<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20151400700141
Title:Drifting property of falling oil rape seeds in longitudinal positive pressure airflow field without stalks
Authors:Zong, Wangyuan (1); Huang, Xiaomao (1); Pan, Haibing (1); Zha, Xiantao (1); Wang, Tingting (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; (2) Hubei Province Research Center of Engineering Technology for Modern Agricultural Equipment, Wuhan, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Xiaomao
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:70-76
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to the oil rape's two biological characters of fragility and non-synchronization of maturity, a high loss rate (>8%) of rape seeds often appears when this plant is harvested by a combine harvester. The higher the maturity is (often accompanied by a lower moisture content), the greater the cutting platform loss is in the front part of the machine, and the smaller the loss of the threshing, separating and cleaning in the behind; and vice versa. Insufficient maturity causes low oil rate, while high moisture content will increase difficulty of the threshing, separating and cleaning. Therefore, consideration should be given to both the front and behind loss of the machine while methods and counter-measurements are tried to be found. It means that, while the threshing, separating and cleaning devices are optimized, new types of the cutting platform should be developed at the same time to fit a new harvest time which can be shifted to backwards appropriately or on a sunny afternoon for a higher maturity and lower moisture content. This paper proposed a novel method to collect the falling rape seeds in front of the harvester header by a line-by-line mode with the longitudinal airflow of positive pressure for rape which is mechanically transplanted or sown. Firstly, with a bench trial device, an orthogonal experiment based on the scheme of L<inf>9</inf>(3<sup>4</sup>) was conducted to determine the significant level of relevant factors impacting on the collection effect of falling rape seeds in field of longitudinal positive pressure airflow without no straw. Then single factor tests for the important factors were implemented to obtain the corresponding regression equation for predicting the collection effect in further optimization of the structure and work parameters of the device. Experiments showed that factors affecting the collection amount of the falling seeds are the height and length of the collection monomer, the operating current frequency of the turbine (which determines the airflow velocity at the front place of the nozzle) and the elevation angle of the nozzle respectively, in which the effect of the first three factors on the collection performance are significant, while the effect of the elevation angle of the nozzle is not significant. The influence trends of these four factors on the collection performance are in line with the quadratic polynomial fitting, in which the collection amount climbs with the increase of the height of the collection monomer, the operating current frequency of the fan and the elevation angle of the nozzle increases, but descends with the increase of the length of the collection monomer. The determination coefficients were 0.9773, 0.9985, 0.9682 and 0.9686, respectively. So if the distribution of the whole machine's power permits, a possibly high power fan with optimized layout of piping and structure and parameters of the monomer and the nozzle should be adopted in order to ensure adequate airflow field intensity and scope, obtaining a proper collecting effect of the falling rape seeds. This paper lays a research base for further study on the collection of falling rape seeds by positive pressure airflow under the conditions with stationary stalks or moving stalks. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Oilseeds
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Air - Cleaning - Experiments - Harvesters - Harvesting - Moisture - Moisture determination - Monomers - Nozzles - Oil shale - Optimization - Seed - Separation - Structural optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Collection performance - Determination coefficients - High moisture contents - Operating currents - Orthogonal experiment - Quadratic polynomial - Rapeseed - Regression equation
Classification code:512.1 Petroleum Deposits - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20151400700175
Title:Effects of simulated transport vibration on respiratory pathways and qualities of Xinjiang apricot fruit
Authors:Pan, Yan (1); Che, Fengbin (1); Dong, Chenghu (1); Zhang, Hui (2); Meng, Xintao (1); Zhang, Ting (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agro-Production Storage and Processing, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China; (2) College of Pharmacy and Food Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
Corresponding author:Pan, Yan
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:325-331
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Effects of simulated transport vibration on respiratory pathways and qualities in Xinjiang apricot were studied based on the similarity simulation. About 1.50 t fresh apricots (Xiao baixing) in physiological maturity stage were packaged in plastic crates and transported in a refrigerated truck at the average velocity of 60 km/h. X-axial (lateral), Y-axial (longitudinal) and Z-axial (vertical) vibration accelerations of apricot crates in refrigerated truck were measured using digital 3-dimensional (3D) acceleration recorders with a sampling rate of once every 2.0 seconds during the 10-hour highway transportation. A vibration simulation platform (self-triturating equipment) loaded 120 kg apricots packaged in plastic crates where the vibration of horizontal direction and vertical direction both initiated from 0 to 8.0 Hz with 1.0 Hz rise every 5 minutes. During the simulation, vibration was measured with 3D acceleration recorders sampling once every 50 ms to select the proper vibration frequency close to the real transportation. According to the repeatable measurements, the simulated vibration was 57.60%-67.75% similar to real transportation at 0.5 Hz. Frequencies of low acceleration vibrations on lateral, longitudinal and vertical directions were higher than real transport. Apricots were divided into 2 groups: one group was stored in static state for 20 d at 3; the other group was stored for 17 days 3 days after the simulated transport under the selected vibration condition at 3. The differences between simulated transport and static storage in respiratory pathways, firmness, SSC (soluble solid content) and pericarp color of apricots were analyzed. The total respiration rate of apricot reached peak in the first 2-day simulated transport vibration, which was earlier 8 days than the apricot in static storage, and the peak value raised by 3.26 times. Apricot TCAC (tricarboxyficacid cycle) respiration rate reached peak in first 2-day simulated transport vibration, which was earlier 3 days than the apricot in static storage, and the peak value raised by 1.22 times. Apricot EMP (Embden-Meyerhof- Parnas) and CP (cytochrome pathway) respiration rates also reached peaks in first 2-day simulated transport vibration; the peak values were respectively 4.62 times and 9.64 times higher than that of the apricot in static storage. Apricot PPP (phosphopentose pathway) respiration rate reached peak in the first day of simulated transport vibration, which was earlier 9 days than the apricot in static storage, but peak values were similar. The apricot's major respiratory pathway of simulated transportation was switched from TCAC pathway to EMP pathway, and the major electron transport chain was switched from AP (alternative pathway) to CP. The shift of major respiratory pathway resulted in further maturity and quality deterioration in the apricots at late storage. 13.18%-19.34% loss of firmness was significantly correlated with the increases of TCAC respiratory rate and CP respiratory rate during the simulation transport. 12.26%-27.15% rise of SSC was the consequence of the increases of EMP, TCAC and CP respiratory rate during the simulation transport. The pericarp chroma was increased by 7.09-11.49 times, which was significantly correlated with the increases of EMP respiratory rate and CP respiratory rate during the simulation transport. The pericarp color turned yellow by 3.82, which was significantly correlated with the increase of EMP respiratory rate during the simulation transport. Results provide a reference for developing quality-control techniques of the cold-chain transport of the apricot. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Chains - Electron transport properties - Fruits - Plants (botany) - Truck transportation - Trucks
Uncontrolled terms:Electron transport chain - Physiological maturity - Quality deteriorations - Respiratory pathway - Simulated transport - Vibration acceleration - Vibrations - Xinjiang
Classification code:432.3 Cargo Highway Transportation - 461.9 Biology - 602.1 Mechanical Drives - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 932 High Energy Physics; Nuclear Physics; Plasma Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.044
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20151400700176
Title:Effect of different storage temperature on hypobaric storage quality of Pleurotus eryngii
Authors:Li, Zhigang (1); Song, Ting (1); Feng, Cuiping (1); Hao, Liping (1); Shi, Jianchun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Cuiping
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:332-338
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Taking Pleurotus eryngii as the material, the experiment was carried out. In the experiment, Pleurotus eryngii was packaged in 0.07 mm low-density polyethylene bag that was vacuumed to 0.06 MPa, and stored in 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8. The effects of different storage temperatures on postharvest physiology and quality of Pleurotus eryngii were studied under the condition of hypobaric storage. The results showed that Pleurotus eryngii stored at 2 and 4 preferably maintained the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P<0.01) and catalase (CAT) (P<0.05), maintained a higher scavenging capacity of reactive oxygen free radical, inhibited effectively the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) (P<0.01), reduced the respiration rate (P<0.01) and delayed aging process. So, it could better maintain the hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and chewiness, and inhibit effectively the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) (P<0.01), delay the browning degree and preferably maintain the color (P<0.01). For Pleurotus eryngii stored at 6 and 8, the activities of SOD and CAT changed greatly, and especially decreased rapidly in the middle-late storage period, but the activity of PPO was higher. Therefore, its scavenging activity of reactive oxygen species was weakened, large amounts of MDA were produced, and the respiration rate was increased. And the speeds of aging and browning of Pleurotus eryngii were accelerated, while texture quality was lowered. These results showed that 6 and 8 were not suitable for the storage of Pleurotus eryngii under the hypobaric condition. However, the changes of postharvest physiology and quality of pleurotus eryngii stored at 0 were special, for the respiration rate of pleurotus eryngii fruit body stored at 0 was better inhibited, and the activity of SOD was maintained effectively, but the activity of CAT decreased rapidly when stored at 0. When pleurotus eryngii was stored at 0, the texture quality did not be kept well, and the activity of PPO, the value of color difference and the content of MDA were higher than that stored at 2 and 4; the content of MDA was even higher than that stored at 6 and 8 in the later storage period. So it can be inferred that the changes of postharvest physiology and quality of pleurotus eryngii stored at 0 were abnormal. It may be the results of the slight chilling injury. The dormant cause is worth further studying. In conclusion, the appropriate storage temperature is from 2 to 4 for Pleurotus eryngii which is packaged in 0.07 mm low-density polyethylene bag that is vacuumed to 0.06 MPa. In this storage temperature, the fresh-keeping effects of Pleurotus eryngii are good. The storage method can effectively delay the ripening and senescence process of Pleurotus eryngii, keep the texture quality better, and extend the storage period of Pleurotus eryngii. In addition, not only this storage method has a good effect of storage, but also its cost is low and the operation is convenient. The hypobaric storage technology is flexible to the application to postharvest preservation of Pleurotus eryngii, and it avoids the high cost of the construction and operation of hypobaric cold storage. Therefore, this method is an effective storage method to reduce the loss of postharvest storage, and improve economic benefit of Pleurotus eryngii. This method has a certain popularization value and application prospect. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Storage (materials)
Controlled terms:Cold storage - Colorimetry - Energy storage - Free radicals - Image quality - Oxygen - Physiology - Plants (botany) - Polyethylenes - Temperature - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:Application prospect - Pleurotus eryngii - Post-harvest storage - Postharvest physiologies - Reactive oxygen species - Scavenging activities - Storage temperatures - Superoxide dismutases
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 694.4 Storage - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 933 Solid State Physics - 941.4 Optical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.045
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20151400700134
Title:Optimization design for vibration reduction of micro planter and fertilizer machinery used in mountain area based on genetic algorithm
Authors:Chen, Liqing (1); Li, Yan (1); Cao, Chengmao (1); Zheng, Quan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Corresponding author:Cao, Chengmao
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:17-22
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to solve the problem of difficult manipulation of micro planting and fertilizing machinery powered by gasoline engine in the mountainous area, a method of vibration reduction was proposed in this paper. Primarily, a certain kind of micro planting and fertilizing machine was taken as a research subject to establish the mathematic model of the planting and fertilizing machine with five degrees of freedom, and the data of filed image spectrogram was collected through the experiment. Secondly, the simulation model of the system was built with Matlab/Simulink software; thereafter, the multi-objective optimization mathematic model was established taking four parameters i.e. the rigidity and damping between engine and rack, the damper rigidity and damping between rack and travel wheel as design variables and taking vertical vibration acceleration and elevation angular acceleration on the rack as evaluation criteria. Besides, genetic algorithm was applied to optimize the design of the system and the optimized results showed that root mean square of the vertical vibration acceleration on the rack of the optimized machine reduced by 32.9%, root mean square of the elevation angular acceleration reduced by 37.6%, and the maximum of objective function was reduced to 0.3349 from 0.3705 after optimization; based on this, structure components of the planting and fertilizing machine were redesigned according to the optimized design results including replacing the original iron track with rubber track, replacing the original damper, adding rubber plate connecting engine and rack. Finally, the comparison test of vibration before and after the optimization was conducted. In the test, one testing point was taken on each of the engine, the rack and the handrail, and the signals of the 3 testing points were collected using tri-axial acceleration sensor. Vibration tests were carried out under planting and fertilizing operating conditions at the depths of 4-5 cm and 9-10 cm respectively. The comparison test demonstrated that, at the depth of 4-5 cm, the vertical vibration on the engine reduced by 32.86%, the vertical vibration on the rack reduced by 28.31%, the vertical vibration on the handrail reduced by 42.35%; while at the depth of 9-10 cm, the vertical vibration on the engine, the rack and the handrail reduced by 37.36%, 18.49%, and 28.40%, respectively. Therefore, the conclusion can be safely drawn that the vibration of the optimized micro planting and fertilizing machine reduces dramatically under regular fertilizing condition, especially on the engine part, which has verified the validity of the vibration-reducing design. What's more, this method also provides a guideline to the research of vibration reduction for the products in the same category. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Vibrations (mechanical)
Controlled terms:Acceleration - Agricultural machinery - Algorithms - Computer software - Damping - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Design - Engines - Fertilizers - Genetic algorithms - Machine components - Machine design - MATLAB - Multiobjective optimization - Railings - Rigidity - Rubber
Uncontrolled terms:Angular acceleration - Matlab/Simulink software - Optimization design - Simulation - Tri-axial acceleration sensor - Vibration reductions - Vibration-reducing designs - Vibrations
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 408 Structural Design - 601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 612 Engines - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 818.1 Natural Rubber - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20151400700140
Title:Simulation and verification of seed-filling performance of pneumatic-combined holes maize precision seed-metering device based on EDEM
Authors:Shi, Song (1); Zhang, Dongxing (1); Yang, Li (1); Cui, Tao (1); Li, Kehong (1); Yin, Xiaowei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Dongxing
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:62-69
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pneumatic metering device has been increasingly widespread for the advantages of high planting quality, low seed-injuring rate, strong adaptability to seeds and higher planting speeds when sowing corn seeds. The seed-filling performance of pneumatic metering device is particularly important which basically determines the seeding performance. Studies have shown that motion characteristics of seeds have a greater influence on the seed-filling performance, however, the shape of corn seeds is very irregular and the physical properties of material system of such discrete-state particle are too complicated to describe with conventional motion law of solid and liquid substance. This paper studied the pneumatic-combined holes seed-metering device based on the theory of discrete element method. The EDEM software was used to carry out simulation research, and the Hertz-Mindlin no-slip contact model was selected and the normal force between particles contacts was used as monitoring value of internal friction during the simulation. Four kinds of seed plates with great differences of type hole structures were designed which aimed at creating different interference intensity. The seeds of Zhengdan 958, which was widely adopted, were used as modeling objects of particles. The impact of seeds plates on seeds movement was simulated at different rotational speeds, and variance value of normal force and total normal force were used as indexes for data analysis during simulation. The results indicated that the increase of seeds' interference intensity can't significantly reduce the total normal force but will reduce the transient normal stress of seeds which is also called transient internal friction. It is inferred that the seed-filling performance of D type seeds plate which has the largest variance value of normal force is better than the others. The four kinds of seeds plates were respectively processed and installed on the pneumatic-combined holes seed-metering device to do experiments. The inspection area was designated before experiments, and predetermined the position where type hole leaving away from the seed layer as a starting point and the beginning of seed-clearing area as the end point, and then a High-Speed Video Camera was used to record images of this area and determined the situation as missing-seeding when there was no seeds in the type holes in this region. Experiment results indicated that variance value of normal force has a significantly impact on missing-seeding rate of seeds plate, and the value variance of D type seeds plate was the largest, the missing-seeding rate reached the lowest rate 1.13% when the rotational speed reached the maximum value 37.3 r/min. By comparing the simulation results and experimental results, the relationship among the missing-seeding rate, the rotational speed of seed plate and variance value of normal stress was obtained which verified the simulation conclusion that larger interference intensity can reduce the internal friction of seeds instantaneously and improve the seed-filling rate of metering device. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Computer software
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Computer simulation - Experiments - Filling - Friction - High speed cameras - Interference suppression - Internal friction - Plates (structural components) - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Pneumatics - Seed - Speed - Tribology - Video cameras
Uncontrolled terms:High speed video cameras - Interference intensity - Motion characteristics - Physical properties of materials - Precision seed-metering devices - Seed filling - Seed metering devices - Seeding performance
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 632.3 Pneumatics - 632.4 Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20151400700168
Title:Pyrolysis characteristics of corn cob and release rule of gas products
Authors:Yao, Xiwen (1); Xu, Kaili (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Kaili
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:275-282
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Shortage of fossil fuels and environmental pollution become increasingly severe with the rapid economic development. As the only renewable energy which can be directly converted to gas, liquid and solid fuels, biomass has aroused growing attention all over the world. Corn is one of the main crops in China. Corn cob is the main agricultural waste produced in process of maize production, and the corn cob biomass contains a lot of biodegradable organic matter. Thermo-chemical conversion is an efficient means of biomass energy conversion. It can convert the organic matter of corn cob into many forms of energy, such as gas, liquid, solid, and other biomass products at high temperature. Pyrolysis is the most basic process of thermal chemical conversion. The characteristics of pyrolysis are important tool which can express the influence of pyrolysis parameters on raw material conversion rate. In order to fully grasp the pyrolysis characteristics of corn cob and the release law of gas-phase products with temperature change in the thermal decomposition process in different working conditions, and to deeply understand the pyrolysis behavior of corn cob and its reaction mechanism, simultaneous thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG-MS) was used to investigate the pyrolysis behavior and kinetics of corn cob under nitrogen atmosphere. The pyrolysis behavior of corn cob was comparatively studied at different heating rates (5, 10, 20/min), different particle sizes (74, 154, 280, 450 μm) and different carrier gas flow rates (30, 60, 90 mL/min). It was found that the non-isothermal weight loss process of the samples was composed of dehydration, preheating pyrolysis, volatile matter separation and carbonization. The temperature interval of 210-405 was the main floating zone. There were two obvious peaks in corn cob's weight loss rate curves. The release laws of small molecule gas products (CO, CO<inf>2</inf>, CH<inf>4</inf>, O<inf>2</inf>, H<inf>2</inf>and H<inf>2</inf>O) were studied by mass spectrometry analysis. The pyrolysis characteristics index was calculated as well, showing that the higher the heating rate, the quicker the pyrolysis reaction. The maximum pyrolysis rate and the index increased with the rise of heating rate. The peak corresponding to the maximum pyrolysis rate moved to higher temperature. The peak temperature of maximum pyrolysis rate varied along with the change of particle size weakly. But the relationship between the maximum weight loss rate and particle size was not obvious. Within the scope of particle size less than 450 μm, the total pyrolytic weight loss of sample increased with the rise of particle size. The process of pyrolysis was mainly affected by particle internal heat and the mass transfer for the sample of 154-450 μm. Over 500, it showed a strong exothermic reaction. The heat release increased with the rise of particle size. But the pyrolysis was mainly controlled by the rate of intrinsic reaction kinetics for the sample with particle size less than 154 μm. The effect of carrier gas flow rate on the pyrolysis was negligible especially for the pyrolysis reaction rate. The kinetic parameters were calculated by the Coats-Redfern method, indicating that the volatile matter separation stage of corn cob pyrolysis could be described in the single first-order reaction. This research has guiding significance for the optimization of the parameter of thermal chemical conversion process and for improving the yield and quality of fuel products. Moreover, it can also be used to provide reference for designing and developing some efficient biomass energy conversion devices. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Cracking (chemical)
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Atmospheric temperature - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Biomass - Carbon dioxide - Carbonization - Decomposition - Energy conversion - Energy efficiency - Flow of gases - Flow rate - Fuels - Gases - Heating - Heating rate - High temperature operations - Kinetics - Liquids - Mass spectrometry - Mass transfer - Nitrogen - Organic compounds - Particle size - Pyrolysis - Reaction kinetics - Spectrometry - Temperature - Thermogravimetric analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Biodegradable organic matter - Chemical conversion process - Corn cob - Mass spectrometry analysis - Pyrolysis characteristics - Thermal decomposition process - Thermochemical Conversion - Thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 522 Gas Fuels - 523 Liquid Fuels - 524 Solid Fuels - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.5 Energy Conversion Issues - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1.2 Gas Dynamics - 641 Heat and Mass Transfer; Thermodynamics - 643.1 Space Heating - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20151400700158
Title:Estimation method of straw burned area based on multi-source satellite remote sensing
Authors:Chen, Jie (1); Zheng, Wei (1); Gao, Hao (1); Shao, Jiali (1); Liu, Cheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zheng, Wei
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:207-214
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Straw burning often occurs in June every year in Huang-Huai region of China, which results in the wasting of agricultural resources, atmospheric pollution and traffic accident. Straw-burning area is one of important factors for estimating the impact of straw burning. In China, there are many researches for monitoring straw-burning hot spots and estimating burned areas. However, there are two problems in estimating straw-burning area efficiently in Huang-Huai region: one is the mixture of multiple types of underlying surfaces in the pixel coverage with middle or lower resolution, such as FY-3/MERSI, EOS/MODIS with 250 m resolution which may contain cropland, water body, residential land and other types in one pixel; and the other is fast speed of cropland ploughing that may be only one or two days after harvest or straw burning according to the field survey, which causes the difficulty in the estimation by using land resource satellites such as TM, SPOT and HJ/CCD. So, it is difficult to use single type of satellite data for estimating the straw-burning area in Huang-Huai region. To solve this issue of time sensitivity of estimating straw-burning area, a new method was presented in this paper, which used multiple satellites data including FY-3/MERSI and GF-1. FY-3/MERSI has three times of revisiting period per day and lower resolution (250 m), and GF-1 has high resolution (16 m) and long revisiting period (four days). The new method combined the advantages in each type of satellite. FY-3/MERSI data was used to acquire the straw-burning scar region timely, and GF-1 data was used to provide detailed distribution of multiple underlying types, especially the ratio of cropland in a pixel. The estimation was based on spectral analysis of satellite data and mixed pixel separation technology. There were two important parameters provided in this new method. One was cropland ratio, and the other was burned extent. Land cover information of study region including cropland, surface water and residential area was classified based on GF-1 data, using the decision-tree classification method. The accuracy of classification reached 90%. The cropland ratio was calculated by the above land cover classification data. The information derived from GF-1 could improve the accuracy of straw-burning area estimation by providing the accurate ratio of cropland in a pixel. Straw-burning scar region could be extracted utilizing the near infrared band of FY-3/MERSI data which is more sensitive than other MERSI bands to distinguish the straw-burning scar region according to the spectrum analysis. The burned extent of straw could be estimated based on the difference between the near infrared bands before and after the straw burning. During the process of mixed pixel separation, selecting the pure end-member pixels of burned and un-burned cropland was the critical step because the end-member value may be different to different observation images, so dynamically deciding the end-member value based on searching window should be more reasonable. Furthermore, in order to simplify the method of estimating burned extent using two images in different observations, the equation was given to estimate burned extent based on just one image observed after the straw burning, which could avoid the errors resulted from the different atmospheric conditions of two-time images. After getting the two parameters, the straw-burning area could be calculated. Using this method, this paper estimated the straw-burning area in Zhengyang and Pingyu County, Henan Province on June 6, 2014. The result of estimation was validated by GF-1 data, and the accuracy reached more than 94%, which indicated that the method was effective. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Classification (of information)
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Data mining - Decision trees - Estimation - Housing - Image processing - Infrared devices - Natural resources - Pixels - Remote sensing - River pollution - Satellites - Spectrum analysis - Straw - Surface waters - Trees (mathematics)
Uncontrolled terms:Accuracy of classifications - Burned areas - Decision tree classification - FY-3 - GF-1 - Land cover classification - Land cover informations - Satellite remote sensing
Classification code:403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 453 Water Pollution - 501 Exploration and Prospecting - 512 Petroleum and Related Deposits - 655.2 Satellites - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.3 Database Systems - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 921 Mathematics - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20151400700137
Title:Comparison and evaluation of different rice mechanized transplanting methods in double cropping area of South China
Authors:Li, Zehua (1); Ma, Xu (1); Qi, Long (1); Tan, Suiyan (1); Chen, Xueshen (1); Tan, Yongxin (1); Liang, Zhongwei (1); Sun, Guodong (1); Huang, Yiqiang (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (2) College of Mathematic and Information, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (4) Agricultural Research Institute of Zhaoqing, Zhaoqing, China
Corresponding author:Ma, Xu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:40-47
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to find the adaptability and influence mechanism of different mechanized rice transplanting methods in double cropping area of South China, the comparison tests of three kinds of mechanized transplanting methods are arranged in Jiangmen City and Zhaoqing City of Guangdong Province from 2011 to 2014. In this study, the three mechanized transplanting methods are mechanized transplanting with pot-grown flat seedling, mechanized transplanting with flat seedling and mechanized transplanting with narrow row flat seedling. The method of transplanting by hand is used as the control. Transplanting methods, environment and their interactions are analyzed by AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) model, and the stability and adaptability of different rice transplanting methods are evaluated. The results show that: Firstly, according to the results of one way ANOVA of rice yield under different transplanting methods, it is found that there are four times the yield difference is not significant and one time significant at 0.05 level in five comparison tests of conventional rice. In the significant test, the yields of all three kinds of mechanized transplanting methods are higher than the yield of transplanting by hand. This proves that all three kinds of mechanized transplanting methods have good adaptability on conventional rice, and can replace the method of transplanting by hand for large-scale use. Moreover, it is found that there are four times the yield difference is significant at 0.05 level and one time not significant in five comparison tests of hybrid rice. In the significant test, the yields of all three kinds of mechanized transplanting methods are lower than the yield of transplanting by hand. Therefore, mechanized transplanting technology for hybrid rice needs further study. Secondly, the sum of squares of transplanting methods, the sum of squares of environment and the sum of squares of the two's interactions are 6.39%, 8.31% and 85.29% of total sum of squares respectively. All of them have achieved significant difference at 0.05 level from AMMI model analysis. The former two of IPCA (interaction principal component analysis) explain 92.99% of the sum of squares of the interactions. The value of residual root mean square is 49.34 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, and it is 0.71% of population mean. This means that AMMI2 model can well explain the experimental data's structure. The AMMI model is a good method for evaluating the stability and adaptability of different transplanting methods. Thirdly, the method of transplanting by hand is the best way of hybrid rice planting at present, the yield of which is the highest, and there is a big positive environment interaction. But the stability of this method is not good. The stability of mechanized rice transplanting with flat seedling is the best, the yield of which is yet the lowest. The stability of mechanized rice transplanting with pot-grown flat seedling is less than mechanized rice transplanting with flat seedling, but the yield of the former is higher, which is improved by about 2%-6% compared with mechanized rice transplanting with flat seedling. The stability of mechanized rice transplanting with narrow row flat seedling is less than mechanized rice transplanting with pot-grown flat seedling, but the yields of them are almost equal. The yield of mechanized rice transplanting with narrow row flat seedling is often higher than mechanized rice transplanting with pot-grown flat seedling in late hybrid rice. Research conclusions have important reference value for promoting the development of planting mechanization in the rice cropping areas of South China. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Convergence of numerical methods - Mechanization - Stability - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptability - AMMI model - Guangdong Province - Influence mechanism - Rice - Root Mean Square - Transplanting method - Yield differences
Classification code:423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 601 Mechanical Design - 801 Chemistry - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20151400700146
Title:Humidity resistance test system for spray droplet density and size based on NO<inf>2</inf><sup>-</sup>color reaction
Authors:Zheng, Qiqi (1); Wu, Jian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Jian
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:107-112
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Agriculture sprayer is widely used in plant protecting. There are many factors affecting the effective utilization of pesticide, such as canopy structure, meteorological condition, machine performance. The quality of spray will also affect the effective utilization of pesticide to some extent. Spray droplet density and spray droplet size are two important parameters which will affect the quality of spray. There are many methods of detecting spray droplet density and spray droplet size, and water sensitive paper is the most frequently-used one for its simpleness, convenience and sensitiveness. However, water sensitive paper has its own disadvantage that it can't be used in wet environment. Hence, a detection system is invented to test spray droplet density and spray droplet size in both dry and wet environments. The detection system consists of the test card and tracer liquid. The test card is composed of starch, calcium sulfate, sulfanilamide, tartaric acid, N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride and deionized water. These materials become a film on the quantitative filter paper. The surface of test card is white and smooth when it is unused. Tracer liquid contains NO<inf>2</inf><sup>-</sup>, which can react with test cards. When tracer liquid is used to spray the test card, aubergine spots will be generated on it. The information of spray droplet will be recorded on the test card. A series of solutions with different NaNO<inf>2</inf>concentrations (0, 7.8, 15.6, 31.3, 62.5, 125, 250 mg/L) are prepared to choose a better concentration. The higher the concentration is, the deeper spots' color shows. The China national standard of food additives (GB2760-2011) indicates that the largest amount of NaNO<inf>2</inf>is 150 mg/kg. Considering the food safety and detection sensitivity, the concentration should be close to 150 mg/L but not exceed this value. In the research, 125 mg/L mass concentration of NaNO<inf>2</inf>is chosen. Before detecting the spray droplet size, a D<inf>2</inf>-D<inf>1</inf>curve should be drawn, and D<inf>2</inf>is the actual diameter of droplet and D<inf>1</inf>is the diameter of spot. The microsyringe is used to control the volume; the sphere formula is used to calculate the actual diameter, and the diameter of spot is measured using the micrometer. The droplet volumes range from 0.1 to 2.5 μL. The same volume should be added 3 times on one test card to get average value. The correlation coefficient is 0.995, while the relative standard deviation is from 0.95% to 5.37% which shows a good homogeneity of the test card. Then the same method is used to evaluate the repeatability among different test cards. The regression equation of 3 pieces of random test cards has a determination coefficient of 0.992. The relative standard deviation is from 1.63% to 12.66% which also shows a good repeatability among different test cards. Three pieces of test cards from another batch are chosen randomly, which are added with tracer liquids of 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 μL. Measure the diameter of spots and meanwhile plug the average value into regression equation to get calculated diameter. They are uniform when actual diameter and calculated one are compared. It indicates that the regression equation has a good universality to calculate the spray droplet size in the test system. The detection method of spray droplet density is as same as water sensitive paper. The veracity of detecting spray droplet density of water sensitive paper is compared with the test system made in this research in 3 different pressures (0.03, 0.08, 0.13 MPa). It shows a good uniformity of water sensitive paper and the test system. The humidity resistance of the test card is compared with commercial water sensitive paper in the environment with 100% relative humidity for 3 hours. The result shows that commercial water sensitive paper' color turns into blue, while the test card doesn't change. It indicates that the detection system in this paper has superior performance in both dry and wet environments. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Testing
Controlled terms:Color - Deionized water - Density (specific gravity) - Drops - Liquids - Nitrogen oxides - Pesticides - Regression analysis - Spraying - Statistics
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Determination coefficients - Droplet density - Droplet sizes - Meteorological condition - Relative standard deviations - Tracer liquid - Water sensitive paper
Classification code:423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 741.1 Light/Optics - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 813.1 Coating Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20151400700164
Title:Biofiltration of cyclo-bio fluidized sand bed in recirculating aquaculture system
Authors:Liu, Yao (1); Song, Xiefa (1); Lei, Jilin (2); Peng, Lei (1); Huang, Zhitao (1); Liu, Baoliang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; (2) Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
Corresponding author:Song, Xiefa
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:249-254
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A lab-scale cyclobio fluidized sand biofilter was designed to study biofiltration in recirculating aquaculture systems. First, the biofiltration start was studied separately in fresh water and seawater recirculating aquaculture systems. Second, the influence of different operation conditions on water treatment were studied by natural membrane-forming, including three bed expansions (50%, 75% and 100%) and four carbon nitrogen ratios (0, 0.5, 1 and 2). A synthetic substrate solution was continuously fed into the tanks after measuring of water quality every time. The results showed that the total ammonia-nitrogen concentration was decreased, fluctuating lightly in later period. The nitrite-nitrogen concentration was in a shape of clock, increasing quickly first and keeping the maximum for days then decreasing quickly, fluctuating lightly in later period. Not only ammonia-nitrogen and nitrite-nitrogen concentrations, but also the stability of water quality should be as the criteria of completion judgement of biofiltration start. In these conditions, biofiltration start of cyclobio fluidized biofilter were 47 days in fresh water system and 60 days in seawater system. Besides, we found that the cyclobio fluidized biofilter had little help in removing phosphorous, maybe because dissolved oxygen was always more than 6 mg/L in system. The nitrate-nitrogen concentration was increased on the whole. However, high nitrite-nitrogen concentration may harm fish health. To avoid that, there were two control methods: exchanging some new water to system every day, or adding denitrification equipment to recirculating aquaculture systems. Meanwhile, the results of operation conditions showed that the maximum load of system was separately 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 mg/L with different bed expansions 50%, 75% and 100%. And the removal efficiency of total ammonia-nitrogen increased and the nitrite-nitrogen concentration decreased with the enhancement of bed expansion. The efficiency of ammonia-nitrogen was the highest and the load of system was the largest under 100% bed expansion in this study, while the volumetric total ammonia nitrogen conversion rate was 881 g/(m<sup>3</sup>·d). Besides, inhibition of organic on nitrification was observed. The ammonia-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen and COD concentrations were increased with the enhancement of ratios of carbon and nitrogen. Especially, water quality went bad obviously when ratios of carbon and nitrogen was more than 2.0. The ammonia-nitrogen and nitrite-nitrogen even reached to lethal or medial lethal concentrations of some fishes. The possibility was that heterotrophic microorganisms breed quickly with the enhancement of ratios of carbon and nitrogen and autotrophic nitrifying bacteria was embedding and died absenting of oxygen. This research can provide a reference for starting, operation and management of cyclobio fluidized biofilters in production. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Nitrogen removal
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Aquaculture - Bacteria - Biochemical oxygen demand - Biofilters - Biofiltration - Carbon - Dissolved oxygen - Fish - Fluidization - Fluidized beds - Nitrification - Nitrogen - Oxygen - Seawater - Stability criteria - Starting - Water - Water quality - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Bed expansion - C/N - Carbon-nitrogen ratio - Lethal concentration - Operation and management - Recirculating aquaculture system - Sand-beds - Total ammonia nitrogens
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 445 Water Treatment - 453 Water Pollution - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 461.9 Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 612 Engines - 617 Turbines and Steam Turbines - 802 Chemical Apparatus and Plants; Unit Operations; Unit Processes - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 822 Food Technology - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20151400700169
Title:High solid concentration feedstock improving performance of continuous anaerobic digestion of food waste
Authors:Wang, Ming (1); Li, Wenzhe (1); Yin, Lili (1); Li, Pengfei (1); Zhu, Qiaoyin (1); Li, He (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Engineering College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Li, Wenzhe
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:283-287
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The effect of feedstock solids concentration on the performance of mesophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste (FW) was investigated in this assay using single wet continuous experiments. FW was made into two kinds of feedstocks, one has a high solids concentration of 19.0% and the other has a low solids concentration of 9.5%. The effects of the two different solids concentrations of feedstocks on the mesophilic anaerobic digestion of FW for biogas production were compared. A total of six digesters were designed in present assay, and were equally divided into two groups. One group was fed with high solids concentration of feedstock, and the other group was fed with low solids concentration of feedstock. The three digesters of each group were operated under three different organic loading rates (OLR) of 1.78, 2.54, and 3.56 g/(L·d), respectively. The test lasted for 50 days. The biogas volume, methane content and the pH value of effluent were monitored each two days, and the total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), ammonia concentration of the effluent were monitored each week. The results showed that the digesters fed with high solids content feedstock could obtain a higher methane production rate (mL/g-VS) than those fed with low solids content feedstock in the same OLR, the pH of all the high solids feedstock trials had been maintained above 7.20, and the trials of low solids feedstock had been maintained above 7.15 only observed in the former two lower OLRs, the pH of the third digester operate under OLR of 3.56 g/(L·d) decreased to below 6.5 at 10th day leading to biogas production failure. The ammonia concentrations of all digesters had been maintained bellowed the initial inhibition concentration of 2700 mg/L and the toxic concentration of 3000 mg/L reported by previous literatures. In addition, the interior TS concentration of each digester fed with high solids content feedstock was lower than 10% which agreed with the request of wet anaerobic digestion. All the findings of this assay suggested that the digesters applied high solids contend feedstock could obtain a better performance of biogas production than the group adopted low solids contend feedstock. There are three conclusions could be summarized as follows: 1) Under the same OLR, the high solids group could obtain higher methane production rate and volumetric biogas production rate than the low solids group; 2) Under the same OLR, the TS concentrations in the interior of the high solids group were obviously higher than the other group, which was helpful to maintain a higher cell content in the digester; 3) Under the same OLR, the process of anaerobic digestion using high solids feedstock not only can save the dilution water used to decrease the solids concentration of raw materials but also can reduce the discharge of biogas effluent, which could decrease the comprehensive cost of biogas production. This study provided technical reference for the design of actual biogas engineering on the aspect of how to dilute the raw FW and furthest save the dilution water. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:13
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Biogas - Effluents - Feedstocks - Fermentation - Kitchens - Methane - Pulp digesters - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:Ammonia concentrations - Biogas production rates - High solid concentration - Improving performance - Inhibition concentrations - Mesophilic anaerobic digestion - Solid concentrations - Solids concentrations
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 522 Gas Fuels - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20151400700170
Title:Technique for filling reclamation of mining subsidence land with Yellow River sediment
Authors:Hu, Zhenqi (1); Wang, Peijun (1); Shao, Fang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Zhenqi
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:288-295
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Mining subsidence is one of the most prominent environmental problems in the plain area with high groundwater level in Eastern China. The recovery percentage of cultivated land with non-filling reclamation techniques, such as "Digging deep to fill shallow", "Directly reconditioning" and "Drainage" is too low, while filling reclamation technique is an effective way to solve the problem. However, the filling reclamation material, such as coal gangue and fly ash, has disadvantages of limited amount and potential contamination. Other filling material such as lake mud can only be used in mining areas close to the lake, and the thick mud layer of the reclaimed land needs about 3 years to drain away the water, which is a very long time for land reclamation. Thus new land reclamation techniques need to be explored. In this study, a new technique of filling reclamation of mining subsidence land with Yellow River sediment was implemented in an experimental site in the north of Jining City, and the technique process, reclaimed landscape and soil profiles, soil physical and chemical properties, and reclaimed farmland productivity were introduced. The results indicated that 100 percent of land could be reclaimed with the new technique, in which more than 95 percent could be reclaimed to cultivated land. The reclaimed farmland had comparable landscape with that of the control farmland, proving that the new technique was feasible. However, there were some deficiencies of the capacity to retain water and fertility for the reclaimed soil profiles. The water contents of the surface soil layer (0-20 cm), subsoil layer (>20-50 cm) and substratum (>50-80 cm) of the reclaimed farmland were 9.16%, 5.06% and 3.67%, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of the control farmland. The pH values of the reclaimed farmland ranged from 7.5 to 8.11, which basically met the requirements of the crops in research region. The contents of total nitrogen, available potassium and organic matter of the surface soil layer (0-20 cm), subsoil layer (>20-50 cm) and substratum (>50-80 cm) and the content of available phosphorus of the surface soil layer (0-20 cm) of the reclaimed farmland were lower than those of the control farmland. As for the reclaimed farmland, the total nitrogen contents ranged from 0.07 to 0.53 g/kg, which were in low or very low levels according to the standard classification of the Second Soil Survey of China. The available phosphorus contents ranged from 4.46 to 7.73 mg/kg and were in low or medium levels. The available potassium contents ranged from 37.00 to 109.33 mg/kg and were in low, medium or high levels. The organic matter contents ranged from 2.66 to 11.12 g/kg, which were in very low, low or medium levels. The relatively low water and nutrient contents of the reclaimed farmland would restrict the crop growth. The field investigation showed that the reclaimed farmland had bad germination and growth of wheat seed, the plant number per square meter, grain number per plant, plant height per plant, root length per plant, dry weight per plant and thousand kernel weight were significantly lower than those of the control farmland, and the estimated wheat yield of the reclaimed farmland was only one half of that of the control farmland, indicating that the filling reclamation process needed to be innovated and the reclaimed soil needed to be improved. On the basis of the analysis of technical feasibility, the following studies should be conducted in the future, such as the innovation of the reclaimed soil profile reconstruction, innovation of filling reclamation process with fast drainage, design or innovation of highly efficient dredging equipments and optimal technical parameters of sediment transportation by pipeline in long distance. When the new technique of filling reclamation of mining subsidence land with Yellow River sediment in long distance is successfully developed, it can be popularized and applied in many coal mining areas close to Yellow River in Henan and Shandong Provinces in the future. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Reclamation
Controlled terms:Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Chemical properties - Coal reclamation - Crops - Cutting machines (mining) - Farms - Filling - Fly ash - Grain growth - Groundwater - Lakes - Land reclamation - Land use - Mines - Nitrogen - Organic compounds - Phosphorus - Plants (botany) - Potassium - Productivity - Rivers - Sediments - Soil surveys - Soils - Subsidence
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental problems - Mining subsidence - Organic matter content - Physical and chemical properties - Sediment transportation - Soil physical and chemical properties - Total nitrogen content - Yellow river
Classification code:407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 407.2 Waterways - 423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 444.1 Surface Water - 444.2 Groundwater - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 502.1 Mine and Quarry Operations - 504 Mines and Mining, Metal - 524 Solid Fuels - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 933.1.2 Crystal Growth
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20151400700142
Title:Distribution of canopy wind field produced by rotor unmanned aerial vehicle pollination operation
Authors:Li, Jiyu (1); Zhou, Zhiyan (1); Lan, Yubin (1); Hu, Lian (1); Zang, Ying (1); Liu, Aimin (2); Luo, Xiwen (1); Zhang, Tiemin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology for South Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (2) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Zhiyan
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:77-86
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the efficiency of hybrid rice planting mechanization and expanding the row width ratio of the parents planting, rotary-wing UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) is used to the supplementary pollination work. Rotor wind is driven by UAV rotor rotating, which propels the air flow in crop canopy and forms wind field. Cover width of wind field, wind speed in 3 directions and distribution of wind field will directly affect the agricultural UAV's field effect. In this paper, based on the UAV flight parameters, wind speed acquisition system was used to collect pollination's wind speed of 18-rotor UAV; for wind data, the significance of the row and column data of matrix data (100×60) was fully discussed, and the characteristics of row and column data were summarized and it was processed with the field test. The temporal change law of the wind speed data in three directions has the characteristics of consistency, and the average value of X direction is greater than Y and Z direction before the maximum moment; the difference of the wind speed value sequence curve between X and Y is less than the differences between X and Z or Y and Z. The space distribution of wind speed values in 3 directions suggests that the maximum average value of collected wind speed occurs in the intersection of UAV flight path and a sensor array (9#-11#); considering the error of measurement value, the farther the distance between the sample point and flight path, the more the attenuation of corresponding wind speed value of sampling points. Summarizing two-dimensional wind field data, it is found that the result of the wind field widths in 3 directions is Y>X>Z. On this basis, the method of Gaussian curve fitting is used to calculate the row data and column data; by comparing the statistical parameters, column data is fitted to establish the five-order exponent function model of the relationship between wind speed data and time, and row data is fitted to establish the six-order exponent function model of the relationship between wind speed data and sample point. The method of matrix transformation is used to eventually establish the ideal 2-dimensional wind field model in UAV rotor X direction in rice canopy based on row and column data models. And by the model diagram, it is found that "steep" effect exists in the distribution shape of wind field in X direction, which means the maximum wind speed is below the rotor drones, the increasing rate of the wind speed in forward direction is significantly higher than the reducing rate of backward direction, and the wind field "steep" presents bilateral symmetry along the UAV flight direction. "Steep" effect and the model parameters are used to clarify the shape of the distribution of UAV rotorcraft wind field in rice canopy plane. Then we can study how to use independent air source or auxiliary device to change the existing wind field distribution shape to improve pollination effect. The new method provides the theoretical foundation for the UAV pollination work. It must be noted that the model is only a single sample from a single-direction data, and only the ideal basic model of wind field distribution of UAV rotorcraft in the canopy, and the further researches are needed for one-direction model of the UAV rotorcraft wind field. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Controlled terms:Aircraft - Airships - Antenna arrays - Curve fitting - Experiments - Linear transformations - Machinery - Matrix algebra - Metadata - Models - Rotors - Speed - Unmanned vehicles - Vehicles - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Data fittings - Gaussian curve fitting - Matrix transformation - Rice canopy - Statistical parameters - Theoretical foundations - UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) - Wind field modeling
Classification code:432 Highway Transportation - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 472 Ocean Engineering - 601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 652 Aircraft and Avionics - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 901.3 Engineering Research - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20151400700163
Title:Influence and parameter optimization simulation experiment on sewage treatment based on multi-level drop aeration ditch and ecological pond
Authors:Hu, Jiangjun (1); Li, Haicai (1); Shao, Qingjun (1); Zhang, Qian (1); Shao, Qinglin (2); Huo, Ziping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; (2) Henan Dengzhou Datang Dengzhou Thermoelectric Biomass Energy Limited Liability Company, Dengzhou, China
Corresponding author:Li, Haicai
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:242-248
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:According to the characteristics of sewage dispersion with small flow and high concentration, fluctuation and rainfall impact, the process combining multi-level drop aeration-type ditch and ecological pond was designed to dispose the distributed wastewater of the rural areas in China. The combination process contains five parts: water inlet tank, constant flow pump, multi-level drop aeration-type ditch, ecological pond and water storage tank. Among them, multi-level drop aeration-type ditch includes five sections: advection I, drop I, advection II, drop II and advection III. Each section consists of water inlet area (A), sewage disposal area with gravel and vermiculite laid at the bottom (B) and water outlet area (C). Ditch based on drop aeration is conducive to the growth and metabolism of biofilm in vermiculite. Most of the pollutants can be removed into easily biodegradable organism or small molecular substances, achieving the purpose of purifying water quality. The 50 mm soil rich in microorganisms was laid in the bottom of the ecological pond, and the biozone, which was 50 mm wide and 400 mm long, was fixed on the surface of the pond with the iron shelf for 4 lines and each line has 5 colomns. And they were immersed in the sewage water. One hand, the treatment effect of ecological pond could strengthen the ditch system, and solve the problem of poor treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus; on the other hand, it would take in nitrogen and phosphorus of surface runoff in rainy days, increase the residential time of the rain and strengthen the treatment effect. Meanwhile, the hanging biozone would improve the ecological pond load and purify pollutants efficiently. At last, the hydraulic load, operation mode, water fluctuation, rainfall impact factors and parameters were studied. The results showed that: 1) The average removal rate of pollutant decreased when the hydraulic loading was increasing from 35 to 55 cm/d. The removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) of the combined process were 62.18%-98.84%, 69.49%-92.46%, 63.37%-88.29% and 63.93%-91.58%, respectively. 2) The treatment effect of intermittent operation was better than the continuous operation. When the combination process was operated intermittently, the average removal rate of COD and NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N was 95.02% and 77.04%, respectively, which was better than constantly running. The average removal rate of TN was 49.10% with a slight decrease, and the average removal rate of TP was 82.61% which remained unchanged. 3) The removal rate of pollutants varied with water fluctuation. The maximum removal rate of COD and NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N was decreased nearly by 20%, and TN was the largest, about 25%, while TP was the least, about 15%. 4) When rainfall was in large-scale, the removal rate of each pollutant in the combined process was declined from 53.95%, 52.44%, 49.92% and 71.64% to 40.94%, 43.75%, 34.93% and 53.84%, respectively. 5) Adopting intercepting measure and controlling first flush pollution was the key of controlling pollution in the combined process. The relationship between removal rate and interception ratio was linear. Taking the interception ratio of 5 in torrential rain, the water quality still reached Class I according to the standard of Discharge Standards of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (GB 18918-2002). It is of great significance to remove rural wastewater during the rainfall. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Sewage aeration
Controlled terms:Advection - Chemical oxygen demand - Drops - Ecology - Inlet flow - Lakes - Loading - Nitrogen - Nitrogen removal - Optimization - Phosphorus - Pollution - Rain - Rural areas - Sewage treatment - Tanks (containers) - Wastewater disposal - Wastewater treatment - Water pollution - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Continuous operation - Ecological ponds - Influence factors - Intermittent operation - Multilevels - Municipal wastewater treatment plants - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Parameter optimization
Classification code:407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 443 Meteorology - 452.2 Sewage Treatment - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 453 Water Pollution - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 619.2 Tanks - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 672 Naval Vessels - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20151400700147
Title:Design and experiment of small lifting platform in orchard
Authors:Liu, Dawei (1); Xie, Fangping (1); Li, Xu (1); Wang, Xiaolong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; (2) Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Agricultural Equipment, Changsha, China
Corresponding author:Xie, Fangping
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:113-121
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Lifting platform in orchard is of great importance to the fruit production, because it plays a vital role in the operation links: picking, flower thinning, etc. However, current mechanical devices are not suitable for orchard in the southern hillside area due to the complex terrain. It means low efficiency and the need for more farmers. Mechanization is the only way to change the present situation. Therefore, based on studying and analyzing the collected data of orchard in south China, a miniature self-propelled lifting platform was developed to increase the operation efficiency in orchard in the southern area. The lifting platform was mainly composed of the crawler, scissors elevating mechanism and a multi-function manned worktable. In particular, the manned worktable was designed to realize the real-time leveling through the means of azimuth adjustment, lifting and angle adjustment which were separately driven by revolving support and hydraulic cylinders. In order to maintain stability of the worktable and increase worker's comfort, the secondary leveling was crucial. In order to make the platform has the advantages of small external size, compact structure and easy to assemble, the dimensions of the mechanism and main technical parameters of key parts were optimized based on preliminary experiments. The prototype was made in a machine processing factory and driven directly by a 4.41 kW diesel engine. With the aim to evaluate the performance of the platform, tests of the prototype including climbing angle test, turning radius test, leveling performance test, and stable performance test were carried out in the simulated work environment. The experimental results indicated that the running speed of the prototype was 0.12-0.25 m/s, and the maximum lifting height was 1.2 m, and the turning radius was 0.75-1.34 m, which meet the design requirements and are suitable for the varied working environments. In addition, the simulation results revealed that the static tipping angle of the prototype was between 15°-30° when the platform was equipped with different loads and in various lifting height. Moreover, the mechanism can adjust the inclination angle of the manned worktable through the secondary leveling, which demonstrated that this mechanical platform can be used to work in difficult terrain. But because the distribution of weight is uneven and the chassis touches the ground in a small area, the stability of the whole machine is decreased. All the experiments concluded that the lifting platform met the needs of fruit production and fruit transportation. Meanwhile, with smaller outline size, it is easy to operate and suitable for orchard planting pattern and use requirements in the South. The study provides guidance for the practical production. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Leveling (machinery)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Diesel engines - Experiments - Farms - Fruits - Hydraulic machinery - Orchards - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Crawler - Lifting platform - Main technical parameters - Manned worktable - Operation efficiencies - Practical production - Simulated work environments - Working environment
Classification code:423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 603.1 Machine Tools, General - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20151400700149
Title:Dynamic characteristic based on modal superposition method and structure optimization of crankshaft
Authors:Zhou, Wei (1); Liao, Ridong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Liao, Ridong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:129-136
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the key component of most power machines, crankshaft is under heavy cycle impact load and torque in working process, and its working performance and reliability directly affect the work efficiency and work safety. The dynamic characteristics are the important indicators of working stability and reliability of crankshaft. In order to get better performance of the crankshaft, when doing the structure optimization design of crankshaft, it is necessary to take into account the dynamic characteristics together with the static characteristics as the optimization objectives. In order to achieve this goal, in this pater, dynamic characteristics of crankshaft were analyzed at first. Based on multi-body dynamics theory, a rigid-flexible coupling multi-body dynamic model of a V12 crankshaft was built on ADAMS software platform. Using the given data by manufacturer, the boundary conditions in the working process of the crankshaft were calculated, which were correctly applied on the rigid-flexible coupling multi-body dynamic model. The angular vibration of crankshaft was obtained by calculation, which can measure the dynamic characteristics of crankshaft. The static characteristics of crankshaft were measured by maximum stress value. To calculate the stress, the method of applying load boundary conditions on corresponding journal of crankshaft was in this way: along the axial line, the loads were uniformly distributed; along the circumferential direction, the loads were distributed on 120 degrees range, and could be expressed in cosine way. Based on the modal contribution factor theory to analyze the dynamic characteristics of crankshaft, it could get a conclusion that the first modal contribution to the crankshaft dynamic response was much greater than the other order. Compared with the calculation results contained the top fifteen modes, the results of just calculating the top five modes appeared acceptable, the error of the maximum stress value and angular vibration was 0.9 percent and 0.16 percent, respectively. Therefore, when using the orthogonal experimental method to collect the samples which needed for the artificial neural network modeling, only the top five modes were calculated, and in this way, the calculation scale was reduced while the calculation accuracy was guaranteed. Through training the sample, using gradient descent learning algorithm, a BP neural network model of two-input and two-output was established, which is with a single hidden layer contained six nodes. The linear regression between the control parameters and maximum stress value, and angular vibration was processed. The multiple correlation coefficient of output response was both larger than 0.95. The results showed that the network had good generalization ability and forecast performance. Using the neural network mathematical model as the constraints and objective function of performance optimization, the calibration was optimized by genetic algorithm. The optimized angular vibration and maximum stress value of crankshaft was reduced 2.63 percent and 3.98 percent, respectively, while the mass was also reduced 0.56 percent, which catered to the modern design requirements of crankshaft lightweight design. It turned out that the method based on BP neural network and genetic algorithm can satisfy the structure parameters optimization, which combined the dynamic characteristics and static characteristics, and is feasible and efficient. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Crankshafts
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Boundary conditions - Design - Dynamic models - Dynamic response - Flexible couplings - Functions - Genetic algorithms - Mechanics - Modal analysis - Neural networks - Optimization - Shape optimization - Structural optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial neural network modeling - Circumferential direction - Gradient descent learning algorithm - Modal superposition method - Mode contribute factors - Multi-body dynamic modeling - Multiple correlation coefficients - Structure optimization
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 601.2 Machine Components - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20151400700166
Title:Effects of plastic sheet covering on greenhouse gas emission from beef cattle manure during storage
Authors:Sun, Kaijia (1); Qi, Xin (1); Fu, Tong (1); Li, Gaiying (1); Lian, Hongxia (1); Gao, Tengyun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
Corresponding author:Gao, Tengyun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:262-267
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to assess the effects of plastic sheet covering on CH<inf>4</inf>, N<inf>2</inf>O and CO<inf>2</inf>emissions during short-term storage of beef cattle manure, the greenhouse gas emission rate was investigated in autumn (September 7, 2013-October 6, 2013, average air temperature was 22.87) by the static chamber-gas chromatography (GC) method. Meanwhile, ambient air temperatures and manure temperatures (10 cm below the surface) were measured every 5 minutes using automatic temperature recorder. On the first day, manure samples were collected from the Simmental beef cattle (18-19 months old, average weight of 500 kg), mixed, homogenized and divided into 6 replicate piles (the length, width and height of every pile were 100, 100 and 20 cm, respectively). Every pile had 2 sampling sites. The following two different treatments were included in this experiment: natural storage group (control group) and plastic sheet cover storage group (covering group), and every group included 3 replicate piles and a total of 6 sampling sites. The plastic sheet was translucent polyethylene. The gas was sampled between 09:00 and 10:00 a.m. and analyzed for CH<inf>4</inf>, N<inf>2</inf>O and CO<inf>2</inf>on the same day by using GC. The process of sampling included following steps: during each measurement, using glass syringe of 50 mL, gas samples were sampled from each treatment after 0, 10, 20 and 30 minutes when the lid was closed, passed through the connected switch valve and then were transferred into 0.1 L aluminum foil bags for storage. After each measurement, lids would be removed to make the manure be exposed to natural condition. The result showed that the density and free water content of the manure of covering group were significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.01). But the dry matter content, ash content and total nitrogen content were significantly lower than that of control group (P<0.01). In addition, plastic sheet covering storage could reduce the N<inf>2</inf>O and CO<inf>2</inf>emissions by 94.85% (P<0.01) and 88.85% (P<0.01), respectively. But the effects of plastic sheet covering on CH4 emissions were not consistent in different stages. The daily average CH<inf>4</inf>emission rate of covering group was reduced by 43.37% (P<0.01) compared with that of control group in the early stage of storage (within 9 days). In the later stage of storage, the daily average CH4 emission rate of covering group was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.01). Considering the synthesis of CH<inf>4</inf>, N<inf>2</inf>O and CO<inf>2</inf>emission rates (CO<inf>2</inf>equivalents), the daily average CO<inf>2</inf>equivalent of covering group was lower than that of control group within the first 9 days (P<0.01), but the daily average CO<inf>2</inf>equivalent of covering group was higher than that of control group at the whole storage period (P<0.05). It is concluded that covering plastic sheet should be used to reduce N<inf>2</inf>O and CO<inf>2</inf>emissions during the first 30 days and CH<inf>4</inf>emission at the earlier stage of fresh manure storage, i.e. within the first 9 days when the air temperature is from 17.23 to 30.35. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Carbon dioxide
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Beef - Energy storage - Fertilizers - Gas chromatography - Gas emissions - Gases - Greenhouse gases - Manures - Meats - Particulate emissions - Piles - Plastic sheets
Uncontrolled terms:Ambient air temperature - Average air temperature - Beef cattle - Beef cattle manures - Different treatments - Greenhouse gases (GHG) - Natural conditions - Total nitrogen content
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 801 Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 817.1 Polymer Products - 822.3 Food Products - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20151400700159
Title:Methods and experiments of obtaining corn population based on machine vision
Authors:Jia, Honglei (1); Wang, Gang (1); Guo, Mingzhuo (1); Shah, Dylan (3); Jiang, Xinming (1); Zhao, Jiale (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (3) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames; IA, United States
Corresponding author:Jia, Honglei
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:215-220
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is very important to count corn population for optimizing plant density of each corn variety, and corn population is also a very important parameter for calculating average yield of each corn plant. Generally speaking, there are three methods to count corn population, which are based on mechanism, photoelectric technology and machine vision separately. In order to decrease the labor intensity and improve the accuracy, image identifying technology is used in this paper to obtain corn population. As corn seedling and weeds have some similarities, and not every corn seedling can grow up to a ripe corn, counting ripe corn's population is more significant than counting corn seedling's population. But it is not easy to enter the ripe-corn field for machinery, additionally, corn leaves will overlap and be blown by even slight wind, which will disturb image obtaining. There are also some solutions for the problems mentioned above, for example, corn fields will have a big difference after being operated by high-stubble corn harvesters. A section (300 to 500 mm) of corn stalks will be retained in the field after being harvested by high-stubble corn harvester, and there will be a distinct comparison between the stubble cross-section' color and other sceneries in the image. Processing images obtained from these fields will decrease the difficulties and improve the accuracy. So image acquisition equipment is mounted on the high-stubble corn harvester. Actually, the visual document obtained from the field is video document at first, and then the video document is decompressed into image. Subsequently, the RGB (red, green, blue) images are converted to gray images for mosaicking. The gray images are converted to binary images in the image segmentation and border extraction section next to image mosaicking section. Although the cross-section of stubble is not a perfect circle, its edge has an obvious feature compared to other objects in the image. At last, a function is used to extract the edge of stubble cross-section, and then the centroid of cross-section is marked. So corn population can be obtained by counting the marks. Experiments were done to test the method and the design in this paper was in autumn of 2013. Experiment results have expressed that there is no significant difference (P<0.05) between artificial seeding and mechanical seeding; and there is also no significant difference (P<0.05) between automated counting and manual counting. The automated count's mean error is only 6.7%, and this error will not accumulate along with the increasing number of corn plant. The results of artificial count and automated count are linear correlation. The results of linear regression analysis show that the values of R<sup>2</sup>of four experiments are 0.95, 0.90, 0.91 and 0.91, respectively, the slopes of four regression lines are 0.93, 0.91, 1.08 and 0.95 separately, and the intercept of four regression lines are 0.98, 0.97, -0.12 and 0.97 respectively. The design in this paper can reduce the difficulty in identifying corn stalks in images, and improve the image-identifying accuracy at the same time, and hence can better serve the real problems in counting corn population. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Automation - Computer vision - Harvesters - Image acquisition - Image segmentation - Machinery - Plants (botany) - Regression analysis - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Acquisition equipments - Artificial seeding - Automated counting - Corn harvesters - Corn population - High stubbles - Image identifying - Linear correlation
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 601 Mechanical Design - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 731.6 Robot Applications - 732 Control Devices - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20151400700145
Title:Optimization and experiment on pollination tube of collision and air-blowing hybrid rice pollination machine
Authors:Wang, Yongwei (1); Tang, Chen (1); Wang, Jun (1); Hu, Jinbing (1); Ren, Qifeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; (2) Taizhou Huike Agricultural Machinery Technology Development Corporation Limited, Taizhou, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Jun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:101-106
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pollination is the key process in the hybrid rice seed production. To realizing mechanical pollination of hybrid rice, this paper designed and trial-manufactured a hybrid rice pollination machine combined collision and air-blowing method. Flow field distribution of two types of the pollination tube on the machine, including air-blow nozzle type and air-blow hole type were simulated using CFD technology. And the flow velocity out of each nozzle or hole on pollination tube was measured, and the pollination experiments in the paddy field using pollination machine prototype were carried out. In the experiment, the pollen distribution produced by mechanical pollination and manual pollination was measured adopting gravity slide method, and the flow field model of the pollen distribution was established using Gambit software and Fluent software. The k-Ε standard turbulence model was adopted during the simulation of solving the control equations. The inlet boundary condition was set as velocity inlet, and the outlet boundary condition was set as pressure outlet, and the others were set as tube wall. The results of numerical simulation showed that under the same condition of the inlet velocity, the airflow outside of the pollination tube with air-blow hole type is slant, and there are some dead zones where air could not reach outside of the pollination tube. The airflow direction outside the pollination tube with air-blow nozzle type is almost the same, which can provide uniform and stable airflow field for pollination. So the pollination tube with air-blow nozzle type is the ideal structure for hybrid rice pollination machine. In order to verify the simulation results, a trial-produced pollination machine and two types of pollination tubes with air nozzles were built for experiments. The velocities out of the blower on the machine were measured by an anemograph under different engine gears. These velocities were also the inlet velocities of pollination tube and they were 5.40 m/s, 10.00 m/s and 13.50 m/s respectively. Then the velocity out of each air nozzle on pollination tube was measured by the same anemograph under the above three inlet velocities. The results showed that the variation trends of air velocity both by measured and simulated are the same. The average errors between simulation value and measured value are 2.14%, 2.40% and 3.43% respectively, and the uniformity variation coefficient of air flow distributing along the pollination tube is 14.76%, 15.93%, 16.31% respectively in simulation. The pollination experiments in paddy field were conducted by the trial-manufactured pollination machine when the outlet velocity was 7.30 m/s. The pollen was collected by glass slide coated with Vaseline and the acquisition points were set on the four lines of female parent against the male parent. The same experiment method was used to collect pollen during manual pollinating. The results of field pollination experiments showed that the pollen amount on each line and pollen distribution uniformity among lines in mechanization pollination are better than that of manual pollination when the outlet velocity of air-blow nozzle is 7.30 m/s. The pollination efficiency of the mechanical pollination is higher than that of manual pollination, which provides practical machine model for mechanization pollination of hybrid rice. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Air
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Boundary conditions - Computational fluid dynamics - Computer simulation - Experiments - Flow fields - Flow velocity - Mechanization - Nozzles - Numerical models - Optimization - Rocket nozzles - Tubes (components) - Turbulence models - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Experiment methods - Flow field distribution - Hybrid rice - Mechanical pollinations - Outlet boundary condition - Pollen distribution - Pollination - Variation coefficient
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 723.5 Computer Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20151400700148
Title:Bionic design of configuration of rigid wheel moving on sand and numerical analysis on its traction performance
Authors:Zhang, Rui (1); Luo, Gang (1); Xue, Shuliang (1); Yang, Mingming (1); Liu, Fang (3); Zhang, Sihua (4); Pan, Runduo (2); Li, Jianqiao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (2) Department of Radiology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (3) Qingdao Syndrome and Industrial Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China; (4) Twenty-Eighth Research Institute of Chinese Electronics Technology Group, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Pan, Runduo
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:122-128
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is very important to enhance the wheel traction performance for improving the traveling ability of the vehicle in the loose sand circumstance. The toenail, which is the key part of ostrich foot possessing the excellent running ability on sand, was regarded as the bionic prototype. Through bionic optimization of the wheel lug structure, the rigid wheel with bionic wheel lugs moving on sand with higher traction performance was designed. A kind of lunar soil simulants was selected as the experimental loose sand material. Using the built-in language FISH and the relevant command of Discrete Element Method (DEM) software PFC2D<sup>®</sup>, the dynamic simulation system, which was suitable for simulating the interactions between the rigid wheel with irregular structure and the loose sand material, was established. The simulation system was validated by the combination between laboratory test and DEM simulation. The interactions between the rigid wheel with bionic wheel lugs and the lunar soil simulants were simulated. The thrusts of lunar soil simulants were composed of four parts. The first part is the horizontal component forces of the tangential contact forces of the lunar soil simulant particles on the wheel outer boundary rim. The second part is the horizontal component forces of the normal contact forces of the lunar soil simulant particles on the wheel outer boundary rim after the bottom dead center. The third part is the normal contact forces of the lunar soil simulant particles on the lateral wall of the wheel active edge. The fourth part is the microscopic acting forces just like the horizontal positive component forces of the tangential contact forces. The moving wheel is subjected to the strong normal contact forces, caused by the compaction of the loads on the wheel and the cutting between the active side of the wheel rim and the lunar soil simulants. Because of the influences of the contact constitutive model characteristic of the lunar soil simulant particles, the small tangential contact forces of the lunar soil simulant particles are small. At the same time, the simulated results of the rigid wheel with bionic wheel lugs were compared with those of the rigid wheel with rectangular wheel lugs under the same simulation conditions. The simulated results showed that the bionic wheel lug presents three advantages. Firstly, the bionic wheel lug could solidify the loose lunar simulants under the moving wheel through driving the lunar simulant particles toward the bottom left part, which provided the larger adhesive forces for locomotion. In contrast, the rigid wheel with rectangle wheel lugs tended to increase the local voids by driving the lunar soil simulants toward different directions. Secondly, while entering into the lunar soil simulants, the bionic lug reduced the disturbance on the surface layer particles of the lunar soil simulants by the three typical smooth curves of the bionic lug, which caused the small angles between the bionic lug and the lunar soil simulant surface. Due to the sharp angle of the rectangular lug, the rectangle lug obviously disturbed the lunar soil simulant surface and made the lunar soil particles tend to move upward. Thirdly, comparing the rigid wheel with bionic wheel lugs to the rigid wheel with rectangle wheel lugs, the drawbar pull of the former was larger than the latter by 5.2% when the wheel slip coefficient was 50%. More lugs contacted with the lunar soil simulants in the rigid wheel with bionic wheel lugs and more contact force lines under this rigid wheel could account for the above quantitative results. This research provided a new design way to improving the tractive performance of the rigid wheels traveling in the loose sand condition. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Vehicle wheels
Controlled terms:Airships - Biomimetics - Bionics - Birds - Computer software - Geometry - Moon - Numerical analysis - Sand - Soils - Traction (friction) - Vehicle performance - Vehicles - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:DEM Simulation - Dynamic simulation systems - Irregular structures - Normal contact force - Ostrich foot toenail - Quantitative result - Traction performance - Tractive performance
Classification code:432 Highway Transportation - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.2 Machine Components - 652.5 Balloons and Gliders - 657.2 Extraterrestrial Physics and Stellar Phenomena - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 682.1.1 Railroad Cars - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822 Food Technology - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20151400700165
Title:Modeling spatial-temporal variation of particulate phosphorus at regional scales
Authors:Long, Tianyu (1); Liu, Jia (1); Wang, Haijuan (1); Liu, Min (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; (2) National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
Corresponding author:Long, Tianyu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:255-261
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Phosphorus is the dominant nutrient causing the eutrophication in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of China where there is abundant rainfall. The related studies report that about 85% of phosphorus exists in particulate phosphorus (PP), and there are rapid and dramatic spatial and temporal variations in PP load particularly during the period of intensive rainfall. To estimate the spatial-temporal variation of PP load, it is important to simulate soil erosion and sediment-associated transport. For mountainous watershed, hillslope sediment delivery ratio (HSDR) coupled with empirical soil erosion model is helpful to improve the capability of simulating sediment delivery and PP pollutant load. Considering the runoff characteristics from upslope and downslope during the transportation course of eroded soil, and the time varying characteristics of runoff caused by climate conditions such as rainfall, a runoff connectivity index (RC) by modifying flux connectivity index (IC) was proposed to define the variable HSDR for the watersheds with inhomogeneous climatic conditions. And by combining the HSDR with the RUSLE and the enrichment ratio of phosphorus in soil, the spatial-temporal distribution model of PP load was developed. The model was applied in Xiaojiang watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, and the spatial-temporal variation of sediment yield was simulated and analyzed. The results showed that simulated values of sediment yield were consistent with the observed data, the range of relative error was within -10.77%-13.81%, and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient and the relative root mean square error were 0.93 and 0.106, respectively, while the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient and the relative root mean square error were 0.81 and 0.124 respectively using the HSDR from IC. In addition, it could be seen that the model performed well with a determination coefficient of 0.98. For PP load, the range of annual value of relative error was within -7.77%-14.73% and the relative error was comparatively small, and hence the simulation results were still satisfactory. From the distribution of PP load, it could be seen that the most serious regions of PP load caused by the accumulation of erosion sediment along rivers were Puli river, Dong river downstream, Nan river coast and Pengxi river, where the land use types were mainly dry land, paddy field and other fields. For the Taoxi river basin, upstream of the Dong river and Nan river downstream where were mainly grassland and forestland, the PP load was relatively low. According to the analysis of the proportion of different land use types, dry land was the largest, with 59.97%, the second was grassland with 19.75%, paddy field, forest land and water area were relatively small, with 8.12%, 6.31% and 5.62% respectively, and unutilized land and residential land accounted for 0.12% and 0.11% respectively. These were consistent with reported results. Thus, the calculation precision of the developed model in this paper has been greatly improved and the model is feasible. The model can be used as a major tool to assess sediment yield risks and PP load at mountainous watersheds. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Rivers
Controlled terms:Erosion - Eutrophication - Forestry - Land use - Mean square error - Phosphorus - Rain - Reservoirs (water) - Risk assessment - River pollution - Runoff - Sediments - Sodium compounds - Soil surveys - Soils - Water pollution - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Determination coefficients - Hillslope sediment delivery ratios - Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient - Particulate phosphorus - Spatial and temporal variation - Spatial-temporal distribution - Three gorges reservoir area - Time-varying characteristics
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 441.2 Reservoirs - 443.3 Precipitation - 444.1 Surface Water - 453 Water Pollution - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 731.1 Control Systems - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20151400700155
Title:Critical review of fast detection of crop nutrient and physiological information with spectral and imaging technology
Authors:He, Yong (1); Peng, Jiyu (1); Liu, Fei (1); Zhang, Chu (1); Kong, Wenwen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Fei
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:174-189
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The research achievements and growing trends of spectral and imaging technology in fast detection of crop nutrient and physiological information were reviewed. Firstly, the principle of spectral and imaging technology, the data processing methods, modeling methods and the indexes of model evaluation were briefly introduced in this paper. Secondly, this paper focused on the research achievements and applications of spectral and imaging technology in fast detection of crop nutrient and physiological information of five kinds of crops (i.e. rice, wheat, oilseed rape, maize, soybean), including chlorophyll content and nitrogen content detection, crop diseases and pests monitoring, stress diagnosis (water, heavy metal, weed, pesticide stress) and yield prediction. In nutrient content and chlorophyll content detection, the data was acquired by ground-based sensing, aircraft-based sensing and satellite-based sensing, and the raw spectra, as well as vegetable indices, were used to build quantitative models. In crop diseases and pests monitoring, spectral and imaging technology were used to discriminate the crop diseases and pests, and diagnose the crop stress level. As for stress diagnosis, several recently-reported researches were briefly reviewed. In yield prediction, this paper was mainly focused on predicting the canopy parameters which were found to be significantly related to crop yield. Although the ability of spectral and imaging technology was proved, there were several problems needed to be solved. 1) The detection of crop nutrient and physiological information with spectral and imaging technology is affected by crop type, crop growing stage, operational conditions, environmental parameters and field management. Therefore, the stability and reliability of the model needs to be improved, which can be overcome by choosing suitable pretreatment methods and chemometrics methods or proposing new vegetable indices which are insensitive to these influencing factors. 2) Multi-scale rapid detection of crop nutrient and physiological information is required in the future, including the multi-scale dataset fusion, the research of different-scale sensing effect. 3) The quantitative models for the level of crop stress diagnosis is hard to carry out, due to the lack of stress assessment indexes. So it is critical to set up the reference principle for the crop stress level. Furthermore, this paper also analyzed the growing trends of the spectral and imaging technology for the fast detection of crop nutrient and physiological information. Firstly, there is a need to develop more stable and reliable methods for variable selection, data mining and model calibration, as well as the calibration technology which is based on the actual physical model between the radiation and the crop tissue. Secondly, the development of portable machinery and the online detection system for crop information acquirement is required in the further study. Likewise, further research is necessary with respect to developing the information detection system of whole crop growing stage with consideration of different crop features. In conclusion, it is proved that spectral and imaging technology can be used to detect the crop physiological information, carry out the online monitoring of the crop growing statue and the response to the adversity and stress, which is important for the realization of precision, digitization, informatization and the intelligentization management of the agriculture. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:105
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Aircraft detection - Chlorophyll - Cultivation - Data handling - Data mining - Diagnosis - Environmental technology - Error detection - Forecasting - Heavy metals - Imaging techniques - Machinery - Nutrients - Physiological models - Physiology - Social networking (online) - Spectrum analysis - Vegetables - Yield stress
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental parameter - Information acquirements - Information detection system - Nitrogen content detection - On-line detection system - Physiological informations - Precision Agriculture - Stability and reliabilities
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 454 Environmental Engineering - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 601 Mechanical Design - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20151400700133
Title:Design and experiment of fertilizer distribution apparatus with double-level screws
Authors:Chen, Xiongfei (1); Luo, Xiwen (1); Wang, Zaiman (1); Zhang, Minghua (1); Hu, Lian (1); Yang, Wenwu (1); Zeng, Shan (1); Zang, Ying (1); Wei, Houding (1); Zheng, Le (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Zaiman
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:10-16
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to meet the physical requirements of fertilizer and improve fertilizing effects, a fertilizer distribution apparatus with double-level screws was designed. It mainly consists of a work bin, a screw of steady flow transportation, a fertilizing screw and a driving chain. The screw of steady flow transportation provides stable and adequate fertilizing flow for the fertilizing screw, mixes fertilizer and prevents fertilizer arching in the work bin, and ensures that the filling rate of the fertilizing screw is very close to 1. Through establishing mathematical models of per lap fertilizer amounts for the fertilizing screw, the fertilizing principle of fertilizer distribution apparatus with double-level screws was studied, and related parameters were analyzed as well. In addition, experiments were conducted to test and evaluate the working performance of the double-level screw fertilizer distribution apparatus. Three types of fertilizing screws were designed to meet the actual production requirements of fertilizing (20-100 kg/667 m<sup>2</sup>) based on mathematical models. Test results show that, 1) In 10-200 r/min speed range, for Batian compound fertilizer, rice specific fertilizer, and Batian compound fertilizer and rice specific fertilizer after the absorption of moisture, the fertilizer amount per minute of the fertilizer distribution apparatus with double-level screws increases with increased speed, showing a linear relationship with a correlation coefficient of larger than 0.998. Therefore, the fertilizer distribution apparatus with double-level screws can adjust the fertilizer amounts by varying the speeding of fertilizing screw to meet the requirements of different fertilization. 2) In 10-200 r/min speed range, the standard deviation, range and variation coefficient of the per lap fertilizer amounts are relatively small for 3 types of fertilizing screws. The variation coefficient of the per lap fertilizer amounts is less than 0.025 for Batian compound fertilizer with the moisture content of 2% and the rice specific fertilizer with the moisture content of 5.6%. The overall variation coefficient of the per lap fertilizer amounts is not more than 0.040 for Batian compound fertilizer and rice specific fertilizer with higher moisture after the absorption of moisture. The fertilizer distribution apparatus with double-level screws has a better adaptability and good fertilizing effect for above 5 types of fertilizers in 10-200 r/min speed range. 3) In 10-200 r/min speed range, by comparing theoretical fertilizer amount per lap and theoretical filling rate with actual values, respectively, mathematical models of the per lap fertilizer amounts of the fertilizing screw was verified and confirmed. This study can effectively improve the fertilization effect, reduce the fertilizer requirements of morphological characteristics and provide a reference for the research and design of synchronous sowing and fertilizing machine and variable-rate fertilization machine. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Bins - Equipment - Fasteners - Moisture - Moisture determination - Screws - Speed - Steady flow
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Double level - Linear relationships - Morphological characteristic - Per lap fertilizer amounts - Production requirements - Variable rate fertilization - Variation coefficient
Classification code:605 Small Tools and Hardware - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 694.4 Storage - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 901 Engineering Profession - 931.1 Mechanics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20151400700143
Title:Simulation and experimental verification of aerial spraying drift on N-3 unmanned spraying helicopter
Authors:Zhang, Songchao (1); Xue, Xinyu (1); Qin, Weicai (1); Sun, Zhu (1); Ding, Suming (1); Zhou, Lixin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Xue, Xinyu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:87-93
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to find out the safe buffer areas of pesticide drift during the aerial spraying by N-3 unmanned aerial vehicle (N-3 UAV), researches on pesticide drift were done, by simulations and experiments as flight speed was 3 m/s, crosswind velocities were 1 m/s, 2 m/s and 3 m/s, flight heights were 5 m, 6 m and 7 m. According to the parameters of the N-3 UAV and the aerial spraying operations, the whole equipment, atomizing surface and the entire computational domain were grid-processed first. A turbulence model by means of approximate solutions of N-S equations with appropriate boundary condition was developed and the two-phase flow of rotor wind field and pesticide-spraying was simulated. In the simulations, the equations were discretized by second-order upwind format based on the finite volume methods, the fluxes were calculated by the ROE scheme. Iterative calculations were processed using Gauss-Seidel method to analyze the droplets flow rate changes under the wind generated by the UAV's rotor until to the flow stability when the calculation converges residuals dropped more than three orders of magnitude, then liquid concentration and density of each grid were achieved, resulting droplet drift and deposition. And the model was verified by experiments. A solution of tracer (Rhodamine-B) mixed with water in a certain concentration was selected to replace the pesticide for aerial spraying, to monitor the wind velocity as well as the temperature and humidity. The N-3 UAV flight heights were changed in the experiments. The target area was a rectangle by 50 m×20 m, and the fly route was the centerline. Mylar cards with a diameter of 90 mm every 2 m downwind, 5 m along the flight direction out of the target area were sampled to collect the droplets drifted, forming a 50 m×10 m drift sample area. The drift amount at each sampling position was measured by means of a fluorescence spectrophotometer to obtain the regularities of droplets drifted by the wind. The simulations showed that the drift distance downwind (along positive Z-axis) and the maximum amount of drift position rear the UAV (along negative X-axis) were not significant with 5 m, 6 m, 7 m flight height under the same crosswind velocity, while which were relatively significant as crosswind velocity changed from 1 m/s to 3 m/s with the same flight height. The comparison results of amounts and trends of droplet drift (when flight height was 6 m, crosswind velocity was 1 m/s, 2 m/s, 3 m/s) showed that the simulated and measured curves were coincident, and the correlation determination (R<sup>2</sup>) were 0.7068, 0.8451 and 0.6859 respectively, which showed that the research had a significance for determining the buffers before aerial spraying to insure the safety. Also, the following conclusions can be drawn by the simulation and experiment results: the crosswind velocity is greater than the aerial spraying height as the droplet drift affecting factors; the droplet drift only occurs downwind of the spraying field, and as the crosswind velocity is 1-3 m, 8-10 m buffer zones should be considered downwind the spraying field for safe aerial spraying. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Controlled terms:Airships - Drops - Experiments - Finite volume method - Flight simulators - Iterative methods - Navier Stokes equations - Numerical analysis - Pesticides - Rotors - Turbulence models - Two phase flow - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Aerial spraying - Computational domains - Drift - Fluorescence spectrophotometer - Iterative calculation - Simulation and experimental verifications - Temperature and humidities - Three orders of magnitude
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 652.5 Balloons and Gliders - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20151400700156
Title:Hierarchical extraction of farmland from high-resolution remote sensing imagery
Authors:Chen, Jie (1); Chen, Tieqiao (1); Liu, Huimin (1); Mei, Xiaoming (1); Shao, Quanbin (1); Deng, Min (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Geographic, School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China; (2) Remote Sensing and Artificial Intelligence Research Center, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi'an, China
Corresponding author:Deng, Min
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:190-198
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Farmland is the material base of human survival and development. Currently, China faces the serious situation that a large population corresponds to less average arable land during a long term. As Chinese urbanization process has accelerated in recent years, farmland in particular area-suburb is often developed to construction land, and even suffers the risk of being illegally occupied. With the implementation of geography national condition monitoring plan on a national scale, China is in urgent need of the development of efficient extraction and monitoring method of farmland for the protection and rational utilization of farmland. High-resolution remote sensing image contains rich and detailed ground information, and it can accurately reflect the suburb terrain types and their spatial distribution. However, house, road, drainage, tree are mixed with farmland in the high-resolution remote sensing image of suburb, and the suburban grounds' features are very similar in the spectrum, shape and texture characteristics, which leads the extraction of farmland to become very difficult. It is more feasible to extract the farmland from the non-construction area, therefore, the construction area is separated out from the image in the first place. The best segmentation scale suitable for farmland is determined according to the multi-scale segmentation in order to accomplish the extraction of farmland in an object-based approach, and then the whole image is segment in this best scale. Furthermore, the typical samples of farmland and non-farmland are selected to train the support vector machine (SVM) model. After the farmland has been classified via SVM, the spatial distribution relationship between segmented objects is taken into consideration to remove the false alarm objects and offset the omitted objects. Specifically, the proposed method consists of four steps: construction area removing, hierarchical farmland extraction, classification via SVM, and judgment by spatial distribution relationship. As a result, according to the characteristics of the suburban farmland in high-resolution remote sensing image, an automatic farmland extraction method combining multi-scale segmentation and hierarchical recognition is presented in this paper. Firstly, an improved algorithm of Harris corner detection constrained by NDVI is developed to extract the corner, and based on the probability density map of built-up areas, the complex construction areas are separated by using Otsu algorithm (OTSU). Secondly, the estimation of scale parameter (ESP) is used to analyze the parameters for generating the multi-scale segmentation of the non-construction area, and then the optimal ones suitable for extracting farmland are selected to segment the image as a whole. Thirdly, based on three rules for identifying farmland objects, shape and spectrum are intergraded to extract the typical farmland objects from a mass of segmented objects; after the SVM model is trained based on the intact farmland samples and the non-farmland samples in construction areas, this model is used to classify the remaining uncertain ground objects. Finally, the spatial distribution relationship is taken into account to refine the classification results produced by SVM. In this study, high-resolution remote sensing image from QuickBird is used to precisely extract farmland in suburb. In the farmland extraction experiments, correct rate of the proposed method is 80.09% which is 17.88% higher than the object-oriented SVM classification method, and error rate of the proposed method is 12.26% which is 1.30% lower than the object-oriented SVM classification method. The final results indicate that the proposed method can effectively extract farmland with different structures and spectral features from high-resolution remote sensing image of the complex environment of suburban area. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Condition monitoring - Edge detection - Extraction - Image processing - Image reconstruction - Image segmentation - Probability density function - Remote sensing - Spatial distribution - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Corner - Farmland - Harris corner detection - Hierarchical extraction - Hierarchical recognition - High resolution remote sensing imagery - High resolution remote sensing images - Multiscale segmentation
Classification code:603 Machine Tools - 706 Electric Transmission and Distribution - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731.1 Control Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20151400700157
Title:Remote sensing estimation of crop planting area based on HJ time-series images
Authors:Liu, Jia (1); Wang, Limin (1); Yang, Fugang (1); Yang, Lingbo (1); Wang, Xiaolong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Jia
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:199-206
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Remote sensing images with the medium spatial resolution can provide long-time series data of the same area, thus are suitable for remote sensing monitoring of major crops in large scale. Based on the analysis of the time-series spectrum character curve, crop type identification and acreage extraction can be effectively achieved. Taking Hengshui City, Hebei Province as a study area, and employing monthly NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) time-series data from 16 scenes of HJ-1A/B satellite CCD images with spatial resolution of 30 m, which were collected from October 3rd 2011 to October 24th, 2012, spectrum curve characteristics of the major crop types (winter wheat, summer corn, spring corn, cotton, peanut and soybean) in the whole growth period are extracted. With consideration of high similarity of the NDVI time series among the two crops, i.e. soybean and peanut, they are grouped into the same category to conduct the classification, which is named as minor crop. The NDVI spectrum curve analysis shows that, all other types show a unimodal shape, except for winter wheat/summer corn rotation type; the peaks generally appear in September during the vigorous growth period of crops; consistent with seasonal growth pattern, the NDVI values of both spring corn and cotton during growth period are relatively high, with wider spectrum curve and slow decline; while the spectrum curve of minor crop is relatively narrow, with fast decline. In the study, five parameters, including the NDVI maximum, NDVI minimum, the number of NDVI wave peak, the date of peak and the NDVI value of the most productive period are taken as the extraction characteristics of the five crops and the identification of the five types of crops is conducted in the study area. The precision of the result is evaluated by identifying initial classification threshold, which is gradually adjusted according to the validation of field samples until it is finally confirmed. The distinctive feature for identifying winter wheat/summer corn is its 2 wave peaks. The first date of peak appears between early April and early May and the value of NDVI is above 0.5, and correspondingly, the value of NDVI is below 0.3 in the late March or the early June. The second peak appears between the late August and the middle of September and the value of NDVI is above 0.7, while the value of NDVI is below 0.4 in the early June or the middle of October. With above features, winter wheat/summer corn rotation type can be identified. The number of peak for spring corn is 1, and the peak occurs between late August and the middle of September; the value of NDVI is below 0.6 in the middle of July or the late of September and is above 0.7 in late August or the middle of September; with these features, spring corn can be identified. The number of peak for cotton is 1, and the highest value of NDVI appears between late August and the middle of September; the value of NDVI in the middle of July or late September is above or equal to 0.6 and it is below or equal to 0.5 in early June or the middle of October; according to these features, cotton can be identified. The number of peak for minor crop (soybean and peanut) is 1, and the date of peak appears between late August and the middle of September; the value of NDVI in the middle of July or late September is below 0.6, and is below 0.7 in late August or the middle of September; if having these features, it can be identified as minor crop. By using the decision-tree classification technology based on NDVI, the crop-planting area extraction is carried out. The accuracy of this investigation is verified by on-site GPS measurement of 15 normal example areas with the scale of 2 km × 2 km. The results show that the winter wheat, summer corn, spring corn, cotton and the minor crop can be effectively identified. The general accuracy is as high as 90.9%, and the accuracies for individual crop type are as follows: winter wheat 94.7%, summer corn 94.7%, spring corn 82.4%, cotton 86.9%, minor crop 81.2%, and unidentified crops 85.9%. This paper proves that mass crop's planting area can be precisely obtained from time-series data of remote sensing images with the medium spatial resolution. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Cotton - Data mining - Decision trees - Extraction - Image reconstruction - Image resolution - Oilseeds - Remote sensing - Spectrum analysis - Time series - Time series analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Crop areas - Decision tree classification - HJ-1A/B - Normalized difference vegetation index - Remote sensing estimations - Remote sensing images - Remote sensing monitoring - Spatial resolution
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.3 Database Systems - 731.1 Control Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 742 Cameras and Photography - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20151400700132
Title:Progress and perspectives in studies on agro-ecosystem carbon cycle model
Authors:Liu, Yu (1); Chen, Minpeng (2); Chen, Jining (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; (2) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Minpeng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:1-9
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Agro-ecosystem, as the most active and controllable carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle, can lead to substantial changes in the atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf>concentration, thus affecting remarkably the global climate. The carbon cycle in agro-ecosystem is a complex process, which is influenced by factors such as climate, plants, soil properties and farm management. It is recognized that a model approach has an advantage in estimating spatiotemporal changes in carbon storage. Carbon cycle models are considered to be the most effective means to study carbon cycle. This paper emphasized on the carbon cycle process of agro-ecosystem, introduced the transference and the mechanism of carbon cycle between different carbon pools, identified characteristics of different models in association with carbon cycle of agro-ecosystem from 1960s, summarized and analyzed the application of international carbon models and others invented and developed in China in the agro-ecosystem. During these years, several models, such as RothC, CENTURY, DNDC, EPIC and APSIM have been widely used to estimate carbon changes at national or global scales. These models provide understanding of carbon flow through food webs and explore the role of carbon storage in the whole agro-ecosystem. They also allow analysis of environmental risks and provide a guide to know more about the relationship among carbon, nitrogen and water cycle. More recently, some new carbon models have been developed in China for simulating the carbon budget of agro-ecosystems. For example, the Agro-C can simulate crop net primary production via Crop-C sub model and changes in soil organic carbon via Soil-C sub model under various conditions of climate, soil, and agricultural practices, which makes it possible to extrapolate the model to a wider domain. Validation of the Soil-C sub model suggested that an inappropriate simplification of the carbon flow between various C pools may introduce errors into the estimates. Carbon loss in croplands was a very important issue for Chinese agro-ecosystems, and there was still a great potential for substantially improving carbon status by adopting proper farming practices and land-use pattern. This review has drawn together various perspectives on some of the key issues that should be addressed in order to keep more carbon and enhance soil productivity of croplands. In particular: 1) the mechanism of carbon cycle should be explored to model changes in carbon for the whole agro-ecosystem; 2) the study spatiotemporal changes of the carbon cycle should be investigated further; 3) the relationship among the nitrogen cycle, the water cycle, microbial and the carbon cycle should be made clear; 4) to use carbon cycle model to account for a range of different management practices and the redistribution of carbon; and 5) to investigate potential effects of different management practices on the carbon distribution for the government to formulate relevant policies. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:106
Main heading:Organic carbon
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Budget control - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Climate models - Crops - Ecology - Ecosystems - Food storage - Forestry - Lakes - Land use - Models - Nitrogen - Risk assessment - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural fields - Agricultural practices - Carbon cycle process - Carbon cycles - Carbon pool - Net primary production - Spatio-temporal changes - Terrestrial ecosystems
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 443 Meteorology - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.1 Food Products Plants and Equipment - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921 Mathematics - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20151400700162
Title:Classification recognition of impurities in seed cotton based on local binary pattern and gray level co-occurrence matrix
Authors:Wang, Haopeng (1); Li, Hui (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Shandong Police College, Ji'nan, China; (2) Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
Corresponding author:Li, Hui
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:236-241
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:When cleaning seed cotton, cleaning devices of different types had different cleaning efficiencies on different types of impurities. Therefore, the classification identification of seed cotton impurities had a guiding significance for adjusting the parameter of seed cotton cleaning equipment. A classification recognition algorithm of impurities in seed cotton based on local binary pattern and gray level co-occurrence matrix was proposed in this paper. First, the images were transformed to local binary pattern images, and so the gray value of each pixel was also converted to the local binary pattern value. Local binary pattern reflected the micro-structure of the center pixel and its 3×3 neighborhood, but it could not reflect a wider range of image structure. If the micro-structures of images were similar but macro-structures were different, the local binary pattern could not effectively distinguish the images. Gray level co-occurrence matrix was used to the statistics on the position of pixel pair. The pixel pairs had some relationship of gray values. The distances of pixel pairs could be controlled by the step length. In this paper, gray level co-occurrence matrix was used for local binary pattern image. It could describe the image structures of different scales by adjusting the step-length value. This paper calculated the characteristic values of seed cotton images and all kinds of impurities images with the step-length values from 1 to 8. The characteristics included contrast, angular second moment, correlation and inverse difference moment. The test results showed that these characteristics could distinguish seed cotton and every kind of impurity when the step-length value was equal to 3 or 4. The classifier of this algorithm used the support vector machine. In solving the small-sample, nonlinear and high-dimension problems, the support vector machine had more advantages than the traditional machine learning methods. The support vector machine was a typical two-class classifier. But classification recognition of seed cotton and impurities needed multi-class classifier. Several classifiers of support vector machine were combined into one multi-class classifier, and radial basis function was used as the kernel function of the classifier. This paper compared the standard local binary pattern algorithm (LBP), the standard gray level co-occurrence matrix algorithm (GLCM) and the algorithm designed in this paper (LBP-GLCM). The test results showed that the average recognition rate of the algorithm designed in this paper, which reached 94%, was higher than the LBP algorithm and the GLCM algorithm. Among different objects, the recognition rate of the boll shell and the cotton bush was 100%, the recognition rate of the leaf fragment was 92%, the recognition rate of the dust miscellaneous was 94%, the recognition rates of the deed cotton and barren cotton seed were 90% and 88%, respectively. The recognition rate could satisfy the demand of practical application. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Binary images
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Artificial intelligence - Classification (of information) - Cleaning - Cotton - Image analysis - Image processing - Impurities - Learning systems - Matrix algebra - Pixels - Radial basis function networks - Support vector machines - Vectors
Uncontrolled terms:Classification and recognition - Classification identification - Gray level co-occurrence matrix - High dimension problems - Local binary pattern images - Local binary patterns - Machine learning methods - Multi-class classifier
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 921.1 Algebra - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20151400700135
Title:Development and test of automatic corn seedling transplanter
Authors:Shi, Tie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Heilongjiang Institute of Agricultural Mechanical Engineering Science, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Tie
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:23-30
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Corn paper pot seedling transplanting technology is a new type cultivation method that can effectively increase accumulated temperature, resist drought, prevent disasters and obtain high yields; issues such as low and unstable grain yield due to shortage of water resources, drought and frequent plant diseases and insect pests in spring dry farming conditions. Conventional corn paper pot seedling transplanting operations are conducted on a manual basis, which generates features such as large labor intensity, low working efficiency, poor working quality, low degree of standardization and farming seasons cannot be grasped and so forth; the conventional operations are not beneficial to large area production operation, which seriously restricts the promotion and application of corn paper pot seedling transplanting technology. Therefore, mechanized corn seedling transplanting is an imperative trend. At present, corn paper pot seedling transplanting technology and methods as well as relevant machinery equipment are not available. Existing transplanting machineries in Europe, US, Japan and South Korea are mainly used for flowers, vegetables and economic crops. As per planting methods, transplanting machineries can be divided into: clamp type transplanters, chain clamp type transplanters, hanging cup type transplanters, seedling-guiding tube type transplanters and flexible disc type transplanters. However, all of such transplanters have some defects that cannot be overcome. A new type of full-automatic paper pot corn seedling transplanter was researched and developed based on the research of integrating the advantages of pot seedling and bare-rooted seedling, the principle of flexible disc type transplanting in combination with automation control and hydraulically powered seedling collecting, seedling rejecting and seedling supplying mechanism. The transplanter is composed of a seedling transporting and selecting transmission case, an automatic seeding system, a transplanting unit, a rack and an earthing and watering part. The seedling transporting and selecting transmission mechanism can automatically eliminate paper pots without seedlings or those with weak seedlings and accelerate seedling supplying so as to guarantee the uniformity of seedlings. The rapid automatic seeding device can realize functions such as automatic grabbing, separation and stacking of paper pot seedlings as well as automatic feeding of seedling disc. The function of the transplanting unit is to ditch, erect seedlings and perform transplanting. The earthing and watering part can perform watering and earthing operation to the seedling ditch after transplanting. The driving force for the seedling transporting and selecting case and the transplanting unit is from the friction between the supporting roller and ground; the power for the automatic seeding system is from the hydraulic motor driven by the rear power output shaft of a tractor; the logical relationships for various working parts are driven by the PLC control module. The transplanter realizes full-automatic transplanting by using a full hydraulic power system and an automatic control system with PLC as its core module. The transplanter applies a three-point rear suspension and it is used in combination with roller tractors above 48 kW. The transplanter can be used in both ridge planting and flat planting. The field test results showed that, when the advancing speed of a unit is 2.5-3.0 km/h and the theoretical row spacing is 22 cm, the qualified rate of transplanting depth is 87.5% and, the qualified rate of row spacing is 93.2% and the qualified rate of seedling verticality is 91.2%, which meets the agricultural requirements of corn paper pot seedling transplanting. The transplanter is a mechanized carrier of carrying out the new type agricultural technology of corn paper pot seedling transplanting, and it can enhance the standardization, mechanization and automation degree of corn paper pot seedling transplanting operations in an outstanding way. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Disks (machine components)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Automation - Cultivation - Disaster prevention - Drought - Electric grounding - Experiments - Hydraulic machinery - Hydraulic motors - Paper - Standardization - Tractors (truck) - Transplants - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Accumulated temperatures - Agricultural technologies - Corn seedlings - Logical relationships - Plant diseases and insect pests - Production operations - Seedling transplanting - Transmission mechanisms
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 462.4 Prosthetics - 601.2 Machine Components - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 704 Electric Components and Equipment - 706 Electric Transmission and Distribution - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732 Control Devices - 811.1 Pulp and Paper - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 902.2 Codes and Standards - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20151400700173
Title:Optimization of control strategy of microwave drying for apple based on online volatile measurement with electronic nose
Authors:Li, Jing (1); Song, Feihu (1); Pu, Hongjie (1); Xu, Wanxiu (1); Li, Zhenfeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
Corresponding author:Li, Jing
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:312-318
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Apple is widely cultivated in China for its characteristic flavor. In order to prolong the shelf life of harvested apple, the use of the method of dehydration drying to preserve product is a common way. Since the early study in 1920s, more than 300 volatile compounds have been identified as aroma substances from various cultivars of apples. Within these numerous compounds, only a few have been determined to have a decisive impact on the sensory quality. However, only a few exhaustive studies of apple aroma during the drying process have been published; moreover, the present analyses are all restricted to offline detection of apple aroma volatiles and no online measurement has been reported. Although the offline volatiles detection can provide some useful information, it is inconvenient and time-consuming. In addition, the methods are all impossible to provide control parameters to optimize drying conditions in real time and in situ to improve volatiles control with online measurement. Compared with other drying methods, microwave drying is used more extensively due to its advantages of high efficiency and short time-consumption. However, microstructure of the object may be destroyed and the surface may be burnt under improper drying parameters, leading to the emission of corresponding volatiles. During the drying process, an electronic nose (zNoseTM) was used to carry out online detection of the smell spectrum, where four significant peaks could be extracted. Peak 1 and Peak 2, i.e. “natural peak” could be detected from both fresh and burnt apples. Peak 3 and Peak 4, i.e. “burning peak” appeared only in the spectrum of burnt apple. Apple cubes were first dried at three fixed temperatures (60, 70 and 80). At 60, “natural peak” and “burning peak” were kept small in the whole drying process. At 80, higher “natural peak” indicated more loss of aroma volatiles, and higher “burning peak” indicated that more burnt appeared. Fuzzy logic controller was designed with the input of Peak 2, Peak 3 and the output of the magnetron power, so as to adjust the object temperature immediately and properly. Linear temperature control scheme was designed to omit the electronic nose in drying process based on the temperature curve generated under fuzzy logic control. Several parameters (including drying time, energy consumption, sensory evaluation, vitamin C and color) were measured to evaluate the drying strategies. The results showed that the highest drying temperature produced the worst product quality, but the best quality was not achieved at the lowest temperature due to volatiles loss over the longer drying time. Instead, the middle drying temperature resulted in a better product quality. Drying at the lowest temperature cost the most time and energy, although the mean power rate was low. Hence, high and low temperatures should be avoided in microwave drying when volatiles retention, burning avoidance, time and energy efficiency are all considered. Based on these considerations, a fuzzy logic controller was developed. This new control strategy successfully improved the volatiles retention and burning avoidance with acceptable time and energy consumption. A linear control method was further attempted to imitate the fuzzy logic control without the assistance of electronic nose. The control effect of linear control was comparable to that of fuzzy logic control. However, the relationship of aroma with respect to volatiles was not investigated in this study. A volatile may be or may not be an aroma compound, and hence further research is recommended to illustrate their relationships. Moreover, as the electronic nose adopts a short column, the separation of volatile compounds might not be complete. One peak may represent many chemicals. The compromise is that the speed is dramatically increased, making the fast and online detection of volatiles possible. Performance of sensory evaluation, vitamin C and color under linear temperature control are the best. Moreover, the omission of the expensive electronic nose makes the strategy convenient for industrial application. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Controllers - Cultivation - Electronic nose - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Fragrances - Fruits - Fuzzy logic - Linear control systems - Magnetrons - Microwave heating - Microwaves - Odors - Parameter estimation - Quality control - Sensory analysis - Sensory perception - Social networking (online) - Temperature - Temperature control - Volatile organic compounds
Uncontrolled terms:Apple - Control parameters - Control strategies - Drying temperature - Fuzzy logic control - Fuzzy logic controllers - On-line measurement - Volatile components
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 461.4 Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 642.1 Process Heating - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 711.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media - 714.1 Electron Tubes - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 732.1 Control Equipment - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20151400700151
Title:Emitter clogging sensibility with increasing biofilm components under reclaimed water drip irrigation condition
Authors:Zhou, Bo (1); Li, Yunkai (1); Pei, Yiting (1); Yang, Peiling (1); Jiang, Yinguang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Beiqijia Water Management Station, Changping Water Authority, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Li, Yunkai
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:146-151
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Reclaimed water reused for agriculture has become one of the most effective ways to relieve water shortage and water pollution in China, especially on the North China Plain, and drip irrigation was believed as the most appropriate way to use treated wastewater. Studies have verified that drip irrigation emitter clogging using reclaimed water was closely related to the formation and growing of biofilms those attached inside emitters. However, the exact effects of biofilms components' increase on drip irrigation emitter clogging were not clear. Besides, the sensibility of emitter clogging degree to the increasing biofilms' components as the system operated was also unknown. Based on these mentioned above, in this study, based on an on-site drip irrigation emitter clogging experiment using reclaimed water, which was conducted in the wastewater treatment plant, the emitters with seven different clogging degrees of 0, 20%, 35%, 50%, 65%, 80% and 100% were selected to reflect the growing process of biofilm, after the drip irrigation system accumulatively ran for 540 hours, and three kinds of key components (including Solid particles, Phospholipid fatty acids and Extracellular polymeric substances) of biofilms were tested, and then the sensitivity of emitter clogging degree to the increase of biofilms' components during the whole operating was analyzed. The results showed that drip irrigation emitter clogging became more serious as biofilms' components increased with the significant “S curve” relationship (R<sup>2</sup>> 0.92<sup>**</sup>, significant level a=0.01). Therefore, the sensitivity of emitter clogging degree to the increase of biofilms' components showed obvious difference in different stages, with the variation trend of “sensitive-micro sensitive-extreme sensitive”. When emitter clogging degree was under 10%-15%, the biofilm growth would obviously enhance emitter clogging, while the formation of biofilms was mainly controlled by the adhesion and proliferation ability of microorganisms and the sticky Extracellular polymeric substances they secreted. However, much less sensitive impact was found when emitter clogging degree was 15%-35%, which was due to the comprehensive influence of the flow velocity in different domains inside emitters and the surface characteristics of growing biofilms. However, minor increase of biofilms' components would raise emitter clogging degree rapidly since it was above 35%-40%, and then entered the extreme sensitive stage, and the significant increase of emitter clogging degree was caused by the growth-detach-regrowth process of biofilms and microorganisms was stimulated during their growth after adapting to the new environment. In conclusion, the dynamic solid particles and Phospholipid fatty acids increasing characteristics could both describe the mechanisms of biofilm formation and growth inside emitter and affected emitter clogging degree significantly, indicating that both solid particles and microorganisms played the important role in inducing emitter clogging when using reclaimed water drip irrigation. This study aimed at revealing the exact quantitative relationship between biofilms components and emitter clogging degree, in order to find out the most sensitive stage during emitter clogging. The results will provide theoretical reference to reclaimed water drip irrigation emitter clogging mechanism and the application of treated wastewater drip irrigation technology. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Biofilms - Fatty acids - Flow velocity - Growth (materials) - Microbiology - Microorganisms - Phospholipids - Polymers - Reclamation - Sensitivity analysis - Wastewater reclamation - Wastewater treatment - Water pollution - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Clogging degree - Components - Drip irrigation - Particulate Matter - Re-claimed water
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 453 Water Pollution - 461.9 Biology - 461.9.2 Microbiology - 462.5 Biomaterials (including synthetics) - 631 Fluid Flow - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921 Mathematics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20151400700172
Title:Characteristics and influence factors of farmers' Hierarchy of needs in land consolidation
Authors:Shi, Xia (1); Zhu, Daolin (1); Zhang, Junlian (1); Han, Dejun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Daolin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:304-311
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Realizing the objective of land consolidation depends on whether the farmers' demands have been satisfied. Based on the micro-survey data in the rural areas of He'nan Province, The binary logistic regression models by IBM SPSS were used to research the characteristics and the influence factors of farmers' hierarchy of needs in land consolidation. Considering the impact of village location and different stages of land consolidation project on local economy development level and farmers' demands, this paper selected several villages which were located at the mountain, suburban and exurban areas between the areas land consolidation had been completed and the upcoming areas. The questionnaire surveys were designed from the angle of farmers' needs, and a face-to-face investigation was conducted with farmers by random sampling. The result showed that farmers' needs had hierarchical and differentiated features in land consolidation. The proportions of choices in improving farming and living conditions (Need hierarchy I), transferring their farmland (Need hierarchy II), and participating land consolidation (Need hierarchy III), were 89.09%, 36.8% and 62.7%, respectively. Some farmers had needs not only on one hierarchy, but also on two hierarchies above, and the difference in selecting hierarchy of needs existed among the farmers in different locations and different stages of their land consolidation project. In the villages which had completed land consolidation, the proportions of choices in Need hierarchy I, as well as simultaneously in Need hierarchy I and III, were higher than the villages which had not. Meanwhile, in the suburban areas, the proportion of choices in Need hierarchy II was higher than the exurban areas and mountain areas. And, the mountain areas had the highest proportion of choices in Need hierarchy I. There were significant differences in farmers' hierarchy of needs in land consolidation. The factors which had effect on selecting hierarchy of needs for farmers contained personal characteristics, household characteristics, village characteristics and cognition characteristics. Family characteristics had significant impact on all the three models, farmers' cognition had significant impact on model I and III, and personal and community characteristics also had significant impacts on model II and III. More specifically, the lower the proportion of nonfarm income, the more cultivated plot, the larger family size and the higher cognition degree, the stronger demand the farmers had in Need hierarchy I. Similarly, the farmers with the higher proportion of nonfarm income and the larger cultivated area, the younger, and the farmers who were village cadres and in villages which established rural social organizations had stronger demand in Need hierarchy II. And, the farmers who lived in the areas which completed land consolidation and in the villages which established rural social organizations, the farmers with the higher cognition degree and the larger cultivated area, male and village cadres, had stronger demand in Need hierarchy III. What's more, the needs of farmers in land consolidation have turned the hierarchy of need I into hierarchy of need II, III and multi-hierarchy need for realizing self-worth through their participation. These results can provide relevant reference for exploring the behavior logic of farmers in participating land consolidation, and building public participation mechanism for land consolidation in the foreseeable future. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Differentiation (calculus) - Economic analysis - Economics - Land use - Landforms - Models - Regression analysis - Rural areas - Surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Binary logistic regression models - Henan Province - Hierarchy of needs - Land consolidations - Personal characteristics - Public participation - Questionnaire surveys - Social organizations
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 405.3 Surveying - 481.1 Geology - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 921.2 Calculus - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20151400700154
Title:Effects of both slope length of standard plot and algorithms of LS on calculated values of topography factor (LS) in black soil areas in Northeast China
Authors:Hu, Gang (1); Song, Hui (1); Liu, Baoyuan (3); Shi, Xingjun (4); Zhang, Xuliang (1); Fang, Haiyan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Geography, Normal College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (3) School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; (4) College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Gang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:166-173
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The soil erosion model, Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model and its principal derivative, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model have been widely used in the past decades. However, the use of USLE and RUSLE has been limited as they can't generate reliable estimation of topography factor (i.e. slope length and slope grade, LS). Due to the fact that simple slope length can not fully represent the influence of topography, various approaches and algorithms have been proposed. These algorithms are raster grid cumulation, unit stream power theory, contributing area, sediment transport index and network triangulation etc., which partly reflect the impact of complex terrain. In this paper, several approaches were discussed, which were Remortel code (its benchmark slope length being 22.13 m), Zhang Xiankui algorithms (its benchmark slope length being 20 m), Moore algorithm (representing unit stream power theory), Desmet algorithm (representing contributing area method) and Böhner algorithm (representing sediment transport index method). Based on the measured data from slope length plot and McCool's data, the influence of standard slope length was discussed, and the characteristics of different algorithms of LS factor were analyzed. It is found that when the slope gradient is relatively small, the difference of slope length (L) factor between the benchmark slope lengths of 20 and 22.13 meters is small. With the increase of slope gradient, the difference is becoming more and more obvious under the superposed impact of slope length index. In addition, L factor calculated by RUSLE algorithm is closer to that of measured data, and the comparative analysis combined with McCool data shows that the slope length's exponent is more suitable for the middle erosion ratio of rill and interrill. Given the measured data used for only one year, further varification would be needed for the fitness of RUSLE. It is also found that the referenced values of LS factor are larger than that of Zhang Xiankui algorithms, Moore algorithm, Desmet algorithm and Böhner algorithm. It indicates that from the slope of linear regression equations, the closeness between the four above-mentioned algorithms and reference values increases respectively. However, L factor and slope (S) factor don't show the same trend. Taking LS factor value from Zhang Xiankui as an example, there is larger difference for L factor between algorithms of Zhang Xiankui and McCool, while both of the S factor values are almost the same. As for the spatial distribution of LS values from different algorithms, there presented different characteristics. Raster cumulative algorithm generally exhibits more fragmentation, and there are more parallel bands on straight slope. While the other three algorithms show a smooth and continuous feature overall, but there exist areas without data. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Algorithms
Controlled terms:Complex networks - Erosion - Sediment transport - Sedimentation - Soils - Topography
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristic evaluation - Comparative analysis - Continuous features - Linear regression equation - Revised universal soil loss equations - Soil erosion modeling - Topography factor - Universal soil loss equation
Classification code:407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 921 Mathematics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20151400700139
Title:Automatic recognition algorithm of field operation status based on spatial track of agricultural machinery and corresponding experiment
Authors:Wang, Pei (1); Meng, Zhijun (2); Yin, Yanxin (1); Fu, Weiqiang (1); Chen, Jingping (1); Wei, Xueli (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (2) National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Meng, Zhijun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:56-61
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With development and wide application of modern information technology as presented by the Internet of things, the position monitoring of operation process of agricultural machinery has been realized easily. But the existing remote monitoring system for agricultural machinery has only realized the remote storage, display and simple analysis. It is difficult to meet the requirements of fine management and intelligent data processing of agricultural machinery. In this paper, combining with the characteristics of the space track of agricultural machinery, the methods of clustering in data mining and spatial data analysis method were used to study automatic segmentation algorithm of field operation area based on spatial track of agricultural machinery. The procedure is as follows: firstly, data preprocessing, including velocity threshold and projection transformation methods, is preparing for further gridding and density slicing for the next step; secondly, spatial track of agricultural machinery was gridded; thirdly, density slicing removed low density cell-grids and preserved high density cell-grids; fourthly, spatial partition tree and spatial index are constructed, which is able to accelerating query speed of spatial nearest neighbors; finally, the cluster analysis is executed to connect high density cell-grids adjacently. The automatic identification of typical agricultural machinery operation method was designed and achieved. The quantitative analysis of the agricultural machinery operation divisions within the field operation time, transfer time and idle time of the agricultural machinery operation were divided and analyzed quantitatively. From May 27, 2012 to June 20, 2012, which is the season of wheat harvest, in order to verify the state of agricultural machinery operation cut automatic identification algorithm, the agricultural machinery tests were carried out in the Shijia Agricultural Machinery Cooperation in Xuchang City, Henan Province. Nine wheat harvesters, installing the embedded vehicle terminal based on GPS (positioning accuracy: 10 m, velocity measurement precision: 0.1 m/s) and GPRS (general packet radio service), were selected to do real harvesting task to produce spatial track data of agricultural machinery. The data collected by embedded vehicle terminal was used to verify the state of agricultural machinery operation cut automatic identification algorithm above. It showed that the accuracy of clustering algorithm based on spatial index and density slicing was above 89% in agricultural machinery test. After comparing clustering algorithm used in this paper with K-Means clustering algorithm and DBSCAN clustering algorithm, it is found that the clustering algorithm used in this paper has the best time efficiency, and the K-Means algorithm is better, and the DBSCAN algorithm has the worst run-time efficiency. It is shown that the construction of spatial partition tree and spatial index is very effective to accelerating query speed of spatial nearest neighbors, so it improves the clustering algorithm efficiency. But the current algorithm model is sensitive to the parameters of grid size and density threshold. The parameter setting depends on statistical analysis of spatial track of agricultural machinery. The grid size and density threshold are closely related to equipment width, working speed of agricultural machinery, and the frequency of GPS data uploading. The study direction in future is how to establish the quantitative relationship among the above parameters. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Clustering algorithms
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Airships - Algorithms - Automatic vehicle identification - Automation - Cluster analysis - Data handling - Data mining - Digital storage - Efficiency - Emergency traffic control - Global positioning system - Harvesters - Identification (control systems) - Metadata - Query processing - Spatial variables measurement - Trees (mathematics)
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic identification - Field operation - GPRS (general packet radio service) - Intelligent data processing - K-Means clustering algorithm - Modern information technologies - Projection transformation - Spatial track
Classification code:406.1 Highway Systems - 652.5 Balloons and Gliders - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732 Control Devices - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20151400700144
Title:Wind tunnel experiment and regression model for spray drift
Authors:Zhang, Huichun (1); Dorr, Gary (2); Zheng, Jiaqiang (1); Zhou, Hongping (1); Yu, Jun (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; (2) Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; (3) Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, Sweden
Corresponding author:Zhang, Huichun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:94-100
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With greater environmental awareness, the movement of pesticides within and off of a spray target area is a critical public concern. Ideally, all of the material applied should be deposited within the targeted swath on the intended pest or plant. But realistically, a portion of the spray remains airborne and is carried downwind to non-target areas. Airborne spray leaving the targeted area reduces the applied dosage, and could cause damage to neighboring plant and water source or other detrimental environmental impacts. To study the influences of nozzle type, spray mixture and wind speed on spray drift, experiments were conducted using a wind tunnel. Spray drift risk was assessed by adding a tracer to the spray mixture and measuring the quantities of spray deposited downwind from the nozzle on horizontal polythene lines with 2 mm diameter perpendicular to the wind direction in a vertical and a horizontal array. At a distance of 2 m downwind from the static nozzle, five collector lines (V<inf>1</inf>to V<inf>5</inf>) were positioned one above the other at the spacing of 0.1 m to provide an estimate of the spray still airborne through this vertical profile. An additional five sampling collector strings (H<inf>1</inf>to H<inf>5</inf>) were placed in a horizontal array with one-meter horizontal spacing at 0.1 m height to determine the fallout volumes and gradients of the spray from 2 to 6 m downwind. A water-soluble fluorescent tracer was dissolved into tap water as the spray liquid, and after the experiments, the collecting lines were washed with deionized water to measure deposit and drift. The results indicated that deposits on sampling collector decreased with increased vertical elevation and horizontal distance. Average fallout and airborne deposit resulting from the different spray applications were shown in the paper. These figures showed the expected fallout and airborne profiles for all tested nozzle types and sizes. The highest fallout deposits were measured at a position closest to the nozzle (H<inf>1</inf>) with a systematic decrease with the distance from the nozzle. The highest airborne deposits were found at the lowest sampling collector (V<inf>1</inf>) with a systematic decrease with increasing height above the wind tunnel floor. Airborne spray drift was affected by wind speed. At all sample positions, deposits on collectors were reduced at lower wind speed. Nozzle's structure was also found to influence droplet's size, so injector/pre-orifice nozzle produced coarser droplets and reduced spray drift. The amount of spray recovered is based on the amount of active ingredient of spray mixture within each droplet rather than the total droplet volume. On that basis, a multiple non-linear model for statistical drift prediction including four independent, non-correlated variables (target distance, wind speed, nozzle type and chemical type) was established. The regression model provided a drift evaluation approach, and it was important in the interpretation of wind tunnel data for different nozzle types, chemical types and sampling methodologies. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Deionized water - Deposits - Drops - Environmental impact - Fallout - Importance sampling - Mixtures - Nozzles - Regression analysis - Risk assessment - Speed - Spraying - Wind - Wind tunnels
Uncontrolled terms:Active ingredients - Correlated variables - Environmental awareness - Evaluation approach - Fluorescent tracers - Spray drift - Wind speed - Wind tunnel experiment
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 532 Metallurgical Furnaces - 612 Engines - 617 Turbines and Steam Turbines - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 651.2 Wind Tunnels - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 813.1 Coating Techniques - 922 Statistical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 36>
Accession number:20151400700160
Title:Measurement method for yield component traits of maize based on machine vision
Authors:Zhou, Jinhui (1); Ma, Qin (1); Zhu, Dehai (1); Guo, Hao (1); Wang, Yue (1); Zhang, Xiaodong (1); Li, Shaoming (1); Liu, Zhe (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Ma, Qin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:221-227
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The maize variety test is an important link in the process of crop genetic breeding. The different maize varieties will produce a large number of varieties phenotype data, which need to be collected, collated, recorded, statistically analyzed and stored. Some phenotype data are related to the maize yield, such as bald rate, ear rows, row grains and so on. These maize characters are often collected by the traditional manual measurement at present. For example, the ear rows can be calculated by the maize section image which destroys the maize to be tested.Another measurement method for the ear rows is to rotate and scan the maize, which is very difficult to meet the needs of high throughput maize variety test. Aiming at the above problems, the calculation model according to the color and biological features of maize has been constructed based on the machine vision technology in this paper. The calculation model can compute the maize character parameters precisely, such as bald rate, ear rows, row grains and so on. The experimental results show that the calculation measurement has the high recognition precision and speed. The ear length,ear diameter,ear rows,row grains and other yield components are taken as example for verifying the above calculation model in this paper. The experimental environment settings for image acquisition model are as follows: non wide-angle CMOS pinhole camera (portable, low cast), acquisition environment of soft light and bright place (no special light source set). The camera is 5 million pixels, and the image resolution is 2942 pixels × 1944 pixels. Shoot height is 55 cm, the shooting format is to A3. The algorithm is tested by the PC machine which is configured as a dual core cpu (1.9 GHz) and 2 GB ram. The method presented in this paper can overcome these disadvantages of traditional manual measurement, such as low efficiency, subjective error, and unable to retain the integrity of the original maize material. The method presented in this paper can fetch the parameters of 3D phenotypic traits based on the 2D visible light imaging, and separately establish the projection correction model, the rapid estimation model and the calculation model for ear rows and row grains.The method presented in this paper can calculate the ear length, ear diameter (the calculation accuracy can reach more than 97 percent), ear rows and row grains of maize accurately. The zero error rates of ear rows measured by the method presented in this paper can reach 93 percent, and the absolute error of row grains measured by the method presented in this paper is about 2 grains. In this paper, the acquisition speed for the maize characters also has been tested, and the experimental results show that the measurement speed is up to 30 per minute above. With the promotion of the PC machine parameters, the measuring speed can be greatly improved. The methods proposed in this paper have important reference value to achieve the high throughput test and fine breeding. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Computer vision
Controlled terms:Cameras - Image acquisition - Image processing - Image resolution - Light - Light sources - Nondestructive examination - Pinhole cameras - Pixels - Seed - Throughput
Uncontrolled terms:Biological features - Calculation accuracy - Calculation measurement - Ear rows - Experimental environment - Machine vision technologies - Maize - Measurement methods
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 742 Cameras and Photography - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 37>
Accession number:20151400700171
Title:Effects of different measures on water erosion control of dump slope at opencast coal mine in typical steppe
Authors:Guo, Jianying (1); He, Jingli (1); Li, Jinrong (1); Xing, Ende (1); Wen, Aishu (2); Liu, Yanping (1); Yang, Gaiying (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water Resources for Pastoral Area, Ministry of Water Resources of China, Hohhot, China; (2) Inner Mongolia Geological Environment Monitoring, Hohhot, China; (3) Station Monitoring of Soil and Water Conservation Ecological Environment of Wulanchabu City, Jining, China
Corresponding author:Li, Jinrong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:296-303
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to the natural factors and the irrational actions of human being, grassland ecological environment is very vulnerable. Though the resource exploitation in recent years has greatly accelerated the economic and social development, a series of ecological environmental disasters are brought up, and the soil erosion is aggravated at the same time. Environmental problem has become one of the most important issues which need to be resolved urgently in China's economic and social development. Therefore, this paper takes the different measures of dump slope at large opencast coal mine in typical steppe as the study object, the process of runoff and sediment yield was positionally observed by using the standard runoff field facility under different control measures in the vegetation growth stage. The results showed that the amount of soil erosion in the slope caused by unreasonable measures was greater than the bare land in the early stage of vegetation restoration on the slope, which indicated the strong disturbance from the implementation of management measures on the slope. If the vegetation coverage was greater than 35%, the capacity of sediment, water storage and infiltration of the slope under different measures were obviously stronger than the bare land. The rainfall and rainfall intensity were the main controlling factors of slope runoff and sediment yield, which was increased with the increasing of the rainfall intensity and rainfall. Erosion modulus of the bare slope was 14183 t/(km<sup>2</sup>·a), which was biggest among the treated slopes. Soil erosion modulus under the measure of the eco-bags with linear shape was 5179 t/(km<sup>2</sup>·a), which was the minimum among the treated slopes. It was 36.5% of the bare slope and 81.5% of Sabina vulgaris + Spiraea shrub (after 4-year restoration). So, the dump slope is a kind of artificial remodeling topography with very strong erosion. The effect of combining biological measures and engineering measures was much better than the single biological measure to control the soil erosion in the dump slope, and it was one of the most effective ways to control the soil erosion in the dump slope. In summary, by setting up different control measures on the mine slope, the surface water and sediment changes are observed during individual rainfall so as to clarify the dynamic rule among rainfall, runoff and sediment yield change. The result obtained may provide certain reference for the erosion control of typical steppe mine slope and its ecological restoration and reconstruction. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Soil conservation
Controlled terms:Coal mines - Ecology - Economic and social effects - Erosion - Mines - Rain - Restoration - Runoff - Sediments - Soils - Solid wastes - Stages - Surface waters - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological environments - Ecological restoration - Economic and social development - Environmental disasters - Environmental problems - Main controlling factors - Runoff and sediment yields - Waste dumps
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 402.2 Public Buildings - 409 Civil Engineering, General - 443.3 Precipitation - 444.1 Surface Water - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 502.1 Mine and Quarry Operations - 503.1 Coal Mines - 811 Cellulose, Paper and Wood Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 38>
Accession number:20151400700167
Title:Monitoring and control system development for pilot-scale moving bed biomass carbonization equipment with internal heating
Authors:Cong, Hongbin (1); Zhao, Lixin (1); Meng, Haibo (1); Yao, Zonglu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Meng, Haibo
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:268-274
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biochar is a pyrolysis solid product of biological organic material (biomass) in anoxic and anaerobic conditions, It can be widely used in carbon emission reduction, water purification, adsorption of heavy metals and soil improvement, etc., so it can partly provide solutions for the focus issues of global concern, such as climate warming, environmental pollution and soil degradation. The production and application of biochar have aroused wide attention of researchers both at home and abroad. According to the continuity of production process, two types of biomass carbonization techniques have been developed in China, which are respectively fixed bed carbonization technique and moving bed carbonization technique. The fixed bed carbonization techniques can be divided into kiln carbonization technique and retort carbonization. Accordingly, the kiln carbonization technique commonly adopts spontaneous combustion heating method, its corresponding equipments have the features of simple structure and low-cost, so this technique has been used widely in China. The retort carbonization technique adopts external heating method, so its corresponding device has more complicated structure than the kiln carbonization technique, this technique can commonly realize the poly-generation of biochar and other byproducts. The moving bed carbonization technique is upgraded from the fixed bed carbonization technique, and according to flowing the direction of material, this technique can be divided into transverse flow moving bed carbonization technique and vertical flow moving bed carbonization technique. Continuous producing is the remarkable feature of the moving bed biomass carbonization technique, and it has higher automation level and lower labor intensity, compared with the fixed bed carbonization technique. The moving bed carbonization technique represents developing direction of China's biomass carbonization technique. Aimed at the problems of low productivity, high energy consumption as well as difficulty in control of process parameters with biomass carbonization equipment, based on the development of moving bed biomass carbonization equipment with internal heating, monitoring and control system was developed by using the software platform of Kingview, and feedback control mechanism and cascade control technology the system are adopted. The monitoring and control system mainly includes feeding control system, the carbonization environment monitoring system, biochar discharging control system, and other auxiliary software system, etc. The main and deputy controllers for monitoring carbonization temperature and furnace pressure are respectively positional PID and incremental PID. Production test results show that monitoring and control system is stable and reliable, which can realize orderly control of equipment operation and directional control of carbonization environment. Compared with no monitoring system, equipment productivity increases by 18.3%, and the carbon yield increases by 2.3 points. Development and application of the monitor and control system provides technical support for the industrialization promotion of related equipments. In automatic work mode of the monitoring and control system, control mechanism and the control algorithm are the main influence factors in order to realize directional process control of the biochar. On the one hand, we need further optimize process parameters of different materials through a lot of production test under internal heating condition, on the other hand, we need further analysis the influence of control parameters (such as negative pressure, the air inlet opening, air inlet position, etc.) on the carbonization environment (such as carbonization temperature, heating rate, catalyst, etc.), and optimize the environment of coking equipment control mechanism and algorithm. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Coking
Controlled terms:Air intakes - Algorithms - Biological materials - Biomass - Byproducts - Carbon - Carbonization - Cascade control systems - Chemicals removal (water treatment) - Control system analysis - Control systems - Controllers - Driers (materials) - Emission control - Energy utilization - Environmental impact - Equipment - Heating - Heavy metals - Kilns - Monitoring - Process control - Productivity - Soil pollution - Spontaneous combustion - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Bio chars - Carbon emission reductions - Carbonization temperatures - Development and applications - Environment monitoring system - Environmental pollutions - Monitor and control systems - Monitoring and control systems
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 453 Water Pollution - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 521.1 Fuel Combustion - 522 Gas Fuels - 524 Solid Fuels - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 642.1 Process Heating - 642.2 Industrial Furnaces and Components - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 732.1 Control Equipment - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 901 Engineering Profession - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 39>
Accession number:20151400700153
Title:Effects of dairy effluents irrigation on N balance in soil under winter wheat-summer maize rotation system
Authors:Du, Huiying (1); Feng, Jie (1); Guo, Haigang (1); Wang, Feng (1); Zhao, Junyi (1); Zhang, Keqiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Tianjin, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Keqiang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:159-165
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the development of intensive cultivation of livestock in China, a large number of effluents are produced. However, the treatment and utilization rate of livestock effluents are low, which causes nitrogen and phosphorus losses and the problems of water resource shortage and serious overexploitation of the groundwater for agricultural irrigation in the North China Plain. In order to control the non-point pollution, the experiment was conducted in the North China Plain for 3 years to test the effects of continuous dairy effluent irrigation on crop yield, nitrogen (N) use efficiency, residual inorganic N and N balance in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system. The study included five treatments with three replications: No fertilizer and freshwater irrigation in wheat growing season (CK), 2 times dairy effluent irrigation in wheat growing season (T1), 3 times dairy effluent irrigation in wheat growing season (T2), 4 times dairy effluent irrigation in wheat growing season (T3), customized fertilization, inorganic compound fertilizer of 375 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>after planting, and 600 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>urea application at wheat jointing stage, freshwater irrigation in wheat growing season (CF). The irrigation quota was 830 m<sup>3</sup>/hm<sup>2</sup>, and the irrigation quantity was controlled by water Ultrasonic flowmeters. The results showed that dairy effluent irrigation significantly increased the winter wheat and summer maize yield by 36.78% and 40.82% respectively. With the increasing of N application amount, the yield of winter wheat increased at first and then decreased. When the N application amount was 240 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, the yield of wheat was the maximum. However, the yield of maize increased with the increasing of N application amount, and when the N application amount was 320 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, the yield of maize was the maximum. The yield of wheat increased by 1.56%-12.47% and maize increased by 1.84%-7.27% in the three-year successive harvests, though the N application rates were reduced by 3.61%-51.81% for wheat and by 68.94%-74.89% for maize. The nitrogen accumulation amounts in plant and grain under the treatments with dairy effluent irrigation were significantly higher than those under the treatment CK. There was no significant deference among the treatments T1, T2, T3 and CF in 2011 and 2012, the nitrogen accumulations in winter wheat for the treatments T2, T3 and CF were significantly higher than that for treatment T1. The crop yield increased gradually with the increasing of dairy effluent irrigation span. The crop N use efficiency increased year by year, and in the third year the crop N use efficiency reached 47.87%-67.63%, which was the carryover effect of dairy effluent irrigation. After harvesting winter wheat, with the increasing of nitrogen amount of dairy effluent, the soil nitrate accumulation in 0-100 cm soil layer was increased. The soil nitrate accumulation in 100 cm soil layer of 4 times irrigation was significantly higher than that of 2-3 times irrigation. The dairy effluent irrigation significantly enhanced the residual inorganic N in 0-100 cm soil layer, and the residual nitrate N was apparently more than the residual ammonium N. The results of N balance showed that the N uptake by crop increased with the increasing of N application amount. After the irrigation using dairy effluent in wintering and elongation period of wheat, N use efficiency of crop was significantly greater than that cultivated by normal fertilization and irrigation. Residual inorganic N in 0-100 cm soil layer and apparent N loss were significantly less than that in other dairy effluent irrigation treatments, and decreased by 39.73% and 55.67% respectively than that in the normal fertilization irrigation treatment. Considering crop yield, accumulative N use efficiency and soil inorganic N balance, it is concluded that 2-3 times dairy effluent application is appropriate in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Cultivation - Dairies - Efficiency - Effluent treatment - Effluents - Fertilizers - Groundwater - Groundwater pollution - Groundwater resources - Inorganic compounds - Nitrates - Nitrogen - Pollution control - Rotation - Soils - Urea - Water - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural irrigation - Inorganic n - Irrigation treatments - N balance - N use efficiency - Nitrogen accumulation - Nitrogen and phosphorus loss - Summer maize
Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 444 Water Resources - 444.2 Groundwater - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.1 Mechanical Devices - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 40>
Accession number:20151400700152
Title:Error correction method of automatic monitoring soil moisture data based on differential equation
Authors:Hao, Xingyao (1); Feng, Zhongke (1); Zhao, Chunjiang (2); Li, Shuhua (2); Gao, Bingbo (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; (2) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Agri-Informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Chunjiang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:152-158
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In practical work of soil moisture monitoring, the automatic monitoring devices provide faster, more efficient and continuous observations compared with manual drying method. Thus, the automatic monitoring, which bases on Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR) or Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR), is becoming the main technical means to achieve the goal of fast and continuous monitoring. However, the automatic monitoring data is less stable and accurate because of installation and tuning situation, equipment aging and farm environment changing. Automatic monitoring data error can be divided into two categories: random error and systematic error. Random error complies normal distribution and its mean tends to zero. Systematic error does not have statistical characteristics, but it usually has certain regularity in value and continuity in time. For the time series data of automatic monitoring, error from one time point is relevant to the data errors of previous and subsequent time points. Thus, the random error can be reduced by averaging multiple measurements and the impact of systematic error can be reduced by differential equation correction. Soil moisture values measured by manual drying method are generally considered as the most accurate and reliable data, therefore it provides the possibility to correct the values measured by automatic monitor. The method proposed in this study is based on the numerical analysis of errors, regardless the specific causes. This scheme avoids the complex process of locating each error source and analyzing its numerical impact. The data analyzed in this paper included soil moisture values measured by manual drying method and automatic devices in the same period and same area but with different time intervals. The manual data was acquired every half-month and automatic data was acquired hourly. The daily means of automatic monitoring data were calculated to match manual data. Taking the manual data as true values, the errors of automatic monitoring data in corresponding days can be calculated. The error analysis results showed that the automatic monitoring soil moisture data contains apparent systematic error and the absolute mean error exceeded 5% of the operational requirement. The differential equations to correct the automatic monitoring data were established in forms of linear equation, quadratic equation and cubic equation. The argument of equations is measuring time and the dependent variable of equations is error estimation. The automatic monitoring data errors before and after correction were compared. The result indicated that the absolute mean error decreased 34% and 24% in 20 cm depth and decreased 67% and 54% in 40 cm depth, and all the absolute mean errors satisfy the 5% of the operational requirement. Moreover, the error after correction is normally distributed. The residual error is mainly the simple random error which could be further reduced by calculating the monthly average and ten days average. Among the three equation forms, linear differential equation has the best correction performance altogether. The correction method using differential equation is easy to implement and can effectively improve the accuracy of automatic monitoring data. With this method, the synchronistical observation of soil moisture can give full play to the advantages of both manual and automatic data collecting methods and improve the overall performance of monitoring system. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:12
Main heading:Monitoring
Controlled terms:Differential equations - Drying - Electromagnetic wave attenuation - Error analysis - Error correction - Errors - Frequency domain analysis - Moisture - Moisture control - Normal distribution - Numerical methods - Reflection - Reflectometers - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils - Time domain analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic monitoring - Continuous observation - Frequency domain reflectometry - Linear differential equation - Operational requirements - Soil moisture monitoring - Statistical characteristics - Time domain reflectometry
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 642.1 Process Heating - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 921 Mathematics - 922.1 Probability Theory - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 941.3 Optical Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 41>
Accession number:20151400700174
Title:Effect of pulsed electric field on spontaneous photon emission of corn seedlings under osmotic stress
Authors:Xi, Gang (1); He, Ruirui (1); Liu, Kai (1); Zhao, Yanyan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Applied Physics, Institute of Science, Xian University of Technology, Xi'an, China
Corresponding author:Xi, Gang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:319-324
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:There are many complex physiological and biochemical reactions in the process of crop seed germination, so germinating seeds are very susceptible to environmental changes and have significant changes on the later growth. Using various physical methods to improve crops drought resistance has been one of the important research directions of modern agriculture, and the majority of studies have been focused on the high-voltage electrostatic field. Recent studies showed that the center frequency of corn cell potential fluctuations was in near 1 Hz, the cell potential coupling resonance could be occurred under the action of 1 Hz pulsed electric field, and some key physiological processes such as respiratory metabolism, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and water uptake could be affected by the extremely low frequency pulsed electric field (ELF-PEF) with 1 Hz. Therefore, the effect of 1 Hz pulsed electric field on crop drought resistance could be greater than the electrostatic field. However, the reports about the effect of the ELF-PEF on crop drought resistance and its mechanism have been very little, and hence the corresponding researches need to be strengthened. Spontaneous photon emission is an important life information. Numerous studies have determined that the spontaneous photon emission from living cells is closely related to some important life processes such as cell metabolism, DNA synthesis, respiration and photosynthesis. The analysis of spontaneous photon emission from living cells could provide a non-invasive optical technology for the study of changes in the cell metabolism and the function of the state, and it has been widely used in the studies of plant reaction to pathogens, flooding, drought, salt stress, herbicides, UV radiation and so on. For the above reasons, after the germinating corn seeds were treated by 1 Hz ELF-PEF and the PEG-6000 solution was used to form physiological drought to corn seedlings, the growth of corn seedlings and spontaneous photon emission under osmotic stress were studied in this paper. The results showed that the promoting effects of 1 Hz ELF-PEF on the growth of corn seedlings were obvious: the fresh qualities of roots and leaves of corn seedling treated by 1 Hz ELF-PEF were higher than the controls under osmotic stress, and the spontaneous photon emissions of embryo, roots and leaves of corn seedlings have been strengthened. According to the changes of spontaneous photon emission from the cell and its biological significance, it has been speculated that the treatment of 1 Hz ELF-PEF on corn seedlings can promote the DNA synthesis reactions and respiratory metabolism in embryo cells of germinating corn under osmotic stress, increase the respiratory metabolism and reactive oxygen in root cells of corn seedlings, and accelerate the photosynthetic electron transport activity and photosynthesis in leaf cells of corn seedlings. This study provides a reference to understand the mechanism about the effect of the ELF-PEF on drought resistance of crop seedlings. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Cells - Crops - Cytology - Drought - Electric fields - Electric furnaces - Electron transport properties - Electrostatics - Heat radiation - Metabolism - Osmosis - Photons - Photosynthesis - Physiology - Plants (botany) - Quality control - Synthesis (chemical)
Uncontrolled terms:Biological significance - Corn - Drought resistance - Extremely low frequencies - High voltage electrostatic field - Osmotic stress - Photosynthetic electron transport - Spontaneous photon emission
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 532.3 Electric Metallurgical Furnaces - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 932 High Energy Physics; Nuclear Physics; Plasma Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.043
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 42>
Accession number:20151400700161
Title:Using clustering algorithm to visualize spatial-temporal internet of things data in process of agricultural product circulation
Authors:Lin, Lanfen (1); Yu, Penghua (1); Li, Zeyang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Lin, Lanfen
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:228-235
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Stable environment is of vital importance in the process of long-distance circulation for agricultural products. With the development of Internet of Things (IoT) technique, it is relatively convenient to acquire the real-time data about the agricultural environment and the location data of the transport vehicle during the whole circulation process. In order to better perform the environment monitoring and position tracing, one can supervise the trajectory based on the collected IoT data through some current visualization approaches. However, the data collection of one specific trajectory on circulation for agricultural products is usually extremely large because the real-time data is usually required in real-world applications. Therefore, there still exist several open challenges to effectively and efficiently visualize the trajectory by large data collected on circulation for agricultural products. Firstly, there will be too many markers on the limited map once the visualization mapping is made directly from the original collected data set. Then the visual overload problem may occur when loading all the markers on the screen. Meanwhile, it also wastes computational resources to be rendered for the large scale data set, and it will decay the satisfaction of the end users. In addition, it is not conducive to grab the valuable information, which is typically usable for decision-making but hidden in the large raw data set. In order to effectively address these problems, a novel spatial-temporal visualization technique based on clustering the original data points is proposed in this paper. The clustering algorithm considers both the spatial-temporal characteristics and the semantic features of the data collected from the transport vehicle during the circulation process. For the spatial aspect, the trajectory is consecutive in nature, and the curves of the trajectory are well guaranteed with the constraint of the temporal factor. As for the spatial perspective, the nearby points are surely clustered together. Besides, the semantic features are taken into account, and then the points with abnormal IoT sensing values are detected in time, which is demanded by the manager of the circulation. In this approach, the original data will be firstly clustered by the proposed clustering algorithm and reduced to relatively fewer points, which are deemed to be critical positions in a specific trajectory on circulation for agricultural products. Then the real-time trajectory of this transport vehicle can be drawn with these critical positions to monitor the environment and trace its position during the circulation process. Furthermore, the proposed spatial-temporal visualization method is applied to the project that focuses on position-based analysis and visualization of agricultural IoT data based on the geographic information system. Finally, the system is successfully applied to several agricultural companies, and the intuitive visualization of the entire trajectory on the circulation process of agricultural products is effectively achieved. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Clustering algorithms
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Agriculture - Airships - Algorithms - Data visualization - Decision making - Flow visualization - Geographic information systems - Human computer interaction - Internet - Internet of things - Loading - Semantics - Trajectories - Vehicles - Visualization
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural environments - Computational resources - Environment monitoring - Internet of Things (IOT) - Large scale data sets - Real-time trajectories - Spatial-temporal characteristics - Spatial-temporal data
Classification code:404.1 Military Engineering - 432 Highway Transportation - 461.4 Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 652.5 Balloons and Gliders - 672 Naval Vessels - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 717 Optical Communication - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 903.2 Information Dissemination - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 912.2 Management - 921 Mathematics - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 43>
Accession number:20151400700138
Title:Optimization of GNSS-controlled land leveling system and related experiments
Authors:Li, Xiao (1); Li, Hongpeng (1); Niu, Dongling (1); Wang, Yan (1); Liu, Gang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Gang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:48-55
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Precise land leveling of farmlands is an important foundation of modern ground irrigation system. It can improve the uniformity of irrigation as well as soil water and salt distribution, thus controlling weeds, saving water and increasing yield. The application of GNSS (global navigation satellite system)-controlled land leveling technology is protected from weather. Besides, it has high speed and working efficiency, which earns broad application prospects. Combined with the actual situation of land leveling in China as well as the early research work, based on GNSS-controlled land leveling technology, the paper developed a leveling system which is suitable for China. The system reduces the cost of equipment and optimizes its leveling function. To reduce the number of discrete devices and improve system integration, the paper designed an integrated control terminal, including an integrated GNSS receiver module, a differential radio module, a core processing platform and a valve control module. The paper also designed the outer covering of integrated control terminal. It can be rotated to adjust the bracket through the tractor cab, and it is protected from dust, making it convenient to operate. To optimize topographic survey, the paper acquired more terrain information, for instance, the area of farmlands, which guides the later leveling operations. It also adds function of real-time display of measurement tracks. What's more, it optimizes the reference design to achieve any grade slope leveling by building a mathematic model and solve it. The optimized system consists of integrated intelligent control terminals, independent differential GNSS receiver module, hydraulic system and flat shovel equipment. Meanwhile, based on Visual Studio 2008 as the development environment, the integrated software helps a lot to land leveling. The software has accomplished the function of topographic survey, reference design and leveling operation. The intelligent precise leveling system has been applied for long experiment on Shang Zhuang experimental station of China Agricultural University. The accuracy of the system is encouraging: the maximum elevation difference after the plane leveling goes down from 20.9 cm to 10 cm and height standard deviation of elevation drops from 10.6 cm to 5.5 cm; the cumulative percentage, of which the accuracy errors are less than 5 cm, is increased from 77% to 90% after the land leveling. Besides, flat slope gradient goes down from 0.239% to 0.120%, which is in line with the design requirements. The results showed that the system is stable and reliable for operation and it perfectly meets the requirements of precise land leveling. The system developed in this paper is suitable for our farmland and farm equipment with abundant function and is easy to operate while the cost is reduced by more than a half compared with the similar foreign advanced products. It will help as fine irrigation and water-saving equipment in China and it will earn large-scale application in our country. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Global positioning system
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Cost reduction - Design - Equipment - Experiments - Farms - Hydraulic control equipment - Hydraulic equipment - Hydraulic machinery - Integrated control - Irrigation - Land use - Leveling (machinery) - Optimization - Signal receivers - Soil moisture - Surveys - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Development environment - Experimental stations - Global Navigation Satellite Systems - Integrated software - Land leveling - Large-scale applications - Standard deviation - Topographic surveys
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 405.3 Surveying - 408 Structural Design - 444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 603.1 Machine Tools, General - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 717 Optical Communication - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 731.1 Control Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901 Engineering Profession - 901.3 Engineering Research - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 44>
Accession number:20151400700136
Title:Motion differential equations of seedling in duckbilled planting nozzle and its application experiment
Authors:Chen, Jianneng (1); Xia, Xudong (1); Wang, Ying (3); Yan, Jiangjun (1); Zhang, Penghua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China; (2) Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Transplanting Equipment and Technology, Hangzhou, China; (3) Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Jianneng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:31-39
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:During the operation of planting mechanism with duckbilled planting nozzle, seedlings fall into ditch or hole under the action of gravity after they are thrown into the planting nozzle, then the transplanter carries out earthing and tamp. The planting nozzle is to keep the seedling upright during the process of dropping and to make the placement accurate. The seedling is free during the entire process so it is not easy to be damaged. During the process, the friction between seedling and planting nozzle affects the drop time. Especially, with the increase of planting velocity, sometimes the seeding's movement time in planting nozzle is too long, so that seedling can't fall into ditch or hole in time, and it causes planting failure, which also has adverse effect on the next planting cycle. In order to avoid this situation, in this paper, the movement of seedling relative to planting nozzle was divided into three stages. The first stage is that seedling falls into the planting nozzle and crashes with the planting nozzle. This collision can be defined as plastic collision form the mechanical property of seedling. The second stage is that seedling does planar motion after collision. During this stage, seedling slides along the planting nozzle and spins along the collision point at the same time. The third stage is that seedling slides along the planting nozzle. During this process, the movement of seedling relative to planting nozzle can be regarded as the linear acceleration movement. This paper established differential equations for each stage. In order to verify the validity of the model, in this paper, 128-hole-plate was used, and broccoli seedling with 2-3 leaves and 63% water content was chosen as working object, and planting mechanism with planetary deformed elliptic gears was used as carrier, and analysis was conducted. Relative movement and interaction force between seedling and planting nozzle and seeding's movement time in planting nozzle were got from the analysis. The movement of seedling in planting nozzle was also studied by using high-speed camera and video processing technology. The measured time from seedling entering the planting nozzle to seedling leaving the planting nozzle basically agrees well with the calculated time. It shows that the differential equations and the calculation are correct. The analysis and experiment also show that the seedling can fall into the hole successfully, when the seedling is thrown into the planting nozzle with the angle of 55° between axis of seedling and horizontal plane, and velocity of seedling's barycenter is 1.5 m/s, and the angle between velocity direction of seedling's barycenter and horizontal plane is 68°, and the velocity of this planting mechanism is less than 147 r/min. This provides design consideration of the maximum speed for planting mechanism. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Differential equations - Equations of motion - Experiments - High speed cameras - Mechanical properties - Nozzles - Velocity - Video signal processing
Uncontrolled terms:Design considerations - Interaction forces - ITS applications - Linear accelerations - Motion differential equation - Relative movement - Seedling - Velocity directions
Classification code:631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 716.4 Television Systems and Equipment - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.2 Calculus - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 45>
Accession number:20151400700150
Title:Construction and effect of water-saving and pollution prevention irrigation system
Authors:Wan, Yuwen (1); Mao, Zhi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; (2) Guangxi College of Water Resources and Electric Power, Nanning, China
Corresponding author:Mao, Zhi
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:31
Issue:3
Issue date:February 1, 2015
Publication year:2015
Pages:137-145
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Unreasonable farmland irrigation and fertilizer management practice results in the huge loss of nutrients in the field, which is one of the main factors of agricultural non-point source pollution. In order to find out compatible measures of saving water, increasing production and reducing pollution in the paddy fields, a “four lines of defense” system was proposed in this paper, which was composed of field, grass ditch, pond wetland and main ditch. For the purpose of analyzing integrated purification effect, experimental research was systemically conducted in Qingshitan reservoir irrigation area in Guilin, Guangxi and Guangxi Center Station of Irrigation Experiment. Through optimizing the management of irrigation and fertilizer mode, it was expected to find the optimal management pattern of water and fertilizer. This was mainly done by analyzing field yield, irrigation amount, water drainage and discharge loads of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) under the situation of different irrigation systems, nitrogen fertilizer application frequencies and distributions. Representative demonstration area was built in situ condition. Measuring weirs were installed respectively at the inlets and outlets of grass ditch, pond wetland and main ditch, and water samples were tested to obtain the TN and TP concentrations. Based on these data, the emission laws of TN and TP load were analyzed. The results showed that optimal management pattern was the practice of intermittent irrigation, fertilizer application four times at a ratio of 3:3:3:1 keeping the total amount constant. Compared with traditional practice, it could save 36.5% of irrigation water, reduce 20.2% of drainage water, and reduction rates of TN and TP loads reached to 24.0% and 19.8% respectively, while its effect on rice yield was not significant. It achieved the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution from the source. The other three components of “four lines of defense”, namely grass ditch, pond wetland and main ditch, also reflected the purification effect; and the purification rates of TN and TP loads of grass ditch were 21.8% and 25.9%, pond wetland were 21.7% and 20.9%, and main ditch were 16.3% and 14.4%, respectively. This article gave some suggestions on optimization design of each component of “four lines of defense”. The research displayed that TN and TP loads in drainage were reduced by 61% and 60% respectively after the purification of the “four lines of defense” system. There is a great purification effect to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loads from farmland discharged by the “four lines of defense” system, realizing the goals of reducing farmland nonpoint source pollution and recovering its water environment. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Water pollution
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Drainage - Farms - Fertilizers - Irrigation - Lakes - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Phosphorus - Pollution - Pollution control - Purification - Reservoirs (water) - Water conservation - Water pollution control - Water resources - Wetlands
Uncontrolled terms:Four lines of defense - Non-point source pollution - Total nitrogen - Total phosphorus - Water - savings
Classification code:401 Bridges and Tunnels - 406 Highway Engineering - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 441.2 Reservoirs - 442 Flood Control; Land Reclamation - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 444 Water Resources - 453 Water Pollution - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 502 Mines and Quarry Equipment and Operations - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.03.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.
期刊信息
- 主管单位 中国科学技术协会
- 主办单位 中国农业工程学会
- 主编 朱明
- 总编/社长 王应宽
- 地址 北京朝阳区麦子店街41号
- 邮编 100125
- 电话 010－59197078/7077/7076
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友情链接
- Bioresource Technology
- Industrial Crops and Products
- Biomass & Bioenergy
- Biosystems Engineering
- Aquacultural Engineering
- International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering
- Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
- Paddy and Water Environment
- Journal of Agricultural Engineering
- Transactions of the ASABE
- Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental
- Applied Engineering in Agriculture
- Engenharia Agricola
- AMA-Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America
- 中华人民共和国农业农村部-MARA
- 中国科学技术协会CAST
- 国家新闻出版署
- 中华人民共和国科学技术部
- 国家自然科学基金委员会
- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
- CIGR
- ASABE
- EurAgEng-European Society for Agricultural Engineers
- American Society of Agronomy
- Crop Science Society of America
- Soil Science Society of America
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- CNKI
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