<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20150400457879
Title:Calculation of county cultivated land productivity and its analysis of influential factors of grain main production area in Northeast China
Authors:Song, Ge (1); Zhou, Chaohui (1); Wang, Yue (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Land Management, Northeast University, Shenyang, China; (2) School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:308-317
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The northeastern area is the production area of commercial grain, playing an important role in protecting national food security. To determine the size of cultivated land productivity and to clarify effect intensity and direction of various factors to the cultivated land productivity, the northeastern grain main production area Bayan county is used as the study area, digital topographic map and SPOT5 images from 2009 are used as the basic information source, and land detailed survey database and other statistics are used as the basic data source to analyze in the study. Based on the mechanism of formation of grain production capacity, synthesizing natural ecology, and socio-economic factors affecting cultivated land productivity, potential attenuation method is used to calculate cultivated land production capacity and analyze its spatial distribution pattern in the study area. While improved dimensionality reduction that backs propagation neural network is improved by genetic algorithm, path analysis and regression analysis methods are adopted to analyze single effects of each major factor and synergistic effects among factors to effect intensity and direction of cultivated land production capacity was also studied, which breaking the Agricultural Land Classification accounting methods, focused on natural factors in the past. The results show that: 1) taking the corn crop as the basis in 2009, its theoretical, achievable, and actual cultivated land productivity per unit area in study area are respectively 2.33 kg/m², 1.58 kg/m², and 1.08 kg/m²; the theoretical, achievable, and actual total cultivated land productivity are respectively 5.47, 3.72, and 2.54 million tons. In addition, theoretical usage potentiality is 0.74 kg/m², and achievable usage potentiality is 0.50 kg/m², while theoretical usage intensity and achievable usage intensity both are 0.68. As for the spatial distribution of cultivated land productivity, the theoretical, achievable, and actual cultivated land productivity per unit area show the decreasing trend from the southwest to northeast, and the total theoretical, achievable, and actual cultivated land productivity show the decreasing distribution trend from northwest to southeast. 2) The single effects of 7 main factors including difference vegetation index (DVI), slope, geomorphic type, black soil thickness, organic matter, mechanization degree, and irrigation potential are great; the strongest action intensity to productivity is mechanization degree, and the weakest is black soil thickness. Except for the slope that has a negative effect, the other six factors have a positive effect to cultivated land productivity in the study area. The synergistic effects intensity among the 7 main factors to cultivated land productivity are strong, and the synergistic effect intensity between the other 6 main factors and geomorphological type is the strongest, while the synergistic effect intensity between the other 6 main factors and organic matter is the weakest. Besides, only the synergy action intensity between the main influential factors and slope to cultivated land productivity is negative and synergistic effects among the other 6 main factors all are positive. Meanwhile, according to the total 25 influential factors of cultivated land productivity, synergistic effects of 5-group-relative factors formed from the 7 main factors and the rest of the 18 influential factors (non-main factors) also play a significant part in the cultivated land productivity. Synergistic effects intensity between chemical fertilizer application and mechanization degree is the strongest, which is positive, while synergistic effects intensity between elevation and slope is the weakest and is negative. The effect mechanisms of influential factors show that single effects of main factors and synergistic effects of factors play an important role in the cultivated land productivity. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:13
Main heading:Factor analysis
Controlled terms:Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Economics - Fertilizers - Food supply - Genetic algorithms - Grain (agricultural product) - Land use - Machinery - Maps  - Mechanization - Organic compounds - Productivity - Regression analysis - Spatial distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Cultivated lands - Digital topographic maps - Dimensionality reduction - Influential factors - Mechanism of formation - Production area - Regression analysis methods - Spatial distribution patterns
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 404.2 Civil Defense - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 481.2 Geochemistry - 601 Mechanical Design - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20150400457857
Title:Voltage equalizing method of energy storage system based on series connected supercapacitors
Authors:Yu, Peng (1); Yang, Rengang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agriculrual University, Beijing, China; (2) College of Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Rengang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:133-140
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This paper presents a novel voltage equalizer to equalize the voltage of series connected supercapacitors. The discrete time domain analysis is enhanced by applying diagonal matrix to accelerate the computation of circuit models. The simulation experiments were carried out for verification of the equalization effect and the algorithm efficiency. A voltage equalization prototype based on calculation parameters was created to validate the mathematics model and the simulation result. The new voltage equalizer named parallel capacitor equalizer with dynamic equalization characteristic is based on the net of switches, inductors, and capacitors. The unbalance charge is transferred from the supercapacitor to the balance capacitor through the switch. When the switch is in the off state, the unbalance energy is transferred between the balance capacitors. With the energy transfer process, the high voltage of the supercapacitor will decrease and the low voltage of the supercapacitor will increase. This energy transfer process will continue until the balanced state of series supercapacitors is achieved. One characteristic of this circuit is that the high precision A/D conversion is not necessary for the balancing process. The second characteristic of the circuit is that the balancing process is performed in parallel sequence. As a result, the balancing time will not increase linearly with the increase of the connected supercapacitor number. With the switch action, the unbalanced charges are transferred from the supercapacitor with high voltage to the supercapacitor with low voltage through balance capacitor. The discrete time domain analysis is used to establish the mathematics model of the equalization circuit. Because the iterated algorithm of typical discrete time domain analysis has large calculating quantity, the diagnose matrix was used to simplify the result of the difference equation. The compute step of enhanced discrete time domain analysis is shown below. First, the differential equations were built up to describe the circuit as the mathematics model. Second, the time domain result was achieved from the differential equations. Third, the continuous time domain result was transferred to the dispersion result. Fourth, a general expression was derived from the iterative result to reduce the computing amount. The curves of the supercapacitor voltage and voltage difference were drawn to analyze the characters of the balance circuit. The curves showed that the duty ratio affects the balance result. The scope of the duty ratio can be acquired through the feature of curves. As a result, the practicability and principle of this method were demonstrated through the analysis above. The simulation experiment was designed to verify the mathematics model and the dynamic performance of the method. The simulation results verified the derived result from the mathematics model. The typical states of static, charging and discharging, were used to study the dynamic performance of the equalizer. In the static state, the waveforms of supercapacitor voltage are trending to the same value with the equalization circuits while the waveforms of supercapacitors are trending to different values without the equalization circuits. In the discharge state, the trends to zero of the supercapacitor voltage is delayed with the equalization circuits compared to the trends of supercapacitor voltage without equalization circuits. In the charge state, the difference value between two supercapacitors decreased with the equalization circuit compared to the value without the equalization circuit. The result shows that the circuit has a dynamic effect in the triple state above. The simulation models of the supercapacitor module in the static state were experimented to verify the influence of supercapacitor amount on the effect of the equalizing process. The result indicates that the effect of equalization has weak ties with series connected supercapacitor amount. A voltage equalization prototype based on calculation parameters is created to validate the mathematics model. Isolate oscilloscope, load resistor, power source, and signals generator were used as experiment environment. NI-PXI5114 with labview9.0 was used to record the real time wave form of supercapacitor voltage. The experimental waveform supports the analysis result of mathematics model and simulation model. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective with dynamic characteristics while no sampling device is used. The enhanced discrete time domain method reduces the computation burden of state equations solving process. This computation method can be applied to the analysis of the voltage equalization circuit. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Time domain analysis
Controlled terms:Analog to digital conversion - Capacitors - Circuit simulation - Continuous time systems - Difference equations - Differential equations - Dynamic models - Electric network analysis - Energy storage - Energy transfer  - Equalizers - Equations of state - Iterative methods - Matrix algebra - Transients - Voltage control
Uncontrolled terms:Algorithm efficiency - Calculation parameters - Discrete time-domain - Dynamic characteristics - Energy storage systems - Energy transfer process - Equalization circuits - Serial connection
Classification code:621 Nuclear Reactors - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 703.1.1 Electric Network Analysis - 704.1 Electric Components - 713.5 Electronic Circuits Other Than Amplifiers, Oscillators, Modulators, Limiters, Discriminators or Mixers - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20150400457846
Title:Design and experiment on opening bag mechanism of sleeving machine for potted flowers
Authors:Gu, Song (1); Zhang, Qing (1); Li, Kai (1); Yang, Yanli (3); Liu, Kai (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (3) Guangzhou Sky Mechanical and Electrical Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China; (4) Guangdong Mechanical and Electrical College, Guangzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:38-46
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the improvement of people's living standard in China, the demand for flowers has been increasing annually, and further the sleeving requirement of potted flowers is also rising. The sleeving requirement is indicated to sleeve transparent packing bags for potted flowers. Packing bags are designed to beautify and protect potted flowers during transportation. In order to improve productivity, many large-scale enterprises producing potted flowers in Europe are using sleeving machine to sleeve potted flowers. But there are some problems due to the differences of bag type and producing process when foreign sleeving machine is used in China, along with the high price of foreign machines being 5-10 million Yuan. Now the automated production technology of greenhouse horticultural production in Netherland has reached the leading position in the world. The Netherlands has been developing automated sleeving machine for potted flowers. However, the sleeving machines have a problem, i.e., their opening bag mechanisms occasionally unsuccessfully make bag opening, because there is not a unit to keep bag from falling. According to the requirements of the domestic market and the instability problems of opening bag for small-size sleeving machines whose productivity are 1 200 pots/h, it is proposed to develop a hooking bag unit based on the above opening bag mechanism. The hooking bag unit can prevent the bag falling from the suckers during opening period, which will improve sleeving success ratio. The hooking bag unit is mainly constituted with push cylinder, hooking bag claw, link and synchronized shaft, etc. In this paper, based on the overall design of the opening bag mechanism, the main structural parameters of the sucker, moving unit to open bags and hooking bag unit were determined. First, according to the characteristics of packing bags, we chose the sucker type. Second, based on external diameter of the biggest pot and fixed hole spacing, the sucker spacing has been determined. Third, according to moving process of opening bag mechanism, moving unit to open bags has been designed. At last, based on performance characteristics of opening bag mechanism, hooking bag unit has been designed. Using the opening bag mechanisms without hooking bag unit and with hooking bag unit, opening bag performance experiments have been completed respectively to examine the opening bag characteristics. Results are as follows. In the experiment without hooking bag unit, to keep opening bag success ratio being greater than 90%, opening velocity of the sucker must be less than 0.3 m/s, and consumed time for opening bag was greater than 0.5 s. In the experiment with hooking bag unit, spacing between claw and sucker, and the widths of hooking bag claw were determined to be 2 and 4 mm, respectively. After an additional hooking bag unit being used, the opening velocity of sucker could be increased to 0.41 m/s, and consumed time for opening bag was just 0.37 s which could save 0.21 s compared with no hooking bag unit, meanwhile opening bag success ratio also could keep greater than 95%. For a sleeving machine whose opening bag mechanism had not a hooking bag unit, its productivity could achieve 1 200 pots/h, and consumed time for packing one pot (packing cycle time) was 3 s, so that according to above experiment results, when using the hooking bag unit, packing cycle time could be saved by 0.21 s with a success ratio of opening bag as high as 95%. It meant that the productivity of sleeving machine for potted flowers could enhance by 7.3% by using the hook bag unit. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Design - Machine design - Mechanisms - Packing - Productivity
Uncontrolled terms:Automated productions - Hooking bag unit - Instability problems - Living standards - Performance characteristics - Performance experiment - Pottd flowers - Structural parameter
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 601 Mechanical Design - 601.3 Mechanisms - 694.1 Packaging, General - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20150400457866
Title:Sewage treatment effect in cold rural region by attapulgite combined with stabilization pond
Authors:Sun, Nan (1); Tian, Weiwei (1); Li, Chenyang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Li, Chenyang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:209-215
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this study, an attapulgite-stabilization pond model was first proposed to deal with the practical problems of domestic sewage treatment such as low efficiency, high energy consumption, and drainage substandard in cold rural regions. A stabilization pond was assembled by a facultative pond reactor and aerobic reactor. Both reactors are cylinders, and the effective volume was 150 L. Before running the experiment, the facultative pond reactor was inoculated with anaerobic activated sludge and the aerobic pond reactor was inoculated with aerobic activated sludge to achieve a fast start of the experimental device. During running the experiment, the experimental procedure was that first the low temperature sewage was sent to the high tank from the storage tank by submersible pump, and then it flowed to a collection tank through a waterfall device, At the same time, this process achieved an increase in dissolved oxygen in the sewage. Then the low temperature sewage entered the facultative pond reactor for processing and then flowed into the aerobic pond reactor for processing. A stirring device was set up in the facultative pond reactor, so that activated sludge in the facultative pond bottom could fully contact with sewage, and by means of an aeration device aerated the aerobic reactor pond, so that the resulting mixture could get sufficiently dissolved oxygen. These operations could improve the purifying function and purifying effect of the process in a low temperature environment. Attapulgite was manually added to both reactors. Finally, the low temperature sewage flowed into a clear water tank. PLC was creatively applied to the experiment design, editing the operation of the reactor on a host computer, and the edited program was entered to the programmable logic controllers, then the test could be automatically, precisely and stably run controlled by the programmable logic controllers. The test researched the optimal operation parameters and the influenced of attapulgite fillers on the sewage treatment effect at a low temperature of 10. The test results showed that HRT, aeration time and pH had varying degrees on low temperature sewage by an attapulgite-stabilization pond, and from the two considerations of efficiency optimization and economic optimization, we selected control parameters in a low temperature as follow: pH was between 7.2 to 7.8, facultative pond's HRT was 4 d, aerobic pond's HRT and aeration time were 36 and 4 h, the average removal rates of COD, ammonia nitrogen, and TP were 91.5%, 87.7% and 84.1%, the average effluent concentration were 35.6, 4.5, 1.0 mg/L, and the treated sewage could meet the national emission standards. The results showed that running the combined system under optimal parameters could achieve that the attapulgite-stabilization pond effectively removed sewage at low temperatures. Through the parallel comparison test it was shown that when there was not attapulgite in a stabilization pond, the average removal rates of COD, ammonia nitrogen, and TP were 87.9%, 81.7% and 79.4%, they were reduced by 3.6%, 6.0%, and 4.7%, so it would effectively weaken the sewage treatment effect by single stabilization pong under a low temperature. The attapulgite-stabilization pond model can effectively remove organic matter and nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants in cold rural sewage. It plays an important role in cutting rural water pollution, reducing the water environment load, and improving the rural ecological environment. At the same time, it is also developing a new direction for the application of attapulgite. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Lakes
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Biochemical oxygen demand - Controllers - Dissolved oxygen - Effluents - Energy utilization - Nitrogen - Nitrogen removal - Oxygen - Pollution  - Pollution control - Ponding - Programmable logic controllers - Programmed control systems - Rural areas - Sewage - Sewage aeration - Sewage treatment - Software testing - Stabilization  - Stabilization ponds - Tanks (containers) - Temperature - Water pollution - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms:Attapulgites - Domestic sewage treatment - Efficiency optimization - Effluent concentrations - High energy consumption - Low temperature environment - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Rural ecological environments
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 444 Water Resources - 445 Water Treatment - 452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 453 Water Pollution - 453.1 Water Pollution Sources - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 619.2 Tanks - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 723.1 Computer Programming - 723.5 Computer Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20150400457845
Title:Influence of implement's mass on vibration characteristics of tractor-implement system
Authors:Zhu, Sihong (1); Xu, Gang (1); Yuan, Jiaqi (1); Ma, Jiafu (1); Yi, Lidaer (1); Li, Ke (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; (2) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Intelligent Agricultural Equipment, Nanjing, China; (3) Chongqing Tiema Industries Corporation, Chongqing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:30-37
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Tractor and implement system travels on the road at a high speed, due to the system's severe vibration, the guide wheel's static load becomes smaller and the tractor's steering stability becomes poor, and so it is easy to cause the accident. Moreover, the vibration characteristic's research of tractor and implement system is mainly concentrated in the field of operation state, but the vibration characteristic in the transportation condition is less involved. To study the influence of implement's mass on vibration characteristics of tractor and implement system, taking the CF700 tractor as the research object, combining the method of simulation with test verification, the tractor and implement system vibration model and simulation model were built up. The key parameters of CF700 tractor were measured in the self-developed experimental station. The biggest mass of the implement and the system's mass attribute parameters were determined by calculation. At different speeds, the implement's mass was changed, and the simulation was conducted using the Matlab software. Some results were obtained which included the natural frequency of vibration system in vertical and pitch directions, the acceleration root mean square (RMS) of seat in vertical direction, the angle acceleration RMS of seat in pitch direction, the front tire's dynamic load coefficient and the rear tire's dynamic load coefficient. The experiment was conducted in the identification station of Jiangsu Province. The terms of experiment were equivalent to the condition for the simulation. Through the comparison with experimental results, the simulation results were confirmed to be accurate and meet the requirement of the research. It was shown that, the natural frequency of vibration system in vertical and pitch directions decreases with the increase of the implement mass. In addition, compared with the natural frequency in vertical direction, that in pitch direction decreases faster. The vertical natural frequency reduces to 2.74 Hz from 3.42 Hz and the pitch natural frequency reduces to 1.78 Hz from 3.07 Hz. At same speed, the acceleration RMS of seat in vertical and pitch directions decreases with the increase of the implement mass. The acceleration RMS in vertical and pitch directions is concentrated in 1.5-3 m/s² and 1.5-2.5 m/s² ranges, respectively. The front tire's dynamic load coefficient increases with the increase of the implement mass at same speed. It increases to 0.33 from 0.09. The static load of the front tire decreases gradually with the increase of the implement's mass, and the probability that the front tire departs from the ground increases, which has a serious impact on driving safety. Compared with the front tire's dynamic load coefficient, the rear tire's dynamic load coefficient is much smaller. When the speed is slow, the rear tire's dynamic load coefficient decreases slightly from 0.06 to 0.03 with the increase of the implement mass, and when the speed is fast, the rear tire's dynamic load coefficient increases gradually from 0.06 to 0.17 with the increase of the implement mass. The excessive tire dynamic load will compact field soils and destroy the farmland's ecological environment and crop yield. The conclusion provides an important reference for the design of tractor vibration system. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Vibrations (mechanical)
Controlled terms:Acceleration - Agricultural implements - Agricultural machinery - Automobile testing - Computer software - Dynamic loads - MATLAB - Natural frequencies - Speed - Tires  - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck) - Vibration analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Dynamic tire load - Ecological environments - Experimental stations - Steering stabilities - Tractor-implement system - Vertical natural frequencies - Vibration characteristics - Vibrations
Classification code:408.1 Structural Design, General - 662 Automobiles and Smaller Vehicles - 663 Buses, Tractors and Trucks - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 711.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 818.5 Rubber Products - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20150400457853
Title:Reasonable drip irrigation frequency improving watermelon yield and quality under regulated deficit irrigation in plastic greenhouse
Authors:Liu, Lianhong (1); Mo, Yanling (1); Yang, Xiaozhen (1); Li, Xiaoling (1); Wu, Meimei (1); Zhang, Xian (1); Ma, Jianxiang (1); Zhang, Yong (1); Li, Hao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Horticulture, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Xian
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:95-104
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the northwest of China, the area of facility watermelon cultivation continuously expands with popularization. In order to explore an efficient water-saving irrigation system of watermelon growth in plastic greenhouses, the experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of different mulched drip irrigation frequency on growth, yield, quality, and water use efficiency of watermelons in plastic greenhouses during each growth stage under regulated deficient irrigation. According to preliminary study, a diameter of 20 cm evaporating dish was used to measure water surface evaporation so as to control irrigation water. Three different levels of irrigation frequency were designed including high frequency (once every 2 days), intermediate frequency (once every 4 days), and low frequency (once every 6 days). Each treatment was kept at the same total irrigation amount with 0.4 evaporation amount measured by dish (Ep) during the seedling period, 0.8Ep during the flowering fruit-bearing period, 1.6Ep at the fruit enlargement period, and 0.8Ep at the mature period, respectively. The experiment had measured plant morphological index, photosynthetic indexes, fruit quality index, fruit yield, and water use efficiency. The results showed that irrigation with intermediate frequency at seedlings stage, high frequency at flowering fruit-bearing stage, intermediate frequency at fruit enlargement period, and low frequency at the mature stage (T4 treatment) were the best treatment in all of the nine treatments. In the seedling, flowering, fruit enlargement, and mature periods, this treatment displayed the best growth potential in plant height and stem diameter with a relatively high level of chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and leaf water use efficiency. This high ability of photosynthesis assimilation in turn contributed to the fruit enlargement and had more advantages against adversity stress early spring. The results of plant height and stem diameter showed that from the stage of seedling to flowering fruit-bearing, the high-frequency irrigation promoted plant height, while intermediate frequency and low frequency irrigation benefited the increase of stem diameter, and because of the different irrigation water during different stages, there were an obvious compensation effect between plant height and stem diameter, in the aspect of quality. T4 treatment had the thinnest peel, which was only 8.30 mm, larger edible part, higher content of total vitamin C, and the highest total center soluble solid content, total edge soluble solid content, as well as soluble protein, which reached 12.85%, 10.80%, 0.35 mg/g respectively. In addition, the fruit sweetness of the T4 treatment was high and had a better quality. In the aspect of fruit production, this treatment also had higher fruit rate, single fruit weight, the highest total fruit production 63.72 t/hm², and the highest water use efficiency 303.64 kg/(hm²&middot;mm). Therefore, considering the growth potential, yield, quality, and irrigation water use efficiency, the T4 treatment is the best irrigation frequency plan for the whole watermelon growth period, that is, once every 4 days irrigation at seedling stage, once every 2 days irrigation at flowering fruit-bearing stage, once every 4 days irrigation at fruit enlargement stage, and once every 6 days irrigation at the mature stage. T4 is the best treatment in all the nine treatments and the best irrigation frequency scheme for watermelon irrigation in greenhouses under regulated deficit irrigation in early spring of the northwest region. The research could provide valuble information for high efficiency and water-saving irrigation facilities cultivation in the spring of northwest in greenhouse watermelon. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Efficiency - Evaporation - Fruits - Greenhouses - Growth (materials) - Image quality - Moisture - Monolithic microwave integrated circuits - Stages - Subirrigation  - Water - Water conservation - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:High frequency irrigation - Intermediate frequencies - Irrigation frequency - Irrigation water use efficiency - Mulched drip irrigations - Regulated deficit irrigation - Watermelon - Yield
Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 402.2 Public Buildings - 444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20150400457874
Title:Effect of antioxidants on emission of biodiesel
Authors:Wang, Zhong (1); Wu, Jing (1); Mao, Gongping (1); Qu, Lei (1); Wang, Fei (1); Hu, Huihui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:266-271
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biodiesel is a clean-burning alternative fuel produced from renewable resources, such as vegetable oils or animal fats. Therefore, biodiesels are becoming increasingly important due to their ease in adaptation. Biodiesel also contributes to slowing up the depletion of fossil resources and reducing the emissions from the transport sector, both environmental benefits and prospect in energy security. Biodiesels with higher unsaturated esters content with a higher tendency to lose stability through degradation are susceptible to oxidative degradation due to autoxidation in the presence of oxygen. Antioxidant addition is a prospective solution to the problem of improving the oxidation stability of biodiesel. Biodiesel contains a lot of unsaturated fats monoester, which will generate short chain alkenes, alkynes under high temperature cracking reaction. The concentration of H has a great influence on the decomposition path of unsaturated fat monoester and the breakdown products in the process of reaction. The mechanism of adding antioxidant includes that H is supplied by the phenol hydroxyl (OH) end the transmission of free radical chain reaction. Also the phenol hydroxyl-supplied H promotes the reduction reaction and inhibits oxidation reaction. As a result, addition of antioxidants to biodiesel could promote the reductive reactions and inhibit the oxidative reactions, which could increase the emission of soot, HC and CO but decrease NOX emission.The aim of the present study is to investigate engine performance and the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using oxidative stabilized biodiesel. The biodiesel fuel used in the study was prepared from waste edible oils. It's an experimental investigation of the effect of antioxidant addition to biodiesel on emission characteristics. In this experiment, mark rosemary and tea polyphenol as K1 and K2. Add 8&permil; of K1 and K2 into the diesel blend (B20) respectively, and mark the 2 kinds of blending fuel as K1B20 and K2B20. Test the emission characteristics of 4 kinds of fuel on 186F diesel engines, and each diesel engine was used to carry out tests under conditions of constant load and varying speed. At the rated speed of 3000r/min, on 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% load conditions, compare the HC, CO, NO<inf>X,</inf> and soot emissions of the 4 kinds of fuel. Results show that, B20 reduced CO, HC, and soot emissions, and raised NO<inf>X</inf> emissions compared with diesel. K1B20 raised CO emission, HC emission, and smoke value respectively by 1.2%, 10.2%, and 8.5% compared with B20. K2B20 raised CO emission, HC emission, and smoke value respectively by 6.4%, 3.8%, and 4.3% compared with B20. K1B20 and K2B20 reduced NO<inf>X</inf> respectively by 9.5% and 4.2% compared with B20. The emission levels of the three pollutants were lower than those of diesel. The power and brake-specific fuel consumption of biodiesel fuel with antioxidant have no obvious difference from the biodiesel without added antioxidant. Thus, B20 blends with added antioxidant can be used in diesel engines without any modifications. Adding antioxidants can effectively reduce the NOx emissions of biodiesel and have little influence on CO, HC, and soot emissions. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Diesel engines
Controlled terms:Addition reactions - Alternative fuels - Antioxidants - Biodiesel - Blending - Chains - Emission control - Energy security - Engines - Exhaust gases  - Free radicals - Fuel consumption - Fuel oils - Fuels - Hydrocarbons - Oil shale - Phenols - Soot
Uncontrolled terms:Antioxidant addition - Brake specific fuel consumption - Emission characteristics - Environmental benefits - Experimental investigations - Free radical chain reaction - High temperature crackings - Oxidative degradation
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 512.1 Petroleum Deposits - 521 Fuel Combustion and Flame Research - 523 Liquid Fuels - 525.6 Energy Policy - 602.1 Mechanical Drives - 612 Engines - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20150400457844
Title:Measurement and analysis of rapeseeds' restitution coefficient in point-to-plate collision model
Authors:Huang, Xiaomao (1); Zha, Xiantao (1); Pan, Haibing (1); Zong, Wangyuan (1); Chen, Hui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; (2) Hubei Province Research Center of Engineering Technology for Modern Agricultural Equipment, Wuhan, China
Corresponding author:Zong, Wangyuan
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:22-29
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The restitution coefficient is an important elementary physical data of the grain related to the research and development of farm machinery. In order to build a collision model between oil rapeseeds and key parts of seeding or harvesting equipment, a restitution coefficient measuring device based on kinematics was designed in this paper, and the restitution coefficient of oil rapeseeds was measured and analyzed by experiment. Research on the collision materials, the thickness of collision materials, the falling height, and the moisture content of oil rapeseed's effect on the restitution coefficient of the 'Huashuang 4' oil rapeseed was conducted by a mixed orthogonal experiment based on the scheme of L<inf>8</inf>(4¹&times;2⁴). Then, single factor tests for factors including the falling height, the material thickness, and the moisture content of oil rapeseeds were carried out and the corresponding regression equations were obtained by analysis. During the experiment, selected rapeseeds were soaked in pure water for about 3 hours and then air-dried in the shade for 2 hours. After that, an `MB45 Moisture Analyzer' (made by Ohaus) was used to control the moisture content of rapeseeds by drying them in different times, determining it by drying them until the weight did not vary. An existing camera tripod was used to control the falling height and four kinds of materials, including Q235 steel, rubber, aluminum and Plexiglass, in different thicknesses were used as well. For each test, oil rapeseeds were dropped from the same height, rebounded after collision with an inclined plane at a fixed angle, and then received and fixed by two groups of sponge plates covered with lithium grease in different levels. Two groups of different placement data were measured, with which the restitution coefficient can be deduced according to the related formulas. 15 to 25 oil rapeseeds with diameters from 1.80 mm to 1.95mm were selected manually, which should be in good sphericity (if any of which were wizened, not full, or elongated would be ruled out). When the placement data was being determined, the measurement point was required to be the center of a circle which should embrace most of the oil rapeseeds (more than 90%). Experimental results show that the most significant factor is the collision material, followed by the falling height, then the thickness of collision material; the moisture content of oil rapeseeds is the most insignificant factor. Furthermore, the restitution coefficient of oil rapeseeds ascends steadily at first and then more slowly with the increasing of the thickness of collision material, but the restitution coefficient decreases along with the declining of the falling height. Under the condition that the oil rapeseeds' moisture content is 8.06% and the thickness of Q235 steel as the collision material is 1mm, determination coefficient R² of the regression equation for the curve of the oil rapeseeds' restitution coefficient with the falling height is 0.9979. Under the condition that the oil rapeseeds' moisture content is 8.06%, the falling height is 420mm, and the collision material is Q235 steel, determination coefficient R² of the regression equation for the curve of the oil rapeseeds' restitution coefficient with the material thickness is 0.9872. Those results above can be an important reference in the designing and developing of high performance rapeseeds seeding or harvesting equipments. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Moisture determination
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Elasticity - Kinematics - Moisture - Moisture control - Oil shale - Oilseeds - Regression analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Collision tests - Determination coefficients - Measurement and analysis - Orthogonal experiment - Rapeseed - Regression equation - Research and development - Restitution coefficient
Classification code:512.1 Petroleum Deposits - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20150400457852
Title:Index controlling soil salinity for cotton field with salt irrigation subject to high quality and yield
Authors:Feng, Di (1); Zhang, Junpeng (1); Sun, Chitao (1); Cao, Caiyun (3); Dang, Hongkai (3); Sun, Jingsheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory for Crop Water Requirement and Regulation of the Ministry of Agriculture/Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, China; (2) Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Beijing, China; (3) Institute of Dryland Farming, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Hengshui, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Jingsheng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:87-94
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Drought and water shortage have stimulated saline and slight saline water use for farmland irrigation in Hebei Plain. The mismanagement of irrigation with saline water has led to the expansion of secondary salinization farmland recent years. Therefore, it is urgent to explore suitable control index of soil salinity in order to avoid the reduction of crop production. This study was conducted in cotton field with five secondary salinization levels, which were caused by seven years continues irrigation with different salinity of saline water. The initial soil electrical conductivity (mass ratio of soil to water was 1:5) of the 0-60 cm soil layer depth was 0.29, 0.32, 0.55, 0.79, 0.99 dS/m, and denoted by treatment 1 to treatment 5 respectively. In this study, the response of cotton boll forming, yield and fibre quality to five soil salinity levels were analyzed, and price model for cotton was set up, at last, soil salinity control index were obtained by fitting piecewise function for crop salt-tolerance. Results revealed seasonal rainfall (450 mm) basically met the requirements of cotton water consumption under median water year (about 500 mm precipitation). Moreover, large part of the salt in soil was leached out of the 0-60 cm depth soil layer, and was controlled bellow 100 cm. When compared with the initial soil salinity for 0-60 cm depth soil layer, for treatment 1 to treatment 5, ratio of the maximum desalinization was 9.6%, 19.8%, 36.4%, 42.4%, and 45.7% respectively, and the ratio of the final desalinization was 9.4%, 1.8%, 21.0%, 24.5%, and 31.7% respectively. No significant decline in number of cotton bolls and seed cotton yield was found when the initial soil salinity for 0-60 cm depth soil layer was lower than 0.79 dS/m, while the ratio of cotton boll forming changed. With the further increment of soil salinity, the number of cotton bolls and seed cotton yield of treatment 5 were significantly lower than that of treatment 1 by 28.9% and 6.5% respectively. Lint percentage and fibre quality were affected by picking time and soil salinity. With the increment of soil salinity, increasing trend occurred in micronaire for all three batches of lint and in fibre strength for the first two batches, but the upper half mean fibre length significantly decreased for the second batch. Price model for cotton was set up, in which, cotton price of each batch was decided according to price list for different lint fiber quality published by China Cotton Association. It was observed that the control index of soil salinity decided by net earnings were lower than that decided by seed cotton yield, which proved the necessity of the consideration of fiber quality index. The initial soil salinity and mean soil salinity during the cotton season for 0-60 cm depth soil layer should be lower than 0.71 dS/m and 0.67 dS/m respectively, when the net earnings was consistent with the treatment 1. The study provides an important theoretical reference for improving the method of deciding control index of soil salinity for cotton field subject to secondary salinization. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Costs - Cotton - Crops - Cultivation - Farms - Fibers - Flow control - Irrigation - Precipitation (meteorology) - Quality control  - Saline water - Salt removal - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Control index - Fibre quality - Net earnings - Price models - Soil salinity
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 812 Ceramics, Refractories and Glass - 817 Plastics and Other Polymers: Products and Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20150400457854
Title:Effect of water stress in different growth stages on grape yield and fruit quality under delayed cultivation facility
Authors:Zhang, Rui (1); Cheng, Ziyong (2); Wang, Wangtian (3); Wu, Yuxia (4); Niu, Lili (5); Zhang, Xiaoxia (2); Gao, Yang (2); Chen, Nana (2); Ma, Qimei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Forestry College of Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; (2) The Engineering College of Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; (3) Life Science and Technology College of Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; (4) Horticulture College of Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; (5) Food Science and Engineering College of Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
Corresponding author:Cheng, Ziyong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:105-113
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil water content is the main factor affecting plant growth and dry matter accumulation. The study of grape fruit enlargement, fruit quality and yield under delayed cultivation facility in cold area is of important significance for fresh grape's balanced supply. A field experiment was conducted during the grape growing season in Zhang Ye, China in 2013 to investigate the influence of water stress in different growth stages on grape growth and yield under delayed cultivation facility. The growing season of delayed planting grapes was divided into five growth stages including germination, vining, flowering, fruit enlargement and colored mature. Three soil water treatment levels were designed in each growth stage by either drying or adding water to reach the designed soil water content (75%-100% field capacity, 65%-90% field capacity, and 55%-80% field capacity). Grape yield, quality and water efficiency were studied under above water regimes. The results showed that there were two distinct high and low peaks in delayed planting grapes enlargement cycle. The first enlargement peak appeared in the former 16 days of enlargement period, and the average horizontal and vertical enlargement rate reached 0.747 and 0.959 mm/d. The grapes' second transverses enlargement peak appeared in the first 44-52 days, the vertical diameter was postponed one week, and the average rate of inflation was only 0.134 mm/d, which was smaller than the transverse by 0.063 mm/d. There was significantly positive correlation between grape fruit's transverse diameter enlargement rate and longitudinal diameter enlargement rate at the same time except in fruit expanding period of 52-59 days, and the grape fruit transverse and longitudinal enlargement were strongly synchronous. In the early fruit enlargement stage, fruit enlargement rate showed evident re-watering compensation effects under the VS (moderate water stress in grape's vining stage) and FS (moderate water stress in flowering stage) treatments, and later the rate was slow again. Before July 30th (within 30 days of fruit enlargement stage) the processing of fruit growth rate of FS treatment has been at a high level, and the fruit cumulative transverse diameter and longitudinal diameter enlargement were up to 16.82 mm and 20.16 mm in this period, respectively, which reached 71.1% and 78.23% of the final grape fruit sizes. That meant fruit enlargement rate of early enlarging period determined the final grape fruit size, which must be paid attention to in the process of grape plant. Grape yield, water use efficiency (WUE), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of GS (moderate water stress in germination stage) were higher than other treatments, and its value reached 36 333 kg/hm², 7.69 kg/m³, 10.27 kg/m³, respectively; and CM treatment (mild stress in coloring maturity stage) ranked second. So from the yield, WUE and IWUE point of view, the best water treatment was carrying out moderate water stress in germination period (the minimum soil water content was 55% field capacity, upper limit was 80% field capacity), and the rest of the growth period carried out sufficient water supply (the minimum soil water content was 75%, upper limit was field capacity). Grapes soluble solids, VC, fructose, glucose, total sugar of CM treatment were 19.0%, 1.66 mg/50 mL, 9.64%, 13.46%, 24.76%, respectively, which were significantly higher than CK (P&lt;0.05). Therefore, with a comprehensive consideration of yield, WUE, IWUE and fruit quality indicators, the optimal water regulation treatment under delayed cultivation was CM, namely mild water stress (soil water content was 65% field capacity-90% field capacity) in ripe period, and sufficient water supply (soil water content was 75% field capacity-100% field capacity) in other periods. The research can provide valuble information for precise management of soil moisture in grape's growth period, and to achieve the purposes of water saving and grape quality and production improvement. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Water treatment
Controlled terms:Cultivation - Efficiency - Fruits - Growth (materials) - Image quality - Irrigation - Moisture - Soil moisture - Soils - Stages  - Water conservation - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Different growth stages - Dry matter accumulation - Irrigation water use efficiency - Minimum soil water contents - Positive correlations - Production improvement - WUE - Yields
Classification code:402.2 Public Buildings - 444 Water Resources - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20150400457861
Title:Shadow removal method of apples based on illumination invariant image
Authors:Song, Huaibo (1); Qu, Weifeng (1); Wang, Dandan (1); Yu, Xiuli (1); He, Dongjian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:He, Dongjian
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:168-176
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rapid and accurate recognition of apple target with shadows on its surface is one of the key problems which must be solved for apple picking robot's vision system. In order to realize rapid and accurate recognition of apple target under influence of shadow, a shadow removal method based on illumination invariant image was proposed. Firstly, the red component image of original image was extracted, which can highlight the unshaded area and high brightness area of apple, and keep the shadow areas; Secondly, the illumination invariant image of original apple image was extracted. The illumination invariant image obtained highlights the shadow areas and weakens the areas of strong light, which is just opposite to red component image. Thirdly, the apple image with shadow removal could be obtained by adding the illumination invariant image to red component image, which could eliminate the shadow areas effectively. Finally, Adaptive threshold segmentation algorithm was adopted to detect the apple target from the image with shadow removal. In order to verify the validity and the accuracy of the proposed method, 20 apple images affected by shadow which were captured in the natural scene were tested. The performance of the proposed method was compared to that of Otsu method and chromatic aberration segmentation algorithm based on 1.5*R-G. The result showed that the segmentation result of Otsu algorithm was very poor which could only identify the unshadow areas of apple and could not identify the shadow areas; chromatic aberration segmentation algorithm based on 1.5*R-G was greatly influenced by light, which could not identify strong light areas and some shadow areas of image; while the result of shadow removal method of apples based on illumination invariant image was better than these two methods. The proposed method can not only identify apples affected by shadow area which was caused by illumination, but also overcome the influence of the strong illumination. The average FPR of proposed method was 17.49%, which was decreased by 52.84% and 26.18% respectively, compared to Otsu algorithm and chromatic aberration algorithm based on 1.5*R-G. The average OI was 86.59%, which was increased by 47.2% and 11.03%, compared to Otsu algorithm and chromatic aberration algorithm based on 1.5*R-G. Thus, it could be concluded that apple images under influence of shadow can be effectively identified by the proposed method in this paper, which is feasible in identifying the apple target with shadow on its surface. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Aberrations - Algorithms - Computer vision - Fruits - Image analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Apples - Chromatic aberration - Illumination invariant - Otsu - Shadow removal
Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20150400457843
Title:Method of real-time loss sowing detection for rapeseed precision metering device based on time changed window
Authors:Ding, Youchun (1); Wang, Xueling (1); Liao, Qingxi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:11-21
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Loss sowing is one of the important indicators of measuring metering device quality and performance. Seeding faults such as the lack of seeds in the seed box, clogged seeding holes, transmission fault, and faster rotation speed of seeding plates will lead to loss sowing during the seeding operation. Numbers of continuous clogged seeding holes will cause periodic blank misses in a row and lots of discontinuous clogged seeding holes will produce periodic sparse misses. Both misses affect crop yield seriously. In recent years, lots of miss detection methods such as the time-interval method and seeding-frequency method have been studied on the precision planting to improve seeding performance, but few studies focus on the loss sowing detection in real time, especially for small seeds such as rapeseeds. In this study, pointing to the problem of how to detect the misses of small seed precision planting in real time, based on the concepts of sparse miss coefficient and blank miss coefficient, and the relation between two coefficients of two-dimensional plane and loss sowing, one double-threshold (including seeding frequency and seeding time interval) decision method has been put forward, in which a standard seeding pulse sequence has been developed to sense the seeding speed. The detection system utilizes time capture interrupts of MSP430 to acquire the seeding signals including seeding frequency and seeding time intervals by a fiber optic sensor within the time window determined by the finite pulse sequence of seeding speed. Based on the sequences of seeding frequency and seeding time intervals, two statistic parameters have been counted. With one setting coefficient which indicates the degree of miss, the two parameters can be used to decide the miss type. Tests were carried out on the JPS-12 test-bed of the pneumatic rapeseed precision metering device. During the platform tests the negative pressure was set to 900 Pa, the positive pressure was set to 500 Pa, and the speed of seed conveyor belt was 1.9 km/h. The loss sowing detection effect of pneumatic rapeseed precision metering device with 20 holes and 40 holes had been tested at the different rotating speed such as 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 r/min. One threshold coefficient of loss sowing was set to decide whether the metering device had produced miss and which type the miss was. During one time window, which was defined as the time of the seeding plate rotating a definite number of rounds, the detection system calculated the sparse miss coefficient and blank miss coefficient from the information of seeding frequencies and seeding intervals. Additionally, the field test was carried on precision the combine planter of 2BYM6/8 for both rapeseed and wheat seed driven by a DFH-LX954 tractor. During the test, the planter was set at three different level of working speeds, and each speed lasted for 8 m. The tests of the pneumatic rapeseed precision metering device showed that: it is effective and necessary to establish two coefficients (sparse miss coefficient and blank miss coefficient) to detect sparse miss and blank miss especially under both situations of multiple seeding and inadequate seeding. The accuracy of the loss sowing detection was 100%. Meanwhile, this method can accurately detect the loss sowing of the rapeseed precision planter at different working speeds in the field. The miss detection method can adapt the time window for the variation of seeding speed and shows a good real-time detection performance. Concerning the slip of copying land wheel, the standard distance delay of miss detection is less than 84 k mm, which makes it possible to re-seed automatically in the miss place at the right time. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Automobile testing - Belt conveyors - Equipment testing - Fiber optic sensors - Oilseeds - Pneumatics - Real time control - Signal detection  - Speed - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Miss detection - Precision planting - Real-time detection - Seeding performance - Statistic parameters - Time interval - Time interval method - Two dimensional plane
Classification code:423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 632.3 Pneumatics - 662 Automobiles and Smaller Vehicles - 663 Buses, Tractors and Trucks - 692.1 Conveyors - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732 Control Devices - 732.2 Control Instrumentation - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.1 Mechanics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20150400457873
Title:Influence of silica on physicochemical characteristic of modified bio-chars
Authors:Feng, Ye (1); Mi, Tie (1); Zhang, Xiong (2); Yang, Haiping (2); Wang, Xianhua (2); Zhang, Shihong (2); Chen, Hanping (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Hubei Key Laboratory of Indstrial Fume and Dust Pollution, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Shihong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:259-265
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To study the effect of SiO<inf>2</inf> on the physicochemical characteristic of modified biochar, bio-chars were obtained at 600 in a vertical furnace from a pyrolysis of rice straw, cotton stalk, and rice husk. Bio-chars were activated at different temperatures (400, 600, 800, and 1 000) in a gaseous NH<inf>3</inf> and/or CO<inf>2</inf> atmosphere. The variation of chemical properties, the CO<inf>2</inf> adsorption capacities, and the physicochemical properties linked with an ash analysis of different raw chars and modified chars were investigated. An X-ray fluorescence (EARGE III, EDAX Inc.) and an ion chromatograph (ICS-90, Dionex) were used according to the national standard of GB/T1574 to analyze the ash composition of pyrolytic biochars. The content of SiO<inf>2</inf> in rice husk char (87.47%) was the highest among the studied samples, followed by rice straw and cotton stalk chars, which were 51.99% and 18.21%, respectively. However, according to the proximate analysis of biomass raw materials, the proportion of ash in rice straw and rice husk was about 2-3 times of that of cotton stalk, therefore, the amount of SiO<inf>2</inf> retained in rice husk and rice straw was nearly 15 times and 4-5 times of that in cotton stalk, respectively. The production and modification of biomass chars were carried out in a self-designed vertical furnace reaction system which included two parts: A gas generating zone and a modification reaction zone. The modification reaction zone mainly consisted of a stainless steel reactor (inner diameter 38 mm, outer diameter 40mm, and height 600 mm) and a temperature programmed furnace. A Fourier transform infrared spectrum analyzer (VERTEX70, Bruker) was used to analyze the variation of chemical properties and surface functional groups of biochars before and after NH<inf>3</inf> modification at different temperatures. And the Fourier transform infrared spectra of the corresponding biomass raw materials linked with a proximate and ultimate analysis were also presented to compare with that of chars and modified chars. The results showed that in the NH<inf>3</inf> atmosphere, a certain amount of nitrogen had been introduced onto the surface of chars, but the amount of N-containing functional groups that was introduced into rice straw chars or rice husk chars were obviously lower than that of cotton stalk chars which may be caused by the large amount of SiO<inf>2</inf> that remained in the ash of rice straw and rice husk. The bond energy of Si-O was considerable high, which usually cracks above 1 400 and is very difficult to react with the free radical groups such like -NH<inf>2</inf> and -NH under an NH<inf>3</inf> atmosphere. Since there is a large amount of Si-O function group on the surface of rice straw or rice husk chars, it will hinder the reactions between -NH<inf>2</inf>, -NH and other radical groups and chars, which will reduce the total modification efficiency of pyrolytic chars. The CO<inf>2</inf> adsorption capacities of biochars before and after modification were investigated by an automatic adsorption instrument (ASAP2020, Micromeritics) at room temperature. Experimental results showed that the positive influence of CO<inf>2</inf> on pore structure evolution and the introduction of N-containing function groups into char structure may be weakened by SiO<inf>2</inf>. Bio-chars derived from cotton stalk which were modified under a CO<inf>2</inf> atmosphere showed the best CO<inf>2</inf> adsorption capacities among all the modification methods and different feedstock. It indicated that modified bio-chars with lower SiO<inf>2</inf> content showed better CO<inf>2</inf> adsorption performance. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Carbon dioxide
Controlled terms:Adsorption - Atmospheric temperature - Biomass - Chemical analysis - Chemical bonds - Chemical modification - Chemical properties - Cotton - Free radicals - Functional groups  - Furnaces - Gas adsorption - Intelligent control - Nitrogen - Physical properties - Pyrolysis - Silica - Silicon - Spectroscopy - Spectrum analyzers  - Stainless steel
Uncontrolled terms:Adsorption performance - Bio chars - Fourier transform infrared spectra - Modification efficiency - Physicochemical characteristics - Physicochemical property - Surface functional groups - Temperature programmed
Classification code:423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 532 Metallurgical Furnaces - 545.3 Steel - 712.1.1 Single Element Semiconducting Materials - 731.1 Control Systems - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 812 Ceramics, Refractories and Glass - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20150400457868
Title:Effect of covering on greenhouse gas emissions from beef cattle solid manure stored at different stack heights
Authors:Zhu, Haisheng (1); Dong, Hongmin (2); Zuo, Fuyuan (1); Yuan, Feng (1); Rao, Jun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, Chongqing, China; (2) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:225-231
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The greenhouse gases such as methane (CH<inf>4</inf>), nitrous oxide (N<inf>2</inf>O), and carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>) have increased in atmospheric concentration since 1 750, attracting more and more attention regarding climate change. Agriculture activities contribute to the increase of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere, resulting in a higher global warming potential, which is estimated to contribute about 47%-58% of the total anthropogenic emissions of CH<inf>4</inf> and N<inf>2</inf>O, respectively. Storage of animal manure is reported to be a significant agricultural source of methane and nitrous oxide. Generally, greenhouse gas emissions from animal manure can be influenced by storage stacking configuration and covering during storage. However, there are large uncertainties in this estimation. In order to quantify N<inf>2</inf>O, CH<inf>4,</inf> and CO<inf>2</inf> emissions from covered beef cattle solid manure compared with uncovered manure stored at different stack heights during storage, four treatments were designed including a stack height of 20 cm without covering (H20), a tack height of 40 cm without covering (H40), a stack height of 20 cm with a 2 cm sawdust covering (H20C), and a stack height of 40 cm with a 2 cm sawdust covering (H40C), and the treatments were replicated three times. Thus, twelve polyvinylchloride cylindrical (30 cm in diameter and 90 cm in height) static vessels were designed and built to measure greenhouse gas emissions in the laboratory experiment. The stacking process commenced on May 29, 2014, and was measured for 49 days. The results showed that manure stack height significantly affected GHG emissions from beef cattle solid manure for both manure with covering and without covering. Compared with the lower stack height (20 cm), the higher stack height (40 cm) increased 40.91% and 61.29% CH<inf>4</inf> cumulative emissions per unit of manure weight for covered manure and uncovered manure, respectively, But it decreased by 38.06% and 35.21% N<inf>2</inf>O cumulative emissions, and 43.68% and 55.12% CO<inf>2</inf> cumulative emissions per kg of manure weight. N<inf>2</inf>O cumulative emission from beef cattle solid manure increased significantly by using cover material regardless of stack heights, 33.87 vs. 42.32 mg/kg for 20 cm stack height and 20.98 vs. 27.42 mg/kg for 40 cm stack height, respectively. CH<inf>4</inf> cumulative emissions from covered beef cattle solid manure (3.00 g/kg) was significantly higher than that from the uncovered treatment (2.48 g/kg) for the 40 cm stacks, but CO<inf>2</inf> cumulative emissions from covered beef cattle solid manure was significantly lower for the 40 cm stacks, 26.42 vs. 20.20 g/kg. There were no significant difference for CH<inf>4</inf> (1.76 vs. 1.86 mg/kg) and CO<inf>2</inf> (46.91 vs. 45.01 g/kg) cumulative emissions from covered beef cattle solid manure compared with uncovered for 20 cm stacks. Both CH<inf>4</inf> and CO<inf>2</inf> are the predominant greenhouse gas emitted from solid cattle manure storage facilities. On the basis of a 100 year global warming potential for CH<inf>4</inf> and N<inf>2</inf>O, cumulative greenhouse gas emissions were (101.07&plusmn;6.28) and (94.67&plusmn;3.29) g/kg of manure weight for the 20 and 40 cm stacks without cover, and were (104.20&plusmn;6.78) and (103.43&plusmn;3.21) g/kg of manure weight for 20 and 40 cm stack height with cover, respectively. The results suggested that beef cattle solid manure of a 40 cm stack height without covering produced the least greenhouse gas emissions. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Greenhouse gases
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Animals - Beef - Carbon dioxide - Climate change - Emission control - Fertilizers - Gas emissions - Gases - Global warming  - Greenhouse effect - Manures - Meats - Methane - Nitrogen oxides - Storage (materials) - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Anthropogenic emissions - Atmospheric concentration - Cover - Cumulative emissions - Global warming potential - Laboratory experiments - Stack heights - Stacking configurations
Classification code:451 Air Pollution - 522 Gas Fuels - 694.4 Storage - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 822.3 Food Products - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20150400457851
Title:Numerical integration method for calculating water surface profile of gradually varied steady flow in parabola shaped channel
Authors:Wen, Hui (1); Li, Fengling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:82-86
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The parabola shaped channel has an excellent hydraulic performance and strong ability of anti-frost heave, and is used widely in the field of spillway and irrigation channels. The water surface profile of gradually varied steady flow is an important hydraulic element for the channel design and the operational management, but the differential equation of water surface profile is the transcendental equation with no analytic solution. The current differential test algorithm, iterative method and graphical method for solving the water surface profile has complex calculation process, large errors and low efficiency, so on. To obtain the simplified calculation formula of water surface profile of parabolic cross-section, we introduced the concepts of the parabolic cross-sectional characteristic water depth (that is the product of the water depth and the parabolic shaped perimeter) and characteristic wetted perimeter (2 times of the product of parabolic shaped perimeter and wetted perimeter), and did the identical deformation for the basic differential equations of the gradually varied steady water surface profile of the parabolic cross-sectional channel. The optimal hydraulic cross-sectional parabolic cross-sectional characteristic water depth is 0.947 m. In practical engineering, the design of the parabolic cross-sectional channel is required to be close to the optimal hydraulic cross-section as far as possible under permissive conditions so that it would obtain good hydraulic conditions, save the substantial cultivated land, reduce project expense and achieve better economic benefits. The study here focused on the common parabolic cross-sectional channel in the engineering practice with the range of characteristics water depth of 0.6-1.5 m. Since the characteristic wetted perimeter of the original differential equations is a complex non-integrable function within the most commonly used scope in practical engineering, we analyzed the interrelation between characteristic water depth and characteristic wetted perimeter, plotted a curve with characteristics water depth as ordinate against characteristic wetted perimeter. The results showed that the relationship between characteristics water depth and characteristic wetted perimeter followed the power function. The equation coefficients were fitted by the least squares method, and then a simple integral expression of characteristics wetted perimeter was obtained. The error analysis showed that the absolute value of the relative error of the proposed formula was smaller than 1.08%, indicating that this method is effective to solve the unintegrable equation of characteristic wetted perimeter. As a result, the direct numerical integration method had been deduced by the beginning and final section water depth for determination of the flow distance of the water surface profiles in parabola shaped channel. To test the feasibility of the proposed integration method in calculating the flow distance of water surface profile, it was used to compare with the difference method for 2 cases. Results showed that the maximum relative error was less than 0.2% between both methods, indicating the high efficiency and high precision of the proposed method. In addition, the proposed formula also has simple form, clear physical concept, easiness to use and wide applications. The direct integration formula proposed here is useful in the channel design and management. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Iterative methods
Controlled terms:Calculations - Design - Differential equations - Hydraulics - Integration - Least squares approximations - Numerical methods - Steady flow - Structural optimization - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Maximum relative errors - Numerical integration methods - Operational management - Original differential equations - Parabola shaped channels - Simplified calculation formula - Transcendental equations - Water surface profile
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 632.1 Hydraulics - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 921 Mathematics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20150400457877
Title:Layout method for monitoring sample point of arable land quality level based on combination of factors
Authors:Yu, Shuqiong (1); Zhang, Bangbang (1); Xiang, Hui (4); Kong, Xiangbin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Guangzhou Bureau of State Land Supervision, Guangzhou, China; (3) Key Laboratory for Farmland Quality, Monitoring and Control, The National Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing, China; (4) The Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration People's Republic of China, Hangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Kong, Xiangbin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:288-297
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the stability of arable land's quantity, monitoring land quality has become a high priority research for understanding the effects of the dynamic change of arable land on food security in China, as well as the layout method on monitoring arable land quality change. However, there are integrated factors such as climate, terrain, soil, access to irrigation, rural road, trade-off between input and output, which affect arable land quality change over time and space. We propose a new monitoring framework titled factors' combination, which includes such factors affecting arable land quality as natural conditions (e.g., climate, soil, geomorphology), the utilization of level (e.g., farmland infrastructure, land management, land use coefficient), income level (e.g., land use structure and mode, the input and output of arable land, land economic coefficient), and reference cropping system to form a monitoring reference arable land unit. We illustrate this new method using the Dianqian plateau mountain area as a case study. Spatial overlay analysis of main factors and geostatistics method using GIS were employed to test this method. Specific steps of factors' combination method are as follows: 1) we preliminarily determine the number of monitoring reference samples according to the type of factors' combination; 2) on the basis of the proportion of arable land area at each grade accounting for the total area, we then revise the number of monitoring samples and supplement monitoring samples for those gradations which have relatively few monitoring samples; 3) based on GIS analysis results, if the same factors' combination distributes in the different space positions of second zone and meets the requirements of monitoring sample, multiple figure spots of the factors' combination will be kept at the same time, and eventually figure spot of the grading unit will be determined; 4) given overlay the map spot of grading unit and the national standard sample and the provincial standard sample respectively, we take the national standard sample or provincial standard sample as the monitoring sample for those overlaying parts; then convert the remaining figure spots of grading into a point as the monitoring sample, and determine the final number of monitoring samples, spatial location and its source; 5) we build up model on representative index of area of monitoring sample and adopt the geo-statistical method to carry on the representative test for monitoring sample to optimize the monitoring sample. The results show that 144 monitoring reference sample units include 7 from the national standard sample, 44 from provincial standard sample and 93 from arable land grading unit, and they were selected as a whole for monitoring arable land quality in Dianqian plateau mountain area using our new method of factors' combination. The distribution of the selected monitoring reference land units not only provide samples to monitor the arable land quality change in the second zone of national scale, but also meet the requirements of statistical science and representative of area. Layout method for monitoring sample point of arable land quality level using factors' combination, can provide reference for building up the whole country's dynamic monitoring systems, and offer technical support to achieve comprehensive management of quantity and quality of arable land at national level in China. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Monitoring
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Climate change - Economic and social effects - Factor analysis - Food supply - Geographic information systems - Grading - Land use - Landforms
Uncontrolled terms:Arable land - Dianqian plateau mountain area - Factors combination - Layout methods - Sample point
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 404.2 Civil Defense - 451 Air Pollution - 481.1 Geology - 723.3 Database Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20150400457880
Title:Effects of combination of hot water and shellac on reducing ripening changes in hami melons (Cucumis melo var. saccharinus) induced by transport vibration and its mechanism
Authors:Zhou, Ran (1); Wang, Xichang (1); Xie, Jing (1); Zhou, Yan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University/Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:318-324
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Hami melon (Cucumis melo var. saccharinus) is an important and classical special horticultural fruit in China. It is highly appreciated by consumers for its sweetness, crisp and fragrant flavor. In addition, the main production origin of Hami melons is in Xin Jiang province which is located in the northwest of China and far away from the main retail markets such as Beijing, Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Shanghai. Long distance transport is needed for Hami melon distribution. Hami melon is susceptible to ripen and has short shelf life because of the long distance transportation adversity. Transport vibration is one of the adverse impacts on the ripening and quality changes of Hami melon. Therefore, it is needed to study the influences of vibration on the physiological and biochemical changes in Hami melons and to choose a preserving method to delay the ripening of Hami melons during storage/transportation. Loss of membrane integrity which leads to cellular decompartment and breakdown of membrane function in tissue is associated with senescence and ripening changes of fruits. In this study, we used Hami melons as research materials. A vibration shaker was used to simulate transport vibration. The effects of transport vibration on ripening changes of Hami melons were examined. Hot water (HW) treatment appears to be alternative and economic preserving methods for inhibiting senescence and ripening of fresh products and alleviating some physiological storage disorders. Shellac is used as a kind of edible coating has broad prospects for fruit preservation. We tested the effects of a combination of hot water and shellac on suppressing physiological responses induced by vibration. Changes in membrane leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) of Hami melons were measured during storage (23). The microstructure of melon tissues were monitored by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after harvest and at the end of storage. Our results showed that membrane leakage of Hami melons of vibration treatment was 1.05 times and 1.21 times higher than those of control treatment and hot water/shellac treatment by day 28 (P&lt;0.05). In this study, vibration increased electrolyte leakage of melon tissue which accelerated the over-ripe changes in Hami melon during storage, even though the vibration didn't give observable mechanical damage to melons. Clearly, transport vibration significantly increased membrane leakage and micro structural changes in tissue, enhanced respiration rates and the production of MDA, suppressed activities of SOD, CAT and POD of Hami melons. Compared with the melon without treatments, hot water/shellac treated Hami melons had lower (P&lt;0.05) electrolyte leakage and less microstructural changes in tissue, decreased respiration rates and the production of MDA, increased activities of SOD, CAT and POD of Hami melons during storage, and delayed ripening-related changes in Hami melons. These changes in return helped to maintain the melon quality during storage. The data in this study can offer references to improve the quality of Hami melon during transport and distribution. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Vibrations (mechanical)
Controlled terms:Digital storage - Electrolytes - Fruits - Membranes - Oxygen - Physiological models - Physiology - Quality control - Storage (materials) - Tissue  - Transmission electron microscopy - Value engineering - Water - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Hami melons - Hot water - Shellac - Transport vibration - Vibrations
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 694.4 Storage - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 911.5 Value Engineering - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20150400457882
Title:Machining properties of reconstituted square lumber made from cotton stalk
Authors:Song, Xiaozhou (1); Bai, Lu (1); Xiao, Jianping (1); Zhang, Baojian (1); Lei, Yafang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Forestry, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:332-338
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Reconstituted square lumber made from cotton stalk is a new type of man-made composite material and has a promising future, which is a new direction of material utilization of cotton stalk. Its preparation process mainly includes cotton stalk combing, drying, glue blending, lay-up, pressing in four surfaces, and after-treatment. In order to find out and comprehensively evaluate the machining properties of reconstituted square lumber made from cotton stalk, and provide technical evidences for its high value-added utilization, seven mechanical processing items which contain planing, sanding, shaping, boring, mortising, turning, and cross cutting were studied in this paper. Tests on planing, sanding, shaping, boring, mortising, and turning were based on the standard of American society for testing and materials (ASTM D1666-87), and the test on cross cutting was referred to the method established by the New Zealand Forest Research Institute. Various machining defects were classified on the basis of a series of experimental results. The comprehensive evaluation score of the machining properties of reconstituted square lumber made from cotton stalk was conducted according to the Chinese forestry-industrial standard (LY/T 2054-2012). The results showed that quality grades of machining properties of reconstituted square lumber made from cotton stalk were excellent in the items of sanding, boring and shaping. According to the weighted integration method, the quality grade values of the three items were 4.37, 4.43, and 4.37, respectively. The quality grades of the machining properties of planing, mortising, and turning were good. The quality grade values of planing, mortising, and turning were 3.47, 3.84, and 3.07, respectively. The quality grade of the machining property of cross cutting was poorer than others, which was in the middle grade and the quality grade value was 2.63. Reconstituted square lumber made from cotton stalk scored a 39.5 out of 50 in the comprehensive evaluation score of machining properties. When the machining thickness of planing was 1.6mm and constant, knife marks per inch had a significant impact on quality. When knife marks per inch increased from 25 to 48, the planing machining property of reconstituted square lumber made from cotton stalk had a significant improvement. Sanding did significantly improve the processing defects of planing. Sanding was the necessary process of reconstituted square lumber made from cotton stalk after planing. During the machining processing, the main defects in planing were chipped grain and torn grain. The main defects in sanding were surface fuzzy and fuzzy grain. Shaping defects were mainly fuzzy grain and torn grain. The main defects in mortising, cross cutting, boring, and turning were fuzzy grain and torn fiber in varying degrees. In order to improve the processing quality and efficiency, we should take into full account the machining properties and select a reasonable processing methods and parameters when reconstituted square lumber made from cotton stalk is in processing and application. The study results are beneficial to fully recognize and exploit the application potential of reconstituted square lumber made from cotton stalk. The results also have significance for optimizing the properties of reconstituted square lumber made from cotton stalk and improving its processing and utilizing levels. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Turning
Controlled terms:Blending - Boring - Cotton - Cutting - Forestry - Lumber - Machining - Materials testing - Processing - Quality control  - Straw - Surface defects
Uncontrolled terms:American society for testing and materials - Comprehensive evaluation - Cotton stalk - Industrial standards - Machining properties - Material utilization - Mechanical processing - Quality grade
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 604.1 Metal Cutting - 604.2 Machining Operations - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 913.4 Manufacturing - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20150400457872
Title:Prepare of oxygenated biofuels by catalytic hydrogenation using Raney-Ni catalyst
Authors:Xu, Ying (1); Long, Jinxing (1); Zhang, Limin (1); Chang, Jiamin (1); L, Wei (1); Liu, Qiying (1); Fu, Juan (1); Wang, Tiejun (1); Ma, Longlong (1); Zhang, Qi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Qi
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:252-258
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Bio oil, for its simple preparation and low cost, had the potential to be one kind of substitute liquid fuel. In view of its high temperature, H<inf>2</inf> pressure, and high oxygen content, hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is very critical for hydrocarbon fuel. Upgrading the light phase of bio-oil might be a potential method and stable oxygenated compounds might be a kind of potential fuel for the application of bio-oil. In this paper, a Raney Ni catalyst was used for hydrogenating bio oil to saturated alcohols in the high pressure reaction kettle. The influences of temperature (100-180), initial pressure of hydrogen (4-8 MPa), the dosages and the recycle usage of the catalyst on the hydrogenation of bio-oil over the self-made Raney-Ni catalyst were discussed. X-ray Diffraction, Brunauer Emmett Teller, and a scanning electron microscope were used to investigate the deactivation mechanism. The results indicated that the reaction temperatures and the initial pressures of the hydrogen gas had an obvious effect on the conversion of the light composition of the bio oil. With the increasing of the reaction temperature to 140 and the initial pressure to 6 MPa, the yield of saturated alcohols increased and reached the highest point of 53.51%. Meanwhile, the total content of stable alcohols and esters reached 64.62%. At this condition, there was no aldehyde detected in the product, and nearly 40% of the ketones were hydrogenated to alcohols. And also there was 1.77% of ether detected in the products which accounts for the dehydration happening from alcohols. With the increasing of temperature, the conversion of phenol increased. When the dosage of the catalyst increased from 0.5 g to 1 g, the content of saturated alcohols in the product increased from 25.42% to 51.89%. Over 0.5 g of Raney Ni catalyst, there were some unstable ketone compounds such as 1-hydroxy-butanone, 3-hydroxy-butanone, and hydroxyl-acetone in the products. When the dosage of Raney Ni catalyst increased, the content of saturated alcohols in the upgraded bio oil was little changed. Over fresh and once-used Raney Ni catalysts, the content of saturated alcohols decreased from 53.51% to 29.20%. The XRD results showed that the three characteristics of the diffraction peak intensity decreased significantly, and the heterogeneous metal skeleton crystal structure of the Raney Ni catalyst collapsed after use. The SEM results showed that after the hydrogenation reaction, the catalyst presented a black honeycomb solid surface and the activity on the surface was covered by coking. The deactivation of the catalyst may relate to the covering of the catalyst pore and the coking on the catalyst channel, which leads to a decrease of the catalyst's activity and a reduction of the reaction efficiency. During the upgrading process, the ketones and the aldehydes compounds could be hydrogenated to alcohols, and the phenols could be hydrogenated to cyclohexanol and its derivatives. Apart from the hydrogenation reaction, the esterifications existed during the process, and the contents of acids decreased after hydrogenation to some extent. Compared with hydrocarbon fuel, oxygenated fuel for its good combustion performance becomes more popular. It might be a potential and novel way of upgrading bio-oil to oxygenated fuel. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Catalyst activity
Controlled terms:Acetone - Alcohols - Aldehydes - Biofuels - Catalyst deactivation - Catalysts - Crystal structure - Esterification - Esters - Fuels  - Hydrocarbons - Hydrogen - Hydrogenation - Ketones - Nickel - Oil shale - Phenols - Scanning electron microscopy - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Brunauer emmett tellers - Catalytic hydrogenation - Combustion performance - Deactivation mechanism - Hydrogenation reactions - Oxygenated compounds - Raney Ni - Reaction temperature
Classification code:512.1 Petroleum Deposits - 522 Gas Fuels - 523 Liquid Fuels - 524 Solid Fuels - 548.1 Nickel - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20150400457881
Title:Drift elimination method of electronic nose signals based on independent component analysis coupled with wavelet energy threshold value
Authors:Yin, Yong (1); Wu, Wenkai (1); Yu, Huichun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:325-331
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the long-term application of the electronic nose (e-nose), drift of gas sensor, which is caused by sensor aging, environmental variations such as temperature and humidity, and other factors, will remarkably decrease the correct identification rate of the e-nose. In order to enhance long-term robust discriminant ability of the e-nose applied to food discrimination, a drift elimination/compensation method based on independent component analysis (ICA) coupled with wavelet energy threshold was proposed in our investigation. For the proposed method, firstly, a fast fixed-point algorithm for ICA (FastICA) based on non-Gaussianity maximization of negentropy was used to decompose the e-nose signals and generated many corresponding independent components. Secondly, some independent components were selected by their wavelet energy with the help of wavelet analysis so as to eliminate those independent components corresponding to drift signals. The reason is that some independent components corresponding to the constituents of food samples should be mainstream, and they can reflect the quality characteristic of food, and their energy values are relatively larger than that of the independent components corresponding to drift signals, then these independent components can be selected by wavelet energy threshold value. Namely, the independent components for which wavelet energy values are greater than the threshold value will be selected, otherwise will be removed, and the removed independent components may be considered to correspond to the e-nose drift signals. Finally, the e-nose signals which did not contain drift signals were obtained by reconstructing these selected independent components so as to carry out subsequent discrimination works. In order to test the validity of the proposed method, six kinds of white spirit samples and six kinds of vinegar samples were selected as identification objects. These white spirit samples (or vinegar samples) belong to three product groups, and each product group has two grades samples which are close in quality so as to increase the degree of difficulty of discrimination work. By trial and error, the wavelet energy threshold value for white spirit samples and vinegar samples were 0.075 and 0.258, respectively. After the e-nose signals of white spirit and vinegar samples were handled by the proposed method and the corresponding reconstructed e-nose signals were also obtained, the integral values (INV) selected as a kind of feature of the original e-nose signals and the reconstructed e-nose signals could be extracted. When Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA) was employed to deal with these features data, the correct identification rates of white spirit and vinegar samples increased from 34.3% (white spirit) and 75.7% (vinegar) up to 100% and 99.7%, respectively, and the cross-validation rates also increased from 35.0% and 74.3% up to 100% and 98.6%, respectively. The FDA results clearly show the proposed method is very effective, and the long-term robust identification ability of the e-nose for white spirit and vinegar samples was significantly enhanced. In addition, compared with other ICA algorithm, the proposed method does not require prior information, so it is a very simple method and more suitable for practical application. Furthermore, we think the method also has the reference value to the long-term robust identification of other food samples by e-nose. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Electronic nose
Controlled terms:Acetic acid - Data reduction - Discriminant analysis - Fisher information matrix - Independent component analysis - Sensors - Wavelet analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Electronic nose (e-nose) - Environmental variations - Fisher discriminant analysis - Fixed-point algorithms - Independent component analysis(ICA) - Temperature and humidities - Vinegar - White spirit
Classification code:723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 801 Chemistry - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 922 Statistical Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20150400457865
Title:Establishment of predicted model of calorific value for rice straw briquetting and analysis of correlation of its influencing factors
Authors:Chen, Shuren (1); Jiang, Chengchong (1); Yao, Yong (2); Jiang, Xiaoxia (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) Jiangsu Yuantong Machinery Technology Co. Ltd, Zhenjiang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:200-208
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China is a large agricultural nation with abundant straw, and the straw is regarded as a kind of precious biology resource. However, the resource of straw is seriously burned, or not utilized, which causes severe pollution to the environment. Thus, in order to make full use of the straw, a technique and machine used for the extrusion and molding is needed. By the extrusion of a molding machine, the straw can be compressed into briquetting with higher density and calorific value, and can be used as one type of effective fuel in an oven. So as to mold the briquetting with superior combustion characteristic, relevant research about the calorific value of rice straw briquetting was conducted. For the establishment of the predicted model of the calorific value of the rice straw briquetting and in order to provide a theoretical basis for the extrusion molding of the high quality fuel briquetting, the rice straw briquettings were used as the research object and the test samples, produced from a ring molding machine of the type of 9JYK-2000A, and the density, moisture content, and fugitive constituent were taken as the influencing factors. The low calorific value and the high calorific value of briquetting were used as the test index in the experimental study. Before the experiment, various physical properties demanded of rice straw briquettings were prepared with the aid of the experimental apparatus, such as the grinder, dryer, muffle, and so on, and then the briquettings were classified and bagged. The experiment was designed as a quadratic regression orthogonal of three factors and five levels, and by using the regression analysis method and response surface analysis of the software of Design-Expert 8.0.6, the mathematical model concerning the three factors' impact on the calorific value was set up and analyzed, and the experimental verification of the mathematical model was also conducted. Compared with the experimental result, it turned out that the range of error was less than 5%, which meant that the model established was useful and could be used for predicting and optimizing. By an analysis of the test result, it was shown that the sequence of the contributed value of the factors' influence on low calorific value was: density &gt; moisture content &gt; fugitive constituent, and the sequence of the contributed value of the influence on the high calorific value was: density &gt; fugitive constituent &gt; moisture content. When the density was 1.39 g/cm³, the moisture content was 13.68%, and the fugitive constituent was 0.76, the lower calorific value could reach the best result, which was 2 848.45 kcal. The indicators of the best model of the higher calorific value was a density of 0.92 g/cm³, a moisture content of 23.21%, and a fugitive constituent of 0.75, which could reach the best higher calorific value of 4 313.54 calories. The best model of the integrated calorific value was as follows: density was 1.18 g/cm³, moisture content was 11.78%, fugitive constituent was 0.78, the lower calorific value was 2 830.48 kcal, and the higher calorific value was 4 488.051 kcal. Or the model, whose density was 1.43 g/cm³, had a moisture content of 1.84%, a fugitive constituent of 0.80, a lower calorific value of 2 851.08 kcal, and a higher calorific value of 4 480.91 kcal. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Coal research
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Briquetting - Calorific value - Correlation methods - Extrusion molding - Factor analysis - Models - Moisture - Moisture determination - Molding  - Regression analysis - Straw - Surface analysis - Verification
Uncontrolled terms:Combustion characteristics - Experimental apparatus - Experimental verification - High-calorific-value - Predicted models - Quadratic regression - Regression analysis methods - Response surface analysis
Classification code:423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 521 Fuel Combustion and Flame Research - 522 Gas Fuels - 523 Liquid Fuels - 524 Solid Fuels - 723.1 Computer Programming - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 816 Plastics and Other Polymers: Processing and Machinery - 816.1 Processing of Plastics and Other Polymers - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20150400457856
Title:Discrimination of drought occurrence for rainfed spring wheat in semi-arid area based on pattern recognition
Authors:Zhao, Funian (1); Wang, Runyuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Lanzhou Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:124-132
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The mechanism of the damage process for agricultural drought is very complex, and many factors can affect it. Agricultural drought is the main limiting factor for crop yield in rainfed area. For defining drought occurrence during the crop growth, and predicting crop yield, we used pattern recognition based on meteorological data during growing season and yield data of spring wheat in semi-arid rainfed area in Dingxi, China from 1986 to 2011. Owing to the application of deviation for crop yield from its long-term mean to define agricultural drought, we divided the year pattern into two categories: drought series, and normal series on the basis of 30 percent deviation from the mean wheat yield. The iteration method was then applied in order to find a case wherein the drought could be linearly discriminated from normal category. According to our research, we find the spring wheat yield was affected by various factors. They can be categorized as 1) weather conditions, such as temperature, precipitation; 2) farm management factors and crop variety, such as soil tillage, soil depth, planting density, sowing date, crop protection against pests and diseases, and soil fertility level; 3) soil conditions, such as soil physical properties and soil water content. Measuring or estimating some of these factors was often not feasible, and the influence of some other factors may be considered insignificant or constant in an agrometeorological experimental station. It was therefore weather condition alone that can affect crop yield most significantly. However, it was found that no linear relation existed in any cases based on average temperature and precipitation during the main growing period without taking other factors into a consideration. After rejecting years in which the soil relative water content was more than 55%, we can predict if agricultural drought through establishing a linear equation with two parameters, the average temperature and precipitation during the main growth period for spring wheat. From the research, we also found the best parameter to predict the agricultural drought occurrence and factor that determined spring wheat yield was the precipitation in May. A Predictive Equation for spring wheat yield was also established by the least square method based on the precipitation in May. The predictive equation was simple but useful, and it can forecast spring wheat yield one and half month earlier before wheat harvest. Meanwhile, it should be noted that the predictive equation was established after rejecting the years in which the soil relative water content was more than 55%. We suggested that the agricultural drought differ from meteorological drought. As such, we should use the method much more carefully for quantitative prediction of agricultural drought occurrence and crop yield in future research. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Drought
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Arid regions - Crops - Forecasting - Grain (agricultural product) - Iterative methods - Least squares approximations - Meteorology - Pattern recognition - Precipitation (chemical)  - Soil moisture - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural drought - Experimental stations - Meteorological drought - Quantitative prediction - Rain-fed spring wheat - Relative water content - Soil fertility levels - Yield
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20150400457849
Title:Irrigation water depth control targets under different combination of irrigation technique elements for border irrigation
Authors:Wu, Caili (1); Xu, Di (1); Bai, Meijian (1); Li, Yinong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Center of Efficient Irrigation Engineering and Technology Research, Beijing, China; (2) China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:67-73
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Studying surface irrigation feedback control technology and strengthening the control and management of the irrigation process is a key to improve the surface irrigation technology. Surface irrigation feedback control methods usually include an accurate estimation of surface irrigation control parameters by field observational data, irrigation time, and appropriate adjustment of the flow rate to achieve a finer control for the whole process of irrigation. In this paper, three irrigation water depth control targets were proposed based on the results of previous studies in combination with irrigation experiences. The irrigation target was to determine the time stopping irrigation using irrigation model so as to control the quantity of irrigation water. Based on large numbers of field measured data, BI1D, a one dimensional hydrodynamic model of border irrigation based on the hybrid numerical method, was used. This study combines field experiment and numerical simulation to analyze the response of irrigation performance index under treatments of irrigation water depth control targets to different combinations of irrigation technique elements such as soil texture, topography, border length, unit inflow rate, and other factors, thereby determining the suitable irrigation water depth control target. The results showed that: 1) Irrigation depth control targets had an significant effect on the irrigation performance index, which were related with soil texture, slope, the length of border and land leveling precision. So, it could improve irrigation performance effectively by reasonable selection of irrigation depth control objectives. The influence of the irrigation water depth control target on irrigation performance was most obvious when length of border changes, followed by the surface slope, finally by land smooth precision. When the border length was 50 m and the soil texture was sandy loam or clay loam, the best target was that the irrigation water depth of quarter field length was equal to minimum irrigation water depth; When the border length was 100 m and slope was 0, the best target was that the minimum irrigation water depth higher than 0; When the border length was 100 m and slope was higher than 0, the best target was that the irrigation water depth of quarter field length was equal to minimum irrigation water depth; When the border length was 150 m, the best target was that the irrigation water depth of quarter field length was equal to minimum irrigation water depth except for clay loam with good field smooth accuracy (the best target was that the minimum irrigation water depth higher than 0); The best target was that the minimum irrigation water depth higher than 0 for the other combinations of irrigation technique elements. The results provide valuble information for formulating border irrigation feedback control scheme. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Computational fluid dynamics - Control - Feedback control - Numerical methods - Process control - Soils - Targets - Textures - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Border irrigation - Control and management - Feedback control methods - Feedback control schemes - Hybrid numerical method - Irrigation performance - Irrigation waters - One-dimensional hydrodynamic model
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 932.1.1 Particle Accelerators - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20150400457860
Title:Image segmentation method for green crops using improved mean shift
Authors:Wu, Yanlian (1); Zhao, Li (1); Jiang, Haiyan (1); Guo, Xiaoqing (1); Huang, Fen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; (2) National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Fen
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:161-167
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Digital image processing technology has received considerable attention in many aspects of agriculture, some typical examples including estimation physiological status of crops, disease and insect pest identification, vegetation-cover estimation, and quality detection for agricultural products. One of the most important and essential tasks is the crop image segmentation which separates the green crop material or region of interest from the background. In recent years, green crop image segmentation has been an important research topic and several methods have been proposed. However, green crop image segmentation is still a difficult problem since the green crop images usually involve complicated backgrounds. To deal with this problem, we propose in this paper a novel segmentation method based on Mean shift and color index. Mean shift is an iterative procedure that shifts each data point to the average of data points in its neighborhood. The performance of Mean shift depends heavily on the size of bandwidth which means that bandwidth selection is a key issue in mean shift-based image smoothing and segmentation. Classical Mean shift segmentation method needs spatial bandwidth and range bandwidth to be initialized, which usually leads to lower segmentation precision. We present an improved Mean shift algorithm by using adaptive spatial and range bandwidth. Firstly, color index was extracted according to the color feature of the green crop image in the RGB color space. Secondly, with the extracted color index, images were smoothed and segmented by Mean shift algorithm. The proposed improved Mean shift algorithm employs an adaptive bandwidth strategy where the adaptive spatial bandwidth is determined according to the color distribution of the images by combining color information and spatial information. It means that a small spatial bandwidth is suitable for images containing much more detailed information, while images containing large flat areas require a larger bandwidth. This approach smoothed the images without the loss of detailed information. In addition, adaptive range bandwidth can be obtained by Asymptotic Mean Integrated Square Error (AMISE). Finally, with Otsu method, the images were classified into two parts: green and non-green. In order to verify the performance of the proposed method, the comparison experiments have been carried out. Different test images containing green crops were utilized to compare the proposed method with the color index-based segmentation methods such as ExG and CIVE methods, which have been widely used recently. These test images were acquired under field conditions and natural light conditions, covering different crop and soil types. Experiments showed that the results of the proposed method were superior to that of ExG and CIVE. Compared to the ExG and CIVE methods, there are less small black and white regions and segmentation errors in the segmentation results of the proposed method, particularly for the images that included strongly shadowed parts and some crop straws. Experiment results also demonstrated that our method was more insensible to soil types and illuminant variations compared with the ExG and CIVE methods and that the average segmentation errors of green crop images were less than 6.5%. In summary, the proposed segmentation method in this paper can segment the green crop effectively and obtain better performance than the traditional color index methods. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Agriculture - Algorithms - Bandwidth - Color - Color image processing - Crops - Errors - Image processing - Iterative methods
Uncontrolled terms:Asymptotic mean integrated square errors - Color index - Digital image processing technologies - Mean shift - Mean shift algorithm - Mean-shift segmentation - Segmentation precision - Spatial informations
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20150400457858
Title:Monitoring model of leaf area index of winter wheat based on hyperspectral reflectance at different growth stages
Authors:He, Jia (1); Liu, Bingfeng (1); Li, Jun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agronomy, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Li, Jun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:141-150
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Hyperspectral remote sensing can rapidly and nondestructively acquire vegetation canopy information. It is an important real time technology to monitor and manage crop growth. Leaf area index (LAI) is a key parameter for crop growth evaluation and yield prediction. The objectives of this study were to establish wheat LAI estimation model based on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) canopy hyperspectral reflectance with different rates of nitrogen or phosphorus application, and to improve the forecast precision of the LAI estimation model at different growth stages of winter wheat on the Loess Plateau of China. The experiments were carried out during 2009-2014 at Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China. The treatments included different winter wheat varieties with various drought resistance grown under five nitrogen fertilizer application rates (0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 kg N/hm²) and four phosphorus application rates (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>/hm²) LAI and canopy hyperstpectral reflectance of different varieties under fertilizer treatments were measured at jointing, booting, heading, grain filling and maturity stage, respectively. Then LAI monitoring models at different growth stages of winter wheat were constructed by using correlation analysis, regression analysis. The results showed that LAI of wheat was increased with increase in nitrogen and phosphorus application rate at different growth stages, and LAI from jointing to maturity showed a parabolic curve, and the maximum LAI of wheat was at heading stage. When nitrogen or phosphorus application was sufficient, the canopy hyperspectral reflectance of wheat was reduced 3%-5% in the visible wavelength (P&lt;0.05), and increased 4%-10% in the near infrared wavelength (P&lt;0.05). There were significant (P&lt;0.01) correlation between Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index II (EVI2), New Vegetation Index (NVI), Modified Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (mNDVI), and Modified Simple Ratio Index (mSRI) to LAI, the range of correlation coefficient were from 0.852 to 0.987 at different growth stages. Monitoring models based on OSAVI, EVI2, EVI2, mNDVI and mSRI produced better estimation for LAI at jointing, booting, heading, grain filling and maturity respectively, and R² were respectively 0.952, 0.979, 0.989, 0.960 and 0.993 (P&lt;0.01). Meanwhile, compared the predicted value and measured value to verify reliability and applicability of the model, relative error of the measured value and predicted value were 13.0%, 13.5%, 12.8%, 12.6% and 0.14.0%, and root mean square error were 0.313, 0.336, 0.316, 0.316 and 0.324, at jointing, booting, heading, grain filling and maturity stage, respectively. Therefore, vegetation indices of OSAVI, EVI2, EVI2, mNDVI and mSRI was the most suitable indeces for monitoring winter wheat LAI at jointing, booting, heading, grain filling and maturity, respectively. There was high prediction precision with different vegetation indices monitoring LAI of winter wheat at different growth stages. These conclusions has important implications for monitoring LAI of winter wheat in large area on the Loess Plateau. Meanwhile, there is a high prediction accuracy of monitoring model based on the different vegetation indices at different growth stages of winter wheat.This result provides technical support for growth monitoring of winter wheat at different fertility and different growth stages for farmers. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:46
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Crops - Fertilizers - Filling - Forecasting - Infrared devices - Landforms - Mean square error - Monitoring - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers  - Phosphorus - Plants (botany) - Reflection - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Sediments - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Enhanced vegetation index - Hyperspectral reflectance - Hyperspectral remote sensing - Leaf Area Index - Monitoring models - Normalized difference vegetation index - Winter wheat - Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20150400457876
Title:Cultivated land quality grading results integration method at provincial level based on grid
Authors:Chen, Yanqing (1); Yang, Jianyu (1); Yun, Wenju (2); Zhang, Chao (1); Zhu, Dehai (1); Xiang, Qiquan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China; (2) China Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China; (3) Key Laboratory for Agricultural Land Quality, Monitoring and Control of the Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Jianyu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:280-287
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The results of cultivated land quality gradation are made of the results of county, provincial, national levels. The results at the provincial level are integrated by the results at the county level. Provincial integration is an essential link in cultivated land quality grading work. The traditional provincial integration methods excessively depend on the provincial integration base map, which makes the integration efficiency low. Moreover, the quality of integration work completely depends on the quality of integration base map. Based on these defects, this paper comes up with a method that uses the grid instead of the integration base map. In provincial integration work, we need to build traceability relation between county units and provincial units. It requires all county units can find provincial units and all provincial units have their corresponding county units. Moreover, there is a principle we have to abide by: the ownership, the land type and the grade should be coincident between the county units and corresponding provincial units. That is "ownership-land type-grade" coincident principle. The purpose of this method is to make spatial distribution of provincial cultivated land quality is similar to that of the county when abiding by this principle. First we need to classify the county results according to "ownership-land type-grade". Then we determine the corresponding grid category according to the area dominant principle. Through the spatial nearest neighboring method, we find the grid unit closest to the unit at the county level to build "Grid-County grading unit" relations. But maybe there are some categories which can't be found in the provincial grids. Based this situation, the barycenter of the missing category was firstly calculated, then an uncultivated area grid closest to the barycenter was searched out, and lastly this grid was marked as the missing category. The grid coding method proposed in this paper stipulates that grid code is formed by county's administrative code, the grid rank, quality gradation and land class code. The length of the code is 21. At last, this paper uses the mean center and standard deviational ellipse to test the similarity of the spatial distribution of cultivated land before and after integration. This paper takes Daxing district, Bejing as a study area. By "ownership-land type-grade", there are 8 categories in Daxing. According to the distribution of cultivated land in Daxing district, 688 valid cultivated land grids were finally determined. Using the method in this article, we completed the integration at the provincial level for Daxing. After test, it showed that the difference of mean center between provincial grid results and county results is only 405.6 m, and the difference of distribution direction is only 0.34&deg;, which means that this method can ensure the consistency of spatial distribution of cultivated land at different levels. Compared with the method which depends on the integration base map, the method based on grid doesn't make base map, reduces workload and improves work efficiency. This method orientates the provincial cultivated land into each grid and codes for these grids. Through grid code, we can quickly search cultivated land quality in the corresponding position, which is very convenient for both management and application. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Integration
Controlled terms:Codes (symbols) - Grading - Land use - Spatial distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Codes - Cultivated land qualities - Cultivated lands - Grid - Integration method - National level - Standard Deviational Ellipse - Work efficiency
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics - 921.2 Calculus
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20150400457869
Title:Characteristics of upwelling of hollow square enhancement reefs based on particle image velocimetry
Authors:Li, Jiao (1); Zhang, Xiumei (1); Guan, Changtao (2); Zheng, Yanxuan (1); Huang, Bin (2); Cui, Yong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fishery, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Qingdao, China
Corresponding author:Guan, Changtao
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:232-239
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Based on particle image velocimetry (PIV), the upwelling characteristics of hollow square enhancement reefs was researched, including the upwelling scale of a single reef under different flow velocity, the influence of reef deployment to upwelling, and the upwelling change with different arrangements of reefs. The real size of the reef was 800 mm in length, 800 mm of height 400 mm in width, and a hole in the reef was 200 mm in length, 200 mm in height, and the thickness of the reef was 40 mm. The real flow velocity (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 m/s) and depth of the ocean were measured, According to the similarity principle, the experiment velocities were 0.045, 0.090, 0.135, 0.180, and 0.225 m/s. The experiment results indicated: when the deployment of a single reef is the same, the scale of upwelling became strong as the flow velocity increased. Under the same velocity, the upwelling scale of the main surface against the flow was the largest, the velocity maximum of the upwelling was 62% of flow velocity. The velocity maximum of the upwelling of the side surface and top surface with 90&deg; against the flow was between 30% and 40% of the flow velocity. The upwelling scale of the top surface with 45&deg; against the flow was the smallest, and the velocity maximum of the upwelling was only 14 percent of the flow velocity. Analysis showed that the deployment of the reef had an important effect on upwelling characteristics. As area against the flow became larger, the upwelling scale became apparently stronger. Under the same velocity, the ratio between the upwelling height and reef height of the top surface with 90&deg; against the flow was higher than the others, which did not have a direct proportion with the reef height, and in order to measure the stability of the reefs, the deployment of the top surface with 90&deg; against the flow was chosen, which arrangement of different distance was researched. When the distance between the reefs arranged horizontally was 0.5L, the area and height of the upwelling was the largest. When the distance between the reefs arranged horizontally was 1.0L, the velocity maximum of the upwelling was obtained. When distance between reefs arranged horizontally is 2.0L, upwelling area is smaller than single reef's. When the distance between the reefs arranged horizontally was 1.5-2.0L, the upwelling height was smaller than a single reef's. So when the distance between the reefs arranged horizontally was from 0.5L to 1.0L, the interaction of reefs was strong, and the scale of the upwelling became larger. When the distance between the reefs arranged longitudinally was 1.0L, the velocity maximum of the upwelling was obtained. When the distance between the reefs arranged longitudinally was from 0.5L to 1.5L, the area and height of the upwelling was larger than the single reef's. So when the distance between the reefs arranged longitudinally was from 0.5L to 1.5L, the interaction of the reefs was the largest. According to the experiment's result, the configuration of the reefs was designed, every unit was constituted by 100 reef, the reef was deployed as a top surface with 90&deg; against the flow, and the distance between the reefs arranged horizontally with flow was 1.0L, and the distance between the reefs arranged longitudinally with flow 1.5L. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Reefs
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Experiments - Flow of water - Flow velocity - Flow visualization - Velocimeters - Velocity - Velocity measurement
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristics of upwelling - Hollow square - Particle image velocimetries - Real sizes - Similarity principle - Top surface - Upwelling areas
Classification code:471.1 Oceanography, General - 631 Fluid Flow - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 901.3 Engineering Research - 931.1 Mechanics - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20150400457847
Title:Design and experiment of cutting blade for cane straw
Authors:Guo, Qian (1); Zhang, Xiliang (1); Xu, Yunfeng (2); Li, Pingping (3); Chen, Cheng (1); Wu, Shuo (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (3) College of Forest Resource and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Xiliang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:47-53
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Straw cutting and crushing is the first link of various comprehensive utilizations of straw, but cane straw belongs to the anisotropy compound material, and the type and parameters of cutting blades have a great effect on the cutting performance of blades. In order to solve the great change of the sliding-cutting angle, uneven stress, large fluctuation, and other problems of the traditional cutting blade, this paper used the principle that the direction of motion of point and pole diameter always maintain the same angle on the curve of logarithmic spiral equation, established a logarithmic spiral equation of blade line, designed a special equal sliding-cutting angle saw tooth blade for cane straw, used 3FC-500 small-type straw cutting crusher to finish cutting tests on mature tomato and eggplant vines in different moisture contents, recorded the digital electric energy meter reading at opening and closing moments to calculate the cutting power, and recorded the opening and closing times as the cutting time, to investigate the cutting efficiency by cutting time. In a single feeding quantity of 2 kg, we finished the single factor experiments on blade type, blade material, and blade sliding-cutting angle, and verified the adaptability of the designed cutting blade to cane straw by the test and analysis of cutting power and cutting efficiency. The results showed that: in the same cutting condition, compared with the ordinary blade and equal sliding-cutting angle flat blade, the cutting power of the special blade is minimum, cutting efficiency is the highest, cutting effect is the best and has obvious advantages. The cutting power and time are only about half that of ordinary blade and about two-thirds that of equal sliding-cutting angle flat blade. Compared with the 45&deg;, the cutting power and cutting times of 40&deg;equal sliding-cutting angle saw tooth type blade are all lower, only about one-third the times of 45&deg;. Compared with the material 65Mn, the cutting effect of material Cr12MoV equal sliding-cutting angle saw tooth type blade is better. The moisture content has a larger effect on cutting power and time; with the drop in straw moisture content, blade cutting power and cutting time are reduced so that the cutting efficiency is improved. The cutting power of straw in moisture content at approximately 75% is about 6 times that of the straw in moisture content of 20%, cutting time for 2 times, in the process of cutting, the straw moisture content should not be too high, otherwise it can easily lead to clogging. In addition, though the tomato and eggplant vines belong to cane straw, they have similar fibrous structures, though the proportion of epidermis, cortex, vascular bundle, and pith in straw microstructure are different, and the average tensile strength and elastic modulus of eggplant vines are higher than those of tomato vines, so when cutting, the cutting power is relatively higher, the cutting time is longer, and the cutting efficiency is lower than that of tomato vine. The force is uniform of the design of equal sliding-cutting angle saw tooth type blade in the process of cutting. It reduces the cutting power, improves the cutting efficiency, has good cutting effect, and has important significance for improving the working performance of straw cutting machines and reducing the energy consumption in the cutting process. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Cutting tools
Controlled terms:Cutting - Design - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Fruits - Machinery - Moisture - Moisture determination - Sawing - Saws  - Straw - Tensile strength
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive utilizations - Cutting blades - Different moisture contents - Direction of motion - Logarithmic spiral - Single-factor experiments - Sliding cutting angles - Working performance
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 601 Mechanical Design - 604.1 Metal Cutting - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20150400457848
Title:Coupled simulation of soil water-heat-carbon-nitrogen process and crop growth at soil-plant-atmosphere continuum system
Authors:Liang, Hao (1); Hu, Kelin (1); Li, Baoguo (1); Liu, Haitao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in North China, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Kelin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:54-66
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The quantitative description of soil water flow, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles, and crop growth processes at soil-plant-atmosphere continuum system is important for improving water and N use efficiencies and decision-making of crop production and environmental protection in the North China Plain (NCP). The objective of this study was to develop a water and N management model for intensive cropping systems and agricultural management practices in NCP. Based on the previous research findings, a coupled model (Soil Water Heat Carbon and Nitrogen Simulation, WHCNS) model was established. The model included 5 main modules: soil water, soil heat, soil C, soil N, and crop growth. The Penman-Montheith method from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation was used to calculate the reference crop evapotranspiration. The method for simulating soil water movement and heat transfer was directly introduced from the HYDRUS1D and RZWQM models. The PS123 model from the Netherlands was used to simulate crop growth. The simulation of C and N cycles was done by the Daisy model from Denmark. The model ran on a daily time step and was driven by the meteorological and crop biological variables, and agricultural management practices. The soil water infiltration and redistribution processes were described by Green-Ampt and Richard's equations, respectively. Soil N transport simulation was based on the modified convection-dispersion equation. The source-sink term of N transformation and transport included mineralization of soil organic N, immobilization in biomass, urea hydrolysis, ammonia volatilization, nitrification, denitrification, and crop uptake. The compensatory absorption mechanism was introduced in crop water and N uptake. The organic matter pools were divided into 3 active and 3 stabile C pools. The improved version of the PS123 model was applied to simulate crop development stage, dry matter production and allocation, and crop yield. The crop yield under water and N stress was calculated based on the simulation of potential and actual crop water and N uptake. Then the field applicability of the WHCNS model was tested using the two-year field observed data of winter wheat and summer maize system at Tai'an experimental site in Shandong province. The statistical indices (root mean square error, modeling efficiency, and agreement index) all indicated that the simulated values of crop yield, leaf area index, soil water content, and nitrate concentration in the soil profile all agreed reasonably well with the observed values, especially for crop yields with the root mean square error ranges from 205.5 to 318.8 kg/hm², the correlation coefficient of 0.90, and modeling efficiency values larger than 0.75 and concordance index larger than 0.9. We concluded that the WHCNS model could be used to simulate water movement and the fate of N as well as crop growth in high intensive cropping system in North China. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Carbon - Crops - Cultivation - Decision making - Efficiency - Flow of water - Growth (materials) - Heat transfer - Lakes  - Mean square error - Nitrogen - Plants (botany) - Soil moisture - Urea - Water absorption - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural management practice - C and N cycles - Continuum systems - Convection-dispersion equations - Food and agriculture organizations - Quantitative description - Reference crop evapotranspirations - Soil water movement
Classification code:407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 444 Water Resources - 461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 731.1 Control Systems - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 912.2 Management - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20150400457863
Title:Improving effect of heat insulation performance of brick wall thickened with foam cement in solar greenhouse
Authors:Li, Ming (1); Wei, Xiaoming (1); Zhou, Changji (1); Zheng, He (3); Li, Xiaoming (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Facility Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Farm Building in Structure and Construction, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) Agricultural Science Institute of Haidian District, Beijing, China; (4) Beijing Wolong Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology Ltd., Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Changji
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:187-192
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The wall of a Chinese solar greenhouse can absorb heat during daytime and supply heat into the greenhouse during nighttime. It can help the solar greenhouse to maintain high indoor air temperature during winter nighttime with little or no supplemental heating. The brick wall is one of the popular walls. However, after a long period of use, walls have the bad performance on heat insulation and sealing. To solve the problems, we proposed to thicken the brick wall with foam cement to decrease its heat loss and keep the heat in the wall as much as possible. Then, the stored heat that the wall can supply during the nighttime can be increased. In this study, a solar greenhouse with the brick wall, which was composed of 120 mm thick brick, 100 mm thick polystyrene board, and 240 mm thick brick (from indoor to outdoor), was used as the control greenhouse. The test greenhouse had same structure and management with the control greenhouse, but its brick wall was thickened with 200 mm thick foam cement on the outdoor side. This wall was defined as the transformed wall. The heat insulation and supply performances of the two solar greenhouses' walls were compared based on the data collected in a typical sunny day and a cloudy day. As for the heat insulation performance, the outdoor surface temperatures of the brick wall and the transformed wall were (2.8&plusmn;0.9) and (0.8&plusmn;0.2) higher than the outdoor air temperature, respectively, in the nighttime of the sunny day. The maximum heat flux in the foam cement was about 9% of that on the outdoor surface of the brick wall. A similar phenomenon was also observed in the nighttime of the cloudy day. The results indicated that thickening the brick wall with foam cement could decrease the heat loss of the wall and keep more heat in the wall. As for the heat supply performance, the indoor surface temperatures of the brick wall and the transformed wall were (1.5&plusmn;0.5) and (2.4&plusmn;0.2) higher than the outdoor air temperature, respectively, in the nighttime of the sunny day. The results indicated that, by preventing wall from losing heat to the outdoors, the foam cement layer of the transformed wall could increase the amount of heat supplied into the greenhouse during nighttime. On the cloudy day, the indoor surface temperature of the brick wall was lower than the indoor air temperature. However, the indoor surface temperature of the transformed wall was (0.3&plusmn;0.2) higher than the indoor air temperature during the period from 17:30 to 08:00 in the next day. It indicated that the brick wall had been absorbing heat from the indoor air all through the day. The results further confirmed that the foam cement layer of the transformed wall could increase the heat insulation performance of the wall. As a result, the indoor air temperatures of the control greenhouse during night time of the sunny day and cloudy day were (1.3&plusmn;0.6) and (0.8&plusmn;0.3) lower than those of the test greenhouse, respectively. After all, it is concluded that thickening the brick wall with foam cement on the outdoor side can improve its heat insulation and supply performance. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Brick
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Cements - Electric circuit breakers - Foam control - Greenhouse effect - Greenhouses - Heat flux - Heat losses - Insulation - Solar heating  - Surface properties - Temperature - Thermal comfort
Uncontrolled terms:Brick wall - Chinese solar greenhouse - Foam cement - Indoor air temperature - Insulation performance - Outdoor-air temperature - Supply performance - Surface temperatures
Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 412.1 Cement - 413 Insulating Materials - 414.2 Brick Materials - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 643 Space Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning - 643.1 Space Heating - 706.2 Electric Power Lines and Equipment - 802 Chemical Apparatus and Plants; Unit Operations; Unit Processes - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20150400457875
Title:Calculating effect extreme of urbanization evolution on cropland based on combination-model
Authors:Zhang, Leqin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Resource Environment and Tourism Department, Chizhou College, Chizhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:272-279
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The process of urbanization is closely related to land use. When the level of urbanization evolves from primary level to senior level, land-intensive use of small towns will be continuously upgraded along with the increase of adjustment and optimization of industrial structure, urban high-rise buildings, and strengthening of national protection policy cultivated land, which is when the demand of cultivated land exhibits a decreasing trend in the process of transition of urbanization from the primary stage to the advanced stage, similar to the law of diminishing marginal returns of economics. Therefore, there is the effect of minimum ultimate moment of urbanization on cultivated land in theory. Exploring the ultimate moment has an important guiding significance for the policies of cultivated land under the evolutionary background of compilation of land-use planning and formulation of urbanization development. Taking Anhui Province as an example, a total of 18 indices, such as the proportion of urban permanent population in total population, are selected to establish the evaluation system of urbanization comprehensive level from four dimensions of population, space, economy, and social life, of which the composite index is calculated by the entropy weighting method. The Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition model is used to calculate the reduced cropland share due to urbanization. Based on economic marginal theory, the least-squares regression analysis method is adopted to construct the measurement model of marginal cropland change rate due to urbanization. With the aid of EXCEL software through scatter diagrams with trend lines, the optimal goodness of fit is applied to obtain the curves and the derivative method of advanced mathematic extremum, so as to estimate the extreme moment of urbanization evolution with the least impact on cropland. The results show that: the urbanization composite index of Anhui Province rose from 0.0319 in 1996 to 0.9945 in 2012, of which the increase range is faster than that of population urbanization level. Urbanization leads to cropland reduction declining after 2002, in line with the diminishing law of marginal effect in economics. The marginal cropland change rate due to urbanization in Anhui Province was reduced from 1 292 517.63 in 2002- 2003 to 7 430.35 in 2011-2012, presenting an overall downward trend; the fitting curve of marginal cropland change rate is a U-shaped parabola with an upward opening. When the urbanization comprehensive index is 7.325, i.e. in 2022-2023, the urbanization will have the least effect on cropland, while before 2023, the contradiction between urbanization and cropland protection will be more prominent in Anhui Province. Based on the results of the study, it is reasonable to arrange scale, structure, layout, and timing from the scientific establishment of the urbanization development of land use planning of urban construction land. Optimization and upgrading of industrial structure are used to promote intensive use of urban land. Various policies, laws, and regulations are strictly implemented in the state protection of cultivated land. Policy suggestions are put forward in strictly maintaining land gate, strengthening land inspection, and other aspects. The research results not only provide references for Anhui Province to scientifically formulate land use planning and coordinate the urbanization evolution and cropland protection policy, but also for other similar research. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Calculations - Curve fitting - Economics - Industrial economics - Laws and legislation - Least squares approximations - Regression analysis - Structural optimization - Tall buildings
Uncontrolled terms:Anhui province - Cropland - Decomposition model - Marginal models - Urbanization
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20150400457870
Title:Concentration of biogas slurry with forward osmosis technology
Authors:Li, Hongna (1); Shi, Zhiwei (2); Zhu, Changxiong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Agricultural Clear Watershed Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) Beijing China Sciences Environment Protection Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Changxiong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:240-245
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biogas slurry is the residue after the anaerobic fermentation of excrements from breeding industries. It is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients. Biogas slurry is already known to be a valuable resource as a liquid fertilizer that increases crop yields and improves soil quality. However, due to the limited farmland areas around the breeding industries and the inconvenience of separating biogas slurry in application and transportation, research on the concentration of biogas slurry has become increasingly important. Forward osmosis (FO) is an isolation technology based on the natural phenomenon of osmosis with the transportation of water across a semi-permeable membrane. The driving force of water transport is the osmotic pressure difference between the two sides of the membrane, which is contrary to the ordinary pressure-driven membrane processes, such as ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. Related research on the FO technology has grown significantly, but its application to the concentration of biogas slurry has not yet been reported. This paper reported on the application of the FO technology to the concentration of the biogas slurry, so as to improve its practical value, at a seashore pig farm in Shandong Province, using seawater as the draw solution. Considering that the driving force of FO membrane technology is the concentration difference, variations in the FO membrane flux were determined at different draw solution fluxes (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 L/h), so as to investigate the effect of draw solution flux on the membrane flux. Furthermore, we studied the influence of concentration multiples (2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4) on the FO membrane flux. During all the experiments, biogas slurry concentration time, total dissolved salt (TDS), total potassium, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and COD were also determined in the concentrated biogas slurry and their recovery ratios were calculated. Then the relationship between the TDS in the concentrated biogas slurry and the FO membrane flux was investigated. Based on the experimental results, we concluded that the FO membrane flux reached as high as 9.5 L/(m²&middot;h) with a concentration multiple of two; the recovery ratios of TDS, total potassium, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and COD in the biogas slurry after the concentration process were all above 96.7%, while the volume of biogas slurry was reduced to 1/4 of the original at most, under the condition of ensuring a higher membrane flux. The characteristics of the seawater used as the draw solution changed little in this research. Furthermore, the results showed that the FO membrane worked with high efficiency with a biogas slurry concentration multiple of three, and the membrane efficiency was as high as 3.9 L²/(m²&middot;h&middot;g). In summary, it is feasible and effective to concentrate biogas slurry with FO technology, which not only alleviates the wastage of nutrients in the biogas slurry, but also enhances the application value of biogas slurry as a liquid fertilizer. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Membrane technology
Controlled terms:Biogas - Concentration (process) - Fertilizers - Liquids - Membranes - Nitrogen - Nutrients - Osmosis - Phosphorus - Seawater
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Biogas slurry - Liquid fertilizers - Membrane efficiencies - Osmotic pressure differences - Pressure driven membranes - Semi-permeable membranes - Total dissolved salts
Classification code:471.4 Seawater, Tides and Waves - 522 Gas Fuels - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.2 Agricultural Chemicals - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20150400457855
Title:Dynamic measured system for hillslope runoff rate and sediment concentration based on time method and illumination method
Authors:Zeng, Weijun (1); Zhang, Yunwei (2); Chen, Ling (1); Wang, Dalong (1); Dong, Xiaowei (1); Wang, Yanjun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China; (2) Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Yunwei
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:114-123
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the research of soil erosion and loss, slope runoff volume and sediment concentration are two important hydrodynamic parameters to forecast slope runoff variation, reveal soil erosion mechanism and find movement rule of soil on hill slope. There is still no special instrument which can be widely used to measure runoff rate and sediment concentration. In fact, slope runoff volume and sediment concentration should be obtained in one testing at the same time, and then the testing data can be valuable for scientific research. Therefore, it has significant meaning to develop on-line equipments to measure slope runoff and sediment concentration accurately and synchronously. In order to resolve this problem, an automatic testing device for detection of runoff rate and sediment concentration was designed based on time method and illumination method, which could overcome the shortage of traditional methods. Its working principles and electronic controlling section were described. The automatic testing device is composed of two parts, the mechanical device and the electronic testing component. The mechanical device consists of funnel-shaped device and sampling device. The electronic testing component includes three parts, i.e. runoff volume measure and control, sediment concentration measure and control, and digital display. Data acquisition and processing are performed by electronic testing component. The software design employed automatic cycle way to control SCM (single chip microcomputer) working. The testing data was saved in EEPROM of SCM. An additional experimental system was proposed for measuring sediment concentration by using above system. It is composed of measure device and testing circuit control. During the measurement of sediment concentration, keeping stirring solution is necessary to avoid silt sinking at bottom, and this is helpful to improve testing accuracy. Testing accuracy of sediment concentration is mainly affected by two factors: distance from light source to light sensor and sediment distribution uniformity in solution. A/D value output by light sensor changes along with sediment concentration. Through experiments of sediment concentration measurement, two conclusions were obtained by using least squares method and statistics theory. Firstly, the suitable rotation speed of electromotor is 428 r/min which can make sediment distribute uniformly in solution. Secondly, the best accuracy of sediment concentration measurement can be obtained when the distance from light source to light sensor is 30 mm. The variation trend between A/D value and sediment concentration can be expressed in fitted polynomial equation. At last, testing experiments were done to verify above theoretical analysis and equation by using proposed methods and parameters. The experiments included sediment concentration testing in fourteen groups of solution with different sediment concentrations. The deviation between actual value and measured value was obtained. The result shows the accuracy of sediment concentration is within 1% except the solution with 1-3 kg/m³ sediment concentration. This demonstrates the feasibility of sediment concentration measurement by light transmission method. Furthermore, experiments also indicate that the proposed automatic detection device system is able to get the values of runoff rate and sediment content synchronously, which overcomes the limitation of traditional measurement. The device can be used not only in laboratory studies of soil erosion, but also in field monitoring of runoff volume and sediment concentration. This study provides a reference to promote new method and technology improvement for soil and water conservation monitoring. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Sediments
Controlled terms:Automatic testing - Data acquisition - Data handling - Erosion - Least squares approximations - Light sources - Light transmission - Polynomials - Runoff - Sedimentation  - Software design - Soil conservation - Soils - Solution mining - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Data fittings - Runoff volumes - Sediment concentration - Time keeping - Transmission methods
Classification code:422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 502.1 Mine and Quarry Operations - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 921.1 Algebra - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20150400457867
Title:Emission of green house gases for spring maize on different fertilizer treatments
Authors:Duan, Zhiyuan (1); Li, Yu'e (1); Wan, Yunfan (1); Qin, Xiaobo (1); Wang, Bin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) The Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) Hainan Institute of Meteorological Science, Haikou, China
Corresponding author:Li, Yu'e
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:216-224
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Maize production inevitably generates greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions which contribute to global warming. The greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) of maize production was controlled by various management techniques. Fuel, fertilizer production, herbicide production, seed consumption, transportation, and on-farm energy consumption all result in GHG emissions. Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was adopted in this study to calculate GHG emissions under different fertilization treatments aiming at comprehensively evaluating the effects of different fertilization treatments on GHG emissions and selecting the options with both economic benefits and GHG mitigation. Four different fertilization treatments are: local traditional fertilization; urea treatment; sulfur coated urea; and urea added with dicyandiamide treatment. Static chamber and gas chromatography (GC) systems were used to continuously monitor N<inf>2</inf>O emissions from maize cropland. N<inf>2</inf>O emissions under different fertilization treatments were calculated. Data on the amount and type of fertilizer applied, energy consumption for the tillage, herbicide consumption, irrigation area and Diesel consumption, for tillage, electricity consumption for irrigation, and seed consumption were collected. Total GHG emissions from fertilizer production, energy consumption, seed production were estimated. GHG emission intensity based on grain yield and economic benefit were also calculated. The result showed that N<inf>2</inf>O emissions from fertilization, total GHG emission of the whole life cycle, emission intensities based on yield and output were all ranked as local traditional fertilization&gt;urea treatment&gt;urea added with dicyandiamide treatment&gt;sulfur coated urea treatment. N<inf>2</inf>O emissions from the local traditional fertilization treatment was very significantly higher than that from the other three treatments (P&lt;0.01). N<inf>2</inf>O emissions from the sulfur coated urea treatment was significantly lower than that from the urea treatment (P&lt;0.05) and was not significantly different from that in the urea added with dicyandiamide treatment (P&gt;0.05). Total GHG emissions from the treatments of local traditional fertilization, urea, sulfur coated urea, and urea added with dicyandiamide were 4.11, 2.71, 2.56, and 2.61 t/(hm²&middot;a) respectively. Emission per unit of yield for the treatments of local traditional fertilization, urea, sulfur coated urea, and urea added with dicyandiamide were 364.1, 238.3, 216.6, and 223.4 kg/t maize, respectively. Emission per 10 000 yuan for the treatments of local traditional fertilization, urea, sulfur coated urea, and urea added with dicyandiamide were 2.19, 1.32, 1.15, and 1.18 t /10 000 yuan respectively. Compared with a traditional fertilization treatment, sulfur coated urea could reduce total GHG emissions, GHG emission per unit of yield and per 10 000 yuan net output by 37.8%, 40.5%, and 47.3% respectively, while the urea added with dicyandiamide treatment could reduce total GHG emissions, GHG emission per unit of yield, and per 10 000 yuan by 36.5%, 38.6%, and 45.9% respectively. Production of fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizer, makes the greatest contribution to total GHG emissions for maize cultivation, accounting for 42.4%-55.0% of the total GHG emissions from the four treatments, followed by fertilizer application, accounting for 20.8%-26.1% of the total GHG emissions from the four treatments. In order to ensure grain output and economic benefits, two fertilization treatments, sulfur coated urea treatment and urea added with dicyandiamide treatment, resulted in relatively low total emissions and emission intensity. They can be recommended as options to mitigate GHG emissions from maize production. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Greenhouse gases
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Carbon footprint - Economic and social effects - Emission control - Energy utilization - Fertilizers - Gas chromatography - Gas emissions - Gases  - Global warming - Herbicides - Irrigation - Life cycle - Metabolism - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Nitrogen oxides - Seed - Sulfur  - Urea - Weed control
Uncontrolled terms:Electricity-consumption - Emission intensity - Fertilizer applications - Fertilizer production - Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) - Management techniques - Nitrous oxide - Spring maize
Classification code:451 Air Pollution - 454 Environmental Engineering - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20150400457871
Title:Influence of total solid content on anaerobic digestion of swine manure and kinetic analysis
Authors:Du, Lianzhu (1); Liang, Junfeng (1); Yang, Peng (1); Gao, Wenxuan (1); Zhang, Keqiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Agro-environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Keqiang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:246-251
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Anaerobic digestion was a suitable technology for agricultural waste management as it combined waste treatment, energy output and recycling of by-product which can be used in agriculture as nutrient. The total solid (TS) or organic loading rate, hydraulic retention times and others parameters will influence the performance of anaerobic digestion. Among of these factors, TS was an important factor which influenced the biogas production efficiency, characteristics of the digested and the economic benefits of biogas plants because the appropriate TS can improve the utilization efficiency of working volume and increase the volume biogas production of the reactors. In order to optimize the total solid of anaerobic digestion with swine manure, batch experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different TS contents on anaerobic digestion at TS of 3.0%, 7.5%, 12.0% and 15.0% under mesophilic conditions (35). In the period of 62 d, the accumulative biogas production, volume percentage of CH<inf>4</inf> in biogas, TS and VS, pH value before and after digestion were monitored. The biogas production and methane yields were key indicators which were used to evaluate the anaerobic digestion, and the first-order kinetic was used to model the anaerobic digestion process. The results showed that the biogas yields basing on VS decreased with total solids fraction increasing from 3.0% to 15.0% and the biogas yields were 579, 527, 356 and 237 mL/g. The CH<inf>4</inf> yields at different solids fraction were 317, 326, 222 and 140 mL/g, respectively. The CH<inf>4</inf> yields of 3.0% and 7.5% accounted for 66.9% and 68.8% of the theoretical methane productivity (474 mL/g) which was calculated by the protein, fat and carbohydrate content in swine manure. The maximum CH<inf>4</inf> production rate of different TS appeared at 2 d, the values were 37.0, 24.4, 10.4 and 4.7 mL/(g&middot;d), respectively and the CH<inf>4</inf> production rate during the experiment decreased with the increasing of TS generally. The volume percentage of CH<inf>4</inf> in biogas was between 67% and 74% after 22 d, the value of solids fraction at 15.0% was the lowest. TS and VS degradation efficiency of anaerobic digestion decreased with the increasing of solids fraction from 7.5% to 15.0%, TS and VS degradation efficiency at TS of 7.5% were 49.2% and 65.5%, but that of TS at 15.0% were 37.4% and 46.9%. The VS degradation efficiency at TS of 3.0% was lower than that of the others mainly attributed to the TS content in inoculum. The first-order kinetic was used to simulate the anaerobic digestion process of swine manure at different TS contents, the results indicated that it was suitable for modeling the digestion when the solids fraction were 3.0% and 7.5%, and the degradation rate constants were 0.126 and 0.063 d^-1. The first-order kinetic was not fitting well for the TS content of 12.0% and 15.0%, this can be explained that there were obvious lag phase in anaerobic digestion at high total solids fraction, the other reasons were the accumulation of intermediate product such as volatile acid (VFA) or ammonia nitrogen which resulted in the inhibition for methanogens. Compared with total solids fraction of 3.0%, the biodegradability (BAD) of swine manure at 30 d decreased by 6.3%, 55.8% and 74.7%, the methane production ratio (MPR) decreased by 8.8%, 36.9% and 42.6% with the increasing of total solids fraction from 3.0% to 15.0%. The time BDA achieved at 58.0% needed were 18 and 30 d when the total solids fraction were 3.0% and 7.5%. At the end of this experiment, BAD of different TS content were 66.9%, 68.8%, 46.8% and 29.5%, respectively. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Biodegradation - Biogas - Degradation - Kinetics - Loading - Manures - Methane - Rate constants  - Volatile fatty acids - Waste management - Waste treatment - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic digestion process - Degradation efficiency - Degradation rate constants - Hydraulic retention time - Kinetics modeling - Swine manure - Total solids - Utilization efficiency
Classification code:452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 672 Naval Vessels - 801.2 Biochemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20150400457850
Title:Preparation and hydraulic conductivity performance analysis of infiltration irrigation materials
Authors:Zhang, Zengzhi (1); Wang, Xiaojian (1); Xue, Mei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Electronic and Information Engineering, Research Institute of Ecological and Functional Materials, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:74-81
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Infiltrating irrigation is a kind of effective water-saving irrigation technology because it has many technical advantages including extensive application in agriculture, especially for tree irrigation in arid and semiarid regions. This study aimed to design a kind of infiltrating irrigation material that could realize self-adjusting and non-pressure water-supply under different environmental conditions as well as ensure normal plant growth with better property of saving water and energy. Through theoretical analysis and based on experience, montmorillonite (MMT) and polyacrylamide (PAM) were used to form infiltrating irrigation water-conductivity material. Different mass ratios of MMT and PAM were designed including proportions of PAM and MMT suspension of 1:1000 (0.05 g/50 mL), 1:500 (0.1 g/50 mL), 1:333 (0.15 g/50 mL), 1:250 (0.2 g/50 mL), 1:200 (0.25 g/50 mL), and 1:167 (0.3 g/50 mL). The fiber was used as the supporting material that was pre-treated. The fiber was immersed into the composite colloidal solution for 10-15 min, followed by infiltration and drying at 15-20 min in a DHG - 9023A electron-thermal constant temperature blowing dry box (85). Then, the coated fiber with function of water-conductivity was to make infiltrating irrigation droppers in an injection molding machine. Meanwhile, water-transmitting fibers (the fiber bundle, about 15 cm in length, about 5 mm in radius) coated with composite of different components were used for tensile test to determine he bonding properties of infiltrating irrigation water-conducting coating materials on fiber. Coating morphology was observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, the micro-structure and composition were analyzed. The water permeability property of the droppers was tested under soil moisture content of 3%, 6%, 12%, and 18% at 20 and 20, 35, 50, 65 with soil moisture 3%. Results showed that coating materials with different PAM and MMT ratios all had breaking strength larger than 250 MPa, meeting the requirements for strength between coating material and fiber (200 MPa). Microscope analysis showed that among different PAM and MMT ratios, the ratio of 1:250 could lead to best film-forming property such as uniform granule distribution. At 30 min, the maximum water penetration rates of sample with different PAM and MMT ratios from 1:1000 to 1:167 were 2.7, 2.5, 3.4, 2, 1.8, and 1.6 mm/min. For the film made of the PAM and MMT ratio of 1:250, the water penetration rates decreased gradually with soil moisture (3%, 6%, 12%, 18%) at 20, while it increased with temperature for soil with moisture of 3%. Therefore, the PAM and MMT ratio 1:250 could be used to develop materials for infiltration irrigation. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Coated materials - Coatings - Environmental design - Fiber bonding - Fibers - Hydraulic machinery - Injection molding - Irrigation - Materials  - Moisture - Plating - Scanning electron microscopy - Soil moisture - Soil testing - Soils - Strength of materials - Tensile testing - Water - Water conservation  - Water injection - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Arid and semi-arid regions - Environmental conditions - Film-forming properties - Montmorillonite (MMT) - Performance analysis - Polyacrylamide(PAM) - Self-adjusting - Water-saving irrigation
Classification code:422.2 Strength of Building Materials : Test Methods - 444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 461.1 Biomedical Engineering - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 539 Metals Corrosion and Protection; Metal Plating - 539.3 Metal Plating - 612.1 Internal Combustion Engines, General - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 812 Ceramics, Refractories and Glass - 813 Coatings and Finishes - 816.1 Processing of Plastics and Other Polymers - 817 Plastics and Other Polymers: Products and Applications - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20150400457864
Title:Energy storage and heat transfer characteristics of ground heat exchanger with phase change backfill materials
Authors:Yang, Weibo (1); Sun, Lulu (1); Wu, Xuan (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Hydraulic and Energy Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China; (3) School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:193-199
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ground source heat pump (GSHP) has been recognized as being among the cleanest, most energy efficient and cost effective systems for residential and commercial space's heating and cooling applications. The main advantage of using the ground as the heat source or sink of the system is that the soil temperature at tens to hundreds of meters in depth is relatively constant and is generally lower in summer and higher in winter than that of ambient air temperature. This results in an overall improvement of the system performance and thus reduces operation costs. Therefore, GSHP systems have become increasingly popular in commercial and institutional buildings. Heat transfer around vertical ground heat exchanger (GHE) is a common problem for the design and operation of GSHP. The energy storage performance of GHE and its influences on the temperature thermal response characteristics of soil around it are important for a long-term high-efficient and steady operation of GSHP systems. Thus, to enhance energy storage performance of GHE and, at the same time, reduce the effects of thermal diffuse on soil temperature are key points for the application of GSHP. In this paper, a new type of GHE with phase change backfill materials was presented to change its thermal response characteristics and heat transfer performance. Theoretically, the thermal interference radius of soil can be reduced by the phase change of phase change materials (PCM), and the energy storage performance of GHE can be improved due to the release of phase change latent heat. In order to further investigate the influences of solid-liquid phase change of phase change backfill materials on energy storage and heat transfer performance of GHE, a quasi-three dimensional heat transfer model with phase change was developed for the vertical U-bend GHE, which couples the one-dimensional fluid heat transfer in vertical direction with the two-dimensional soil transient heat transfer in level. The model was discreted by the control volume method and solved by the apparent heat capacity method. Based on the numerical solution of the model, the influences of solid-liquid phase change of PCM on energy storage performance of GHE and thermal response characteristics of soil temperature around GHE were analyzed for winter and summer mode respectively. The effects of phase change temperature and phase change latent heat of PCM on the thermal diffusivity and energy storage characteristics of GHE were discussed. The results indicate that under same conditions, the soil temperature variations trend is slow down and the thermal interference region is reduced due to the heat extraction and release during the phase change of PCM. The heat exchange performance of GHE can be evidently improved by backfilling materials with low and high phase change temperature for summer and winter respectively. At the same time, the energy storage performance can be enhanced by grouting the materials with large latent heat. The study is significant for releasing the thermal interference region of soil and improving the energy storage and heat transfer performance of GHE. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Phase change materials
Controlled terms:Cooling systems - Cost effectiveness - Energy efficiency - Energy storage - Geothermal heat pumps - Heat exchangers - Heat pump systems - Heat transfer - Interference suppression - Latent heat  - Liquids - Soils - Specific heat - Storage (materials) - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Backfill material - Energy storage characteristics - Ground heat exchangers - Heat transfer performance - Phase Change - Solid liquid phase change
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 615 Thermoelectric, Magnetohydrodynamic and Other Power Generators - 616 Heat Exchangers - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 694.4 Storage - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 912.3 Operations Research - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20150400457859
Title:Application of fractional differential in preprocessing hyperspectral data of saline soil
Authors:Zhang, Dong (1); Tiyip, Tashpolat (1); Zhang, Fei (1); Kelimu, Ardak (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
Corresponding author:Tiyip, Tashpolat
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:151-160
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil salinization is not only one of the most serious environmental problems in semi-arid and arid area, but it also leads to land degradation and productivity loss. At present, most studies on soil salinization pay much attention to the quantifying of the relationship between the saline soil salt content and integer differential transform of hyperspectral data. The integer differential method only focuses on the points in differential windows, thus if extending the integer calculus to fractional order, more information could be discovered due to the advantages of fractional differential method: it has memory and nonlocality. In this paper, the authors took the Delta oasis of Yutian in the southern rim of Tarim Basin in Xinjiang as the study area, and measured the spectral reflectance and the soil salt content in order to obtain the degrees of salinity in the study area. Firstly, the hyperspectral reflectance data were treated with 5 kinds of mathematical transform: root mean square, inversion, logarithm, inversion-logarithm, and logarithm-inversion. Secondly we calculated their 0-2nd order (interval 0.2-order) derivative by using the Gr&uuml;nwald-Letnikov fractional order differential formula and Java programming language, then computed the correlation coefficient between the salt content and the data of each mathematical transform and each order differential. Subsequently, we comparatively analyzed the varying trend between correlation coefficient curves and the influence of correlation coefficient on single bands treated by the differential method. The results showed that differentials could evidently increase the number of the bands highly significantly correlated with salt content (0.6-order&gt;first-order&gt;second-order&gt;0-order), the number followed increasing-decreasing trend (reaching the maximum at 0.6-order) with the increase of differential order. For spectral reflectance and other mathematical transform at 0.6-order, the numbers of the bands followed the order inversion-logarithm=logarithm&gt;root mean square&gt;inversion&gt;spectral reflectance&gt;logarithm-inversion. For the bands 2 444, 2 423, 2 142, and 2 005 nm, differential algorithm could significantly improve the correlation between salt content and spectra (and other mathematical transforms) of salinized soil, and all the maximum absolute values of correlation coefficient were obtained at the fractional order, corresponding to 0.6-order (logarithm-inversion transform corresponding to 0.4-order), 0.6-order (inversion transform corresponding to 0.8-order), 0.8-order, and 1.4-order respectively. In conclusion, from local to global, fractional differential had a better capacity than integer differential in lifting correlation. As the order increased, the correlation coefficient curves showed a gradual changing trend, and to some extent, capturing this trend could prevent information loss caused by big differences among the spectral reflectance, first-order, and second-order differential transform. We suggest here that further researches should be concentrated on physical meaning of fractional differential in hyperspectral data to provide theoretical basis to build and describe soil salinization quantitative inversion models. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Differentiation (calculus)
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Calculations - Computer programming - Data handling - Data processing - Information dissemination - Java programming language - Mathematical transformations - Reflection - Soils  - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Differential algorithms - Differential transform - Fractional differential - HyperSpectral - Hyperspectral reflectance - Mathematical transforms - Salinization
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 903.2 Information Dissemination - 921 Mathematics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20150400457842
Title:Mechanics property experiment of broccoli seedling oriented to mechanized planting
Authors:Wang, Ying (1); Chen, Jianneng (2); Wu, Jiawei (2); Zhao, Yun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; (2) College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China; (3) Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Transplanting Equipment and Technology, Hangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Jianneng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:1-10
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to reduce the breakage rate of the broccoli seedling during mechanized planting and to avoid the transplanting failure caused by the discordance between planting nozzle and seedling while the planting nozzle has arrived at the planting location but the seedling has not slipped to the bottom of planting nozzle, the orthogonal experiments based on agronomic requirements has been carried out in this paper. The volume of soil block (represent plate size), seedling age, and moisture content of soil blocks are selected as the experimental factors. Every factor has three levels. One experiment has been carried out to test the compressive strength of soil blocks under different schemes. Through using the universal material testing machine, the relationships between compressive force and compressive amount have been obtained and expressed as curves. In order to analyze these curves, the compression elasticity of the soil block has been proposed, which was defined as the straight slope between point D (starting point of linear elastic) and point E (yield point). Then, several sets of compression elasticity and yield limit under different schemes have been obtained. Analysis results show that the compression elasticity increases at first, then decreases with the reduction of the volume of soil blocks, while the yield limit decreases with the reduction of the volume of soil blocks. Both of them have no significant relationship with seedling age, but decrease with the increase in moisture content. Another experiment was carried out to test the motion resistance coefficient between seedling and planting nozzle. The broccoli seedling was put on an incline, then the process of broccoli seedling sliding along the incline was recorded by the high-speed camera. The sliding acceleration along the incline of broccoli seedling was obtained by video processing technology. Afterwards, the motion resistance coefficient was derived by using Newtonian mechanics theory. Analysis results show that the motion resistance coefficient decreases with the reduction of soil block volume, and increases with the increase of both the seedling age and moisture content. The mechanics model of the colliding process between seedling and planting nozzle has been built, and the highest relative speed allowed was obtained from the model. In order to avoid the breakage of seedling, meanwhile the motion resistance coefficient shouldn't be too high, a comprehensive scoring method was applied to evaluate the combinations of soil block volume, seedling age, and moisture content. Four combinations were chosen by comparing the scores. In order to achieve the best combination, the field planting simulation experiment was conducted. This experiment was done indoors by using a rotating circular soil tank driven by the friction of tires. Breakage rate and rewind rate were obtained from this experiment. The best combination that is suitable for mechanized planting of broccoli seedling was obtained: medium soil block (128 holes plate), 2-3 leaves, and water content at 63%. This study provides reference for the design of planting mechanism. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Soil testing
Controlled terms:Compressive strength - Deformation - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Elasticity - High speed cameras - Machinery - Mechanical properties - Mechanics - Mechanization - Moisture  - Moisture determination - Motion analysis - Nozzles - Soils - Transplants - Video signal processing
Uncontrolled terms:Broccoli seedling - Contact Mechanics - Experimental factors - Mechanics property - Motion resistance - Newtonian mechanics - Orthogonal experiment - Planting locations
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 462.4 Prosthetics - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601 Mechanical Design - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 716.4 Television Systems and Equipment - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 931.1 Mechanics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:20150400457878
Title:Demarcating method of prime farmland considering ecological quality of cultivated land
Authors:Ren, Yanmin (1); Tang, Xiumei (1); Liu, Yu (1); Pan, Yuchun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (4) College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Yu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:298-307
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Evaluating the quality of cultivated land comprehensively and systematically is an important prerequisite in performing, demarcating, and conducting high standards of prime farmland scientifically. Taking Tunchang county, Hainan Province as an example, these indexes are chosen to evaluate the quality of cultivated land in the paper as following: topography, erosion condition of soil, ecological system service value, flood disaster, connection, etc, on the basis of comprehensive consideration of nature quality and location condition. It shows that the ecological quality is very important in prime farmland evaluation, and index system is improved. The result: 88.91% of cultivated land is demarcated into prime farmland, with comprehensive evaluating score equal or larger than 70, mainly in the central south and north of the platforms and plains regions of Tunchang country. Contrastive analysis was studied between the method of this paper (method 1) and natural quality of agricultural land (method 2) in demarcating prime farmland. Cultivated land of the study area is classified into four type regions, namely: Type region I, Type region II, Type region III, Type region IV. Among them, Type region I is described as the farmland area demarcated by the above two methods, which is the largest part (84.49%) and has some essential characteristics such as good nature quality, convenient location convenient, less natural disasters, and soil erosion, as well as fairly flat land. Except that, prime farmland is close to towns or rural settlements in spatial distribution, and their average patch area is large and is in the obviously centralized distribution, which is easy to agricultural scaled production and mechanization. Type region II is chosen through method 2, only occupies 4.42% of the area, but distributes in every town. This kind of cultivated land is mainly west and east of the mountainous and hilly regions. The patches are much smaller than Type region I or Type region III, and the connection degree is small too. The area of Type region III is equal to Type region II, but the difference of their count is significant because of the average patch area. Considering ecological quality influence, the natural quality of cultivated land is no longer the key factor in demarcating prime farmland, which is of equal importance. A striking feature of prime farmland is the trend towards flat, connective area or concentrated areas of towns, which is near to Type region I and is the second option to demarcate prime farmland except for Type region I. All kinds of indexes are very poor in Type region IV which is eliminated by both methods 1 and 2 in demarcating prime farmland. Its area only occupies 6.68% of the total cultivated land. Conclusion: The method proposed in this paper is more scientific and reasonable, which will help to maintain stable quality and avoid cuts to the amount of cultivated land. Furthermore, it can not only provide scientific basis for evaluating of farmland into basic farmland but also provide a new idea for the quality evaluation of cultivated land and basic farmland delimitation. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Disasters - Ecology - Erosion - Geographic information systems - Image quality - Land use - Machinery - Quality control
Uncontrolled terms:Centralized distribution - Contrastive analysis - Cultivated lands - Demarcation - Ecological quality - Ecological systems - Essential characteristic - Prime farmlands
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 484 Seismology - 601 Mechanical Design - 723.3 Database Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:20150400457862
Title:Detection of water distribution and dynamics in body of winter wheat based on nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors:Yao, Shijin (1); Du, Guangyuan (3); Mou, Hongmei (1); Luan, Xiangyu (1); Ma, Hongyan (1); Liu, Jianan (1); Liu, Mengda (1); Qi, Xiao (1); He, Jianqiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China; (2) Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China; (3) College of Sciences, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:He, Jianqiang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:177-186
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique is a noninvasive and nondestructive way of probing water content in plants, and has been broadly used in the studies on plant-water relationship. In order to investigate water distribution in a living winter wheat plant, the T<inf>2</inf> relaxation parameters of NMR were used to measure the moisture contents (MC) in leaf, stem, and spike of winter wheat. The results showed that the amplitude of T<inf>2</inf> relaxation spectrum was linearly correlated to the mass of water in the plant sample. And according to the T<inf>2</inf> relaxation properties of wheat leaf, stem, and spike, the T<inf>2</inf> relaxation spectra could be divided into two components. The fresh weight could be estimated through linear regression using the peak areas of each component of T<inf>2</inf> spectra. Then, the moisture contents of each organ could be obtained. To verify the moisture content estimation function, the moisture contents of organs of seven wheat varieties were measured with both NMR and traditional oven-drying methods. The root mean square error (RMSE) was adopted to measure the accuracy. The results showed that the RMSE of two kinds of measured moisture contents of leaf, stem and spike were 5.3%, 3.5% and 3.3%, respectively. The NMR detection method had high detection precision for moisture content. By comparison, the detected moisture contents in spike and stem were more precise, followed by leaf measurement. The larger error for wheat leaf was probably due to a relatively lower signal-noise ratio, and a reason for this might be the lower level filling degree relative to stem and spike. Then the method was applied to monitor the long-term and diurnal changes of the moisture contents in living wheat plants at different growth stages. The results showed that moisture content of the second upper leaf decreased from 79% to 54% during grain milk stage and ripening. The moisture content in flag leaf remained relatively stable, which kept at 78% and then decreased to 72% until the grain dough stage. The moisture contents of the first and second stems below spike also decreased from 69% to 60%. The nutriment in leaf and stem was activated and transferred into wheat grain during the stage of grain filling. This process was accompanied by a decrease of the moisture content in spike from 61% to 31%. The moisture contents of the flag leaf and second upper leaf decreased first and then increased during the stages of grain milk and ripening. At grain milk stage, leaves moisture contents were about 77% at 8:00 and reduced gradually to 74% at 14:00 (at 16:00 for flag leaf), then to 76% at 20:00. It means the moistures of leaves could recover to their initial state after decreased at grain milk stage. However, at ripening stage, the moisture content of flag leaf decreased from 70% at 8:00 to minimum (53%) at 16:00, then to 60% at 20:00. The second upper leaf showed the same tendency that the moisture content decreased from 66% to 45% and merely increased to 55% thereafter. Since the method based on NMR can continuously monitor the same wheat plant without destruction and invasion, this study can reveal the water dynamics and aging process of winter wheat more directly and precisely. The results will lay a theoretic foundation for the study on water consumption of winter wheat growing healthy and rational irrigation schedules. During next study, more wheat plants and high frequency detecting should be taken into account to demonstrate the general significance. At the same time, different environment conditions should be settled for a deeper exploration of the water distribution and movement within the wheat body. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Nuclear magnetic resonance
Controlled terms:Crops - Grain (agricultural product) - Mean square error - Moisture - Moisture determination - Plants (botany) - Resonance - Soil moisture - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Different growth stages - Environment conditions - Irrigation schedule - Nuclear magnetic resonance techniques - Relaxation parameter - Relaxation spectrum - Root mean square errors - Winter wheat
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 701 Electricity and Magnetism - 731.1 Control Systems - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 932.2 Nuclear Physics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.