Rape seedling - Transplanter
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 462.4 Prosthetics - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 535.2 Metal Forming - 601 Mechanical Design - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 40>
Accession number:20153601251016
Title:Monitoring vegetation phenology and their response to climate change on Chinese Loess Plateau based on remote sensing
Authors:Xie, Baoni (1); Qin, Zhanfei (1); Wang, Yang (1); Chang, Qingrui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Chang, Qingrui
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:153-160
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is crucial to understand vegetation phenology changes and their relationship with climate change at biome-level when projecting regional ecosystem carbon exchange and climate-biosphere interactions. To further understand the relationship between vegetation growth and climatic factors, in this study, we investigated the variation in vegetation phenology and its linkage with climate change on the Chinese Loess Plateau through analyzing the Land Long Term Data Record (LTDR) NOAA/AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and concurrent temperature and precipitation during 1982-2011. Firstly, the maximum value composite (MVC) method was used to composite the 10 d LTDR NDVI dataset in order to reduce effects of atmospheric and cloud noise. The Harmonic Analysis of Time Series (HANTS) method of HANTS software was used to filter points which were still affected by cloud noise after the MVC was used composite and reconstruct the NDVI time series datasets. Secondly, the 30-year average seasonal NDVI curves for the whole study area and each vegetation type were calculated. Pixels with yearly mean values below 0.1 were excluded from the analysis to ensure the inclusion of sparsely vegetated areas in the analysis. The relative change ratio of NDVI was then calculated from the 30-year average NDVI seasonal curves. We then used the maximum and minimum values for relative change ratio of NDVI as the threshold for the onset dates of vegetation green-up (the beginning of growing season, BGS) and dormancy (the end of growing season, EGS). Finally, linear least square regression was employed to estimate the trends of phenology. Partial correlation analysis was performed between the EGS/BGS and mean monthly temperature and total monthly precipitation. The results showed that vegetation phenology in the study area generally commenced on Julian day 96-150 for natural vegetation and 72-112 for artificial vegetation. The vegetation dormancy usually began on Julian day 283-305 for natural vegetation and 291-323 for artificially planted vegetation. Over the study period, the growing season was increased by 39 days across the Chinese Loess Plateau. In spring, sixty six percent of the study area showed an advance in the vegetation green-up while only 39% of the study area experienced an apparent advance. These areas were mainly covered by grass and shrub. In autumn, areas subject to a significant delayed vegetation dormancy occupied 62% of the study region, being located in Gansu, Northern Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia and Northern Shanxi. The BGS and EGS varied with vegetation types. The highest and lowest advances in the advances in the BGS occurred in open shrub land (1.31 d/a) and evergreen needle-leaf forest (0.19 d/a), respectively. The EGS was delayed to a highest degree in Orchard (1.18 d/a) and to a lowest degree in paddy land (0.17 d/a). Across the whole Loess Plateau, changing temperature was the dominating factor driving the vegetation phenology. A warming winter (February) and pre-autumn (September-November) could trigger an earlier onset of spring green-up and a warming in late spring and early summer (May-June) could result in a delayed onset of autumn dormancy. Results also suggested that summer and autumn precipitation played an important role in autumn vegetation dormancy. At biome level, the climate warming may be responsible for the earlier onset spring green-up for open forest, deciduous broadleaf shrub (DBS), meadow, steppe and herbosa. Decreased precipitation may be the major reason for delayed onset green-up in paddy land. In mixed forestry land, a warming winter (December and January) could lead to a delayed spring green-up. The delay of EGS in DBS and herbosa could also be partly explained by the climate warming in spring and early summer. The precipitation in summer and autumn may be responsible for the delay of EGS for meadow, sparse grassland and dry land. The correlations between deciduous broadleaf forest, evergreen needle-leaf forest and climate were not statistically significant either for BGS or EGS, indicating that these two vegetation types may be not sensitive to climate change. This study provided a useful reference for evaluation and protection of ecological environment and establishment of climate models. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Climate change
Controlled terms:Biology - Carbon - Climate models - Correlation methods - Ecology - Forestry - Landforms - Needles - Remote sensing - Sediments - Time series - Time series analysis - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial vegetation - Chinese Loess Plateau - Ecological environments - End of growing seasons - Long term data record - Normalized difference vegetation index - Phenology - Reference for evaluation
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 451 Air Pollution - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.9 Biology - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 731.1 Control Systems - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 819.6 Textile Mills, Machinery and Equipment - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 41>
Accession number:20153601251024
Title:Analysis on environmental and economic benefits of suspended kang of rural households in loess hilly region
Authors:Hu, Lili (1); Niu, Shuwen (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Xi'an Research Institute of China Coal Technology & Engineering Group Corp, Xi'an, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Water Hazard Control in Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China; (3) College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; (4) MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental System, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:208-215
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The heating appliances in rural areas of China are mainly kangs and stoves for a long time. The appliances can produce indoor thermal environment but has poor efficiency during winter. At the present, farmers in relatively underdeveloped western rural areas of China cannot afford household heating in economy. Therefore, how to use appropriate technology to improve the thermal comfort in bedroom without increasing fuel use and economic burden becomes an urgent problem to be solved. As the weather is cold in the winter in the loess hilly region of western China, space heating becomes a necessary demand for rural households. Kang is the main method of heating in rural households of this region. Suspended kang (a new type of kang) can not only improve indoor thermal comfort, but also reduce the consumption and the ecological environment destruction. Suspended kangs were constructed in 6 rural houses and traditional kangs (a heatable brick bed) were constructed in 4 rural houses respectively in 2 villages in Zhuanglang County. The suspended kang was raised above the floor on columns, which was different from traditional kang on the ground. The daily amounts of fuel used for the suspended kang and traditional kang were recorded respectively, and the data on rural household energy use were obtained by questionnaires, in which the quality of fuel was weighted, and the behavior and the way of energy use of farmers were observed. Besides, the continuous time series temperature data from kang's surface, indoor and outdoor in the bedrooms of suspended kangs and traditional kangs were obtained by instrumental recording. And based on improving indoor thermal comfort, reducing farmers' economic expenditure and influence on ecological environment, the environment-economic benefit of suspended kang was analyzed, which was prerequisite for popularizing suspended kang in large scale. Hence, a mathematical model was designed utilizing the energy use data to estimate environmental and economic costs for suspended kang and traditional kang respectively. The application of suspended kang was also reviewed. The results showed that the energy type structure of 2 villages was crop straw, fire grass, firewood, animal dung, coal, electricity, biogas and solar energy. Energy use structure of 2 villages included cooking, heating kang, furnace, lighting, household appliances and cleaning. Heating kang could account for the largest proportion in the total energy consumption of 2 villages. However, energy use amount for lighting, household appliances and cleaning for improving life quality was relatively small. Obviously, the low level of energy consumption in the loess hilly region of western China needed to be optimized in the future. In addition, an annual environmental and economic benefit per household for suspended kang was from 821.5 to 836.99 yuan in Gaoyahan Village, and was from 897.47 to 919.41 yuan in Xiawan Village. About annual 72.4497-81.0846 million yuan environmental and economic benefit would be generated from suspended kangs used by all the rural households in Zhuanglang County. Therefore, it is promising to improve the utilizing rate of suspended kang for its significant environmental and economic benefit. In addition, it can promote the advances of rural energy technology, protect the ecological environment, and reduce energy consumption and waste gas emission. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Heating
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Balloons - Continuous time systems - Domestic appliances - Ecology - Economic analysis - Economic and social effects - Economics - Emission control - Energy conservation - Energy utilization - Fuels - Gas emissions - Lighting - Rural areas - Sediments - Sensory perception - Solar energy - Surveys - Thermal comfort
Uncontrolled terms:Appropriate technologies - Economic benefits - Energy saving and emission reductions - Indoor thermal environments - Loess hilly regions - Reduce energy consumption - Suspended kang - Total energy consumption
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.4 Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 522 Gas Fuels - 523 Liquid Fuels - 524 Solid Fuels - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 615.2 Solar Power - 643 Space Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning - 643.1 Space Heating - 652.5 Balloons and Gliders - 707 Illuminating Engineering - 715 Electronic Equipment, General Purpose and Industrial - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 921 Mathematics - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
<RECORD 42>
Accession number:20153601251023
Title:Effect of fermenting material concentration on biogas yield in batch and continuous biogas fermentation with straws
Authors:Du, Jing (1); Chen, Guangyin (1); Huang, Hongying (1); Jin, Hongmei (1); Xi, Yonglan (1); Qian, Yuting (1); Xu, Yueding (1); Chang, Zhizhou (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture Rural Renewable Energy Development and Utilization of Scientific Observation and Experiment Station in East China, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Chang, Zhizhou
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:201-207
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, large quantities of straws are burned in field in China, which not only wastes a renewable resource, but also causes serious air pollution. Anaerobic digestion of straws is an alternative method that may produce a clean fuel for energy generation. Currently, more research on impact of digestion for quality content of total solid of manure or mixed materials for the fermentation substrate has been studied, but research is limited in continuous stirred tank reactor for a single type of feedstock. Although the characteristics of anaerobic digestion and properties of gas production at the process of continuous stirred tank reactor and semi-continuous feeding mode has been examined for crushed straw and silage straw as the fermentation substrate, but the operation parameters of such system has not been determined. Thus, in order to obtain the corresponding relationship between solid matter retention time for substrate and the characteristics of gas production, a comparative study to determine biogas production in batch fermentation and semi-continuous fermentation process was carried out under medium temperature conditions with rice straw as feedstock. The effect of quality content of total solid in the batch and continuous biogas fermentation of straws was studied. The volume of gas production rate and the rate of raw material gas production were used as characteristic indicators in order to obtain parameter on optimum quality content of total solid and solid matter retention time for biogas plant with straws. The results showed that fermentation concentration of single straw type used for anaerobic fermentation raw material influenced the gas volume rate under the condition of batch fermentation. With the increase of total solid concentration, the volume of gas production rate was increased in batch fermentation process, but the trend of the increase was gradually decreasing. The volume of gas production rate was improved under condition of intermittent stirred compared with static batch fermentation. Especially, the improving effect was more obvious for the group of high-concentration of TS. However, the volume of gas production rate was more improved for the group of high-concentration of TS under semi-continuous feed conditions, but with the solid matter retention time (SRT) shortened, the rate of raw material gas production with every treatment was gradually decreased. Considering the characteristics of gas production and engineering applications, it was recommended that the concentration of batch fermentation should not exceed 8% for pure straw. For semi-continuous fermentation, if the straw composition in total solids content was 8%, SRT was designed as 20 days (the volume of gas production rate of 1.00 m<sup>3</sup>/(m<sup>3</sup>·d)). If the total solids content was 6%, SRT was designed as 15 days (the volume of gas production rate of 0.75 m<sup>3</sup>/(m<sup>3</sup>·d). The operating parameters provided an operational reference for biogas plant only with straw. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Substrates
Controlled terms:Anaerobic digestion - Biogas - Chemical reactors - Feedstocks - Fermentation - Fuels - Gases - Ionization of gases - Process control - Radioactive waste disposal - Straw - Tanks (containers)
Uncontrolled terms:Batch fermentation - Batch fermentation process - Continuous stirred tank reactor - Engineering applications - Semi-continuous feeding - Semi-continuous fermentation - Substrate concentrations - Total solid concentrations
Classification code:452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 522 Gas Fuels - 523 Liquid Fuels - 524 Solid Fuels - 619.2 Tanks - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.15.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
期刊信息
- 主管单位 中国科学技术协会
- 主办单位 中国农业工程学会
- 主编 朱明
- 总编/社长 王应宽
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- Bioresource Technology
- Industrial Crops and Products
- Biomass & Bioenergy
- Biosystems Engineering
- Aquacultural Engineering
- International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering
- Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
- Paddy and Water Environment
- Journal of Agricultural Engineering
- Transactions of the ASABE
- Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental
- Applied Engineering in Agriculture
- Engenharia Agricola
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