<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20152200901245
Title:Simulation and validation of seeding depth mathematical model of 2BG-2 type corn ridge planting no-till planter
Authors:Lin, Jing (1); Qian, Wei (1); Li, Baofa (1); Liu, Yanfen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
Corresponding author:Lin, Jing
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:19-24
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:No-till planter works in the condition that the ground is covered with residual and straw, so it is important to keep its residue cutting quality and to maintain the stability of seeding depth. Based on 2BG-2 type corn ridge planting no-till planter, complete machine design and forces model of the planter unit were studied. Mathematical model of change of the seeding depth was established, and according to this model, computer simulations were conducted to study the related factors affecting seeding depth stability. Theoretical analysis showed that: in order to keep the seeding depth stability, the spring constant should be increased appropriately, and configuration location of the parts, on the basis of ensuring the necessary mass of system, should have reasonable layout to increase the rotary inertia. Field tests showed that: trends of the theoretical angles over time were similar with the measured ones; the average relative error (ARE) were 7.86%, 6.98% and 8.07% for mass of 70, 110 and 150 kg, respectively; Determination coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) were 0.9707, 0.9692 and 0.9697 for mass of 70, 110 and 150kg, respectively. The ARE were 7.45%, 7.91% and 8.73% for spring constant of 16, 20 and 25 N/mm, respectively; the R<sup>2</sup> were 0.9767, 0.9720 and 0.9603 for spring constant of 16, 20 and 25 N/mm. This study provides valuable information for the development and improvement of no-till planter in the Northeast ridge zone in China. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Convergence of numerical methods - Machine design - Mathematical models - Springs (components) - Stability
Uncontrolled terms:Average relative error - Determination coefficients - No-till planters - Related factors - Ridge-till - Seeding depth - Simulation and validation - Spring constants
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 801 Chemistry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20152200901273
Title:CFD simulation of temperature and humidity distribution in low profile cross ventilated dairy cattle barn
Authors:Deng, Shuhui (1); Shi, Zhengxiang (1); Li, Baoming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, College of Water Resource and Civil Engineer, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) College of Engineering, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Zhengxiang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:209-214
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the ever increasing scale and intensivism in pasture in China, low profile cross ventilated (LPCV) dairy cattle barn, as a main building style in cattle house, is increasingly applied. The most obvious benefit of LPCV building is the ability to control the cow's environment during all seasons of the year. It increases the percentage of time cows are in the thermal neutral zone, which allows both milk production and feed efficiency to be increased. However, during the hottest period in eastern China, the hot and humid climate, reduces the control effectiveness inside the building. In order to understand temperature and humidity distribution inside, the field experiment, which measured the parameters including environment temperature, humidity and surface temperature of dairy cattle, was conducted. The experimental dairy houses were located in the east part of China, with the demotions of length 376.6 m×width 90.4 m, and a slop roof of 1/12.5 pitch. Measured results showed that in the LPCV cattle house in eastern China, when the outdoor temperature and relative humidity were 36.2 and 55.5% respectively, the wet pad system could cool the air with a decline of up to 7.7, but increase the relative humidity to 99.9%, which led to a high temperature and high moisture condition. Meanwhile, three-dimension computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was carried out to simulate thermal condition inside the cattle building. Multiple parameters of cattle were included in the CFD model to effectively express the heat and moisture released from cattle bodies as well as provide more realistic air flow patterns. In order to save the computer resource, a model of simplified cattle was considered to reduce the number of meshes with the legs and tails in the original. The temperature of the surface of cattle and building was measured by thermal camera in the field experiment. Multi-phase transport model was adopted to calculate the moisture generation. Simulated results showed that the indoor temperature and humidity were influenced by fluent field and unevenly distributed. Low temperature was found in place that had high air velocity, and humidity was significantly coupled with temperature variation. With the air movement, temperature increased by 0.014 while humidity decreased by 0.04% per meter in width dimension. Temperature-humidity index (THI) was applied to analyze and estimate environment comfort in different locations inside the cattle building. The THI had a same tendency with the change of environment outdoors. When the wet pad worked properly, THI increased in width dimension. Inlet position had a better thermal condition than outlet position, and THI increased by 0.025 per meter in this dimension (width dimension). The CFD model was validated via the comparison with the field experimental results at the same locations where the temperature and relative humidity sensors were installed. Comparison between simulations and measurements showed that the average relative error between simulated and measured results in temperature and humidity were 0.89% and 0.59%, respectively. Theoretical heat generation of dairy cow was calculated, and the discrepancy between calculated and simulated values was 14.5%. The high agreement in simulation and measurement proved the reliability and feasibility of the model and boundary condition in the simulation. And this study can provide references for the optimization design and environment regulation of LPCV dairy cattle barn in China. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Air - Atmospheric humidity - Atmospheric temperature - Buildings - Computer simulation - Dairies - Electronics packaging - Farm buildings - Fluid dynamics - Heating - Houses - Humidity control - Moisture - Space heating - Temperature - Ventilation
Uncontrolled terms:Computational fluid dynamics methods - Cross-ventilated - Dairy cattles - High-moisture conditions - Simulations and measurements - Temperature and humidities - Temperature and relative humidity - Temperature humidity index
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 643.1 Space Heating - 643.5 Ventilation - 714 Electronic Components and Tubes - 715 Electronic Equipment, General Purpose and Industrial - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723.5 Computer Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20152200901250
Title:Experiment and structure shape and section size optimization of spray boom
Authors:Chen, Chen (1); Xue, Xinyu (1); Gu, Wei (1); Cui, Longfei (1); Qin, Weicai (1); Zhou, Liangfu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute for Agriculture Mechanization, Nanjing, China; (2) School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Corresponding author:Xue, Xinyu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:50-56
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:During the boom sprayer spraying, the vibration of the boom excited by field ground roughness not only influences homogeneity of spray distribution, but also reduces the life of the sprayer. To improve the structure dynamic behavior of the original boom design, a multi-variable optimization approach by genetic algorithms was presented. A parametric finite element model of the 18 bar plane truss element was built by the finite element software Abaqus. Then the mass of spray boom is taken as optimization goal. The first mode frequency of spray boom is taken as constraint condition. The element node coordinate and section dimension of spray boom are taken as design variables. All the design variables are transformed to dimensionless variables based on the unified design variable method to avoid optimization analysis failing to converge. The design variables and the optimization goal of the model were set on the Isight multidisciplinary multi-objective optimization platform, the shape of the boom structure and bar section dimension were optimized by using Multi-Island Genetic Algorithm (MIGA) method to obtain a single lance structure with 10.87 Hz first mode frequency, 35.82 kg mass and 5 m width. According to the technological requirements, the optimized structural dimensions were adjusted to manufacture an actual sample. In order to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the finite element model, the modal test in impact method was done to validate the finite element model and its modal parameters. In the test, the boom was fixed on the concrete column to make the actual model consistent with the finite element model. Single-point excitation and multi-point acquisition method was used. The exciting signal was generated by an impulse hammer and the response signal was measured by acceleration sensors. Then the modal parameters were identified in the computer. After the test, a comparison between test and simulation was made. The result showed that the difference of first 6 modes frequency between finite element model and test modal model were all less than 10%, the modal assurance criterion (MAC) of the first 6 modes between finite element model and test modal model were all more than 0.85, which indicated that the finite element model and the modal parameters of the model met the requirement of engineering research. Since the spray boom was fixed on the tractor chassis frame, the oscillation of chassis from ground roughness would directly transfer to the spray boom, which may lead to spray boom's vibration. A rigid-flexible coupling sprayer virtual prototyping is established in Abaqus to compare vibration displacement between the spray booms before and after optimization. Generally, hose laid was used in the pesticide transport, which has little impact on spray boom structure dynamic behavior. So the pipeline and nozzle was substituted by the uniform distribution mass in the sprayer model. Random vibration response was analyzed under the excitation of power spectrum density (PSD) of the class D road at the tractor speed of 20 km/h. The result showed that the maximal vibration deformations at the end point of the spray boom were about 7.9 mm and 9.5 mm relative to the static condition before and after optimization respectively. The deformations were all less than 10mm. The maximal deformation after the optimization was not increased obviously with the mass of the optimized spray boom was decreased by 48.43%. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Finite element method
Controlled terms:ABAQUS - Algorithms - Chassis - Composite beams and girders - Deformation - Design - Flexible couplings - Genetic algorithms - Modal analysis - Multiobjective optimization - Multivariable systems - Optimization - Roads and streets - Shape optimization - Spray nozzles - Stochastic systems - Tractors (truck) - Vibration analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Dimensionless variables - Modal assurance criterion - Multi island genetic algorithms - Parametric finite elements - Random vibration response - Road roughness - Spray booms - Stochastic vibration
Classification code:406.2 Roads and Streets - 408 Structural Design - 412 Concrete - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 663.2 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components - 921 Mathematics - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20152200901257
Title:Effect of jets interaction on spray characteristics between adjacent sprinklers
Authors:Ge, Maosheng (1); Wu, Pute (1); Zhu, Delan (1); Gong, Xinghui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (2) Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Pute
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:100-106
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Spray jets in the overlap region of adjacent sprinklers come from different applicators. Collisions and other interactions in the injection process are inevitable. However, the water distribution of a single sprinkler nozzle is always used to calculate the combination of sprinkler irrigation uniformity by giving an overlapping space due to the limitations of test site, sprinklers layout or other conditions. To study the effect of jets interaction on the overlapped spray characteristics between adjacent sprinklers, two different types of sprinklers were selected, namely, Nelson D3000 sprinkler with coarse jagged plate and Nelson R3000 rotating spray plate sprinkler. Water distribution pattern and droplets spectrum were measured and compared with the two nozzles spraying separately and simultaneously, with a combinatorial space of 2.5 m. The water distribution and raindrop spectrum of separately sprinkling were added together as theoretical combination (TC) while the simultaneously sprinkling was named actual superposition (AS). The results showed that the strength of interaction between sprinklers was influenced by geometry structure of nozzle. The influence of jets interaction on Nelson R3000 rotating spray plate sprinkler was not significant. In contrast, Nelson D3000 sprinkler with coarse jagged plate was severely affected by the effect of jets interaction, and the water application rate and kinetic energy had obvious redistribution along the radial direction. The location of precipitation concentrated points had an offset due to the change of jets trajectories and the point with maximum precipitation intensity moved 0.5 m closer to the sprinkler nozzle. At the measuring point of 2.5 m, the application rate, energy flux density and droplet number of AS increased by 91.27%, 107.58% and 239.29% when compared with TC. The increase of the number of droplet size grater than 0.9 mm showed great contribution to the water and energy rise at this measuring point, and the contribution rate reached 40.89% and 58.83%, respectively. Both the drop landing velocity and landing angle under AS condition were lower than that under TC condition. Under TC condition, the largest drop landing velocity and landing angle were 6.01 m/s and 75.38<sup>o</sup> while the values changed into 4.59 m/s and 63.91<sup>o</sup> under the condition of AS. The droplets spectrum variability analysis of the overlapping region reflected that the redistribution of water application rate and kinetic energy was mainly due to the increasing probability of droplets collision when multi-sprinklers were spaced for irrigation. Water droplets changed original trajectories by the effect of external forces, and interacted with other droplets to form bigger size of drop or dispersed into a large number of tiny droplets. The strength of jets interaction should be considered when calculating the overlapped water application rate with a relatively small space, a direct superposition of single sprinkler water distribution might cause distortion of the results. This study on spraying hydraulic performance tests were carried out in fixed nozzle under indoor conditions, and further studies on multiple nozzles under mobile condition are needed to determine the impact of jet interaction on the spray characteristics. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Drops - Flame spraying - Hose - Irrigation - Kinetic energy - Kinetics - Landing - Nozzles - Plates (structural components) - Spraying - Sprinkler systems (irrigation) - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Actual superposition - Adjacent sprinklers - Hydraulic performance - Precipitation intensity - Spray characteristics - Theoretical combination - Water application rate - Water distribution patterns
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 656.1 Space Flight - 813.1 Coating Techniques - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20152200901262
Title:Spatial and temporal changing analysis of terrestrial evapotranspiration in Huai River basin based on GLEAM data
Authors:Yang, Xiuqin (1); Wang, Guojie (3); Ye, Jinyin (4); Li, Yaqin (5)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Hydrometeorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China; (3) College of Geography and Remote Sensing Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China; (4) Huaihe River Basin Meteorological Center, Bengbu, China; (5) College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Xiuqin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:133-139
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) connects land water cycle with land energy cycle. Analysis of the spatio-temporal of ET in Huai River basin helps us understand the response of water cycle in Chinese climate transition zone to global climate change and provide some valuable information for prediction of the change of water resource in that region in the future. Based on water balance model in Huai River basin, this study validated the accuracy and applicability of ET data from Global Land-surface Evaporation: the Amsterdam Methodology (GLEAM) using hydrological data. In addition, we also analyzed the interannual spatio-temporal variation of yearly and seasonal ET and the annual cycle of the monthly and daily ET in the Huai River basin during the period from 1980 to 2011 using GLEAM ET data. Results showed that: 1) Compared to the observed precipitation, the precipitation estimated by GLEAM ET data had lower mean relative error (MRE 8.0%) and the high correlation coefficient (0.94); The GLEAM data showed a high capacity of reflecting the magnitudes and spatial pattern of basin-scale ET in Huai River basin; 2) The mean annual ET of Huai River basin was 673 mm during the period of 1980-2011; 3) GLEAM model showed that the spatial variation of mean annual ET value ranged from 528 to 848 mm during the period from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2011 over Huai River basin, which had a significant difference in spatial patterns; GLEAM model also showed that spatial patterns of mean annual ET decreased from the southwest to the northeast part of Huai River basin and that the mean annual ET in the southern region of Huai River was greater than in the northern region of Huai River; The mean seasonal ET had similar spatial pattern with the mean annual ET using the GLEAM ET data over the Huai River basin; 4) the domain-averaged annual ET in Huai River basin varied from 588.6 to 767.8 mm and showed a prominent increasing tendency for the period of 1980-2011; The GLEAM ET data showed a strong seasonality of ET in Huai River basin with the maxima in August and the minima in December; Among four seasons, the summer ET was the largest with the value of 272.0 mm, followed by the spring(191.4 mm) and autumn (144.3 mm); The smallest value was 65.0 mm in winter; 5) Spatial distribution of annual change rate of ET during 1980 to 2011 in Huai River basin every 10 years based on grid scale for all of Huai River basin was dominated by the change rate of ET in spring, followed by that in summer and autumn. The effect of ET changing rate in winter on annual ET was quite weak. Annual ET in most area over Huai River basin had an increasing tendency. Overall, this study can provide valuble information for monitoring and forecasting extreme hydrometeorological events, such as flood and drought. It also can provide decision-making reference for water resource management in Huai River basin. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Water resources
Controlled terms:Climate change - Decision making - Evapotranspiration - Remote sensing - Rivers - Soils - Spatial distribution - Water management - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - GLEAM data - Global climate changes - Huai rivers - Spatial and temporal variation - Spatio-temporal variation - Terrestrial evapotranspiration - Waterresource management
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 451 Air Pollution - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 731.1 Control Systems - 912.2 Management - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20152200901265
Title:Design and applied experiment of long time series leaf area index measuring instrument
Authors:Wen, Yibo (1); Fan, Wenyi (1); Chang, Ying (1); Li, Mingze (1); Yu, Hongzhou (1); Wang, Yuhang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Forestry, Northeast Foresty University, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Fan, Wenyi
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:154-160
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Leaf area index (LAI) objectively describes the number of leaves, is a key parameter controlling many biological and physical processes associated with vegetation on the earth's surface, such as photosynthesis, carbon and nutrient cycle, radiative balance, evapotranspiration, and rainfall interception. Thus, LAI is widely used in models of ecology, hydrology, biogeochemistry and climate. Accurately measuring LAI is one of the hotspots in the study of earth science. Long time series LAI is an important input parameter of daily forest carbon and water cycle models, and its accuracy directly influences the result of the model simulation. At present, site measurements of Long time series LAI data expend a large number of repeated manual operations, and produce a great error in the operation. An instrument, with which LAI can be indirectly measured in the field for a long time, was designed in this study. This instrument consisted of solar power system, single-chip microcomputer control system and time control system. The single-chip microcomputer control system was mainly made up of Arduino UNO microcontroller, clock module, storage module, display monitor module steering engine, light intensity sensor, temperature sensor and humidity sensor. In order to prevent the extra light intensity of a single direction that affected the accuracy of measurement, the measuring time was set at 7:00-8:00 and 16:00-17:00 by the time-control system. The solar batteries provided durable electric energy for the instrument. The vertical and horizontal rotary servos were controlled by microcontroller which drove the light sensor to record the light intensity from different solar zenith angles. It can record the light intensity from the zenith angles of 0°, 12°, 24°, 36°, 48°, 60°. Two instruments were used at the same time to measure LAI. One instrument was placed under the forest canopy in a plot to measure light intensity through the canopy, another instrument was placed in some open place, such as forest station, to measure light intensity equivalent to that above canopy. The light transmittance through the canopy was calculated by the ratio of the measured data of the two instruments respectively at different angles. LAI calculation was based on radiation transmission through the canopy. The commercial optical instrument LAI-2200 was used to test and verify the measurement precision of this instrument. LAI was measured on 24 plots, which were set in the experimental forest of Northeast Forestry University. The size was 20×30 m<sup>2</sup>. The minimum value of LAI was 1.625, the maximum was 6.323 and an average was 4.21 by using this instrument. The minimum value of LAI was 1.97, the maximum was 6.04 and an average was 3.99 by using LAI-2200. The research showed that the result of Long time series LAI measuring instrument was highly consistent with commercial optical instrument LAI-2200, with R<sup>2</sup> of 0.927, RMSE of 0.36. The cost of the instrument was low, and with such instrument, network measurement would be possible among different forests. The stable operation of the instrument in high humidity environment of the forest was due to its waterproof design. When LAI was measured, the instrument collected data of air temperature and humidity to provide accurate environmental data for the study of long time series LAI changes. All collected data were recorded in the SD card, which was convenient for data application. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Forestry
Controlled terms:Carbon - Climate models - Computers - Control systems - Controllers - Design - Diffusers (optical) - Digital storage - Display devices - Humidity control - Instrument errors - Instruments - Measurement errors - Microcomputers - Optical instruments - Rain - Solar energy - Thermoelectricity - Time series
Uncontrolled terms:Accuracy of measurements - High-humidity environment - Leaf Area Index - Long term observations - Measuring instruments - Radiation transmission - Rainfall interception - Single chip microcomputers
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 408 Structural Design - 443 Meteorology - 443.3 Precipitation - 615.2 Solar Power - 615.4 Thermoelectric Energy - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 732.1 Control Equipment - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 921 Mathematics - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20152200901258
Title:Effects of alternative stress of drought and waterlogging at tillering stage on rice root anatomical structure
Authors:Zhen, Bo (1); Guo, Xiangping (2); Lu, Hongfei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Framland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Xiangping
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:107-113
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, a new water-saving controlled irrigation technique aiming at more heavy rains in the South of China is proposed. It can reduce irrigation cost and make full use of rainfall, but may lead to alternative stress of drought-waterlogging-drought for rice. It is unclear about the root changes affected by the alternative stress. Therefore, in this study, a pot experiment was carried out to determine the effects of alternative stress of drought and waterlogging at tillering stage on rice root anatomical structure. The differences of root aerenchyma, column, the root epidermal cell development and root epidermal thickness in rice underwaterlogging stress treatments and the conventional irrigation were analyzed. The rice experienced three phases of drought stress (heavy drought A<inf>1</inf> and light drought A<inf>2</inf>) and heavy waterlogging stress (15 cm water layer, B). The results indicated that A<inf>1</inf> and A<inf>2</inf> promoted development of root aerenchyma earlier than conventional irrigation (C) at stage I of drought stress; The thickness of the outer layer of roots in A<inf>1</inf> and A<inf>2</inf> treatments were higher than C treatment. A<inf>1</inf> at stage I had a significant impact on root anatomical structure of flooding stress at stage II of drought converted to heavy waterlogging (A<inf>1</inf>B, heavy waterlogging for 5 d at stage II), of which the diameter, total area of tube and the column area increased by 43.3%, 52.8%, 76.5%, respectively, compared to conventional irrigation at stage II (CC); And the number of catheter, catheter area and in the column area of A<inf>2</inf>B treatment (heavy waterlogging for 5 d at stage II) was lower than that of CC treatment. However, the rice root formed a small amount of aerenchyma under the condition of flooding stress at stage (CB, heavy waterlogging for 5 d at stage II). Effects of heavy drought and light drought stress at stage III (A<inf>1</inf>BA<inf>1</inf> and A<inf>2</inf>BA<inf>2</inf>) after flooding stress on rice root anatomical structure were similar to the effects of drought stress at stage I. A<inf>1</inf>BA<inf>1</inf> formed more gas cavity, and there was still much residual cortex parenchyma cells in cortex; A<inf>2</inf>BA<inf>2</inf> also formed more regular gas cavity. The number of catheter, catheter diameter, vessel area, and the column area of roots in A<inf>1</inf>BA<inf>1</inf> treatment increased by 30.30%, 0.74%, 30.24%, and 52.84% compared with CCC treatment (conventional irrigation at stage III). The number of catheter and columns area of A<inf>2</inf>BA<inf>2</inf> treatment increased compared with CCC treatment, and the catheter number and total area and column area of CBC treatment increased by 30.30%, 5.37% and 14.31%, respectively. Cortical cells of A<inf>2</inf>BA<inf>2</inf> treatment were developed well with thick wall, and cortical cells of CBC treatment were also developed well but partial disordered. Therefore, short-term drought stress could improve the development of root aerenchyma, but could not decrease the waterlogging tolerance of rice. The anatomical changes might express post-effect of drought stress on rice root growth and a certain degree of drought and waterlogging stress played a positive role in improving the ability of late rice. The research could provide a valuble information for water-harvesting and controlled irrigation technology. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Drought
Controlled terms:Catheters - Cells - Cytology - Floods - Irrigation - Rain - Stresses - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Alternative stress of drought and waterlogging - Anatomical changes - Anatomical structures - Controlled irrigations - Irrigation costs - Rice - Root - Root epidermal cells
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 462.1 Biomedical Equipment, General - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20152200901244
Title:Comparison of straw incorporation effect with down-cut and up-cut rotary tillage
Authors:Chen, Qingchun (1); Shi, Yong (1); Ding, Qishuo (1); Ding, Weimin (1); Tian, Yongchao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Equipment of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China; (2) National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Qishuo
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:13-18
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to the complexity of soil and straw properties and the interactions among soil, straw and tillage tools, specific straw incorporating implements were designed and developed for particular working conditions. Different types of rotary tillers that adapted to different field states were produced in the last decades for straw burial. However, past efforts of assessment on rotary tillers were focused mainly on their soil working performances. Seldom has been done to assess the performance of rotary tillers and their effect on both soil disturbance and straw distribution in the tilled soil layer. A field experiment was thus conducted to compare the performances of rotary tillers on mediating soil and straw after rice harvesting. A mini-power rotor tiller was run on a platform developed for in-situ tillage test. Soil surface and micro-relief was measured with profilometer. Straw distribution was measured with a three-dimension coordinate tester. The measured results were transferred to Pro-E software, in which the measured data of straw distribution in soil were modeled and assessed. It was found that down-cut rotary tillage resulted into a gently humped soil surface over the tilled region, whereas the up-cut treatment led to a sink of soil surface in the mid region and the ridges along two sides of the tilled plot. Severe humping of fragmented soil was also observed in the up-cut tillage. It was therefore concluded that, for min-power rotor tillers in paddy field, the down-cut tillage provided better surface micro-relief than the up-cut. A higher percentage of buried straw, 88.91%, was acquired with the down-cut tilling. But it was low for the up-cut, which was 83.26%. The heaping-up of straw was also severe in the up-cut treatment, which was 33.02%, 8.19% higher than that from the down-cut. This indicated that the down-cut was more preferable for mini-power rotor tiller design compared with the up-cut. Analysis on the sectioned regions with the Pro-E revealed more straw concentration in the 5-10 cm soil layer for the down-cut tillage, while the up-cut treatment provided a more evenly distribution of straw in the soil volume. The modeled straw distribution in soil volume was sectioned into the grids at 3 different scales, and the total length of straw under the down-cut tillage revealed the smaller coefficient of variations (P<0.05). The up-cut tilling did prove its benefits, such as enhancing soil fragmentation and a highly leveled soil surface within the treated area. But the soil and straw heaping ahead of the machine was a main constraint for its adaptation to the paddy soil. Designing and developing of mini-rotor tillers for improving the performance of proper handling the soil and straw requires further investigation on the system optimization of soil structure, straw, tool geometry and working parameters. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Agronomy - Soil testing - Soils - Spatial distribution - Straw - Structural optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Incorporation - Rotary tillages - Soil disturbances - Straw incorporations - System optimizations - Working parameters - Working performance
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20152200901282
Title:Quantitive modeling changes in area of reclamation and returning cultivated land to forest or pastures under representative concentration pathways (RCPs) climate scenarios
Authors:Jiang, Qun'ou (1); Tan, Bei (1); Xue, Xiaochan (1); Qi, Yuanjing (1); Deng, Xiangzheng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; (2) Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (3) Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Qi, Yuanjing
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:271-280
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Northeast China as one of the important agricultural production bases is an area under reclamation and returning cultivated land to forests or pastures. Therefore, it is of great practical significance in guaranteeing the sustainable development and national food security to study the spatial and temporal variation of cultivated land in Northeast China under future climate scenarios. With the Northeast China as the study area, the authors collected data of land use, natural environment and social-economic, and simulated the spatial distribution and changing trends of cultivated land with the land use change dynamic (DLS) model based on the scenarios of land use planning and representative concentration pathways (RCPs) from year 2010 to 2030. The results showed that the area of cultivated land had an overall decreasing trend under the land use planning scenario, but the area of upland field increased slightly from year 2000 to 2010 and then declined greatly, while the paddy field continuously declined from year 2000 to 2030. The major land use type converted from the cultivated land was forest which mainly located in the Great and Small Xing'an Mountain and Changbai Mountain. Cultivated land transferred to residential area is around the original city. However, the expansion of urban area is not obvious due to the dispersion of conversion area over a large studied area. The increase in the area of cultivated land was mainly in the northern and western parts of Northeast China. Besides, the total area of cultivated land had a tendency to increase considerably under the Asia-Pacific Integrated model (AIM) scenario, with the upland field expanding more obviously and the paddy field declining slightly, which was mainly transferred from forest and grassland. Among them, the converted forest land was in the Greater Xing'an Mountains, while the converted grassland was near the Three River Plain and Songnen Plain. In addition, the cultivated land showed a greater decreasing trend under the model for energy supply strategy alternatives and their general environmental impact (MESSAGE) scenario compared to the land use planning scenario, and most of them were from grassland and residential area. Although the cultivated land showed a downward trend both in MESSAGE and land use planning scenarios, the direction of change was different. MESSAGE scenario had a rapid economic development and more emissions of greenhouse gases?, so the expansion of residential area was also one of the significant reasons for decrease in cultivated land, while the planning scenario focused on the ecological construction, therefore, more cultivated land was converted to forest. As for the AIM scenario, it had a similar economic development ratio, but it emphasized the agricultural production, and ecological construction was less than that under the planning scenario. Moreover, analysis on the conversion between different land use types indicated that the reclamation and returning cultivated land to forests or pastures was likely to continue under future scenarios, but the frequency of occurrence could decrease as the time goes by. The conclusions can provide significant decision-making information for the rational agricultural planning and cultivated land protection in Northeast China to adapt to the climate change. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Climate change - Decision making - Ecology - Economic and social effects - Economics - Environmental impact - Food supply - Forestry - Greenhouse gases - Housing - Land reclamation - Landforms - Planning - Reclamation - Sustainable development - Urban planning
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Asia-pacific integrated models - Cultivated lands - Different land use types - Future climate scenarios - Scenario - Simulation - Spatial and temporal variation
Classification code:403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 404.2 Civil Defense - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 451 Air Pollution - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1 Geology - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 912.2 Management - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20152200901285
Title:Lactic acid bacteria community and Lactobacillus Plantarum improving silaging effect of switchgrass
Authors:Liu, Jingjing (1); Gao, Lijuan (2); Shi, Jianfang (3); Wang, Xiaofen (1); Yuan, Xufeng (1); Cui, Zongjun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University/Center of Biomass Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Beijing Center for Physical & Chemical Analysis, Biejing, China; (3) China Institute of Agricultural Product Processing Engineering, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Xiaofen
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:295-302
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm-season perennial bunchgrass, and the crude protein content of its whole pant is higher than the whole plant of soybean. It is a kind of excellent grass as a livestock feed, which not only has high yield and outstanding quality, but also shows very strong tolerance or resistance to the adverse environment. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are often added to forage crops for improving the silage fermentation at the ensiling period, and LAB community has been widely used to prepare the fermented feed, such as alfalfa, crop stalks, bagasse and manioc waste. However, few studies have been done about the effect of LAB on the characteristics of switchgrass silage. Considering the selectivity of inoculants, a stable LAB community named SGL was detected from switchgrass silage by continuous restricted subcultivation. The results of the pyrosequencing showed that the major components in the SGL were Lactobacillus nantensis (78.78%), Lactobacillus plantarum (7.92%), Lactobacillus panthers (5.27%), Bacillus coagulans (4.41%) and Lactococcus lactic (3.31%), of which Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) is one of the most frequently used LAB species. The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the SGL community or a single component Lactobacillus plantarum on the fermentation, microbial diversity and rumen fermentation of the resulting silage. Switchgrass was harvested by hand in mid-June when it was just in the vegetative growth stage (26.43% dry matter), and chopped to about 1.5 cm with a laboratory type chopper. The chopped forages were ensiled in 2 L anaerobic jars in the following treatments: control that is untreated, SGL and LP. SGL and LP were both applied in the same quantity of distilled water (10 mL solution per kg forage) at the dose of 1 OD<inf>600</inf>/kg of fresh forage. The control also received 10 mL water per kg forage forage. Three jars per treatment were sampled on the 3<sup>rd</sup>, 10<sup>th</sup>, 20<sup>th</sup> and 30<sup>th</sup> day after ensiling, for chemical and microbiological analysis. At the end of the ensiling period, i.e. the 30<sup>th</sup> day, the silages were subjected to an artificial rumen fermentation and an aerobic stability test at 25. The results indicated that the inoculation with SGL and LP both improved the fermentation, promoted the decline of pH value, decreased the concentration of NH<inf>3</inf>-N and butyrate acid, increased the concentration of lactic acid and crude protein in the silage, but decreased the concentration of acetic acid and reduced the aerobic stability. The 16S rRNA gene-based pyrosequencing was used to analyze the community of the resulting silage, and the results indicated that the diversity of microorganisms among different treatments had significant difference (P<0.05). Lactobacillus was the advantageous species, and Enterobacter were inhibited effectively in both SGL and LP. Rumen fermentation characteristics were determined by 48 h artificial rumen technique, and the results showed that the inoculation with LAB improved the in vitro dry matter digestibility, pH value, NH<inf>3</inf>-N and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were all within normal limits, and the total VFA concentration was SGL>LP>CK, so was the acetic acid and propionic acid. However, the addition of community SGL decreased the pH value more rapidly and had better effects on both silage quality and rumen fermentation, when compared with the single component LP. For SGL consists of variety of components, the interaction mechanism of components during the silage fermentation and the effect of switchgrass silages treated with SGL on the performance of the livestock need more study. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Volatile fatty acids
Controlled terms:Acetic acid - Agriculture - Bacilli - Bacteria - Bacteriology - Chemical analysis - Crops - Fatty acids - Fermentation - Laboratories - Lactic acid - Microbiology - Microorganisms - pH - Plants (botany) - Propionic acid - Proteins - RNA
Uncontrolled terms:Lactic acid bacteria - Lactobacillus plantarum - Rumen fermentations - Silage - Switchgrass
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 801 Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.044
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20152200901270
Title:EVI simulation of vegetation in Karst rocky area using climatic factors
Authors:Chen, Yanli (1); Mo, Weihua (1); Luo, Yongming (1); Mo, Jianfei (1); Huang, Yonglin (1); Ding, Meihua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Guangxi Meteorological Disaster Mitigation Institute/Remote Sensing Application and Validation Base of NSMC, Nanning, China; (2) Joint Laboratory for GIS Application, Nanning, China; (3) College of Resources and Environment, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Mo, Weihua
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:187-194
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this paper, taking the vegetation in Karst rocky area as the research subject, MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI) series and climatic information during 2001-2010 are used to analyze the relationship between vegetation and climate factors. Vapor pressure, precipitation, relative humidity, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, mean temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed and sunshine hours are taken as climatic variables to explore their relationships with EVI series in different stages using correlation analysis method and path analysis method. Then, climatic factors are selected to establish EVI simulation models of Karst vegetation by stepwise regression analysis method. The results show that: There are significant positive correlations between EVI of Karst vegetation and most climatic factors. The correlation coefficients between EVI and the climatic factors including vapor pressure, mean temperature, dew point temperature, minimum and maximum temperature are higher and show better consistency than other factors, and all the values are over 0.8. The response of EVI to climatic factors has obvious hysteresis nature except sunshine hours and wind speed. The lag time is about 16 days for most climatic factors. Minimum and maximum temperature and mean temperature play a most significant direct effect on vegetation EVI; vapor pressure, precipitation and relative humidity play a significant indirect effect on EVI although their direct effect are not obvious. According to the correlations between EVI and climatic factors, 2 EVI simulation models are established including the same-time model and mixed-time model. The same-time model means the stages of the climatic factor series used in the model are the same to the EVI series. But, in the mixed-time model, climatic factors and EVI series in different stages are used. Vapor pressure, sunshine hours and dew point temperature are used to build the same-time model, and vapor pressure (one stage before), maximum temperature (one stage before), precipitation (one stage before), dew point temperature (one stage before) and sunshine hours (same stage) are used to build the mixed-time model. Two models' efficiencies in total Guangxi Karst area and single station are tested using data series from 2000 to 2010 and data in 2011. The simulation precisions for total Guangxi Karst area are higher than each single station for both models. From 2000 to 2010, the R<sup>2</sup> of the same-time model and the mixed-time model are 0.843 and 0.892, respectively, while 0.765±0.033, 0.801±0.021, respectively for single station. Meanwhile, in the year of 2011, the R<sup>2</sup> of the same-time model and the mixed-time model are 0.797 and 0.873 while 0.716±0.073, 0.746±0.064 for single station respectively. For most stations, the efficiency of mixed-time model is higher than the same-time model. As the climatic factors used in the model are different and the relationships between climatic factors and vegetation vary among the stations, the efficiency of the same-time model for some stations is higher than the mixed-time model's. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Climate models
Controlled terms:Climate change - Efficiency - Hydrostatic pressure - Landforms - Models - Regression analysis - Vapor pressure - Vegetation - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Climatic informations - Correlation analysis - Correlation coefficient - Dewpoint temperature - Enhanced vegetation index - Karst areas - Positive correlations - Stepwise regression analysis
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 481.1 Geology - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20152200901256
Title:Application of radiation tube technology in control of Karez water and its numerical simulation
Authors:Maimaiti, Maierdan (1); Zhang, Aijun (1); Xing, Yichuan (2); Zhang, Wei (1); Song, Zhipeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (2) China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Aijun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:92-99
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Karez is a great ancient water conservancy project, which is still playing an irreplaceable role in local irrigation, drinking water, and environmental protection in Turpan. Due to artesian water all year around, apart from meeting a few needs of domestic-water use in non-irrigation periods, most of the water evaporates, leading to water waste. Based on the analysis of geological conditions and the unique operating mechanism of Turpan's Karez, in this paper, radiation tube was proposed to increase and control water. The main idea of this technique is to reinforce the Karez catchment segments and set up horizontal radiation tubes in the head of the catchment; it means changing the original Karez sidewall catchment into radiation tube catchment. The radiation tube outlet must be connected to the main water pipe, setting the control valve to control the amount of water flow artificially. A numerical simulation method was used to investigate how the radiation tube affected the groundwater of local area, how much water increased, how tubes were reasonablly settled in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the technique. A Karez's radiation tube system seepage field model was established by using a three-dimensional modeling method to calculate the seepage field. The model parameters were from actual working conditions. The results showed that: 1) Total head contour changed from high to low from upstream to downstream strata, and the total head contour of the central part of the downstream strata being lower than the left and right, resulting in the water catchment capacity of Karez; At the same time, there was a significant reduction in total head contour in the same position after addition of radiation tubes, indicating that adding radiation tubes can lower the groundwater level; 2)Compared with the calculation results of no radiation tubes, radiation tubes could reduce the seepage line significantly; After addition of radiation tubes, water catchment capability greatly increased in the Karez-Radiation tube system; Under normal effluent conditions, seepage line were lowered to the top of the Karez, the range also was expanded a lot, which means that the effect of radiation tubes is obvious; 3) Scope of catchment would be expanded and water flow could reach more than double after the transformation of the Karez by utilizing the radiation well; The water scope of the Karez system after transformation increased to 1644-3967 m<sup>3</sup>/d; 4) After closing the valve when the water was full in the compartment of the water main, the total head contour changed smoothly. This explained that when the valve was closed, groundwater did not flow from the main pipe, radiation tubes stopped from collecting water. Thus, the setting of a control valve can overcome the deficiencies that the amount of Karez water cannot control. It is a very precious and effective method of protecting groundwater resources in the Turpan region. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:11
Main heading:Rivers
Controlled terms:Catchments - Effluents - Flow of water - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Hydraulics - Irrigation - Numerical analysis - Numerical methods - Numerical models - Potable water - Radiation - Runoff - Safety valves - Seepage - Tubes (components) - Water - Water management - Water pipelines - Water wells
Uncontrolled terms:Calculation results - Domestic water use - Geological conditions - Karez - Numerical simulation method - Operating mechanism - Three-dimensional model - Water conservancy projects
Classification code:407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 407.2 Waterways - 441 Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development - 444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20152200901275
Title:Effect of storage methods on properties of corn straw after storage
Authors:Tian, Yishui (1); Xu, Yayun (1); Hou, Shulin (3); Zhao, Lixin (1); Yao, Zonglu (1); Meng, Haibo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Rural Energy and Environmental Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agricultural Residues, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Tian, Yishui
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:223-229
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To understand the effects of different storage conditions on physicochemical properties of crop straw, this paper has studied 3 kinds of straw pretreated methods which specifically are the whole plant, baling and crushing, together with 3 storage methods of pretreated straw i.e. stored in the open air, under the covering condition and under the sealed condition with tarpaulin for a period of 5 months. The results show that average of total moisture content of crushed stalks reaches 19.16%, which is respectively 15.71% and 15.34% higher than whole plant and baling straw. Due to the influence of environmental humidity and their own physical and chemical effects, total moisture contents of straw stored in the open air and under the sealed condition are higher than that stored under the covering condition; for the same pile of straw, total moisture content in each layer has the same change, but there are significant differences between the values. Straw temperature changes with the external environment; all are closely related to moisture content, average daily temperature does not change significantly, and the range is only between 3.24 and 3.71. The maximum storage temperatures are 40.8, 35.4 and 44.7, respectively, when whole plant stalks are stored in the open air, under the covering and sealed condition; the above data for baling straw are 32.7, 30.3 and 35.8, respectively; and crushed stalks are 40.5, 39.3 and 43.7, respectively. So, the bale of straw is easy safe storage, and when the whole plant and crushing straw are stored for a long time, it should keep the environment ventilated. The calorific value is negatively correlated with total moisture content, the calorific value based on dry basis is higher than that based on receive basis. When the group is on dry basis, the calorific values of whole plant and baling straw are similar, with the average reaching 14 000 kJ/kg, and the calorific value of crushed straw is lower, around 13 000 kJ/kg. When the group is on receive basis, the calorific value presents downward trend over time, showing more obvious decline in February and a negative correlation with the total moisture change. Taking the whole plant stalks as the example, the calorific value is reduced by 1512, 1608 and 1612 kJ/kg respectively from January to May when straw is stored in open air, under the covering and sealed condition; the average calorific value of sealed storage is the lowest, only 11 547 kJ/kg. On the whole, the total moisture and volatile of crushed straw are higher than whole plant and baling straw, and the ash content is lower than them; the total moisture and volatile of sealed storage are higher than stored in the open air and covered storage, and the ash content is lower than them. Therefore, crushed straw is not conducive to energy use, and bale of straw is easier storage than the whole plant, but its cost is higher; sealed storage is not recommended, and because the parameter indices change inconsistently when straw is stored in the open air and under the covering condition, the latter two methods require further study. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Digital storage
Controlled terms:Calorific value - Crushing - Energy storage - Moisture - Moisture determination - Piles - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Daily temperatures - Environmental humidities - External environments - Negative correlation - Physicochemical property - Storage temperatures - Temperature changes - Variation
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 522 Gas Fuels - 523 Liquid Fuels - 524 Solid Fuels - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20152200901267
Title:High resolution vision sensor transmission control scheme based on 3G and Wi-Fi
Authors:Xiao, Deqin (1); Huang, Shunbin (2); Yin, Jianjun (2); Feng, Jianzhao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China; (2) College of Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Xiao, Deqin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:167-172
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Embedded intelligent vision sensor technology has become a research hotspot of wireless vision sensor network (WVSN) due to its low cost and high efficiency image capturing. In earlier research, a low cost and high resolution agricultural vision sensor (HRAVS) was developed based on the platform S3C6410 and OV3640 in South China Agricultural University. In this paper, a vision sensor remote transmission control schema (VSRTC) was developed to enable HRAVS to communicate with each other in various communication technologies (cable, 3G, 4G and Wi-Fi). The combination of HRAVS and VSRTC can be applied in many areas of the Internet of Things (IOT) in Agriculture. This paper introduced design of application architecture, transmission control protocol, and the node's application software of the VSRTC-HRAVS. A WVSN test was conducted for 25 days with 10 camera nodes in experimental fields of South China Agricultural University. Node control stability, the image capturing and encoding performance, the overall average image capturing time and the average frame rate of video capturing under different resolutions were evaluated in a series tests. The results showed that the new camera nodes were able to effectively carry out 3 capture modes (command response/cycle response/video), and under the re-transmission mode, the instruction loss rate was below 1% of all nodes. Given image pixel of 1.3, 2.0 and 3.2 Mpixel, when running without networking, the shortest average overall image processing time of the node were 6.2, 8.2 and 11.1 s respectively, and the largest video frame rates were 58.7, 34.6 and 16.4 frames per second, respectively; When running networking, the shortest average overall image processing time of the node were 17.6, 26.9 and 49.6 s respectively, and the highest video frame rates were 20.2, 16.1 and 9.3 frames per second, respectively. This scheme supported high resolution image and video transmission which can be applied in the field of agriculture where real-time transmission is not highly demanded. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Wireless sensor networks
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Application programs - Cameras - Image coding - Image communication systems - Image processing - Network architecture - Sensor nodes - Transmission control protocol - Video signal processing - Vision
Uncontrolled terms:Application architecture - Communication technologies - Different resolutions - Internet of thing (IOT) - Real-time transmissions - Remote transmissions - Transmission control schemes - Vision sensors
Classification code:716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 716.4 Television Systems and Equipment - 717 Optical Communication - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 732 Control Devices - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.2 Vision - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20152200901253
Title:Numerical simulation and experimental validation on hydrodynamic radial force of mixed-flow pump impeller
Authors:Ou, Mingxiong (1); Shi, Weidong (2); Jia, Weidong (1); Fu, Qiang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) National Research Center of Pumps and Pumping System Engineering and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
Corresponding author:Ou, Mingxiong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:71-76
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This paper presents a numerical investigation of hydrodynamic radial force of mixed-flow pump, through validations and CFD simulations under several flow rates, the global performances of the mixed-flow pump is accurately predicted with RNG k-Ε turbulence model, the head prediction error is less than 4.4% under all the operational conditions. The recirculation between the impeller and diffuser dominates the flow passage at part-load conditions, the pressure amplitude at 4 times shaft frequency was bigger than other frequencies, it increased sharply while the flow rate changed from 0.6 to 0.4 nominal flow rate, these demonstrated that the rotor-stator impeller blade passing excitation strengthened the pressure amplitudes of points between the impeller and diffuser under part-load conditions. The transient hydrodynamic radial forces of impeller present a periodicity change with time, the average value of transient radial force is close to zero under a uniform inflow condition. The FFT spectrum analysis of radial forces demonstrated that the amplitude of hydrodynamic radial forces under part-load conditions are much higher than nominal condition, especially at 1 time and 4 times shaft frequency, these phenomena are mainly attributed to the hydraulic imbalance of rotor, rotor-stator impeller blade passing excitation, rotor-stator blade interaction excitation and etc. Based on the analysis above, it is concluded that the recirculation flow pattern under part-load conditions has a significant influence on pressure fluctuation and hydrodynamic radial force. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Flow patterns - Flow rate - Fluid dynamics - Hydrodynamics - Impellers - Loads (forces) - Pumps - Rotors - Rotors (windings) - Spectrum analysis - Stators - Turbulence models
Uncontrolled terms:Mixed flow pump - Part load conditions - Radial forces - Recirculations - Rotor-stator interactions
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631 Fluid Flow - 704.1 Electric Components - 705.1 Electric Machinery, General - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20152200901280
Title:Prediction model for cultivated land area based on self-adaptive differential evolution and relevance vector machine
Authors:Luo, Yiyong (1); Zhang, Hao (3); Zhang, Liting (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China; (2) School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; (3) College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Hao
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:257-264
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to solve some key problems existing in the previous prediction model for cultivated land area, for instance, the nonlinearity, sparseness and the result reliability, a new prediction model for cultivated land area is proposed through fusing and improving the self-adaptive evolution and relevance vector machine in the paper. By analyzing the characteristics of convergence rate for differential evolution algorithm, the functional relationship among shrinkage ratio factor, crossover probability, maximum fitness and minimum fitness is established. Meanwhile, individual shrinkage ratio factor and crossover probability of the next generation are determined based on the current individual fitness data. And the self-adaptive differential evolution algorithm is also developed in this way which can effectively improve the global convergence ability and the robustness of the algorithm. The current studies have confirmed that the kernel parameters have a greater impact on the prediction accuracy of relevance vector machine. Therefore, in order to improve the accuracy of the model, fitness function is established based on leave one cross validation and the relevance vector machine on the basis of self-adaptive differential evolution is also proposed by optimizing the kernel parameters. As the new model has the advantages of sparsity and nonlinearity, and can output the information of the uncertainty of the results, the new method is used to predict the cultivated land area. In order to prove the excellent properties of the new method, the accuracy of the model is evaluated by choosing 5 kinds of precision indices including mean absolute error (MAE), mean relative error (MRE), root mean square error (RMSE), posterior error and error frequency. The computational efficiency and the reliability of the model are estimated quantitatively by running time and confidence interval. Taking Huangshi City as an example, a short-term and a middle-term prediction model for the cultivated land area are set up on the basis of the self-adaptive evolution and relevance vector machine. And these two established prediction models are also compared with the multivariate linear regression model, back propagation (BP) neural network and least squares support vector machine in terms of accuracy, computational efficiency and reliability. The experimental statistics reveal that the newly established prediction model based on the self-adaptive evolution and relevance vector machine is about 2 times higher than the rest 3 models in accuracy, 2 times as much as multivariate linear regression model and 2 orders of magnitude higher than the BP neural network and least squares support vector machine in computational efficiency; the actual land area of the test data set is all in confidence intervals at the 95% confidence level, which is obtained by prediction model for cultivated land area based on self-adaptive differential evolution and relevance vector machine. All the above data confirms that the model based on the self-adaptive evolution and relevance vector machine is a new approach to the prediction of the cultivated farm land with high accuracy, fast calculation and strong reliability. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Evolutionary algorithms
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Backpropagation - Computational efficiency - Data flow analysis - Efficiency - Errors - Financial data processing - Forecasting - Health - Higher order statistics - Land use - Linear regression - Mean square error - Neural networks - Optimization - Regression analysis - Reliability - Shrinkage - Statistical tests - Support vector machines - Vectors
Uncontrolled terms:Back propagation neural networks - Cultivated lands - Differential evolution algorithms - Global convergence ability - Least squares support vector machines - Multivariate linear regression model - Self-adaptive differential evolution algorithms - Self-adaptive differential evolutions
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 911.1 Cost Accounting - 913.1 Production Engineering - 914.3 Industrial Hygiene - 921.1 Algebra - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20152200901272
Title:Temperature/flow field simulation and parameter optimal design for greenhouses with fan-pad evaporative cooling system
Authors:Xu, Fang (1); Cai, Yanwen (1); Chen, Jiaoliao (1); Zhang, Libin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of E&M, Ministry of Education & Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Jiaoliao
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:201-208
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As one of the most effective cooling method, the fan-pad evaporative cooling system has been widely used to provide a suitable growth environment for greenhouse crops. An optimization method of the fan-pad cooling system based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was proposed to improve the cooling performance inside the greenhouse in summer. The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations were solved using finite volume method (FVM). Due to the remarkable effect of gravitation on the microclimate distribution inside the greenhouse, the Boussinesq hypothesis was taken into account. The standard k-Ε turbulent model was selected to predict the distribution of air flow. Solar ray tracing was applied to load the solar radiation model, while the discrete ordinate model was selected for considering the effect of thermal radiation. Crops in the greenhouse were regarded as the porous medium, which was governed by the Darcy-Forcheimier equation in the CFD model. A three-dimension greenhouse model was developed to simulate the microclimate distribution and air circulation inside the greenhouse adopting fan-pad cooling system. The verification experiment was conducted in a Venlo-type greenhouse in the campus of Zhejiang University of Technology (30°14'N, 120°09'E) from 12:30 to 13:30 on July 23, 2012. Thirteen observation points of T1-T10 and TH1-TH3 were set up in the experimental greenhouse to validate the simulated air temperature and velocity. The errors between simulated and measured air temperature at the observation points varied from 0.7 to 2, and the errors of air velocity were less than 0.13 m/s. Compared with the measured values, the absolute mean errors of simulated temperature and air velocity were less than 4% and 6% respectively. It proved that the CFD method is reliable to estimate the distribution of air velocity and temperature in the greenhouse. The validated CFD model was then used to further analyze the cooling performance of different greenhouse cases in terms of the greenhouse lengths, the evaporative pad areas and the greenhouse ventilation rates. The indoor environment with the temperature of below 30 and the velocity of below 1 m/s was suitable for crop growth, and this condition was used as a criterion for optimal design. Based on the orthogonal test method, greenhouse cases with different greenhouse lengths, evaporative pad areas and air velocities of fans were classified and simulated to analyze their relations. The simulations illustrated that the greenhouse ventilation rate of 153.1 m<sup>3</sup>/(m<sup>2</sup>·h) and the minimum pad area of 6 m<sup>2</sup> can meet the cooling requirement in a Venlo-type greenhouse with 24 m length and 9.6 m width. In contrast with greenhouse of 70 m length, the maximum pad area of 13.5 m<sup>2</sup> had to be configured, because the greenhouse with smaller evaporative pad need combine with the fan's velocity of more than 105 m<sup>3</sup>/(m<sup>2</sup>·h). According to the relations among greenhouse length, evaporative pad area and fan's velocity resulted from CFD analysis; the fitted results could be achieved to design the fan-pad evaporative cooling system in the greenhouse in eastern China. The fitting optimization showed good agreement with the previous corresponding research results, which demonstrated that CFD technique was rational and reliable to design the fan-pad evaporative cooling system in the greenhouse. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Greenhouses
Controlled terms:Air - Atmospheric temperature - Computational fluid dynamics - Computer simulation - Cooling - Cooling systems - Crops - Design - Errors - Evaporation - Evaporative cooling systems - Finite volume method - Fluid dynamics - Greenhouse effect - Navier Stokes equations - Optimal systems - Optimization - Porous materials - Ray tracing - Testing - Thermoelectric equipment - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Boussinesq hypothesis - Cooling requirements - Discrete ordinate models - Greenhouse ventilation - Orthogonal test method - Parameter optimal design - Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations - Solar radiation model
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 615.4 Thermoelectric Energy - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 644.3 Refrigeration Equipment and Components - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20152200901279
Title:Spatial correlation characteristics of urbanization and land ecosystem service value in Wuhan Urban Agglomeration
Authors:Yao, Xiaowei (1); Zeng, Jie (2); Li, Wangjun (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; (2) Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; (3) College of Public Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
Corresponding author:Zeng, Jie
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:249-256
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As one of the largest developing countries in the world, China has entered an accelerating period of urbanization with significant growth of economy and population. However, the ecological and environmental issues have directly threatened the sustainability of social and economic development in the country. In order to promote ecosystem quality in the high-speed urbanization process as well as provide scientific and feasible basis for differentiated and sustainable land use, this paper tried to explore the spatial correlation between urbanization and ecosystem service value (ESV). In the research, a metropolitan region in Central China called Wuhan Urban Agglomeration was selected as the study area. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, it is one of the most important regions with abundant agricultural and industrial products. According to the 4 aspects of urbanization concept involved population growth, economic development, urban space expanding and life quality improvement, 4 indicators, including proportion of urban permanent residents, proportion of built-up land, output proportion of non-agro industries and per capita disposable income of urban resident, were adopted to measure the levels of population urbanization, spatial urbanization, economic urbanization and living urbanization respectively. These data were collected from Hubei Statistical Yearbook in 2011. The land use data were derived from land use survey in 2010 and the outputs of crops in the study area were also calculated based on statistical data. The ESV of each land use type in Wuhan Urban Agglomeration was evaluated based on Costanza's evaluation formula and "equivalent value of ecosystem services per unit area in China". Both the spatial characteristics of urbanization and the ESV of all the 39 units were analyzed at the county level. Then the correlation between urbanization and ESV was calculated by utilizing bivariate spatial autocorrelation method. The results showed that the levels of urbanization and ESV in the study area both varied obviously in different areas. Urbanization was characterized by a structure with double centers and decreasing outward from centers, where the western area was basically higher than the eastern area. As to the ESV per hectare, the counties in the south hilly region were clustered to be the highest group. However, the lowest group was the counties clustered in the west and northwest region in Jianghan Plain, not the big cities such as Wuhan or Huangshi, probably because this area was located in a main crop production region with much lower forest coverage. According to the bivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis, population urbanization was discovered to have the strongest negative correlation with ESV, followed by spatial urbanization and then living urbanization. Specifically, spatial urbanization and living urbanization had the most significant negative correlations with raw materials value, and the negative impacts of population urbanization, spatial urbanization and living urbanization on gas regulation value and soil conservation value were also very obvious. What's more, the bivariate LISA figures between different urbanization indicators with ESV had similar spatial characters. The high-low clusters were located in the central part of Wuhan Urban Agglomeration, whose economy was more developed. The low-high groups mainly gathered in the southern mountainous areas and in the northern Dabie Mountain areas. The research can provide important decision-making basis for regional new-type urbanization and ecological protection in future. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Urban growth
Controlled terms:Agglomeration - Autocorrelation - Conservation - Correlation theory - Crops - Cultivation - Decision making - Developing countries - Ecology - Economic and social effects - Economics - Ecosystems - Industrial economics - Land use - Population statistics - Soil conservation - Surveys - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Ecosystem service values - Social and economic development - Spatial autocorrelation analysis - Spatial autocorrelation methods - Spatial autocorrelations - Urbanization - Value of ecosystem services - Wuhan urban agglomerations
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 405.3 Surveying - 454 Environmental Engineering - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.4 Impact of Technology on Society - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 912.2 Management - 921 Mathematics - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20152200901242
Title:Concept and estimation of crop safety period of plastic film mulching
Authors:Yan, Changrong (1); He, Wenqing (1); Liu, Enke (1); Lin, Tao (3); Mormile, Pasquale (4); Liu, Shuang (1); Liu, Qin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agricultural, CAAS, Beijing, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) Economical Crop Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China; (4) Institute of Cybernetics of the Italian National Council of Research ICIB-CNR, Pozzuoli (Na), Italy
Corresponding author:Liu, Qin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:1-4
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Plastic mulching film plays an important role in development of agriculture. However, a series of problems such as pollution of plastic film residue left in the field occur. It is required to make a reasonable assessment on film mulching and rationally utilize it. Based on its application, this study proposed a concept of crop safety period of plastic film mulching, and its estimation methods. Crop safety period through plastic film mulching means the appropriate choice of a photo-selective mulch film according to the transplant season, to the pedoclimatic conditions of the area under cultivation and, finally, to the type of crop. In the days before the transplant, the plastic mulching film should be basic whole, and it works to decrease soil moisture evaporation, to warm soil and to prevent weeds. Successively, these functions almost reduce. The selection of crop safety period of plastic film mulching is helpful to manage agricultural activities efficiently; guiding film makers to produce both meet the demand of production and lower cost of plastic products; to help farmers due to the types of crop and production conditions choosing appropriate plastic mulch film. Based on measurement of function of plastic film mulching, and crop canopy density, 2 kinds of method were established. The first one is to continuously monitor soil moisture,temperature and weed control, to build relationship between the function of soil temperature, moisture, weed suppression and mulching treatments, with that to seek the intersection of them. The coincidence point means functions disappear of plastic mulching and the days from starting mulching to this date is a certain crop safety period in a certain site. The second is crop canopy density to determine crop safety of plastic film mulching period, which includes 2 steps: to measure the change of crop canopy density, and the functions (soil temperature and moisture etc.) of mulching under no mulching and mulching at same time, to establish the curve of crop canopy density and the main function of plastic film in order to cross the best condition between crop canopy density and the contribute of mulch films aimed to the determination of the ideal crop safeguard period. All in all, plastic mulching film has been widely used in global, especially in China, in the past 30 years, and its application area and efficacy works better than any other agronomic practices. Concept of crop safety period of plastic film mulching has been firstly proposed in this paper, and further research in the connotation and extension of its definition still need to be developed. Moreover, the mentioned estimation methods around crop safety period of plastic film mulching showed some usefulness in cotton in Xinjiang, corn in Northeast and tobacco in southwest planting, but more extensive research, application and improvement were needed by far. The findings from this research provide an important information base for improving adaptability evaluation system of plastic mulching film, investigating the spatial pattern of plastic mulching film utilization, and biodegradable plastic film production and application. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:13
Main heading:Plastic products
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Biodegradable polymers - Crops - Cultivation - Estimation - Moisture - Moisture control - Moisture determination - Plastic films - Soil moisture - Soils - Weed control
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptability evaluation - Agricultural activities - Biodegradable plastics - Concept definitions - Measurement of functions - Methods - Mulching - Research , application
Classification code:454 Environmental Engineering - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20152200901281
Title:Inversion model for copper content in farmland of tailing area based on visible-near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Authors:Lü, Jie (1); Hao, Ningyan (1); Cui, Xiaolin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
Corresponding author:Lü, Jie
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:265-270
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Heavy metal pollution exists in many mining sites, and heavy metal in soils poses a great potential threat to the environment and human health. Therefore, it is urgent to estimate heavy metals in farmland in tailing areas of mining sites. The goal of this research was to estimate copper content in farmland of a tailing area based on visible-near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. This research took Jinduicheng mine tailings in Shaanxi as the study area. A total number of 288 soil samples were collected at the mining areas. The soil samples were divided into two groups, a training/calibration set (n=252) and an external validation set (n=36) for the Cu estimation model. The soil samples were air dried and passed through a 2 mm sieve. The Cu concentrations in soil were determined through chemical analysis in the laboratory by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GB/T17141-1997). The visible-near infrared reflectance spectral measurements of soil Cu concentration were collected using an ASD field spectrometer for the solar reflective wavelengths (350-2500 nm) in the laboratory. The 8 angle probe was used, the distance from the contact probe to the surface of soil samples was set to 1.35 m in order to get the soil spectral in the range of 1 m<sup>2</sup>, and each soil sample was achieved 10 spectral measurements. The original reflectance was transformed with a db6 wavelet analysis. The Isomap (Isometrio Mapping) and LLE (Locally Linear Embedding) manifold learning methods were applied to the hyperspectral data of soil for dimension reduction, parameter of k and d was 10 to 50 and 8-15, respectively. Copper concentration in the mine tailing soil was estimated by the method of random forests. The estimated results were compared with the original hyperspectral data and the dimension reduction spectral data. The results showed that the spectral characteristics of the most important values were at the wavelength of 475 802, and 868 nm. The estimation model had a better performance on dimension reduction spectral data set than that on the original spectral data set, and the estimation model achieved coefficient of determination R<sup>2</sup> of 0.7586 on the spectral data set after dimension reduced by Isomap, and the RMSE (root mean square error) was 30.50, the estimation accuracy was better than that on the dimension reduction by LLE, but the accuracy needed to be improved. The results provide a theoretical basis for rapid estimation copper content of farmland soil in the tailing area, and will provide theoretical basis and technological support for controls of mining tailings and mining wasteland and its ecological restoration and reconstruction. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Data reduction
Controlled terms:Absorption spectroscopy - Atomic absorption spectrometry - Chemical analysis - Copper - Data flow analysis - Decision trees - Farms - Forestry - Health risks - Heavy metals - Infrared devices - Infrared transmission - Land reclamation - Mean square error - Near infrared spectroscopy - Probes - Reflection - Soil pollution - Soil surveys - Soils - Spectrometers - Spectrometry - Spectroscopy - Tailings - Wavelet analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of determination - Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry - HyperSpectral - Locally linear embedding - Manifold learning - Random forests - RMSE (root mean square error) - Spectral characteristics
Classification code:442.2 Land Reclamation - 461.7 Health Care - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 502.1 Mine and Quarry Operations - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 544.1 Copper - 723.1 Computer Programming - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 801 Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20152200901261
Title:Remote sensing inversion of soil degradation in typical vulnerable ecological region of Yellow River Delta
Authors:Chang, Chunyan (1); Zhao, Gengxing (1); Li, Jin (2); Wang, Ling (1); Wang, Zhuoran (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China; (2) Agriculture Bureau of Laixi City, Laixi, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Gengxing
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:127-132
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The Yellow River Delta is a typical eco-environmental fragile region where soil quality is not high and salinization is universal, and it is of great significance for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of degraded soil to know the situation of degradation soil quickly and accurately in the region. This research chose Kenli County in the Yellow River Delta as the research area and the measured data in 2008 as the basis, and the comprehensive evaluation of soil degradation was carried out based on soil degradation composite index, which was built by weighted combination of soil degradation evaluation index weight and membership value. Using TM image that was at the same time as the measured data, the spectral characteristics of different soil degradation levels were researched, and the correlations between soil degradation composite index and the bands' gray values were analyzed; with the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, the sensitive bands were screened. Then the sensitive spectral indices of soil degradation were built, based on which the remote sensing inversion model of soil degradation was established, and the exponential model was selected ultimately which had the highest fitting precision. Verified on the accuracy and the inversion results, the model was applied to the remote sensing images in 2011 and 2013, and the soil degradation dynamics were analyzed during 2008-2013 at last. The results showed the lower-degree degradation soil in the study area was far away from the ocean, and degradation degree of soil in close distance from ocean was relatively high; taken altogether, the extent of soil degradation from the coast to the inland in the study area showed a trend from high to low. The sensitive bands were TM1, TM2 and TM3, and the spectral indices of soil degradation based on the combination of these 3 sensitive bands were characteristic spectral indices of soil degradation. The regression function models were built by soil degradation spectral indices and soil degradation composite index, and the exponential model was the best, which had the highest F value and the best fitting. The remote sensing inversion model of exponential form based on the characteristic spectral indices of soil degradation had more higher accuracy, whose R<sup>2</sup> was 0.7182, and validation RMSE, relative error and determination coefficient were 0.0241, 3.66% and 0.6724, respectively. By contrast, the inversion results were consistent with the comprehensive evaluation results based on the measured data in the same year; in particular, the inversion results were more ideal in the area where the land types were relatively simple and the spectral information was relatively clear. The condition of soil degradation changed little in the study area during 2008-2013, and the specific performances were that the area of mild degradation soil increased and degradation soil at other grades decreased, a small amount of moderate degradation soil turned into mild, and there was a gradual improvement in the trend as a whole. This study provides technical support for monitoring the degradation soil in the Yellow River Delta, and provides decision-making basis for the sustainable utilization and protection of land resources in this area. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Decision making - Ecology - Image analysis - Image reconstruction - Remote sensing - Rivers - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation - Determination coefficients - Ecological regions - Inversion - Salinization - Spectral characteristics - Sustainable utilization - Yellow River delta
Classification code:407.2 Waterways - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 731.1 Control Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 912.2 Management - 921 Mathematics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20152200901260
Title:Prediction of soil total nitrogen content in different layers based on near infrared spectral analysis
Authors:Zhang, Yao (1); Li, Minzan (1); Zheng, Lihua (1); Yang, Wei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zheng, Lihua
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:121-126
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Estimating the total nitrogen (TN) content of soil accurately and rapidly is the guarantee to promote formula fertilization development. This research selected 30 point locations randomly from different regions. Then the topsoil layer (0-30 cm), subsoil layer (>30-48 cm) and ground layer (>48-60 cm) of each point were chosen to get soil samples. And these samples were used for all the subsequent experiments. The near infrared spectral absorbance of soil samples with different nitrogen contents was measured using the Fourier spectrum analyzer MATRIX-I. At the same time, the TN content of each sample was measured using Kjeldahl method in the laboratory. Then the absorbance spectral characteristics of soil samples from different layers were analyzed including the change laws of soil moisture and TN content from layer to layer. The first order differential processing was conducted among the 90 soil samples' original spectral absorbance. Then the correlation analyses were done between the TN content and the original or differential spectral data respectively. From the results of correlation coefficient between differential spectra and TN content, 1387, 1496, 1738, 1875, 2116 and 2314 nm were selected as sensitive wavebands finally. The sensitive wavebands were used to establish the multiple linear regression (MLR) model, the model based on back propagation (BP) neural network and the BP neural network prediction model optimized by the genetic algorithm to predict the soil TN content. The results were showed as below. For MLR model the accuracy of calibration process was high, while in predicting process, the modeling accuracy decreased with the increase of soil depth. For the model based on the BP neural network, it had good universality in predicting the TN content in the different layers of soil. To some extent, this method improved the prediction ability under the background of high moisture, while the model accuracy was yet lower. For the BP neural network model optimized by the genetic algorithm, the R<sup>2</sup> of the calibration process reached 0.883, and the root mean square error (RMSE) of calibration was 0.0278 mg/kg. The R<sup>2</sup> of prediction for topsoil layer reached 0.716, and the RMSE of prediction was 0.031 mg/kg. The R<sup>2</sup> of prediction for subsoil layer was 0.801, and the RMSE of prediction was 0.030 mg/kg. The R<sup>2</sup> of prediction for ground layer reached 0.667, and the RMSE of prediction was 0.033 mg/kg. Compared with the MLR model and the BP neural network model without optimization, the BP neural network model optimized by the genetic algorithm showed a significant improvement in both calibration and predicting accuracy for each soil layer. Therefore, the BP neural network prediction model optimized by the genetic algorithm has obvious advantages for soil TN content prediction. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:11
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Backpropagation - Backpropagation algorithms - Calibration - Forecasting - Genetic algorithms - Infrared devices - Linear regression - Mean square error - Moisture - Neural networks - Nitrogen - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Spectrometry - Spectrum analysis - Spectrum analyzers
Uncontrolled terms:Back propagation neural networks - BP neural network model - BP neural networks - First-order differentials - Multiple linear regression models - Multiple linear regressions - Root mean square errors - Spectral characteristics
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20152200901243
Title:Establishment and application of set pair analysis model based on game theory for post-assessment of project construction effectiveness
Authors:Guo, Yanhong (1); Shao, Dongguo (1); Liu, Yulong (2); Chen, Shu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; (2) Investigation and Design Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
Corresponding author:Shao, Dongguo
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:5-12
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Scientific and reasonable evaluation of project construction effectiveness plays an important role in the follow-up project management. However, the post-assessment of project construction effectiveness is a multi-complex system involved in many certain and uncertain factors, with complicated nonlinear relationship between evaluation indicators and grade standards, which should be considered in post-assessment. In this study, a set pair analysis model based on game theory was developed. In the model, the weights of evaluation indicators were obtained by game theory, and then the connection degree of the single index was calculated in the support of certain and uncertain analysis method of set pair theory. Then, the comprehensive connection degree of the object was obtained based on the model. So the evaluation grades and the transformation trend between grades of objects were confirmed. Based on the above analysis, the set pair situation was introduced to analyze the coordination among the subsystems, clarify the underlying causes of transformation trend and evaluate the sustainable development level of the project. The model was applied to the post-assessment of the rural drinking water safety project construction effectiveness of Hunan Province, and the results were compared with that from sudden change evaluation method. The results showed: 1) Project completion rate, qualification rate of project, water fee profit, completion rate of resolving rural drinking water difficulty, rural tap-water benefit rate, water quality and water environment protection of water functional zone were the main factors affecting rural drinking water safety in Hunan; Among these factors, water fee profit, rural tap-water benefit rate, water quality and water environment protection of water functional zone were key limiting factors of the project benefits; 2) Three areas (Hengyang, Chenzhou and Yongzhou) had "excellent" rural drinking water safety level, while Changde, Yiyang and Loudi had "general level", and the others in "well" level; 3) The five indexes in project management subsystem were at level I or level II in all the areas, indicating that the governors of Hunan Province have paid much attention to the management of the people's livelihood project in recent years; However, the level of the indicators in socioeconomic performance subsystem and ecologic environment response subsystem were generally poor and the protection of ecological environment haven't been done well; 4) The three subsystems of the rural drinking water safety system in Changsha and Huaihua were in strong coordination state, so the project was in a high sustainable development level; The coordination level of the three subsystems in Loudi was general, thus the sustainable development level was not high; The three subsystems in Zhuzhou was out of coordination, indicating worrying sustainable development; The coordination degree of the subsystems in Hengyang and Chenzhou was almost uncoordinated, making the project sustainable development condition poor; The subsystems were in harmony in other cities, so the follow-up benefit of the projects were relatively stable. The results above illustrated that the proposed method are reliable, can reflect more comprehensive information than the sudden change evaluation method. Therefore, the study can provide a reliable method for the decision-making and management of the similar projects or follow-up projects. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Project management
Controlled terms:Behavioral research - Decision making - Environmental protection - Game theory - Planning - Potable water - Profitability - Rural areas - Sustainable development - Uncertain systems - Water - Water quality - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive information - Coordination - Ecological environments - Non-linear relationships - Post assessment - Set pair analysis - Set pair situation - Water environment protection
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 912.2 Management - 922.1 Probability Theory - 961 Systems Science - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20152200901249
Title:Mechanical properties of sweet potato vine and stalk during harvest
Authors:Hu, Lianglong (1); Wang, Gongpu (1); Ling, Xiaoyan (1); Wang, Bing (1); Wang, Bokai (1); You, Zhaoyan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Lianglong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:45-49
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Sweet potato is a crop which is drought-resistant, tolerant of poor soil, and owns increasingly enormous potential. It is an important foodstuff, a raw material for starch industry, a kind of health food to prevent cancer and a new raw material for energy as well. The sweet potato planting area in China per year on average is usually 3 667 000 hectares, accounting for 45% of the world's planting area. As sweet potato vines are very long and broomy, the vines must be cleaned up before sweet potatoes are harvested, otherwise are unable to be harvested. Vine crushing and returning machine is usually the dominant form adopted to clean sweet potato vines internationally, but the problems existed in this type of machine were obvious such as low smashing proportion and more stubble residue on the top ridge. New problems have been brought by long stubble such as blocking, larger load and worse smooth working property. Aiming at these problems, the machinery and agronomy should be combined, in order to prove mechanical properties of sweet potato vine and stalk during harvest and working quality of sweet potato vine crushing and returning testing machine. In this paper, the types of fresh purple sweet potato Ningzi 1 and Ningzi 2 in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province were regarded as the tested subject, the electronic universal testing machine, electric drying oven with forced convection, and sweet potato vine crushing and returning testing machine etc. were applied, and the change of moisture percentage and shear strength of sweet potato stalk during harvest were studied. The results showed that at the beginning of experience harvest period, when the percentage of moisture were 81.5% and 78.1%, the shear force were 90.1 and 94.8 N, respectively, during 18 testing days the moisture percentage of sweet potato stalk reduced by 14.8% and 13.97%, respectively, but the shear force of stalk increased by 36.3 and 37.5 N respectively, which showed that the moisture percentage of sweet potato stalk was lower and the shear force was larger as the growth time of plants went on. The internal relations between mechanical crushing quality and percentage of moisture, shear strength were revealed: during the testing period of 18 days, the qualified rates of vine's crushing length for sweet potato type Ningzi 1 and Ningzi 2 dropped by 6.3% and 6.7% respectively, stubble length on top ridge increased by 3.6 and 4.4 cm respectively, which showed that with the increasing of the growth period and the rising of stalk's shear force, the working quality of sweet potato vine crushing and returning machine declined. The quadratic function regression equations on the change between shearing force and moisture percentage of the two types of fresh purple sweet potatoes' stalk were obtained with Matlab when the percentage of moisture was 86.92%-70.08%, and the fitting coefficient of determination R<sup>2</sup> both reached above 0.99. From the point of increasing the quality of mechanical smashing and mechanical work, it was put forward that the most suitable time of mechanical crushing for the two kinds of purple sweet potatoes during harvest was about 6-8 days, which was a relatively short time. The results offer the direct basis for parameter design of new sweet potato vine crushing and returning testing machine such as machine speed, cutter linear velocity, and also provide the important reference for the selection of suitable harvest period and cultivation agronomic research that fits for machinery operations. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Shearing machines
Controlled terms:Agronomy - Crushing - Drought - Harvesting - Machine design - Machinery - Materials testing apparatus - Mechanical properties - Moisture - Moisture control - Moisture determination
Uncontrolled terms:Electric drying oven - Fitting coefficient - Mechanical crushing - Purple sweet potatoes - Stalk - Sweet potato - Universal testing machines - Vine
Classification code:423.1 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Equipment - 444 Water Resources - 535.1 Metal Rolling - 601 Mechanical Design - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20152200901287
Title:Laser line scan imaging method for detection of white foreign fibers in cotton
Authors:Wang, Dong (1); Yin, Bobiao (1); Liu, Xiang (1); He, Xiangcheng (1); Su, Zhenwei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
Corresponding author:Su, Zhenwei
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:310-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the development of machine vision systems, auto-sorting systems have been used for removal of foreign fibers (contaminants) in cotton. Of them, white foreign fibers are hardly distinguished from lint cotton because their colors are the same or very close under the illumination of visible lights and ultraviolet lights in the inspection by an existing machine vision system or manual sorting. The laser imaging methods previously suggested by our team can detect most of the white foreign fibers in cotton, but there are 2 problems that need to be solved: One is that they can only use area cameras for the inspection, which is not suitable for the processing line of the lint cotton in textile industry; the other is that the optimization of parameters for the laser imaging system is only concerned with the camera exposure time, but not concerned with the wavelength and the power of the line laser. To solve the 2 problems, in this paper, 12 kinds of typical non-fluorescent white foreign fibers random distributed on the cotton surface were driven by a conveyor, and 300 frames of their images were obtained by a high-speed line-scan camera under the illuminations of line laser at the wavelengths of 658, 405 and 850 mm with different laser light powers and different exposure time individually. Firstly, the contrast of the white foreign fibers and cotton background in a frame of the laser image was quantized by the difference of their average pixel values. Then, the relationship curves between the quantized differences of fiber and cotton grey values and the laser light's wavelengths, the laser light's powers and the exposure time were plotted and analyzed. It was found that using the optimized imaging parameters, the gray level of the foreign fibers had reached a saturated status, but the gray value of cotton was still unsaturated. Thus, by the significant difference of the targets and background, the white foreign fibers could be separated from the cotton. In the experimental imaging system, the image contrast of 12 kinds of white foreign fibers and cotton background had reached a maximum value when the laser images were obtained under the illumination of the line laser at the wavelength of 650 nm with the power of 55 mW and the exposure time of 36 µs. Finally, using the optimized laser imaging system and the traditional imaging system of LED plus ultraviolet light individually, 730 frames of the images of 12 kinds of white foreign fibers with lint cotton were obtained. The experimental results indicated that, the 12 kinds of white foreign fibers could be easily distinguished from cotton. With the optimized imaging system, using a simple algorithm of Prewitt edge detecting or fixed binary segmentation, the successful detecting rate was up to 93.7% or 92.9%, respectively. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Cotton
Controlled terms:Cameras - Computer vision - Fibers - Imaging systems - Lasers - Light - Light emitting diodes - Machinery - Nondestructive examination - Textile industry - Ultraviolet radiation - Wavelength
Uncontrolled terms:Binary segmentation - Exposure-time - Imaging parameters - Laser imaging system - Machine vision systems - Optimization of parameters - Power - Ultra-violet light
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 601 Mechanical Design - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 744.1 Lasers, General - 746 Imaging Techniques - 812 Ceramics, Refractories and Glass - 817 Plastics and Other Polymers: Products and Applications - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 819.6 Textile Mills, Machinery and Equipment
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.046
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20152200901284
Title:Water state and distribution in noodle dough using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance and differential scanning calorimetric
Authors:Liu, Rui (1); Wu, Liang (1); Zhang, Yingquan (1); Zhang, Heling (1); Zhang, Bo (1); Huang, Bolin (2); Wei, Yimin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (2) Shanghai Niumag Corporation, Shanghai, China
Corresponding author:Wei, Yimin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:288-294
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Dough mixing is the key step in noodle production, which has a great influence on noodle quality and performance in subsequent processing. During the noodle dough mixing, there is a limited development of gluten due to low water addition (only 30%-37% moisture content), resulting in crumbly dough pieces. Studying the state and distribution of water in noodle dough has important implications for better understanding physical and chemical changes during dough mixing, illuminating the effect of water on noodle processing and providing the guidance for mixing technology optimization. In this study, 3 kinds of wheat flour with different qualities were used as test materials, and the noodle doughs (with the moisture content of 35%) were made by vacuum mixing at different vacuum degrees and mixing time. The state and distribution of water in sheeted noodle dough were determined by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC). The correlation between the results of water state detected by the 2 techniques was also analyzed. The results showed that 3 spin-spin relaxation time constants, namely T<inf>21</inf>, T<inf>22</inf> and T<inf>23</inf>, were identified by the LF-NMR experiments using the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse sequences. The second category of water (T<inf>22</inf>, 0.49-21.54 ms) represented the less tightly bound water, and made up almost 80% of the total moisture in noodle dough. The gluten content and quality of wheat flour had influence on the state and distribution of water in noodle dough, and the mobility of water in dough from strong gluten wheat (Jimai 20) was lower than that from other 2 weak gluten wheats. According to the effects of vacuum degree on T<inf>2</inf> and its corresponding peak area, the vacuum mixing at 0.06 MPa may promote the interaction of water and gluten protein, and result in a decrease in the molecular mobility of water in noodle dough. And non-vacuum condition or excessive vacuum (0.09 MPa) could also increase the molecular mobility of water in dough. For Jimai 20 and Jimai 22, the mobility of water was low in noodle dough after being mixed for 8 min, and the mixing time of deficiency (4 min) or excess (12 min) could lead to significantly higher water mobility as evidenced by LF-NMR and DSC. While for the flour of Ningchun 4 with low protein and gluten content, the water mobility was low in dough after mixed for 4 min; with mixing time prolonging, the fraction of less mobile water decreased and the more mobile fraction increased. The results of water state in noodle dough measured by LF-NMR and DSC were consistent. The change tendency for the less tightly bound water (T<inf>22</inf>) detected by LF-NMR was the same to that for freezable water detected by DSC, and the change tendency for the tightly bound water (T<inf>21</inf>) was the same to that for non-freezable water. LF-NMR technique is accurate, sensitive, convenient and non-destructive, which is the preferred technique to analyze the state and distribution of moisture in food. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Nuclear magnetic resonance
Controlled terms:Calorimetry - Magnetism - Mixing - Moisture - Moisture determination - Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy - Proteins - Resonance - Scanning - Vacuum - Vacuum applications
Uncontrolled terms:Carrpurcell-meiboom-gill (CPMG) - Differential scanning calorimetric - Low field nuclear magnetic resonance - Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF NMR) - Low moisture noodle dough - Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) - Spin-spin relaxation time - Water state
Classification code:633 Vacuum Technology - 633.1 Vacuum Applications - 701 Electricity and Magnetism - 701.2 Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 932.2 Nuclear Physics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 944.6 Temperature Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.043
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20152200901264
Title:Automatic radiation uniformity correction of multispectral imagery acquired with unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors:Yang, Guijun (1); Wan, Peng (1); Yu, Haiyang (1); Xu, Bo (1); Feng, Haikuan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (4) School of Surveying and Landing Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:147-153
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are an exciting new remote sensing tool capable of acquiring high resolution spatial data. In a data acquisition task, hundreds of images are acquired in a sortie due to the very small footprint of each image. The gray-scale value of homonymous points in adjacent-image pairs which is gathered by unmanned aerial vehicle in a sortie should be consistent on an -idealized condition. Actually, the gray-scale value of homonymous points always yields different results due to changes in illuminance, different shooting angle etc. In this study, we described a methodology for radiation uniformity correction among different images. The first step of the methodology was matching the images by scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) feature detector to extract homonymous points from which its gray-scale value in different images could be used to establish correlative function in the next step. The uncorrected image then was corrected by the correlative function. We also proposed a radiation uniformity correction workflow of adjacent-image pairs and image sequences. In the area of photogrammetry, the color consistency in visual form was more emphasized and many dodging method was proposed. But those methods can not be utilized in remote sensing application which emphasizes the radiation uniformity. In this paper, the color consistency adjusting based on histogram matching, the radiation uniformity correction in the original color space and the luminance consistency correction in the hue-saturation-value (HSV) color space in allusion to three-channel images was performed and the results was compared among those methods. The experimental results indicated that the color consistency correction based on histogram matching method can obtain a very good effect visually, but can also lead to severe grayscale gap. The radiation uniformity correction in the original color space was capable of achieving radiation consistency,but had little chromatic aberration in some case. The luminance consistency adjusting in the HSV color space was able to obtain a great result both visually and in radiation consistency, but the method was limited in utilization of three-channel images. The noise was enhanced after correction in some case. The bilateral filter was used to remove the noise, concurrently to retain radiation consistency between corrected image and reference image. The last part of this paper described the limitation of our method and indicated the needs for further studies. Also the processing chain of image sequences was proposed. Propagation of errors may cause more aberration at the image which far from reference image. So, the block adjustment may be considered into next step studies. In addition to this, SIFT algorithm was a time consuming method for this single target. So, we can integrate radiation uniformity correction into aero triangulation, both of which need feature extraction. Finally, the effect of sensor calibration on radiation uniformity correction should be studied in the future. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Image matching
Controlled terms:Aberrations - Airships - Color - Color matching - Computer vision - Data acquisition - Feature extraction - Graphic methods - Heat radiation - Image acquisition - Image enhancement - Image processing - Luminance - Radiation - Remote sensing - Research aircraft - Space optics - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Unmanned vehicles - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic - Chromatic aberration - Correlative functions - Hue saturation values - Multi-spectral imagery - Pmultispectral imagery - Remote sensing applications - Scale invariant feature transforms
Classification code:432 Highway Transportation - 472 Ocean Engineering - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 652 Aircraft and Avionics - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 731.6 Robot Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 801 Chemistry - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20152200901247
Title:Vision method for measuring grafted seedling properties of vegetable grafted robot
Authors:Zhang, Lei (1); He, Hu (1); Wu, Chuanyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Chuanyu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:32-38
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The diameter of the seedlings, the growing point coordinates and the seedling length are not only key parameters of grafting robot for judging whether it can successfully graft, but also the important basis for the robot to estimate motion parameters and spatial position of an object. With the aim to achieve feature (the coordinate of growth point of grafted seedling, the long and short axis radius of the seedlings of rootstocks' cotyledon, the long and short axis radius of the seedlings of scion' cotyledon, the length of the seedlings of rootstocks and the seedlings of scion) measurement of grafted seedling for vegetable grafting robot, an algorithm of integrated technology was proposed based on machine vision and image processing. The several grafting seedling properties can be obtained on-line. The flowchart of the algorithm was given. There were three mainly steps included in the algorithm. Firstly, the image was preprocessed to find the target area by adjusting the camera focal length, setting the relative position between the camera and the seedling. Then, the seedling color image obtained by camera in experiment was transformed into a monochromatic image. Secondly, the target area was segmented by discontinuous gray for building the range of interesting. A Gauss average method was used to extract mid-line for the x-coordinate of the growth point of grafting seedling. An order statistics filtering with a 5×5 median mask was used to reduce the random noise. In order to increase the dynamic range of the gray levels in the seedling image being processed, a contrast stretching transformation was obtained and its the minimum and maximum gray levels was respectively 0.45 and 0.65. Image complement and threshold segmented based on OTSU were acquired. Finally, the algorithm was made with morphological methods and logical calculation to obtain the image coordinates of the long and the short axis radius of the seedlings of rootstock and scion. A manual measurement method was carried before the method based vision and image processing was done. The result of grafted seedling diameter and length based on artificial measurement provided a data comparison basis for the image processing method. Then, the diameters and length of grafted seedling were measured based on the machine vision and image processing method, and some raw results were acquired. Experimental results of grafted gourd seedling image showed that this algorithm was feasible and effective. Compared with the method of manual measurement, the maximum error of seedling length was about 0.02 mm and the maximum error of seedling diameter was about 0.04 mm. The average error was no more than 0.0053 mm. One main reason of causing errors was that diameter of a given seedling varied in different parts, and the cross section of the seedling stem was not a perfect circle. The other main reason was that the seedling became short and bending because the seedling stem was quite soft when it was caught in the middle of the caliper. The research results showed that it took 0.31 s to process a single image, which met the requirements of the design (at the speed of 12 trees per minutes). The experiment verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. It provided a technological support for the optimum design and development of the robot for grafting. It also can meet the real-time requirements of grafting. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Cameras - Computer vision - Errors - Grafting (chemical) - Machine design - Median filters - Processing - Robots - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Camera focal length - Image processing - methods - Integrated technologies - Manual measurement methods - Monochromatic images - Properties parameters - Real time requirement - Technological supports
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 703.2 Electric Filters - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.2 Vision - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.4 Manufacturing - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20152200901274
Title:Modeling increasing effect of soil temperature through plastic film mulch in ground cover rice production system using CERES-Rice
Authors:Ma, Wenwen (1); Jin, Xinxin (1); Shi, Jianchu (1); Ning, Songrui (2); Li, Sen (1); Tao, Yueyue (1); Zhang, Ya'nan (1); Zuo, Qiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zuo, Qiang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:215-222
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As one of the most promising water-saving rice production technologies, the ground cover rice production system (GCRPS) has been found to save water application, increase soil temperature, and reduce nitrogen pollution and methane emission. However, the feasibility of CERES-Rice, a software package widely and successfully applied in the traditional paddy rice production system (TPRPS), for simulating the rice growth in the GCRPS still remains unknown and needs further research. Undoubtedly, it should be based on accurately quantifying the effect of soil temperature enhancement caused by the ground cover material (chosen as the plastic film in this study). Therefore, the objective of this study was to improve the two simulation models for both soil surface and subsurface temperatures in CERES-Rice through taking the effect of soil temperature enhancement by the film mulch into consideration. The simulation model of surface soil temperature (at the depth of 5 cm) was referred from other study for dry land crops, and the other one was from CERES-Rice for simulating the subsurface temperatures (at 10 and 20 cm, respectively) in the TPRPS. To justify and rectify the simulation models, we conducted a field experiment in Fangxian, Hubei, China (32°7'N, 110°42'E, altitude 450 m) from 2013 to 2014, covering two growth seasons of rice. Three treatments (named as TPRPS, GCRPS<inf>sat</inf> and GCRPS<inf>80?Ddamp;lt;/inf>, respectively) were designed and replicated three times in 9 plots, each with an area of 9×10 m<sup>2</sup>. A seepage-proof material was laid around each plot to the depth of 80 cm to avoid lateral percolation between neighbor plots. Five soil beds (156 cm wide and 940 cm long) in each plot were built for planting rice, with the space of 26×18 cm<sup>2</sup> and at a rate of two plants per hill. Small furrows (15 cm in width and depth) were dug around each soil bed. In the three replicated plots without plastic film for treatment TPRPS, a water layer of 2-5 cm in thickness was always maintained on the soil beds. In the three plots with plastic film for GCRPS<inf>sat</inf>, the root zone averaged soil water content was kept close to saturation by completely filling the furrows with water but without water layer on the soil beds. The remaining three plots with plastic film for GCRPS<inf>80?Ddamp;lt;/inf> were managed as the same way as that for GCRPS<inf>sat</inf> before mid-tillering stage, and then transient irrigation was intermittently implemented through the furrows to keep the root zone averaged soil water content between 80% and 100% field water capacity. Among the two growth seasons, the experimental data obtained in 2013 and 2014 were used to rectify the simulation models and verify the rectified models, respectively. Based on the measured air temperatures, soil water contents, soil physical parameters and organic matter contents, and other related heat coefficients, the changing processes of soil temperature at the depths of 5, 10, and 20 cm in the two GCRPS treatments were simulated using the rectified models. The simulated and measured surface soil temperatures at 5 cm during both growth seasons were in good agreement, with the root mean squared error (RMSE) less than 1.8, normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) less than 10%, and correlation coefficient (r) higher than 0.89 (P < 0.01). The simulated subsurface soil temperatures at 10 and 20 cm in 2013 or in 2014 were also within acceptable ranges, with RMSE < 3.2, NRMSE < 15%, and r > 0.65 (P < 0.01), respectively, between the measured and simulated values. The rectified models should be helpful to simulate the changing processes of soil temperature or soil heat transfer, and improve CERES-Rice for further evaluating rice growth in the GCRPS. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Heat transfer - Mean square error - Methane - Models - Plastic films - Soil moisture - Soils - Solvents - Water conservation - Water content - Water pollution - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:CERES-Rice - Correlation coefficient - Rice production systems - Root mean squared errors - Simulation - Soil physical parameters - Soil temperature - Surface soil temperatures
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 453 Water Pollution - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 522 Gas Fuels - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 731.1 Control Systems - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 817.1 Polymer Products - 902.1 Engineering Graphics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20152200901246
Title:Design and experiment of electro-hydraulic proportional control hill distance system of precision rice hill-drop drilling machine for dry land
Authors:Fu, Wei (1); Luo, Xiwen (1); Zeng, Shan (1); Wang, Zaiman (1); Wang, Chuanwen (1); Yuan, Qibao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (3) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
Corresponding author:Luo, Xiwen
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:25-31
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rice precision hill-drop drilling technique in dry land uses fixed hill spacing to achieve the orderly planting of crops and attain good ventilating and day-lighting effects in the rice field. Meanwhile, the technique is beneficial to improve the root growth and root structure, and increase the lodging resistance. At present, the planting machine in China generally adopts groups of sprockets or groups of gears to change the transmission ratio and realize the adjustment of hill spacing. However, by using the machine available, the adjustment range of hill spacing is very limited. In order to increase the adjustment range of hill spacing and realize the stepless regulation of hill spacing, an automatic electro-hydraulic proportion regulation system was developed based on the programmable logic controller (PLC) and the touch screen, which could realize the real-time adjustment of the hydraulic motor speed and the planting operation together. In the regulation system, the hydraulic unit was mainly composed of liquid pump, hydraulic motor and proportional flow valve and so on. Simultaneously, the PLC ladder diagram procedure was programmed by the Delt WPLSoft V2.37 programming software, and the man-machine interface was developed by using the monitor and control generated system (MCGS) configuration software. Through the man-machine interface developed, the diameter of land wheel and the hill spacing value could be inputted, the initial values and the threshold of proportional flow valves could be set to adjust proportion integration differentiation (PID) parameters, and the adjustment of hill spacing and the monitoring of operation speed could be realized. As demonstrated by the bench test and field test, on one hand, it was found that when working within the speed ranges of 2.8-3.2 and >3.2-3.6 km/h, the qualified rates of hill spacing in both tests had reached 100%, which met the requirements of sowing; on the other hand, when working within the speed range of >3.6-4 km/h, the qualified rates of hill spacing in both tests were 89% and 70%, respectively. According to "The operation quality of the film-covering hill-drop drilling machine" (NY/T987-2006) - the standard of the agricultural industry, within the speed range of >3.6-4 km/h, the qualified rate in the field test was below 80%, and it failed to meet the requirements of the operating quality of film-covering hill-drop drilling. It could be concluded that when rice precision hill-drop drilling technique in dry land chose the type hole-wheel seed-metering device, the effect of hill formation in the field test was influenced to somewhat higher extent by the wind resistance, frame vibration and falling velocity of seeds and so on, and the operation speed should be controlled within the range of 2.8-3.6 km/h, for the higher the speed was, the more obvious the influence on the hill formation performance would be. Both of the results of the bench test and field test demonstrated that the electro-hydraulic proportion regulation system was feasible for the rice hill spacing adjustment. The research can provide the theoretical basis for the hill spacing adjustment technique of planting machine and the technical reference for the related design of planting machine. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Hydraulic machinery
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Control systems - Controllers - Drilling equipment - Drilling machines (machine tools) - Drilling platforms - Drops - Hydraulic motors - Ladder networks - Land use - Man machine systems - Programmable logic controllers - Programmed control systems - Proportional control systems - Speed - Testing - Touch screens - Vibrations (mechanical) - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Distance control - Dry land - Electro-hydraulics - Precision sowing - Programmable logic controllers (PLC)
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 511.2 Oil Field Equipment - 601.2 Machine Components - 603.1 Machine Tools, General - 604.2 Machining Operations - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 703.2 Electric Filters - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 731.1 Control Systems - 732.1 Control Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20152200901252
Title:Change characteristic of soil compaction of long-term different tillage methods in cropland
Authors:Zheng, Hongbing (1); Zheng, Jinyu (2); Luo, Yang (2); Li, Ruiping (2); Li, Weitang (2); Wang, Hao (2); Ren, Hong (1); Qi, Hua (1); Liu, Wuren (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Agronomy College, Agricultural University of Shenyang, Shenyang, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) Research Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Wuren
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:63-70
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil tillage is closely related to creating favorable conditions for crop growth and ensuring crop yield. One of the main goals of soil tillage is influencing the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. One of the basic soil properties affected by tillage is the soil compaction. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of no tillage (NT), plow tillage (PT), spacing tillage (ST) and conventional tillage (CT) on the soil compaction from annual and seasonal changes, soil profile characteristics and seasonal freezing-thawing for a productive soil. The field experiment was initiated in Gongzhuling County, Jilin Province in 1983, which was to determine the effects of various rotation and tillage combinations on crop yield and soil physical and chemical properties. The soil of the experimental site was silt loam, which was well-drained soil developed mainly from glacial tillage. The experiment design was a completely random block design with 3 replications. The plot was 150 m long and 8 m wide (1 200 m<sup>2</sup>). We measured the soil compaction change in different years and seasons with SC-900 soil compaction meter. The results showed that no tillage increased the soil compaction in 0-25 cm depth significantly(P<0.05) compared with other tillage methods, and decreased the soil compaction in 25-45 cm depth significantly(P<0.05) while conventional tillage increased the soil compaction in the depth of 25-45 cm. The soil compaction by spacing tillage and plow tillage were lower than no tillage and conventional tillage significantly(P<0.05). The soil compaction of different tillage methods changed with different seasonal periods, the change trends of 0-25 and 25-45 cm were the same, and the soil compaction on August 10<sup>th</sup> was higher than other dates. The soil compaction of different tillage methods increased with the increase of soil depth, which meant the soil compaction of upper layer was less than lower layer significantly(P<0.05). The profiles with different tillage methods changed with time. The change of soil compaction showed a linear increase with the depth under 20 cm in the early stage of crop growth, and the change was like reverse "S" shape in the mid-to-late stage of crop growth. The freezing-thawing decreased the soil compaction of different tillage methods significantly(P<0.05). The decline of soil compaction was 148.97%, 41.96%, 58.44% and 3.38% under spacing tillage, no tillage, plow tillage and conventional tillage, individually. So, spacing tillage was an effective tillage method for decreasing the soil compaction. The adoption of spacing tillage in the semi-humid zone of Jilin Province could be beneficial to soil conservation by decreasing soil compaction, controlling erosion and improving soil structure, et al. Our study can be helpful to the promotion of the new tillage technology in northeast China for developing the sustainable agriculture. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Compaction - Crops - Freezing - Silt - Soil conservation - Soil mechanics - Soil testing - Soils - Thawing
Uncontrolled terms:Chemical and biologicals - Conventional tillage - Experiment design - Favorable conditions - Soil physical and chemical properties - Spacing tillage - Sustainable agriculture - Tillage methods
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 536.1 Powder Metallurgy Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.2 Food Processing Operations
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20152200901254
Title:Safety design and matching analysis of electronic hydraulic brake system
Authors:Hu, Donghai (1); He, Ren (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Corresponding author:He, Ren
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:77-84
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The design of the electronic hydraulic brake system in general is lack of theoretical guidance. In this experiment, the structure and working principle of the electronic hydraulic brake system were analyzed in detail. Then the matching design method for the electronic hydraulic brake system based on safety feature was proposed on the basis of establishment of the mathematical model, including the design of power supply based on the hardware failure protection, the design of emergency brake circuit based on power supply failure protection, the design of the inlet and outlet valves based on the emergency braking requirements. The effectiveness of mathematical model was validated through the experiments, and the braking performance of electronic hydraulic brake system in both the common brake and hardware failure was analyzed. The hardware in loop test results showed that the booster response time of electronic hydraulic brake system was reduced when compared with the conventional hydraulic brake system under the normal braking. The electronic hydraulic brake system could control the wheel slip ratio in high adhesion road, low adhesion road and docking the road very well under emergency braking. Also, after using the accumulator brake vigorously for five times, the accumulator pressure was not less than the minimum system pressure in the case of electrical failure indicating that the design of accumulator met the requirements. In addition, the booster response time increased in the case of accumulator failure showing that although the motor pressure rated was higher than the system maximum working pressure but it had low flow rate. Furthermore, in the accumulator and the motor failure cases, the electronic hydraulic brake system still could provide part of the braking intensity which was higher than design required 3 m/s<sup>2</sup> braking deceleration. Conclusions from the research included the accumulator should guarantee to complete several intensive braking under the condition of motor pump failure considering the demand of security features. The design objects of motor pump should give attention to its expected charging time and maintain automobile braking performance in case of accumulator failure. The emergency braking circuit should provide a certain amount of braking ability under the condition of accumulator and motor pump failure as a hardware redundancy of the electronic hydraulic brake system. Simulation analysis showed that the matching design method of the electronic hydraulic brake system based on safety feature can guarantee the automobile braking safety both in normal condition and hardware failure. At present there are still some problems worth further study. For example, how to adjust design parameters to control the effective volume of the accumulator not too big, the influence of system parameters such as the system maximum working pressure and the minimum working pressure on the braking performance of the electronic hydraulic brake system, putting forward the method to optimize the design parameters of the electronic hydraulic brake system to improve its braking performance and so on. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Hydraulic accumulators
Controlled terms:Adhesion - Automobile hardware - Braking - Braking performance - Computer hardware - Computer system recovery - Design - Electric power systems - Electrons - Hardware - Hydraulic brakes - Mobile security - Outages - Pumps - Response time (computer systems) - Roads and streets - Safety valves - Security systems - Transportation - Valves (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Accumulator pressures - Electrical failures - Electronic hydraulic brake systems - Hardware redundancy - Hydraulic brake systems - Power-supply failure - Security features - Simulation analysis
Classification code:406.2 Roads and Streets - 408 Structural Design - 431 Air Transportation - 432 Highway Transportation - 433 Railroad Transportation - 434 Waterway Transportation - 601.1 Mechanical Devices - 601.2 Machine Components - 602 Mechanical Drives and Transmissions - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 618.2 Pumps - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 663.2 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 801 Chemistry - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20152200901276
Title:Experiment of NO<inf>x</inf> storage and reduction from diesel engine with NSR catalysts
Authors:Wang, Pan (1); Gu, Wenye (1); Lei, Lili (1); Qiao, Guanjun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Pan
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:230-234
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The objective of the present study was to investigate the removal characteristics of NO<inf>x</inf> from the practical diesel engine exhaust over NO<inf>x</inf> storage and reduction (NSR) catalysts. A series of xCe(25-x)Ba/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>(x=8%-12%, 25-x=17%-13%) and Pt10Ce15Ba/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> NSR catalysts were prepared by an incipient wetness method. The effect of metallic Ce and Ba on their microstructure and catalytic properties was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) analysis. It was found from the catalyst characteristic with the xCe(25-x)Ba/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> catalysts that the size of BaO became smaller and dispersed better when the value of x increasing from 8 to 10, while the size of BaO were larger and the dispersion were getting worse when the value of x increasing from 10 to 12. The size of BaO was smallest and the dispersivity of BaO was good when the value of x was 10. TEM characterizations of 10Ce15Ba/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> catalyst indicated that the diameter range of CeO<inf>2</inf> and BaO was from 5 nm to 20 nm. According to the results of analysis, the 10Ce15Ba/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> and Pt10Ce15Ba/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> catalysts were chosen to be coated on cordierite honeycomb ceramic device by an incipient wetness method. Then the catalytic activity of the 10Ce15Ba/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> and Pt10Ce15Ba/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> catalysts for removal of NO<inf>x</inf> was characterized based on bench tests. In order to facilitate the systematic study of the performance of 10Ce15Ba/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> and Pt10Ce15Ba/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> catalysts on NO<inf>x</inf> removal from diesel engine exhaust, and reduce its impact on the performance of diesel engine and the structure reformation of exhaust system, the experimental research on NO<inf>x</inf> removal with NSR technology by the bypass way was carried out. The diesel engine was operated at the revolution of 2400 r/min and the engine load was 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The results showed that NO<inf>x</inf> was stored as nitrites or nitrates on the storage components of 10Ce15Ba/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> catalyst with engine load less than 50%, and the maximum conversion rate of NO<inf>x</inf> over 10Ce15Ba/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> catalyst was up to 80%. With the engine load more than 50%, previously adsorbed nitrate species started to decompose and the NO<inf>x</inf> species were reduced to N<inf>2</inf> by CO, HC or other reducing agent from practical diesel engine exhaust on the surface of 10Ce15Ba/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> catalyst, and the maximum conversion rate of NO<inf>x</inf> over 10Ce15Ba/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> catalyst was up to 60%. The possible reason was that the performance of NO<inf>x</inf> reduction was improved due to Ceria. In comparison with 10Ce15Ba/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> catalyst, Pt10Ce15Ba/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> catalyst showed better activity for NO<inf>x</inf> storage and reduction. With the engine load less than 50%, the maximum conversion rate of NO<inf>x</inf> over Pt10Ce15Ba/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> catalyst was close to 100%, and the maximum conversion rate of NO<inf>x</inf> over Pt10Ce15Ba/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> catalyst was up to 75% with engine load more than 50%, which can be included that the NO<inf>x</inf> storage and reduction performance was greatly improved by adding Pt. The experimental results can provide a reference for optimum design and application of NSR catalyst in the field of diesel exhaust after-treatment system. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Aluminum
Controlled terms:Aluminum coatings - Catalyst activity - Catalysts - Diesel engines - Emission control - Energy dispersive spectroscopy - Engines - Exhaust systems (engine) - Nitrates - Nitrogen compounds - Reduction - Scanning electron microscopy - Silicate minerals - Transmission electron microscopy - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Bench tests - Diesel exhaust after treatments - Energy dispersive spectroscopies (EDS) - Experimental research - Incipient wetness method - NSR - Removal characteristics - Storage and reduction
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution Control - 482.2 Minerals - 541.1 Aluminum - 612 Engines - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 813.2 Coating Materials - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20152200901255
Title:Volume replacement method for partitioning contents of rocks, soil particles and water mixture
Authors:Ma, Yuying (1); Lei, Tingwu (1); Xiusheng, Yang (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Science and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China; (3) Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, Storrs; CT, United States
Corresponding author:Lei, Tingwu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:85-91
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The effective measurement of the components in soil and rock mixture composition is of great importance in such studies and applications as agricultural production, civil and hydraulic engineering. This paper presents a volume replacement method for accurate measurement of soil, water and rock mixture components, including a series soil physical parameters measurement such as rock content and density, water content, soil bulk density, volume of soil air, porosity and void ratio. The measurement principle is based on the physic model of gas-liquid-solid composition in soils. Typically, soil consists of soil particles, rock fragments, water and air. A clay loam from Yangling of Shaanxi Province and a black soil from Jilin Province were used for the demonstrational measurements. The cleaned and dried rock fragments with the particle sizes of 5-10 mm were used for the experiments. Soil samples were prepared at 3 volumetric moisture contents as 10%, 15%, and 20%. The percentage volumes of rock mass were about 10%, 15%, and 20%. And the volumes of soil particles were designed as 40%, 45%, and 50%. Soil samples prepared were packed into the sampling rings of 100 cm<sup>3</sup> in volume. The samples were placed into a constant volume container (CVC) with a known volume before it was weighted. Then the CVC was filled full of distilled water to replace air-filled space in the soil sample and the container, before it was weighted to determine the replaced air-filled space, and the total volume of rock, soil particles and soil water. The rock fragments were cleaned and dried before were weighted and put into the CVC to be filled full of water, so as to determine their volumes. The volumes and mass of soil particles and soil water were calculated after the volume and mass of rocks were determined. The volume of air was computed by the difference between the volume of sampling ring and the total volume of rocks, soil particles and soil water. After the soil samples were measured by volume replacement method, they were put into an oven to dry under 105 for 72 h to determine the mass of soil particles and soil water, to determine the soil moisture content and bulk density by using conventional oven-dry method. The air-filled volume in soil, as well as soil porosity and void ratio could be determined after measuring the volume of rocks, soil particles and soil water. The results measured by these two methods were compared. The results showed that the soil water contents measured by the volume replacement method with a CVC were higher than those obtained by the oven-dry method, with the relative errors about 5%. The measurement errors in soil bulk densities between the two methods were about 1%. The air-filled volumes of the soil measured by the 2 methods produced errors of about 2%. Compared with conventional oven-dry method, the relative errors in the measured soil porosities by applying volume replacement method were about 1%, and the measurement errors of void ratios were 1%-1.5%. The results indicate the feasibilities of accurate and effective measurement of soil particle and rock mixture components using the volume replacement method, which is the expansion and improvement for the previous measurement method by using fine-grained soils. Generally, for the measurement of soil particle and rock mixture composition, the proposed volume replacement method by using a CVC for a group measurement of soil physical parameters (soil water content, bulk density, soil air-filled volume, porosity and void ratio) in this study has such advantages as simple operation procedure, time efficient and low energy consumption. Besides, this volume replacement method with a CVC also can provide a helpful tool for the related experiments and measuring methods. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Containers - Drying - Energy utilization - Errors - Fluid mechanics - Measurement errors - Measurements - Mixtures - Moisture - Moisture determination - Ovens - Parameter estimation - Particle size - Porosity - Rocks - Shore protection - Soil moisture - Soils - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Accurate measurement - Agricultural productions - Constant volumes - Hydraulic engineering - Low energy consumption - Soil physical parameters - Volume replacement - Volumetric moisture content
Classification code:407.1 Maritime Structures - 444 Water Resources - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 691 Bulk Handling and Unit Loads - 694 Packaging - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.1 Food Products Plants and Equipment - 921 Mathematics - 922 Statistical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20152200901251
Title:Monotonic shear mechanical characteristics and affecting factors of interface layers between frozen soil and structure
Authors:Sun, Houchao (1); Yang, Ping (1); Wang, Guoliang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Civil Engineering, Nanning Forestry University, Nanjing, China; (2) College of Civil Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Ping
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:57-62
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the increasing of the number of structures in permafrost regions or structures (such as urban underground and mine shaft engineering) using freezing method, the properties of interface layer between frozen soil and structure are receiving more attention. Under the action of loads, the mechanical responses of interface layer are different from frozen soil and structure material. The interface layer between frozen soil and structure is vulnerable to severe damage under the loads of gravity, construction and earthquake, and thus will affect the safety and durability of structures. The newly developed mechanical testing apparatus is used to test the mechanical characteristics of interface layers between frozen soil and structure. Based on the existing apparatus called large-scale frozen soil direct shear system (DDJ-1) in our laboratory, the shearing box of frozen soil is modified to highlight the interface layer of frozen soil, and the measuring system of tiny deformation is developed, which thus constitute the experimental system. Micro deformation measuring system is composed of digital imaging system (DIS) and digital image processing software system (DIPSS). DIS consists of high definition and resolution camera (JHSM1400) and 7.2 mm distortionless industry fixed-focus camera, and DIPSS has functions of calibration setting, measurement setting and data display. The data received from the system are accurate and the error is about only 1 μm. The newly developed mechanical testing apparatus is used to test the mechanical characteristics of interface layers between frozen soil and rough steel plate under the monotonic load. The mechanism of basic forces and deformation of the interface layers is analyzed from the perspectives of macro mechanics and micro deformation. The results show that the peak shearing stress, stable shearing stress and initial shearing stiffness increase with normal stress, and shearing strength of the interface layer is correlated with normal stress. The relationship between this maximum shear stress and normal stress follows the Mohr-Coulomb law. The value of friction angle increases with the roughness of interface at each temperature, and the value of friction angle of interface with the same roughness increases with the decrease of temperature. The value of friction angle of interface is close to that of frozen layer, which demonstrates that the shearing failure occurs in the internal of frozen soil. The shearing displacement of frozen soil particles decreases with the increase of interface layer depth, and increases with the increase of normal stress in the same depth of interface layer; and deformation characteristics of interface layer is similar among the structures with different roughness. The thickness of interface layer is about 0.5-3.5 mm within experimental conditions. The deformation of frozen soil can be decomposed into 2 parts, i.e. slide deformation at the interface and shearing deformation under constraint. The shearing strength of interface layer increases with the decrease of frozen soil temperature and when the temperature is below -10, the freezing force is raised significantly. Meanwhile, the shearing strength of interface layer increases with the roughness of structures and when the roughness is above 0.8 mm, the increase rate of shearing stress reduces. The roughness of interface, the temperature of frozen soil and the normal stress have profound effect on mechanic properties of interface layer. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Frozen soils
Controlled terms:Cameras - Deformation - Freezing - Friction - Image processing - Interfaces (materials) - Load testing - Mechanical properties - Mechanical testing - Mine shafts - MOS devices - Shear stress - Shearing - Shearing machines - Soil testing - Soils - Steel testing - Stresses - Tribology
Uncontrolled terms:Deformation Characteristics - Digital image processing software - Digital imaging system - Durability of structures - Experimental conditions - Interface layer - Mechanical characteristics - Shearing stress
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 502 Mines and Quarry Equipment and Operations - 535.1 Metal Rolling - 604.1 Metal Cutting - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 36>
Accession number:20152200901259
Title:Hyperspectral prediction of soil organic matter contents under different soil moisture contents
Authors:Si, Haiqing (1); Yao, Yanmin (1); Wang, Deying (1); Liu, Ying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (2) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Yao, Yanmin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:114-120
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil moisture content has great influence on the prediction accuracy of soil organic matter (SOM) content using hyperspectral data. The purpose of this study was to find the threshold of soil moisture content suitable for using hyperspectral data to predict SOM content. A total of 63 soil samples including black soil, chernozem and meadow soil were collected from crop fields in Lishu and Gongzhuling county, Jilin province and in Binxin county, Heilongjiang province. The soil samples were air-dried and sieved through a 2-mm sieve. SOM contents were measured in the laboratory. The soil samples were divided into two groups including 42 samples for calibration and 21 for validation. Reflectance of soil samples with over-dried, air-dried and 5% to 40% soil moisture contents (the interval of 5%) were measured using ASD Fieldspec Pro High Spectrometer in a dark room. Soil spectral reflectance (R) was mathematically transformed into first derivatives of reflectance (R') and the logarithm of the inverse of the reflectance (Log (1/R)). SOM content spectral prediction models were set up respectively by using partial least squares regression (PLSR) method. The method of variable importance in projection (VIP) was used to analyze which spectral ranges were important to explain SOM content under different soil moisture contents by using PLSR. The results showed that soil spectral reflectance had a larger decline with soil moisture content increasing from 5% to 25%, but the decline trend slowed down when soil moisture content increased from 25% to 40%. That means the soil moisture content with less than 25% had more obvious effect on soil spectral reflectance change than soil moisture content with higher than 25%. With the increase of soil moisture content, moisture absorption valley appeared a large tendency on bands of 1 450 and 1 900 nm. It indicated that effects of soil moisture content on soil spectral reflectance happened mainly in the near infrared wavelength range. SOM content spectral prediction model for air-dried soil samples had better accuracy. When the soil moisture content was less than 25%, the accuracy of SOM content estimation model was affected by soil moisture content largely, and the highest prediction accuracy was Log (1/R) spectral data transformation model. When the soil moisture content was or more than 25%, it was not suitable to be used for hyperspectral SOM content estimation, because SOM spectral characteristics was covered by soil moisture spectral characteristics. The VIP values of reflectance bands from 1 870 to 2 400 nm with higher than 25% soil moisture contents were less than 1. That means those wavelength had weak explanation ability of SOM content. This study can provide valuble information for SOM content spectral estimation in the crop field that has different soil moisture conditions. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:41
Main heading:Soil moisture
Controlled terms:Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Crops - Forecasting - Infrared devices - Inverse problems - Least squares approximations - Metadata - Moisture - Moisture determination - Organic compounds - Reflection - Regression analysis - Soil surveys - Soils - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:HyperSpectral - Near-infrared wavelength - Partial least square (PLS) - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR) - Soil organic matter contents - Soil spectral reflectance - Spectral characteristics - Spectral prediction model
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 481.2 Geochemistry - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 37>
Accession number:20152200901286
Title:Optimal film content improving mechanical and water absorption properties of oriented cotton stalk-plastic boards
Authors:Xia, Nan (1); Chen, Xianqing (1); Guo, Kangquan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (3) Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Equipment, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Kangquan
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:303-309
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Wood plastic composites were widely used in furniture, infrastructure and transportation area and most of them were made of short fiber and plastic powder. In order to use cotton stalk resources effectively and make high performance straw-based composites, this paper presents a potential use of long cotton stalk bundles as matrix and isotactic polypropylene (iPP) film or high density polyethylene (HDPE) film as adhesive for oriented cotton stalk-plastic boards (OCPB). The polydiphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI) resin was added to enhance the interfacial bonding between cotton stalks and plastic films. The long cotton stalk bundles were first oven-dried, resinated by PMDI resin and divided into two equal portions, the cotton stalks and plastic films were then stacked to form a mat. The plastic films were placed between the two portions of cotton stalks and on the outside surfaces of the mat. Number of plastic films used was adjusted according to the targeted film content in that panel. The formed mat was then hot-pressed between two steel plates preheated to 185, and consolidated to a desired thickness. After reaching the final thickness and maintaining for 10 min, the mat was gradually cooled to room temperature. The pressed panel was then trimmed to a final panel size of 300 mm×300 mm × 10 mm. The tested specimens were made according to the referred standards. The effects of film contents on the properties of OCPB, including modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bond (IB), thickness swelling (THS) and water absorption (WA) were evaluated. The properties of OCPB were compared with that of medium density fiberboard (MDF) and particleboard. Significance test of film contents on the properties of composites was evaluated by SPSS. Results showed that the mechanical and water absorption properties of OCPB made of iPP film were better than that of HDPE film. The best mechanical and water absorption properties of the composites were obtained with the use of 15% iPP film, with the MOE, MOR, IB, THS and WA were 60.60 MPa, 5074.4 MPa, 1.48 MPa, 2.53% and 18.60% respectively. The mechanical and water absorption properties of OCPB were better than that of MDF and particleboard at the film content of 15%. The SPSS test showed that film contents had a significant influence on the properties of OCPB. Scanning electron micrographs showed that there was a mechanical interlock structure between cotton stalk fibers and plastic films. The OCPB could be a good alternative as construction materials used in indoor or outdoor environment. The study could also be a reference for the use of agricultural biomass and plastic film as raw materials for the fabrication of wood plastic composites. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Water absorption
Controlled terms:Cotton - High density polyethylenes - Interfaces (materials) - Mechanical properties - Particle board - Plastic films - Polymer matrix composites - Polypropylenes - Resins - Scanning electron microscopy - Straw - Swelling - Wood - Wood products
Uncontrolled terms:High density polyethylene(HDPE) - Interface structures - Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) films - Medium density fiberboards - Oriented composites - Properties of composites - Scanning electron micrographs - Water absorption properties
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.045
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 38>
Accession number:20152200901248
Title:Experiment of fruit-pedicle vibration separation of wine grape
Authors:Li, Chengsong (1); Gao, Zhenjiang (1); Kan, Za (2); Wang, Lihong (2); Yuan, Panpan (2); Wang, Zhe (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
Corresponding author:Gao, Zhenjiang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:39-44
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Grape variety is plentiful, and can be divided into wine grape and table grapes in general. Xinjiang, Bordeaux and California are called the "grape plant heaven". However, the wine grape is still hand-harvested, moreover labor cost for harvesting is more than 50% of the total cost during production period. Fruit-pedicle separation is a key link in the mechanized harvesting. Grape reciprocate swinging according to a certain frequency and amplitude is inspired by oscillating mechanism, then the resulted inertia force can eliminate the fruit-pedicle connection force to realize fruit-pedicle separation. Normal inertial force plays the major role in grape and pedicle separation. For this experiment, vibration separating test device base on crank and rocker mechanism was designed and built. Eccentric disc was driven by motor, making grapes clamping on the rocker swing. The fruit- pedicel vibration separation model was built. Movement path and velocity were obtained by analyzing the movement of the crank rocker mechanism. Fruit-pedicle separation amplitude equation was gained by analyzing the fruit-pedicle separation conditions. At the same time, the main influence factors of separation, motor speed, eccentric distance and vibration rocker length were determined through the analysis of the models. The experimental study on grape was carried out. Using Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon planted in Xinjiang Shihezi city, 152 groups of grapes were selected as samples. The sampling dates were respectively on September 9 and 14, 2014. The sample selection was based on grape average value of mass and length. The wine grape samples after taken were refrigerated rapidly to retain freshness. Notation was used to calculate the rate of grape separation with the formula. Experiment factors levels was achieved on the basis of preliminary experiment, and L9 (3<sup>4</sup>) orthogonal test plan was designed. Each test group was replicated three times, and the average value of three replicates was used as the test group result. Grape peduncle was fixed on the dynamic and settled fixture of the vibration separate test device. And vibration time was 10 s. Visual and variance analysis methods were used to analyze the data. Observation from the experiment indicated that eccentric distance, rocker length and motor speed affected the separating effect of Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon in primary and secondary. Analysis of variance showed that eccentric distance and rocker arm length influenced separation rate was significant, and motor speed affected significantly for Chardonnay, but not for Cabernet Sauvignon. The observation from the experiment and variance analysis of data were consistent. Cabernet sauvignon exceeding Chardonnay in mechanical separation rate was achieved by analyzing the influencing factors that controlled the separation rate. Therefore, Cabernet sauvignon was more suitable for mechanical harvest. The separation rate of optimal parameters that the motor speed was 245 r/min, eccentric distance was 75 mm, and vibration rocker length was 200 mm. These parameters were verified. The result showed the separation rate of wine grape was 95.2%. The range of grape vibration frequency was 2.11 to 3.69 Hz and grape peduncle amplitude was 169.8 mm. All of those were achieved by putting the optimal parameters in motion analysis and fruit-pedicle separation condition. The study could provide a reference to the design and optimization of wine grape harvester. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Vibration analysis
Controlled terms:Compensation (personnel) - Fruits - Harvesting - Mechanisms - Separation - Testing - Wages - Wine
Uncontrolled terms:Crank and rocker mechanisms - Crank-rocker mechanism - Design and optimization - Mechanical separation - Mechanized harvesting - Variance analysis methods - Vibrations - Wine grapes
Classification code:423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 601.3 Mechanisms - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.3 Food Products - 912.4 Personnel - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 39>
Accession number:20152200901271
Title:Solar auto-tracking control strategy based on environmental factors and fuzzy identification
Authors:Wang, Linjun (1); Men, Jing (1); Xu, Lixiao (1); Zhang, Dong (2); Deng, Yu (1); Lü, Yaoping (1); Chen, Yanjuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Methano-Electronic Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China; (2) China Western Energy and Environment Research Center, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Linjun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:195-200
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Exploring and making full use of new energy resources can solve the problem of the energy shortage and environmental pollution, so many people focus on the use of solar energy which has the advantages of cleanliness, reuse, and economy, etc. Solar power, as the ideal use of solar energy, is the generation of electricity from sunlight. Either PV generation system or solar thermal power generation system have great extensive use, the formal usually use solar cells as the device to convert solar energy directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, and photovoltaic technology can meet the demand of different uses which need power supply by solar cells in different sizes, The latter has large scale, it focuses the solar energy to boil water and the heat energy is used to provide power. The solar thermal power generation system can be divided into three types: dish solar thermal power generation, groove type thermal power generation, and tower solar thermal power generation. Dish solar thermal power generation has higher efficiency. Considering that the disadvantages of solar energy are ever-changing solar radiation direction and unstable solar energy, dish solar thermal power generation uses an auto-tracking system to improve the utilization ratio of solar energy for an solar automatic tracking system can keep the incident sunlight parallel to the collector. A dish solar thermal power generation system works out of doors, environmental factors have a great influence on the system's running stability and tracking accuracy, and affects the choice of tracking mode. The auto-tracking modes can be classified into: program tracking mode, photoelectric tracking mode, and hybrid tracking mode. Program tracking mode uses a computer to calculate the sun's azimuth and latitude, can work under all-weather condition, and has high adaptability, but it has a cumulative error in the tracking process. The photoelectric mode has higher tracking accuracy for it has feedback information. It works well in the sunny day, but bad weather (especially the rainy and cloudy day) has a serious effect on it. A solar auto-tracking system usually adopts a hybrid tracking mode which is a combination of the program tracking mode and the photoelectric mode. A photoelectric sensor, as the information feedback component of a control system, can modify the cumulative error of the procedure, the tracking system would track reliably in the complicated and changeable weather. These two tracking modes make up for each other, as a result, the tracking system's precision and stability would be further improved and guaranteed. As an auto-tracking system works, the tracking mode changes as the intensity value reaches the intensity threshold, then the controller will choose a tracking mode automatically. Considering that the environmental factors affect the tracking system, this paper mainly analyses intensity, intensity change, and wind speed which have a serious effect on the system's operational stability and tracking accuracy. It uses fuzzy identification method in MATLAB to classify and summarize the weather condition and system's operation, then it builds a fuzzy recognition system based on environmental factors by respectively setting the parameters of input (wind speed, intensity and intensity change) membership function and output (the system's operation condition and weather condition) membership function. In this process, determining the fuzzy reasoning rules is the most important step. Fuzzy reasoning rules based on judgments of environmental factors are obtained from the expert experience and relevant information, and the wrong rules would even lead to wrong simulation. Through the simulation, weather condition and system operation condition are confirmed, and the conclusion suits the qualified condition. This research provides a theoretical support for a system's start-stop and a tracking mode's switch, and it has preferable practicability and good feasibility. And the conclusion not only can apply to the PV system, but also to the solar thermal power generation system. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Solar cells
Controlled terms:Electric power systems - Energy resources - Fuzzy systems - Incident solar radiation - MATLAB - Membership functions - Meteorology - Photoelectricity - Photovoltaic cells - Photovoltaic effects - Solar energy - Solar heating - Solar power generation - Surface discharges - System stability - Tracking (position) - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic tracking system - Environmental factors - Fuzzy identification method - Fuzzy recognition systems - Fuzzy speculative rule - Photoelectric sensors - Solar thermal power generation - Thermal power generation
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 615.2 Solar Power - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 921 Mathematics - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 40>
Accession number:20152200901278
Title:Construction method and application effect on tillage layer soil by sediment in land consolidation engineering
Authors:Liu, Yongbing (1); Li, Xiang (1); Liu, Yongjie (2); Cheng, Yanjun (1); Zhang, Jianzhong (1); Zang, Zhenyuan (1); Xu, Jiefeng (3); Yang, Wenjie (4); Shen, Laixin (5); Zhao, Congju (6); Guo, Yifei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Lab of Industrial Contamination and Remediation, Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light Industry, Beijing, China; (2) Forestry College of Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu, China; (3) Haikou City Major Land Arrangement Project Leading Group Office, Haikou, China; (4) Farm Design Institute in Hainan, Haikou, China; (5) Beijing Institute of Water, Beijing, China; (6) College of Geography and Tourism, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
Corresponding author:Li, Xiang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:242-248
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Land treatment is to comprehensively treat the lands that are ineffectively and improperly used, or undeveloped. Soil at the tillage layer is an essential part for agriculture so its treatment is a key component for land treatment. Currently, surface soil peeling technology and soil replacement method are adopted on land treatment and reclamation engineering. However, there are problems such as limited amount of soil replacement sources, large deviation on application costs, incomplete technical methodology, irregular engineering process, and poor application efforts. Utilization of dredging sediment from rivers is one of the most emerging disposal methods. Sediment pollution and ecological risk assessment, sediment metals remediation technologies, land utilization parameters, sediment food safety assessment, are important factors affecting sediment utilization. For the scarcity issue on regional soil at the tillage layer, this study focused on dredging sediment utilization, and analyzed the related theories, scopes, design method, engineering process and application efforts on construction of tillage layer soil using the sediment. The outcome of the research was significant for both improving land treatment and maintaining the sustainability of farmland. Our results showed that tillage layer soil construction was under the scope of land treatment, using dredging sediment with proper farmland treatment process and with the aid of certain physical and chemical methods. This method must consider the principles for environment, agrology, and food safety. For sediment heavy metal stabilization remediation design, we proposed optimal stabilizers and engineering process. All of those facilitated the formulation of post-remediation soil modification engineering approach; and its related monitoring and assessment on implementation efforts. Also, to take samples according to "Sediment quality survey and Assessment Handbook", based on the targets of sediment utilization and monitoring data and documents like "Soil environmental quality standard"(GB15618-1995); "Farmland environmental quality evaluation standards for edible agricultural products"(HJT332-2006), "National secondary soil survey related standard-fertility indicators and evaluation limits", the sediment environmental impact and fertility were evaluated. Sediment quality less than slight pollution and fertility at the Level II can be considered for utilization. The spatial analysis on sediment environment and fertility evaluation by GIS, the strategies on integrated river sediment utilization direction, spatial distribution and stock could be identified. This provided references on stratified sediment dredging. In addition, for sediment heavy metal stabilization, typical contaminated sediment samples were selected for stabilization experiments. The test in laboratory was done by adding phosphates, magnesium oxides, or clay minerals using an orthogonal design. The results showed that both stabilized BCR(European Comuntities Burean of Reference) form of metals and leaching toxicity reached the standards. Therefore, the constituents for treatments can be considered as the optimal stabilizing agents. Considering water content and stabilization period, the effective, low-cost and operable stabilizer dosage, remediation process, and parameters were proposed to finalize the sediment heavy metal stabilization approach. Moreover, sediment modification on soil remediation process needed to consider the regional topography and landscape, irrigation system, transportation, farmland protection, and other engineering conditions. By combining sediment pavement, land peeling, sediment heavy metal stabilization remediation into the project design, the feasible measure on building the sediment phase tillage layer soil was formulated. Last, through the experiment on spinach planted, the results showed that the heavy metal content in the spinach can achieve the nuisance-free level, reducing Cd content by 38.61%-85.69%, so it can obviously reduce heavy metal in vegetables. Sediment phase tillage layer soil is suitable for cultivation, raising productivity by 8.7%-13%, improving soil organic content by 0.95-2.18 times. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Sediments
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agricultural products - Agriculture - Cadmium - Construction - Cost engineering - Cultivation - Design - Dredging - Environmental impact - Farms - Food safety - Geographic information systems - Heavy metals - Land reclamation - Land use - Pollution - Quality control - Remediation - Risk assessment - River pollution - Rivers - Safety engineering - Sedimentology - Soil conservation - Soil pollution - Soil surveys - Soils - Spatial distribution - Stabilization - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Contaminated sediment - Ecological risk assessment - Environmental quality - Environmental quality standards - Heavy metal stabilization - Monitoring and assessment - Remediation technologies - Soil organic content
Classification code:405 Construction Equipment and Methods; Surveying - 407.2 Waterways - 408 Structural Design - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 453 Water Pollution - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 723.3 Database Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 914 Safety Engineering - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921 Mathematics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 41>
Accession number:20152200901263
Title:Microstructure characteristics of concrete after erosion of magnesium salts and sulfates
Authors:Wu, Fufei (1); Shi, Kebin (1); Dong, Shuangkuai (2); Ci, Jun (1); Chen, Liangliang (1); Liu, Sihai (1); Zhang, Kai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China; (2) College of Pratacultural and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Kebin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:140-146
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Concrete structure is usually affected by sulfate and magnesium salt in soil water environmental. In order to explore anti-erosion properties of cement concrete and high-performance concrete mixed with slag powder after immersed in solution with sulfate and magnesium salt, the study designed three water-binder ratio treatments and two slag powder content treatments. After mixing with water, 1050 specimens (10 mm×10 mm×60 mm) were prepared and incubated in conditions of 20 and moisture≥9.5% for 28 d. Then, they were immersed in five different solutions with different sulfate and magnesium concentrations for determine anti-erosion coefficient and microstructure of the specimens during erosion. The results showed that: The cement had many pores with large pore size when water-binder ratio was 0.50, and the maximum diameter of pore reached 372.5 μm. The improvement of the pore structure was not obvious when the water-binder ratio decreased to 0.35. When the pure cement concrete specimens was immersed in solution with 2500 mg/L SO<inf>4</inf><sup>2-</sup> and 1400 mg/L magnesium<sup>2+</sup> for 4 months. The pores of specimens were full of hydration products such as CaSO<inf>4</inf>·2H<inf>2</inf>O, 3CaO·Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>·3CaSO<inf>4</inf>·32H<inf>2</inf>O (AFt), and a small amount of Mg(OH)<inf>2</inf> and MgO•SiO<inf>2</inf>•H<inf>2</inf>O, which could lead to cracks in concrete, peeling off the side parts, even being crisp and surface slurry loss seriously. After 2 months, the erosion coefficient showed a downward trend with erosion duration and was below 0.85, indicating a limited anti-erosion capacity of silicon concrete. When the concrete was added with slag powder, the pore numbers became small and pore size was small. The largest pore size of concrete with water-binder ratio of 0.35 and 0.30 was only 1/7 and 1/8 times as that of concrete with water-binder ratio of 0.50. Meanwhile, the content of Ca(OH)<inf>2</inf> was reduced. The concrete structure became loose, which was more obvious for specimens with low water-binder ratio. After 12 months of erosion in solution of sulfate and magnesium salt (20250mg/L SO<inf>4</inf><sup>2-</sup> and 2800mg/L Mg<sup>2+</sup>), the edge of specimen did not have erosion products and crystals of MgSO<inf>4</inf>·7H<inf>2</inf>O, Na<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>·10H<inf>2</inf>O, Mg<inf>2</inf>(OH)<inf>3</inf>Cl·4H<inf>2</inf>O, and the corrosion resistance coefficient was still more than 0.85. It suggested that slag powder can significantly improve the anti-erosion properties of high performance concrete formulated by 32.5 silicate cement. Therefore, when cements were used for environment with solutions including 13000 mg/L SO<inf>4</inf><sup>2-</sup> and 1400 mg/L Mg<sup>2+</sup>, or 20250 mg/L SO<inf>4</inf><sup>2-</sup> and 2800 mg/L Mg<sup>2+</sup>, the water-binder ratio of concrete should not be greater than 0.35 and 0.30, respectively, while slag powder content was appropriate from 40% to 45%.The study could provide data support and theoretical basis for concrete preparation and application in irrigation engineering (dam foundation, gates infrastructure and channels etc.) and greenhouse concrete foundation engineering. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:High performance concrete
Controlled terms:Binders - Bins - Cements - Concrete blocks - Concrete buildings - Concrete construction - Concrete products - Concretes - Corrosion resistance - Erosion - Hydration - Magnesium - Magnesium compounds - Magnesium powder - Microstructure - Pore size - Salts - Silicates - Silicon oxides - Slags - Soil moisture - Sulfate minerals - Sulfur compounds
Uncontrolled terms:Concrete foundation - Corrosion resistance coefficient - Erosion coefficients - Erosion properties - Hydration products - Irrigation engineerings - Magnesium concentrations - Microstructure characteristics
Classification code:407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 412 Concrete - 412.1 Cement - 482.2 Minerals - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 542.2 Magnesium and Alloys - 694.4 Storage - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 933 Solid State Physics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 42>
Accession number:20152200901283
Title:Design and demonstration of modern agricultural park with land efficient utilization as core
Authors:Yang, Ping (1); Ji, Mingchuan (2); Hao, Jinmin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Land Resources Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Shandong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Jinan, China
Corresponding author:Hao, Jinmin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:281-287
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Modern agricultural park is an advanced production model, and high efficient land utilization is regarded as the key to break through the bottleneck of the park resources to realize the transformation and upgrading of the park and as an effective way to promote agricultural modernization. This study proposed a modern agricultural park designing system with the high efficient land utilization as the core, based on the analysis of China's land use issues on modern agricultural parks, the definition of the concept of the high efficient land use including the alternative of technology for land, maximizing the comprehensive benefits and the optimization of the spatial allocation. The system clears out the general designing idea of the modern agricultural park with the high efficient land use as the core, and points out that its designing goals include longstanding and increasing producing and supplying capability of the food and other agricultural product, promoting the land utilization rate by intensive input of elements of technology and capital, realizing the comprehensive benefits optimization and resource sustainability. The principles should follow the economical intensiveness, co-ordination of supply and demand, emphasis on quality and quantity, combination of use and protection, technological innovation and management, making overall plans and taking all factors into consideration. The approaches to realize the aim included:1)optimizing park land use spatial pattern and mode to increase the productivity of food and other agricultural products; 2) constructing industrial chains scientifically to create advantage and special industry to optimize the comprehensive benefits of the park; 3) exploring land potential to strengthen intensive input to promote land utilization efficiency; 4) establishing supportive mechanism to guarantee the sustainability of the land utilization efficiency. The system combined the ideas of resource economical intensive utilization, sustainability, circular economy, industrial economy, system engineering to build a theoretical of integrated design of "resource-industry-technology" and covered the designing thought, goal, principles and realizing approaches, which was the basic principle and technology instructional system to realize the high land utilization efficiency of the China's agricultural park. The Dongying Modern Agricultural Park that was designed and constructed based on the system had realized the spatial pattern of "One City Four Parks" and high land utilization efficiency of "One Platform, Six Specialty Industries, and Three Supportive Systems ". After 3-year construction from 2012-2014, the designing scheme had realized outstanding economic, biological and social benefits. The area of the park was 8303 hm<sup>2</sup>, with output of the unit land area increasing from 12124 Yuan/hm<sup>2</sup> in 2011 to 71540 Yuan/hm<sup>2</sup> in 2014 by 36372 Yuan/hm<sup>2</sup>, with annual average increase of 12124 Yuan/ hm<sup>2</sup>. The actual benefit increased by 1.7 times from 5275 to 14308 Yuan/hm<sup>2</sup>. The soil organic matter content increased by 0.2% compared with the period before the construction of the park. The effective utilization coefficient of agricultural irrigation water increased from 0.55 to 0.7 and comprehensive utilization of agricultural waste from 55% to over 85%, and agricultural commercialization rate from 45% to 95% with more employment and income increase of the employees. It showed that the designing system with the high land utilization efficiency as the core promoted in the study can effectively guide the construction of the modern agricultural park and protect the ecological environment at the same time of economical intensiveness of the land use to optimize the comprehensive benefits. However, the system has not yet applied to the other areas besides the Dongying Park and its benefits have not yet been compared with those of others. Besides, the study compares its comprehensive benefits of the Dongying Modern Agricultural Park with regular approaches rather than the energy-based analysis, which should be conducted in future studies. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:11
Main heading:Industrial economics
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Design - Economics - Efficiency - Irrigation - Land use - Product design - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural irrigation water - Agricultural modernizations - Agricultural parks - Comprehensive utilizations - Ecological environments - Empirical analysis - Soil organic matter contents - Technological innovation
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 408 Structural Design - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 43>
Accession number:20152200901268
Title:Comparison between GF-1 images and Landsat-8 images in monitoring maize LAI
Authors:Jia, Yuqiu (1); Li, Bing (2); Cheng, Yongzheng (1); Liu, Ting (1); Guo, Yan (1); Wu, Xihong (1); Wang, Laigang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Agricultural Economy and Information Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China; (2) Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, China
Corresponding author:Jia, Yuqiu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:173-179
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With China Remote Sensing career advancement, a large number of independent researches and development of satellite have launched. Among a new generation of high-resolution satellites, GF-1 stands out. It sets high spatial resolution, multi-spectral and high temporal resolution in a fusion technology with strategic significance. To explore Chinese GF-1 satellite images' adaptability of agricultural growth monitoring, its images for the region of Xuchange China for maize growth were compared with the same period of Landsat-8 satellite images in three aspects of sensor spectral response characteristics, the accuracy of empirical regression model and LAI space consistency. There were a total of 24 sampling points for the study. First, graphs described the sample located pixels' spectral reflectance of near-infrared band, red band, green band and blue band of the two types of sensors. It directly reflected the spectral reflectance differences between sensors in the same place, and differences between maize in different area. The reflectance of near-infrared and red band of Landsat-8 was higher compared with GF-1. The blue and green band's reflectance of GF-1 was similar to that of Landsat-8. The linear correlation of two sensors' reflectivity could be calculated at the same time. Second, four bands of two types of images were separately combined into seven kinds of normalized difference vegetation index to further eliminate the influence of atmospheric correction process. Like NDVI, the red band was replaced by blue or green or three visible bands' combination of two by two or sum of them. Then, the empirical regression models were used to calculate the ability of inversing LAI among the vegetation index. Based on comparison of R<sup>2</sup> and RMSE among models, high fitting models were selected. The optimal model for Landsat-8 was based on BRNDVI, it was an index model. The best model for GF-1was based on NDVI, and model type was an index model. The reserved samples were used to test model's fitting accuracy. The final result showed a good correlation between inversed LAI and measured LAI for all images. Third, LAI distribution of Xuchang district was reversed by the optimal model of two images, due to the variance in spatial resolution, GF-1 data did downscale process by resampling to 30 m scale. In total, maize LAI spatial distribution in two images was more consistent, and had a west to east high transition trend. For further research, the range for LAI unified into <3.0, ≥3.0-4.0, ≥4.0-5.0, ≥5.0 pixels is needed in a visual display. High values greater than 5.0 were concentrated in Xuchang county, Yanling county and the eastern half of Changge city, the two distributions were more consistent; <3.0 pixels were rarely low in both. There were difference in the distribution of Yuzhou, western Changge city and Xiangcheng County, ≥4.0-5.0 range had a wider distribution in Landsat-8 product of LAI, and ≥3.0-4.0 pixels were more in GF-1 LAI product. In this paper, the application indicated that GF-1 satellite's high time resolution provides more chances to get cloudless data, and high spatial and spectral resolution features and it can replace the traditional medium resolution remote sensing of agricultural growth monitoring data to a certain extent. This research shows that GF-1is an important data source and the data's application in other areas of agriculture is the focus of future research. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Image resolution - Infrared devices - Pixels - Reflection - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Satellite imagery - Satellites - Space optics - Vegetation - Wavelength
Uncontrolled terms:Empirical regression model - GF-1 - High resolution satellites - LAI - LANDSAT - Maize - Normalized difference vegetation index - Spectral response characteristics
Classification code:655.2 Satellites - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 731.1 Control Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 742 Cameras and Photography - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 44>
Accession number:20152200901266
Title:Matching method for fruit surface image based on scale invariant feature transform algorithm
Authors:Yao, Lijian (1); Zhou, Gaofeng (2); Ni, Zhongjin (1); Zhang, Peipei (1); Zhu, Shiwei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; (2) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Yao, Lijian
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:161-166
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The completely fruit surface image information is an important factor which will directly influence the detection results of fruit's surface color and defect. This paper took the common red delicious apple as the research object. An image feature extraction and matching method based on SIFT algorithm was proposed, and the multi-view fruit image were stitched effectively in this paper. The algorithm was helpful to obtain the completely fruit surface image information. Firstly, the fruits were rotated at fixed interval 15° angle and the multi-view of fruit continuous images was achieved. Based on the analysis of fruit image color space, the fruits target and the background were divided by 2 R-G-B channels for removing image noise. The target image was proposed by gray histogram equalization; hence the image's contrast was enhanced. The pre-paired image had special information which could be used for extracting feature points. After comparing with speeded-up robust features (SURF) and scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) algorithm, image feature points were detected between two images using SIFT algorithm. The average number of characteristic vector with 128 dimensions for each image was 2500. Because of large quantity and high dimensions of characteristic vector, significant amount of time was consumed when using the traditional K-D tree algorithm in searching matching points. To reduce the matching point of the existing area, a complete fruit image was divided into 16 regions, and four regions in the middle area with the most easily matching area for feature points were selected by multiple tests. A series of images collected by CCD camera only had lateral deviation between pre and post image. The searching scope of matching point was controlled in a narrow space between ±10 pixels through epipolar geometric constraint algorithm. Therefore, the mismatching rate was reduced and the images matching precision was improved. Finally, the mismatching points were rejected using the improved random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm, and it also could be further improved for matching precision. The initial translation matrix was obtained through rough matching points. The euclidean distance between pre and post image matching points selected randomly by using RANSAC was calculated. It was helpful to distinguish the interior point and exterior point. The final precisely matching points for each image were obtained based on presupposition threshold condition and point number condition. Calculating the center coordinates of the final match points for each image, the image of around the center coordinates for pre and post treated were reserved, and the translation matrix was generated at the same time. According to the translation matrix, the complete fruit surface image stitching was realized though stitching the images characteristics of pre and post. The experimental results indicated that the matching algorithm could dramatically reduce the mismatching rate and improved the average matching precision by 35.0%, the average matching time decreased from 7.8 s to 2.5 s, and the reduction rate was 67.8% compared with traditional K-D tree algorithm, and the reduction rate of matching results was 93.9%. This algorithm was also effective for the arbitrary pose fruit image on the test bench. This algorithm had good real-time performance, and it was invariance to scale, rotation, and affine transform, and it was effective for the randomly pose of spherical fruit images matching. This study provides an important reference for the quality detection and grade division of agricultural products base on machine vision. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Image matching
Controlled terms:Affine transforms - Agricultural machinery - Agricultural products - Algorithms - CCD cameras - Color - Computer vision - Feature extraction - Forestry - Fruits - Image processing - Matrix algebra - Surface defects - Trees (mathematics)
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristic vectors - Feature matching - Image feature extractions - Random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm - Real time performance - Scale invariant feature transform algorithms - Scale invariant feature transform algorithms (SIFT) - Speeded up robust features
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 45>
Accession number:20152200901277
Title:Impact of artificial aeration on nitrogen removal from aquaculture wastewater treated by vertical-flow constructed wetland
Authors:Zhang, Shiyang (1); Chang, Junjun (2); Gao, Maolin (3); Li, Gu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China; (2) Research Institute of Engineering and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China; (3) College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Shiyang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:235-241
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to the serious trend of water pollution across the country, the problem of aquaculture wastewater discharge must be solved appropriately to achieve sustainability. As a novel technology for sewage treatment, constructed wetland (CW) has been gradually expanded to aquaculture. In view of the disadvantages in land dispute with pond aquaculture, how to develop or design a land-saving, high-efficiency CW will be the focus of future study. It is widely accepted that artificial aeration can enhance the purification efficiency of CW's subsurface flow on wastewater due to its capacity to improve the oxidation conditions, which is beneficial for organic matter degradation and nutrient removal. Nevertheless, more detailed studies on the impact of aeration intensity on treatment performance and the associated relationships with influencing factors are still lacking. In the present study, 7 pilot-scale vertical-flow CWs with different combinations of substrates and plants were configured and then systematically investigated in field for treating low-strength aquaculture wastewater with or without artificial aeration. An attempt to explore the impact of the aeration on nitrogen (N) removal or transformation within wetland bed was made. After a thorough comparison between aerated and non-aerated states investigated simultaneously or by stages, the results were depicted as follows: under the operating conditions characterized by high hydraulic loading(HLR) (mean value 1.85 m/d), short hydraulic retention time(HRT) (mean 4.6 h), strong aeration intensity (air flow rate 30 m<sup>3</sup>/(m<sup>2</sup>·d), air-water ratio 16.2:1) and low inflow dissolved oxygen (DO) (mean 2.34 mg/L), nitrification occurred obviously within all the systems no matter with or without aeration. DO replenished from atmospheric reoxygenation and plant roots appeared enough to cover the quantity consumed by nitrification and organic matter degradation. Artificial aeration enhanced the intensity of internal mineralization and nitrification. In virtue of no lack of available carbon source (for instance in the present case, the influent ratio of chemical oxygen demand to nitrogen (COD/N) ranged from 28.4 to 30.6), the probability for denitrification under the aerated state increased compared to the non-aerated state, which finally led to the elevation of purification performance on total N (TN). Nevertheless, if too much DO was presented under the aerated state, denitrification would further be restrained, which would conversely lead to the reduction of removal efficiency on TN. Therefore, for complete-drain vertical-flow systems, it is not the truth that the higher aeration intensity is, the better efficacy will be obtained. To obtain higher stable purification efficiency, a good suggestion is decreasing HLR or extending HRT or supplementing horizontal flows to vertical-flow systems to ensure complete denitrification. That strategy will be especially beneficial for TN removal. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Chemicals removal (water treatment)
Controlled terms:Air - Aquaculture - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Carbon - Chemical oxygen demand - Denitrification - Dissolved oxygen - Efficiency - Fish ponds - Nitrification - Nitrogen - Nitrogen removal - Organic compounds - Purification - Sewage treatment - Wastewater - Wastewater treatment - Water pollution - Water treatment - Wetlands
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial aeration - Constructed wetlands - Influencing factors - Nitrification-denitrification - Purification efficiency
Classification code:442.2 Land Reclamation - 444 Water Resources - 445 Water Treatment - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 453 Water Pollution - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 481.2 Geochemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 46>
Accession number:20152200901269
Title:Spectral characteristic parameter-based models for foliar nitrogen concentration estimation of Juglans regia
Authors:Hu, Zhenzhu (1); Pan, Cunde (1); Xiao, Bing (1); Pan, Xin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Xinjiang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Forestry Ecology and Industry Technology in Arid Region, Education Department of Xinjiang, Urumqi, China
Corresponding author:Pan, Cunde
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:180-186
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the establishment of the models based on spectral characteristic parameter for estimating foliar nitrogen concentrations of Juglans regia 'Xinwen 185', this paper aimed to explore spectral technical approaches to rapidly monitoring the foliar N nutritional status of Juglans regia 'Xinwen 185'. Based on the field experiment of fertilizer efficiency, the foliar spectral reflectance and N concentrations of the foliar samples under different amounts of N fertilizer, which were applied in the fruit setting period, the fruit rapid-growth period, the fruit fat-change period and the fruit near-mature period, were measured separately with Unispec-SC and chemical analysis in the laboratory. The Pearson correlation analysis of the foliar spectral reflectance and foliar N element concentrations was done in the 4 phenological periods of fruit development, and the spectral characteristic parameters highly significantly correlated with the foliar spectral reflectance and foliar N element concentration were selected. Finally, the spectral characteristic parameter estimating models of the foliar N element concentration were established by employing regression analysis, with the adopted functions including power function, exponential function, semi-log function, linear function, quadratic function and cubic function, and then the independent sample was used to test the precision of the models, of which the one with the highest fitting degree was screened out. The results indicated that the spectral characteristic parameters, highly significantly correlated with the foliar N element concentration (P<0.01), were reflectance of the green peak position and ratio of red index in fruit setting period, yellow edge position, red valley position, ratio of green index, ratio of red index, normalized difference of green index and normalized difference of red index in the fruit fast-growing period, reflectance of the green peak position and ratio of red index in the fruit fat-change period, and reflectance of the green peak position, he spectra slop of yellow edge and red edge area in the fruit near-mature period. Moreover, the absolute values of the correlation coefficient were all greater than 0.96 in the 4 phenological periods of fruit development. Through cubic function analysis with the reflectance of the green peak position, yellow edge position, ratio of red index and the spectra slop of yellow edge as independent variables, the regression estimation models of the foliar N element concentration in the 4 phenological periods of fruit development were established respectively, and their fitting degreesR<sup>2</sup> were all above 0.99. In addition, the predicted values for foliar N concentration of Juglans regia 'Xinwen185' were relatively close to measured values, and all the models were examined by the confidence ellipse test; and RMSE and the relative errors (RE) of the independent sample tests were only 0.4533 g/kg and 0.4403%, 0.7716 g/kg and -0.3390%, 0.8793 g/kg and -0.3201%, 0.8145 g/kg and -0.1229% separately in the 4 phenological periods of fruit development. The models showed their significant stability and high estimation accuracy. The findings in this paper manifested that it was feasible to monitor foliar N nutritional levels of Juglans regia 'Xinwen 185' in the 4 phenological periods of fruit development by establishing spectral characteristic parameter models of foliar N element concentration estimation. Spectrum technology possesses great application potential in monitoring N element nutritional status of Juglans regia 'Xinwen 185'. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Parameter estimation
Controlled terms:Chemical analysis - Correlation methods - Exponential functions - Fertilizers - Forestry - Fruits - Nitrogen - Nutrition - Reflection - Regression analysis - Spectrometry
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristic parameter - Correlation coefficient - Element concentrations - Estimation models - Normalized differences - Pearson correlation analysis - Spectral characteristics - Spectral reflectances
Classification code:461.7 Health Care - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 731.1 Control Systems - 801 Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.09.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
期刊信息
- 主管单位 中国科学技术协会
- 主办单位 中国农业工程学会
- 主编 朱明
- 总编/社长 王应宽
- 地址 北京朝阳区麦子店街41号
- 邮编 100125
- 电话 010－59197078/7077/7076
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友情链接
- Bioresource Technology
- Industrial Crops and Products
- Biomass & Bioenergy
- Biosystems Engineering
- Aquacultural Engineering
- International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering
- Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
- Paddy and Water Environment
- Journal of Agricultural Engineering
- Transactions of the ASABE
- Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental
- Applied Engineering in Agriculture
- Engenharia Agricola
- AMA-Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America
- 中华人民共和国农业农村部-MARA
- 中国科学技术协会CAST
- 国家新闻出版署
- 中华人民共和国科学技术部
- 国家自然科学基金委员会
- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
- CIGR
- ASABE
- EurAgEng-European Society for Agricultural Engineers
- American Society of Agronomy
- Crop Science Society of America
- Soil Science Society of America
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- 万方数据
- 维普