<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20152600966703
Title:Design and experiment of orchard flexible targeted spray device
Authors:Song, Shuran (1); Chen, Jianze (3); Hong, Tiansheng (1); Zhang, Cheng (4); Dai, Qiufang (3); Xue, Xiuyun (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; (2) Division of Citrus Machinery, China Agriculture Research System, Guangzhou, China; (3) College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; Guangdong, China; (4) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; Guangdong, China
Corresponding author:Hong, Tiansheng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:57-63
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Continual spray has low efficiency and can cause large waste of pesticides. It can contaminate the soil and water environment. In contrast, targeted spray can reduce the droplets deposition on non-target areas to ensure the spray effect and to reduce pesticide. In order to solve these problems, a flexible targeted spray device has been developed. This device is composed of the flexible targeted spray unit and the target detection unit. The length of the device is 4.5 m, and the width is 1.5 m. The height of the spray support frame of this device can be adjusted during the range of 2.0-3.0 m. The flexible targeted spray unit consists of pesticide container support frame, a 400 L pesticide container, a diaphragm pump, a solenoid valve, a spray support frame, flexible pipes and nozzles group, which is mounted on the three-point hitch of DFH MS-304 tractor. The size (length, width and height) of support frame of pesticide container is 1.5 m×0.8 m×1.0 m. The support frame is divided into 2 layers. A 400 L horizontal pesticide container is placed on the upper and a diaphragm pump is placed on the lower. Diaphragm pump is connected with the solenoid valve, and is driven by the tractor PTO shaft. The solenoid valve is connected by the flexible pipes which are connected with the nozzles. To select the most appropriate spray method of the device, 4 spray methods are designed to test the droplet deposition rate. The first method is continual spray that the solenoid valve normally opens, i.e. the nozzles have been always in a state of spray. The second approach is targeted spray I by using ultrasonic distance measurement sensors close to the head sensor or the back sensor of the truck. The solenoid valve will open to spray when the relative position of spray unit and canopy is under the condition like that head sensor detects that there is a tree below the spray unit and the back sensor is unable to detect the target, and it will stop spraying under the condition like that head sensor is unable to detect the target and the back sensor detects that a tree is getting away from the area below the spray unit. The third method is targeted spray II and the fourth approach is targeted spray III. Simulated target of fruit tree with 4 m plant spacing, 1.7 m height and 1.1 m canopy diameter is used as the test object. The experiment results show that corresponding droplet deposition rates of 4 spray methods are 40.3%, 50.4%, 77.8% and 86.0%, respectively. It can be seen that the droplet deposition rate of targeted spray I is similar to continual spray, and it cannot significantly improve the droplet deposition rate. However, the droplet deposition rates of targeted spray II and III are twice as large as continual spray's, and the droplet deposition rate is significantly increased. Therefore, targeted spray III is chosen as the device's spray method. Target tree with 2.1 m canopy diameter is used as the test object to verify the chosen targeted spray method whether to increase the droplet deposition rate. The result is obtained that the droplet deposition rate is 88.4%. This experiment shows 2 laws about the droplets deposition. Firstly, the quantity of droplets deposition in the canopy is significantly higher than that among the trees, which reflects the characteristics of targeted spray. Secondly, the quantity of droplets deposition in the middle region of canopy is higher than that in edge region for the reason that the spray time of edge region is less than the middle region. This phenomenon is to meet the demand of fruit tree canopy for pesticide. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Containers - Deposition - Deposition rates - Diaphragms - Drops - Farms - Forestry - Fruits - Machinery - Nozzles - Orchards - Pesticides - Solenoid valves - Solenoids - Spraying - Tractors (truck) - Ultrasonic applications - Ultrasonics
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture machinery - Canopy diameters - Diaphragm pumps - Droplet deposition - Flexible - Laser ranging - Relative positions - Ultrasonic distance measurements
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 617 Turbines and Steam Turbines - 619 Pipes, Tanks and Accessories; Plant Engineering Generally - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 691 Bulk Handling and Unit Loads - 694 Packaging - 704.1 Electric Components - 753.1 Ultrasonic Waves - 753.3 Ultrasonic Applications - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 813.1 Coating Techniques - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20152600966696
Title:Review of research on automatic guidance of agricultural vehicles
Authors:Hu, Jingtao (1); Gao, Lei (1); Bai, Xiaoping (1); Li, Taochang (1); Liu, Xiaoguang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Networked Control System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:1-10
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The automatic guidance of agriculture vehicles is a key technology in precision agriculture and widely used in agriculture production. A review of the recent research in agriculture vehicle automatic guidance is presented in this paper, focusing on the position measurement, agriculture models and path tracking. And some forecasts are made on the trends of the agriculture vehicle automatic guidance. Generally, a modern agriculture vehicle automatic guidance system consists of 4 units: A detecting unit that measures the position and orientation of the vehicle; a control unit, as the core of the guidance system, which makes the plan of the path and carries out the path tracking; an executing unit that makes the turn of the wheels according to the command of the control unit; and a monitoring unit, or a field computer as it is called generally, which works as the interface between human and machine. There are 2 main problems to be solved in the agriculture vehicle guidance system. The first one is the measurement of the agriculture vehicle's working conditions, such as its position, heading, speed and wheel angle, among which the most important is the position measurement. There are 2 kinds of position measurement methods: One is the relative method, such as measuring the vehicle's position relative to a guidance baseline based on machine vision; the other is the absolute method, such as measuring the vehicle's absolute position on the earth based on the Global Navigation Satellite System. As the agriculture vehicle automatic guidance system is working in the field, the complicated and non-structured environment makes none of the measurement methods working well all the time. So the multi-sensor data fusion is brought into sharp focus by researchers. By combining measuring data from different sensors with some data fusing methods, such as Kalman filter, particle filter, H<inf>∞</inf> filter, and intelligent methods, the measurement accuracy is improved. The integrated navigation systems are mainly GPS/INS, GPS/DR and INS/CNS. The second problem is agriculture modeling and path tracking control methods. Most of the path tracking control algorithms use kinematics models. The two-wheel model is the most frequently used model, in which an agriculture vehicle is regarded as a two-wheel vehicle and its pose is described by its geographical coordinates, heading, wheel angle and speed. Dynamics models based on the Newton second law are another kind of model commonly used. As it takes into account of the change of the vehicle's dynamic characteristics with the external environment and the farm implements, it makes the control algorithms more robust. Besides the control methods based on models, researchers have developed some kind of algorithm without a model. The PID is the most useful control strategy. Another one is the pure pursuit method which simulates the driving behavior of human and has foresight. Nowadays, the agriculture vehicle automatic navigation technologies have widely used in the agriculture production, but many problems still need to be studied further. The advanced navigation technologies are worth studying, such as the headland turning control, obstacle detecting and active collision avoidance, and cooperative navigation by multi vehicles. And the agriculture vehicle internet of things is another interesting research area. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:67
Main heading:Vehicle wheels
Controlled terms:Agricultural implements - Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Air navigation - Airships - Algorithms - Behavioral research - Computer control systems - Computer vision - Data fusion - Global positioning system - Internet - Internet of things - Models - Navigation - Navigation systems - Position measurement - Remote control - Research aircraft - Sensor data fusion - Tracking (position) - Vehicles - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture productions - Cooperative navigations - Geographical coordinates - Global Navigation Satellite Systems - Integrated navigation systems - Multisensor data fusion - Position and orientations - Vehicle guidance systems
Classification code:431.5 Air Navigation and Traffic Control - 432 Highway Transportation - 601.2 Machine Components - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 652.5 Balloons and Gliders - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 717 Optical Communication - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 731.6 Robot Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20152600966724
Title:De-noising algorithm of night vision image for apple harvesting robot
Authors:Jia, Weikuan (1); Zhao, Dean (1); Ruan, Chengzhi (1); Shen, Tian (1); Chen, Yu (1); Ji, Wei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Facility Agriculture Measurement and Control Technology and Equipment of Machinery Industry, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (3) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Dean
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:219-226
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As apple harvesting needs large amount of labor, and the seasonality is strong, the night operation of apple harvesting robot is proposed, in order to improve the efficiency of harvesting. The apple's real-time night vision image contains lots of noise, which is captured by image processing system of apple harvesting robot. The noise will influence the operating efficiency and recognition precision, and then influence the harvesting efficiency. Under different artificial lights, apple night vision images are captured, the noises are analyzed through the difference image method, and the type of noise is determined to be mixed noise. The main part of mixed noise is Gaussian noise, accompanied by some salt-pepper noise. Aiming at the problem of Gaussian noise removal, the theory of independent component analysis (ICA) is introduced into the de-noising method for night vision image. The ICA algorithm mostly uses gradient iterative solver, so it has some defects, such as easily trapped in local minimum, slow convergence speed. All of these defects lead to the following phenomena easily, such as the unthoroughness in the de-noising and the long running time. In order to overcome these defects, particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the ICA, further to establish an optimized ICA de-noising method based on PSO (PSO-ICA), applied in night vision image, hoping to minimize noise pollution and improving the operating efficiency of de-noising method. Using the standard Lenna image and apple image captured under nature light, by the simulation experiments, these 2 pictures are added with the Gaussian noise with the variance of 0.05 and the salt-pepper noise with the P value of 0.05, respectively. Compared with the average filtering method and ICA de-noising method, the results show that the de-noising effect of PSO-ICA algorithm is the most ideal. Using peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) to do difference test, the result shows that, under 0.05 significant level, 3 de-noising methods show significant difference. Using different apple night vision images captured to do experiments, the results show that, from the visual evaluation, the low noise image is obtained by PSO-ICA de-noising method, and its noise decreased significantly. In order to evaluate the de-noising effect of night vision image more objectively, taking the natural light image as reference, the concept of relative peak signal-to-noise ratio (RPSNR) is proposed. From the RPSNR evaluation, compared with the original image, the image after average filtering de-noising and that after ICA de-noising, the image based on the method of PSO-ICA de-noising increased on average by 21.28%, 12.41% and 5.53%, respectively. From the run time evaluation, PSO algorithm has greatly improved the efficiency of ICA algorithm. Under incandescent lamp, the night vision image and its de-noised images have the highest RPSNR, so this type of light is suitable for artificial light source. Finally, under the natural light and 3 different artificial lights, 10 images of natural light and 30 night images are captured from 10 sample points. Using all of these images to do the repeated experiments, the trends of experimental results are consistent. In conclusion, PSO-ICA algorithm has unique advantage for night vision image de-noising, which provides a solid foundation for the night operation of apple picking robot. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Image denoising
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Defects - Efficiency - Fruits - Gaussian distribution - Gaussian noise (electronic) - Harvesting - Image analysis - Image processing - Incandescent lamps - Independent component analysis - Iterative methods - Light sources - Noise pollution - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Robots - Signal denoising - Signal to noise ratio - Vision
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial light source - Denoising methods - Gaussian noise removals - Image processing system - Independent component analysis(ICA) - Night vision images - Particle swarm optimization algorithm - Peak signal to noise ratio
Classification code:423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 461.7 Health Care - 707.2 Electric Lamps - 713 Electronic Circuits - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 731.5 Robotics - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.2 Vision - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.1 Probability Theory - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20152600966736
Title:Effect of protein synthesis inhibitors on ultraweak photon emission during germination of corn
Authors:Xi, Gang (1); Zhao, Yanyan (1); Liu, Kai (1); He, Ruirui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Applied Physics, Institute of Science, Xian University of Technology, Xi'an, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:303-308
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ultraweak photon emission in germination of plant seeds which includes spontaneous photon emission and delayed photon emission induced by external light is a kind of life information. Spontaneous photon emission is closely related to important life processes such as DNA synthesis, cell division, respiratory metabolism and biological oxidation. Delayed photon emission is related to functional status of biological systems. The study of ultraweak photon emission in germination of plant seeds has very important significance in the mechanism of seed germination, resistance evaluation, identification of germplasm and so on. In order to reveal the ultraweak photon emissions mechanism in seed germination process, the transcription inhibitor of protein synthesis i.e. actinomyin D (AMD) and translation inhibitor i.e. cycloheximide (CHM) were used to treat germinating corn seed respectively. The changes of the fresh quality, spontaneous photon emission and delayed photon emission of germinating corn were studied in this paper. The results showed that the 50 μg/mL AMD partly inhibited the increase of fresh quality during the germination of corn, 100 μg/mL CHM completely inhibited the increase of fresh quality of germinating corn, and there was a positive correlation between the spontaneous photon emission and seed's fresh quality during the germination of corn (correlation coefficient was 0.96235). It was implied that the intensity of spontaneous photon emission from germinating corn could be used as a signal for indicating the germinating status of corn. The study also found that AMD and CHM had different inhibitory effects for the increase of delayed photon emission during germination of corn, of which, the inhibition from AMD was stronger than CHM. It was speculated that respiratory metabolism and RNA/DNA synthesis in germinating corn could be the sources of spontaneous photon emission. The further study on delayed photon emission induced by external light found that the initial photon number I<inf>0</inf> and coherence time τ of kinetic parameters about delayed photon emission during the germination of corn gradually increased; CHM treatment partially inhibited the increase of I<inf>0</inf> and τ, and the inhibition of AMD was greater than CHM. According to biological significance of these kinetic parameters about delayed photon emission, it was suggested that CHM treatment caused the disorder of respiratory metabolic system and decreased the intensity of respiratory metabolism, and AMD treatment caused the disorder of respiratory metabolic system and RNA/DNA synthesis system and completely inhibited the increase in respiration of cells during germination of corn. The area under the curve of delayed photon emission was called delayed photon emission integral intensity, represented by I(T). The study in this paper showed that the delayed photon emission integral intensity I(T) gradually increased in corn germination process, CHM treatment inhibited the increase of I(T), AMD treatment completely inhibited the increase of I(T), and the inhibition of CHM and AMD on I(T) was the same as that on I<inf>0</inf>. This result further illustrated that the RNA/DNA synthesis reactions and respiratory metabolic system could be the sources of delayed photon emission from germinating corn seeds. The size of delayed photon emission integral intensity I(T) could be expressed as the strength of the respiratory metabolism and RNA/DNA synthesis reactions during the germination of corn seeds. These research results provide a reference for understanding the mechanism of ultraweak photon emissions from germination seed and for corresponding technology development. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Photons
Controlled terms:Biosynthesis - Cell proliferation - Cultivation - Heat radiation - Kinetic parameters - Mechanisms - Metabolism - Nucleic acids - Photonics - Physiology - Proteins - RNA - Seed - Transcription
Uncontrolled terms:Biological oxidations - Biological significance - Correlation coefficient - Germinating corn - Positive correlations - Spontaneous photon emission - Technology development - Ultra-weak photon emissions
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 601.3 Mechanisms - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 712 Electronic and Thermionic Materials - 717 Optical Communication - 744 Lasers - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20152600966730
Title:Determination for suitable scale of oasis and cultivated land in middle reaches of Heihe River basin
Authors:Hao, Li'na (1); Su, Xiaoling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Su, Xiaoling
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:262-268
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The middle reaches of Heihe River are the essence parts of Heihe River, and its stability is directly related to the sustainable development of economy, society and ecology in this basin. But excessive use of water and soil resources caused by population increase and economic development since the 1960s, has led to ecological environment deterioration and decrease of runoff flowing into lower reaches. In order to relieve water shortage and use water resources efficiently, the State Council approved plan of Water Reallocation of the Heihe River in 1997 to stipulate the water discharging of Zhengyi gorge. Under the stipulation, the flow coming from Yingluo gorge are under different assurance probabilities. As such, how to develop appropriate oasis scale using the limited water resources has become one of the important research subjects of sustainable development in the middle reaches of Heihe river. The research of suitable scale for oasis and cultivated land in arid region can provide the theoretical and technical guidance for sustainable utilization of regional water resources. Choosing Heihe river basin as the study area, hydro-meteorological data during 1954-2012 and land-use/cover data in 2000 and 2011 were used to analyze the variations of high and low flow for surface runoff in the middle reaches of Heihe River. A suitable oasis scale computation model was built based on water-heat balance, which included calculation of evapotranspiration of forest and grassland. According to Egyptian scholar M.M. Abd EI-Ghani's theory, the oasis was divided into three zones based on classification of vegetation. A suitable cultivated land scale was adopted and it combined with the suitable oasis model was used to calculate proportion of cultivated land in oasis. Combining the Markov chain based on GIS with suitable oasis scale model, using land use/cover data to calculate Markovian transition matrix, and then to calculate annual transition probability. Based on land use/cover data in 2011 and annual transition probability, oasis scale in 2015 and 2020 was predicted, and its suitability was evaluated. Results showed that the runoff in middle reach of Heihe river changed during the studied time period. The suitable oasis scale was 3245-4868, 2635-3953 and 2422-3633 km<sup>2</sup> in high flow, normal flow and low flow years, respectively. The suitable cultivated land scale was 2337, 2004, 1878 km<sup>2</sup> accordingly. For the high flow year in 2011, scale of oasis and cultivated land were 4 035 and 2366 km<sup>2</sup>. It was showed that when the cultivated land area exceeded the suitable scale, and the suitable scale of oasis and cultivated land in 2015 would expand to 4155 and 2 527 km<sup>2</sup>, respectively. Although suitability index of oasis scale declined to 0.44-0.59, the suitable scale of oasis and cultivated land in year 2020 would expand to 4304 and 2719 km<sup>2</sup>, respectively. When the suitability index of oasis scale decreased 0.02-0.03 from the level in 2015, the scale of cultivated land area exceeded the suitable scale Suitable oasis scale is not only related to available agricultural water resources, also has close relationship with the oasis agriculture water saving level, future research should further consider the influence of water saving level on oasis scale. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Water resources
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Arid regions - Atmospheric movements - Computation theory - Ecology - Economic and social effects - Economics - Geographic information systems - Land use - Markov processes - Meteorology - Models - Planning - Probability - Rivers - Runoff - Sustainable development - Water conservation - Water supply - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Cultivated lands - Ecological environments - Heihe river - Oasis - Regional water resources - Suitable scale - Sustainable utilization - Transition probabilities
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 443 Meteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 723.3 Database Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 921 Mathematics - 922.1 Probability Theory - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20152600966704
Title:Design and experiment of combined disc air-assisted orchard sprayer
Authors:Zhou, Liangfu (1); Fu, Ximin (2); Ding, Weimin (1); Ding, Suming (2); Chen, Jian (3); Chen, Zhengjun (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; (2) Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China; (3) Taizhou Sunny Agricultural Machinery CO., LTD, Taizhou, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Weimin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:64-71
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to mechanize the pesticide application of fence-type fruit tree, enhance the droplet deposition in canopy and improve work efficiency, a combined disc air-assisted orchard sprayer was developed. The mechanism design theory and virtual prototyping technology were adopted to design the disc atomizer and combined spray execution device. Single impeller was put to use in disc atomizer design, and the diameter of impeller was 0.4 m. Six-step motors were included in the combined spray execution device for lifting, rotating and contraction, the rotating and lifting speed were 4 rad/s and 0.12 m/s, respectively. The adjustable range of spray height was from 3 to 4 m, and the hemi-spray width was adjustable from 2 to 3 m. So it was suitable for the fence-type orchard with row spacing of from 4 to 6 m. The container's capacity was 1000 L, and the spray volume was 51.63 L under the rated working pressure of 0.4 MPa. The distance of the run was up to 1500 m, and the work efficiency was 2 times of single spray. The average spray volumes of the 8 nozzles of disc atomizer were 807, 894 and 1020 mL/min under the pressures of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 MPa respectively, while the standard deviations were 7.4, 8.2 and 7.8. It showed that spray volumes of different nozzles had small change, while spray volume increased with the increasing of spray pressure. The droplet diameters at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 m along the direction of range were measured by DP-02 laser particle size analyzer under the pressures of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 MPa. The droplet diameters were 140, 135 and 122 μm in the distance of 2 m from the nozzle. The maximum diameter was in the distance of 4 m from the nozzle. The diameter decreased as the distance increased when the distance was greater than 4 m, while the diameter increased as the distance increased when the distance was less than 4 m. Spray deposition in vertical direction was mainly between 1 and 2 m above floor, and the maximum deposition was between 1.4 and 1.6 m. The data offered the basis to confirm the spray distance and guide the installation of disc atomizer. The fan property was tested and the performance curve graphic was drawn. Frequency transformer, torque meter and wind velocity indicator were used. The results showed that air volume was greater than 1 m<sup>3</sup>/s, and static pressure was greater than 60 Pa when the speed was greater than 1300 r/min. The highest efficiency was 89% at 1400 r/min. Execution time of each executive unit per stroke was 51.3 s for up and down, 50.5 s for stretch and draw and 26.5 s for rotation. The field experiment was conducted in Taizhou, which strictly followed the quality standard of air-assisted orchard sprayer (GB/T 24683-2009). The row space was 4 m×2 m, the crown diameter of the tree was 0.7 m, and the height of the tree was 1.9 m. Three trees were randomly selected as sample trees. The intersection points of 3 horizontal layers and 3 vertical layers of each tree were set as sample points, with a total of 9 sample points for one tree. The result showed the pesticide was evenly distributed in the exterior of canopy, and the average coverage of the left and right were 55.13% and 52.60% respectively for the front of the leaf, and 6.57% and 7.14% respectively for the back of the leaf. The interior deposition was less than the exterior, but the spraying coverage was relatively even in the front and rear of the leaf, 12.77% and 9.74%, respectively. This study proposes a new machine of plant protection for the fence-type fruit tree, and also provides the reference for optimum design of orchard air-assisted sprayer. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Air quality standards - Atomizers - Deposition - Design - Drops - Efficiency - Electric equipment protection - Farms - Fences - Forestry - Fruits - Impellers - Machine design - Nozzles - Orchards - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Pesticides - Stepping motors
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural machine - Air-assist - Disc atomizer - Fruit trees - Orchard sprayers
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 408 Structural Design - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 704.2 Electric Equipment - 705.3 Electric Motors - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 813.1 Coating Techniques - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 902.2 Codes and Standards - 913.1 Production Engineering - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20152600966722
Title:Integrated management system of grain combine harvester based on Beidou & GPS
Authors:Liu, Bizhen (1); Huang, Hua (1); Zhu, Shiping (1); Xiang, Biwan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Shiping
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:204-210
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, most combine harvesters are using Global Positioning System (GPS) to get the position of harvesters and draw harvesters' work trajectories. However, the positioning information might be instable by using a single positioning. In order to solve this problem, this paper makes full use of Beidou/GPS dual-mode receiver which supports positioning and two-way communication. The inside of the Beidou/GPS dual-mode receiver contains 2 positioning systems: Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and GPS. But these 2 positioning algorithms are using 2 different coordinate systems: Beidou navigation positioning algorithm uses BJ-54 coordinate system, and the positioning algorithm of GPS navigation uses WGS-84 coordinate system. Complementary use of these 2 positioning systems can solve the problem of positioning information instability that occurs when using a single positioning. It means that when the Beidou positioning information has deviation, GPS positioning information can be used to make correction. The combine harvester walking map can be drawn from the positioning information of the Beidou/GPS dual-mode receiver. The message communication function of Beidou satellite is used instead of GSM short message service to realize remote transmission between harvester and control center. The integrated management system for grain combine harvester is designed using sensor detection technology, data acquisition and processing technology, wireless communication technology, navigation technology, speech synthesis technology and computer network technology. The integrated management system of grain combine harvester includes 2 parts: Vehicle subsystems and control center. The vehicle subsystem consists of Beidou/GPS dual-mode receiver, weight sensor module, moisture sensor module, speed sensor module and text-to-speech (TTS) module. The control center consists of clients and server. The vehicle subsystem collects the data of geographical position, harvested area and grain weight, and then transmits the data to the control center by Beidou satellite. The server of control center analyzes and processes these data, and then draws the harvester's work trajectory map and the yield map, and the clients of control center can query the harvester's work trajectory map and the yield map of designated position. In order to achieve integrated management and scheduling for harvesters, the control center can send text commands to the harvesters, and the text commands can be converted into speech through TTS technology. In the field tests, the harvester runs with the speed of 3.6 km/h. The actual area of the harvesting is about 4716 m<sup>2</sup>, the actual total mass of grain is 3086 kg, and the average yield is 6544 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>. However, the harvesting area is 4853 m<sup>2</sup>, the total mass of grain is 3193 kg and the average yield is 6579 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> measured by the system. The relative errors are 2.9%, 3.47% and 0.55% respectively. From the result we find that this integrated management system of grain combine harvester has a certain error, but the precisions of harvesting area and grain weight both reach 96%. The tests show the system is running stably and reliably. Therefore, this system is valuable for yield monitoring and trans-regional operation management of grain combine harvester in southern hilly area of China. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Global positioning system
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Airships - Algorithms - Combines - Data acquisition - Data handling - Data processing - Global system for mobile communications - Grain (agricultural product) - Harvesters - Harvesting - Information management - Information use - Integrated control - Moisture control - Navigation - Navigation systems - Radio navigation - Research aircraft - Satellites - Scheduling - Speech communication - Speech synthesis - Technology transfer - Tracking (position) - Trajectories - Vehicles - Wireless sensor networks - Wireless telecommunication systems
Uncontrolled terms:Beidou navigation satellite systems - Beidou satellites - Computer network technology - Integrated management systems - Positioning information - Wireless communication technology - Yield maps - Yield monitor
Classification code:432 Highway Transportation - 434.4 Waterway Navigation - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 652.5 Balloons and Gliders - 655.2 Satellites - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 717 Optical Communication - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731.1 Control Systems - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 751.5 Speech - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 912.2 Management - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20152600966712
Title:Groundwater influencing mechanism in water-ponding process of Huainan coal mining subsidence area
Authors:Lu, Chuiyu (1); Lu, Chunhui (2); Li, Hui (1); Liu, Bingjun (2); Sun, Qingyan (1); Li, Cui (2)
Author affiliation:(1) China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, Beijing, China; (2) State Key Lab of Mine Ecological Environment Protection of Huainan Coal Mining Group Corporation Ltd, Huainan, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:122-131
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ground subsidence caused by coal mining activity commonly exists in the coal belt of China eastern plain area. Subsidence area is on average 0.18-0.33 hm<sup>2</sup> per ten thousand tons of coal mining. The subsidence coefficient there is about 0.8-0.9, which means coal mining of one cubic meters result in ground subsidence of 0.8-0.9 m<sup>3</sup>. In the environment with high groundwater level, the situation is worse, for once the ground sinks due to coal mining, large area of water-ponding occurs. Due to limited source of backfill material, high cost, the long time needed to wait for the stable state of subsidence and other factors, traditional land remediation pattern for coal mining subsidence in China faces difficulties, and land reclamation rate by now is only 12%. From other point of view, coal mining subsidence area is potentially useful water storage structure, and recently some researchers start to study a new remediation pattern of using them for water resource development. However, a prerequisite for the new pattern is to learn where the water comes from. Related to the environment background with high groundwater level, it seems that water stored in coal mining subsidence areas may mainly come from groundwater, but by now this viewpoint has not been proved in detail yet. The article researched the law of water-ponding process in coal mining subsidence area by means of hydrological reasoning and water cycle simulation. In this paper, Huainan coal mining area is taken as study area, which is the largest coal production base of East China area with its coal reserves accounting for 74% of Anhui Province, and 50% of East China area. According to statistical data in 2010, after long-term coal mining activity of dozens of years, the maximum subsidence depth of Huainan coal mining area has reached 7.6 m, and the ground subsidence area has reached 108.3 km<sup>2</sup>, along with the total subsidence volume of 0.314×10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>. Some meaningful conclusions are drawn through our study. Firstly, the reason that the ground subsidence area is easily to be ponded with a large area of water is due to the close volumes of annual precipitation and evaporation in Huainan district. Water balance analysis reveals that even though there is no groundwater replenishment, an isolated subsidence area there still can reach a large water-ponding area ratio of about 71% in normal year due to the supply of precipitation falling on water-ponding area and runoff yielded from non-ponding area of the isolated subsidence area. And hydrological reasoning indicates that the higher the ratio of precipitation to evaporation, the higher the ratio of water-ponding area to subsidence area. Secondly, proved by both hydrological reasoning and water cycle simulation, due to the flat terrain in Huaibei plain area where the Huainan coal mining subsidence areas are located, the lateral flow of groundwater is relatively weak for lack of gradient driving force, and the ratio of groundwater supply in ponding water of coal mining subsidence area can't be too high. As an example of a named Gubeiguqiao subsidence area in our study, the ratio of ground water supply in its ponded water may only account for 4.0%, however, precipitation falling on its water-ponding area accounts for 86.6% and runoff yielded from non-ponding area within its subsidence area accounts for 9.4%. Thirdly, transformation between groundwater and ponded water in coal mining subsidence area depends on the water level difference of groundwater and ponded water, rather than the one-sided groundwater level. Hydrological simulation reveals that there are obvious stage characteristics between the transformation of groundwater and ponded water in a hydrological year. The law is that water quantity leaking from ponded water to groundwater is more than that recharging from the groundwater to ponded water in the flood season, and in non-flood season the situation is in the opposite direction ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Water recycling
Controlled terms:Coal - Coal deposits - Coal mines - Coal reclamation - Coal storage - Cutting machines (mining) - Digital storage - Evaporation - Floods - Groundwater - Land reclamation - Landforms - Ponding - Precipitation (chemical) - Proven reserves - Remediation - Replenishment (water resources) - Runoff - Subsidence - Water levels - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Coal mining - Coal mining area - Coal mining subsidences - Hydrological simulations - Subsidence coefficients - Water cycle - Water ponding - Water storage structure
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 405 Construction Equipment and Methods; Surveying - 442.1 Flood Control - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 481.1 Geology - 482 Mineralogy - 503 Mines and Mining, Coal - 503.1 Coal Mines - 504 Mines and Mining, Metal - 512.1.2 Petroleum Deposits : Development Operations - 524 Solid Fuels - 614.2 Steam Power Plant Equipment and Operation - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 802.3 Chemical Operations
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20152600966732
Title:Effects of microwave drying on mechanical properties of wormwood stem
Authors:Sun, Wei (1); Mu, Xiaokai (1); Sun, Qingchao (1); Huang, Ming (2); Li, Shihang (1); Huang, Xin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; (2) Dalian Industry of fhcbzy Co. Ltd, Dalian, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Qingchao
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:277-282
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To explore the substitutability between wormwood stem and wood, the transverse compression and bending properties of wormwood stem under natural state and microwave drying are studied, and the microstructural changes before and after microwave drying are analyzed. Microwave are common way of drying and straightening process of plant material, which is widely used in wood processing industry in order to improve the mechanical properties, permeability and microscopic structure of wormwood stem for the processing of disposable chopsticks. In this paper, we selected wormwood dry stems with 6 mm diameter and 210 mm length, which were soaked until the moisture content was about 55% for moisture content test under the microwave drying. At the same time, to reveal the changes of mechanical properties of wormwood stem before and after microwave drying, the following aspects of tests were carried out: 1) Using MTS universal testing machine to test the radial compression characteristics of wormwood stem before and after microwave drying, to determine the feasibility of mechanical processing; 2) In order to obtain the force condition of chopsticks in a typical application environment, testing the bending properties of wormwood stem before and after microwave drying to determine the application feasibility of herbal chopsticks. Experimental data showed that under the process of microwave drying for wormwood stem, the moisture content change could be roughly divided into 3 stages: Speed-rising drying, speed-constant drying and speed-falling drying stage. In this test, the speed-rising drying stage of wormwood stem was about 120 s, lower than the wooden material preheating time; the moisture content of wormwood stem fell by 16% in this stage, which showed that a large number of cell wall crack had not formed due to the moisture migration. The stage of microwave drying with constant speed for wormwood stem was not obvious, and the drying was mainly in the speed-falling drying stage. As microwave time became longer, the moisture content was reduced gradually and the moisture content decreased rapidly in the early 120 s. In the 700 W microwave oven, the moisture content was reduced from 55% to 10% within 420 s (about 40 g). Decreasing rate of moisture content gradually slowed down after 420 s, approaching 5%. As the microwave drying extended, the pit structure of cell wall was destroyed, which released the wormwood stem growth stress and avoided the structure deformation caused by the stress release. However, the fibrous tissue structure was compact for the wormwood stem without microwave drying, whose microstructure determined it had high moisture content and large growth stress. In the process of external grinding, compared with the disposable chopsticks with the diameter of about 5-6 mm for daily life, the middle part of wormwood stem was the best for processing disposable chopsticks. The minimum radial pressure after microwave drying was 630 N, which was much greater than the external grinding force. The result showed that using wormwood stem through the processing of microwave drying and straightening as raw materials to get ideal herbal chopsticks was feasible. To verify the using feasibility of herbal chopsticks, the loading way of three-point bending was used to test bending properties of wormwood stem. The toughness of wormwood stem increased after microwave drying, and the herbal chopsticks could withstand the bending load of up to 41 N, which was enough to meet the daily needs (the maximum was about 6-10 N). The results provide a theoretical basis for processing disposable chopsticks using wormwood stalks as raw material. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Bending tests - Biomechanics - Data compression - Grinding (machining) - Mechanical permeability - Mechanical properties - Microstructure - Microwave heating - Microwave materials processing - Microwaves - Moisture - Moisture determination - Speed - Structural properties
Uncontrolled terms:Application feasibility - High moisture contents - Microscopic structures - Microstructural changes - Transverse compression - Universal testing machines - Wood processing industry - Wormwood stem
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 606.2 Abrasive Devices and Processes - 642.1 Process Heating - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 933 Solid State Physics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20152600966716
Title:Deep tillage with organic materials returning to field improving soil physical characters of calcic chernozem
Authors:Wang, Qiuju (1); Gao, Zhongchao (1); Chang, Benchao (1); Liu, Feng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Environment Resources, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Feng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:161-166
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Effects of 3 deep tillage modes including deep loosing (DL), tillage with straw return in subsoil (TSR) and tillage with straw and chicken manure return in subsoil (TSCR) on physical characters of different soil layers were studied at Calcic Chernozem in Anda City, Heilongjiang Province in order to explore the soil improvement effect of different deep tillage modes using the normal tillage (CK) as the control. TSR and TSCR were cultivated by soil replacement plough from proprietary research. The results of field experiment showed that the change of soil solid phase radio of each treatment was irregular in topsoil, and TSR and TSCR decreased obviously under 20 cm layer; water contents of different soil layers of the deep tillage treatments were all higher than that of CK treatment, the difference was obvious in >30-50 cm depth, and the order of soil water content was TSCR>TSR>DL>CK; soil porosity of CK treatment was higher than deep tillage treatments in 0-20 cm, the order of soil porosity of the different treatments was TSCR>TSR>DL>CK, and the difference of soil pore ratio of different treatments was obvious in >20-50 cm soil layers; soil saturated hydraulic conductivity of each deep tillage treatment was higher than that of normal tillage, with the order of TSCR>DL>TSR>CK, and TSCR improved the soil porosity, pore ratio and saturated hydraulic conductivity; soil bulk density of CK treatment was lower than TSR and TSCR in 0-10 cm, but higher than TSR and TSCR in >10-20 cm, soil bulk density of TSR, TSCR and DL were all lower than that of CK in >20-50 cm depth, and TSCR was the lowest and the differences of each deep tillage treatment were obvious; the height, length and diameter of panicle, the weight of panicle and the seed yield of unit area were improved, the spike length was decreased in TSR and TSCR treatments, the yield change range was -1.93%-6.29%, and the average value of 2 years was 2.18%; the yield improvement of DL treatment was not obvious, the yield of TSR was improved by 9.79%-11.20% compared with CK treatment and the average value of 2 years was 10.5%, and the yield of TSCR was improved by 25.18%-47.10% compared with CK treatment with the two-year average value of 36.14%. The research provides the theoretical foundation for the improvement of Calcic Chernozem. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Arthroplasty - Crops - Hydraulic conductivity - Porosity - Soil moisture - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Calcic chernozem - Deep tillage - Improve - Organic materials - Physical performance - Yield
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20152600966721
Title:Sliding mode control algorithm for path tracking of articulated dump truck
Authors:Zhao, Xuan (1); Yang, Jue (1); Zhang, Wenming (1); Zeng, Jun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China; (2) School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Jue
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:198-203
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The articulated frame steering vehicles (ASV) are widely implemented in agriculture, mining, construction and forestry sectors due to their high maneuverability. The ASVs, however, are known to possess lower dynamic stability and yield high magnitude of whole-body vibration, which are reported to be harmful to the operators. Automatic driving system is thus necessary for the ASVs to exclude the human driver from detrimental operations, especially for the agricultural ASV. In order to enable the automation of ASV, path tracking strategies are essential to maintain the normal work of the vehicles. As the ASV dynamics significantly are different from the conventional vehicles with front wheel steering, the path tracking controller derived for conventional vehicles is considered not to be applicable for the ASVs. Moreover, large variations of the vehicle load and the off-road excisions challenge the robustness of path tracking algorithms. In this paper, a path tracking strategy is proposed for the ASVs on the basis of sliding mode control (SMC). The kinematic model of the ASV is derived neglecting the vehicle dynamics. Three measurable errors are defined to indicate the deviation of real path from reference path, i.e. lateral displacement error, orientation error and curvature error. These errors serve as the inputs in order to synthesize the SMC. The exponential reaching law is selected in order to increase the reaching speed and reduce chattering. The sign function of exponential reaching law is replaced by a continuous function to further suppress the chattering. Lyapunov function is then utilized in order to assess the system stability. The system transition performances in terms of response time, setting time and overshooting are tuned via pole placement method. The differential transformation method is implemented to determine the poles, in order to obtain the transition performances while preserving the system stability. Ackermann's formula is used to improve traditional pole placement algorithm and further design the control law. The open loop eigen-polynomial of the system is thus not requisite. Furthermore, the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation is conducted to evaluate real-time performance of the proposed control law. The HIL platform is set up on the basis of national instruments PXI-8110 and cRIO-9024 as well as a host computer. The real-time ASV kinematic model established in the MapleSim platform is downloaded into the PXI-8110 as the simulation plant, and the SMC path tracking algorithm compiled by Simulink is embedded to the cRIO-9024 as the real electronic control unit. The host computer couples the real-time vehicle model and the path tracking algorithm via the LabVIEW platform and displays the simulation status as the upper monitor. The path tracking algorithm then controls the vehicle to follow a circle path in real time. The results suggest that the simulated vehicle path is smooth and almost identical to the reference path. The 3 kinds of errors achieve steady state in 10 s. The proposed SMC controller is then demonstrated to be robust even neglecting the vehicle dynamics. The results also suggest that the SMC with Ackermann's formula can fulfill the prescribed request of the dynamic and the steady performance. The real-time performance of the path-tracking is even better than the off-line simulation. The simulation duration 60 s is equal to the calculating duration in the HIL simulation that means the time is synchronous. Compared with the real vehicle test, the HIL simulation is economical and efficient. This research can provide a reference for the design of agricultural ASV automatic driving system. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Maneuverability
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Airships - Algorithms - Automobile drivers - Automobile steering equipment - Computer hardware - Control - Control theory - Controllers - Display devices - Dynamics - Errors - Exponential functions - Forestry - Hardware - Kinematics - Lyapunov functions - Models - Off road vehicles - Poles - Poles and zeros - Research aircraft - Sliding mode control - Steering - Synthetic apertures - System stability - Telecommunication networks - Tracking (position) - Trucks - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Articulated vehicle - Differential transformation methods - Electronic control units - Exponential reaching law - Hard-ware-in-the-loop - Hardware-in-the-loop simulation - Path tracking - Pole placement algorithms
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 432 Highway Transportation - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 652.5 Balloons and Gliders - 662 Automobiles and Smaller Vehicles - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 663 Buses, Tractors and Trucks - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 717 Optical Communication - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 732 Control Devices - 732.1 Control Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20152600966701
Title:Design and experiment of pros spiral lime spreading machine
Authors:Gao, Zicheng (1); Li, Lijun (1); Yang, Hanjiang (1); Zhu, Qiang (1); Zhou, Ying (1); Min, Shuhui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Institute, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
Corresponding author:Li, Lijun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:43-50
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the continuous development of industry, environment pollution such as soil acidification and heavy metal pollution of soil becomes increasingly serious, especially in the acidic soil region of southern China. Liming is a traditional and effective method to improve acidic soil. Manual spreading is a kind of traditional method of liming, but it is inefficient and has some side effects like skin damage of workers because of the corrosive property of lime. In order to solve the deficiencies of manual liming and compensate the technology gap of liming machine between domestic and overseas market, we designed a lime spreading machine which was able to be assembled with other agricultural machinery to become combined machine. The development of liming machine has great significance to improve liming efficiency and working conditions. This paper discussed the structure and working principle of the pros spiral lime spreading machine. The machine used the spread roller which was similar to the structure of pros spiral as working parts, used the overlapped waist-shaped hole as the lime spreading outlet, and controlled the waist-shaped hole overlapping area through adjusting assembly to adjust the lime spreading amount. Through experiment we determined the lime outlet size and the lime spreading roller's rotation speed of the lime spreading machine, and experiment results showed that: Firstly, when the lime spreading roller speed was below 125 turn per minute, for the same waist-shaped lime spreading outlet, the lime spreading amount per turn of lime spreading roller could be treated as a constant value, i.e. the spreading amount and lime spread roller's rotation speed were in a linear relationship; Secondly, when the number of lime spreading plate was 40, the hole was waist-shaped hole with the size of 25 mm×10 mm and the rotation speed of the roller was in 120 turn per minute, we got the lime spreading amount of 1500 kg/h which met the maximum requirements of lime spreading. Considering the linear relationship between the lime spreading amount and the number of lime spreading hole, and the complex conditions after assembled with rotary cultivator, we increased the number of the waist-shaped hole and decreased the rotation speed of lime spreading roller meanwhile kept the lime spreading speed unchanged, and at last determined the lime spreading hole number to be 60 and the roller's rotation speed to be 80 turn per minute as the optimal scheme. We also analyzed the power consumption condition of the lime spreading process and calculated the total power consumption of the working process. Finally, the field test of the lime spreader was carried out, which was conducted in the dry paddy field. Field test results showed that, under the conditions of the lime spreading cultivator at a speed of 5 km per hour, the lime spreading roller at a speed of 80 turn per minute and the overlapping area of the lime spreading hole at maximum size, when the adjusting bar of adjusting mechanism was located in Location XIII, the lime spreading amount reached 1566.7 kg per hectare. When the adjusting bar of adjusting mechanism were located in Location XII, X and VII, respectively, the lime spreading amounts met the demands of annual lime spreading amount for the first, second and third year, respectively; and when the adjusting bar was at Location II, lime spreading machine almost closed all the lime spreading holes. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Lime
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Design - Heavy metals - Location - Machine design - Mechanization - Pollution - Rollers (machine components) - Rotation - Soil testing - Soils - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture machinery - Continuous development - Driving power - Environment pollution - Heavy metal pollution - Positive and negative screw roller - Spreading machines - Total power consumption
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 412 Concrete - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20152600966709
Title:Hydraulic performance experiment of portable short-throat flume with flat base in field
Authors:Xiao, Yizhou (1); Wang, Wen'e (1); Hu, Xiaotao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Wen'e
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:99-106
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Accurate flow measurement in irrigation areas is a fundamental part in the collection, distribution, delivery and application of water resources. Flow-measuring devices are used for continuous measurement of discharges in open channels. Compared with other existing flow-measuring devices, flumes are more suitable for flow measurement in open channels and easier to be widely applied. Much research has studied different kinds of flumes, such as airfoil-shaped flow flume, water-measuring column with round head, cut-throat flume, long-throat flume, providing a variety of adjustments of the channels. But there is not much work attempting for small-size flume or flume set in the field to measure discharges of water inlet in the field. Agricultural irrigation metrology is still the weak link of current metrological work. Owing to large head loss of long-throat flume and complex hydraulic performance of cut-throat flume, short-throat flume is appropriate for water discharge measurement of inlet in the field, which needs to satisfy the requirements such as simple structure, cheap price, reasonable accuracy and low head loss. One of the most widely used open-channel short-throat flumes is Parshall flume. However, owing to high price and complex structure, Parshall flume is not the optimum choice for water discharge measurement of inlet in the field. Originated from Parshall flume, a kind of portable short-throat flume with a flat base for the field is an emerging technique developed for water discharge measurement of inlet in the field, which consists of entrance, throat and exit sections. Based on the principle of critical flow, taking the flume with the width of 51 mm, the length of 774 mm and the discharge of up to 36 L/s as study subject, the experiments are conducted under 18 working conditions to determine its hydraulic performance. Hydraulic performance of portable short-throat flume with a flat base for the field is obtained from experimental analyses on water surface profile, Froude number, specific energy, location of critical depth section and head loss. Regression analyses developed for upstream depth versus discharge under free flow condition and submerged flow condition are satisfying with the relative error of within 10%, which meets the common requirements of flow measurement in irrigation areas. By analyzing variation of Froude number and specific energy along the flume under different discharges, it is concluded that the section of critical depth under free flow condition is located at the position with a distance of 475-485 mm downstream of the flume entrance (Section 1), and that under submerged flow condition is located at the position with a distance of 505-515 mm downstream of the flume entrance (Section 1). It is pointed out that the section of critical depth is located at the end of throat section under the two outflow conditions, and the location of critical depth section under submerged flow condition is more towards the downstream direction in the throat section than that under free flow condition. And the minimum and maximum head loss of portable short-throat flume with a flat base for the field account for 6.70% and 12.10% of total upstream head, respectively. Equations of upstream depth versus head loss under free flow condition and submerged flow condition are fitted with the maximum relative error of -9.80%. Compared with the long-throat flume, head loss of portable short-throat flume with a flat base for the field was significantly less. Further, for the portable short-throat flume with a flat base for the field, head loss under free flow condition is less than that under submerged flow condition. The flume placed at water inlet in the field, which is convenient to measure discharges and not constrained by type, size and slope of channels, is practical and portable in the field. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Open channel flow
Controlled terms:Canals - Design - Discharge (fluid mechanics) - Flow measurement - Fluid dynamics - Froude number - Irrigation - Regression analysis - Rivers - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural irrigation - Continuous measurements - Critical depth - Head loss - Hydraulic performance experiments - In-field - Maximum relative errors - Short-throat flume with a flat base
Classification code:407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 407.2 Waterways - 408 Structural Design - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20152600966718
Title:Improving desertified soil properties by incorporating and mulching tree branch in Ningxia province
Authors:Li, Zhigang (1); Xie, Yingzhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China; (2) State Key laboratory of The seedling bioengineering, Ningxia Forestry Institute, Yinchuan, China
Corresponding author:Xie, Yingzhong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:174-181
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Desertification is one of most serious problems which affect eco-construction and agricultural production in Ningxia and other arid and semiarid areas in China. To study the effects of tree branch application patterns on physicochemical property and microbial activity of desertified soil, pruned tree branches were collected as soil amended materials from local common trees of farmland shelterbelt, and a two-year study was conducted from October 2011 to October 2013 in Yinchuan Belly Desert of Ningxia. Four experimental treatments were set up, including 1) CK (no tree branches applied), 2) CI (5% (w/w) grinded poplar branch chips incorporated into 0-20 cm soil layer), 3) CM (grinded poplar branch chips mulched on soil surface with a thickness of about 3 cm) and 4) CI+BM (5% (w/w) of grinded poplar branch chips incorporated into 0-20 cm soil layer plus ungrinded willow branches crisscross mulched on soil surface with a thickness of 30-40 cm and a coverage of 50%-60%). The 0-20 cm soils were sampled and measured in October 2012 and October 2013 respectively. Results showed as follows: To physical properties, compared with CK, CI and CI+BM decreased bulk density yet increased total porosity and field water holding capacity of desertified soil in 2012 and 2013 (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the two on other physical properties except CI+BM had more effect on increasing total porosity than CI in 2013; CM significantly increased total porosity in 2012 (P<0.05), but had no effect on other indicators of physical properties compared with CK in 2012 and 2013. To chemical properties, compared with CK, both CI and CI+BM increased organic carbon, available phosphorus (P) and available potassium (K) in 2012 and then increased total salt, organic carbon, total nitrogen (N), total P, alkaline N, available P and available K in 2013 (P<0.05), yet had no effects on pH value (P>0.05); furthermore, CI+BM had more effect on increasing total N than CI in 2013; compared with CK, CM increased total available P and available K in 2012 and then increased pH value, total N, alkaline N, available P and available K in 2013 (P<0.05), yet had no effect on other chemical properties compared with CK (P>0.05). To biological properties, it showed an order of CI+BM>CI>CM>CK on enhancing microbial activity, CI and CI+BM enhanced soil respiration, microbial number, urease activity and catalase activity compared with CK in 2012 and 2013 (P<0.05), and CI+BM tended to have more effect on enhancing microbial activity than CI; and also compared with CK, CM also increased soil respiration, urease activity and catalase activity in 2012 and 2013 (P<0.05), as well as increased bacteria and fungi number in 2012, yet had no effect on microbial number in 2013. An analysis indicated that soil physical, chemical and biological properties were improved in 2013 than in 2012. Additionally, a correlation analysis indicated that most of measured soil indicators were significantly or highly significantly correlated with organic carbon content (except pH value and total K in 2013), and organic carbon content presented a tendency of CI+BM>CI>CM>CK among treatments in 2012 and 2013; a comprehensive index SQI (soil quality index), which was applied for assessing soil quality, also presented a tendency of CI+BM>CI>CM>CK in 2012 (0.907, 0.678, 0.259 and 0.105 respectively) and 2013 (0.926, 0.828, 0.258 and 0.136 respectively). In summary, all tree application patterns have positive effects on improving soil properties or quality during experimental period, which presents a tendency of CI+BM>CI>CM>CK among treatments. Above study provides a successful case for ecological management and agricultural production for Ningxia and other arid and semiarid areas of North China; meanwhile it also may be beneficial to tree branch recycling and utilization. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:44
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Alkalinity - Chemical analysis - Chemical properties - Ecology - Forestry - Organic carbon - pH - Physical properties - Porosity - Quality control - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Arid and semi-arid areas - Chemical and biologicals - Improvement effect - Ningxia - Physicochemical property - Recycling and utilization - Tree branches
Classification code:423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801 Chemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20152600966720
Title:Design and experiment of locating system for facilities agricultural vehicle based on wireless sensor network
Authors:Chen, Yu (1); Zhang, Tiemin (1); Sun, Daozong (3); Peng, Xiaodong (3); Liao, Yiyong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Engineering College of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China; (3) Electronic Engineering College of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Tiemin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:190-197
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Some problems of facility agriculture machinery locating system still exist now, such as poor stability, low positioning accuracy and high cost. In addition, agricultural machinery navigation and positioning system based on Global Position System (GPS) is widely used at home and abroad. But it is not applicable to the agricultural facilities and the scenes of more buildings. In order to resolve these problems, a wireless sensor network (WSN) locating system based on NanoPAN5375 module was designed. NanoPAN5375 module is based on the technology of chirp spread spectrum (CSS); it not only has advantages of reliable communication, good stability, long transmission distance, low system power consumption, and so on, but also adopts the principle of the time difference of arrival (TDOA) to calculate the distance between nodes, so that its ranging accuracy is high. Therefore, NanoPAN5375 module was chosen as positioning node of facility agriculture vehicle. In the locating system, the 3 beacon nodes were responsible for the wireless ranging, and the car installed with location node was responsible for the wireless ranging and location coordinates calculation. WD5032N module based on NanoPAN5375 was used as WSN node. And microprocessor STM32F103CB and NanoPAN5375 module were integrated on WD5032N module. NanoPAN5375 communicated with the microprocessor through the serial peripheral interface (SPI), so it could realize the function of wireless communication and wireless ranging. A power supply backplane circuit of WD5032N module was designed to meet the power supply requirement of its microprocessor and NanoPAN5375 module, and location coordinates X and Y were displayed in real time through the serial port communicating with liquid crystal display (LCD). The node software, which was compiled by C Language taking the Keil MDK as development environment, could complete data acquisition and processing, wireless transmission, serial communication and other functions. The distances between unknown nodes and each beacon node were calculated by using Symmetrical double-sided two way ranging (SDSTWR) algorithm which was based on CSS technology in location node. And then the coordinate information of the unknown node was calculated by the triangle centroid localization algorithm. Finally in order to resolve the effects of measurement noise on positioning accuracy, the iterating based on Kalman filter algorithm was applied to observed values of target state. The antennas of 3 and 5 DB were respectively used on WD5032N to do ranging and positioning experiments in the indoor and outdoor. On one hand, the results of ranging experiments have shown that the ranging accuracy of the nodes based on NanoPAN5375 module is high. Within the scope of the appropriate distance, point-to-point ranging accuracy between the nodes can reach 1.02 m or less. On the other hand, the results of positioning experiments indicate that the stability of WSN positioning system based on NanoPAN5375 is good and the positioning accuracy is high. And the positioning precision could reach about less than 1 m within the scope of 3 edges of equilateral triangle formed by 3 beacon nodes. And the positioning accuracy was about 1-2 m close to the outside of the triangle edges. So it can satisfy the requirement of positioning accuracy of general facility agriculture vehicle, and can be applied to other agricultural machines' positioning. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Wireless sensor networks
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Airships - Algorithms - C (programming language) - Data acquisition - Data handling - Direction of arrival - Integrated circuit design - Interfaces (computer) - Kalman filters - Liquid crystal displays - Location - Microprocessor chips - Research aircraft - Sensor nodes - Spread spectrum communication - System stability - Tracking (position) - Vehicles - Wireless telecommunication systems
Uncontrolled terms:Centroid localization algorithms - Development environment - Global position systems - Kalman filter algorithms - Liquid crystal display(LCD) - Navigation and positioning - Serial peripheral interface - Time difference of arrival
Classification code:432 Highway Transportation - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 652.5 Balloons and Gliders - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 717 Optical Communication - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 921 Mathematics - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20152600966729
Title:Effects of land consolidation period of farmland on soil properties in purple region
Authors:Liu, Juan (1); Du, Jing (1); Wei, Chaofu (1); Zhong, Mang (1); Liu, Bo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
Corresponding author:Wei, Chaofu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:254-261
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a kind of human activity, the land consolidation deeply affects soil properties. The objective of this work was to analyze the impacts of land consolidation on soil physical and chemical properties such as soil depth, organic matter, aggregate stability and water retention capacity in 3 sample areas of purple region. Three different land consolidation histories were studied: One with 19 months (District I), one with 7 months (District II), and another within 1 month (District III). Samples of the soil surface were collected at the same points before and after the land consolidation using the GPS (Global Positioning System) positioning technique. Meanwhile, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were applied to explore the changes of relationship between soil properties under the effects of the land consolidation. The results showed that changes of the soil properties were observed after the land consolidation in the 3 districts. In a scale of short time (19 months in this paper), the length of land consolidation history still affected the changes of soil characteristics. Soils collected in District I after consolidation were characterized by better soil properties, such as higher silt content and clay content (P<0.05), lower sand content (P<0.05), higher organic matter and cation exchange capacity (increased by 9.59% and 13.84%, respectively, P<0.05), and lower available water capacity (decreased by 33.22%, P<0.05). In District II after consolidation, soil depth increased to 25 cm (P<0.05), and gravel content and soil available water capacity significantly increased (P<0.05) as well. The land consolidation may bring about serious soil compaction, and this negative influence mainly occurred within very short time just after the consolidation, which could be testified by District III. In District III after consolidation, bulk density and the percentage of aggregate destruction were respectively 14.63% and 58% higher than those before consolidation (P<0.05), while silt content and organic matter were respectively 14.16% and 24.95% lower than those before consolidation (P<0.05). And the increased available water capacity (P<0.05) in District II and III were mainly due to the thickened soil depth. The variability of most soil properties in District I and III decreased after the land consolidation, which indicated that the spatial distribution of soil properties grew more uniform through the consolidation in these districts. Based on the PCA, some changes in the relationships between soil properties under the effects of the consolidation were observed. The change of cluster analysis classifications in District I was the smallest, but the degree of the correlation relationships between the variables decreased. Although the change of cluster analysis classifications in District II was great, the degree of the correlation relationships between the variables increased. Both before and after the land consolidation, principal components of District II had the highest variance explained during 3 study districts. And in this study, there was no regularity on these changes among different consolidation histories, which may be due to the short time scale. But the two different methods of the hierarchical cluster analysis (Ward Linkage method and Average Linkage method) did not give the exactly same classifications. The Ward Linkage method allowed a better correlation between variables in the same group, while the other method had a better consistency with the results based on the PCA. In regard to the comparison of the 2 methods applied to classify the variables, it was obvious that more extensive information could be accessible by using more than one method. The results can serve as a basis for the further studies on the development of farmland consolidation in purple region. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Aggregates - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Chemical analysis - Chemical stability - Classification (of information) - Cluster analysis - Consolidation - Farms - Global positioning system - Hierarchical systems - Land use - Organic compounds - Silt - Soil mechanics - Soil surveys - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Available water capacities - Cation exchange capacities - Farmland consolidations - Gps (global positioning system) - Hierarchical cluster analysis - Land consolidations - Soil physical and chemical properties - Water retention capacity
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 406 Highway Engineering - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 521 Fuel Combustion and Flame Research - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20152600966710
Title:Open channel hydraulic response characteristics in irrigation area based on unsteady flow simulation analysis
Authors:Li, Kangbin (1); Shen, Bing (1); Li, Zhilu (1); Hao, Gairui (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China; (2) Xi'an Land Water and Electricity Measurement and Control CO. LTD, Xi'an, China
Corresponding author:Shen, Bing
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:107-114
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The informatization trend of irrigation area is to master real time hydraulic characteristics of canal sections based on which water distribution can be realized through controlling the gates automatically. In order to serve the information construction of the Shitouhe irrigation area, in this paper, we simulated and analyzed the canal flow and gate opening characteristics with the theory of unsteady flow and automation under different conditions along the 10 km long first reach of east main canal in the Shitouhe irrigation area. In the process of analysis, first of all, the whole canal was divided into several sections, and the sections were numbered from upstream to downstream; then the error of water depth between measured and calculated accordingly was minimized, which was used as the objective function for finding the roughness based on the calculation principle of the water surface curve of the open-channel constant gradual flow; at last we simulated and analyzed the canal flow and gate opening characteristics using different schemes under different boundary conditions and roughness coefficients obtained above. In terms of hydraulic response characteristics analysis under different conditions at canal head, 3 schemes were assumed, which were as follows: Scheme 1, the flow at canal head increased from 3.5 to 11.5 m<sup>3</sup>/s within 1, 10, 30 and 60 minutes respectively and then remained unchanged Scheme 2, the flow at canal head increased linearly from 3.5 to 5.5, 7.5, 9.5 and 11.5 m<sup>3</sup>/s within 10 minutes and then remained unchanged; Scheme 3: the flow at canal head varied following the sine curve within 60 minutes and after that remained at 3.5 m<sup>3</sup>/s unchanged with the maximum variation of 2.5 m<sup>3</sup>/s. In terms of hydraulic response characteristics analysis under canal water-intake flow, 2 schemes were assumed, and based on these schemes the solutions were: Scheme 1, canal head flow was stable at 3.5, 5.5, 7.5, 9.5 and 11.5 m<sup>3</sup>/s respectively, and at water intake of No. 1 branch (at Section 72) take water according to design flow of 1.03 m<sup>3</sup>/s; Scheme 2, canal flow was stable at 11.5 m<sup>3</sup>/s, and at water intake of No. 1 branch (Section 72) take water of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.03 m<sup>3</sup>/s respectively. In terms of hydraulic response characteristics analysis of gate control, 2 schemes were assumed, based on which the solutions were: Scheme 1, the flow at canal head was stable at 11.5 m<sup>3</sup>/s, and at water intake of No. 2 branch take water of 2.5 m<sup>3</sup>/s under gate control; Scheme 2, the flow at canal head was stable at 11.5 m<sup>3</sup>/s, at water intake of No. 2 branch take water of 2.5 m<sup>3</sup>/s, and after 2.5 h at water intake of main 7 lateral take water of 0.2 m<sup>3</sup>/s. Through simulation and analyzation under the different conditions, the hydraulic response characteristics of the canal flow were got as follows: 1) When canal head flow changed, the flow would be changed later with the farther distance from the canal head, and flow along longitudinal direction would be flattened. 2) Under the same flow change rate, the time between starting to change and recovering to be steady would be longer when the distance from canal head was farther, but under different flow change rates, when the flow change rate was larger, the time between starting to change and recovering to be steady would be shorter at the same distance from the canal head. 3) Under different flow rate conditions at canal head, when canal intake flows were the same, the steady flow size exhibited a linear relation with the influence distance of intake flow on upstream stream; but when canal intake flows were different, the steady flow size exhibited an exponential relationship with the influence distance of intake flow on upstream stream. 4) Under steady flow condition at canal head, when individual intake gate was controlled and its opening operates frequently during initial period; when some intake gates were controlled, the opening of any intake gate would affect intake flows of the others, due to the intake flows' reciprocity. 5) By comparison, the simulated hydraulic response characteristics at canal sections were consistent with the measured ones, and the error of canal water depth was within ±10 cm. These may provide some basic knowledge for the safety operation in order to realize scientific allocation of water resources in an irrigation area. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Irrigation canals
Controlled terms:Canals - Flow of water - Flow simulation - Hydraulic structures - Inlet flow - Intake systems - Irrigation - Open channel flow - Rivers - Steady flow - Unsteady flow - Water resources - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Different boundary condition - Flow rate conditions - Hydraulic characteristic - Information construction - Longitudinal direction - Roughness coefficient - Saint Venant equation - Water flow simulation
Classification code:407.2 Waterways - 441 Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 611 Hydroelectric and Tidal Power Plants - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20152600966715
Title:Environmental effects evaluation for grain production based on grey water footprint in Dongting Lake area
Authors:Fu, Yonghu (1); Liu, Liming (1); Qi, Xiaoxing (1); Yuan, Chengcheng (1); Liu, Shengjiao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Liming
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:152-160
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The environmental effect of grain production never fails to attract high attention of researchers and policy makers, especially in the main grain production area in China. The grey water footprint (GWF), as an indicator of aquatic pollution, is defined as the volume of freshwater required to assimilate the load of pollutants based on existing ambient water quality standards. The theories and methods of the GWF provide a new sight to evaluate environmental effects of grain production on water pollution level. By using the statistics methods, this study presented the past and the future changes of GWFs related to total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and pesticide inputs of grain production at the regional scale. Evaluation method of environmental sustainability of grain production for the ambient water quality under annual average discharge scenario was proposed using regional water environment pressure (WEP) and the discrete grey model DGM(1,1). To test the approach, The Dongting Lake area was chosen as the case study area. As the main grain production area in China, high inputs of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and pesticide have been broadly adopted to increase grain yield in this area, and caused serious agricultural non-point source pollution which has been recognized as a major contributor to water quality degradation. In this area excessive nitrogen and phosphorus have become important risk factors. The GWFs of the grain production showed a large variation among different counties from 1994 to 2012. Regional annual average GWF of grain production industry was 1.19-23.61×10<sup>8</sup> m<sup>3</sup> at the county level, and the minimum and maximum GWF occurred in Xiangtan City and Xiangtan County, respectively. The GWF of grain production was 1.06-5.58 m<sup>3</sup>/kg in the period from 1994 to 2012. The counties which had medium value of the GWF were mostly located around the Dongting Lake. The annual total grey water volume for grain production industry was 273.00-438.08×10<sup>8</sup> m<sup>3</sup> from 1994 to 2012, and the average value was 347.65×10<sup>8</sup> m<sup>3</sup>. The GWF trends of grain production industry were declined first, and then increased during 1994-2012.For analyzing the future trends, 2015 and 2020 were selected as the predicted years. The results showed that the grain production industry's GWFs were 431.16×10<sup>8</sup> and 498.54×10<sup>8</sup> m<sup>3</sup>, respectively, in 2015 and 2020. We illustrated spatial trends for WEP in 2015 and 2020 under annual average discharge scenario. Compared with the period from 1994 to 2012, the value of WEP of grain production industry increased from 0.60 to 0.76 in 2015 (the ratio that evaluation units whose water quality deteriorated accounted for the total units increased to 37.14%) and 0.87 in 2020 (increased to 42.86%). Although the WEPs in some counties were over 1 during 1994-2012, the evaluation results suggested that the level of WEP will show an increase trend in the future, which meant the negative environmental effect of grain production would increase continuously. From the spatial aspect, the counties with high WEPs were distributed near the Dongting Lake, for TN or TP. The results indicated that many counties' water resources would be polluted by TN or TP in the future. In addition, the TP has become a major type of agricultural non-point source pollution in the Dongting Lake area. Overall, the GWF as a useful indicator for water environmental quality assessment has been proved, and the managers are facing great challenges of environmental sustainability of grain production. However, the GWF also needs to be further discussed. For example, the calculation model of the GWF should take the effects of water quality, water quantity and time into consideration to assess environmental effects more accurately. In conclusion, the method in the paper can be employed as a novel approach to evaluate environmental effects of grain production on water pollution level. This paper provides a reference for other regions to assess the environmental risk of grain production, and the results also provide good suggests for sustainable agricultural planning and agricultural policy making. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Water pollution
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Decision making - Environmental protection - Fertilizers - Grain (agricultural product) - Irrigation - Lakes - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Pesticides - Phosphate fertilizers - Phosphorus - Pollution - Quality control - Quality management - Risk assessment - Sustainable development - Water quality - Water resources - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point source pollutions - Dongting Lake area - Environmental quality assessment - Environmental sustainability - Grey waters - Sustainable agricultural - Water environments - Water quality degradation
Classification code:407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 444 Water Resources - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 445.2 Water Analysis - 453 Water Pollution - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 912.2 Management - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20152600966723
Title:Abnormal identification method of dynamic systems based on support vector data description feature extraction for chaos fractal
Authors:Li, Zhaofei (1); Chai, Yi (2); Ren, Xiaohong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Automation and Electronic Information, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, China; (2) College of Automation, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:211-218
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to extract the features of fault signals of dynamic system polluted and modulated by background noise, and solve anomaly detection problem of slight fault based on the generated normal patterns, this paper considers the one-class classification problem of insufficient fault samples and class imbalanced in intelligent monitoring and diagnosis for dynamic systems. Besides, it is well known that the conventional feature selection methods always depend on specific fault types. If some features are chosen to identify one fault, their performance may be poor for other fault cases. Compared with other classifiers, support vector data description (SVDD) is only based on samples at normal state, and its optimization hyperplane is independent of specific fault types. Chaos and fractal are the nonlinear phenomena which widely exist in nature and socio-economic system. Chaos and fractal can help to find out the internal regularity of system, and it is a new branch and the important fields of nonlinear science, whose subjects include unsmoothed, nondifferentiable geometry and long-range correlated structure in nonlinear system, method to judge if one system has chaos and fractal phenomena that mainly uses the largest Lyapunov index and fractal dimension to judge. Study has showed that the chaos and fractal theory can reflect the essence of the dynamic systems as complex system. Hence, a new abnormal identification and feature selection method of dynamic systems that combines chaos fractal feature and SVDD is presented. In this method, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for 2 classifying errors i.e. misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis in classification field based on SVDD is synthesized in the proposed method to make the selected chaos fractal and features more effective. The best combination of the largest Lyapunov exponent and correlation dimension is selected through analyzing chaos and fractal features, which include: the largest Lyapunov exponent, box dimension, correlation dimension and the mean of generalized dimension. To ensure good performance in the environment of complex dynamic systems, anti-noise robustness analysis is conducted. The data samples of different normal states are trained to obtain the optimal enclosing spheres respectively. And the relative distances between diagnostic samples and the distributed spheres are introduced to decide which class they belongs to. In this way SVDD classifier of normal condition samples has been proposed based on combined features as the input of SVDD classifier. In addition, SVDD is a robust data domain description method; its performance, however, is strongly influenced by kernel parameter. To improve the low fraction of target class that is accepted by the SVDD in the case of atypical target training data, experimental studies for seeking optimum parameters of kernel functions which are used to improve classification precision have been discussed. The penalty coefficient B is fixed to the value of 0.4, and in this case, the optimal kernel parameter value is suggested as a value of 0.6, which can prevent effectively the phenomenon of over-fitting and has good fault sensitivity and generalization. Abnormal identification model is set up based on the normal history data of the system to detect the abnormal condition by comparing the projection on the chaos fractal feature space to which the real measurement data and normal data were projected. Using SVDD-ROC as feature extraction method, the problem that traditional feature extraction methods depend on specific fault samples is avoided. The experiments with single-point fault data simulated on bearing vibration test-bed have been implemented to evaluate the efficiency and performance of the clustering, and results of test show that the proposed method only requires the samples at normal state to identify condition between normal states and fault states, and it is able to well distinguish unknown fault types. The study can provide theoretical and design basis for the modeling and detecting of dynamic systems with fault conditions, which is helpful to prevent incident, save maintenance cost, improve the utilization rate of the system, protect the running of production, and thus reduce costs. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Classification (of information)
Controlled terms:Chaos theory - Classifiers - Computer aided diagnosis - Data description - Differential equations - Dynamical systems - Extraction - Fault detection - Feature extraction - Fractal dimension - Fractals - Lyapunov functions - Lyapunov methods - Problem solving
Uncontrolled terms:Efficiency and performance - Feature extraction methods - Feature selection methods - Indentification - Largest Lyapunov exponent - Receiver operating characteristic curves - Receiver operating characteristics - Support vector data description
Classification code:422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.3 Database Systems - 723.5 Computer Applications - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 921 Mathematics - 921.2 Calculus
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20152600966719
Title:Analysis of characteristics of soil erodibility K-value in Heilongjiang province
Authors:Zhou, Ning (1); Li, Chao (2); Ju, Cunyong (3); Ma, Yahuai (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Heilongjiang Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Harbin, China; (2) Heilongjiang Design & Research Institute of Forestry, Harbin, China; (3) School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:182-189
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the largest distribution area of black soil in China, Heilongjiang Province is undertaking important responsibility of food safety for country. However, due to lack of protection, it has become one of those regions undergoing the most serious soil erosion and is gradually losing its basic role of important agricultural production. Soil erodibility index (K-value) is not only an important parameter for evaluating soil's sensitivity to erosion and forcasting soil erosion process but also a key foundation for monitoring and planning of soil and water conservation. In this paper, in terms of soil census data, the characteristics of K-value were analyzed by traditional statistical and geostatistical methods. Results showed that: 1) The soil texture presented significant difference among main soil types; the contents of coarse silt, fine powder and clay obeyed normal distribution, and their spatial correlations were weak. 2) The average K-value of aeolian sandy soils was the largest (0.0281), that of albic soils was the smallest (0.0234), and all K-value of main soil types had weak variability. 3) The average K-value of sandy loam was the largest (0.0281) while moderate clay had the smallest K-value (0.0201). Generally, the average K-value reduced with the increasing physical clay content as well as the decreasing physical sand content, and all soil textures had weak variability but for heavy clay having moderate variability The difference of soil texture either in same soil type or among different soil types was effected by their components content, and this difference was also reflected in K-value. 4) There was a significant linear relationship (R<sup>2</sup>=0.83) between the average K-value and soil surface thickness and furthermore, the K-value would gently descend when the thickness increased. In other words, the thinner top soil resulted from soil and water loss can cause the increasing K-value and amplify the probability of soil erosion. Thus, the top soil would become thinner and thinner and even disappear. 5) The K-value's distribution characteristics of the areas with various soil erosion types showed obvious difference, however, those regions belonging to same soil erosion type had similar distributions although they were in different soil erosion intensity levels. In water erosion region, the distribution area of different K-values showed an increasing trend in the section from 0.0220 to 0.0241, and got the largest area in the interval from 0.0241 to 0.0245 while a decreasing trend occurred in the zone from 0.0245 to 0.0276. Generally, the distribution area of K-value increased with the increasing of K-value in wind erosion region. The K-value of freezing-thawing erosion region converged in the zone from 0.0258 to 0.0268, and the K-value of engineering erosion region was centered in the zone from 0.0229 to 0.0245.6) The K-value had a moderate spatial correlation, and showed a gentle linear downward trend from the west to the east, as a distribution of concave parabolic shape occurred in north-south direction. In addition, the maximum K-value mostly appeared in the area of aeolian sandy soil, and the two minimum K-value areas were almost related to the areas of black soils and albic soils, respectively. We also found the distribution features of K-value coincided with the soil and water conservation regionalization well. The K-value grid database produced in this paper would provide basic parameters for soil erosion monitoring and prediction, and controlling of soil and water loss, especially provide scientific basis for the protection and restoration of black soil resources, and impose a positive effect on sustainable grain production safety in the black land. It was necessary to note that the data used in this work were a little old and their soil profile samples were not collected randomly, and thus this shortage of the data may make our results less reliable. Besides, since we lacked newer data, we didn't further analyze relevant spatial and temporal dynamic changes of K-value. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Soil conservation
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Clay products - Erosion - Geographic information systems - Normal distribution - Population statistics - Safety engineering - Sand - Soils - Textures - Water conservation - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Characteristic - Distribution characteristics - Eosion - K-values - Protection and restoration - Soil and water conservation - Soil textures
Classification code:407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444 Water Resources - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 723.3 Database Systems - 812.1 Ceramics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 914 Safety Engineering - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20152600966728
Title:Pyrolysis and in its products volatile organic compounds characteristics of curaua fiber
Authors:Wang, Chunhong (1); Bai, Suyue (1); Yue, Xinmin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:249-253
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this paper, the pyrolysis behaviors and the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the curaua fiber and hemp fiber were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) was employed to analyze the main chemical composition of the curaua fiber and hemp fiber. The chemical composition mass fraction was tested by chemical method. The pyrolysis behaviors and the release of VOCs of the curaua fiber and hemp fiber could be investigated by thermogravimetry-mass spectroscopy (TG-MS). The activation energy of each stage during the fiber pyrolysis was calculated by the Coats-Redfern method. The results revealed that the main chemical components of the curaua fiber were the same to the hemp fiber, which were cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, pectin, wax and hydrotrope. The cellulose mass fraction of the curaua fiber (56.35%) was lower than that of the hemp fiber (71.37%), but the lignin mass fraction of the curaua fiber (19.70%) was higher than that of the hemp fiber (2.86%). The pyrolysis process of the curaua fiber and hemp fiber could be divided into 3 stages. In the first stage (50-250), the residual water and free water in the amorphous region evaporated. The next 2 stages were mainly the hemicelluloses pyrolysis (250-350) and the pyrolysis process of cellulose and lignin (350-700), respectively. The 3 independent first-order reaction models were constructed to describe the main pyrolysis process of the curaua fiber and hemp fiber. The first first-order reaction of the curaua fiber was mainly the hemicelluloses pyrolysis stage (265-356), the second first-order reaction of the curaua fiber was mainly the cellulose pyrolysis stage (356-426), and the third first-order reaction was mainly the lignin pyrolysis stage (426-463). The activation energies of the second and third first-order reaction stages (205.41, 497.56 kJ/mol) were higher than that of the first first-order reaction stage (125.06 kJ/mol). The activation energy in each stage was closely linked to the chemical composition and the mass fraction of each composition. Through the combination of the thermal analysis instrument and the mass spectrometer, it was detected that small amounts of formaldehyde, acrolein, and other VOC gas such as n-butane, benzene substance were released during the curaua fiber pyrolysis. The investigated result can be useful to the application of the curaua fiber, which can be developed as a kind of functional fiber, but the retardant problem and the environmental issues should be given attention to during the curaua fiber application. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Fibers
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Cellulose - Chemical activation - Chemical analysis - Enzyme kinetics - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Gas chromatography - Hemp - Hemp fibers - Lignin - Mass spectrometry - Organic compounds - Pyrolysis - Spectrometers - Temperature - Thermoanalysis - Thermogravimetric analysis - Volatile organic compounds
Uncontrolled terms:Cellulose pyrolysis - Chemical compositions - Coats-Redfern method - Curaua - Environmental issues - First order reactions - First-order reaction model - Fourier transform infrared spectrometer
Classification code:641.1 Thermodynamics - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 812 Ceramics, Refractories and Glass - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 817 Plastics and Other Polymers: Products and Applications - 819.1 Natural Fibers
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20152600966702
Title:Gear splash lubrication numerical simulation and validation based on teeth-face-moving method
Authors:Peng, Qianlei (1); Gui, Liangjin (1); Fan, Zijie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Department of Automotive Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Fan, Zijie
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:51-56
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years numerical simulation has become one of the most important means to study the complex oil flow within gearbox. Since the gap between tooth surfaces near the gear mesh zone is quite tiny, it's difficult to get high quality mesh grid near such zone. Further numerical divergence frequently occurs along iterative process with dynamic mesh. To overcome this predicament, some researchers have tried different gear modeling methods to simplify the gear model, such as none-teeth method, cutting-teeth method or gear-separation method. Nevertheless these methods have certain limitation. This paper attended to provide a new practical gear modeling methods called teeth-face-moving method. The method was operated by moving each tooth surface slightly. As the tooth thickness was marginally reduced, the gap between tooth surfaces near the mesh zone was increased to 0.5-1 mm, so that mesh generation in the gap became feasible, which was different from the previous methods, i.e. all of teeth profiles and the center distance of 2 gears were kept as same as the original when using the teeth-face-moving method. To certify the reasonability of this new method, a numerical model for splash lubrication in gearbox was built with different gear modeling methods. The volume of fluid (VOF) method was applied to track the air and oil two-phase flow. And RNG k-Ε model was introduced to describe turbulence flow considering high fluid strain rate and high bending degree of flow line. Standard wall function was applied to deal with the flow near wall region and low Reynolds number flow. Dynamic mesh method with the spring-based smoothing and local remeshing was used to adapt the motion of gears. Due to more concentrating upon mesh zone, the gear-separation method and the teeth-face-moving method required more grid elements and computational resource than other methods. The numerical results of oil distribution and gears' churning loss were comparatively analyzed. Also the simulated results were made a comparison with the existed experiment data. It was easily observed the quantity of oil splashed by gears with none-teeth method or cutting-teeth methods was obviously less than that with gear-separation method or teeth-face-moving method. The similar phenomenon was acquired from churning loss results as well. The churning loss computed with none-teeth method or cutting-teeth method was far less than the related experimental result. On the contrary the churning loss computed with gear-separation method or teeth-face-moving method showed good agreement with the related experimental result. The direct reason was tip diameter and teeth profile had a strong influence on the oil flow in the gearbox. So cutting all or partial teeth may lead unreliable simulation result for splash oil flow. It seemed that the gear-separation method got the result close to the teeth-face-moving method. Unfortunately the center distance of 2 gears had to be increased for the gear-separation method. This was unacceptable in real engineering case because changing the position of gear may lead to related bearings or shaft intersected with other structures, such as bearing base and gearbox housing. So the conclusion is drawn that the teeth-face-moving method not only provides more credible prediction for oil flow in the gearbox, but also has more practicability for complicated engineering situation and hence is superior to the previous gear modeling methods. The teeth-face-moving gear modeling method is quite beneficial to lubrication simulation for real engineering gear system, such as truck axle or vehicle transmission. And further work of applying this new method on complicated machinery is underway. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Gear teeth
Controlled terms:Air - Computer simulation - Gear cutting - Gears - Iterative methods - Lubrication - Machinery - Models - Numerical methods - Numerical models - Reynolds number - Strain rate - Two phase flow - Vehicle transmissions - Wall function - Walls (structural partitions)
Uncontrolled terms:Churning loss - Computational resources - Dynamic mesh method - Low Reynolds number flow - Separation methods - Simulation and validation - Teeth-face-moving method - Volume of fluid method
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 604.1 Metal Cutting - 607.2 Lubrication - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 723.5 Computer Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20152600966713
Title:Effect of water and nitrogen coupling on root morphology and physiology, yield and nutrition utilization for rice
Authors:Xu, Guowei (1); Wang, Hezheng (1); Zhai, Zhihua (1); Sun, Meng (1); Li, Youjun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Agricultural College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:132-141
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil moisture and nitrogen (N) nutrient are the principal factors affecting rice production. Elucidation of their influences and coupling effects on grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) would have great significance for high yielding and high efficiency of rice. As early as in 1911, Montgomery had began to study the effects of soil fertility on water consumption of maize in Mabraka, and Painten and Leamer noted that higher yield was obtained by applying more fertilizer under the condition of higher soil water potential in 1953. Domestic and foreign scholars have conducted extensive researches on the interaction of water and fertilizer. The existed researches focused on crop growth development, photosynthetic characteristics, yield and quality formation, nutrient and water use efficiency and other aspects of the studies, but most researches focused on the ground, few papers for the root characteristics, and the conclusions were not consistent. The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of water and N coupling on root morphology and physiology, grain yield and N fertilizer use efficiency. A mid-season japonica rice cultivar of Xudao 3 was planted. Three treatments of different N levels, i.e. no N fertilizer application, normal N (MN, 240 kg/km<sup>2</sup>) and high N (HN, 360 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>) and 3 irrigation regimes, i.e. submerged irrigation (0 kPa), alternate wetting and moderate drying (-20 kPa) and alternate wetting and severe drying (-40 kPa) were conducted. The results showed that there was a significant interaction between irrigation regimes and N applications, while not significant between the years for the main indices. In the same N condition, grain yield increased under the mild water stress, yet decreased significantly under the condition of alternate wetting and severe drying, an average reduction of 29.8%. When compared with no N fertilizer, rice yield of MN and HN treatment improved by from 54.0% to 60.6% (submerged irrigation), from 57.0% to 66.4% (-20 kPa) and from 33.0% to 61.0% (-40 kPa), and the result indicated that the application of N fertilizer could enhance rice yield significantly. Compared with the MN, grain yield under the condition of HN treatment was reduced, but the difference was not significant, except while water stress was severe, the yield of HN decreased significantly (P<0.05). High N fertilizer application had aggravated the soil drought, and reduced the effect of fertilizer regulation. The grain yield was the highest under the interaction of MN and mild water stress through the analysis of coupling effect of water and N, and the reason was it improved the filled grain rate and the 1000-grain weight when compared with other treatments. Under mild drying condition, root length, root dry weight, root activity, total root absorbing area, activity absorbing area and N metabolism enzyme activity at main growth stages were increased, but root-shoot ratio was decreased after panicle initiation stage. Mild water stress and MN enhanced rice yield and N use efficiency, being the best mode in this paper referred as the water-nitrogen coupling management mode. The opposite result was observed under the condition of alternate wetting and severe drying. Correlation analysis showed that grain yield was positively correlated to all the above morphological and physiological indices at main growth stages with the exception of negative correlation of the root-shoot ratio at the stage of heading. A negative correlation was observed between the N agronomy efficiency and the root dry weight, dry weight density, root-shoot ratio, while there was significant or extremely significant positive correlation between root active absorbing area, root activity at heading stage and N agronomy efficiency. These results suggest a good root morphology can increase root activity and N metabolism enzyme activity through the regulation of water and N, and will be much more beneficial to increasing grain yield and N use efficiency in rice production. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Agronomy - Drying - Efficiency - Enzyme activity - Enzymes - Fertilizers - Forestry - Grain growth - Irrigation - Metabolism - Morphology - Nitrogen - Nutrients - Physiology - Plants (botany) - Soil moisture - Soils - Stresses - Water supply - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Fertilizer regulation - N fertilizer use efficiencies - Panicle initiation stage - Photosynthetic characteristics - Physiological indices - Positive correlations - Rice (Oryza sativa L.) - Root morphology
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 642.1 Process Heating - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 933.1.2 Crystal Growth - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20152600966725
Title:Fusion of K-means and Ncut algorithm to realize segmentation and reconstruction of two overlapped apples without blocking by branches and leaves
Authors:Wang, Dandan (1); Xu, Yue (1); Song, Huaibo (1); He, Dongjian (1); Zhang, Haihui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Song, Huaibo
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:227-234
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Overlapped apples are common in natural scenes, and they can seriously affect the execution of picking task. Accurate segmentation of overlapped apples is one of the key problems that picking robot must solve. As the existing overlapped apples segmentation methods could not retain the contour of overlapped parts, a new method of segmenting overlapped apples was proposed in this paper. The steps of the algorithm were as follows: Firstly, the image was processed with morphological opening operation using disk-shaped structural element with the radius of 5 pixels so as to ensure the data information consistent in small area and to make the image more smooth. In order to distinguish the target and the background automatically, the image was then transformed from RGB color space into L<sup>*</sup>a<sup>*</sup>b color space. Then K-means clustering method was used to segment images to extract apple region. Secondly, in order to extract accurate and entire contour of apple region and keep the contour of overlapped part simultaneously, Normalized Cut (Ncut) method was adopted. To ensure the accuracy of Ncut algorithm, the cluster number was chosen as 5. Thirdly, contour segmentation method was used to extract contour of each apple. The procedures of contour segmentation method were as follows: 1) The extracted contours were connected by simply using eroding operation in order to avoid disconnection at intersection of contours of 2 adjacent apples; 2) Refine the connected contour and search three cross point, then break off the contour at three cross point by assigning zero at three cross point, and 3 contours could be got; 3) Add the 2 contours whose bending directions were opposite, and this was the contour of unblocked apple and the other contour was the contour of blocked apple. Lastly, Spline interpolation method was used to reconstruct the contour of blocked apples. In order to verify the validity of this algorithm, 20 images of adjacent apples were used to conduct the experiment, and the result was compared with the comparison method. The comparison method is a method that uses the connection line of 2 concave points to segment overlapped apples, and then utilizes the Hough transform method to reconstruct the contour of apples. The experimental results showed that for unblocked apples in apple images, average segmentation error of the presented method was 3.15%, 7.73% less than that of comparison method (10.88%). Average overlap ratio of the presented method was 96.08% and was increased by 9.71% compared to comparison method (90.85%). In addition, this method could keep the complete contour information of unblocked apples and thus improved segmentation accuracy effectively. For blocked apples, average segmentation error and average overlap ratio were 5.24% and 93.81%, respectively. The segmentation error was decreased by 11.35% and average overlap ratio was increased by 12.74% compared to comparison method, which indicated that the method could reconstruct contour of blocked apples well. In conclusion, the presented algorithm is feasible to segment and reconstruct 2 overlapped apples without blocking by branches and leaves. However, for the images of overlapped apple blocked by branches and leaves, the images of more than 2 overlapped apples, and the images of 2 overlapped apples unblocked by branches and leaves with unclear contour at overlapped part, this method cannot complete the segmentation, and thus further research would be needed. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Clustering algorithms - Color - Errors - Fruits - Hough transforms - Image processing - Image reconstruction - Interpolation
Uncontrolled terms:Contour segmentation - K-means - K-means clustering method - Morphological opening - Ncut - Overlapped apple - Segmentation accuracy - Segmentation methods
Classification code:721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20152600966726
Title:Performance analysis of functioned brackish water for lighting-induced evaporation type solar desalination system
Authors:Hou, Jing (1); Yang, Jucai (3); Zheng, Hongfei (4); Chang, Zehui (3); Yu, Miaomiao (3); Ma, Yuanbo (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, China; (2) College of Mechanical Electrical Heating and Ventilation Engine, Inner Mongolia Technical College of Construction, Hohhot, China; (3) College of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, China; (4) School of Mechanical and Vehicular Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Chang, Zehui
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:235-240
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fresh water demands are increasing day by day because of industrialization, motorization and increased life standards of mankind. Fresh water reserves available naturally are not capable of meeting the fresh water demands because of their less availability. Desalination is not only necessary to overcome the issue of fresh water shortage in the future, but also important for the oil-gas-coal industry which generates substantial amount of waste water during the production of oil, natural gas and coal. Compared to conventional water treatment technology, solar brackish water desalination has advantages of cleanness and sustainability. However, high cost and small scale have become the biggest obstacles for solar brackish water desalination technology, which is caused by the high-cost solar collector, the structural mismatch of the optimum working ranges between the solar collector system and the brackish water desalination system, and the large heat transfer resistance between them. To solve this problem, this paper has proposed a strong light-concentrating direct evaporation type solar brackish water desalination system. It utilizes the concentrating solar energy which is directly shined into the functioned brackish water to produce steam for repeated usage. It should be noted that solar collector is introduced to collect much more solar energy and produce steam efficiently to improve the performance of solar desalination units. The light-induced evaporation type solar desalination units show small heat transfer resistance, heat capacity small and small cavity evaporation, which can largely reduce the cost and be beneficial for the economic performance of the solar desalination system. Generally, the functioned brackish water is in the boiling state during the system working. The transmissivity of the functioned brackish water in the boiling state was measured in optical darkroom. At the same time, thermal energy utilization efficiency of functioned brackish water was tested in dish type concentrating system under actual weather condition. The objective of the work was to determine the influence of abundance and size of particles on the optical and thermal performance of the system. The variations of transmissivity for brackish water through different optical paths were recorded under the same conditions. The dish type concentrating solar desalination device was then constructed according to the optical analysis results. The characteristics of temperature and performance ratio (PR) of the water were obtained through outdoor experiment. A dimensionless parameter of "efficiency rate" was used in this paper to evaluate the extinction performance of the functioned brackish water (30-60). The results indicated that functioned water could be obtained through adding black particles in brackish water. In addition, the transmissivity of the functioned brackish water decreased with the increasing of abundance, and with the decreasing of particle size. With the smallest particle size of 0.72 mm used in the experiment, the transparency rate of the brackish water reached the lowest value, and the transmissivities through 2 different optical paths decreased by 75.83% and 77.08%, respectively. When the particle abundance increased from 6.25 to 50.00 mg/L, the increase rate of thermal energy utilization efficiency of the functioned brackish water could reach 41.3%. Finally, it was found that the trend of thermal energy utilization efficiency was consistent with the transmissivity. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Water treatment
Controlled terms:Coal industry - Collector efficiency - Costs - Desalination - Elementary particles - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Evaporation - Heat resistance - Heat transfer - Particle size - Solar collectors - Solar energy - Specific heat - Thermal energy - Water - Water filtration
Uncontrolled terms:Brackish water desalinations - Conventional water treatment - Dimensionless parameters - Energy utilization efficiency - Functioned - Heat transfer resistance - Performance analysis - Solar desalination systems
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 472 Ocean Engineering - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 615 Thermoelectric, Magnetohydrodynamic and Other Power Generators - 615.2 Solar Power - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 702.3 Solar Cells - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20152600966733
Title:Experiment on resistance reunion capability of carrot powder under high voltage electrical field
Authors:Gong, Yuanjuan (1); Deng, Guomiao (1); Qin, Junwei (1); Zhang, Benhua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Benhua
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:283-288
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Carrot is a kind of familiar vegetable, and it has abundant carotenoid content. Carrot grinding is a common processing method. In this paper, the changes of the influencing factors including the powder particle size, the temperature, the moisture content and the carotenoid content in the grinding process were researched through the carrot shearing and crushing tests. The evaluation index of powder particle size was the percentage of particle size which was less than 125 μm, screened by standard sieve whose mesh number was 120. Through the single factor test, the result showed that the percentage of particle size less 125 μm decreased first, then increased and later decreased once again during the crush time of from 1 to 5 min. According to the references and the analysis results, the main reason of percentage decreasing was powder reunion. When the crush time changed from 1 to 4 min, the average temperature increased by 40.2, measured by Testo 890-1 infrared thermal imager, and the moisture content increased by 1.658%, tested by drying oven. The percentage of particle size which was less than 125 μm decreased by 7.17%, as crush time changed from 4 to 5 min. Otherwise, the carotenoid content of carrot powder decreased by 228 mg/kg due to the high temperature produced in crushing process. It was found that the main reason of powder reunion was that the surface forces among particles increased with the rise of the particle specific surface area, the temperature and the moisture content. The main surface forces among particles included: Van der Waals force, which increases with the growing smaller of particle size, electrostatic force, which is a result of friction, and hydrogen bonding force, which is made by moisture in powder. In consequence, the most effective method to solve the reunion of powder was to reduce the surface forces among particles. High voltage electrical field can overcome the surface forces among particles so that the powders have capability of resisting reunion. In this study, according to "Asakawa effect" and the principle of needle-plate electrode, the test device of high voltage electrical field was designed. The test device of high voltage electrical field could form a non-uniform electric field that was used to treat carrot powder. The treating voltage and the treating time were the test factors, and the percentage of particle size less than 125 μm was the evaluation index in the single factor test and the orthogonal experiment. Then, the regression equation was established and optimized. The test factors' significant order for the evaluation index was: treating voltage>treating time>treating voltage× treating time>treating time<sup>2</sup>. Based on the linear programming theory, the optimal processing parameters were determined. The appropriate treating voltage was 45 kV, and the best treating time was 60 min. Through the verification test, the percentage of particle size less than 125 μm was increased from 61.75% to 77.38%. The conclusions of this study provide a theoretical reference for the efficient processing of carrot powders. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:12
Main heading:Electronic equipment testing
Controlled terms:Comminution - Crushing - Dispersion (waves) - Electric fields - Grinding (comminution) - Grinding (machining) - Hydrogen bonds - Infrared drying - Linear programming - Moisture - Moisture determination - Optimization - Particle size - Pigments - Powders - Processing - Semiconductor junctions - Van der Waals forces
Uncontrolled terms:Infrared thermal imager - Micropowders - Needle plate electrodes - Nonuniform electric field - Optimal processing - Orthogonal experiment - Regression equation - Verification tests
Classification code:536 Powder Metallurgy - 606.2 Abrasive Devices and Processes - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 711.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 715 Electronic Equipment, General Purpose and Industrial - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 913.4 Manufacturing - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20152600966705
Title:Bionic design and test of small-sized wind turbine blade based on seagull airfoil
Authors:Wang, Jiyue (1); Cong, Qian (1); Liang, Ning (1); Mao, Shijia (1); Guan, Huanhuan (1); Liu, Linpeng (1); Chen, Chuangfa (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
Corresponding author:Cong, Qian
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:72-77
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Power of the existing small-sized wind turbine blades is much less than the theoretical value. This study improved 100 W wind turbine blades to increase the power of wind turbine. First of all, Spalart-Allmaras model which was suitable for airfoil stalling characteristics research was used to analyze the aerodynamic characteristics of seagull airfoil and standard airfoil with different angles of attack (AOA). Seagull airfoil and standard airfoil were got from seagull wing and standard blade by portable three-dimension scanner, Imageware software and Geomagic Studio software through standard blade scan, seagull wing scan, point cloud processing, reverse engineering modeling and cross section capture. Lift coefficients and lift-drag ratios of seagull airfoil and standard airfoil were calculated by Fluent software. Secondly, bionic blade was designed based on standard 100 W blades and Glauert theory. Thirdly, numerical simulations of bionic blade and standard blade were performed by using SST(shear stress transport) k-ω model which was suitable for blade performance research to analyze the aerodynamic characteristics of bionic blade and standard blade. Last of all, efficiencies of bionic wind turbine and standard wind turbine were measured by using self-designed test platform to compare the effects of these 2 kinds of wind turbines. Lift coefficient of seagull airfoil was higher than that of standard airfoil with different AOA of from 0 to 20°. The maximum lift coefficient of seagull airfoil was 2.19 times that of standard airfoil with the AOA of 8°. Lift-drag ratio of seagull airfoil was also higher than that of standard airfoil with different AOA of from 0 to 20°. The maximum lift-drag ratio of seagull airfoil with the AOA of 3° was 1.34 times that of standard airfoil with the AOA of 5°. Static pressure color map showed that surface pressure difference of seagull airfoil was larger than that of standard airfoil with the same AOA. With the AOA of 15°, upper surface of standard airfoil was separated with airflow totally, whereas for seagull airfoil there was only half separation. Numerical simulations manifested that static pressure of standard blade was distributed from tip to root, whereas in bionic blade it was from tip to middle. Efficiency tests indicated that power of bionic blade was larger than that of standard blade within the wind speed of 0-10.7 m/s, which increased by 25.77%. The lift coefficient of seagull airfoil was higher than that of standard airfoil, which proved that seagull airfoil provided more lift than standard airfoil under the same working condition. The lift-drag ratio of seagull airfoil was higher than that of standard airfoil, which proved that seagull airfoil provided more power than that of standard airfoil under the same working condition. With the AOA of 15°, airflow was totally separated with standard airfoil but partly separated with seagull airfoil, which proved that stalling AOA of seagull airfoil was larger than that of standard airfoil. Therefore, it can be concluded that aerodynamic characteristics of seagull airfoil are better than that of standard airfoil, and seagull airfoil adapts to more complex working condition. This research provides the reference for improving the design of small-sized wind turbine. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Turbine components
Controlled terms:Aerodynamic stalling - Aerodynamics - Airfoils - Angle of attack - Bionics - Drag - Energy utilization - Lift - Lift drag ratio - Numerical analysis - Numerical models - Reverse engineering - Separation - Shear stress - Turbomachine blades - Wind - Wind power - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms:Aerodynamic characteristics - Characteristics researches - Engineering modeling - Maximum lift coefficient - Shear-stress transport - Small-sized wind turbines - Spalart-Allmaras model - Wind turbine blades
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 617 Turbines and Steam Turbines - 618 Compressors and Pumps - 651.1 Aerodynamics, General - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20152600966697
Title:Design and experiment of chopping device with dynamic fixed knife coaxial for rice straw
Authors:Qiu, Jin (1); Wu, Mingliang (1); Guan, Chunyun (4); Fang, Youxiang (5); Li, Xiaocong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; (2) Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Agricultural Equipment, Changsha, China; (3) Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in South China, Changsha, China; (4) Oilseeds Crops Institute, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; (5) Yiyang Zijiang Combine Harvester Development Co. Ltd, Yiyang, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Mingliang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:11-19
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to long stubble remained in farmland after harvesting as well as hardened and impervious soil in southern farmland of China, the tillage and land preparation parts of multifunctional rape-planting machine tend to wind grass and obstruct with mud, which impairs the working performance of ridging equipment and reduces the percentage of rapeseed seedling germination. In order to solve these problems, a rapeseed planting method is proposed, which combines the straw mulching cultivation with the direct seeding. The method is used to collect and cut the rice stubbles, and then the chopped rice stubbles are evenly covered on the inter-row spaces without involving the tillage apparatus. A multifunctional rape-planting device is mounted to a rice combine-harvester by replacing screening device, using the original harvester header to collect the rice stubbles and replacing the threshing cylinder to chop and scatter the rice stubbles. In this paper, an air-assisted chopping mechanism was designed, in which the moving knives and the transplanting blades were coaxially installed. The performance of the air-assisted chopping mechanism was evaluated by simulating the chopping operation of "stalk-standing" and "crop residue" in farmland through a bench test driven by an electric motor. A quadratic orthogonal rotating experiment was designed by Design-Expert software. Based on the variance analysis and regression fitting, a multiple regression equation was obtained, showing the effects of the rotating speed of feeding press rolls, the rotating speed of rotation shaft of moving knives and the gaps between moving knife and stationary knife on the qualified rate of chopped stalk length and the power attenuation. It was shown that the rotating speed of rotation shaft of moving knives had the most influential effect, followed by the gaps between moving knife and stationary knife, and the rotating speed of feeding press rolls had the least effect on the qualified rate of chopped stalk length and the power attenuation. The response surface method was applied to optimize the operation conditions. The optimum factors for "stalk-standing" and "crop residue" chopping operation were as follows: The rotating speeds of feeding press rolls were 399.2 and 401.64 r/min, the rotating speeds of rotation shaft of moving knives were 968.12 and 977.23 r/min, and the gaps between moving knife and stationary knife were 0.52 and 0.49 mm, respectively. Under the optimal condition, the corresponding qualified rates of chopped stalk length for "stalk-standing" and "crop residue" were 95.89% and 97.09%, as well as the power attenuations were 3.04 and 2.6 kW, respectively. The differences between the experimental and the software analytical value of the qualified rate of chopped stalk length for "stalk-standing" and "crop residue" were both 0.11% and those of power attenuation were 0.05 and 0.08 kW, respectively, which indicated that the software analytical value was in great agreement with the experiment value. Based on the theoretical analysis, the higher qualified rate of chopped stalk length could be achieved under the faster rotating speed of rotation shaft of moving knives and the smaller gaps between moving knife and stationary knife. Taking into consideration the existing form of rice straw in farmland, the rotating speed of feeding press roll was designed to be 401.64 r/min, the rotating speed of rotation shaft of moving knife 977.23 r/min, and the gap between moving knife and stationary knife 0.49 mm. It can provide technical support for the design of rapeseed planter with the combination of straw-mulching cultivation and direct seeding. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Crops - Cultivation - Design - Farms - Feeding - Harvesters - Machine design - Machinery - Mechanization - Oilseeds - Presses (machine tools) - Rotating machinery - Rotation - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture machinery - Chop - Influential effects - Multiple regression equations - Operation conditions - Response surface method - Return to field - Rice straws
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 601 Mechanical Design - 601.1 Mechanical Devices - 603.1 Machine Tools, General - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20152600966700
Title:Analysis of combustion process and emission performance test for diesel engine using internal exhaust gas recirculation
Authors:Jia, Hekun (1); Yin, Bifeng (1); He, Jianguang (2); Xu, Yi (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) Changchai Company Limited, Changzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:37-42
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the sustained development of economy and technology, small non-road diesel engines are extensively applied in industrial and agricultural production. The single-cylinder engines, in particular, plays a crucial role in modern agriculture, working as the main power source for small-to medium-sized tractors and mini-farming machinery etc. Due to current situation of fuel issue in China and structure limitation of single-cylinder diesel engine, a new method is presented to improve combustion and emission performance using internal exhaust gas recirculation (IEGR) in terms of engine internal purification, that is, by adding advance intake profile to intake cam shaft. As for the small-sized non-road diesel engine, an optical engine equipped with the AVL Visio scope consisting of a charge coupled device (CCD) camera Pixel-Fly VGA, an endoscope, illumination device and the AVL-Thermo Vision software was used in order to capture combustion images. In addition, the AVL-Thermo Vision software was applied in the measurement of temperature and soot distribution of diffusion flame. The resolution and frequency of CCD camera were 640×480 pixel and 10 Hz respectively. By means of images collecting and processing for combustion process, together with pressure collecting and emission performance testing, the influences of IEGR on the diesel engine's combustion process and emission performance were analyzed. The results showed that under the conditions of 1760 r/min and 50% load rate, in-cylinder pressure peak decreased from 5.49 to 5.43 MPa, the start of heat release was delayed by 0.5°CA and the maximum instantaneous heat release rate was reduced from 85.7 to 82.4 J/deg when IEGR was introduced. Furthermore, the average temperature of combustion flame was reduced, centering between 1900 and 2100 K. The area of high-temperature intense radiation was reduced, in which the area percent of temperature higher than 2200 K dropped from around 30‰ to below 10‰. That was beneficial to controlling NOx emissions. The average value for KL factor was obviously higher than that for the original engine within the entire range of combustion, the peak of which rose from 40.5 to 67.4. At the speed of 1760 r/min, the NOx emissions decreased within the entire range of load rate, especially under 50% load rate (by 19.6%) when IEGR was introduced. Yet, the soot emissions increased as the load rate was increased and the growing rate became even larger at higher load rate. The soot emissions rose by 49.33% when full load rate was achieved. Another countermeasure, i.e. the fuel supply advance angle, was adjusted to collaboratively optimize engine performance. NOx and soot emissions could be improved simultaneously. When the fuel supply advance angle was extended longer from 8 to 12°CA, for example, NOx emissions rose up but was still improved in relation to that produced from the original engine, while soot emissions were decreased substantially thus better than that of the original in the load range from small to medium. Also, brake specific fuel consumption could get to a relatively low level at partial load rate. Therefore, it is validated that this method has the potential to improve engine performance comprehensively and the present work can provide theoretical basis for the application of IEGR on small-sized non-road diesel engine. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:12
Main heading:Diesel engines
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Air purification - CCD cameras - Charge coupled devices - Combustion - Dust - Economic and social effects - Emission control - Engine cylinders - Engines - Exhaust gas recirculation - Exhaust gases - Flow visualization - Fuel consumption - Fuel purification - Fuels - Gas fuel purification - Gases - Machinery - Nitrogen oxides - Pixels - Soot - Transportation
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Brake specific fuel consumption - Combustion and emission performance - Fuel supply advance angle - Heat Release Rate (HRR) - Internal exhaust gas recirculation (iEGR) - Measurement of temperature - Single-cylinder diesel engine
Classification code:431 Air Transportation - 432 Highway Transportation - 433 Railroad Transportation - 434 Waterway Transportation - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 521 Fuel Combustion and Flame Research - 521.1 Fuel Combustion - 522 Gas Fuels - 523 Liquid Fuels - 524 Solid Fuels - 601 Mechanical Design - 612 Engines - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 723.5 Computer Applications - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20152600966706
Title:Numerical simulation and verification on flow characteristics of impeller axial and radial gaps in side channel pump
Authors:Zhang, Fan (1); Böhle, Martin (2); Pei, Ji (1); Yuan, Shouqi (1); Fleder, Annika (2)
Author affiliation:(1) National Research Center of Pumps, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machinery, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
Corresponding author:Pei, Ji
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:78-83
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Side channel pump is a kind of vane pump and has a small volume with low flow rate but high head. The specific speed of the pump is super low and usually it is used in the occasions that centrifugal pumps can't meet the requirements. In order to analyze the exchange mass flow in the gap between the impeller and the side channel, numerical calculation was applied to investigate flow characteristics in the gap under the operating condition with the highest efficiency in this paper. After simulating through commercial software CFX14.5, the head pulsation, exchange mass flow, pressure fluctuation and axial velocity in the gap were obtained in detail. At last, the hydraulic performance of the side channel pump was tested, and a comparison of hydraulic performance between simulation and test results was applied. Overall good agreement between the two results could be observed and the comparison verified the validity in simulating the flow characteristics of the impeller axial direction and radial gaps in the side channel pump. The simulation results showed that there was a fluctuation circle of the head when the impeller rotated by 18° and the head difference between maximum and minimum was about 0.07 m. The circulation flow between side channel and impeller changed in circumferential direction. One indicator for the form of the circulation flow was the exchange mass flow. The exchange mass flow under the maximum head operating condition was larger than that under the minimum head operating condition. Through the exchange mass flow's distributions in the right gap between the impeller and the side channel, it could be found that the fluid flowed from the impeller to the side channel in the outer radius of the right gap, and it flowed from the side channel to the impeller in the inner radius of the right gap. The transient pressure near the outer radius of the gap was larger than that in the inner radius, and the average maximum pressure was 2.8 times larger than the average minimum pressure during the whole rotating circle. It showed that the total pressure in the right gap increased sequentially along the direction of impeller rotation and in comparison, the pressure rose stronger in circumferential direction under the maximum head operating condition than under the minimum head operating condition. Because of circumferential flow, many vortexes were generated near the inlet of the impeller. The radial vortex affected the flow pattern of the side channel pump inevitably but the axial vortex was good for the energy transfer. Under the minimum head operating condition the streamlines were scattered more greatly than those under the maximum head operating condition, so it caused more flow loss during the pump's operation. As the flow exchange was the strongest in the outer radius of the right gap, the absolute value of velocity here was the largest, while the velocity in the left gap and inner radius kept an extreme small value. Net exchange flow decreased and increased alternatively like a trigonometric function image during the period of rotating circle, and the fluctuation of exchange flow led to the head pulsation of the side channel pump. The research results can provide a theoretical reference for improving the hydraulic performance of side channel pumps. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Pumps
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Energy transfer - Flow patterns - Impellers - Mass transfer - Models - Vortex flow
Uncontrolled terms:Axial gap - Circumferential direction - Fluctuation - Hydraulic performance - Numerical calculation - Side channel pumps - Super-low-specific-speed - Trigonometric functions
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 723.5 Computer Applications - 902.1 Engineering Graphics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20152600966735
Title:Preparation of curcumin nanoparticles by protein hydrolysates and polysaccharids and its stabilization
Authors:Wang, Yonghui (1); Yang, Xiaoquan (1); Wang, Jinmei (1); Guo, Jian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Protein Research and Development Center, Department of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Xiaoquan
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:296-302
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water soluble curcumin nanoparticles (Cur-Ps) were prepared by the simple anti-solvent nanoprecipitation method, using soluble soybean polysaccharide (SSPS) and zein hydrolysate (ZH) as carriers, and the synergistic effect of SSPS and ZH in prepration of Cur-Ps was studied. We expect to provide a new carrier for preparation of Cur-Ps with excellent colloid and oxidation stability. Attributed to poor water solubility of curcumin, the solution of curcumin monomers in deionized water was very turbid. However, the existence of ZH or ZH-SSPS solubilized the curcumin tremendously. The solutions of ZH and ZH-SSPS containing curcumin were yellow and highly transparent. The solubilization results shown that the water solubility of curcumin in ZH solution could reach up to 135 μg/mL when the concentration of ZH was above 2.5 mg/mL, and the addition of SSPS had no effect on the water solubility of curcumin at this concentration. But, when the concentration of ZH was below 2.5 mg/mL, the water solubility of curcumin was enhanced slightly with the addition of SSPS. In pure SSPS solution with a concentration of 3 mg/mL, the solubility of curcumin was only 90 μg/mL, obviously lower than that in ZH solution with the same concentration. These results suggested that ZH plays a leading role in curcumin solubilization in the ZH-SSPS mixture system and this solubiliazation should attributed to the non-covalent interactions between ZH and curcumin, which leading to the formation of ZH-curcumin nanocomplex. Colloidal stability results indicated that at low ionic strength (<50 mmol/L) or under neutral condition (pH value 7.0), the existence of SSPS had no influence on the particle size distribution of Cur-Ps. However, since SSPS can increase the stability of the protein under acidic and salt-containing solutions, compared with Cur-Ps prepared by ZH only, Cur-Ps fabricated by ZH-SSPS had better colloid stability in solutions with low pH value (4.5 or 2.0) or high ionic strength (>200 mmol/L). Hence, due to the synergistic effect of ZH and SSPS, the curcumin-loaded nanoparticles with small size (<100 nm) and good colloidal stability can be fabricated. The vitro release study in ethanol-water two-phase system indicated that both Cur-Ps prepared by ZH only and ZH-SSPS solutions had controlled-release effect on curcumin. However, Cur-Ps prepared by ZH-SSPS had better controlled-release effect, and its cumulative release ratio was below 80% in 6 h. The counterpart prepared by ZH only was above 85%. The study on the 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical oxidation stability of curcumin nanoparticles indicated that the stability of the curcumin was significantly (P<0.05) improved after the nano-capsulation by ZH or ZH-SSPS. This result is mainly due to the shielding effect for curcumin nano-canpsulation as well as the strong antioxidant effect of ZH. The lyophilized Cur-Ps powder prepared by ZH-SSPS had a multihole spongy structure in field emission images by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which resulted in its redispersibility as high as 90%, showing a significant (P<0.05) improvement compared with the Cur-Ps fabricated by ZH only. Besides, using ZH-SSPS to prepare Cur-Ps powder had a more curcumin content compared with the counterpart. In conclusion, owing to the synergistic effect between ZH and SSPS, ZH-SSPS is expected to be a new material for the preparation of water soluble Cur-Ps. Due to the transparent appearance of the Cur-Ps solution, it has a good prospect in preparation of curcumin-enriched functional drinks. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Ionic strength
Controlled terms:Beverages - Colloids - Deionized water - Encapsulation - Fabrication - Nanoparticles - Particle size - Particle size analysis - pH - Polysaccharides - Proteins - Scanning electron microscopy - Solubility - Stability - Zein
Uncontrolled terms:1 ,1Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals - Curcumin - High ionic strength - Nanoprecipitation method - Non-covalent interaction - Protein hydrolysate - Soluble soybean polysaccharides - Water soluble curcumin
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 708 Electric and Magnetic Materials - 761 Nanotechnology - 801 Chemistry - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 813.2 Coating Materials - 822.3 Food Products - 913.4 Manufacturing - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 933 Solid State Physics - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20152600966711
Title:Temporal stability of groundwater electrical conductivity in Luohuiqu irrigation district
Authors:Xu, Guoce (1); Liu, Haibo (3); Shen, Zhenzhou (1); Wang, Jinhua (1); Ran, Dachuan (1); Li, Zhanbin (2); Li, Peng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of the Loess Plateau Soil Erosion and Water Process and Control, Ministry of Water Resources, Zhengzhou, China; (2) State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China; (3) Beijing Soil Conservation and Ecology Engineering Consulting Company Limited, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:115-121
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil salinization is currently an important limiting factor on agriculture development in irrigation areas all over the world. Electrical conductivity (EC) is one of the main indicators which are used to determine whether the irrigation water will cause soil salinization. It is of important significance to study the temporal and spatial variation of groundwater EC for agricultural irrigation in irrigation districts. This study was conducted to examine the temporal stability and periodicity of groundwater EC in irrigation districts. To accomplish this, 51 observation wells were selected for analysis of groundwater EC in Luohuiqu irrigation district which was an important agricultural production base in Shaanxi Province, China. The 51 observation wells belonged to 3 different terraces which were Terrace 1, 2 and 3. The altitudes of the 3 terraces were >342-360, >360-369 and >370-388 m, respectively. The numbers of observation wells in Terrace 1, 2 and 3 were 26, 13 and 12, respectively. Water samples were collected from 2 m below the well water surface to measure the groundwater EC and temperature at each site. Well 36 (high EC) and 43 (low EC) were selected for long-term observation. A CTD-Diver (USA) groundwater level data logger was adopted for measuring and recording the groundwater EC, temperature and level. According to the long sequence monitoring results of groundwater EC for the 51 observation wells, relative difference analysis and non-parametric Spearman's rank correlation test were used to check for temporal stability of groundwater EC, while Morlet wavelet analysis was applied to study the periodic variation of groundwater EC and groundwater level of high and low salinity wells. The results indicated that the order of mean groundwater EC values of the 3 terraces at different time instants was Terrace 3>Terrace 1>Terrace 2. Significant difference existed among the mean groundwater EC values of the 3 terraces (P<0.01). The groundwater EC values of the 3 terraces at different time instants all indicated moderate spatial variability, with coefficient of variation (CV) values ranging from 44% to 75%. Based on the mean EC value of each observation well, 21 wells were slightly saline and 30 wells were moderately saline. The ranges of minimum and maximum value of groundwater EC were 0.08-0.14 and 0.50-1.00 S/m, respectively. The most of Spearman rank correlation coefficients for groundwater EC were close to 1 (P<0.01), which indicated that the groundwater EC of the 3 terraces exhibited strong temporal stability. But the temporal stability of groundwater EC had little relationship with the terraces which the corresponding well sites belonged to. The representative locations of mean groundwater EC for Terrace 1, 2 and 3 were Well 40, 38 and 45, respectively. The representative location of mean groundwater EC for the entire study area was Well 2.Based on the Morlet wavelet analysis of the groundwater EC and water level of Well 36 (high EC) and 43 (low EC), both of the groundwater EC and water level showed periodic variations. The groundwater EC and water level indicated different vibration periods on different time scales for both Well 36 and 43. The change in groundwater EC on small time scales was mainly affected by lateral recharge sources. The groundwater EC and water level showed an obviously inverse phase on large time scales. In conclusion, the groundwater EC has strong temporal stability and periodicity in Luohuiqu irrigation district. The representative location with mean groundwater EC can be used to monitor the mean groundwater EC of the study area. Irrigation time should be fully considered in irrigation districts to avoid soil salinization. The representative location with mean groundwater EC can provide great guidance to determine the irrigation time quickly and accurately to reduce the risk of soil salinization. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Groundwater
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Electric conductivity - Irrigation - Irrigation canals - Location - Soils - Stability - Time measurement - Water levels - Wavelet analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Coefficient of variation values - Electrical conductivity - Morlet Wavelet - Spearman rank correlation - Spearman's rank correlation - Temporal and spatial variation - Temporal stability
Classification code:444.2 Groundwater - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 614.2 Steam Power Plant Equipment and Operation - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 801 Chemistry - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 921 Mathematics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20152600966717
Title:Deep tillage improving physical and chemical properties of soil and increasing grain yield of winter wheat in lime concretion black soil farmland
Authors:Xie, Yingxin (1); Jin, Haiyang (1); Meng, Qingyang (1); Wang, Yonghua (1); Wang, Chenyang (1); He, Dexian (1); Guo, Tiancai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou, China
Corresponding author:He, Dexian
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:167-173
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, rotary tillage is a conventional farming method in wheat-maize rotation system in North China Plain, however, under the rotary tillage year after year, plough pan tends to become shallow and harden, which results in poor ventilation and drainage, and also is hard to increase grain production, especially in the farmland of lime concretion black soil. Using 'Zhoumai27' as the test material, the field experiment was conducted to research the effects of 3 tillage practices (no tillage, rotary tillage and deep tillage) on grain yield of winter wheat, soil bulk density, soil organic carbon and soil inorganic nitrogen, in order to select the appropriate tillage practices and further improve the potential of grain production in the farmland of lime concretion black soil. The results showed: 1) In terms of soil bulk density, there were no significant differences among 3 tillage treatments in 0-10 cm soil layer during wheat growth period, and also no differences at maturity period of wheat in >30-40 cm soil layer, but deep tillage practice could significantly decrease (P<0.05) soil bulk density in >10-30 cm soil layer compared with no tillage. 2) There were no significant differences among 3 tillage practices in 0-20 cm soil layer, but deep tillage could increase (P<0.05) the content of soil organic carbon in >20-40 cm soil layer compared with no tillage. 3) In 0-20 cm soil layer, compared with no tillage or deep tillage, rotary tillage significantly increased (P<0.05) the contents of nitrate nitrogen in the seedling, wintering and anthesis period of winter wheat. However, the content of nitrate nitrogen at jointing stage did not reach significant difference among 3 treatments, and was significantly higher (P<0.05) under no tillage than under rotary tillage and deep tillage at maturity of wheat. In >20-40 cm soil layer, the higher content of nitrate nitrogen was detected in rotary tillage in seedling and anthesis period, and no tillage was higher at other growth stages of winter wheat. 4) In terms of the content of ammonium nitrogen in soil, in 0-20 cm soil layer, during the seedling, wintering and anthesis period of winter wheat there were no significant differences between rotary tillage and deep tillage, but no tillage showed higher values. At jointing stage, the order of the content of ammonium nitrogen was rotary tillage > deep tillage > no tillage, and also there was significant differences among 3 tillage treatments (P<0.05), but at maturity stage, the content of ammonium nitrogen in 3 treatments did not reach significant differences. In >20-40 cm soil layer, the order of the content of ammonium nitrogen was deep tillage >rotary tillage >no tillage during the whole growth period of winter wheat. 5) Compared with no tillage, deep tillage could significantly increase (P<0.05) grain yield of winter wheat mainly, for deep tillage increased 1000-grain weight and grain number. To sum up, under the condition of our field experiment, deep tillage could decrease soil bulk density in >10-30 cm soil layer, improve the content of organic carbon and ammonium nitrogen in >20-40 cm soil layers, and also increase grain yield of winter wheat in the end. Therefore, deep tillage practice should be selected as an appropriate tillage practice in the farmland of lime concretion black soil. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Crops - Cultivation - Farms - Grain (agricultural product) - Lime - Nitrates - Nitrogen - Organic carbon - Plants (botany) - Soil testing - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Black soil - Grain yield - Inorganic nitrogen - Physical and chemical properties - Soil bulk density - Soil organic carbon - Tillage practices - Winter wheat
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20152600966714
Title:Wind erosion modulus and quantity evaluation of aeolian sediment feed into river in watershed of Ningxia-Inner Mongolia Reach of Yellow River from 1986 to 2013
Authors:Du, Heqiang (1); Xue, Xian (1); Wang, Tao (1); Deng, Xiaohong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:142-151
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The Yellow River flows through an extensive aeolian alluvial plain in Ningxia and Inner Mongolia plateau, which extends from Xiaheyan in Ningxia to Toudaoguai in Inner Mongolia. The Hedong sandy land, the Ulanbuh Desert and the Kubuqi Desert all border on the Yellow River. Frequent strong winds and erodible surfaces cause extreme wind-erosion process in the watershed of Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River. A large amount of aeolian sediment flows into the main stream and tributaries of the Yellow River by particle saltation and dune avalanche, which result in the continuous elevation of riverbed. Especially since 1986, the combined operation of Longyangxia Reservoir and Liujiaxia Reservoir has decreased the number and discharge of the flood crest, and lowered the erosiveness of the flow in the upper reach of the Yellow River. In this situation, the siltation of the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River is severer and severer. To resolve the silting problem in this reach, it is urgent to estimate the spatial and temporal variations of wind erosion hazards and the quantities of aeolian sediment fed into the river in this watershed. In this study, the models of IWEMS (integrated wind-erosion modelling system) and RWEQ (revised wind erosion equation) were selected to estimate the wind erosion modulus in this watershed. The observed data in the field in 2011 and 2012 were used to calibrate the models, and the calibration result showed that the simulation accuracies of the 2 models were both satisfactory. Using the calibrated models, the wind erosion moduli in this watershed were obtained. The results showed that the wind erosion moduli in this watershed ranged from 0 to 27 780.6 t/(km<sup>2</sup>·a) in the period from 1986 to 1995, from 0 to 33 673.1 t/(km<sup>2</sup>·a) during 1996-2002, from 0 to 37 251.3 t/(km<sup>2</sup>·a) in the period from 2003 to 2007, and from 0 to 16 111.4 t/(km<sup>2</sup>·a) in the period from 2008 to 2013, respectively. Since 1986, the wind erosion hazards mainly occurred in the sandy lands such as the Ulanbuh Desert, the Kubuqi Desert and the Hedong sandy land. The wind erosion modulus of the Hedong sandy land gradually dropped from 1986 till now, but the wind erosion modulus of the Ulanbuh Desert was increasingly highlighting in this period, and this desert became to the region with severest wind erosion hazard in the whole watershed. The results also showed that the areas having wind erosion risk in the watershed of the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River were diminishing gradually in these years. The average wind erosion modulus of this watershed was also decreasing, and the fitting regression function between average wind erosion modulus and time showed that the slope was high to -182.81. Based on the estimated wind erosion modulus in watershed of Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River, the quantities of aeolian sediment blown into the different reaches of the Yellow River were calculated by aeolian sediment transport equations. The results showed that the Shizuishan-Bayangol reach had the highest value, and the average quantity of aeolian sediment blown into the Yellow River was 9.31×10<sup>6</sup> t/a. The quantity in the Xiaheyan-Qingtongxia reach was lowest, and it was only 7.6×10<sup>5</sup> t/a. Excluding in Shizuishan-Bayangol Reach, in the other reaches, the quantities of aeolian sediment blown into the river did not show the trend of obviously decreasing with time. Through analyzing the relationship between wind erosion modulus and changes of climate and land use, we found the dropping wind erosion modulus in watershed of Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River was mainly affected by the climate change. The study results in this paper are not only meaningful for solving the siltation in Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River, but also important to the complete the protection systems of wind-blown hazards in this watershed. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Erosion
Controlled terms:Climate change - Hazards - Land use - Landforms - Reservoirs (water) - Rivers - Sand - Sediment transport - Sediments - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Aeolian sediments - Combined operations - Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach - Particle saltation - Protection systems - Regression function - Simulation accuracy - Spatial and temporal variation
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 441.2 Reservoirs - 444.1 Surface Water - 451 Air Pollution - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 505 Mines and Mining, Nonmetallic - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20152600966707
Title:Yield and its formation of hybrid rice under different mechanical transplanted methods
Authors:Zhang, Jun (1); Wang, Xinglong (1); Shi, Guangyue (1); Mi, Changsheng (2); Guo, Baowei (3); Li, Bizhong (1); Fang, Shuliang (1); Lu, Haikong (2); Liu, Zhonghong (1); Zhang, Yongjin (1); Yu, Yuedong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Huai'an Agricultural Technology Promotion Center, Huai'an, China; (2) Xuyi Agricultural Technology Promotion Center, Xuyi, China; (3) Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Xinglong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:84-91
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Planting mechanization is a main tendency of the whole-course mechanization development in rice production in China; and the rice mechanized transplanting ratio was more than 38% across the country in 2014. Mechanical transplanting rice can enhance the working efficiency and increase planting income. However, the current varieties of mechanical transplanted rice are mostly conventional rice, and the hybrid rice varieties are less used, due to some problems that cause hybrid rice cultivar can't be applied to mechanical transplanting. In order to explore the better technology of mechanical transplanting for exerting the high yield of hybrid rice, and to solve the problems such as the weak seedlings, packing difficulty and high drain hole in field of mechanical transplanting hybrid rice, a field experiment was conducted using hybrid rice cultivars which respectively were Yongyou 2640 (japonica hybrid rice) and Y Liangyou 1 (indicia hybrid rice) in the demonstration base of Huaiyin District and Xuyi County in Jiangsu Province. Three different mechanical transplanting methods were adopted, which included mechanical transplanting of pot seedling (PS), mechanical transplanting of old blanket seedling (OS) and mechanical transplanting of conventional blanket seedling (CS). in The climate conditions in 2014 were representative and consistent with those of recent 3 years in precipitation, sunshine and temperature. The seedling rate in each bowl seedling tray was 40 gram and 35 gram with japonica hybrid rice and indicia hybrid rice respectively for the mechanical transplanting of PS, 60 and 50 gram respectively for the mechanical transplanting of OS, and 80 and 60 gram respectively for the CS. The 3 different ages for mechanical transplanting seedling were 30, 35 and 22 d, and seedlings with different mechanical transplanting were transplanted in the plot of 90 m<sup>2</sup> (15 m×6 m) seperately. The nitrogen fertilizer amounts of japonica hybrid rice and indicia hybrid rice were 300 and 225 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The other management measures were uniform with high-yield cultivation. In this experiment, we investigated the yield and its components, the number of culms and tillers, the leaf area index, the composition of leaf area, photosynthetic potential (pp), dry matter production and accumulation, crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) and matter transport in culm and sheath in the high-yield cultivation. Results showed that, the population spikelets of PS and OS were significantly (P<0.05) or very significantly (P<0.01) higher than CS, the filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight were slightly higher than CS, and the actual yields of PS and OS were significantly higher (P<0.01) than that of CS, which increased by 20.70%-20.81% and 12.26%-12.94% respectively. The high yield of PS was attributed to seedlings transplanted with soil, shorter rejuvenation period, steady dynamic of tillers, appropriate peak tillers, higher percentage of productive tiller (80%), higher PP, CGR and NAR, greater dry matter accumulation in the middle and late growth stage, and coordinating matter output and transport. The reason of high yield of OS was that its seedling age could extend to 35 d and was transplanted to field with strong tillers, and that the peak tillers were fewer, the percentage of productive tiller was higher (70%), the indices of population were significantly better than CS. Based on the above system analysis, the paper was also suitable for production verification and scientific evaluation on the mechanical planting approach of high-yielding hybrid rice. This article provides an important reference to the development of mechanical transplanting hybrid rice. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Machinery
Controlled terms:Crops - Cultivation - Mechanization - Nitrogen fertilizers - Plants (botany) - Transplants
Uncontrolled terms:Dry matter accumulation - Dry matter production - Hybrid rice - Index of population - Mechanical transplanted rice - Net assimilation rates - Scientific evaluations - Yield
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 462.4 Prosthetics - 601 Mechanical Design - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 36>
Accession number:20152600966698
Title:Mechanism simulation analysis and prototype experiment of Lycium barbarum harvest by vibration mode
Authors:Zhang, Zui (1); Xiao, Hongru (1); Ding, Wenqin (1); Mei, Song (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Xiao, Hongru
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:20-28
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Recently, as scientific research has been further explored, the health care functions of the Lycium barbarum (L. barbarum) in anti-oxidation, anti-aging, anti-fatigue, protecting liver, improving body immunity, eye protection and other aspects have been further confirmed. Its unique and nutrient-rich health function is recognized gradually in western countries, and the market demand of the L. barbarum is expanding each year. The L. barbarum blooms and bears fruit continuously during the growing season which begins in mid-May. Depending on the picking time around the year, the L. barbarum fruit can be divided into spring, summer and autumn fruit. In order to make dried L. barbarum keep good commodity characters, the L. barbarum is harvested at 80 percent maturity. The full bearing period of L. barbarum is from May to September every year, which is the picking peak of L. barbarum. It must be picked once about every 7 days. For centuries, the mechanized harvesting of L. barbarum has been a tough problem. Its harvesting has been artificial, which brings about low picking efficiency and high harvesting costs. With the continuous expansion of L. barbarum acreage, fruit picker has been increasingly scarce, which will be followed by rising picking costs. It's no doubt that the picking has become the bottleneck restricting the development of L. barbarum industry. Aiming at realizing the harvesting mechanization of L. barbarum and establishing the theoretical guidance and design basis for the L. barbarum picking machine, the vibration picking mechanism of L. barbarum plant's fruiting branches in picking was studied, the parameter optimization and simulation analysis was done to determine exciting force vector and rotational speed of driving wheel, and an experiment was conducted to prove the obtained rotational speed of driving wheel in this paper. First, we analyzed the working principle of the picking machine to get the vibration picking mechanism. The fruiting branches' model was simplified and the L. barbarum plant's fruiting branches' physical model and mathematical model were got, which were solved by equation solutions. We then obtained the forced vibration response of the fruiting branch and the forced vibration picking inertia force exerted on ripe and unripe fruits and flowers on each node. Second, 10 L. barbarum trees were selected as the test samples. We measured the binding force and mechanical parameters of the L. barbarum and fruiting branches, such as the number of ripe and unripe fruits and flowers, diameter, length, elastic modulus, damping ratio of fruiting branches, and node number. Based on the principle of successful picking which is the ripe can be picked and the other parts wouldn't be picked, the parameters were optimized, and the inertia force changes of the fruits and flowers with rotational speed were simulated with the MATLAB software. Simulation results showed the reasonable rotational speed was 2868.84-2871.21 r/min. Finally, rotational speeds of 7 levels which came from the interval and beyond the interval were selected in the experiment. Using a self-developed experimental L. barbarum picking machine, the test was conducted at planting base of L. barbarum of Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, and the fruit distribution before and after picking was compared. Experiment result showed that reasonable rotational speed was 2870 r/min, which is within the reasonable simulation interval of rotational speed. Under this rotational speed, picking efficiency of ripe L. barbarum was 815 grains per minute, the picking rate of ripe fruit was 86.70%, the picking rate of unripe fruit was 7.36%, and the picking rate of flower was 7.43%. The damage rate of fruit was 8.62%. The efficiency ratio of machine to worker was 5.43. Due to the actual picking environment, this result differs from simulation conclusion that the ripe is picked totally and none of the unripe and flowers is picked. The results can provide a reference for the development of L. barbarum vibration picking machines. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Vibration analysis
Controlled terms:Ablation - Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Cultivation - Efficiency - Eye protection - Forestry - Fruits - Harvesting - MATLAB - Speed - Vibrations (mechanical) - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Driving wheels - Forced vibration response - Lycium barbarum - Mechanical parameters - Parameter optimization - Picking - Scientific researches - Vibrations
Classification code:461.4 Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering - 601.2 Machine Components - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 37>
Accession number:20152600966734
Title:Effects of vacuum mixing on glutenin macropolymer content and size distribution in noodle dough
Authors:Liu, Rui (1); Tang, Na (1); Wu, Liang (1); Zhang, Yingquan (1); Zhang, Bo (1); Wei, Yimin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Comprehensive Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Wei, Yimin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:289-295
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Vacuum mixing is a new method of dough mixing in noodle industrial production which allows more water in the noodle formula and facilitates gluten development. The quantity and molecular structure of glutenin macropolymer (GMP) governs the gluten strength and dough properties, especially in flour products' processing. In order to learn about the changes of GMP characteristics under vacuum mixing, 3 wheat cultivars with different quality were selected as the material, and mixing experiments were conducted under different vacuum levels (0, 0.06 and 0.08 MPa). GMP content and particle size distributions of freeze-dried noodle doughs were determined, and the free sulfhydryl group (-SH) contents in total protein and GMP were measured respectively using Ellman reagents. The results showed that the vacuum mixed noodle dough at 0.06 MPa had a higher GMP content compared with the non-vacuum mixed dough. However, extremely high vacuum degree (0.08 MPa) could decrease the GMP content. Vacuum mixing at an appropriate vacuum level induced a decrease in the free-SH content in total protein. This result indicated that more unbonded-SH was involved in gluten protein cross-linking. However, in noodle doughs of Jimai 22 and Ningchun 4, extremely high vacuum degree could go against free thiol oxidation and formation of disulfide bonds in protein, leading to the increased-SH content. This could help explain the observed change in GMP quantity. Vacuum mixing significantly influenced the particle size distributions of GMP, and the appropriate level of vacuum could increase the GMP size. The percentages of volume, surface area and number of large-size GMP with diameter >100 μm in Jimai 22 and Ningchun 4 doughs mixed at 0.06 MPa were significantly higher than at 0 and 0.08 MPa (P<0.05), while the volume percentage of large-size GMP in Zhengmai 366 dough was significantly increased when mixed at 0.08 MPa. The certain vacuum degree could induce a reduction in the free-SH content in GMP for Jimai 22 and Ningchun 4; but for Zhengmai 366, the free-SH content in GMP was not affected by vacuum degree. The results also showed that the difference in GMP content between vacuum mixed dough under 0.06 MPa and non-vacuum mixed dough was significant for Jimai 22 (P<0.05); but for Ningchun 4 and Zhengmai 366, the difference was not significant. Furthermore, we found that the size distribution of GMP in Zhengmai 366 dough was less influenced by the vacuum degree compared with the other 2wheat flours. The phenomenon suggested that the polymeric protein size distribution in noodle dough from weak-gluten flour was more susceptible to the degree of vacuum. In conclusion, the potential gluten protein repolymerization in noodle dough is induced by appropriate vacuum mixing, and the effect of vacuum degree on GMP properties for strong-gluten wheat flour is significantly less than that for weak-gluten flour. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Mixing
Controlled terms:Covalent bonds - Mechanisms - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Proteins - Size distribution - Vacuum
Uncontrolled terms:Dough properties - Extremely high vacuum - Free sulfhydryl groups - Glutenin - Industrial production - Mixing experiments - Noodle dough - Volume percentage
Classification code:423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 601.3 Mechanisms - 633 Vacuum Technology - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 38>
Accession number:20152600966737
Title:Establishment of materials batch mixing optimization model for traceability of fresh-cuts fruits and vegetables processing
Authors:Xing, Bin (1); Liu, Xuexin (1); Qian, Jianping (1); Wang, Jian (1); Wu, Xiaoming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Bejing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agri-Informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (4) Bejing Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Internet of Things, Beijing, China; (5) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, China
Corresponding author:Qian, Jianping
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:309-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to protect the quality and safety of products of the fresh cut vegetable processing and improve fresh cut vegetable production and processing efficiency, a fresh cut vegetable processing batch mixing optimization model was put forward, which can reduce the recall cost resulted from the mixed batches during the manufacture. The batch-mixing phenomenon of raw materials often occurs during the production process of fresh-cut vegetables. On the other hand, different batches of materials have different properties which will exert some effects on the rate of the production yield. Proper allocation of the materials' batches will reduce the recall cost of defective products. In order to enhance the ability of production efficiency and improve the supervision on the quality and safety for fresh-cut vegetables, an optimized model for this problem should be developed. In this research, after the analysis of the basic process in fresh-cut vegetables manufacture, a model based on the order of the daily manufacture in enterprise and the batch of materials was established, which could reduce the batch-mixing level of the materials and improve the production efficiency. The manufacture process of the fresh-cut vegetables was taken as the core research point, and the experiment parameters were obtained from a cooperative enterprise in Beijing which was a typical manufacture enterprise of fresh-cut vegetables. Unlike other areas of vegetable manufacture, the manufacture of fresh-cut vegetables needed to take the different products and different batches of material processing into account. According to the actual production requirements of small and medium-sized fresh-cut vegetable processing enterprises, the production process, which could be well applicable to the pattern of single material warehouse and single warehouse of finished product, was studied in details. Based on the reality limits, the orders' sequence and the batch of materials should be optimized. The processing of product order and the selection and sorting of raw material batch belong to the NP-Hard problem, and the scale of the problem rapidly increased with the expanding of the order and batch. So it was necessary to adopt intelligent optimization methods to solve the problem. And based on the actual condition in the manufacture enterprises of fresh-cut vegetables, the processing sequence of the manufacture order and the selection sequence of the different batches of materials were optimized using genetic algorithm. The population size was set to 100, two-point crossover rate was set to 0.9, the mutation rate was set to 0.1, the weight of material mixing was set to 0.3, the average yield for the processing was set to 0.7 and the maximum amount of iterations was limited to 50. The objective function consisted of the average recall size and the average yield of product. The model was applied in a manufacture enterprise of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables, and the test results showed that the value of the objective function was improved by 10.5%, which could reduce the average recall rate and improve the production efficiency. This model can provide suggestion of material batch distribution and optimization of production for the small and medium-sized fresh-cut vegetable processing enterprises. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Manufacture
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Computational complexity - Cost reduction - Efficiency - Fruits - Genetic algorithms - Materials properties - Mixing - Optimization - Population statistics - Problem solving - Processing - Vegetables - Warehouses
Uncontrolled terms:Batch mixing - Cooperative enterprise - Fruits and vegetables - Intelligent optimization method - Manufacture enterprise - Production requirements - Traceability - Vegetable productions
Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 913.1 Production Engineering - 913.4 Manufacturing - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 39>
Accession number:20152600966727
Title:Process parameters optimization of superheated steam drying for sludge
Authors:Zhang, Xukun (1); Wen, Xiangdong (1); Luo, Jun (1); Wu, Qi (1); Xu, Gang (2); Xu, Jianguo (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Institute of Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, China; (2) Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:241-248
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The sludge is known as the byproduct generated in the process of pollution control. It is featured by the high moisture content, complicated components and massive deadly microorganism, thus easily leading to secondary pollution. The dehydration is a necessary process to realize the sludge harmless reduce the sludge amount and improve the resource utilization. The thermal drying is a feasible method to reduce the moisture content. The process of hot air drying will cause a large amount of harmful exhaust gas, adding to the difficulty and cost of controlling exhaust gas. The sludge drying, which uses superheated steam as the drying medium, will further lower the risk of explosion and reduce the harmful gas account due to the absence of oxygen in the drying medium. However, the superheated steam drying of sludge is also faced with the problems such as energy consumption and long drying time. Hence, it has become a major task to dry the sludge in an economic and effective manner. The purpose of this research is to determine the technological parameters for optimal sludge superheated steam drying. Besides building the experimental device for superheated steam drying under atmospheric pressure and choosing the relative unit energy consumption and the average drying strength as the evaluation indices, this paper has also designed the experiment of three-factor quadratic orthogonal rotation combination. A mathematical model is also built, which adopts the technological parameters for sludge superheated steam drying including superheated steam temperature sludge quality and superheated steam flow. In addition, this paper has employed the single-factor and two-factor method to analyze the relationship between various factors and evaluation indices. According to the analysis on experimental data, the established regression equation of establishing is significant, and the coefficient of determination on the relative unit energy consumption and the average drying strength were 0.842 and 0.797, respectively. The 3 factors listed in the descending order of their importance to the 2 evaluation ind ices are sludge mass, steam flow and steam temperature. For the sludge superheated steam drying in terms of relative unit energy consumption, the optimal technological parameters are presented as follows, steam temperature being 215, superheated steam flow being 30 m<sup>3</sup>/h, sludge mass being 26 g (8 mm thickness approximately) and steam flow being 30 m<sup>3</sup>/h. Under these conditions, the predicted relative unit energy consumption is 281.313 kJ/g. The actual relative unit energy consumption gained from the validity experiment is 280 kJ/g, with the relative error being 0.467%. Hence, the experimental result can provide reference for parameter optimization of sludge superheated steam drying and the design of drying equipment. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Atmospheric pressure - Dryers (equipment) - Energy utilization - Gases - Models - Moisture - Moisture determination - Optimization - Pollution - Pollution control - Process control - Steam
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of determination - Process parameters optimizations - Quadratic orthogonal rotation - Sludge - Superheated steam - Superheated steam drying - Superheated steam temperature - Technological parameters
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 614 Steam Power Plants - 642.1 Process Heating - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 40>
Accession number:20152600966731
Title:Improving quality of Poria cocos using infrared radiation combined with air impingement drying
Authors:Zhang, Weipeng (1); Xiao, Hongwei (1); Gao, Zhenjiang (1); Zheng, Zhian (1); Ju, Haoyu (1); Zhang, Ping (1); Fang, Xiaoming (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Research Center for Agricultural Mechanization Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (3) Bee Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zheng, Zhian
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:269-276
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Poria cocos has a long history of medicinal use in China. It is a kind of edible and pharmaceutical mushroom. Drying process usually affects the chemical and physical properties of the extracts of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Quality control remains a big issue, affecting herbs, formulations, and even the practice of TCM. Poria cocos generally takes almost 7 days to be dried by traditional natural drying and is sensitive to microbial spoilage. Poria cocos blocks (15 mm×15 mm×15 mm) are also easily broken at the traditional hot air drying, such as oven drying. A promising solution to the problem is to take advantage of innovative process techniques including alternative drying methods in the pharmaceutical processing. In this work, poria cocos was dried by medium and short infrared wave drying combined with air impingement drying. Dincer's model was also applied to the drying process and the lag factor (G), drying coefficient (S), Biot number (Bi), moisture effective diffusivity velocity (D<inf>eff</inf>), mass transfer coefficient (k) were analyzed. The D<inf>eff</inf> was also calculated based on Weibull function and Fick's second law, and there was difference among them. Combined with the GB-4857.5 T-1992 Droping Test Method and Pharmacopoeia of People's Republic of China, the broken rate and the extractum of poria cocos under different drying conditions were tested. The main results were as follows: 1) Compared with air impingement drying, drying time was shortened by infrared radiation combined with air impingement drying technology, and It could reduce the broken rate by 18% and improve the extractum mass fraction by 1%; the drying process also occurred in the falling rate period; at the range of the testing parameters, the drying rate increased with the increase of temperature and wind speed, but there was not direct correlation between broken rate, extractum content and drying conditions. 2) The G values of different drying methods were between 1.0136 and 1.0202, steady around 1. Drying coefficient was related to material drying speed; the higher temperature and wind speed, the faster drying ratio and drying coefficient was also larger. 3) The range of combined drying technology's Biot number was 0.0826-0.0982, lower than 0.1, which indicted the drying process was mainly influenced by external resistances. The range of mass transfer coefficient was 1.0319×10<sup>-6</sup>-1.8003×10<sup>-6</sup> m/s. 4) The D<inf>eff</inf> calculated by Fick's law, Weibull function and Dincer's model showed a certain regularity, and all of them increased with the increase of temperature and wind speed. Fick's law and Weibull function didn't have relation with external resistances; and Fick's law didn't require drying curve in "exponential form", but only was applied in the falling rate drying process. Weibull function and Dincer's model had a broader application, but they needed drying curve must be exponential fitting. In summary, infrared radiation combined with air impingement drying technology can improve the quality of poria cocos. The results provide a reference for the application of Dincer's model on poria cocos drying, and help people to analyze drying process and gain the best drying method. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Infrared drying
Controlled terms:Curve fitting - Drying - Fick's laws - Infrared radiation - Mass transfer - Medicine - Models - Plants (botany) - Spoilage - Temperature - Testing - Weibull distribution - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Air impingement drying - Chemical and physical properties - Effective diffusivities - Falling-rate period - People's Republic of China - Poria cocos - Traditional Chinese Medicine - Weibull functions
Classification code:423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 461.9 Biology - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 642.1 Process Heating - 741.1 Light/Optics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 41>
Accession number:20152600966708
Title:Tensile property of corn stalk rind based on analysis of fiber morphology
Authors:He, Xun (1); Wang, Defu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; (2) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Defu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:92-98
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China has abundant resource of corn stalk, but the stalk utilization has low added-value and outstanding problems of combustion and idleness. Corn stalk has different components whose chemical constituents vary, among which corn stalk rind, as one of the most constituents, consists of rich lignin and cellulose similar to wood properties, has high mechanical strength and can be used as raw material of stalk artificial board and paper. Therefore, efficient application based on corn stalk's different constituent is significant for increasing farmers' income, relieving energy crisis and protecting ecological environment. However, the recent researches related to mechanical property mostly start with crop physiological characteristics, stalk mechanical model, stalk mechanical property index and equipment performance parameters, but make little analysis of internal factors of corn stalk rind like microstructure and fiber morphology. Taking full consideration of the impact of variety, growing environment and various conditions on corn stalk constituent, this paper has adopted the corn stalk rind of the same variety under the same planting condition to analyze fiber morphology characteristic distribution rule among different sampling heights and the changes of fiber morphology parameters, the tensile strengths of different sampling heights were tested, the correlation between tensile property and fiber morphology parameters of corn stalk rind was analyzed, and the internal mechanism of crop stalk mechanical property was researched from the microscopic view to offer theoretical basis for physicochemical property research and deep processing and utilization of corn stalk rind. Nitric acid technique was adopted to obtain fiber and morphology parameters of corn stalk rind at different heights, meanwhile radial and axial tensile strength were tested, and grey correlation method was applied to analyze the correlation between fiber morphology parameters (like fiber length-width ratio and wall-cavity ratio) and tensile property of corn stalk rind. Through the experiments, it was confirmed that there was significant (P<0.01) difference between fiber morphology parameters and tensile property of corn stalk rind at different sampling heights; with the increase of sampling heights, the fiber length-width ratio of corn stalk rind firstly increased slightly and then reduced significantly, and the wall-cavity ratio of corn stalk rind fiber reduced gradually; the average axial tensile strength of corn stalk rind was significantly (P<0.01) larger than the average radial tensile strength; the maximum radial tensile strength of corn stalk rind occurred at the root and the mean was 2.44 MPa, and the maximum axial tensile strength of corn stalk rind occurred at the middle and lower part and the mean was 94.47 MPa; with the increase of sampling heights, radial tensile strength reduced gradually while axial tensile strength firstly increased and then reduced gradually. There was correlation between tensile property and fiber morphology of corn stalk rind, between radial tensile strength and fiber wall-cavity ratio (r=0.9972), between axial tensile strength and length-width ratio (r=0.8885) and wall-cavity ratio (r=0.6648) of the fiber. Corn stalk rind tensile property was in correlation with fiber morphology parameters like fiber length-width ratio and wall-cavity ratio, of which the radial tensile strength was related to fiber wall-cavity ratio while the axial tensile strength was related to both fiber length-width ratio and fiber wall-cavity ratio. The research findings provide the theoretical basis for the design of corn stalk processing equipment and promote the utilization of corn stalk rind as material. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Tensile strength
Controlled terms:Chemical analysis - Correlation methods - Crops - Energy policy - Fibers - Mechanical properties - Morphology - Physiological models - Straw - Tensile properties - Wood
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation analysis - Ecological environments - Fiber length - Fiber wall - Grey correlation methods - High mechanical strength - Physicochemical property - Physiological characteristics
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 461.1 Biomedical Engineering - 525.6 Energy Policy - 801 Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 812 Ceramics, Refractories and Glass - 817 Plastics and Other Polymers: Products and Applications - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 42>
Accession number:20152600966699
Title:Front axle suspension parameters match and its impact on vibration characteristics of tractor
Authors:Yiliyasi, Yilidaer (1); Zhu, Sihong (1); Xu, Gang (1); Yuan, Jiaqi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Transportation, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Wulumuqi, China; (3) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Intelligent Agricultural Equipment, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Sihong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:29-36
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Compared with cars, buses and trucks, tractor often drives on the dirt road in the field of rural areas, together with the simple vibration damping device, so the vibration of tractor is particularly intense. Severe vibration of tractor would cause serious harm to driver's health, and cause fatigue and failure of tractor parts and hence seriously affect the life of the tractor. In addition, excessive vibration of the tractor will exacerbate farmland soil compaction and reduce crop yields. How to effectively reduce the vibration of tractors to improve ride comfort and driving safety and reduce farmland damage is an important research topic for researchers and tractor manufacturing enterprises. The study of foreign scholars have found when the tractor is installed with front axle suspension, the ride comfort and driving safety is improved. When farm tools hangs on the front of tractor, tractor damping effect depends on the matching between front axle suspension stiffness and damping coefficient. Installing the front axle suspension of tractor can significantly reduce tractor's pitching vibration. By the method of theoretical analysis, the theoretical system of front axle suspension of tractor was established, the vibration was analyzed and the theoretical formula was deduced, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for parameter matching of tractor front axle suspension. In this paper, CF700 tractor from Jiang Su Chang-Fa group was taken as the research object, and the theoretical model of front axle suspension tractor was established, including plane vibration model of front axle suspension tractor with 3 degrees of freedom, vibration differential equation and tractor vibration characteristics evaluation. Taking body vertical vibration acceleration, body pitching vibration angular acceleration, seat-mounted vertical vibration acceleration, front and rear wheels' dynamic load and front axle suspension dynamic deflection as the evaluation means, theoretical calculation method was adopted to optimize the matching of front axle suspension stiffness and damping coefficient, getting the best matching value between front axle suspension stiffness and damping coefficient (120000 N/m, 8000 N·s/m). Calculate and compare the vibration characteristics of the tractors installed with and without front axle suspension. When the tractor traveled on the roads of Grade D in international standard with the speed of 3-18 km/h, the root mean square values of body vertical vibration acceleration and pitching vibration angular acceleration of the tractor installed with front axle suspension averagely decreased by 24.03% and 42.46%, respectively, and those of seat-mounted vertical vibration acceleration and front wheel's dynamic load averagely decreased by 29.77% and 21.72%, respectively. The results show that the tractor installed with front axle suspension plays significant role to improve ride comfort and driving safety. The findings provide a theoretical basis and a certain reference value for the design and optimization of tractor front axle suspension. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Tractors (truck)
Controlled terms:Acceleration - Agricultural implements - Aircraft seats - Automobile suspensions - Axles - Damping - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Differential equations - Drive axles - Dynamic loads - Farms - Front axles - Industrial research - Soil mechanics - Stiffness - Suspensions (components) - Tractors (agricultural) - Vibration analysis - Vibrations (mechanical) - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Design and optimization - International standards - Manufacturing enterprise - Parameter matching - Root mean square values - Theoretical calculations - Vibration characteristics - Vibration differential equations
Classification code:408.1 Structural Design, General - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.2 Machine Components - 652.3 Aircraft Instruments and Equipment - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 663.2 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.2 Calculus - 931.1 Mechanics - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
期刊信息
- 主管单位 中国科学技术协会
- 主办单位 中国农业工程学会
- 主编 朱明
- 总编/社长 王应宽
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- Aquacultural Engineering
- International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering
- Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
- Paddy and Water Environment
- Journal of Agricultural Engineering
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- Applied Engineering in Agriculture
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