<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20153301178199
Title:Suitable charcoal loadings improving heat-resistance and mechanical properties of epoxy resins composites
Authors:Song, Jianbin (1); Huang, Biao (1); Yuan, Quanping (2); Liu, Xueshen (1); Yang, Wenbin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; (2) Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:309-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Wood-plastics composite (WPC) is a new kind of composite material, booming at home and abroad in recent years. It includes 2 types: one is the composite produced directly using extrusion and injection methods based on biomass materials such as wood powder, bamboo powder and hemp fiber; the other is based on carbonized biomass materials, which is fabricated by carbonizing biomass materials at high temperature and then compounding with polymer. The former has been studied in detail, but the latter is scarce. So in this paper, we prepared the charcoal/epoxy composites using compressing method. The effects of charcoal content on the mechanical properties and the heat resistance of charcoal/epoxy composites were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), material testing machines, dynamical thermal mechanical analyzer (DMA) and Vicat softening temperature (VST) measuring instrument. The epoxy, diluents and curing agent at weight ratio of 3:2:5 were used to yield charcoal/epoxy composites. The weight fraction of charcoal in composite was set to 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%, and the curing temperature and curing time were 100 and 3 h, respectively. The results showed that the charcoal in composites, acting as physical cross-link, could improve the mechanical properties of epoxy resins. The flexural strength of composites increased from 10.1 to 38.2 MPa as charcoal loading increased from 0 to 10%, but it started to reduce when charcoal loading exceeded 10%. Like flexural strength, the impact strength of composites also increased from 8.7 to 20.5 kJ/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; within 10% charcoal loading. However, the flexural modulus of composites increased with charcoal loading increasing till 30%. At high charcoal content, due to the poor wetting properties of charcoal, the mechanical properties of composites began to decrease. The DMA results confirmed that the glass transition temperature of epoxy resins was elevated from 37.5 to 60.5 as charcoal loading increased from 0 to 10%, indicating strong interaction between epoxy and charcoal. When charcoal loading exceeded 10%, the glass transition temperature started to decline, but it was still higher than that of net epoxy resins. The addition of charcoal improved the heat resistance of epoxy composites, and the VST of charcoal/epoxy composites increased linearly with the increasing of charcoal loading. The 10% charcoal made the VST of epoxy resins increase from 81.2 to 126.6. Further elevating the charcoal loading caused the VST of composites to exceed 200. The results indicate that the charcoal/epoxy composites have better mechanical properties and heat resistance with the charcoal loading of 10%. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Epoxy resins
Controlled terms:Bending strength - Biomass - Carbonization - Charcoal - Composite materials - Compounding (chemical) - Curing - Glass - Glass transition - Heat resistance  - Impact strength - Instrument testing - Mechanical properties - Scanning electron microscopy - Specific heat - Temperature - Wood
Uncontrolled terms:Curing temperature - Measuring instruments - Physical cross-links - Properties of composites - Strong interaction - Thermal mechanical analyzers - Vicat softening temperature - Wood-plastics composite
Classification code:415 Metals, Plastics, Wood and Other Structural Materials - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 811 Cellulose, Paper and Wood Products - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 812.3 Glass - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 816.1 Processing of Plastics and Other Polymers - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.043
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20153301178182
Title:Image registration and stitching algorithm of rice low-altitude remote sensing based on Harris corner self-adaptive detection
Authors:Zhou, Zhiyan (1); Yan, Menglu (1); Chen, Shengde (1); Lan, Yubin (1); Luo, Xiwen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Aviation Application (ERCAAA), Guangzhou, China; (2) Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in South China, Changsha, China
Corresponding author:Luo, Xiwen
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:186-193
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Automation of images registration and stitching is one of the most important key technologies to the wide use of the low-altitude remote sensing by Micro-UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) in rice growing. In order to overcome the limitations, i.e. the thresholds need to be artificially determined for the traditional Harris corner detection algorithm, this paper proposed a self-adaptive algorithm for Harris corner detection, which was used in image registration and stitching of the rice low-altitude remote sensing. The algorithm was improved based on the traditional Harris corner detection algorithm by using a self-adaptive threshold determination method, which calculated from the standard deviation of image pixel gray-scale value. And then the characteristics of image were described by corners, and the images were registered by using the Euclidean distance among descriptors. In order to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm and optimize the relevant parameters, a verification test was conducted based on low-altitude remote sensing images, which were gained by a multispectral camera mounted on a multi-rotor unmanned helicopter during rice tillering stage. Four indices, the repetition rate (a measure of the stability of corner detection), the recognition rate (a measure of corner recognizable description operator), the registration rate (a measure of the accuracy of image registration and stitching) and running time of algorithm (a measure of computing speed of the algorithm), were proposed to evaluate the results of registration and stitching. Sixty images were randomly divided into 3 groups for verification test. Test results showed that the average registration rate reached 98.95%, and also the average repetition rate reached 96%, which indicated that the proposed algorithm had high accuracy. The repetition rate and the difference in image registration rates among the groups were not significant (at 0.05 significance level), which indicated that the proposed algorithm was stable and reliable. And the recognition rate among the groups was significant, and it indicated that the proposed algorithm had higher distinguishability to the remote sensing images, which was conducive to the precision of the automation of images registration and stitching. Threshold value of the proposed algorithm, which is the standard deviation of the image pixel gray values after standardization, here is set to 1 and 2 for optimization test. Test results showed that the registration rate was not significant, namely there was no significant difference (at 0.05 significance level) when the threshold value was equal to 1 or 2. However, comparing the average running time of the proposed algorithm, it showed that the running time when the threshold value was 1, is 2.5 times that when the threshold value was 2. Based on comprehensive consideration of the registration rate, the running time and the efficiency, the threshold value of 2 can be set as the optimum parameter of the proposed algorithm. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:Adaptive algorithms - Algorithms - Amphibious vehicles - Edge detection - Image reconstruction - Image registration - Parameter estimation - Pixels - Signal detection - Statistics  - Testing - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive detection - Corner detection - Harris - Image stitching - Low altitudes
Classification code:423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 674.1 Small Marine Craft - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20153301178161
Title:Design and test of bacteria spraying device for harvest ditch and stalk-disposing machine
Authors:Fang, Zhichao (1); Chen, Yulun (1); Ding, Weimin (1); Liu, Yutao (1); Qin, Kuan (1); Li, Xue (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Weimin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:32-38
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the rice-wheat crop rotation and double cropping area, there is a new straw-returning method named collecting straw to return to the ditch (CSRD). It can absorb nutrients, increase the field fertilizer input and promote the crop yield as well as realize the carbon sequestration and emission reduction. The CSRD adapts well to the full amount of straw returning. Based on this returning method, a multifunctional machine was developed, which could realize ditching, harvesting and straw returning simultaneously. But the long-term practice showed that the straw collected and returned into ditch by the multifunctional machine was difficult to be decomposed timely due to its stable internal environment. This problem not only affects the normal growth of the crop beside the ditch, but also obstructs the mid-term field managements. Thus, on the basis of the catalytic straw-decomposition characteristics of bacteria (yeast, actinomycetes, bacillus licheniformis and bacillus subtilis) and the structure of the multifunctional machine, a new device of bacteria spray was designed to address this problem. The spray device would spray bacteria solution with a concentration of 154 mL/L to prompt straw decomposition when the straw was collected into the ditch. In the performance test, Ponceau-S solution was used to simulate and trace the droplet motion of bacteria solution. To evaluate spray penetration and coverage results, several pictures were taken at 5 different straw layers, i.e. 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm. The straw decomposing rate was calculated by using the mesh bag weighing method. In order to be helpful to the comparison of the performance, the same method was used when adopting the common knapsack sprayer. The results showed that the multifunctional machine coupled with bacteria spray device could work synchronously and coordinately because of a reasonable configuration. The nozzles (rotary cage centrifugal atomizers) were not jammed during working process, and the nozzles were suitable to the bacteria solution. In terms of working performance, when the multifunctional machine was operated at the speed of 0.27 m/s, there was a continuous and uniform liquid droplet of bacteria. The spray coverage rates at different layers were 67.5%, 37.4%, 39.4%, 32.2% and 18.6%, respectively. When it came to the common knapsack sprayer, the spray coverage rates were 38.6%, 4.8%, 2.9%, 4.0% and 3.8%, respectively. It showed that the performance of multifunctional machine coupled with bacteria spray device was better than the common knapsack sprayer, while the average loss rate outside the ditch with the new spray device was 21.3% which was slightly higher than the common knapsack sprayer. Through the comprehensive comparison, it could be concluded that the performance of the bacteria sprayer of the multifunctional machine was superior to the common knapsack sprayer. Finally, several contrast tests were used to evaluate the decomposition rate with different spray rates, and when the spray rate was 0.078 L/kg, the decomposition rate of the straw was the maximum and tended to be stable with the travel speed of 0.27 m/s. This result can serve as the guidance for the bacteria solution spraying under this working condition. This study provides a new way to extend the function of the multifunctional machine, and it provides a technical support for the further research on the promotion of CSRD as well. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Bacteria
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Atomization - Atomizers - Bacteriology - Carbon - Crops - Decomposition - Design - Drops  - Emission control - Machine design - Nozzles
Uncontrolled terms:Bacillus licheniformis - Carbon sequestration - Comprehensive comparisons - Decomposition characteristics - Decomposition rate - Emission reduction - Multifunctional machines - Working performance
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 461.9 Biology - 601 Mechanical Design - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 802 Chemical Apparatus and Plants; Unit Operations; Unit Processes - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20153301178189
Title:Application of sludge in preparation of artificial algal reef
Authors:Jiang, Zhaoyang (1); Liang, Zhenlin (1); Liu, Yang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Marine College Shandong University, Weihai, China
Corresponding author:Liang, Zhenlin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:242-245
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:There is abundant resource of tidal flat rich in nutritive material along the coastline of China. Except part of sludge and sandy tidal flat has been exploited for shellfish aquaculture, there is still a lot of sludge tidal flat that is rarely to be utilized. Sludge tidal flat is rich in organics, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. If the nutritive materials in sludge tidal flat are effectively combined with the multiplication process of artificial algal reef, the construction process of artificial sea-grass field will be certainly accelerated. For the effective utilization of the nutrient in sludge tidal flat, the sludge was selected as the investigated subject dug from the Shuangdao bay in Weihai City, Shandong Province. The raw materials of sludge were extracted by the way of sifting and drying, and the algal reef blocks were prepared according to 4 ratios of sludge to cement. A linear regression was adopted to analyze the elution effect of nutrient salts from the algal reef blocks, and the compression strength of reef blocks were measured as well. The results showed that among different ratios of sludge to cement, the elution rules of nitrogen and phosphorus from the reef blocks were basically accorded with the linear mode, for which the fitting degrees were all greater than 0.73. The elution effect of nutrient salts were all accorded with the release rule of slow-release fertilizer, which could continuously elute the nutritive materials containing nitrogen and phosphorus into the water to provide the necessary nutrient for the growth of algae. The sludge content of reef blocks was proportional to the elution effect of ammonium salt, and there was significant difference among 4 ratios of sludge to cement (P&lt;0.01); the sludge content was also proportional to the elution effect of phosphate, while there was no significant difference (P&gt;0.05), but the phosphorus contents eluted from the ratio of slug to cement of 0.9:1 and 0.7:1 were higher than the ratio of 0.5:1 and 0.3:1; in addition, the sludge content of reef blocks was inversely proportional to the compression strength of reef blocks which achieved the concrete strength standard from C15 to C25. In order to strengthen the multiplication effect of artificial algal reef, the ratio of sludge to cement can be adjusted to fulfil the demand of the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorous in water, which can increase the attachment and survival probability of algae on the artificial reef. The reef blocks in this paper have been built only by sludge and cement, which are not the usual materials of concrete. If some percentage of stone and sand are mixed into the manufacture process of these reef blocks, their strength will be promoted greatly. Therefore, the sludge tidal flat is expected to partly replace the usual concrete materials in the future during the manufacture process of artificial algal reef. This research can provide theory basis and technology reference for the application of sludge tidal flat in the manufacture and multiplication of artificial algal reef. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Sludge disposal
Controlled terms:Algae - Cements - Compressive strength - Concretes - Fisheries - Growth (materials) - Manufacture - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Nutrients  - Phosphorus - Reefs - Salts - Tidal power - Tides - Waste disposal - Wetlands
Uncontrolled terms:Compression strength - Construction process - Multiplication effect - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Phosphorus contents - Shellfish aquaculture - Slow release fertilizers - Survival probabilities
Classification code:412 Concrete - 412.1 Cement - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 452.2 Sewage Treatment - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 537.1 Heat Treatment Processes - 615.6 Wave Energy - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.2 Agricultural Chemicals - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20153301178184
Title:Bayberry image segmentation based on homomorphic filtering and K-means clustering algorithm
Authors:Xu, Liming (1); L&uuml;, Jidong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Information Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China; (2) Department of Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu Urban and Rural Construction College, Changzhou, China
Corresponding author:L&uuml;, Jidong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:202-208
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:For harvesting robot, fruit identification is the key step for accurate fruit positioning and successful picking. The primary task of fruit identification and picking is to separate fruit from complicated background of branches, trunk and sky by image segmentation. It is hard to accurately segment colorized bayberry image because there are fruits with low brightness or uneven illumination in nature scenes. In this study, RGB (red, green and blue) color space was transformed into HSV (hue, saturation and value) space. After that, the luminance component of image was strengthened by dynamic Butterworth homomorphism filter transfer function. Then, it was restored to RGB color space for colorized image illumination compensation and shadow removal. The bayberry image after shadow removal included red bayberry, green leave and white sky. Each pixel of colorized bayberry image to be segmented was considered as one point of data set X. These pixels were classified into red, green and white. According to the characteristics of the components a and b in Lab color space, RGB color space was transformed into CIELAB space. The K-means clustering algorithm was used for image segmentation, and the parameter K was selected as 3. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, 15 bayberry images were selected from 100 images affected by different degrees of shadow under different growth conditions and uneven illumination conditions. Firstly, in order to prove effectiveness of illumination compensation, the K-means clustering algorithm was used to conduct image segmentation experiments before and after illumination compensation to shadow removal. Secondly, in order to validate segmentation effectiveness of images after illumination compensation based on different methods, this study applied adaptive 2&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;R-G-B grey threshold and K-means clustering segmentation algorithms to compare their effects of shadow removal. Thirdly, homomorphism filter algorithm was compared with linear enhancement and histogram equalization methods, and the K-means algorithm was applied to analyze image segmentation effectiveness based on different strengthen methods. The experiments showed that the segmentation result based on K-means clustering algorithm was without wrong segmentation after illumination compensation for shadow removal compared with that before illumination compensation. Although grey threshold based on color difference 2&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;R-G-B had better image segmentation effect after illumination compensation, some samples had large wrong segmentation and bright leaves were segmented and classified into bayberry. Therefore, image segmentation by grey threshold based on color difference 2&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;R-G-B was worse than that segmentation algorithm based on K-means clustering. Three criteria such as segmentation error, false positive rate (FPR) and false negative rate (FNR) were used to evaluate the segmentations results as quantitative analysis. Under the proposed method in this paper, the average segmentation error, FPR and FNR were 3.78%, 0.69% and 6.8%, respectively. Compared with the gray scale transform method, the segmentation error was reduced by 32.94 percent point, FPR by 6.85 percent point and FNR by 29.65 percent point for this proposed method. Then the average segmentation error was reduced by 24.92 percent point compared with the result obtained by histogram equalization method, FPR by 6.12 percent point and FNR by 20.40 percent point. All these results show that image illumination compensation by homomorphism filter algorithm presents better effect of shadow removal. K-means clustering segmentation algorithm has better image segmentation effect after shadow removal. This paper provides reference for the research on bayberry image segmentation and bayberry fruit recognition. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Butterworth filters - Clustering algorithms - Color - Colorimetry - Errors - Fruits - Graphic methods - Image enhancement - Luminance  - Pixels
Uncontrolled terms:Bayberry - Histogram equalizations - Homomorphic filtering - Illumination compensation - K-means clustering - K-Means clustering algorithm - Red , green and blues - Segmentation algorithms
Classification code:703.2 Electric Filters - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 941.4 Optical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20153301178181
Title:Photoelectric sensor design of solar auto-tracking system
Authors:Wang, Linjun (1); Men, Jing (1); Zhang, Dong (2); Xu, Lixiao (1); Deng, Yu (1); L&uuml;, Yaoping (1); Chen, Yanjuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Methano-Electronic Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China; (2) China Western Energy and Environment Research Center, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:179-185
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Solar power is the ideal use of solar energy. It is better to adopt tracking mode to track the sun automatically, and the solar receiver can get more solar energy for tracking system lets incident sunlight keep parallel to collector. The auto-tracking modes include program tracking mode, photoelectric tracking mode and hybrid tracking mode. Considering that program tracking mode has accumulative error although it can be all-weather tracking, and photoelectric sensor tracking has better tracking sensitivity and higher tracking precision only in the sunny day, solar auto-tracking system generally adopts hybrid tracking mode which is a combination of program tracking mode and photoelectric sensor tracking mode; for photoelectric sensor tracking mode eliminates accumulated error of program tracking mode, the system can achieve the goal of all-weather high-precision tracking. In this mode, photoelectric tracking mode uses light intensity detection information of photoelectric sensor to adjust the tracking system's position, so the design of photoelectric sensor's structure can directly affect solar auto-tracking system's tracking accuracy and running stability. At present, the most widely used types of photoelectric sensor are baffled type, pyramidal type, tube type, etc. Baffled type photoelectric sensor is vertically arranged on the base; making use of barrier, when there exists the included angle between barrier and incident light, light sensors on both sides will receive different light intensity, and then sun position can be determined. It has lower price and convenient installation with simple structure, but its motor rotates frequently and the system has lower tracking accuracy, for it is easily affected by external lights from different directions. Pyramidal type photoelectric sensor makes full use of cosine principle, and the light exposure to silicon photocell of the pyramid side, is equal to the area multiplied by incident light angle cosine. Even though its accuracy is higher than baffled type's, it is still influenced by environmental astigmatism. Tube type has higher tracking precision than others, but the solar incident angle and the height of the tube are conditioned by each other so that it causes the mutual influence between system's tracking stability and tracking precision. Photoelectric sensor, whose structural design has a great influence on the system's tracking accuracy and operational stability, is the detecting element of photoelectric tracking. In order to solve existing sensors' problems, such as single form, low tracking accuracy, bad stability, this paper designs a kind of photoelectric sensor, which is a combination of pyramidal type photoelectric sensor and box type photoelectric sensor, and can track accurately. The pyramid type photoelectric sensor is outside the box type and roughly tracks, while the box type accurately tracks. The concave-mirror, inside the box type, has reflection effect so that it can effectively reduce the box height of the sensor, and the box type and the pyramid type photoelectric sensor can be disassembled to work alone. LM324 comparator, as the core of the system, controls the motor to drive actuator to track sun in the circuit of the sensor. This paper then builds controller models and simulates by MATLAB/Simulink, and the fuzzy PID (proportional integration differentiation) control can let the tracking system return to steady state under disturbance. This control method can achieve optimal control, which means not only the simulation result is intuitional and believable, but also the method can greatly save the cost. The system can quickly return to steady state even in a case of interference, therefore, it has realized tracking feature without error, and also has proved that the fuzzy PID control method can maintain certain performance of the system, and the system has great robustness. Tracking system has better performance with the fuzzy PID controller. In addition, it is simple and continent with Simulink to establish the model and then simulate, and the simulation results are intuitively credible. Simulink can realize the different systems' real simulation better, and then get better simulation results. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:System stability
Controlled terms:Balloons - Controllers - Design - Errors - Fuzzy inference - Fuzzy systems - MATLAB - Mirrors - Photoelectricity - Proportional control systems  - Solar energy - Stability - Structural design - Surface discharges - Three term control systems - Tracking (position)
Uncontrolled terms:Fuzzy inference rules - High precision tracking - Integration differentiations - Light intensity detection - Operational stability - Photoelectric sensors - Stability and tracking - Tracking sensitivity
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 615.2 Solar Power - 652.5 Balloons and Gliders - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 732.1 Control Equipment - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 801 Chemistry - 921 Mathematics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20153301178195
Title:Effect of heating temperature on cell impedance properties and water distribution in apple tissue
Authors:Li, Xingshu (1); Zhang, Bo (1); Jin, Lizhen (1); Xiong, Xiufang (1); Zhang, Haihui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China; (2) Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Equipment, Yangling, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:284-290
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China has a large amount of apple production and a wide planting area. But a small number of apples have been processed into concentrated juice. There is a very large development space for juice processing industry. To increase the yield of juice, it is necessary for juice processing industry to pretreat apples. A traditional method of pretreatment is to heat the apples to make the cell wall broken, change the intercellular adhesion force, enhance the mobility of water in apple tissues and soften the cells. Up to now, the traditional chemical methods and the modern techniques, such as microtechnic and image processing techniques, have been adopted to analyze the influence of temperature on fruit tissues. It is difficult for these approaches to achieve fast and cheap measurements. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a fast developing method in analyzing materials' characteristics. When the currents with different frequencies flow through the biological tissue, the cytomembrane, the extracellular and intracellular fluid would show various electrical properties. Therefore, EIS has the potential to be used for detecting the change of apple cell microstructure during the heating. To develop a quick, convenient and cheap method for exploring the effect of temperature on apple tissue cells, EIS technique was used to analyze the change of biological tissue at cellular level and water distribution during the heating process by using an equivalent electrical circuit. Hayden model was chosen to describe or predict the change of cell structure in apple tissue during the heating process, which is composed of extracellular resistance, intracellular resistance and constant phase element representing the cytomembrane. Complex nonlinear least square (CNLS) method was used for fitting the EIS data and determining the parameters of Hayden model. The results indicated that the influence of temperature on apple tissue cells could be divided into 3 stages, &lt;60, 60-70, and &gt;70. The impedance of apple tissues decreased with the frequency increasing, and it decreased significantly when temperature increased to 65. When the temperature was 65, it was the critical factor to break the cells, although holding time could increase the permeability of cell membrane. And it was obvious that when the temperature was higher than 65, impedance magnitude tended to be stable at different frequencies. The phase angles of different temperatures increased sharply and then decreased quickly with the increase of frequency, and reached the maximum values at 12 kHz when the temperature was lower than 65. Cole-Cole plots of apple tissues presented the semicircles with different radii, which represented the characteristics of typical biological tissue. The radius decreased obviously when the temperature was 65. So it was assumed that the thermal damage temperature of apple tissues was 65 which could also be seen from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures. And the extracellular and intracellular resistance, and cell membrane impedance began to change at 65. Also the volume percentage of intracellular fluid accounting for the total water started to decrease from 90% to 10% from 60 to 80. EIS can be used to determine the thermal damage temperature and calculate the water distribution in apple tissues, and provide the theoretical basis for improving the thermal pretreatment efficacy of fruits and vegetables. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Tissue engineering
Controlled terms:Cell adhesion - Cell membranes - Cells - Chemical analysis - Cytology - Electric impedance - Electric impedance measurement - Electric network analysis - Enzyme activity - Fruits  - Heating - Histology - Image processing - Least squares approximations - Moisture - Scanning electron microscopy - Temperature - Tissue - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Apple tissue - Electrical impedance - Electrical impedance spectroscopy - Equivalent electrical circuits - Image processing technique - Non-linear least squares - Pre-Treatment - The scanning electron microscopes (SEM)
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 643.1 Space Heating - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 703.1.1 Electric Network Analysis - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 942.2 Electric Variables Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20153301178169
Title:Axial-flow pump hydraulic analysis and experiment under different swept-angles of guide vane
Authors:Shi, Lijian (1); Tang, Fangping (1); Zhou, Hanlong (1); Tu, Lianlian (1); Xie, Rongsheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Hydraulic Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Tang, Fangping
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:90-95
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, this paper studied the influence of the post guide vane under different sweep angles on the hydraulic performance of the axial flow pump device. The purpose was that through changing the angle of blade forward and back sweeping, the post guide vane could as much as possibly recover the velocity circulation of the impeller outlet, at the same time, the hydraulic loss of the guide vane could be not too large, so as to improve the hydraulic characteristics of the axial flow pump device. This paper used the Turbo-Grid software to build the model and carry out the mesh division of the post guide vane and the impeller, used the Pro/E software to build the models of the inlet straight pipe with water-guiding cone and the standard 60&deg; outlet pipe, and then used the ICEM to carry out the structured-grid division. Then, the hydraulic property of the axial flow pump device was analyzed through the CFX software. There were 6 different post guide vane sweeping schemes, which were forward sweep 24&deg;, forward sweep 16&deg;, forward sweep 8&deg;, 0&deg;, back sweep 8&deg;and back sweep 16&deg;. Numerical simulation of the axial flow pump device adopted the standard k-&Epsilon; model, and each sweeping scheme of post guide vane had 8 flow points including 280, 300, 320, 340, 360, 380, 400 and 420 L/s. The influence of different post guide vane sweeping angles on the energy characteristics of the axial flow pump was analyzed under the design condition and the non-design condition. Then the hydraulic loss of the post guide vane and the outlet pipe was calculated and analyzed. Finally, the experimental study of the energy performance of the axial flow pump device was carried out. The results showed that, the test performance curve trend was consistent with the numerical simulation; the flow-head curve showed a little deviation under small flow, other parts fitted well, and the flow-efficiency curve did not fit so well, but the error between the test data and the numerical data was within 3% that was very small. The results from numerical simulation and experimental study had been mutually authenticated. The results of the study showed that: under small flow condition and near design condition, the energy performances of axial flow pump device of different sweep angles had comparatively large difference, on the other hand, the energy performances were almost the same under large flow condition; under the design condition, the flow separation of the airfoil tail of back sweep guide vane was very serious, and hydraulic loss of the guide vane was very large; the guide vane of forward sweep 16&deg; could as much as possibly recover velocity circulation of the impeller outlet, also its hydraulic loss was the smallest. Therefore, the guide vane of forward sweep 16&deg; has a good effect to improve the energy performance of the axial flow pump device. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Axial flow - Computer simulation - Design - Energy efficiency - Flow measurement - Flow separation - Impellers - Numerical models - Pumps
Uncontrolled terms:Axial flow pump - Energy characteristics - Experimental analysis - Guide vane - Hydraulic characteristic - Hydraulic performance - Hydraulic properties - Sweep
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 601.2 Machine Components - 617 Turbines and Steam Turbines - 618.2 Pumps - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 723.5 Computer Applications - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20153301178180
Title:Matching method of green crops based on SURF feature extraction
Authors:Zhang, Zhibin (1); Zhao, Shuailing (1); Luo, Xiwen (2); Wei, Fengqi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Computer Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment (South China Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:172-178
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of crop images and binocular vision guidance of agricultural robot are still important hot research contents in the related field, in which the feature extraction and matching of green crops is one of key technologies for monitoring crop growth state or providing 3D guiding information for agricultural robot because they directly affect the accuracy of obtained 3D information of crops. A feature extraction and matching method of the green crops is proposed in this paper. We focus on the crop regions in an image that can provide enough crop information. Firstly, a pre-treatment process of the image in RGB (red, green and blue) space is employed to segment the green crop from the backgrounds. Then the morphology opening operation with an optimal size is used to filter the noises including some isolated points or small areas caused by weeds, small stone, shadows and residue etc. Considering the field application conditions, the SURF is adopted to obtain the featuring points because of its attractive performance including repeatability, distinctiveness and robustness without bad time consumption. And the reason is that its detector and descriptor are scale invariance and rotation invariance with the length of 64 dimensions. There are 2 steps to get the featuring points: the first step is to employ Hessian matrix to detect the featuring points, and then, the non-maxima suppression is used to search the extreme points and the interpolation arithmetic is to position them; in the second step, the featuring points are extracted by using a main direction vector which is the main factor of the invariance property. Finally, the Euclidean distances between each searching points are calculated in the left and right image to measure the similarity of searching point pair. The ratio of the nearest distance to the sub-nearest is used to determine whether the point is the matching one or not. If the ratio is larger than the set threshold, the matching is right otherwise wrong. At the same time, for improving the accuracy of matching, the complete constraint matching is implemented to restrain the wrong matching points. The constraint consists of 3 components: the first is the local epipolar line constraint, which requests the matching points must be located in a certain region; the second is left-right constraint that is the x coordinate of the point in left image must be larger than that of the corresponding point in right image; the third is a point of the left image is allowed to only match sole one of the right image. The experimental results show that each of the 3 constraints makes the accuracy of matching decrease when the ratio rises; but when the complete constraint matching is applied, the accuracy of matching has an inconspicuous variation. After the constraint procedure is implemented, the corresponding pairs will be sorted according to their distances. And the smaller the distance is, the more the probability of correct matching is. Thirteen groups of images under various illumination conditions about celeries, vegetables and cabbages are used to test the algorithm in this paper. The experimental results show that SURF is superior to SIFT and can be used to obtain the 3D information of crops for agricultural machinery vision system. And the mean of the extraction rate of featuring points for SURF and SIFT is 1.2%, 3.3%, respectively; and the mean of the accurate rate of matching of them is 94.8%, 92.4%, respectively; the time consumption is 4.6 s, 4.8 s, respectively. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Image matching
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Binocular vision - Computer vision - Crops - Extraction - Feature extraction - Image processing - Image segmentation - Stereo image processing
Uncontrolled terms:Matching - RGB - SIFT - SURF - Three-dimensional information
Classification code:716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20153301178192
Title:Quality information traceability system based on seafood's production process
Authors:Wang, Yajun (1); Zhang, Hao (1); Shi, Junli (1); Wang, Shiqi (1); Zhou, Maojun (1); Wang, Dequan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:264-271
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Food safety has become a significant worldwide public-health issue. With the emergence of quality and safety issues for seafood products in China, these have become bottleneck for the sustainable development of the seafood industry. In response to the risk in the seafood supply chain and to improve the quality of the seafood products, a traceability system to ensure seafood quality is urgently required. The quality problems of seafood product can occur in any stage of the seafood supply chain, including breeding, processing, distributing and sales. Therefore not only policies and laws, but also technical support is needed to ensure the quality and safety of the seafood products and to reduce the safety hazards. In response to these issues, this paper has studied the design and development of a quality information traceability system of seafood using sea cucumber based on the seafood's production process. Tracking and monitoring of seafood products in the food supply process can be achieved with the participation of consumers and enterprises. This system contains several main function models: the process management, the data collection and management, the quality monitoring and tracing and the quality analysis. These function models' goal is to realize whole-course information traceability of seafood products from breeding, processing and distributing to sales. This system has the following characteristics: 1) It has a monitoring function of the seafood industry, and can track and trace progress information continuously from breeding, producing, processing and distributing to sales; 2) It leads to informationization on the production and management of seafood industries, and achieves the whole process monitoring of seafood's quality and safety through the construction of information technology; 3) Its functions facilitate industry management and supervision of seafood's quality for quality supervision departments; 4) Feedback information from quality inspection personnel or consumer will be dealt with promptly. In the process of design and development of the system, this paper analyzes the seafood traceability process based on the seafood's production procedure and establishes the model of process and product quality tracing based on the key nodes in the whole process. Furthermore, the paper constructs the frame work of the traceability system and studies the tracing models of seafood product quality based on the bill of lots of seafood products. The tracing models implements the positive and reverse tracing of seafood quality and guarantees the quality safety level of seafood. The quality information traceability system of seafood has been carried out in 2 companies, including the Dalian Diaoyudao Seafood Company Limited and Dalian Bangchuidao Seafood Company Limited, and has yielded a good effect on the turnover and market satisfaction of the products. At the same time, the study provides a good clue and reference for the establishment of a quality information traceability system for meat, vegetables and other foods. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Meats
Controlled terms:Accident prevention - Agricultural products - Aquaculture - Computer systems - Food safety - Food supply - Human resource management - Industrial management - Information management - Personnel  - Process monitoring - Processing - Product design - Quality control - Safety engineering - Sales - Supply chains
Uncontrolled terms:Design and Development - Feed back information - Public health issues - Quality and safeties - Seafood - Security controls - Traceability systems - Tracing
Classification code:722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.3 Food Products - 911.4 Marketing - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 914 Safety Engineering - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20153301178190
Title:Health assessment of land use system on Karst region based on triangle model
Authors:Yao, Lan (1); Wu, Cifang (1); L&uuml;, Tiangui (1); Zhang, Zhou (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Public Administration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Cifang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:246-254
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the main reason of land use changes, human activities will result in not only economic but also eco-environmental and social effects. Currently, the protection of land resources has been a hot issue due to the prominent contradiction between human and land. The assessment of land use health can diagnose the damage and degradation degree caused by human activities, which is the foundation of sustainable land utilization. In Karst region which is one of the most ecologically fragile areas, land restoration is extremely difficult once the eco-environment is damaged. In order to protect the land use system and diagnose the health status in Karst region, this research proposed a triangle model to assess the health status of land use system and its changing trend in Guiyang city, which is a typical Karst region in China. The study period was from 2005 to 2012, and the data used in this paper were collected from Guiyang Statistical Yearbook (from 2005 to 2013), Guiyang Land Use Update Survey Table (from 2005 to 2012), Guiyang Water Resources Official Reports (from 2005 to 2013), Guiyang Environment Official Reports (from 2005 to 2013) and China Environmental Statistics Yearbook (from 2005 to 2013). Firstly, the research defined structured index, functional index and beneficial index to reflect the health status of land use system. To match the requirement of establishing a triangle model, the first 2 indices had to be converted to non-structured index and non-functional index respectively, to form a relationship of trading off and taking turns among these 3 indices. Then, a triangle graphic could be drawn to illustrate the health status of land use system and its changing trend during the 8 years according to the 3 indices above. The result showed that the non-structured index totally had a declined trend from 2005 to 2012 except 2007, the non-functional index had a fluctuated trend and the beneficial index had an uptrend from 2005 to 2012. The health status of land use system in Guiyang city was sick in 2005, and it changed to a sub-health status between 2006 and 2008, then to an elementary health status in 2009, which was probably resulted from a more reasonable layout and utilization with the implementation of the new comprehensive land use planning. After that, as Guiyang proposed a new development route which emphasized a double-win situation between economy development and eco-environment protection, the non-structured index and the non-functional index further declined while the beneficial index continued to increase, and the system came to a status of intermediate health from 2010 to 2012. For the changing trend of land use health, Guiyang had an obvious uptrend from 2005 to 2012, and it was predicted to get to an advanced health status in the future. In the end, several suggestions were proposed to protect land use health including optimizing the land resource distribution, raising the basic security level of economic construction, making full use of land to develop green eco-economics with the science advantage and using the advanced technology of information to build pre-warning system of health status for land use system. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Computer systems - Damage detection - Economic and social effects - Economics - Health - Landforms - Models - Natural resources - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Advanced technology - Comprehensive land use - Degradation degree - Economic constructions - Environmental statistics - Health assessments - Karst regions - Structured indexes
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 444 Water Resources - 481.1 Geology - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 914.3 Industrial Hygiene - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20153301178171
Title:Hyperspectral estimation of soil organic matter content based on partial least squares regression
Authors:Yu, Lei (1); Hong, Yongsheng (1); Geng, Lei (1); Zhou, Yong (1); Zhu, Qiang (1); Cao, Junjun (1); Nie, Yan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory for Geographical Process Analysis &amp; Simulation, Central China Normal University, Wuhan; Hubei Province, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:103-109
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil organic matter (SOM) plays an important role in soil fertility and carbon (C) cycle. Soil spectral reflectance provides an alternative method to soil's classical physical and chemical analysis in laboratory for the estimation of a large range of key soil properties. In order to achieve rapid measurement of soil organic matter content (SOMC) based on hyperspectral analysis, in this paper, 46 soil samples at 0-20 cm depth were collected as research objects from Gong'an County in Jianghan Plain, and these samples were highly representative for the SOM. The raw hyperspectral reflectance of soil samples was measured by the standard procedure with an ASD FieldSpec3 instrument equipped with a high intensity contact probe under the laboratory conditions. Meanwhile, physical and chemical properties of these soil samples were analyzed. Twenty-eight of 46 samples were used for building hyperspectral estimation models of SOMC and the other 18 samples were used for model prediction. In the next, the raw spectral reflectance (R) was transformed to 3 spectral indices, i.e. logarithm of reciprocal reflectance (LR), first-order differential reflectance (FDR) and continuum removal reflectance (CR) to analyze the correlation coefficients between the 4 spectral indices and their SOMC. Then, the correlation coefficients of the 4 spectral indices by F significant test were got (P&lt;0.01), which could be used to extract significant bands. At last, we used partial least squares regression (PLSR) method to build quantitative inversion model of SOMC based on full bands (400-2400 nm) and significant bands for this study area, respectively. The prediction accuracies of these optimal models were assessed by comparing determination coefficients (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), root mean squared error (RMSE) and relative percent deviation (RPD) between the estimated and measured SOMC. The results showed that, after conducting the CR transformation on raw soil spectral data, there were prominent differences among the absorption peaks of spectral curves in different soil samples, and the heterogeneity of different spectral curves was decreased to a certain extent, at the same time, their correlations were also improved by about 0.2 in the range of visible bands. Compared to the significant bands, the full bands using PLSR method could obtain more robust prediction accuracies. Among all of the 4 spectral indices based on processing inversion models in full bands, the prediction accuracy of CR was the best, and its values of R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, RMSE and RPD between the estimated and measured SOMC for the predicted model were 0.84, 3.86 and 2.58, respectively, which were better than those in significant bands. For the PLSR models based on significant bands, although there was a slight gap in the prediction accuracy with that based on full bands, they also had their own unique advantages: these models were much simpler and thus the model computation was reduced significantly, and they could play an important role under the circumstances in which increasing modeling speed and reducing model computation were more important than improving prediction accuracy. At last, it could be concluded that the CR-PLSR model for SOMC was better than R-PLSR, LR-PLSR, FDR-PLSR models not only in full bands but also in significant bands. In the future, the CR-PLSR hyperspectral inversion model can be used as a reference for aerospace hyperspectral remote sensing of soil fertility information in this region, and can realize the timely monitoring of SOMC. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Carbon - Chemical analysis - Forecasting - Least squares approximations - Mean square error - Metadata - Organic compounds - Reflection  - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Soil testing - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:HyperSpectral - Jianghan plains - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR) - Significant bands - Soil organic matters
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 481.2 Geochemistry - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20153301178166
Title:Optimization of working parameters for double-dielectric non-thermal plasma reactor and spectrography analysis of air discharge
Authors:Wang, Jun (1); Li, Chao (1); Tang, Wei (1); He, Tao (1); Wang, Xinghua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:72-76
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The working principal of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system is that urea solution, whose mass fraction is 32.5%, is injected into exhaust pipe. NH&lt;inf&gt;3&lt;/inf&gt; and HNCO are generated and mixed with NO&lt;inf&gt;x&lt;/inf&gt; under the condition of high-temperature exhaust. Finally, N&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt; and H&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;O are generated in the catalytic reduction reaction of NH&lt;inf&gt;3&lt;/inf&gt; and NO&lt;inf&gt;x&lt;/inf&gt;. In the case that NO accounts for 90% or even more in NO&lt;inf&gt;x&lt;/inf&gt; of the diesel engine exhaust, the standard SCR reaction plays a dominant role when using SCR system to deal with NO&lt;inf&gt;x&lt;/inf&gt; of the diesel engine exhaust. This reaction can provide high reduction efficiency when the exhaust temperature is between 300 and 450. However, the reduction efficiency of NO&lt;inf&gt;x&lt;/inf&gt; will drop rapidly at lower exhaust temperature. So how to improve the reduction efficiency of NO&lt;inf&gt;x&lt;/inf&gt; at lower exhaust temperature is an urgent problem to be solved. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology combined with SCR system is one of the most effective means to solve this problem. Active substances, generated in NTP reactor, can oxidize the part of NO from diesel exhaust to NO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt; and improve the conversion efficiency of NO&lt;inf&gt;x&lt;/inf&gt; at lower exhaust temperature. The ideal working parameters selected in experiment, can not only increase the concentration of active substances, but also avoid combining main gas components in exhaust such as N&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt; and O&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;. A test system of a double-dielectric non-thermal plasma reactor was established to conduct the air discharge test. To study the effect of working parameters on the performance of double-dielectric non-thermal plasma reactor, the changing rules of the volume fractions of NO and NO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt; with several parameters such as discharge voltage peak-peak value, discharge frequency and air flow were researched. The results showed that, discharge frequency had great influence on the volume fractions of NO and NO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;. Reaction mechanism of air discharge in the NTP reactor changed as discharge frequency changed. The volume fractions of NO and NO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt; grew linearly as discharge voltage peak-peak value increased, when discharge frequency was 7 kHz. When discharge frequency was 8 kHz, with the increase of discharge voltage peak-peak value, the volume fraction of NO kept constant at the start and then increased, and the volume fraction of NO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt; increased linearly. When discharge frequency was 9 kHz, with the increase of discharge voltage peak-peak value, the volume fraction of NO maintained at low level, and the volume fraction of NO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt; kept constant at the start and then increased. The increase of air flow led to the decline of reaction rate. Under the same discharge voltage peak-peak value, the volume fractions of NO and NO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt; decreased as air flow increased. The change of air flow could not alter the reaction mechanism of air discharge, and the rule between the discharge voltage peak-peak value and the volume fraction of NO and NO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt; did not change. Under the same discharge frequency, spectral intensity of discharge region increased with the increase of discharge voltage peak-peak value. Under the same discharge voltage peak-peak value, spectral intensity of discharge region decreased as discharge frequency increased in the range of 7-9 kHz. This study can provide the theory basis for using NTP to oxidize part of NO from diesel exhaust and increase the conversion efficiency of NO&lt;inf&gt;x&lt;/inf&gt; in lower exhaust temperature range. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Reduction
Controlled terms:Air - Conversion efficiency - Dielectric materials - Diesel engines - Efficiency - Electric discharges - Emission control - Engines - Exhaust gases - Exhaust systems (engine)  - Ionization of gases - Metal drawing - Plasma applications - Plasma diagnostics - Selective catalytic reduction - Urea - Volume fraction
Uncontrolled terms:Active substance - Dielectric barrier discharges - Discharge frequency - Exhaust temperature - Non-thermal plasma reactors - Nonthermal plasma - Reduction efficiency - Selective catalytic reduction systems
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 525.5 Energy Conversion Issues - 535.2 Metal Forming - 612 Engines - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 708.1 Dielectric Materials - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 913.1 Production Engineering - 932.3 Plasma Physics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20153301178167
Title:Optimal design and experiment of submerged grinder pump grinding device
Authors:Wang, Xiuli (1); Lu, Yonggang (1); Zhu, Rongsheng (1); Wang, Zhenwei (1); Chen, Zongliang (1); Zhang, Liangliang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:77-82
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the rapid development of industry and agriculture, more and more fiber and other impurities are doped in the sewage, but the ordinary sewage pump is easy to be blocked in operation and has been unable to meet the requirements of transport medium which contains high fiber impurities, so the sewage pump with auxiliary cutting grinding device (i.e., non-jamed submerged grinder pump) has been widely applied. How to ensure the grinding effect and high efficiency has become one of the hotspots in the research field of submerged grinder pump. This paper uses the software ANSYS-CFX to conduct steady and unsteady calculations for the non-jammed submerged grinder pump. Combined with the features of submerged grinder pump, the hydraulic design and the three-dimensional modeling are conducted for the main flow passage components of the grind pump, the structured hexahedral mesh and the grid-independent test for the model, and also numerical simulation and experimental verification are made for the external characteristics of non-jammed submerged grinder pump. The paper analyzes the most important factors which affect the external characteristics of non-jammed submerged grinder pump to search the optimization method of the grinder pump, and the results show that the installation of grinding device has great influence on hydraulic performance of the submerged pump, there is a decline in the grinding pump lift, the point of maximum efficiency shifts to the low flow rate condition, the pump efficiency is reduced, and the shaft power consumption increases about by 40% compared with that without grinding device. Through the study of submerged grinder pump model with 3 different radial clearances of dynamic and static cutter which are 1, 1.5 and 2 mm, it is found that the better grinding effect goes along with the smaller cutter radial clearance, and with the decrease of the dynamic and static cutter's radial clearance, the submerged grinder pump lift drops and especially under the large flow condition, the shaft power increases, the highest efficiency values decline and the high efficiency area is narrowed, but no overload performance of the submerged grinder pump improves. Through the study of submerged grinder pump model with 3 different cutter head numbers which are 2, 3 and 4, it is found that the cutter head number has greater effect on the hydraulic performance of the submerged grinder pump compared with the dynamic and static cutter's radial clearance; the increase of cutter head number and crowding coefficient at the pump inlet will increase the hydraulic loss, and coupled with cavitation intensified at the cutter heads of the grinding device, the loss at the grinding device increases significantly, resulting in the drop of pump lift, the overall efficiency decline and the overall shaft power increase, so under the premise of guaranteeing cutting grinding effect, it should try to use less cutter head number as far as possibly, and the optimum number is 2. Through comprehensive analysis, the optimal design of GSP-22-type non-jammed submerged grinder pump is that its dynamic and static cutter's radial clearance is 1.5 mm and its dynamic cutter head number is 2, which takes the ground pump hydraulic performance and grinding effect into account, and provides theoretical guidance for the optimal design of submerged grinder pump. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Grinding mills
Controlled terms:Design - Drops - Efficiency - Energy efficiency - Grinding (machining) - Jamming - Optimal systems - Optimization - Pumps - Sewage  - Sewage pumps
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive analysis - External characteristic - Hydraulic performance - Maximum Efficiency - Optimization method - Overall efficiency - Simulation and experimental verifications - Three-dimensional model
Classification code:404 Civil Defense and Military Engineering - 408 Structural Design - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 452.1 Sewage - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 606.2 Abrasive Devices and Processes - 618.2 Pumps - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20153301178188
Title:Influence of rice mechanical planting methods on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from paddy field
Authors:Zhang, Yuefang (1); Chen, Liugen (1); Zhang, Chuansheng (2); Yang, Hongjian (3); Shen, Jing (1); Zhu, Puping (1); Zheng, Jianchu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Circular Agriculture Research Center/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; (2) China Agricultural Machinery Testing Center, Beijing, China; (3) Jiangsu Crop Cultivation Technology Guidance Station, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Zheng, Jianchu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:232-241
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Methane (CH&lt;inf&gt;4&lt;/inf&gt;) and nitrous oxide (N&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;O) are 2 important long-lived greenhouse gases (GHGs) that contribute to global warming. Paddy soils have been identified as a dominant source of atmospheric CH&lt;inf&gt;4&lt;/inf&gt; and N&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;O. Little information is available on the impacts of rice mechanical planting methods on CH&lt;inf&gt;4&lt;/inf&gt; and N&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;O emissions and rice yield in high production rice-wheat double cropping system. A field experiment was conducted with super rice cultivar Nanjing 44 as materials during the rice growing season from 2011 to 2012 in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. By using static chamber/gas chromatographic techniques, in this two-year field experiment CH&lt;inf&gt;4&lt;/inf&gt; and N&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;O emissions were simultaneously measured under 3 rice planting methods: mechanical direct-seeding (MD), mechanical transplanting (MT) and artificial transplanting (AT). Each planting treatment was combined with either wheat straw retention or wheat straw removal. The results indicated that all treatments exhibited comparable seasonality in CH&lt;inf&gt;4&lt;/inf&gt; fluxes, showing an increase at the beginning and a decline later on. High N&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;O emissions were triggered by the midseason drainage episode during the rice growing season in 2011 and 2012. CH&lt;inf&gt;4&lt;/inf&gt; accumulative emissions from transplantation to critical stage of effective tillering accounted for 76.49%-91.13% of the total emissions during the rice growing season. N&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;O accumulative emissions from critical stage of effective tillering to elongation stage represented 33.56%-49.41% of the seasonal N&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;O emissions. Compared with wheat straw removal, wheat straw retention significantly increased seasonal total CH&lt;inf&gt;4&lt;/inf&gt; emissions by 125.96%-138.31% in 2011 and by 108.63%-127.10% in 2012 (P&lt;0.05), respectively, and reduced the seasonal total N&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;O emissions by 2.83%-12.50% in 2011 and by 3.39%-18.19% in 2012 (P&gt;0.05), respectively. The MT slightly decreased CH&lt;inf&gt;4&lt;/inf&gt; emissions during the rice growing season by 3.25%-9.50% compared to the AT (P&gt;0.05), while both treatments were significantly higher than that from the MD (P&lt;0.05). The seasonal total CH&lt;inf&gt;4&lt;/inf&gt; emissions in the MD were respectively 15.69% and 18.43% lower than those in the MT and AT with wheat straw removal, and 14.54% and 22.66% lower than those with wheat straw retention in 2011. And in 2012, the seasonal total CH&lt;inf&gt;4&lt;/inf&gt; emissions in the MD were correspondingly 26.63% and 32.12% lower than those in the MT and AT with wheat straw removal, and 30.51% and 36.75% lower than those with wheat straw retention, respectively. Compared with the AT, MD significantly increased N&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;O emissions during the rice growing season by 0.16-0.97 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in 2011 and 2012 (P&lt;0.05). The seasonal total N&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;O emissions were comparable between the MT and the AT (P&gt;0.05). For the years of 2011 and 2012, the rice yields under the AT were the highest, followed by the MT, and the yield under the MD was the lowest. Compared with the AT, the MD significantly decreased rice yield by 8.43%-10.79% (P&lt;0.05), while the MT slightly decreased yield by 1.27%-3.49% (P&gt;0.05). CH&lt;inf&gt;4&lt;/inf&gt; was more important in the 2 GHGs in that the effect of the seasonal CH&lt;inf&gt;4&lt;/inf&gt; emissions from rice-wheat double cropping system on climate was approximately 4 times greater than that of N&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;O emissions. The global warming potential (GWP) of CH&lt;inf&gt;4&lt;/inf&gt; and N&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;O emissions in the plots with wheat straw retention was 116.23%-130.35% higher than that in the plots with wheat straw removal in 2011 and 87.72%-118.04% in 2012 (P&lt;0.05). The GWP in the MD was significantly lower than those in the MT and the AT (P&lt;0.05). The GWP per yield in the MD was respectively 12.02% and 28.71% lower than that in the AT with wheat straw retention in 2011 and 2012 (P&lt;0.05). The overall results indicated that the MD could effectively decrease total CH&lt;inf&gt;4&lt;/inf&gt; emissions during the rice growing season; with wheat straw retention, the conversion from AT to MD would reduce the comprehensive greenhouse effect resulting from the CH&lt;inf&gt;4&lt;/inf&gt; and N&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;O emissions in high production rice-wheat double cropping system in the downstream of the Yangtze River in China. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Greenhouse gases
Controlled terms:Global warming - Greenhouse effect - Greenhouses - Machinery - Mechanization - Methane - Nitrogen oxides - Rivers - Seed - Straw  - Transplants
Uncontrolled terms:Chromatographic techniques - Direct-seeding - Field experiment - Global warming potential - Jiangsu province - Mid-season drainage - Nitrous oxide emissions - Rice
Classification code:407.2 Waterways - 451 Air Pollution - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 462.4 Prosthetics - 522 Gas Fuels - 601 Mechanical Design - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20153301178185
Title:Drought variation characteristics in Ningxia from 2000 to 2010 based on temperature vegetation dryness index by remote sensing
Authors:Du, Lingtong (1); Hou, Jing (1); Hu, Yue (1); Wang, Xinyun (1); Wang, Lei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwest China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:209-216
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Drought is a period of deficit in precipitation with impact on agriculture, water resources and natural ecosystems. It has always an impact on agricultural and ecological fields and causes serious environmental consequences worldwide. Drought has been a prevalent concern for local government in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region over the last decades. Therefore, monitoring drought characteristics and exploring its change trend in Ningxia are crucial for local agricultural production and ecological construction. Based on the difference of the temperature of day and night (&Delta;LST), which was calculated from day and night land surface temperature (LST) of the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) data, the monthly temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI) in Ningxia from 2000 to 2010 was produced. The time series TVDI data were used to monitor the drought characteristics in Ningxia during the past 10 years, and the relationships of TVDI with meteorological factors, meteorological drought index and agricultural disaster-affected area were also analyzed in this paper. The results showed that there was a typical triangular shape between the &Delta;LST and NDVI which is suitable for building the TVDI model. The dry edges were obtained by a least squares regression that had significant negative slopes (P&lt;0.05), and the wet edges almost were constant isoline which was an optimal theoretical condition. The time series TVDI showed that the drought spatial characteristics were different in 3 typical ecosystem regions. Severe drought with the most frequency and high intensity usually occurred in the arid zone of middle Ningxia. The mountains area of southern Ningxia was moderate affected by drought, for drought occurred with lower frequency and intensity. By contrast, the Yellow River irrigation area of northern Ningxia was slightly affected by drought during the past 10 years, for there was a typical inland oasis and convenient irrigation condition from the Yellow River. By the way, the forest regions of Liupan Mountain in the south and Helan Mountain in the north were also less affected by drought because this ecosystem could adjust moisture by itself. From the perspective of whole Ningxia, there were 3 extreme drought events in 2000, 2005 and 2009 respectively that were detected by time series TVDI data, and this result was consistent with the previous studies. Based on the methods of the linear regression of TVDI and the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), the change trends of drought during the past 10 years were detected respectively in annual and quarterly scales. The annual mean drought intensity was weakening from 2000 to 2010, but the monthly extreme drought event of each year was enhancing. The mean drought intensity in spring and summer was significantly enhancing, but in autumn and winter was significantly weakening. The correlation analysis results showed that the variation of TVDI mainly depended on the annual precipitation rather than annual average air temperature, and this phenomenon was related to the land use pattern and vegetation type in Ningxia. The disaster-affected area had a significant correlation with the annual mean drought intensity rather than monthly extreme drought event of each year. This phenomenon indicated that the long-time drought process, prolonged for more than one month, would impact the agricultural production in Ningxia. The seasonal results showed that summer drought was most likely to lead to the reduction of agricultural production, and then were the spring and autumn drought, while the winter drought had no effect on the agricultural production in Ningxia. This work can provide theoretical basis for the local government to make a proper strategy when combating drought, scheduling irrigation and providing disaster relief. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Drought
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Arid regions - Atmospheric temperature - Balloons - Disaster prevention - Disasters - Ecology - Ecosystems - Forestry - Image reconstruction  - Irrigation - Land use - Landforms - Precipitation (chemical) - Radiometers - Remote sensing - Satellite imagery - Time series - Vegetation - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Crop areas - Ensemble empirical mode decompositions (EEMD) - Environmental consequences - Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer - Ningxia - Normalized differential vegetation indices - Temperature-vegetation dryness indices - Variation characteristics
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1 Geology - 731.1 Control Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20153301178157
Title:Investigation and development analysis of seed industry mechanization in China
Authors:Zhu, Ming (1); Chen, Haijun (1); Li, Yonglei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:1-7
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Mechanization of seed industry is a precondition of seed industry's modernization. It is a system engineering with multi links from variety breeding and testing to seed production and processing, etc. This paper summarized the current situation of researches on seed industry mechanization form aspects of variety testing, seed production and processing. Generally, three problems should be emphasized on in the mechanization of seed industry in China: 1) Most of Chinese seed industry equipment manufacturing enterprises are generally small scale with poor equipments and less investments in scientific research; 2) In comparison with international development of seed industry, the development level of seed processing machinery in China is low, and thus it is needed to expand equipment functions, optimize structure design, improve operation performance and modern control level; and 3) Seed damage and seed vigor loss are still two of big challenges in the seed processing, and should be lowered in future by exploring more effective and precise processing technologies. Therefore, more researches should focus on system integration outfits including: 1) Key equipments for crop variety experiments such as weight metering, automatic supplying seed system, self seeding and clearing system, and row-and-line spacing control system for sowing; efficient thresher device, automatic cleaning device, and yield determination apparatus for harvesting; panicle thresher device, batch drying device, precise seed evaluation device, and seed subpackage for variety evaluation; comprehensive information management and efficient information acquisition, and nondestructive testing technology and equipment for information management; and 2) Key equipments on crop seed production including those for precise metering, precise depth control, efficient separating seed; emasculation electromechanical liquid control, intelligent control, low loss and high efficient stripping of corn ear, safe lubrication of multi-channel stripping roller, effective ear feeding and discharging, threshing with low damage and efficient seed screening, corn ear harvesting with low damage, mechanical harvest and management of cotton seed, and mechanical cotton seed damage control. In addition, researches and technologies on low-loss and high-effective precise proceeding integration system of crop seeds are required including modern seed processing technology integration theory and method, construction of technology integration model, rapid drying and low loss mechanism and technology for wet seeds; drying process control technology, material screening mechanism and efficient screening technology, screen hole plugging mechanism and sieve cleaning technology, medicine mixing and rapid solidification technology, the ratio of liquid equilibrium, cotton velvet acid processing precision control technology, cotton velvet removal by friction management technology, cotton velvet removal and precise metering technology, and so on. In summary, scale, standardization, intensification, and mechanization are the direction to promote the sustained and healthy development of modern seed industry. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Information management
Controlled terms:Cotton - Crops - Diagnosis - Drying - Electromechanical devices - Equipment - Harvesting - Industrial research - Integration testing - Machine design  - Machinery - Mechanical control equipment - Mechanization - Nondestructive examination - Processing - Rapid solidification - Seed - Silk
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive information - Equipment manufacturing - Information acquisitions - International development - Management technologies - Non destructive testing - Processing technologies - Seed production
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 601 Mechanical Design - 642.1 Process Heating - 723.5 Computer Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901 Engineering Profession - 901.3 Engineering Research - 903.2 Information Dissemination - 913.4 Manufacturing - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20153301178163
Title:Design and experiment of crank rocker type clamp seedlings mechanism of vegetable transplanter
Authors:Wang, Mengmeng (1); Song, Jiannong (1); Liu, Cailing (1); Wang, Yali (1); Sun, Yapeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Engineering college, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Cailing
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:49-57
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In designing a picking seedling mechanism, it is important to see the compressive characteristic of plug seedlings. So, in this research, the experiments were designed and conducted to get the compressive characteristic of plug seedlings. For more details, in the experiments, 20 pepper plug seedlings with growth period of 40 d were selected randomly. These seedlings were measured, their average height was 140 mm, the average height of the pot was 44 mm, the width of seedlings' leaves was 109.8 mm and the diameter of the seedlings' stem was 2.47 mm. Crank-rocker type seedling clamping mechanism was designed according to corresponding requirements. This mechanism was driven by an adjustable-speed motor and a crank and the movement of the rocker clamper was designed as reciprocating swing. In cooperation with the ejection mechanism, the rocker clamper could capture the seedlings at the right place and move them to the target position. Then, the rocker clamper could accomplish the processing of planting by loosening the 2 plates of the clamper. Also, in this research, an experimental platform of a crank-rocker type seedling clamping mechanism was fabricated and manufactured and with this platform a series of experiments were conducted. In these experiments, 3 experimental factors were set as claw clipping force, clipping claw material and moisture content of plug seedlings. Each experimental factor contained 3 levels and success rate of clamping, expulsion rate of seedlings and broken rate of seedlings were set as 3 test indices. Experiments were repeated by 8 times for each distinct condition, and totally 216 experiments were conducted under 27 different conditions. This research analyzed the mechanical parameters of the crank-rocker type seedling clamping mechanism and the corresponding moisture levels of the seedlings which could lead to the best planting performance. Furthermore, besides the design of the main components of the crank-rocker type seedling clamping mechanism, this research also conducted the mechanical and kinematics analysis on the working process of this seedling clamping mechanism. Also, the movement simulation was conducted with the aid of the simulation software i.e. Solid works COSMOS Motion. In this approach, the structures and the main parameters of the mechanism were properly designed. For more details, the length of the crank, the connecting rod and the swinging rod was respectively designed as 80, 236.22 and 172.5 mm. The test results indicated that when the rocker clamper was metal, the stiffness coefficient was 90 N/m respectively, the expulsion rate and the broken rate of seedlings and the success rate of clamping were 0, 4.2% and 95.8% respectively which meant that the Crank-rocker type seedling clamping mechanism could match the desired performance. The test results showed that when the moisture content of plug seedlings was 60.8%, the plug seedlings had excellent adaptation to different stiffness coefficient and material of clamper, and the average success rate of clamping was 94.4% in this condition. This mechanism could take seedlings from the initial position and put them to the target position by using circular trajectory. The condition of opening and closing of the claw could be controlled by trapezoid track and reset spring. The design was simple and reliable. This mechanism could work with plug seedlings with various shapes and sizes without additional adjustment, and it also contained high adaptability to the seedlings with different moisture levels. Also, it would minimize the damage of the plug seedlings and significantly improved the efficiency of the process of seedling capture and planting. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Clamping devices - Compressive stress - Computer software - Mechanisms - Moisture - Moisture determination - Stiffness - Transplants
Uncontrolled terms:Compressive characteristics - Crank rocker - Experimental factors - Experimental platform - Mechanical parameters - Movement Simulation - Plug seedling - Stiffness coefficients
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 462.4 Prosthetics - 601.3 Mechanisms - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20153301178173
Title:Border irrigation co-applied with super absorbent polymers improving soil physical characteristics and increasing microbial activity in poplar forest
Authors:Jing, Dawei (1); Xing, Shangjun (2); Liu, Fangchun (2); Ma, Hailin (2); Du, Zhenyu (2); Yu, Xuedou (1); Zhu, Yaping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Dezhou University, Dezhou, China; (2) Shandong Forestry Academy, Jinan, China
Corresponding author:Xing, Shangjun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:116-122
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Super absorbent polymers can absorb water up to a few hundred or even a few thousand times their own mass. The special physical structure, unique chemical composition and characteristics of high water absorption capacity allow super absorbent polymers to be widely used in water-saving agriculture, horticulture and other industries to relieve drought and reserve water for farmland, seedling protection and crop yield improvement. A large number of studies have showed that super absorbent polymer has the properties of water saving and drought resistance. But the application amount of super absorbent polymer is an important parameter to evaluate. Applying with the improper amount can result in bad effects, either no effect, or soil permeability compromised if excess super absorbent polymer is used. This can cause plant roots to have difficulty in breathing or to get rotten. In the meantime, border irrigation is also an efficient measure which has the advantages of low cost, simple operation and easy popularization. Similarly, the irrigation quantity is a vital factor. Because excess irrigation not only causes the waste of water resource, but also poses a threat to the groundwater. While insufficient irrigation may have no effect. Therefore, it is speculated that super absorbent polymer co-applied with border irrigation should be an interesting thing, and investigating their appropriate proportion has important theoretic value and practical significance. However, there is little information on the effect of border irrigation measure co-applied with super absorbent polymer on the forest-tree plantation. With the purpose of promoting water-saving irrigation and poplar yield, a field experiment of 5 treatments, i.e. CK (conventional border irrigation), I&lt;inf&gt;60&lt;/inf&gt; (60% conventional border irrigation quantity), I&lt;inf&gt;30&lt;/inf&gt; (30% conventional border irrigation quantity), I&lt;inf&gt;60&lt;/inf&gt;S (60% border irrigation quantity co-applied with super absorbent polymers) and I&lt;inf&gt;30&lt;/inf&gt;S (30% border irrigation quantity co-applied with super absorbent polymers) was designed and performed. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of different treatments on bulk density, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and microbial activity in the forest soil as well as the growth of poplar. Results showed that in comparison to CK treatment, I&lt;inf&gt;60&lt;/inf&gt;S treatment significantly reduced soil bulk density and obviously increased soil total porosity and capillary porosity, indicative of 6.62%, 11.19%, 16.45% and 7.97% decreases in soil bulk density compared to the treatments of CK, I&lt;inf&gt;60&lt;/inf&gt;, I&lt;inf&gt;30&lt;/inf&gt; and I&lt;inf&gt;30&lt;/inf&gt;S, respectively. The I&lt;inf&gt;60&lt;/inf&gt;S treatment also evidently increased MBC and MBN contents and significantly enhanced microbial respiration, showing 13.89%, 24.24%, 41.38% and 12.33% increases in microbial respiration rate over the treatments of CK, I&lt;inf&gt;60&lt;/inf&gt;, I&lt;inf&gt;30&lt;/inf&gt; and I&lt;inf&gt;30&lt;/inf&gt;S, respectively. At the same time, the metabolic quotient was reduced by the I&lt;inf&gt;60&lt;/inf&gt;S treatment, demonstrating 5.96%, 8.84%, 11.72% and 4.78% decreases, respectively. Additionally, the volume growth rate of the I&lt;inf&gt;60&lt;/inf&gt;S treatment also reached the maximum, which had significant differences with other treatments (P&lt;0.05). However, in the I&lt;inf&gt;30&lt;/inf&gt;S treatment, less effect on the forest soil characteristics and the volume growth were observed than that in the I&lt;inf&gt;60&lt;/inf&gt;S treatment. The correlation analysis showed that the volume growth rate was extremely significantly correlated with capillary porosity and metabolic quotient, and had significant correlation with soil bulk density, MBC and MBN contents and microbial respiration. In conclusion, the proper water-saving irrigation measure (60% border irrigation quantity co-applied with super absorbent polymers) is beneficial to improving soil physical environment and enhancing microbial activity in forest soil, as well as the growth of poplar. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Polymers
Controlled terms:Absorption - Agriculture - Carbon - Drought - Ecology - Foamed plastics - Forestry - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Irrigation  - Metabolism - Microbiology - Porosity - Soils - Water absorption - Water conservation - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Border irrigation - Metabolic quotient - Poplar - Soil microbial respiration - Superabsorbent polymer
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 444.2 Groundwater - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.9 Biology - 461.9.2 Microbiology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20153301178174
Title:Responses of soil respiration to vegetation type conversion in south hilly red soil based on main components
Authors:Xiao, Shengsheng (1); Xiong, Yong (1); Duan, Jian (1); Qi, Yuchun (3); Lin, Shengyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Prevention of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China; (2) Jiangxi Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Nanchang, China; (3) Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Lin, Shengyu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:123-131
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil respiration is one of the important parts of carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Because of strong soil and water conservation and ecological construction, the vegetation type conversion was very common in south red soil hilly. Studying the effects of vegetation type conversion on soil respiration and its key components, could help us not only well understand the internal mechanism of soil respiration and carbon cycle, but also scientifically evaluate the role and contribution of soil and water conservation to climate change. This paper investigated the changes of soil respiration rates for one year when eroded bare land was converted to Paspalum notatum Flugge grassland, Herbals citrus orchards and Pinus elliottii forest, respectively, using a LI-8100A automated soil CO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt; flux system in Jiangxi eco-technology garden for soil and water conservation, including the separation of soil total respiration rate (R&lt;inf&gt;s&lt;/inf&gt;) and soil heterotrophic respiration rate (R&lt;inf&gt;h&lt;/inf&gt;), and their seasonal patterns and influencing factors. It showed that soil temperature, soil moisture and monthly soil CO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt; emission rate generally fluctuated in different vegetation types during the study period. Both R&lt;inf&gt;s&lt;/inf&gt; and R&lt;inf&gt;h&lt;/inf&gt; displayed obvious seasonal pattern being high in summer and low in winter across the observed period in 4 vegetation types, with the highest fluxes observed in August or September and the lowest fluxes in January. Vegetation type conversion didn't change the seasonal pattern of soil respiration rates. Soil temperature at 5 cm depth had significant effect on the change dynamics of soil respiration rates, but soil moisture did not. Soil temperature at 5 cm depth could explain 83.3% and 86.0% of the variations in R&lt;inf&gt;s&lt;/inf&gt; and R&lt;inf&gt;h&lt;/inf&gt;. With the conversion from bare land to grassland, orchard and forest land, R&lt;inf&gt;s&lt;/inf&gt; was more sensitive to the change of soil temperature at 5 cm depth, and values of temperature sensitivity coefficient changed from 1.86 to 2.20, 2.72 and 2.75, respectively. The average proportions of R&lt;inf&gt;h&lt;/inf&gt; to R&lt;inf&gt;s&lt;/inf&gt; were 75%, 73% and 69% in grassland, orchard and forest, respectively, and there were no significant differences among the 3 vegetation types (P&gt;0.05), which showed similar single-peak curves of change dynamics with the maximum of 100% in winter and the minimum of 50% in summer. In addition, the proportion of R&lt;inf&gt;h&lt;/inf&gt; to R&lt;inf&gt;s&lt;/inf&gt; decreased with the increase of R&lt;inf&gt;s&lt;/inf&gt;, and there were logarithmic relationships between the proportion and R&lt;inf&gt;s&lt;/inf&gt; (P&lt;0.001). During the observation period, the mean values of R&lt;inf&gt;s&lt;/inf&gt; were 1.09, 3.15, 2.34 and 1.65 &mu;mol/(m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&middot;s) (CO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt; emission amount) in bare land, grassland, orchard and forest land, respectively, which showed significant difference between bare land and grassland (P&lt;0.05). The mean values of R&lt;inf&gt;h&lt;/inf&gt; were 1.09, 2.13, 1.51 and 1.04 &mu;mol/(m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&middot;s) (CO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt; emission amount) in bare land, grassland, orchard and forest land, respectively, which showed significant difference between grassland and bare land, and between grassland and forest land (P&lt;0.05). With the conversion from bare land to grassland, orchard and forest, the contents of total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon of surface soil (0-20 cm) all increased, which would bring a better living environment for soil microbe. The change of soil respiration under vegetation type conversion would be caused by the combination of soil temperature and soil organic carbon (both the quantity and the quality) change. Vegetation type was an important influencing factor of soil respiration in the scale of region or ecosystem. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Carbon - Climate change - Ecology - Ecosystems - Farms - Forestry - Moisture - Orchards - Organic carbon - Soil conservation  - Soil moisture - Temperature - Vegetation - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Dissolved organic carbon - Heterotrophic respiration - Logarithmic relationship - Microbial biomass carbon - Red soils - Soil and water conservation - Soil respiration - Vegetation type
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 451 Air Pollution - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20153301178197
Title:Effect of different pre-treatment methods on size determination of casein nanoparticles by dynamic light scattering
Authors:Wang, Pengjjie (1); Jian, Shuyu (1); Wang, Chenyuan (1); Guo, Huiyuan (2); Wen, Pengcheng (3); Ren, Fazheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) The Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy of Chinese Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; (4) Gansu Dairy Industry Productivity Promotion Center, Lanzhou, China
Corresponding author:Ren, Fazheng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:298-302
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The size and size distribution of casein nanoparticles plays an important role in the functionality and stability of milk. Dynamic light scattering is an effective method of measuring the size and size distribution of casein nanoparticles. But as biomacromolecules, casein nanoparticles are quite sensitive to their microenvironment changes. And therefore, the physicochemical properties of casein nanoparticles could be easily altered in different treatments, resulting in the incorrect size information determined by dynamic light scattering. The object of the present research was to analyze the effect of pre-treatment methods on the size and size distribution of casein nanoparticles determined by dynamic light scattering. The results suggested that when water and calcium imidazole buffer were used as the diluents, the counting rate of the samples was less than 7&times;10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; counts/s, indicating there were no particles that could influence the size determination of casein nanoparticles. However, it was also found when water and calcium imidazole buffer were used as the dilution of casein nanoparticles, a significant decrease in the counting rate could be observed. This indicated both water and calcium imidazole buffer could easily alter the microenvironments of casein micelle dispersions, resulting in the partially dissociation of nanoparticles. And thus, the water and calcium imidazole buffer were not suitable for the dilution of casein nanoparticles. When simulated milk ultrafiltrate and milk ultrafiltrate were used as the diluents, it was found that there were no significant changes in the counting rate of the casein micelle dispersions. This indicated the microenvironment of both simulated milk ultrafiltrate and milk ultrafiltrate (10 kDa) was quite similar to that of milk, and thus the casein nanoparticles could not dissociate in both simulated milk ultrafiltrate and milk ultrafiltrate. However, extra particles occurred in both simulated milk ultrafiltrate and milk ultrafiltrate 24 h after their preparation, and therefore they were not suitable for the size measurement of casein nanoparticles under such the situation. Furthermore, it could be observed that the temperature of the diluents could significantly affect the measurement accuracy: when the samples (25) were diluted with 4 diluents, the counting rate could reduce by 16%; when the samples (4) were diluted with 25 diluents, the counting rate could increase by 10%. Based on the conclusion obtained above, it was suggested that the best pre-treatment methods for the size and size distribution of casein nanoparticles by dynamic light scattering were: the temperatures of the samples diluted with simulated milk ultrafiltrate or milk ultrafiltrate (10 kDa) should be similar with the milk samples. Results indicated the size distribution of casein nanoparticles obtained by dynamic light scattering was quite similar with that observed by the cryo-transmission electron microscopy, indicating the pre-treatment methods used could not affect the structural properties of casein nanoparticles in their true microenvironments, and thus permitted us to obtain reliable information of size and size distribution. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Casein
Controlled terms:Calcium - Dispersions - Dynamic light scattering - Electron microscopy - High resolution transmission electron microscopy - Light scattering - Micelles - Nanoparticles - Particle size - Proteins  - Size determination - Size distribution - Temperature - Transmission electron microscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Cryo-transmission electron microscopy - Different treatments - Measurement accuracy - Physicochemical property - Pre-Treatment - Pretreatment methods - Simulated milk ultrafiltrate - Size and size distributions
Classification code:423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 708 Electric and Magnetic Materials - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 761 Nanotechnology - 801.3 Colloid Chemistry - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 933 Solid State Physics - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20153301178168
Title:Based on turbine inlet flow angle of tubular turbine optimal working conditions research and apply
Authors:Li, Zhenggui (1); Wei, Xianzhu (1); Li, Fengchen (3); Deng, Fei (2); Zhang, Yipeng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key laboratory of Hydropower Equipment, Harbin Research Institute of Large Electrical Machinery, Harbin, China; (2) Mechanical and Electronic School, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, China; (3) Energy Science and Engineering School, Harbin Industry University, Harbin, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:83-89
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Tubular turbine is an important part of the rural small hydropower electrical net. Owing to the low water head and large flow quantity of tubular turbine, the efficiency of power station units as well as the output value is low. The actual operation efficiency of similar units varying from 3 to 5 blades from home and abroad is between 84% and 88%, which is far from meeting the corresponding design requirements. In addition, the current studies of optimal working condition of tubular turbines are limited to a certain operating point or curve. From the perspective of runner hydraulic power loss, the typical tubular turbines on the Yellow River are chosen as study objects in this paper. In the meantime, we have done theoretical analysis on the factors influencing the efficiency of tubular turbines, such as aerofoil loss of resistance, ends loss of resistance and impact loss of resistance. According to the actual shapes of blade and vane, with the water head of 8 m and the chosen blade angle of 10&deg;, by changing the turbine inlet flow angle from 39.2 to 58.8&deg;, the velocity triangles of the inlet and outlet positions are calculated. Based on this theoretical analysis, it turns out that the most stable operating range for tubular turbines is between 56.6 and 58.8&deg;, and the non-optimal range is between 39.2 and 51.1&deg;. The optimal range is also the area showing the highest efficiency. In order to verify the correctness of this analysis, CFX technology has been applied to carry out numerical simulation of the working condition of tubular turbines. During the process, we have taken the isometric model calculation and analysed the flow field. It is found that vortex and secondary flow appear in low efficiency and non-optimal range, which is very unstable and will generate great loss. The flow regime in the high efficiency range is relatively stable. This result on optimal operation range fits the outcome of theoretical analysis. Based on this, real machine experiments have been carried out, using the index method of relative efficiency test. By measuring the runner pressure difference, index flow has been calculated to substitute actual flow. Finally the relative efficiency and the output value of the turbine are calculated to pinpoint optimal efficiency. The result of real machine experiments accords with theoretical analysis. The error between simulation and real machine experiments is smaller than 2%. At last, by calculating the whole working condition of the targeted station units using this method, we have proposed the optimal operating area within overall working condition range and improved the actual efficiency by 6%. The pressure fluctuations have been significantly reduced. The effect is distinct after long-time operation. By expanding from point and line to area, the research method provides evidence for the design proposals of optimal working conditions of real machine experiment. This has rendered effective solutions for the safe and highly efficient operation of tubular turbines. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Turbine components
Controlled terms:Applications - Computer simulation - Efficiency - Flow fields - Hydraulic machinery - Hydraulic motors - Inlet flow - Numerical models - Tubular turbines - Turbomachine blades
Uncontrolled terms:Long-time operation - Operating condition - Optimal efficiency - Pressure differences - Pressure fluctuation - Relative efficiency - Runner inlet flow angle - Velocity triangles
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution Control - 617 Turbines and Steam Turbines - 617.3 Steam Engines - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 723.5 Computer Applications - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20153301178158
Title:Design and performance test of CPC-PV/TE hybrid power generation system in greenhouse
Authors:Wang, Lishu (1); Li, Lin (1); Liang, Qiuyan (1); Ding, Xiuzeng (1); Wang, Bolin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Electrical and Information, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; (2) Mechanical Engineering School of Jia Musi University, Jiamusi, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:8-15
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the rapid development of agricultural science and technology, various types of environmental testing equipments and production facilities consume a lot of energy in greenhouse. Therefore, it is important to design a high-efficiency greenhouse power supply device. At the same time, the energy crisis in the 21st century and the air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels become serious. It can not wait to solve the environmental pollution. Therefore, increasing the development and utilization of solar energy is imminent. Solar energy is a kind of clean and renewable energy, and the study of solar energy development and utilization has become a hot issue nowadays, but in general, its efficiency is low. In order to solve the problem of large fossil energy consumption in the greenhouse and the current inefficient use of solar energy, compound parabolic concentrator-photovoltaic/thermoelectric hybrid power generation system (CPC-PV/TE) based on the characteristics of greenhouse in Northeast China is proposed in the present paper. A system contains CPC, PV/TE hybrid system and flat heat pipe. CPC converges light to the surface of photovoltaic cells. It enhances light irradiation intensity. Photovoltaic cells use the photovoltaic effect principle to generate electricity. Attached to photovoltaic cells, thermoelectric power generator modules convert the excess heat generated by photovoltaic cells power generation to electricity power simultaneously. Flat heat pipe is used as heat transfer element, and then a certain amount of water is used to effectively transfer the rest of the heat. In order to express the performance of CPC-PV/TE hybrid power generation system accurately, a comprehensive energy transfer model has been established, and the efficiency of CPC-PV/TE hybrid system and PV or TE module alone under different levels of irradiation and various water flows has been discussed. The results show that the faster the cooling water flows, the higher the generated power by CPC-PV/TE hybrid system is, but there is a limit. The efficiency of CPC-PV/TE hybrid system is greater than the PV or TE module alone. Moreover, experimental test system has been built, and a series of experimental researches have been done on CPC-PV/TE hybrid system with water-cooled flat heat pipe in greenhouse of Northeast Agricultural University. As a result, in transient experimental research, photovoltaic power generation accounts for a large proportion, so variation tendency of generated power by CPC-PV/TE system is similar to photovoltaic. For thermoelectric power generation modules join in the CPC-PV/TE hybrid system, the generated power and the efficiency of CPC-PV/TE hybrid system increase; it gains the maximum power output of 125.98 W, and the efficiency gets to 20.06%. A cascade utilization of solar energy is achieved, and then its utilization is improved. From April 7, 2015 to April 11, 2015, the daily performance of CPC-PV/TE hybrid system has been evaluated, and the generated power of CPC-PV/TE hybrid system varies from 2.35 to 3.24 MJ. The efficiency of CPC-PV/TE hybrid system in these days is more than 18.57%, and the highest value is 19.15%. CPC-PV/TE hybrid system is superior to existing PV/TE system. More importantly, CPC-PV/TE hybrid system basically meets the power requirements of the greenhouse environment monitoring systems and lighting equipments. It has a greater advantage in the field of solar energy comprehensive utilization. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Energy efficiency
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cells - Concentration (process) - Cooling water - Cytology - Electric power generation - Electric power systems - Energy conversion - Energy policy - Energy transfer  - Energy utilization - Environmental technology - Environmental testing - Flow of water - Greenhouses - Heat pipes - Heat transfer - Hybrid systems - Hydraulics - Irradiation  - Photoelectrochemical cells - Photovoltaic cells - Photovoltaic effects - Pollution - Solar energy - Solar power generation - Thermoelectric energy conversion - Thermoelectric power
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural science and technologies - Compound parabolic concentrator - Development and utilizations - Hybrid power generation - Hybrid power generation systems - Photovoltaic - Photovoltaic power generation - Thermoelectric
Classification code:454 Environmental Engineering - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 525 Energy Management and Conversion - 615 Thermoelectric, Magnetohydrodynamic and Other Power Generators - 616 Heat Exchangers - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 711.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20153301178183
Title:Corn leaf disease identification based on multiple classifiers fusion
Authors:Xu, Liangfeng (1); Xu, Xiaobing (1); Hu, Min (1); Wang, Rujing (3); Xie, Chengjun (3); Chen, Hongbo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China; (2) Hefei University of Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Affective Computing and Advanced Intelligent Machine, Hefei, China; (3) Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:194-201
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Corn is one of the important grain crops and industrial raw materials in China. The corn diseases seriously affect its yield and quality. Early detection and prevention of corn diseases is critical to control the diseases. Therefore, it's necessary to study on how to recognize the corn diseases quickly and accurately. In order to overcome the limitation of single classifier recognition and the complexity of the corn leaf disease, this paper puts forward a method based on adaptive weighted multiple classifiers fusion for corn leaf disease identification. Firstly, the disease images sampled in natural environments are preprocessed by using a series of image pre-processing methods, such as image transforming, smoothing and segmentation. Secondly, the classifiers based on support vector machine (SVM) are built by 3 kinds of features extracted from the preprocessed images, including color moment, color co-occurrence matrix (CCM) and color completely local binary patterns (CCLBP). The 3 features can well describe the color and texture information of the corn leaf disease, and they are relatively independent, which can reduce the interference caused by information redundancy in the process of fusion. Thirdly, the Euclidean distance between the test sample and every training sample for each type of feature vector is computed to find out the k nearest neighbors of the test sample from the training set by the K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) method. The similarity between every neighbor and the test sample is calculated by means of cluster analysis method in succession. Then, an appropriate threshold is set to exclude the invalid neighbor when the similarity is less than the threshold, after that, the effective neighborhood for each single classifier with the rest of the neighbor is built. Corresponding to the effective neighbor, the confusion matrix is constructed to calculate the accuracy. The weight of every single classifier is set dynamically according to the accuracy. Finally, the proposed method gets the ultimate classification result by linear weighted method. To verify the effectiveness of the method, the database including 7 different corn leaf diseases is constructed in this paper. The database contains 516 pictures, which are collected in fields under natural light illumination conditions. Experiments in the database show that 3 kinds of classifiers have excellent recognition effect respectively and the recognition rates are more than 85%, which means the 3 features are suitable for corn leaf diseases recognition. What's more, the recognition rate of the proposed method can achieve 94.71%, which takes about 1.382 s to identify an image. Compared with other algorithms, the recognition rate of our method is the highest. Besides, the recognition rate of the combined classifier is higher than the single classifier. The fusion process will be a little more complicated and the recognition time will be longer when more features are involved in the process, However, it is acceptable in practice. Above all, the proposed method has better performance and it can be used in intelligent corn leaf diseases recognition system, which improves the accuracy rate of the system. It has provided a technical support for the automatic recognition of crop diseases and insects with disease image obtained in fields. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Binary images - Classification (of information) - Cluster analysis - Color - Crops - Database systems - Disease control - Diseases - Identification (control systems) - Image retrieval  - Image segmentation - Interference suppression - Nearest neighbor search - Processing - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive weighted - Classification results - Cluster analysis methods - Color co-occurrence matrix - Information redundancies - K nearest neighbours (k-NN) - Leaf disease - Multiple classifiers
Classification code:461.7 Health Care - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.4 Manufacturing
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20153301178187
Title:Index optimization of eco-environment evaluation in irrigation district based on multi-source information fusion decision
Authors:Yang, Liu (1); Wang, Ni (1); Xie, Jiancang (1); Jing, Xiaolong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) State key Laboratory Base of Eco-hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China; (2) China Northwest Water Conservancy &amp; Hydropower Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd., Xi'an, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Ni
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:225-231
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, there have been no definite ways and applicable decision-making methods on the optimization of evaluation indexes, especially on the dilemma of the subjectification and non-systematization of the index selections in the ecological environment evaluation researches. Based on the index multi-information fusion, an optimized thought and a decision-making method has been put forward in this research. After collecting the three categories of feature information of index sensitivity, equilibrium degree and independence, the method of orthogonal experiment was used to calculate the index sensitivity in purpose of expressing the dynamic characteristics of indexes. The index equilibrium degree with the help of the definition of Gini coefficient in mathematical economics was calculated to select the simplest indexes that cover the most properties of the evaluation object. The independence of the indexes by means of index correlation analysis was determined to exclude some indexes with high degree of association. After that, DS (Dempster Shafer) evidence theory was adopted for the information fusion. The mentioned three index features can be regarded as three evidences, with the integration of the basic trust distribution function value. The index credibility jointly supported by the three evidences and optimized from the complicated and large index library according to the sequence results of the credibility. This research took the Jinghuiqu Irrigation District as the researching object. To understand connotation of ecological environment in irrigated district from perspective of system, the ecological environment concept model of the irrigation district was constructed to express driving factors of ecological environment in irrigated district, information carrier and representation state. The directed line segment was used to describe interaction and influence relation between different carriers, and the information expressed by this model was sorted. The factor layer was defined as "resources in the irrigation district", and 31 indexes gradually determined. The ecological environmental evaluation index library of the irrigation district was primarily constructed. The DS evidence theory was used to realize the multi-source information fusion of the basic trust distribution function value of the three evidences. Two fusion thoughts were set: (1) index entire fusion, (2) separately remove the indexes of lower basic trust distribution function values under the three evidences, and then carry out fusion to the left indexes. The sequence of credibility of the index feature information was carried out after fusion from high to low, and the calculation results by the above two thoughts were compared and analyzed. The results showed that: the calculation under the thought (2) would remove some indexes with relatively high credibility in advance, such as degree of acid and alkali, air relative humidity indicator. According to the thought (1), results for indexes credibility were ranked as follows: multiple cropping index&gt;groundwater depth&gt;solid erosion modulus&gt;development and utilization rate of surface water resources&gt;intensity of pesticide application&gt;biodiversity index&gt;vegetation coverage&gt;intensity of chemical fertilizer&gt;underwater mineralization&gt;times of the heavy metal content of soil exceeding the background values&gt;species richness&gt;air relative humidity&gt;overgrazing index&gt;drought index&gt;salinization index&gt;drainage engineering coverage&gt;rate of channel lining&gt;biomass&gt;urbanization rate&gt;standard sewage discharge rate&gt;surface water NH&lt;inf&gt;3&lt;/inf&gt;-N concentration&gt;utilization coefficient of irrigation water&gt;percentage of impervious area&gt;density distribution of wells&gt;surface engineering of water supply capacity. Indexes with relatively high credibility could be selected as main indexes for research on ecological environment evaluation in irrigated area, which provided new thought and policy as well as method with optimized indexes for research on ecological environment evaluation in irrigated district as well as evaluation research in other fields. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Irrigation canals
Controlled terms:Biodiversity - Decision making - Distribution functions - Ecology - Fertilizers - Forestry - Function evaluation - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Heavy metals  - Information fusion - Irrigation - Models - Rain - Sewage - Surface water resources - Surface waters - Underwater soils - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Dempster Shafer evidence theory - Development and utilizations - Ecological environment evaluations - Ecological environments - Environmental evaluation - Irrigation districts - Multi-information fusion - Multi-source information fusion
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 452.1 Sewage - 454 Environmental Engineering - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 471.1 Oceanography, General - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 912.2 Management - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20153301178165
Title:Experiment and analysis of impact factors for soil matrix intact rate of manipulator for picking-up plug seedlings
Authors:Wang, Yueyong (1); Yu, Haiye (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (2) College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (3) Changchun Agricultural Machinery Institute, Changchun, China
Corresponding author:Yu, Haiye
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:65-71
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, in the research of transplanting machinery domestic and abroad, the link of pick-up plug seedlings is the bottleneck restricting the development of automatic transplanting machines. This research of test is focused on identifying whether the proposed influencing factors changes have significant impact on the soil matrix intact rate of manipulator pick-up plug seedlings. Tested influencing factors include 3 parts, i.e. soil moisture content, shape features of manipulator structures of pick-up plug seedlings and performance improvement of root system on soil matrix shear strength in the seedling stage. Among them, soil moisture content is from 35% to 65%, and water is mixed with the soil matrix to fill the matrix pore, which increases matrix compressive ability and improves the viscosity of soil inside, at the same time also affects the adhesion force between soil matrix and plug wall. Shape features of manipulator structures of pick-up plug seedlings contain finger-shaped, tongue-shaped and u-shaped, and with these 3 shapes the manipulator contacts with the soil matrix using contact type of line, plane, and closed profile line respectively. Research shows that the root system on soil matrix weaving, winding, reticular surround and twisting force between root system and matrix particles have a significant influence on soil shear strength. In this paper, the performance improvement of root system on soil matrix shear strength is tested in the seedling stage. And the soil matrix intact rate of seedlings is taken as test index. Through the test, the change rule that compression degree determines the compression quantity of pick-up plug seedlings manipulators with different structures is as follows: The force applied on soil matrix by finger-shaped manipulator is concentrated on a few lines, and there is strong pressure on the soil matrix under the same drawing force, so it has a big compression quantity and a big clamping quantity; The tongue-shaped has a large area and weak pressure on the soil matrix, so it needs a small clamping quantity; The U-shaped is also linear contact, but because its lower end is closed, which plays a role of holding up in the process of ascension, the clamping quantity is also small. At the same time, the compression quantity is reduced with the moisture content. Our test adopts the orthogonal experiment design, and chooses L&lt;inf&gt;9&lt;/inf&gt;(3&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;) orthogonal table; with the soil matrix intact rate of seedling as test index, through the analysis of variance and range, we obtain the primary and secondary influencing factors which affect pick-up plug seedlings, and also obtain the optimal level. Meanwhile, the causes are analyzed and a better environment in pick-up plug seedlings is proposed. The results of test show that the shape feature of manipulator structures of pick-up plug seedlings is the primary factor which obviously influences the effect of pick-up plug seedlings manipulator and determines the u-shaped structure is the best. For the moisture content, around 50% is the best. When the first pair of leaves of the seedlings grow up to pick-up plug seedlings, the performance improvement of root system on soil matrix shear strength in the seedling stage has little effect on soil reinforcement. The verification test is carried out, and the results show when the soil moisture content is 50%, the u-shaped manipulator of pick-up plug seedling can make the soil intact rate of seedling all above 80% and seedlings survival quickly, which proves that the selected factors' levels are reasonable. This test determines the key technical points for further study and improving the equipment of pick-up plug seedlings, so it establishes the important theoretical basis for exploring automatic transplanting for pick-up plug seedlings. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Shear strength
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Factor analysis - Manipulators - Mechanization - Moisture - Moisture determination - Pickups - Plants (botany) - Shear flow - Soil moisture  - Soils - Transplants
Uncontrolled terms:Experiment and analysis - Influence factor - Manipulator structures - Orthogonal experiment - Orthogonal experiment design - Plug seedling - Soil matrices - Transplanting machine
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 461.9 Biology - 462.4 Prosthetics - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601 Mechanical Design - 731.5 Robotics - 752.3.1 Sound Reproduction Equipment - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20153301178162
Title:Elastic dynamics and analysis of vibration characteristics of Delta robot with joint clearance
Authors:Zheng, Kunming (1); Zhang, Qiuju (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Qiuju
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:39-48
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:For the economical and practical parallel robot, there exists joint clearance in its mechanical structure, and the effect of joint clearance on the position precision of the moving platform and the vibration characteristics of the system can not be ignored. In order to analyze the problem, taking Delta robot as the study object, this paper puts forward a new thought that studies the elastic dynamic model with joint clearance and the vibration characteristics of the system. In the process of analysis, knowing that the joint clearance changes with the change of the robot motion state, which is random, the mathematical statistics principle is used innovatively to analyze the kinematics of the branched chain of Delta robot with joint clearance, and the mathematical expectation of joint clearance vector's probability density in the joint coordinate system is used to express joint clearance's numerical value quantitatively before the collision between shaft and shaft sleeve. Then, because the joint clearance is narrow, ignore the acceleration inertia force of the shaft in shaft sleeve, and only consider the collision force and the friction when shaft and sleeve collide. The probability that the shaft hits arbitrary point on the inner wall of the shaft sleeve is the same and obeys the normal distribution, and on the basis of this theory, combining with the Lankarani-Nikravesh collision contact force model and the Coulomb friction model with dynamic correction coefficient, the generalized collision force of joint clearance is studied. By using the finite element theory and the Lagrange equation, fully considering the active arm and the driven arm's spatial dynamic characteristics and motion coordination, the Delta robot system's elastic dynamic model is established. Based on the definition of bar virtual length, the generalized collision force produced by joint space is combined with the elastic dynamics model, the Delta robot elastic dynamic model with joint clearance is established. The system clearance elastic dynamic model is highly nonlinear time varying equation group, and for the characteristics of the equation group, the time discretization method is used to solve the problem, by using the Newmark algorithm with high stability, accuracy and computational efficiency. Then, with the aid of the FARO laser tracker, the clearance elastic dynamic model is verified, and the vibration characteristics of the Delta robot is analyzed by using the hammer impulse method and the simulation of the Workbench software. Experimental results show that the moving trajectory of the center point of the moving platform when considering the joint clearance is closer to the experimental results than that without the consideration of joint clearance. Then, the rationality and correctness of the clearance elastic dynamic model are verified, and the relative errors between theoretical and experimental values of the non zero natural frequency of the first 2 orders are 3.544% and 12.026%, respectively. The two results are very close, which also indirectly proves the correctness of the theoretical derivation of the clearance elastic dynamic model. In addition, from the simulation results it can be found that the 3 groups of subordinate moving arms are the weakest link in the whole Delta robot system. The study can provide a reference for economical and practical parallel robot's position error compensation and system vibration reduction optimization. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Vibration analysis
Controlled terms:Computation theory - Computational efficiency - Computer software - Discrete event simulation - Dynamic models - Equations of motion - Error compensation - Finite element method - Friction - Kinematics  - Models - Motion planning - Nonlinear equations - Normal distribution - Probability density function - Probability distributions - Robots - Statistics - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Bar virtual length - Collision forces - Coulomb friction models - Delta robot - Joint clearance - Joint coordinate systems - Mathematical expectation - Vibration characteristics
Classification code:721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.5 Robotics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20153301178177
Title:Global sensitivity analysis of APSIM-Wheat parameters in different climate zones and yield levels
Authors:He, Liang (1); Zhao, Gang (3); Jin, Ning (2); Zhuang, Wei (2); Yu, Qiang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) National Meteorological Center, Beijing, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Water Cycle &amp; Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China; (3) Crop Science Group Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg, Bonn, China; (4) Shanxi Climate Center, Taiyuan, Germany
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:148-157
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Uncertainties of crop model are mainly from model structure, parameters' sensitivity and input error. It is essential to quantify the parameters' sensitivity and the results' uncertainties of crop model for model calibration and application. Furthermore, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis can improve the reliability of model prediction. There are 2 categories of parameter sensitivity analysis methods, i.e. the local sensitivity and the global sensitivity. Local sensitivity analysis is called derivative-based or one-at-a-time method, which changes only one parameter at a time around a basis point while keeping other parameters constant. It cannot detect the interactions among the parameters and suffers some shortcomings such as a heavy dependence on the input parameters and instability for non-linear models. Global sensitivity analysis is a better method for exploring the entire multi-dimensional parameters simultaneously. It can quantify the influence of single parameter and the interactions among different parameters. Several global sensitivity methods including Morris, variance-based, linear regression, FAST (Fourier amplitude sensitivity test) and EFAST (extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test) are widely used in the parameter analysis. EFAST is robust and has lower computational cost than the others. Previous studies of sensitivity analysis focused on a single site. However, the performance of crop model is variable in different climatic zones due to the heterogeneity of climate and soil characteristics. In this study, we collected crop experimental data in the locations of Luancheng, Hebei Province Changwu in the Chinese Loess Plateau, Yanting in the Sichuan Basin and Wulanwusu in Xinjiang Autonomous Region. And then using the global sensitivity analysis method i.e. EFAST, we analyzed the sensitivity and uncertainty of crop model (APSIM-Wheat) brought by the cultivar, soil and biological parameters in different climate zones and yield levels (i.e. potential, rainfed and actual yield). We found that: 1) The most sensitive parameters for anthesis and maturity date were successively: accumulated temperature in the early flowering season, accumulated temperature from emergence to jointing, vernalization index, photoperiod factor, and accumulated temperature in grain filling stage; 2) The most sensitive parameters for yield were successively: vernalization index, accumulated temperature from emergence to jointing, grain mass per stem at the beginning of grain filling, potential daily grain filling rate, photoperiod factor, maximum grain mass and radiation use efficiency; the most sensitive parameters for evapotranspiration (ET) were successively: vernalization index, accumulated temperature from emergence to jointing, photoperiod factor and accumulated temperature in the early flowering season; 3) The parameter sensitivity for anthesis, maturity, yield and ET in different yield levels was almost coincident, which indicated that the simulation of APSIM-Wheat was not influenced by different yield levels; 4) The parameter sensitivity for anthesis and maturity in different climatic zones was almost the same, while that for yield and ET was different. The sensitivity difference in different climatic zones for yield and ET warns the model users to use the model carefully in different locations. The results indicate that we should calibrate the more sensitive parameters for phenology and then calibrate the yield and ET during the APSIM-Wheat calibration. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Sensitivity analysis
Controlled terms:Climate models - Crops - Filling - Grain (agricultural product) - Models - Plants (botany) - Reliability analysis - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms:APSIM-Wheat - Fourier amplitude sensitivity tests - Global sensitivity analysis - Local sensitivity analysis - Multi-dimensional parameters - Parameter sensitivity analysis - Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis - Wheat
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 461.9 Biology - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 921 Mathematics - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20153301178159
Title:Development and experiment of self-propelled cabbage harvester
Authors:Du, Dongdong (1); Fei, Guoqiang (2); Wang, Jun (1); Huang, Jiangjun (2); You, Xinrong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; (2) Huzhou Sida Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Huzhou, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Jun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:16-23
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Development of a cabbage harvester is an efficient approach to change the traditional way of harvesting cabbage in China. In order to satisfy the ascending demand for agricultural machinery, a self-propelled cabbage harvester was developed and its field working performance was tested. To achieve this project, the investigation of the physical properties of cabbage in Zhejiang and Jiangsu Province became the primary task providing the reference for the design. Then the once-over harvester attached to a self-propelled crawler tractor was designed and manufactured, which included the picking and lifting mechanism, dual-disc cutter, leaf separator and collection device. All parts of the harvesting system were powered hydraulically. The picking device consists of a couple of picking shovels and a reel, and the picking shovels pull the cabbage out of the soil using the forward speed of the harvester while the reel pushes the cabbage at the entrance of lifting mechanism. The lifting mechanism takes a kind of transverse-belt clamping way, which means 2 belts are used to clamp and convey the cabbage to the cutting device. The dual-disc cutter, with 2 contra rotating cutting discs, cuts off the root at the connection area between the corm and the root as well as avoids the unbalance of cutting force. Then, the corm and loose leaves remain up to the leaf separator and the root is discarded after the cutting process. The leaf separator is composed of a leaf-separating belt and a leaf-separating roller. The loose leaves are separated from the corm through the rubbing action and inter-collision between the cabbage and leaf-separating roller. Finally, the cabbage corm is conveyed into the box and the whole harvesting process is finished. The harvesting field tests were conducted in 3 regions including the greenhouse in February, 2015 and the outdoors in April and May, 2015, a total of 5 times. Because of the non-standard planting, 60 cabbages were mainly harvested individually or consecutively for several. The results demonstrated that the harvester exhibited a good capability, feasibility and productivity, which met the preliminary requirements of mechanized harvesting. When operating at the speed of 0.3 m/s, the picking rate of harvester in 2nd field test was 86.7% in the outdoor field, much better than the results in 1st field test in the greenhouse because of the soil humidity. The transverse-belt lifting mechanism presented the stable performance with a success delivery rate of 93.3%. However, the qualified cutting rate was 75% as a consequence of the cabbage size diversity in different mature periods, giving rise to the excessive and insufficient cutting. Furthermore, the qualified leaf-separating rate was 81.7%, and the working parameters of the leaf separator including leaf-separating belt and leaf-separating roller should be optimized based on orthogonal tests. The other 3 field tests with finger-type picking device presented the similar results to the 2nd field test. This task has also urged a new standard to be established for cabbage harvester to test the performance in China. Last but not least, to make the standard of cabbage agronomy is equally important to realize the promise of mechanized harvesting cabbage, such as planting normalization and maturity consistency. The results above revealed the feasibility of design scheme, and the self-propelled cabbage harvester had the ability to harvest cabbages individually, which would be a breakthrough for mechanized harvesting cabbage in China after the further optimization and tests of the prototype. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Soil testing
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agricultural products - Agriculture - Cutting - Design - Disks (machine components) - Greenhouses - Harvesters - Harvesting - Mechanization  - Product design - Rollers (machine components) - Separation - Separators - Shovels
Uncontrolled terms:Cabbage - Collection device - Harvesting system - Lifting mechanisms - Mechanized harvesting - Stable performance - Working parameters - Working performance
Classification code:405.1 Construction Equipment - 408 Structural Design - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 604.1 Metal Cutting - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20153301178178
Title:Effect of time resolution of meteorological variables on estimation of reference evapotranspiration
Authors:Duan, Chunfeng (1); Cao, Wen (2); Huang, Yong (2); Wen, Huayang (4); Liu, Junjie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Anhui Climate Center, Hefei, China; (2) Anhui Meteorological Institute, Hefei, China; (3) Anhui Province Atmospheric Science and Satellite Remote Sensing Key Laboratory, Hefei, China; (4) AnHui Meteorological Information Center, Hefei, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:158-164
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The daily reference evapotranspiration (ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt;) is generally demanded in the application of agriculture, meteorology, hydrology and other fields. The calculation of daily ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt; based on the data of different time resolutions is always a simplification because the change of ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt; is a continuous process in the time scale. It is valuable to discuss the influence of the simplification with different time resolutions on the accuracy of ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt; estimation. In this paper, based on the observed data of Shouxian National Climate Observatory from 2007 to 2013, the daily average values were calculated using the data with the resolution of 1 minute as the true values. The effects of the 7 different time resolutions (including 10 min, 20 min, 30 min, 40 min, 60 min, 4 times per day and 3 times per day) on the estimation of daily air temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, relative humidity and daily, monthly, yearly reference evapotranspiration (ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt;) were analyzed by the error comparison. Results showed that the absolute values of the errors for ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt; and 4 climatic variables increased with the lower time resolution. Wind speed was most sensitive to the change in the time resolution, followed by solar radiation. The mean absolute relative errors (MAPE) of wind speed were 1.35%, 2.20%, 2.79%, 3.54%, 4.48%, 16.01% and 24.29% for the time resolution of 10 min, 20 min, 30 min, 40 min, 60 min, 4 times per day and 3 times per day, respectively. The change in the time resolution showed less influence on daily air temperature and relative humidity than the other 2 factors. The MAPE values of daily ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt; were 0.53%, 1.01%, 1.38%, 1.72%, 2.46%, 4.72% and 6.14% respectively for the 7 time resolutions, indicating that the accuracies of ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt; estimation for 3 and 4 times per day were significantly lower than the other 5 time resolutions. Over 95% of the absolute errors for daily ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt; with the time resolution from 10 to 40 min were in the range of -0.20-0.20 mm/d. These errors were so small and concentrated that the meteorological data with these 4 time resolutions were suitable for daily ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt; estimation. The mean bias errors (MBE) were almost equal to 0 for the time resolutions from 10 to 60 min, and the total deviation degree was very low. The MBE value for 4 times per day was -0.01 and the estimated ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt; was smaller than the true value, while the MBE value for 3 times per day was 0.02 and the estimated ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt; was larger. The change in the time resolution of the solar radiation led to the largest attribution to the error of estimated ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt;, followed by wind speed, because these 2 climatic factors were more sensitive to the change in the time resolution and they were the key factors to the radiation item and dynamic item of ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt; respectively. The absolute values of the errors of monthly and yearly ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt; were significantly less than that of daily ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt;. The MAPE values of monthly ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt; were 0.13%, 0.21%, 0.27%, 0.40%, 0.50%, 1.18% and 1.48% respectively for the 7 time resolutions. The absolute values of the relative error of yearly ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt; were mostly less than 0.50%. Our study demonstrated that the change in the time resolution of meteorological variables showed less impact on the estimation of the long-term integrated ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt; and it was important to improve observation time resolution for increasing the ET&lt;inf&gt;0&lt;/inf&gt; estimation accuracy. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Errors
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Balloons - Climate change - Error analysis - Evapotranspiration - Meteorology - Radiation effects - Solar radiation - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Climatic factors - Climatic variables - Continuous process - Error comparison - Meteorological data - Meteorological variables - Reference evapotranspiration - Time resolution
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 444.1 Surface Water - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 744 Lasers - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20153301178191
Title:Site selection model of land consolidation projects based on multi-objective optimization PSO
Authors:Wang, Hua (1); Zhu, Fubao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:255-263
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Land consolidation, as a significant way to optimize the allocation of land resources in relatively small regions, is one of the important contents of land use plan. The only way in China to implement the work of land consolidation is project, so the site selection of land consolidation projects, demarcating the border in the two-dimensional space, is the first step of land consolidation projects. Its scientificity and rationality will decide the achievement of maximum benefit of land consolidation. But from the current actual situation of land consolidation, the theory and the practice of the site selection of land consolidation projects are both weak, so on the occasion of new round of land use planning, the research of scientific theories and methods is necessary and urgent. Site location of land consolidation project was discussed in this paper based on multi-objective optimization. The site location rules of land consolidation project were generalized, and 3 objective functions were comprised, which were the maximum potential of newly-increased cultivated land, the higher connectivity among zones and the best land suitability. Two types of constraint conditions that included the minimum newly-increased cultivated land ratio and the area limitation of land consolidation project were also considered. Site selection model of land consolidation projects based on the multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm was proposed to solve the multi-objective spatial optimization problem with the assist of GIS (geographic information system). The mapping relationships between different concepts in the site selection of land consolidation projects and intelligence algorithms were analyzed. Each vector parcel was considered to be a decision-making unit, and the value of decision variable was suggested to be 1 when the corresponding parcel was chosen to the project areas, otherwise it was zero. Each particle in the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm represented a site selection scheme of land consolidation project, which comprised all the multi-dimensional decision-making units. The particle was encoded based on the identification of the parcels and the values of decision variable. The structures of velocity calculation operator and position updating operator were designed based on the spatial coding scheme of individual. The mechanism of particle status update and the procedure of evolution should be improved because of the discrete solution space of the model of the site selection of land consolidation projects. At last, take Jiayu county, Hubei province as a case study, different weight schemes were chosen. Jiayu county is an important base for producing the agricultural by-products and aquatic products, which made it our choice of study area to test the model. The model was expected to reasonably select spatial units in accordance with multiple objectives and constraints, and to optimize the newly-increased cultivated land ratio and the spatial pattern. Different weight schemes were chosen to generate several different solutions, and the results showed that 3 objective functions in the model were conflicting with each other, and the increase of any objective function value came at the cost of the decrease of others. In the running process of the model of the site selection of land consolidation projects, the particle tended to select the land use parcels of garden, grassland and ditch into the project areas with the guidance of the objective of newly-increased cultivated land potential, because these land could be converted into cultivated land after land consolidation, and the index of land consolidation suitability decreased to some degree. The neighborhood identity index was improved effectively and the degree of fragmentation reduced across spatial units, because the intelligent particle chose the parcels adjacent to the selected ones or some isolated parcels into the project areas whenever possible, which was leaded by the objective of compact spatial pattern. The decision-makers can get alternative solutions of site selection for land consolidation project which satisfy their preference by setting corresponding weight coefficients of the 3 objective functions. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Site selection
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Algorithms - Behavioral research - Consolidation - Decision making - Geographic information systems - Land use - Location - Multiobjective optimization - Optimization  - Particle swarm optimization (PSO)
Uncontrolled terms:Jiayu county - Multi-objective spatial optimizations - Objective functions - Particle swarm - Site location
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.3 Database Systems - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 912.2 Management - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20153301178175
Title:Soil surface roughness measuring method based on neural network and decision tree
Authors:Li, Li (1); Wang, Di (1); Pan, Caixia (1); Wang, Pengxin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Pengxin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:132-138
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil surface roughness is one of the important indices commonly used to describe soil hydrological characteristics and Lambert characteristic. In microwave quantitative remote sensing application, it affects the microwave scattering values and therefore impacts the accuracy of soil moisture retrieved using microwave sensing data. Therefore, measuring soil surface roughness has become one of the research hotspots in the field of microwave remote sensing. Two kinds of techniques are used to calculate soil surface roughness, including contact method, such as the pin meter and profile meter, and non-contact method, such as ultrasonic measurement, laser scanning, three-dimensional photography, infrared measurement and radar measurement method. All these methods need some special device. The development of image processing technology and the popularization of digital camera provide a simple measuring method which only needs a reference whiteboard and a camera. However, the detailed scale information commonly used on the reference whiteboard increases the requirements for data acquisition and data processing. The purpose of this study is to provide a method to obtain the soil surface image with a simplified reference whiteboard and then to measure soil surface roughness in the presence of field environmental noise. Therefore, a simple image acquisition method is introduced and then an image processing method combining the neural network and the decision tree is proposed. The neural network is built to detect image edge points. To reduce the environmental noise effect, the input characteristic parameters of the neural network are selected carefully, which include not only gradient information, but also image direction and neighborhood consistency information. The cutting of the background section on the original image based on image edge detection result improves the computing speed effectively. A decision tree model is introduced to divide image segments into 4 classes including soil, whiteboard, reference square and vegetation, which are not easy to classify correctly using other classification methods. Considering the effects of weeds and light which are inevitable in field environment, the decision criteria of decision tree integrate the texture and color information. The texture information used is the entropy, the correlation and the first-order invariant central moment, while the color information includes gray value and a component value in Lab color space. To assess the effect of the proposed method under the conditions of different illumination and with different line widths of reference square (1 and 2 mm), 6 photos taken at 11:00, 15:00 and 18:00 on September 14, 2014 are used to measure soil surface roughness. Experiments show that the proposed measuring method combining the neural network and the decision tree can calculate soil roughness from the complex field photos efficiently. The error of root mean square height error can be controlled under 5%, and the calculation error of correlation length less than 1%. Considering the photo-taken distance and the illumination condition, the width of 2 mm for reference square on the whiteboard will be more suitable for high-precision soil roughness measuring. The method proposed in this paper is easy to understand and easy to implement. Its accuracy which can meet the requirement of soil surface roughness measuring makes it widely applicable. The suggestion based on experimental results will further improve the measuring accuracy for soil surface roughness. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Surface roughness
Controlled terms:Color - Complex networks - Data acquisition - Data handling - Decision trees - Edge detection - Errors - Image acquisition - Image processing - Microwaves  - Neural networks - Radar measurement - Remote sensing - Roughness measurement - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils - Space optics - Ultrasonic applications
Uncontrolled terms:Classification methods - Correlation lengths - Illumination conditions - Image processing - methods - Image processing technology - Microwave remote sensing - Quantitative remote sensing - Root Mean Square
Classification code:406 Highway Engineering - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.1 Light/Optics - 753.3 Ultrasonic Applications - 921 Mathematics - 922 Statistical Methods - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20153301178170
Title:Influence of interference on bearing preload considering frictional properties
Authors:Ning, Fengping (1); Yao, Jiantao (1); An, Jingtao (1); Sun, Kun (1); Zhao, Yongsheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Parallel Robot and Mechatronic System Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Advanced Forging &amp; Stamping Technology and Science of the Ministry of Education, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Yongsheng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:96-102
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Bearings are a necessary part of mechanism, and have been widely used in various mechanical systems, such as agricultural machinery, engineering machinery, precision machinery, aerospace machinery. The preload of bearings affects bearing stiffness, rotating precision and service life. Meanwhile, precise determination of bearing preload is the guarantee for the high-precision bearing support system. Related determining preloads have already been analyzed, but the literatures don't consider the interception of friction at fitting area. Space bearing works in space environment, and it is essential to accurately determine the preload. If the initial preload is not selected appropriately or accurately, the changes of preload induced by alternating temperature may lead to some failures. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately determine the bearing preload to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the shaft system. Focused on applying the accurate axial preload on the bearing of spacecraft mechanism, based on statics and elastic mechanics, and also under the premise of considering the assembly dimension and friction characteristics, the relationship between the bearing preload and the tightening torque is studied. Using the relationship of locknut tightening torque and axial force, the axial force applied on the bearing is got. According to the relationship between friction and friction characteristics as well as assembly dimension, the analysis on the interception of the friction on the axial force is done. Based on the bearing force balance equations, the actual bearing preload is computed. This paper studies the influence of friction characteristics and assembly dimensions on the preload, and reveals the relationship between assembly preload and tightening torque under different assembly conditions. In most researches, the bearing preload equals the force generated by the locknut. Theoretical analysis in this paper shows that the preload is the force required for the ball deformation. It is influenced not only by the tightening torque, but also by the interception of the friction in the region of the fitting bearing with the shaft and the housing. The friction coefficient can be measured by the relation between tightening torque and axial force, which is obtained by experiment. According to the geometry parameters of the bearing 71807C and the locknut M30&times;1.5, as well as the physical property parameters of the spindle and bearing, the force-interference factor and force-torque coefficient can be concluded. Finally, a more precise calculation formula for the preload is drawn. The influences of the tightening torque, the interference of friction and the friction properties on the bearing preload are analyzed by the bearing preload test system. It can verify the validity of the theory. It can meet the engineering requirements, although the formula can be used to approximately calculate the preload. Through analyzing the preload of the bearings 71807C, the results show that under the same tightening torque, when shrink range increases by 0.5 &mu;m, there is 123 N axial force intercepted; when the friction coefficient increases by 0.05, the interception ratio increases by 13%. The larger the amount of interference fitting is, the greater of axial force is intercepted by the friction between the bearing and the spindle and the larger the tightening torque corresponding to the bearing preload is. Compared with heating furnace assembly, the oil bath heating can reduce the friction coefficient of contact area, and the bearing gets larger preload corresponding to the same axial force. The experiment proves that the theoretical analysis can accurately determine the preload, improve the quality of assembly and accurately exert the preload. The above-mentioned theoretical formula can be generally popularized to determine more accurate bearing preload. The study has established the theoretical model for preload measurement and can more accurately determine the preload using this model. It provides theoretical guidance and reference for the design and assembly of the bearing preload. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Bearings (machine parts)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Axial flow - Bearings (structural) - Design - Friction - Locks (fasteners) - Models - Precision engineering - Quality control - Torque  - Tribology
Uncontrolled terms:Fit - Friction characteristics - Friction coefficients - High precision bearings - Physical property parameters - Pre loads - Precise determinations - Tightening torque
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 601.2 Machine Components - 601.3 Mechanisms - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 761 Nanotechnology - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20153301178198
Title:Synthesis and application performance of environmentally-friendly plasticizer cardanol acetate for PVC
Authors:Chen, Jie (1); Li, Xiaoying (2); Wang, Yigang (2); Huang, Jinrui (2); Li, Ke (2); Nie, Xiaoan (1); Jiang, Jianchun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of New Technology of Forest, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China; (2) Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Nie, Xiaoan
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:303-308
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the plastic industry and the environmental awareness continuously grow, there is an urgent unmet need to develop new natural plasticizers with improved properties and cost competitiveness. Natural plasticizers from vegetable origin, such as modified or epoxidized vegetable oil, epoxidized fatty acid methyl eater and glycerin acetates, are alternatives for phthalate. Numerous raw materials have been used, like soybean, corn, sunflower, palm, flaxseed. As one of the most commonly used renewable raw material, cardanol, and its derivatives, have important applications in developing new eco-friendly materials. In this work, the cardanol-based polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plasticizer, cardanol acetate (CA) was prepared by the reaction of cardanol with acetic anhydride using potassium carbonate as a catalyst. &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H nuclear magnetic resonance (&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H NMR) and &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C nuclear magnetic resonance (&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C NMR) analyses were used to characterize the structure of the product. The results showed that the CA was obtained. The plasticizing effects of the obtained plasticizer on PVC formula were also investigated. The commercial phthalate plasticizer bis (2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1, 4-dicarboxylate (DOTP) was used as the control. Dynamic thermal mechanical properties, mechanical properties, thermal stability and compatibility were assessed by means of dynamic thermo mechanical analysis (DMA), tensile analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), respectively. The results indicated that the glass-transition temperature of the plasticized PVC samples decreased from 41.52 to 36.35, reflecting a good compatibility of the CA with polyvinyl chloride resin. The reasons for this performance were that the plasticizers mixed with CA had higher ability to lubricate by incorporating itself among the polymer chains, and therefore reduced PVC-PVC interactions due to the replacing partly by plasticizer-PVC interactions. From the characteristic temperatures in TGA curves, it could be observed that the degradation of all the films consisted of 3 steps of weight loss. The degradation at the first stage was at around 80-220, which could be attributed to the evaporation of water and small molecules. The second stage at around 220-400 was fast and due to dechlorination of the PVC, with the formation and evolution of HCl and a few chlorinated hydrocarbons. The third mass-loss step above 450, was corresponding to the degradation and decomposition of the complex structures resulting from aromatization. Furthermore, the mass of residual char of the PVC samples at 600 was significantly increased with the adding of the CA. The results of tensile analysis suggested that the elongation at break increased with the CA content increasing, indicating the increase of flexibility and toughness for all the samples. And the tensile strength and elastic modulus were decreased in the same trend. These results were consistent with the DMA results, indicating that the CA had a significant effect on the flexibility property and exhibited the best toughness. FT-IR spectra of the PVC film samples were obtained. The results indicated that the mixed plasticizers of the CA and DOTP could interact with the PVC by hydrogen bonds between the polar parts of the CA (benzene ring, ester group) and the PVC (carbon-chloride bond). So, it can be concluded that this cardanol-derived plasticizer shows promise as a secondary plasticizer for soft PVC, as well as an alternative to partially replace petroleum-based plasticizers. Furthermore, more new type of PVC plasticizer based on cardanol might be developed on the basis of this study. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:45
Main heading:Polyvinyl chlorides
Controlled terms:Benzene - Blending - Carbon - Competition - Convergence of numerical methods - Dechlorination - Dynamic mechanical analysis - Dynamics - Esters - Fatty acids  - Financial markets - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Glass transition - Hydrogen bonds - Infrared spectroscopy - Mechanical properties - Nuclear magnetic resonance - Plasticizers - Polyvinyl acetates - Reinforced plastics  - Solvents - Tensile strength - Thermogravimetric analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Cardanols - Characteristic temperature - Epoxidized vegetable oil - Formation and evolutions - Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy - Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) - Thermal mechanical properties - Thermo-mechanical analysis
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 817.1 Polymer Products - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20153301178160
Title:Design and experiment on cyclone separating cleaning system for rape combine harvester
Authors:Liao, Qingxi (1); Wan, Xingyu (1); Li, Haitong (1); Ji, Muye (1); Wang, Hua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:24-31
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Combined harvesting and segment harvesting were typical ways to complete rapeseed harvesting. Combined harvesting could finish all the operations in one time and had relatively high efficiency. Cleaning system was one of the key parts of rapeseed combined harvester and cleaning loss played an important role in the total loss of the mechanical operation. Considering the importance of reducing cleaning loss, further study on the adaptability of cleaning system to mechanical physical and aerodynamic property of rapeseed was necessary. Compared with the cleaning system working with fan and vibrating screen, cyclone separating cleaning system adopted airflow to make the seeds clean and had many advantages like simple structure. Unfortunately, the most of the cyclone separating cleaning systems were used for rice and wheat combined harvesters while the majority of traditional rapeseed combined harvesters used the fan and vibrating screen as the cleaning device which made the overall structure complex and large. To solve those problems, a kind of cyclone separating cleaning system for rapeseed combined harvester was designed in this paper. Main working components of cyclone separating cleaning system included cyclone separator, forced feeding conveyor, pipe and fan. The operating objects of cyclone separating cleaning system were rapeseed extractions, of which the main constituents were rapeseeds, pod and short stem. The structure and operation parameters of cyclone cylinder and forced feeding conveyor were analyzed. Single factor experiment and rotation regression design were carried out to study the effects of the air velocity, the air flow of the cyclone cylinder miscellany export and the linear velocity of the forced conveyor belt on clean ratio and loss ratio. The regression equation of the relationship between the air velocity of the cyclone cylinder miscellany export, and the clean ratio and the loss ratio was obtained, as well as the linear velocity of the forced conveyor belt. The results showed that the cleaning performance of the cyclone separating cleaning system was better when the air velocity of the cyclone cylinder miscellany export was 12-16 m/s, the air flow was 0.375-0.501 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s and the linear velocity of forced conveyor belt was 1.57-1.884 m/s (the initiative roller speed of the forced conveyor belt was 500-600 r/min). The optimum operation condition was: the air velocity of the cyclone cylinder miscellany export was 15.3 m/s, the air volume was 0.479 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s and the linear velocity of forced conveyor belt was 1.57 m/s (the initiative roller speed of the forced conveyor belt was 500 r/min). Under this condition, the clean ratio was 96.98% by calculation. The results could provide the support for the structure optimization of the cyclone separating cleaning system and the improvement of the overall structure for rapeseed combined harvester. What was more, the field experiment of rapeseed combined harvester was conducted in Huazhong Agriculture University. It turned out that the cyclone separating cleaning system worked well and the clean ratio was 90.21% while the loss ratio was 6.54%. In addition, though the cyclone separating cleaning system could obviously simplify the overall structure of rapeseed combined harvester and meet the production requirements, the operation performance of the cyclone separating cleaning system should be adjusted according to different feeding rates and rapeseed maturity degrees when the rapeseed combined harvester worked in field. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Air cleaners
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Air - Belt conveyors - Cleaning - Combines - Conveyors - Crops - Cylinders (shapes) - Design - Feeding  - Harvesters - Harvesting - Machine design - Machinery - Oilseeds - Structural design - Structural optimization - Velocity - Vibrating screens
Uncontrolled terms:Aerodynamic properties - Agriculture machinery - Combine harvesters - Cyclone separating cleaning systems - Optimum operation conditions - Production requirements - Rapeseed - Single-factor experiments
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 601 Mechanical Design - 605.1 Small Tools, Powered - 651.2 Wind Tunnels - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 692.1 Conveyors - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20153301178194
Title:Effect of liquid nitrogen frozen on dumpling frost crack rate
Authors:Huang, Zhongmin (1); Qi, Guoqiang (1); Ai, Zhilu (1); Pan, Zhili (1); Suo, Biao (1); Wang, Na (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; (2) Henan Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Quick-Frozen Flour-Rice Food and Prepared Food, Zhengzhou, China; (3) Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crop, Zhengzhou, China
Corresponding author:Ai, Zhilu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:278-283
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the quality of dumplings and explore the role of liquid nitrogen on regulating food quality, an experiment was conducted with dumplings as the research object, which was made of dough, meat and stuffing water. However, there were some differences in the water content, enthalpy and freezing rate in each component, therefore, and the dumpling-cracking rate itself was a complex manifestation, which in the meantime could also be affected by the quality of flour, ratio of raw materials and specifications etc. This study was aimed at understanding how the amount of water when kneading dough, the incubation time of the finished dough, the dumpling wrapper and meat stuffing ratio and the immersion time of dumplings in liquid nitrogen pool affected the cracking rate of the dumplings, which took pork, mushrooms and soy protein as the main raw material of dumpling stuffing. The result showed that the water amount of the flour had great influence on the gluten network formation of dumpling wrapper and dough processing characteristics. The dumplings from the same batch in the process of quick freezing tunnel method had far lower cracking rate than the liquid nitrogen freezing technology. Compared with freeze tunnel, being frozen in liquid nitrogen would have shorter freezing time and faster shaping time. Regardless of the water amount in dough, according to the water distillation principle, outer layer of wrapper would appear to be white powder layer, and the dumpling wrapper whiteness improved significantly (P&lt;0.05) when frozen in liquid nitrogen (fresh 83; frozen 85; liquid nitrogen 88). Liquid nitrogen freezing method for food preservation and quality improvement is better than quick freezing tunnel method. Through the construction of the relationship between dough sensory and texture characteristics, the dough elasticity in industrial production could be expressed by texture determination, rather than relying on the subjective factors from experienced workers. Also in order to reduce or eliminate the dumpling-cracking rate, it could not only control the selection of the flour, the water addition and the dumpling wrapper and meat-stuffing ratio etc., but also control the selection of additives (single and combined). Through market research, with the increase in air separation plants, liquid nitrogen production cost had been slashed, and the use of liquid nitrogen in the industrialized production of food would have good prospects. The result showed that there were some effects at different degree on dumpling cracking rate for the 4 factors above. The dumplings would have relatively low cracking rate (37%) and high quality (77.6) under mass ratio of water and flour was 56:100, less than 10 min incubation time of finished dough, 1:1.3 weight ratio of dumpling wrapper and meat stuffing and immersing in nitrogen pool for 40 s immediately after the dumplings were done. The study provides a theoretical reference for the application of liquid nitrogen on food process. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Thermal processing (foods)
Controlled terms:Complex networks - Cracks - Distillation - Food preservation - Freezing - Liquid nitrogen - Liquids - Meats - Nitrogen - Processing
Uncontrolled terms:Air separation plants - Cracking rate - Dumpling - Immersion - Industrial production - Industrialized production - Quality improvement - Texture characteristics
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 822.3 Food Products - 913.4 Manufacturing - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20153301178193
Title:Improvement of antioxidant peptides activity of Korean pine seed by pulsed electric field technology
Authors:Zhang, Mingdi (1); Jiang, Yuan (1); Li, Xiong (1); Li, Xuenan (1); Lin, Songyi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
Corresponding author:Lin, Songyi
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:272-277
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) on auxiliarily improving activity of antioxidant peptides were investigated. In this study, the Korean pine seed antioxidant peptides with molecular weight ranging from 1 to 3 kDa were used as raw materials and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition was used as testing index. In order to develop and optimize the parameters of DPPH radical inhibition, we have investigated 3 variables, including electric field intensity (kV/cm), pulse frequency (Hz) and flow velocity (mL/min). By means of one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and response surface metrology (RSM) experiment, the technological parameters of the PEF treatment were optimized. The OFAT research showed that the DPPH radical inhibition reached the highest value 89.08?Ddamp;plusmn;1.08% when the residence time of the treated sample by PEF was 4 h, the DPPH radical inhibition reached the highest value 90.53?Ddamp;plusmn;0.85% when the electric field intensity was 12.5 kV/cm, and the DPPH radical inhibition reached the highest value 89.08% &plusmn;0.54% when the ratio of electric frequency was 2000 Hz. Based on the RSM research, the results showed that, the electric field intensity of PEF was 11.5 kV/cm, the pulse frequency was 1494 Hz, the flow velocity was 4.8 mL/min, the predictive value of the DPPH radical inhibition was 83.58%. Taking into account the specific conditions of the device, the process parameters were corrected for the electric field intensity of PEF treatment to be 11.5 kV/cm, the pulse frequency to be 1500 Hz and the flow velocity to be 4.8 mL/min. And under this condition, the DPPH radical inhibition was 86.93?Ddamp;plusmn;0.31%. While the DPPH radical inhibition was 68.16?Ddamp;plusmn;0.25% when the sample Korean pine seed antioxidant peptides did not be treated by PEF. The removal rate of DPPH was increased by 18.77% compared with the untreated by PEF. The Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) was used to analyze the structure of Korean pine seed antioxidant peptides under the optimal PEF conditions and the results showed that 2 spectra (one spectral was the sample treated by PEF under the optimized condition, another spectral was the sample untreated by PEF.) in the 3305-3475 cm&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; region had stronger absorption peaks which may contain R-OH, and R-NH-R' and R-NH&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;; in the 1395-1410 cm&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; region had stronger absorption peaks in which R-OH may exist; in the 1035-1065 cm&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; region had stronger absorption peaks which may contain R-OH, R-O-R', Ar-O-R', R-NH&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;, R-NH-R', R-NR&Prime;-R'. While the treated samples by PEF had strong absorption peaks in the 800-900 cm&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; region, in which the R&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;C=CH&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt; may exist; there was a strong absorption peak in the 2970-2980 cm&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; region, in which the-CH&lt;inf&gt;3&lt;/inf&gt; may exist. Analysis showed that treated by pulsed electric field, the improvement of DPPH radical inhibition rate may be due to the changes in the R&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;C=CH&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt; and CH&lt;inf&gt;3&lt;/inf&gt; keys in Korean pine seed antioxidant peptides. The result is to provide a reference for the research of PEF technology to improve the active mechanism of antioxidant peptides. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Peptides
Controlled terms:Antioxidants - Electric fields - Flow velocity - Infrared devices - Infrared spectroscopy - Materials testing - Optimization - Spectrometry - Structural optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Antioxidant peptides - Dpph radicals - Electric field intensities - Mid-infrared spectroscopy - Optimized conditions - Pulsed electric field - Secondary structures - Technological parameters
Classification code:422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 461.9 Biology - 631 Fluid Flow - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20153301178172
Title:Organic materials returning to field and deep tillage improving chemical properties of calcic chernozem and increasing crop yield
Authors:Wang, Qiuju (1); Gao, Zhongchao (1); Jiao, Feng (2); Liu, Feng (1); Chang, Benchao (1); Liu, Ying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Environment Resources, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; (2) Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
Corresponding author:Gao, Zhongchao
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:110-115
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Calcaric chernozem is widely distributed in the mid-western area of Songnen Plain in Heilongjiang Province, China, and it occurs along with carbonate carbonate saline-alkali soil. There are many sodium ions or bicarbonate ions in this kind of soil, and the pH value of the soil is high, more than 8.2, which limits plant growth. The Songnen Plain is located in the semi-arid area and the annual precipitation is less than 500 mm; soil evaporation is more than precipitation in dry season, and a large number of sodium ions (Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;) and bicarbonate ions (HCO&lt;inf&gt;3&lt;/inf&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;) rises up to the soil surface with soil capillarity and crystallization on the soil surface as the secondary soil salinization, which limits plant growth and its yield. Many researches have been reported for the improvement of this calcareous chernozem, but they are only concentrated with the reduction of soil pH value. We are here concerned with the returning of crop residue into subsoil as organic matter, proper crop rotation and cultivation technics. A test field was constructed in Anda, Songnen Plain, Heilongjiang Province. This paper dealt with the chemical properties with different deep tillage technics such as pH value, base cations, soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). We tested 3 kinds of deep tillage technics: deep loosing (DL), tillage with straw return in subsoil (TSR) and tillage with straw and chicken manure return in subsoil (TSCR), and the fields here were generally tilled by traditional powered rotary (CK). Each test field was 2800 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, and TSR and TSCR were cultivated by our soil displacing plough. The main results showed that the pH value and the contents of water-solution K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; and HCO&lt;inf&gt;3&lt;/inf&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; decreased, and Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; increased in each test field of deep tillage, water-solution Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, HCO&lt;inf&gt;3&lt;/inf&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; and pH value in soil had significantly positive correlation, water-solution Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; and pH value had significantly negative correlation; N, P and K increased in deep soil layers, soil available N, P and K in the deep tillage were greater than those in CK in 20-50 cm depth, the order was TSCR&gt;TSR&gt;DL&gt;CK, and the effect of TSCR treatment was the strongest on the soil N, P and K; and the corn yield significantly increased. The increase of the crop yield under the TSCR continued for 3 years, in the first year, the crop yield increased by 47.1% and in the second year, 25.2% and in the third year 24.7% respectively, and 32.3% was the average value for the 3 years. The effect of TSR was less than that of TSCR and in first year, and the increase of crop yield was 11.2%, 9.8% in the second year and 18.1% in the third year respectively, with the average value of 11.3% for the 3 yields. The effect of the DL treatment was the poorest and the increase of crop yield was zero in the first year, 6.3% in the second year and 14.3% in the third year respectively, with the average value of 6.2% for the 3 years. As a result, the TSCR was the most suitable for Calcic Chernozem. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:pH
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Arid regions - Calcium - Capillarity - Chemical properties - Crops - Ions - Metal ions  - Precipitation (chemical) - Sodium bicarbonate - Soil moisture - Soil testing - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Annual precipitation - Calcic chernozem - Corn yields - Deep tillage - Negative correlation - Organic materials - Positive correlations - Saline-alkali soils
Classification code:423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 533 Ore Treatment and Metal Refining - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 801 Chemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20153301178179
Title:Variation characteristics of rainfall-runoff relationship and driving factors analysis in Jinghe river basin in nearly 50 years
Authors:Guo, Aijun (1); Chang, Jianxia (1); Wang, Yimin (1); Li, Yunyun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources and Environment Ecology of MOE, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
Corresponding author:Chang, Jianxia
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:165-171
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Under the background of changing global environment and frequent anthropogenic activities, rainfall-runoff relationship has suffered tremendous change in many regions of China, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The Jinghe River basin (JRB) in the middle of the Loess Plateau, which is the major base of grain production in Shannxi Province, has experienced significant changes in hydro-climatic variables and the relationship between them during the past decades, causing many water resources problems. In this paper, we focused on analyzing the variation characteristics of rainfall-runoff relationship in JRB, and quantitatively assessing the effects of climate changes and human activities on the runoff reduction. It was of great importance for mastering the evolution of hydrological cycle, water resources planning and management, and water and soil conservation in JRB. The monthly rainfall and runoff data were used in the study and summed annually to investigate the variation characteristics in 1960-2010. To detect the change points of rainfall-runoff relationship, the sliding partial correlation coefficients method was proposed and the change points were further confirmed by the double mass curve method. On the basis of the studies, the relative changes of rainfall, runoff, and rainfall-runoff relationship were analyzed around the change points. Moreover, we also introduced the Archimedean Copula function, from the perspective of probability, to analyze the probability of synchronous-asynchronous encounter of rainfall and runoff in JRB. What caused the variation of rainfall-runoff relationship? Climate change or human activities? To figure out this, the method of slope change ratio of cumulative quantity (SCRCQ) was adopted in this paper. According to these results, we obtained the following conclusions: (i) Annual runoff and rainfall presented wavelike decrease change. Nevertheless, annual runoff declined more greatly than rainfall; especially, in some periods annual rainfall increased, however, runoff decreased. This illustrated that some non-rainfall factors caused the occurrence of phenomenon in JRB; (ii) Change points of rainfall-runoff relationship occurred in 1996 validated by the sliding partial correlation coefficients method and double mass curve method. Meanwhile, we could ascertain the conclusion by the evidence of the process of human activities in JRB, which presented the increasing industrial, agricultural and domestic water consumption and large-scale water conservancy and soil conservation projects since 1990s; (iii) To compare the magnitude of the changes of rainfall, runoff and rainfall-runoff relationship, the hydrological variables series were divided into the periods of 1960-1996 and 1997-2010. Compared to runoff and rainfall in 1960-1996, the annual mean runoff and rainfall in 1997-2010 dropped 43.47% and 6.64%, respectively. The change of monthly rainfall had no significance in different periods. On the contrary, monthly runoff decreased more greatly and the difference was smaller in each month i.e. the runoff distribution for each month was more uniform. The correlation between rainfall and runoff diminished and runoff yield decreased under the same rainfall. When precipitation was above 400 mm, the relative change rate of runoff was above 40% in 1997-2010 compared to that in 1960-1996; (iv) The joint distributions of rainfall and runoff constructed by the Archimedean Copula function were different in 1960-1996 and 1997-2010, and the distributions in the 2 periods were fitting Clayton and Gumbel-Hougaard Copula better, respectively. The probabilities of synchronous-asynchronous encounter of the same rainfall and runoff changed strikingly in different periods. For instance, when rainfall was less than 550 mm and runoff was less than 40 mm, the probability of synchronous-asynchronous encounter was 44% in 1960-1996 and 73% in 1997-2010; (v) In JRB, human activities, i.e. non-rainfall factors, have played a fundamental role in rainfall-runoff relationship change. Further compared with some research results, the irrigation, the construction of reservoirs and the water-and-soil conservation measures in the region should be responsible for the change to a large extent. Compared to the period of 1960-1996, the contribution from human activities in the period of 1997-2010 reached about 81% and climate change was merely around 19% obtained by the method of SCRCQ. The research results can provide theoretical basis for water resource management and water and soil conservation for the administrators. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Rain
Controlled terms:Agricultural runoff - Arid regions - Chemical analysis - Climate change - Conservation - Correlation methods - Natural resources management - Precipitation (chemical) - Precipitation (meteorology) - Probability  - Reservoirs (water) - Rivers - Runoff - Soil conservation - Soils - Statistics - Water conservation - Water management - Water resources - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Arid and semi-arid regions - Copula functions - Jinghe rivers - Large-scale water conservancy - Rainfall-runoff relationship - Variation characteristics - Water and soil conservations - Water resources planning and managements
Classification code:441.2 Reservoirs - 443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 451 Air Pollution - 454 Environmental Engineering - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801 Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:20153301178164
Title:Optimization design and test of Dibble-type transplanting device
Authors:Li, Xuying (1); Wang, Yuwei (1); Lu, Guocheng (1); Zhang, Bo (1); Zhang, Haijun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:58-64
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Dibble-type transplanting device is a core component of dibble-type transplanting machine, and the structural size and the movement rules directly affect the quality of seedling planting. At present, dibble-type transplanting machine in the transplanting process appears that the up-film hole size is too large, and hence the transplanting machine is easy to tear and scrape film, as well as other issues. Starting with the structure parameters of transplanting machine and analyzing the movement characteristic coefficient, the up-film hole size is studied. First of all, the design of the parts of seedling cup, spatial cam, cup mouth and so on is improved, and the three-dimensional model of improved planting device is established through Pro/E. The motion simulation is carried out and the interference is checked; on this basis, the planting device is manufactured. Through the field contrast test, the impact of 2 kinds of planting devices with the caliber of 8&times;8 and 6&times;6, on the up-film hole size is analyzed. And then through changing the movement coefficient, the change regulation of the effect of the coefficient on the up-film hole size is studied. The hole size in the process of transplanting can be measured with transverse and longitudinal size; the transverse size is formed on the surface of the soil when planting device mouth is fully opened, and its direction is vertical to the machine. When the planting device carries composite motion which includes horizontal and circular movement, the movement of the planting device is cycloid form, and at this time, machine direction is longitudinal size. The main purpose of this paper is to reduce the vertical and horizontal dimensions of the film by improving the structure and to improve the planting performance by analyzing the performance parameters of the plant. The test shows that the up-film hole size can be reduced through improving the structure of transplanting device, and especially on the transverse hole size, it is averagely reduced by 45% compared with previous device. When the movement characteristic coefficient is equal to 1.238, the decrease is the most, reaching 49.3%. Meanwhile it is better on longitudinal hole size, which is averagely reduced by 20%. As same as transverse size, when the movement characteristic coefficient is equal to 1.238, the decrease is the most, reaching 24.5%. The changes about longitudinal hole size mainly depend on the movement characteristic coefficient, which is the ratio of circumferential velocity of device to tractor speed. Transplanting machine drive system is composed of 2 chain drives. The power is transmitted to the spindle through the sprocket 1, and the sprocket 3 on the spindle will transmit the power from the sprocket 2 to the sprocket 4 to drive the work of transplanting mechanism. The number of the teeth in sprocket 1, 3 and 4 will not change. By changing the teeth number of the sprocket 2 on the transmission system, change the transmission ratio, and then change the value the coefficient which is taken to be 1.008, 1.047, 1.088, 1.136, 1.184, 1.238 and 1.361, respectively. Observing the changes of the longitudinal hole size through transplanting, it reveals that the motion coefficient has larger effect on longitudinal hole size. When the coefficient gradually becomes larger, the average value of transverse and longitudinal hole size first decreases and then increases; when the movement characteristic coefficient is equal to 1.238, the transverse and longitudinal hole sizes are the smallest, the average value of transverse size is 18.5 mm, and that of longitudinal size is 71 mm. The average planting distance remains at around 400 mm. The leakage rate is 1.07%, the injury rate is 0.71%, and the qualified rate of upright degree is 92.6%. It proves that the coefficient has the optimal value. This conclusion provides the basic data and theoretical basis for reducing the up-film hole size and performance design of the dibble-type transplanting machine. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Design - Digital storage - Electric power transmission - Machine design - Optimization - Sprockets - Structural design - Structural optimization - Transplants - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Circumferential velocity - Hole size - Movement characteristics - Performance parameters - Structure design - Three-dimensional model - Transplanting devices - Transplanting mechanisms
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 462.4 Prosthetics - 601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:20153301178186
Title:Fluctuation of animal husbandry system and its driving factors analysis in agro-pastoral transitional zone
Authors:Song, Naiping (1); Wang, Xing (1); Shi, Yun (2); Pan, Jun (1); An, Chaoping (1); Zhou, Juan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwestern China, Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Northwestern China of Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China; (2) College of Resources and Enviromental Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:217-224
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fluctuation of animal husbandry system (FAHS) can affect not only the sustainability of farmers' livelihood, but also the stability of regional ecosystem. Characteristics of FAHS and its driving factors in Yanchi County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, which was a typical agro-pastoral zone, were studied and discussed in this paper. According to previous research results and our surveys, total number of sheep was defined as the dependent variable and 10 driving factors were defined as the independent variables, namely, average annual precipitation, average annual temperature, effective irrigated area, grain acreage, gross output of grain, afforestation area, grassland area, vegetation index, agricultural labor force and per capita net income of farmers. Then, the empirical mode decomposition (EMD), which is a powerful method for analyzing the nonlinear and non-stationary time series data, was used to analyze the variability of animal husbandry system and its driving factors. The time series data of total number of sheep and its 10 driving factors from 1954 to 2013 were decomposed into several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and a residual trend respectively. Meanwhile, the set pair analysis (SPA) method was used to analyze the contribution of each driving factor to FAHS. Here, 3 IMFs that were decomposed from total number of sheep and the corresponding IMFs that were decomposed from each driving factor were input in the set pair analysis model, and the relationship between FAHS and its driving factors was obtained by this method. The results showed: 1) The total number of sheep increased significantly with an annual fluctuation during the past 60 years and its coefficient of variation was moderate. The total number of sheep had 3 IMFs and its 10 driving factors had 2-5 IMFs. The most of IMFs had the fluctuant periods of 3-4, 7-15, 22-26 and 40-45 years respectively. The IMFs that had the fluctuant period of 22-26 years and the biggest variance contribution were the most important components that were decomposed from the total number of sheep. 2) The fluctuation of the total number of sheep mainly depended on grain acreage, followed by average annual precipitation, and the contribution rate of both driving factors accounted for 75%. The fluctuation of the number of sheep was also weakly affected by average annual temperature, gross output of grain and total output and afforestation area. 3) In these IMFs that were decomposed from total number of sheep, the one that had a longer fluctuation period was affected more seriously by agriculture. In contrast, the one that had a shorter fluctuation period was affected more seriously by climatic factors. Economic and social factors had limited effect on the fluctuations of the total number of sheep. 4) Climatic factors such as average annual precipitation and average annual temperature mainly drove the fluctuation of the total number of sheep. In contrast, grain total output and annual afforestation area had a reverse effect to the total number of sheep. Other 6 factors including effective irrigated area, grain acreage, grassland area, vegetation index, agricultural labor force and per capita net income of farmers had bi-directional effects on the total number of sheep. Based on above analyses, we suggest that the sustainable development for animal husbandry system in Yanchi County is constructing an effective agro-forestry-animal composite husbandry system in this typical agro-pastoral zone. In particular, developing appropriate scale and efficient farmland and feed shrub stands is very important to maintain the stability of animal husbandry system. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Factor analysis
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Animals - Climate change - Ecology - Ecosystems - Grain (agricultural product) - Rain - Reforestation - Signal processing - Sustainable development  - System stability - Time series - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Animal husbandry - Average annual precipitation - Coefficient of variation - Driving factors analysis - Empirical Mode Decomposition - Fluctuation - Influential factors - Non-stationary time series
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 451 Air Pollution - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 42>

Accession number:20153301178176
Title:Effect of organic carbon and total nitrogen distribution in alpine meadow soil aggregates with different nitrogen addition level
Authors:Liu, Xiaodong (1); Yin, Guoli (1); Wu, Jun (4); Chen, Jiangang (1); He, Zhengang (3); Shi, Shangli (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; (2) Key Ecosystem Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province;, Sino-US Center for Grazingl and Ecosystem Sustainability, Lanzhou, China; (3) Tianshui Animal Husbandry Technique Extension Station, Tianshui, China; (4) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Shangli
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:139-147
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The alpine meadow, mainly distributed in cold and high altitude region in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, is a grassland ecosystem with the largest area. In the past decade, the grassland and soil ecological environments were degraded continuously, which have been paid high attention by human beings. The reasons of grassland degradation are complex, and from the view of ecology, the degradation is mainly caused by the unbalance of energy flow and material circulation in grassland ecosystem. Grazing together with other human activities, lead to soil nutrient loss with the output of grass and livestock products. Due to the insufficient supply of nutrients, the decline of soil fertility seriously affects the grass growth in pasture, leading to grassland ecosystem health deteriorating. Nitrogen (N) is the main limiting factor of soil nutrient in the alpine meadow. N addition is an important means to maintain the balance of grassland soil nutrient, which in turn can increase soil N content, and stimulate the growth and distribution of aboveground biomass and belowground root system, thereby affecting the soil structure. Soil aggregates are the basic unit of soil structure, while carbon (C) and total N are the most important factors affecting the structure of soil aggregates. Therefore, relying on N addition experiment of 3 consecutive years located in Xiahe County in eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, in order to explore the effects of N addition on the changing process of soil aggregates, organic C and total N, and its impacts on soil structure, the paper attempted to seek methods for maintaining the stability of soil structure in the alpine meadow. The experiment consisted of 4 treatments with different N addition levels: CK (0), LN (50 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), MN (100 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) and HN (200 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), in which the randomized block design was applied and each processing was repeated for 3 times. The result showed that LN, MN and HN treatments improved the content of &ge;0.25 mm soil aggregate in 0-30 cm, and compared to CK treatment, LN, MN and HN increased by 4.74%, 6.42% and 1.96%, respectively; meanwhile, LN and MN treatments improved the mean weight diameter (MWD), and compared to CK treatment, LN and MN increased by 9.79% and 12.63%, respectively; at the same time, LN and MN improved the contents of the aggregate of &ge;5 and &ge;2-5 mm. The results showed that reasonable N addition not only enhanced soil stability but also enabled glued micro-aggregate to form the larger soil aggregate, and MN treatment was the most effective among the 4 treatments, followed by LN. In the 0-30 cm depth, N addition produced the difference in organic C content, and the trend was MN&asymp;LN&gt;CK&gt;HN; and N addition significantly increased the total N content of LN, MN and HN treatments, which trend was MN&gt;LN &asymp; HN&gt;CK. In soil aggregates with different sizes, soil organic C content of &lt;0.25 mm aggregate was the highest, while that of &ge;0.25-2 mm aggregate was the lowest; the total N content was in the opposite of organic C content, and &ge;0.25-2 mm aggregate was the highest, while &lt;0.25 mm aggregate was the lowest. The correlation between &ge;2-5 mm soil aggregate content and their soil organic C content was significantly positive (P&lt;0.05). The correlations between &ge;5 and &ge;2-5 mm soil aggregate contents and their total N contents were significantly positive with the correlation coefficient of 0.865 and 0.547, respectively. Therefore, the contributing rates of organic C, total N and aggregate content among soil aggregates with different sizes are the same, which shows that aggregate content of different sizes mainly causes the changing of the contributing rates of organic C and total N. In conclusion, 50-100 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; N addition improves the soil stability and the nutrient status. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Aggregates - Agriculture - Design of experiments - Ecology - Ecosystems - Nitrogen - Nutrients - Organic carbon - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Alpine meadow - Correlation coefficient - Ecological environments - Grassland degradation - Mean weight diameter - Qinghai Tibet plateau - Qinghai-Tibetan plateau - Soil aggregate
Classification code:406 Highway Engineering - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 43>

Accession number:20153301178196
Title:Technology optimization on preparation of XOD inhibition peptide from Saury
Authors:Zhao, Mouming (1); Xu, Jucai (1); Liu, Yang (1); Zhao, Rongzhong (1); Wu, Changping (1); Su, Guowan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Su, Guowan
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:291-297
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:During the metabolism in human body, the purines from food, nucleic acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) would all turn into hypoxanthine, and then the hypoxanthine would change into uric acid treated by xanthine oxidase (XOD). Thus the XOD plays a key role during the whole process. In addition, it has been reported that the XOD can not only combine with hypoxanthine, but also do with pyrazolopyrimidines, purines, phenylprazole derivatives, flavones and so on. Therefore, uric acid can be decreased by combining heterocyclic compounds with XOD. Recently, the western medicines have been widely used in the treatment of the high uric acid and gout, but some side effects from these western medicines may appear on human body. Allopurinol is the only drug in the medicine market which reduces the production of uric acid through the inhibition of XOD, but it is also proved to have side effects on liver and kidney. With the development of the enzymatic hydrolysis technology, more and more bioactive peptides have been prepared and studied for drug use or health care. The small peptides have many advantages, for example, they are safe without any side effects and can be absorbed more quickly. The saury is mostly used to only produce can and dry foods due to the backward science and technology, which doesn't fully tap its potential economic and nutritional value. In fact, the saury is very rich in protein and it might have many special functions due to the hard environment in the sea. Therefore, the saury might be a perfect raw protein material for the preparation of the urate-lowering peptide. This can bring not only better nutrition but also higher economic value. In the present paper, the XOD inhibition peptide was prepared by hydrolyzing saury. By detecting the protein recovery and inhibition activity of XOD of different hydrolysates, the neutral protease and pancreatin were proved the best protease through the single factor experiment. Then the effects of protease concentration, hydrolysis time and ratio of neutral protease on protein recovery and inhibition activity of XOD were studied by using response surface method to improve the preparing technology. Results showed that protease concentration and ratio of neutral protease had a significant influence on the protein recovery (P&lt;0.001), while protease concentration and hydrolysis time had a significant effect on inhibition activity of XOD (P&lt;0.001). The best technology of preparing the XOD inhibition peptides from saury was optimized based on the research results above. The best process parameters were as follows: the ratio of liquor to material was set to 1:2, the total protease concentration was 0.3% (the pancreatin accounted for 40% and the neutral protease accounted for 60%), the pH value of the enzymatic hydrolysis system was 7.0, the temperature was 55, and the hydrolysis time was 6 h. The theoretical protein recovery rate could reach 72.69%, and the theoretical inhibition activity of the XOD was 30.32%. The established model was of high reliability, and it could be used to prepare the XOD inhibition peptide from saury hydrolysate. The test of molecular weight distribution indicated that saury hydrolysate mainly consisted of the peptide fragments smaller than 3 kDa (76.35%). The paper indicated that the saury hydrolysate with XOD inhibition peptide was a potential material for decreasing uric acid in food industry. &copy;, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Enzymatic hydrolysis
Controlled terms:Adenosinetriphosphate - Enzyme inhibition - Enzymes - Hydrolysis - Molecular weight - Molecular weight distribution - Nucleic acids - Nutrition - Optimization - Organic acids  - Peptides - Proteins - Recovery
Uncontrolled terms:Heterocyclic compound - Potential materials - Response surface method - Saury - Science and Technology - Single-factor experiments - Technology optimization - Xanthine oxidase
Classification code:461.7 Health Care - 461.9 Biology - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.14.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.