<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20150400457762
Title:Calculation method of livestock carrying capacity of irrigation forage grassland in arid area
Authors:Liao, Zilong (1); Wei, Yongfu (1); Guo, Zhongxiao (1); Xu, Xiaomin (1); Long, Yinhui (1); Song, Yifan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Institute of Water Resources for Pastoral Area, The Ministry of Water Resources, Hohhot, China; (2) Water Resources Department, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Wei, Yongfu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:87-94
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water is the key factor to in management of grassland and livestock balance in arid area. The effective way of management is to achieve a balance of supply and demand for water forage grass and livestock. This balance consists of three parts: forecasting the forage grass yield by the water balance theory, planning the livestock carrying capacity related to the forage grass intake and drinking water consume, and estimating the optimal number of livestock husbandry under the coupled limitation of the available forage grass intake carrying capacity and the available water resources quantity. There are some inaccuracy problem in applying traditional carrying capacity calculation method, such as the yield forecasting of forage grass and livestock intake feeding. The objective of this paper was to build a new livestock carrying capacity calculation model based on water-grass-livestock balance. Using Damao county in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as research area, we analyzed the curve of water productivity under the different rainfall and irrigation conditions, and forecasted the yield of silage corn by water productivity curve. The irrigation experiment of silage corn under different water condition and different precipitation revealed that there was a non-linear relationship between the water productivity and the sum of precipitation and irrigation. Increasing the sum of precipitation and irrigation can promote the water productivity, but excessive supplying from precipitation and irrigation may lead to a reduction of crop water use efficiency. Based on analyzing the curve of water productivity, the experiment result suggested that the highest water productivity was 12.42 kg/m³ water which achieved with 550 mm water from both precipitation and irrigation. Precipitation was the vital limited factor for silage corn yield. The calculated silage corn yield of humid, medium and arid scenario was 6.83 kg/m², 5.25 kg/m², 3.47 kg/m² respectively. For livestock intake feeding and drinking water, carrying capacity of available grass intake and the carrying capacity of available drinking water were calculated respectively, and the minimum values of the two carrying capacities were used to determine the proper livestock carrying capacity. The results showed that the carrying capacity of water, forage grass and livestock balance model was six sheep more per 10 000 m² than the tradition method in humid scenario. The increasing number of livestock was good for improving the economic benefit for farmers of animal husbandry. Under the arid scenario, the carrying capacity of water, forage grass and livestock balance model was seven sheep less per 10 000 m² than the tradition method. The decreasing number of livestock was beneficial for the ecological and environmental protection of grassland. In conclusion, the water, forage grass and livestock balance model proposed by the paper was appropriate for arid grassland, and it will have much impact on the development of livestock husbandry and the protection of ecology and environment in pasture area. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Animals - Arid regions - Ecology - Economics - Irrigation - Potable water - Precipitation (chemical) - Productivity - Vegetation - Water  - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Carrying capacity calculation - Desert grassland - Economic benefits - Forage grassland - Inner Mongolia autonomous regions - Non-linear relationships - Water productivity - Yield forecasting
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.1 Production Engineering - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20150400457770
Title:Quantification of soil surface roughness during soil erosion using laser micro-topographical scanner
Authors:Zhang, Lichao (1); Yang, Wei (2); Li, Zhaoxia (2); Cai, Chongfa (2); Wang, Tianwei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Prevention, Jiangxi Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Nanchang, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; (3) Hubei Water Resources Research Institute, Wuhan, China
Corresponding author:Li, Zhaoxia
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:155-162
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil surface microrelief plays an important role on the soil erosion processes like runoff, infiltration, soil sealing and sediment transport. However, there is relatively little study on the soil surface microrelief in soil erosion process and those studies are mostly conducted in the Loess Plateau in China. The purpose of this study was to study the feasibility of applying the Instantaneous-Profile Laser Scanner imported from the USA to determine the features and law of soil surface microrelief evolution in red soil region of Southern China. In this study, three soils derived from Quaternary red clay and Shale widely distributed in red soil region were selected, and the changes of soil surface microrelief during rainfall were studied in three intermittent rainfall events by using the Instantaneous-Profile Laser Scanner. With both its positional accuracy and elevational accuracy amounting to 0.5 mm, the Instantaneous-Profile Laser Scanner has been widely applied to the soil erosion process, soil physical property, statistical analysis of geography and topography etc. In the study, soil surface roughness obtained from the scanned image illustrated the changing process caused by the rainfall and runoff. The results showed that: 1) With the intermittent rainfall continuing, the soil surface roughness decreased, resulting from the combined effect of the detachment of raindrop and the transport of runoff; After the third rainfall event, the surface roughness of soil derived from Shale, soil 1 derived from Quaternary red clay, and soil 2 derived from Quaternary red clay decreased 18.2%, 18.4% and 11.8% respectively; and 2) For all three soils, the greatest decrease of soil surface roughness was found in the first rainfall event, which differed from the other two rainfall events significantly. Specifically, the decreases of the surface roughness of soil derived from Shale (16.1%) and soil 1 derived from Quaternary red clay (19.7%) were much higher than that of soil 2 derived from Quaternary red clay (9.6%) for a higher aggregate water stability compared with the other two soils. For all three soils, in the first rainfall event, most aggregates were broken and soil crust began to form because of rainfall splash leading a sharp decrease of soil surface roughness. In the second and third rainfall event, the decreases of soil surface roughness event were not obvious for soil derived from Shale and soil 2 derived from Quaternary red clay. The crust formed on the soil 1 derived from Quaternary red clay during the third rainfall was prone to be destroyed due to its own unstable soil structure, leading to the increase of its roughness of soil surface. The application of submillimeter-level high-precision laser scanning and computer digital image processing method is in favor of researching quantitatively the characteristics and laws of soil surface microrelief changes during the process of water erosion on hillslope. Meanwhile, this paper throws a light on the study of the soil surface microrelief by discussing its status quo, directions and significance during the water erosion on hillslope. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agglomeration - Aggregates - Erosion - Image processing - Laser applications - Lasers - Rain - Runoff - Scanning - Sediment transport  - Shale - Surface roughness - Surface topography
Uncontrolled terms:Digital elevation model - Microrelief - Positional accuracy - Rainfall and runoffs - Red soil region of southern chinas - Soil physical property - Soil surface roughness - Water stability
Classification code:406 Highway Engineering - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 443.3 Precipitation - 444.1 Surface Water - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 744.1 Lasers, General - 744.9 Laser Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20150400457774
Title:Reconstruction and analysis of 3D road based on 3D fractal interpolation
Authors:Lu, Zhixiong (1); Xu, Hao (1); Liu, Yiguan (1); Jiang, Chunxia (1); Hoogmoed, W.B. (3); Zhou, Jing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Engineering College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; (2) Nanjing Communications Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China; (3) Farm Technology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:188-194
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The interaction between tire and pavement guarantees ground driving force which is used to drive a car forward, so it is a significant foundation to study the interactional principle between them. In addition, studying the coupling-principle of tire and pavement can be conducive to address the NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness) issues caused by the roughness and unevenness of pavement, while an accurate pavement model is essential to the simulation study of tire and pavement coupling, because the precise pavement model can provide realistic data for a simulation process. This paper was trying to establish a precise pavement model based on fractal theory and limited sparse roughness data. By using a laser profiler with a sampling interval of 5mm and a sampling precision of 1mm, the sparse roughness data of Bituminous pavement, Concrete pavement, Sand-gravel pavement, and Belgium's pavement were obtained in Wageningen University, which is located in Netherlands, and the sampled data were preserved to be a digital elevation matrix in the Matlab workspace. Based on the 3D fractal interpolation method theory, iterated function system was used to reconstruct four types of the road. The 3D figures that display the striking surfaces of the road were plotted by utilizing the original and interpolated digital elevation matrix in the Matlab. Besides, the statistical indexes of material surface roughness (i.e. Arithmetic Mean, Standard Deviation, Deviation Coefficient, and Coefficient of Kurtosis) and fractal dimensions were introduced to evaluate original data and interpolated data, Arithmetic Mean; Standard Deviation is the parameters to reflect the situation of fluctuation; Deviation Coefficient is utilized to describe the distributional level of dents and peaks while coefficient of Kurtosis is to embody a degree of road sharpness, and fractal dimension was computed by utilizing a method of box-counting; ultimately, results were concluded by comparing with the variation of evaluated index. The results show that average value and standard deviation can, to some extent, be used to reflect general fluctuation of pavement, and deviation coefficient and coefficient of kurtosis can be utilized to evaluate fine roughness of pavement, the varied ranges of three indexes, i.e. average value, standard deviation and coefficient of kurtosis, before and after reconstructed were less than &plusmn;5%, while the ranges of the deviation coefficients were less than &plusmn;9% except Sand-gravel pavement with 22.7%, which represented that the basic structures of four kinds of pavements were sustained well after interpolated. In addition, the variations of fractal dimensions between original data and interpolated data were within the range of &plusmn;5%, which mean that the complexity of pavement before and after interpolated were sustained well. In summary, the 3D figures plotted by data collecting by the laser profiler could sustain a basic structure of pavement, but could not represent a fine structure, whereas the 3D figure plotted by interpolated data was not only able to hold the basic structure, but reflect their exquisite and plump fine structure. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Fractal dimension
Controlled terms:Atomic physics - Digital storage - Fractals - Function evaluation - Gravel - Higher order statistics - Image reconstruction - Interpolation - MATLAB - Matrix algebra  - Roads and streets - Statistics - Surface roughness - Tires - Transportation
Uncontrolled terms:Box-counting method - Fractal interpolation - Iterated function system - Road roughness - Three dimensional
Classification code:406.2 Roads and Streets - 431 Air Transportation - 432 Highway Transportation - 433 Railroad Transportation - 434 Waterway Transportation - 483.2 Foundations - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 818.5 Rubber Products - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20150400457757
Title:Optimization for structure of internal loop fluidized bed reactor based on computational fluid dynamics
Authors:Li, Yuan (1); Yang, Jing (2); Guan, Chongwu (2); Song, Hongqiao (2); Wu, Fan (2); Zhang, Chenglin (2); Chen, Xiaolong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Fishery Equipment and Engineering, Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Jing
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:44-52
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Internal loop fluidized bed reactor is a kind of advanced bioreactor in the field of biological sewage treatment, its fluidization working principle speeds up biochemical reactions in the reactor, it has great significance on the efficient cleaning of aquaculture wastewater. However, the reactor performance under working conditions is closely related to its internal phase fluid mechanics behavior, the complex relationship exists among fluid mechanics behavior of phase, reactor structure parameters and operating parameters, aquaculture water disposal requirements are different to other relevant fields, which make reactor design and optimization difficult. Based on the Eulerian-Eulerian model, this article selected the diameter ratio of draft tube and the reactor, ratio of draft tube height and reactor diameter, height of the gas-liquid mixture region, height of the gas-liquid separation region as structure parameters, select gas velocity of gas inlet velocity as operation parameters, and built CFD mathematical model to describe gas-liquid two phase flow in reactor with different structures and operation parameters. It analyzed the change rule of the liquid flow field, liquid circulation flow, gas holdup in the reactor with different structures and operation parameters. The conclusion is: for the reactor with inner diameter 200 mm, gas distribution plate with holes distributed uniformly at the bottom, diameter ratio of draft tube and the reactor is the pivotal parameter for determining liquid mechanics behavior of phase, when diameter ratio of draft tube and the reactor was 0.3 or 0.4, the liquid flow field is close to best circulation state; when diameter ratio of draft tube and the reactor was 0.5, the liquid flow field can achieve best circulation state; liquid circulation flow and gas holdup increase first and then decrease as the diameter ratio of draft tube and the reactor increase, when diameter ratio of draft tube and the reactor was 0.5, liquid circulation flow and gas holdup can get maximum value. Liquid circulation flow increases as the ratio of draft tube height and reactor diameter increase but gas holdup have no change. Liquid circulation flow increase as the height of the gas-liquid mixture region increase but transmission flow velocity change conversely. Liquid circulation flow increase first and then decrease as the height of the gas-liquid separation region increase, height of the gas-liquid mixture region and height of the gas-liquid separation region have no obvious effect on the gas holdup. The optimal structure parameters values when gas velocity of gas inlet velocity was 0.5-2.5 cm/s are diameter ratio of draft tube and the reactor was 0.5, ratio of draft tube height and reactor diameter was 6, height of the gas-liquid mixture region = (diameter of the reactor - diameter of draft tube)/2 mm, height of the gas-liquid separation region was 100 mm. When gas velocity of gas inlet velocity is 2.5 cm/s, liquid circulation flow and gas holdup can take a maximum value 919.2 cm³/s and 7.81%. For liquid circulation flow, it uses a relevant mathematical model to obtain the theoretical values, and compares them with the experimental values. Through the analysis of the deviation, it explores the limitation of the mathematical model application: mathematical model is a reasoning formula which regard mass conservation as premise, but reactor with special flow phenomenon, mass flow change leads to this limitation. For the operating parameters, it uses the MATLAB least square method fitting the relationship among gas velocity, liquid circulation flow, gas holdup when the reactor under the optimal structure parameters: Liquid circulation flow and gas holdup increase in direct proportion as gas velocity increase, coefficient of proportionality are 0.9908 and 0.9913. It verified the accuracy of the fitting formula, relative deviation range is -0.3%-6%, providing theoretical and technical reference for the design and application of internal loop fluidized bed reactor in the field of aquaculture. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Gases
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Biological sewage treatment - Biological water treatment - Chemical reactors - Computational fluid dynamics - Flow fields - Flow velocity - Fluid catalytic cracking - Fluid dynamics - Fluid mechanics  - Fluidization - Fluidized bed furnaces - Fluidized beds - Fluids - Hydraulic turbines - Inlet flow - Least squares approximations - Liquids - Mechanics - Mixtures  - Structural design - Structural optimization - Structure (composition) - Supersaturation - Tubes (components) - Two phase flow - Velocity - Wastewater disposal - Wastewater treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Aquaculture wastewater - Design and application - Eulerian-Eulerian modeling - Fluidized bed reactors - Gas - Liquid mixtures - Gas - liquid two-phase flows - Gas-liquid separation - Parameters
Classification code:408.1 Structural Design, General - 452.2 Sewage Treatment - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 617.1 Hydraulic Turbines - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 642.2 Industrial Furnaces and Components - 801.2 Biochemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802 Chemical Apparatus and Plants; Unit Operations; Unit Processes - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20150400457787
Title:Improving digestibility and palatability of straw feed by separating lignocellulose decomposition and lactic acid bacteria fermentation
Authors:Liu, Jingjing (1); Liu, Xiaoping (2); Shi, Jianfang (3); Wang, Xiaofen (1); Yuan, Xufeng (1); Cui, Zongjun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Agricultural Bureau Plant Protecting Station, Jinxiang, China; (3) China Institute of Agricultural Product Processing Engineering, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Cui, Zongjun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:290-299
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In China, about 7.0&times;10⁸ t of crop straws may be collected annually, and the amount suitable for converting to feed was approximately accounted for 85.67%. However, low digestibility and protein content prevent its use in feedlots, much of these materials were disposed by burning, which resulted in environmental pollution. A matrix formed by lignin and hemicellulose surrounds the orderly cellulose microfibrils and reduces their digestibility. The breakdown of the bonds between lignin and cellulose is the key to transform the lignocellulosic substrate into a high quality feed for ruminants. Studies have provided various results that removal of lignin enhanced the digestibility of straws. Although hemicellulose has higher potential digestibility than the other cell wall components, its degradation was not maximized because it concentrated in the primary wall, and no research results has been provided that the removal of hemicelluloses enhanced the digestibility. In order to improve the digestibility and nutrition value of air-dried corn stalk, and to develop a convenient and practical straw feed processing technology, experiments were carried out as follows: 1) Corn stalk was fermented at 60 in a feed fermentation machine for 5 days, after the moisture content of which was adjusted to 60%, and hemicellulose-degrading microflora WDC2 was inoculated in them; 2) Lactic acid bacteria community S FC-2 was cultivated in a fermentation tank, the working volume of which was 30 L; 3) Culture broth of SFC-2 was sprayed evenly on the corn stalk being partially degraded, at the rate of 1:1 (m/v) to produce fermented straw feed. In this study, the feasibility of bioconversion of straw as forage by dividing the fermentation into lignocellulose decomposition of corn stalk and malolactic fermentation of lactic acid bacteria, was discussed from the nutriology and the molecular ecology. The results indicated that after 5 days high-temperature fermentation, the degradation rates of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin were 5.36%, 18.83% and 3.29%, respectively, and in vitro digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber improved by 13.94%, 22.56% and 21.12%, respectively. In addition, dry matter, crude protein and water soluble carbohydrate content, as well as in vitro degradation rate showed that the quality of products was stable during the continuous fermentation. The results of PCR-DGGE indicated that the diversity of microorganisms in the decomposed straw was very abundant, however, no pathogenic bacteria was detected. Meanwhile, during the continuous fermentation of lactic acid bacteria, the microbial composition of the lactic acid bacteria community, OD<inf>600</inf> and pH value of the culture broth were all stable. However, lactic acid and ethanol content were decreased and acetic acid was increased as the cultivate time. Which indicated that the period of continuous fermentation should be controlled in 10 days for more lactic acid and less acetic acid. Compared with the untreated stalk, the crude protein content of the partially decomposed stalk mixed with the culture broth of SFC-2 increased by 36.17%. Twelve Nanyang cattles were used as experimental animal to determinate their feed intake on the treated straw, the results showed that the dry matter intake increased by 21.71%, compared to the untreated treatment. In conclusion, by coupling lignocellulose decomposition of corn stalk and malolactic fermentation of lactic acid bacteria, both digestibility and nutritive value of corn stalk and dry matter intake of beef cattle on it were improved. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Bacteria
Controlled terms:Acetic acid - Biodegradation - Cellulose - Degradation - Ecology - Fermentation - Lactic acid - Lignin - Mammals - Molecular biology  - Nutrition - pH - Polymerase chain reaction - Proteins - Straw - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Digestibility - Environmental pollutions - Hemicellusose - Lactic acid bacteria - Lactic acid bacteria fermentations - Lignocellulose decompositions - Lignocellulosic substrates - Water-soluble carbohydrates
Classification code:454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.7 Health Care - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20150400457791
Title:Optimal temperature and additives improving stability of apple powder
Authors:Zhang, Yu (1); Chen, Yilun (1); Ma, Chao (2); Wu, Maoyu (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; (2) Jinan Fruit Research Institute, All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives, Ji'nan, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Yilun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:323-331
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the storage stability and to optimize the storage conditions, the effect of temperature and additives on the moisture adsorption isotherms and glass transition temperature of spray drying apple powders were investigated based on the water activity concept and the theory of glass transition temperature. The water activity concept and the glass transition temperature theory can be used to predict the stability of food. Monolayer water content is another functional value that relates to the amount of bound water in a solid material. This water normally varies between 0.04-0.11g/g dry solids for several dried foods. This low water content does not support microbial reactions, and hence contributes to food product stability. Food materials are fairly stable below their glass transition temperature but when the temperature rises above glass transition temperature, a solid structure is transformed to a supercooled liquid state with time-dependent flow. The use of state diagrams that indicate the material's physical state, in combination with the sorption isotherms, helps in the prediction of food stability. Thus, the objective of this work was to provide experimental data of the state diagram and moisture absorption isotherm of spray dried apple powder produced with different temperature and additives, in order to obtain useful information about powders stability. Apple powders were produced by spray drying using different additives: &beta;-cyclodextrin, corn starch, maltodextrin, soluble starch. Additives were then added to the filtered pulp, in a concentration of 30% (w/w), under magnetic agitation, until complete dissolution. This concentration was selected in a preliminary study, as the minimum concentration at which it was possible to dry the juice without excessive powder stickiness on the chamber wall. Spray drying process was performed in a laboratory scale spray dryer LPG5 (XianFeng, JiangSu, China). The feed flow rate used was 20 mL/min, inlet and outlet air temperature was 180 and 80. Static weighing method was used to obtain the data of sorption isotherms at different temperature (5, 25 and 45). Eight saturated salt solutions were prepared (LiCl, MgCl<inf>2</inf>, Mg(NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>2</inf>, NaBr, NaNO<inf>3</inf>, NaCl, KCl and KNO<inf>3</inf>) in order to provide relative humidity. Triplicate samples of 1 g of apple powder were weighed into aluminum vials and equilibrated over the saturated solutions in desiccators at 5, 25, 40 and 45. The time used for equilibrium was one to two weeks based on weight changes of the samples not exceed 0.1%. Five models available in the literature (Lewicki, GAB, Smith, Henderson and Peleg) were evaluated by determining the best fit to the experimental data. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to identify the glass transition temperature of apple powders with the addition of &beta;-cyclodextrin, soluble starch, maltodextrin and corn starch at 40. The Khalloufi, El-Maslouhi, Ratti equation was used to fit the experimental data of glass transition temperature of apple powders. The results showed that the adsorption curves of apple powders can be best fitted by GAB model. The GAB model provided a satisfactory description of the sorption isotherms with the highest values of Adj.R²(0.9921-0.9978) for all tested powders. The equilibrium moisture content increases with increasing water activity. When the critical water activity &lt;0.76, the equilibrium moisture content declined with increasing in temperature; when the water activity &gt;0.76, the equilibrium moisture content increased with increasing in temperature. The adsorption curves of apple powder with the addition of &beta;-cyclodextrin, soluble starch and corn starch followed a typical type II (sigmoid), the powder with the addition of maltodextrin followed a typical type III. The glass transition temperature decreased with an increasing in equilibrium moisture content. All of four additives can increase the glass transition temperature when storage at 40. Their ability to increase the glass transition temperature from high to low was: &beta;-cyclodextrin, corn starch, maltodextrin, soluble starch. At 40, the critical water content of &beta;-cyclodextrin, corn starch, maltodextrin was 0.0745, 0.0137, 0.0032 g/g, respectively; while the critical water activity of &beta;-cyclodextrin, corn starch, and maltodextrin was 0.1795, 0.0159, 0.0106, respectively. The storage temperature of apple powder with the addition of soluble starch should not be more than 17. The apple powder produced with &beta;-cyclodextrin was the most stable one with the highest critical water activity of 0.1795. This meant that when the powder was stored at 40, the maximum relative humidity to which it can be exposed was 17.95% and its moisture content was 7.45%. However, when stored at a relative humidity higher than 17.95% (at 40), or at a higher temperature (at water activity was 0.1795), the powder would suffer physical transformations such as collapse, stickiness and caking. The results provide valuable information for selecting drying methods and establishing optimum storage conditions of apple powder. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Glass transition
Controlled terms:Additives - Adsorption - Adsorption isotherms - Cyclodextrins - Differential scanning calorimetry - Digital storage - Drying - Energy storage - Flavors - Food additives  - Food storage - Fruits - Glass - Inlet flow - Liquids - Moisture - Moisture determination - Polysaccharides - Powders - Sorption  - Spray drying - Stability - Starch - Storage (materials) - Supercooling - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Critical water activity - Critical water content - Effect of temperature - Equilibrium moisture contents - Moisture adsorption - Saturated salt solution - Supercooled liquid state - Water activity
Classification code:536 Powder Metallurgy - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 694.4 Storage - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 812.1 Ceramics - 812.3 Glass - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 822.3 Food Products - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20150400457786
Title:Evaluation method for consolidation potential of industrial lands in Xingtai city of Hebei province
Authors:Yang, Hong (1); Zhang, Zhengfeng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing, China; (2) School of Public Administration, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Zhengfeng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:282-289
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Consolidation potential evaluation of industrial lands is important foundation for compilation and formulation of industrial land planning and selection of consolidation projects. It is also important for accelerating intensive and economical utilization of land resources and promoting sustainable development of industrial land. The consolidation potential of industrial lands is an comprehensive assembly of improving capabilities of various elements in industrial land utilization. It is defined as the increase degree in the respects of land productivity, production stability, economic feasibility, resources and environment protectability and social acceptability. An evaluation index system was constructed based on the consolidation potential connotation of industrial land by the theoretical analysis, experiences for reference and expert consultation. The evaluation indices comprehensively reflect the potential of industrial land in land use intensity, land effective use, land use structure, land comprehensive quality, land investment, land economic output, environmental quality, infrastructure improvement and geographical conditions. The indices were quantified by the appropriate method based on defining index connotation, and a fuzzy evaluation model was constructed for consolidation potential evaluation of industrial lands. Meanwhile, land parcels were appropriate to be used as evaluation unit in the consolidation potential evaluation for industrial land according to the consolidation practices of industrial land in China. During the evaluation process, the index standard values were determined based on 4 standards, including objective standard, social norm standard, design standard for urban land consolidation projects, and field survey and expertise. The objective standard and social norm standard refer to the maximum or minimum values under ideal conditions of evaluation system, and land use targets determined in the general planning of land use, regional development planning and city planning, respectively. The design standard for urban land consolidation project, and field survey and expertise refer to planning design value in urban land consolidation project, and standard according to typical parcel survey or expertise, respectively. Furthermore, the consolidation potentials of industrial lands were evaluated by GIS according to statistic data and field investigation data in Xingtai city. The potentials were divided into 3 levels, which were the first grade, the second grade and the third grade. The first grade zone covered the land parcels of number 1, 19, 20, 4, and 22. The second grade zone covered the land parcels of number 14, 10, 16 and 18. The third grade zone covered the land parcels of number 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 21, 23, 24, and 25. The evaluation results basically coincided with land use practical status of city industrial lands in Xingtai city, which demonstrated the difference among consolidation potentials of city industrial lands. The results indicated that this method was scientific, reasonable and practicable. The consolidation potential evaluation results for industrial land can provide foundation for compilation of general planning for land use and city planning. According to the evaluation results and comparison of land demand and potential-exploiting capability, the reasonable scale and scope of urban newly-added construction lands can be deduced, which supply policy support for annual implement plans of revitalizing land stock. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Industrial economics
Controlled terms:Design - Economics - Forestry - Fuzzy inference - Geographic information systems - Investments - Land reclamation - Land use - Planning - Quality control  - Regional planning - Surveys - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive qualities - Economic feasibilities - Evaluation index - Evaluation index system - Evaluation unit - Geographical conditions - Industrial land - Infrastructure improvements
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 405.3 Surveying - 408 Structural Design - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 723.3 Database Systems - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20150400457761
Title:Appropriate partial water stress improving maize root absorbing capacity
Authors:Niu, Xiaoli (1); Hu, Tiantian (1); Liu, Tingting (2); Wu, Xue (1); Feng, Puyu (1); Liu, Jie (1); Li, Kang (1); Zhang, Fucang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China; (2) College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Tiantian
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:80-86
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Partial root-zone irrigation can stimulate the compensation effect of root water uptake at the irrigated zone. Plants can compensate for water stress in one part of the root zone by taking up water from other parts of the root zone where water is available. This study aimed to identify the dynamics and influencing factors of the compensation effect of maize roots (Zea mays L. hybrid cv. Aoyu No. 3007) under partial root zone irrigation. With the split-root technology, we conducted a hydroponic experiment to analyze the root zone water stress that was simulated by the osmotic potential of a nutrient solution (PEG-6000). There were 3 water stress levels, -0.2 (mild water stress), -0.4, -0.6 MPa (moderate water stress), and a control treatment (control, both sides of the root zone supplied with sufficient water). The root growth and hydraulic conductance of each root zone were measured at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 d after the experiment started. Within 0.25 d after the experiment start, the total hydraulic conductance and the hydraulic conductance per root length between the two root zones in all three treatments and control were not significantly different (P&gt;0.05) if the water stress was less than -0.6 MPa. When the partial water stress lasted more than 0.25 d, the total hydraulic conductance and the hydraulic conductance per root length in stressed root zone were lower (P&lt;0.05) than that in the non-stressed root zone. Compared with non-stressed root zone, the reduction rate of root hydraulic conductance in the stressed root zone was significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased with the increase in partial water stress degree and duration. At five days, compared to the root hydraulic conductance per root length in the non-stressed root zone, the corresponding value in the stressed root zone for the treatments -0.2, -0.4 and -0.6 MPa decreased by 32.70%, 49.90% and 50.97%, respectively. Within 0.25 d after the experiment start, for the treatment -0.4 and -0.6 MPa, the total hydraulic conductance in the stressed root zone reduced by 20% and 30% compare with the treatment -0.2 MPa. Twelve hours after the experiment start, the hydraulic conductance per root length in the non-stressed root zone for the treatment -0.2 MPa increased by 10.11% compared to control, and recovered to control level after 1 d. On the ninth day, the hydraulic conductance per root length in the non-stress root zone for the treatment -0.4 MPa (25.08&times;10^-11 m²/(MPa&middot;s)) was significantly greater (P&lt;0.05) than that for control, indicating this treatment had an obvious compensation effect on root water uptake. However, the corresponding value for the treatment -0.6 MPa reduced by 19.05%-40.11% after 0.5 d, which recovered to the level of control after 5 d. The results indicated that the compensation effect of root water uptake in the non-stress zone can be effectively stimulated. The compensation effect started to occur at 0.5 d after the experiment start and was affected by the degree and duration of the water stress. -0.4 MPa was the threshold of partial root zone water stress for effectively stimulating compensatory effect of root water absorption in non-stressed root zone. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Water absorption
Controlled terms:Crops - Grain (agricultural product) - Irrigation - Moisture - Osmosis - Plants (botany)
Uncontrolled terms:Compensation effects - Compensatory effects - Hydraulic conductance - Hydroponic experiments - Maize - Partial root zone irrigation - Root hydraulic conductance - Water stress
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20150400457773
Title:Rapid detection of element content in straw biomass using hyperspectral imaging technology
Authors:Niu, Zhiyou (1); Li, Xiaojin (1); Gao, Hailong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:181-187
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to explore the content of element method for rapid detection of straw biomass, this paper has used the hyperspectral imaging technology, combined with a variety of methods for data optimization, to study the feasibility of fast detection on elements of N, C, H, S and O of straw biomass. Sample selection includes four categories (rice, wheat, canola and corn) totaling 188 straw samples. The research collects reflection hyperspectral images, according to the America Society for testing and materials (ASTM) standard, measuring the elemental content in samples with the EA3000 element analyzer, using respectively spectral and image dimension analysis method, combined with partial least squares (PLS), constructed the basic elements of quantitative analysis model of biomass straw. The research collects reflection hyperspectral images, extracts the spectral-dimensional data, then uses different spectra pretreatment methods on the full spectral pretreatment, builds up the quantitative analytic model of straw elements. The model shows that the quantitative analytic model of N and O is better than the other elements, the relative error analysis of N element is 0.901 and the root mean square error is 0.217%, the validated correlation coefficient of O element is 0.856 and the RMSEP is 1.105%, so the models can well realize the detection and analysis of the 2 elements. The results of C, H, S elements is slightly worse, but the validated correlation coefficient still reached more than 0.65, it shows that although the detection model is unable to realize the detection of 3 kinds of elements, but by way of optimization the model may use for quantitative analysis. As the full spectral data is so large, not only introduce the variables without elemental analysis, but also restricts the speed of detection, so use competitive adaptive reweighted sampling algorithm (CARS) to select sensitive variables for element detection, extracts the spectral-dimensional data. The optimal quantitative analysis model based on the spectral dimension data has been established combined with PLS stoichiometry algorithm. The 24 variables have been used to build the model of N element, the correlation coefficient is 0.923, the root mean square error (RMSEP) is 0.196%, the relative error analysis (RPD) is 3.11; The 10 variables have been used to build the model of N element, the validated correlation coefficient is 0.876, the RMSEP is 1.015%, the RPD is 2.32, the models of N and O element can be used for practical application; validated correlation coefficients of C, H, S elements are less than 0.80, which cannot be the actual application analysis. Use the independent component analysis algorithm (ICA) to analyze the image dimension of original hyperspectral data and extract the images of IC1-IC5. The features (572.09, 643.69, 685.14, 766.79, 819.55, 964.01 nm) have been obtained according to the weight coefficients graph of each band, use the 6 characteristic spectral variables to build the PLS quantitative analysis model for elements of straw, N, C, H, S and O elements cannot be the actual application analysis. The results show that: the model based on the spectral dimension data combined with CARS-PLS is better than the model based on the image dimension data on the whole. The detection models of N and O elements based on the spectral dimension data are superior to the other elements; the 2 models could respectively achieve the quantitative analysis for N and O elements. This research indicates that use of the hyperspectral imaging technology and the application of its spectral dimension data combined with CARS-PLS could achieve an effective detection for N and O elements of straw biomass. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Analytical models - Biomass - Chemical analysis - Coherent scattering - Error analysis - Imaging techniques - Independent component analysis - Least squares approximations - Materials testing - Mean square error  - Spectroscopy - Spectrum analysis - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Data optimization - Hyperspectral imaging technologies - Independent components - Partial least square (PLS) - Quantitative analysis model - Root mean square errors - Spectral pre treatments
Classification code:422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 731.1 Control Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 746 Imaging Techniques - 801 Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20150400457760
Title:Projections of water requirements of cotton and sugar beet in Xinjiang based on statistical downscaling model
Authors:Li, Yi (1); Zhou, Mudan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architecture Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:70-79
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Information on the spatial distribution characteristics of crop water requirements in Xinjiang Weiwuer Autonomous Region under the climate change scenarios can be used as references for the agricultural water use planning. Previous research on climate change mainly focuses on the temporal changes analysis of temperature, precipitation, or reference crop evapotranspiration under certain emission scenarios. The effects of climate change on variations of crop water requirements in Xinjiang are limited because the methods are more complex and require participation of multi-disciplinary team. In this study, daily meteorological data from 41 weather stations were collected from 1961 to 2010 in Xinjiang region. There were typical geographical and meteorological differences among the selected 41 sites. Reference crop evapotranspiration and crop coefficients were calculated for each site using the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation and the single-crop coefficient method, respectively. Crop water requirement of cotton and sugar beet were obtained through reference crop evapotranspiration multiplied by crop coefficient. The statistical downscaling model (SDSM 4.2 software) was applied to each site of the region to project daily crop water requirement sequence of cotton and sugar beet from year 2015 to 2099 under two emission scenarios of high and low emission. The results showed that crop water requirement for cotton and sugar beet ranged from 0.11 to 1.04 at the initial growth stage, 0.98 to 1.05 at the middle growth stage, and 0.58 and 0.7 at the final growth stage during the period of 1961 to 2010 in Xinjiang. The multi-year average reference crop evapotranspiration over 1961-2010 in Xinjiang area varied from 1.84-2.76 mm/d, and the difference in reference crop evapotranspiration at different geographical locations was obvious. The spatial distributions of multi-year average crop water requirement for cotton and sugar beet during growth stage decreased gradually from the south to the north. crop water requirement of cotton varied from 573.9 to 2 853.2 mm/a and generally decreased from the south to the north of Xinjiang except stations of Yiwu and Wuqia in which there were large values of crop water requirement. Crop water requirement of sugar beet varied from 261.4 to 1 300.8 mm/a and the spatial distributions crop water requirement of sugar beet also decreased from the south to the north gradually. For SDSM projections, among the 26 predictors, the average surface specific humidity and average surface temperature respectively correlated to crop water requirement well (P&lt;0.01) at most of the sites. During 2015-2099 under high and low emission scenarios, multi-year mean crop water requirement values of sugar beet in Xinjiang area were from 93.4 to 576.9 and 87.4 to 574.5 mm/a. The projected multi-year mean crop water requirement values of cotton were from 303.6 to 1 608.0 and 305.0 to 1 640.4 mm/a, which were all smaller than those calculated for the period of 1961-2010. Crop water requirement under both emission scenarios decreased gradually from the south to the north. The spatial distributions of crop water requirement from 2015 to 2099 under high and low emission scenarios were similar to that of crop water requirement over 1961-2010, but were generally smaller in values. Overall, crop water requirement of cotton and sugar beet during the historical and future periods decreased at various extents. This research provides possible changes of crop water requirement in the future in Xinjiang region, which can be useful as a reference for irrigation decision and agricultural water management planning. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Atmospheric temperature - Climate change - Cotton - Evapotranspiration - Meteorology - Spatial distribution - Sugar beets - Water - Water management  - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural water management - Climate scenarios - Crop water requirements - Distribution characteristics - Penman-Monteith equations - Reference crop evapotranspirations - Statistical downscaling - Xinjiang
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 446 Waterworks - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20150400457756
Title:Suitable mechanical transplanting spacing promoting rice growth and increasing rice yield
Authors:Cui, Siyuan (1); Cao, Guangqiao (1); Zhang, Wenyi (1); Zhu, Xiaoxing (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China; (2) Changchai Company, Limited, Changzhou, China
Corresponding author:Cao, Guangqiao
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:37-43
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In mechanical rice transplanting, hill-row spacing combination directly influenced the growth and yield of rice. To compare the effect of hill-row spacing on mechanical transplanting rice, the growth and yield of rice, we set up 2-year field experiments located in Zhangjiagang, Jingjiang and the Yellow Sea farm in Jiangsu Province, separately. The rice breed planted in Zhangjiagang, Jingjiang and the Yellow Sea farm was Wuyunjing 29, Wuyunjing24 and Lianjing 7, separately, all of which were japonica hybrid rice. There were 3 row-hill spacing treatments in-at each site, which the row spacing by hill spacing was 30 cm by 11 cm, 25 cm by 14 cm, 25 cm by 11 cm, each repeated 3 times. By the influence of the spacing, the area of 30 cm by 11 cm (row spacing by hill spacing), 25 cm by 14 cm (row spacing by hill spacing) and 25 cm by 11 cm (row spacing by hill spacing) was 135 m², 150 m² and 150 m², separately. At the same site within each treatment, only the row-hill spacing differences were the mutation factors, the other factors were controlled. The effect of the mechanical transplanting rice, the tillering dynamics of rice, yield and yield composition of rice were tested. The effect of mechanical rice transplanting measured immediately after transplanting. 200 continuous points were taken in each area; the number of plants per hole, seedling injury and inverted were recorded to calculate the average number of plants per hole, drain planting rate, seedling injury rate and seedling inverted rate. To determine the tillering dynamic, the number of tillers was counted every 7 days from rice transplanting to the full panicle stage, 20 points for each plot were fixed. Actual yield of rice was determined after ripening. For each treatment, 3 m² of rice were weighed after harvesting to calculate the actual yield, repeated 3 times. According to the average number of plants per hill, 3 hill plants were selected for testing, and then the yield component and the theoretical yield of rice were calculated. SPSS17.0 and Excel 2007 were used for the statistical analysis. The results are indicated below: 1) Drain planting rate of 25 cm by 14 cm (row spacing by hill spacing) was the lowest, then was 25 cm by 11 cm (row spacing by hill spacing), 30 cm by 11 cm (row spacing by hill spacing) was the highest. These indicate that narrow row spacing large hill spacing was conducive to reducing the drain planting rate of rice. No rule was found from the rates of seedling injury and inverted in between these 3 breeds. 2) The number of tillers after tiller stabilization of 30 cm by 11 cm (row spacing by hill spacing) was the highest, and then was 25 cm by 14 cm (row spacing by hill spacing), 25 cm by 11 cm (row spacing by hill spacing) was the lowest. These indicate that large row spacing and hill spacing is conducive to the promotion of rice tillering. 3) In the aspect of the yield components, ears of 25 cm by 11 cm (row spacing by hill spacing) were the highest, and then were 25 cm by 14 cm (row spacing by hill spacing), 30 cm by 11 cm (row spacing by hill spacing) was the lowest. No rule was found between the grain numbers per spike, the seed rate and 1000-grain weight. Finally in the aspect of the theoretical rice yield and the actual rice yield, 25 cm by 11 cm(row spacing by hill spacing) was the highest, and then 25 cm by 14 cm (row spacing by hill spacing), 30 cm by 11 cm (row spacing by hill spacing) was the lowest. The theoretical rice yields of 25 cm by 11 cm (row spacing by hill spacing) were 9.68%-26.5% higher than 30 cm by 11 cm (row spacing by hill spacing), and the actual rice yields of 25 cm by 11 cm (row spacing by hill spacing) were 3.18%-20.6% higher than 30 cm by 11 cm (row spacing by hill spacing). The 25 cm by 11 cm (row spacing by hill spacing) row transplanter should be more suitable for mechanical rice planting in Jiangsu Province. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Forestry
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Crops - Growth (materials)
Uncontrolled terms:Effect of mechanical transplanting rice - Growth and yield - Japonica hybrid rice - Jiangsu province - Narrow row spacing - Row spacing - Theoretical yield - Yield components
Classification code:821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20150400457790
Title:Stability and degradation regulation of body wall gel of sea cucumber treated by high hydrostatic pressure
Authors:Hou, Hu (1); Chen, Tiejun (1); Peng, Zhe (1); Zhang, Zhaohui (1); Xue, Changhu (1); Li, Bafang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:316-322
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Sea cucumbers show high nutritional and medicinal value. Fresh sea cucumber can be degraded after being harvested out of water because of the autolytic enzyme and microorganism in sea cucumber. It can also be degraded even if the enzyme and microorganisms in sea cucumbers lost their activities, which is known as non-enzymatic degradation. Non-enzymatic degradation of the body wall gel is an important factor restricting the development of sea cucumber products. The high hydrostatic pressure (HP) technology is a novel method which shows various advantages. In order to investigate the mechanism of stability and degradation of sea cucumber body wall under high hydrostatic pressure (HPSC), the sea cucumbers were treated with high hydrostatic pressure (650 MPa) for 40 min. The changes of textural parameters, histological features of collagen fibers, moisture status, moisture distribution, and biochemical parameters were explored by accelerated destruction test, which was performed at 37 and the samples were stored for 30 days at this condition. The results showed that the hardness, chewiness, restorability and other texture profile analysis (TPA) parameters had a significant downward trend during storage (P&lt;0.05). The hardness of HPSC decreased sharply from 840.50 to 23.33 after storage for 30 days. Besides this, the elastic modulus, viscous modulus and other rheological parameters of HPSC also decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05). The elastic modulus E1 decreased from 2.24&times;10⁴ N/m² to 0.40&times;10⁴ N/m². But the descending rate of these parameters was much lower than that of the sea cucumber treated by high pressure and high temperature, which indicates that high hydrostatic pressure can put off the degradation. The collagen fiber of HPSC had a three-dimensional network structure according to the Van Gieson stain image, similar to that of fresh sea cucumber. This indicated that the thermal gel structure did not form in collagen fiber under high hydrostatic pressure treatment. In addition, the collagen fiber was degraded significantly after stored for 20 days. Longitudinal relaxation time and transverse relaxation time-weighted imaging showed that both the combined water with a short relaxation time and the free water with a long relaxation time distributed evenly during the early storage time. After 20-day storage, the combined water transformed into the free water, which resulted in the significant increase of water activity (P&lt;0.05), and this was due to the structure destruction of sea cucumber body wall. The level of ammonium nitrogen, free hydroxyproline, and &Epsilon;-amino in the HPSC had a significant increase during the storage (P&lt;0.05), indicating that the collagen of sea cucumber body wall had been degraded. Therefore, the gel deterioration of sea cucumber body wall was largely due to the breakage of collagen fiber, the conversion between the bound water and free water, and protein degradation. Previous studies have demonstrated that sea cucumbers treated by high temperature and high pressure had the self-degradation phenomenon during storage, and temperature is an important factor leading to the degradation of sea cucumber body wall. But the results of this research showed that the temperature was not the only factor causing the degradation of sea cucumber body wall, and sea cucumbers treated by non-thermal high pressure can also be degraded during the storage time. For this reason, other efficient measures that can inhibit the self-degradation should be taken in order to extend the shelf life of sea cucumber. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Hydrostatic pressure
Controlled terms:Collagen - Convergence of numerical methods - Degradation - Elastic moduli - Enzymes - Fibers - Gels - Hardness - Hydraulics - Hydroxyproline  - Moisture - Relaxation time
Uncontrolled terms:High hydrostatic pressure - High pressure and high temperature - High temperature and high pressure - Longitudinal relaxation time - Sea cucumber - Three dimensional network structure - Transverse relaxation time - Water status
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 812 Ceramics, Refractories and Glass - 814 Leather and Tanning - 817 Plastics and Other Polymers: Products and Applications - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 933 Solid State Physics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20150400457771
Title:Evaluation and correction of measurement using diffraction method for soil particle size distribution
Authors:Wang, Weipeng (1); Liu, Jianli (1); Zhang, Jiabao (1); Li, Xiaopeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Jianli
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:163-169
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Particle size distribution (PSD) is one of the most fundamental physical properties of the soil, which provides researchers the key basics for the spatial variability of digital soil mapping. Earlier, the soil PSD was mostly derived from the classical sieve-pipette method (SPM). However, the process of SPM analysis is tedious and time-consuming especially for the fine-textured soils. Based on the laser diffraction technique, laser diffraction method (LDM) provides an effective method to determine soil PSD, and its popularity increases for soil researches involving a large number of samples. However, results from the LDM and traditional SPM are different. The present study is aimed to assess the suitability of LDM as a routine method for determining soil PSD, and establish a simplified protocol for transforming the LDM results into traditional SPM ones. The soil samples (a total number of 23) from 13 Chinese provinces or autonomous region were analyzed and the results indicated that: 1) Compared to the SPM in the condition of limited sample numbers and large between-sample variation, LDM underestimate of clay content in soil samples, and overestimate of silt content in soil samples, the relative errors for clay and silt fractions were 36.33% and 36.51% respectively; 2) a linear relationship was established for the measured results of SPM and LDM, the detemination coefficients were 0.91, 0.90 and 0.79; through model transformation, the relative error of the LDM measured results decreased to 16.25% (for clay content), 12.83% (for silt content); 3) upon using the Mie theory to determine the soil PSD, the results of the present study also indicated that the precision could be improved and the discrepancies between the PSD obtained from the SPM and LDM could be decreased with slight modifications in SRI values; A soil particle refractive index (SRI) of 1.50 and soil particle absorption index (SAI) of 0.01 were found to be optimal for the Mie theory model. With relatively limited sample numbers and apparent textural difference between the samples, the distinct incompatibilities were observed in the present work between the PSD obtained by the LDM and SPM. However, depending on the specific research purpose, the deviations between the LDM and SPM may be considerably reduced with the increase of sample capacity or decrease of the spatial scale. This study has contributed to the development of the systematization and standardization for soil comparison. Also, it can help to establish the criteria of soil texture classification based on LDM results. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Diffraction - Lasers - Light transmission - Linear transformations - Mathematical transformations - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Refractive index - Sieves - Silt  - Size distribution - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Absorption indexes - Diffraction methods - Digital soil mappings - Fine-textured soils - Laser diffraction method - Linear relationships - Model transformation - Soil particles
Classification code:423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 741.1 Light/Optics - 744.1 Lasers, General - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20150400457753
Title:Development and experiment on solid forming machine with planetary wheel style internal and external taper roller flat die
Authors:Zhang, Xirui (1); Gan, Shengbao (1); Li, Yue (1); Liang, Dong (1); Zheng, Kan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanics and Electrics Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China; (2) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:10-20
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, the trend of global warming has become increasingly evident. This grim situation has become a common problem which countries around the world have to face. In addition, with decreasing fossil energy resources, energy shortages have become a major problem to be solved. China is a large agricultural country whose residues of straw, wood and other organic matters are over 900 million tons every year, among which there are more than 300 million tons that can be effectively and easily processed and utilized ( straw occupies about 200 million tons). Biomass resources are extremely rich; once processed into "briquettes", they can replace 200 million tons of ordinary coal. Bio-briquette technology research is of great economic and social importance and plays an invaluable role in easing the global environmental issues and the "energy crisis.". Since the oil crisis in the 1970s, biomass as a kind of clean and renewable energy has attracted the world's attention. China has also conducted a series of research and carried out applications in this field. For now, biomass fuels are the main screw extrusion molding equipment, piston-type and roller die stamping. Roll mode compacted biomass molding machines are most widely used for it has a simple structure, being both compact and easy to use. Flat molding machines are one of the biomass briquetting machines. Flat molding machines applied on the market currently are mostly single pairs of straight rollers, using pulleys and gears for a 2-stage-transmission, and are mainly used with woody biomass, wheat straw, corn stalks, forestry waste and other raw materials. But there is not much research on the use of molding machines for solid fuel made of mixed raw materials such as tropical crop residues, including banana stalks, coconut shell, and sugarcane leaves. In the existing operation processes of die-cutting (flat molding) machines, the vertical rollers (straight press roller) have a more serious abrasion. And in order to achieve a greater transmission ratio, the 2-stage-transmission system applied will make the size of the complete machine too large. To solve the above problems, this paper research designed a tapered roller planetary wheel and an outside molding machine solid fuel level and describes the main components of the aircraft structure. This paper also focuses on the motion analysis and stress analysis of the roll device and determines the optimum value of the key parameter. Performance test results show that: In the case when motor power is 45 kW, cone roll revolution speed is 190 r/min and rotation speed is 543 r/min and the feed conveyor means is 3 kW. The production rate is 850 kg/h, pellet fuel forming rate is 96.5%, particle mass density is 1.25 g/cm³, and the moisture content of the particles after forming is 2.82%, mechanical durability is 96.74%, comply with the requirements of biomass pellet fuel molding. The whole working process with low noise and smooth operation, it has significant economic and ecological benefits and provides a reference for China tropics solid fuel molding machine development and promotion. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Molding
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Aircraft manufacture - Airframes - Biofuels - Biomass - Briquets - Briquetting - Coal deposits  - Crops - Dies - Energy policy - Energy resources - Environmental technology - Extrusion molding - Fuels - Global warming - Machine components - Metal forming machines  - Motion analysis - Pelletizing - Problem solving - Rollers (machine components) - Rollers (roadbuilding machinery) - Stress analysis - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Biomass pellet fuels - Environmental issues - Forming machine - Fossil energy resources - Internal and external taper roller - Machine development - Mechanical durability - Planetary wheel
Classification code:406 Highway Engineering - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 451 Air Pollution - 454 Environmental Engineering - 482 Mineralogy - 503 Mines and Mining, Coal - 524 Solid Fuels - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 525.6 Energy Policy - 535.2 Metal Forming - 535.2.1 Metal Forming Machines - 601.2 Machine Components - 603.2 Machine Tool Accessories - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 652.3 Aircraft Instruments and Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 816 Plastics and Other Polymers: Processing and Machinery - 816.1 Processing of Plastics and Other Polymers - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20150400457763
Title:Optimal irrigation method in pre-sowing irrigation with saline water and determination of mineralization degree index for cotton seedling
Authors:Feng, Di (1); Zhang, Junpeng (1); Cao, Caiyun (3); Zheng, Chunlian (3); Sun, Chitao (1); Sun, Jingsheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory for Crop Water Requirement and Regulation of the Ministry of Agriculture/Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, China; (2) Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Beijing, China; (3) Institute of Dryland Farming, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Hengshui, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Jingsheng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:95-101
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to freshwater resources shortage and annual rainless spring, cotton cultivation in Hebei Low Plain is faced with the problems of using the shallow underground saline water. In order to evaluate the impact of long-term saline water irrigation on cotton seedling, and suggest the suitable irrigation method and irrigation water salinity to ensure optimal cotton full stand establishment, the 6 years field experiment under border irrigation and furrow irrigation with mineralized water before sowing was conducted. The response relations among different salt stress levels and cotton full stand establishment and seedling growing were analyzed in this study. The results showed that the cotton full stand establishment decreased when the salinity of irrigation water reached a threshold value, while the threshold had a large year-to-year fluctuations due to the sprout and emergence stage of cotton which was easy to be affected by multiple factors. Under the same salinity of irrigation water, the full stand establishment of border irrigation treatment was higher than the corresponding furrow irrigation treatment by annual mean 6.9%-13.1%. Under these two irrigation methods, the full stand establishment were significantly related to the soil salinity (P&lt;0.01), and the slopes of the dependent equations were similar. However, the ground temperature and some other soil characters were both better in border irrigation treatments, which brought a 5.5-7.7 percentage point higher full stand establishment occurred in the border irrigation treatments under the same soil salinity. Although the salinity of topsoil was easily affected by factors such as rainfall, the soil salinity of treatments presented an accumulation trend with the increase of irrigation years when the salinity of irrigation water beyond 4 g/L, therefore, there is a cumulatively negative impact of long-term irrigation upon cotton emergence. With the increasing salinity of irrigation water, cotton seedling process was delayed, and plant height, leaf area and weight of dry matter etc. were all inhibited, especially for the leaf area. Cotton seedlings grew better in border irrigation treatment when the salinity of pre-sowing irrigation water was below 8 g/L rather than in furrow irrigation treatment. To keep the full stand establishment in consistent with the fresh water irrigation treatment, suitable salinity of irrigation water for border irrigation and furrow irrigation should be controlled below 6 g/L and 4 g/L, respectively. Under such condition, cotton seedling process might be delayed, and the growth of cotton seedling was overall inhibited. In conclusion, to obtain higher cotton full stand establishment and better seedling growth, border irrigation and irrigation water with salinity of lower than 6 g/L were recommended for pre-sowing irrigation; or to save water, furrow irrigation and irrigation water with salinity of lower than 4 g/L were recommended. The study provides an important reference for directing local cotton production under pre-sowing irrigation with saline water. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Saline water
Controlled terms:Cotton - Cultivation - Irrigation - Soil pollution - Soils - Water - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Fresh water resources - Irrigation treatments - Long-term irrigations - Pre-sowing irrigation - Saline water irrigations - Seedling growth - Soil salinity - Stand establishment
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20150400457775
Title:Road roughness recognition based on improved fuzzy C-mean algorithm combined with genetic algorithm
Authors:Liu, Qinghua (1); Zhou, Wei (1); He, Ren (2); Zhang, Limin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China; (2) Automobile and Transportation Engineering Faculty of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:195-200
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the development of Chinese economy and the increasing instruction of highway, road detection and identification has become the focus for infrastructure, thus the requirements of the road roughness detection accuracy are also urgent. In road recognition cases, due to different road load spectrum has obvious clustering features, it is feasible for road recognition by using clustering analysis method. However, clustering result is sensitive to the initial center, and often cannot achieve the result of the global optimal. FCM (fuzzy C-mean) clustering algorithm and improved FCM algorithm were used to measure the effect of clustering by using deterministic objective function, the existence of the local minimum points of the objective function made clustering result sensitive to the initial center. So FCM algorithm and improved FCM algorithm both have shortcomings and cannot solve the problem that the effect of clustering is bad when sample contains noise. In this paper a new method of improved FCM clustering algorithm combined with genetic algorithm was proposed. The method mainly included the following four steps: Firstly, genetic algorithm was adopted to get the clustering center. Secondly, improved FCM clustering algorithm was used to get the optimal solution. Thirdly, the prominent IRIS data was used to validate its effectiveness. Lastly, improved FCM algorithm combined with genetic algorithm was applied to the real road surface spectrum data for the identification of pavement in the project. IRIS data were used to verify the clustering performance of fuzzy kernel clustering algorithm in this paper. It confirmed that improved FCM algorithm effectively solved the problem of the bad effects of clustering when the sample contained much noise and improved the effectiveness of clustering. In proposed method, a non Euclidean distance was used to replace the Euclidean distance of FCM algorithm in order to reduce the influence of noise, and improved FCM algorithm was combined with genetic algorithm so as to avoid the problem that FCM algorithm and its improved algorithm were sensitive to initial value and easy to fall into local optimal solution. The method had the following advantages: on the one hand it can distinguish, extract and amplify useful features effectively; on the other hand it was clustered in the feature space so as to get a better classification result. Experimental results showed that the membership degree of improved FCM algorithm was more reasonable than original FCM algorithm, and it also showed that the improved FCM algorithm combined with genetic algorithm had a better ability to deal with noise data and was much better performance than improved FCM algorithm and original FCM algorithm, the accuracy of classification was improved. The road recognition rate of the improved clustering algorithm was up to 94.54%, which was 4.98 percent points higher than FCM algorithm, 4.67 percent points higher than improved FCM algorithm. It can be seen from the above data that the new clustering algorithm greatly improves the accuracy of clustering and the road recognition rate. The new algorithm can be effectively applied to road classification. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Clustering algorithms
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Fuzzy clustering - Fuzzy control - Genetic algorithms - Optimal systems - Problem solving - Roads and streets - Transportation
Uncontrolled terms:Accuracy of classifications - Fuzzy C mean - Improved fcm algorithms - Improved fuzzy c-means - New clustering algorithms - Non-Euclidean distance - Road engineering - Road roughness
Classification code:406.2 Roads and Streets - 431 Air Transportation - 432 Highway Transportation - 433 Railroad Transportation - 434 Waterway Transportation - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 921 Mathematics - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20150400457765
Title:Experiment on long term seepage corrosion stability of plastic concrete
Authors:Wu, Fufei (1); Shi, Kebin (1); Dong, Shuangkuai (2); Ci, Jun (1); Yiziteluopu, Nuerkaili (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China; (2) College of Pratacultural and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Kebin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:112-119
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to evaluate long-term seepage stability and service life of plastic concrete that are made of bentonite, clay, cement, soil aggregate, water, superplasticizer, etc., we studied incomplete or contain holes of plastic concrete's long-term seepage stability and service life. Specimens of plastic concrete were molded after many times of tests, and their compressive strength of 28 days was 1.25 MPa, and meet requirements impermeability grade was S1 which was test code for hydraulic concrete because water pressure measured was 0.2 MPa by step by step method. The preparation of plastic concrete permeability test required to a round-shaped specimen (top diameter is 175 mm, basal diameter is 185 mm, height is 150 mm). Type I was complete specimens of concrete impermeability; and Type II specimens were high in the direction parallel to the reserved five through holes with a diameter of 3.5 mm, plum-shaped layout was on the plane. It was found after long-term corrosion test plastic concrete can produce shear cracks and tensile cracks and even had lager plastic deformation after long-term seepage dissolution by pure water, which led to damage of the plastic concrete. This resulted in an increase of maximum displacement values of top surface of the specimen by 38.5 mm on average. The permeability coefficient was changed in the early (30 to 40 days) penetration test, but they were in 10^-7 cm/s orders of magnitude. The permeability coefficient was increased to 3.0&times;10^-7 cm/s and then tended to be stable during 150-180 days. Ca² were dissolved from the concrete and leached out after long-term seepage dissolution, the amount of Ca² removed from concrete specimens were linearly decreasing as dissolution time (&lt;150 days). The concentration of Ca² in the specimen water seepage fell below 110 mg/L after 180 days of dissolution. Through dissolution experiment, calculating plastic concrete's coefficient of permeability and content of CaO were done based on the formula of diaphragm wall's durable years, the calculated service life was 37.1-60.7 years. Drench experiment showed that flows may create preferential erosion in holes in concrete, and Ca(OH)<inf>2</inf> in concrete were dissolved and carried away by the flow which led to decrease in weight of plastic concrete. The flow of constant pressure through holes of concrete was relatively weak, and few Ca in concrete were dissolved and carried away. Even after drench 197 d, there was less quality loss compare with the original, the relative loss was not more than 1%. However the concrete strength loss was larger (up to 25.4%). The white precipitates in the hole were CaCO<inf>3</inf>, and some Na, trace clay and bentonite particles after laboratory analysis. The studies showed that the features of plastic concrete made of clay and bentonite had a low-intensity, high impermeability and long service life which met the requirement of impervious wall of earth-rock fill dam. Thus, it can be used for embankment dam for seepage prevention. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Concretes
Controlled terms:Bentonite - Calcium - Calcium carbonate - Compressive strength - Corrosion - Cracks - Dissolution - Durability - Embankment dams - Plastics  - Seepage - Service life - Soil cement - Specimen preparation
Uncontrolled terms:Calculated service life - Coefficient of permeability - Earth rock-fill dams - Impermeability grade - Mass loss - Maximum displacement - Step-by-step method - Strength loss
Classification code:407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 412 Concrete - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 441 Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development - 441.1 Dams - 482.2 Minerals - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 817.1 Polymer Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20150400457777
Title:Impact of microporous aeration flow and aeration tube length on oxygen transfer performance in water
Authors:Cheng, Xiangju (1); Zeng, Yingxue (1); Xie, Jun (2); Gong, Wangbao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; (2) Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:209-217
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Microporous aeration systems have become one of the most popular aeration devices used in lakes, reservoirs and aquacultures where there is a need to increase dissolved oxygen concentration. The biggest feature of the microporous aeration aerator is that the initial bubble diameters vary with changes in the aeration tube length, the air flow rate, the submerged water depth, and the input pressure. There are many factors to affect the oxygenation performance, such as the oxygen mass transfer coefficient, oxygen utilization efficiency, and power efficiency. Many researchers consider only the impacts of a single factor or two factors on oxygen transfer performance, without considering the most important keys to affect the oxygenation performance. For this study, the diffused air flow rate and the diffuser tube length were considered the key factors of oxygenation performance to determine the aeration tube length that maximized the oxygenation performance under a given air flow rate. The oxygen mass transfer coefficient, oxygenation rate, and oxygen utilization efficiency were considered the major parameters of the oxygenation performance in this study. To explore the effects of the diffused air flow rate and the diffuser tube length on oxygen transfer performance, after placing a disc made of a coiled, microporous diffuser tube in the middle bottom of an experimental pond, a series of re-oxygenation experiments were conducted under different aeration flow rates and aeration tube lengths. The impact of the aeration flow rate and the diffuser tube length on the oxygen volume mass transfer coefficient, the oxygenation amount and the oxygenation efficiency was analyzed and discussed. The results show that when the aeration air discharge was changed from 0.27 to 0.55 m³/s and the diffuser tube length was changed from 0.9 to 1.5 m, the oxygen mass transfer coefficient increased from 0.63 to 1.1 h^-1, the oxygenation rate increased from 6.8 to 12.9 g/h, and the oxygen utilization efficiency increased from 6.87% to 9.28%. Under a given aeration tube length, the oxygen mass transfer coefficient and the oxygenation rate were varied directly with the aeration flow rate; however, the oxygenation efficiency was inversely proportional to the diffused airflow rate. Under a given aeration flow rate, the effects of diffuser tube length on the volumetric mass transfer coefficient produced a trend: the first low to high and then low to high. The oxygen mass transfer coefficient and the saturated dissolved oxygen concentration, which should be the main factors affecting oxygenation efficiency, mainly depend on the aeration tube length. The oxygenation efficiency is more sensitive to the diffused airflow rate than the diffuser tube length. The values of the oxygenation efficiency ranged from 6.87%-9.28%. Some studies have shown that there is an aeration tube length that optimizes the oxygen transfer performance. The simulation was deduced to provide a reference for determining the aeration tube length in actual application. The aeration flow rate and the aeration tube length both have significant impacts on the oxygenation performance. It mainly can be seen that the higher air flow rate, the better oxygenation performance is; in addition, oxygenation performance is very sensitive to aeration tube length. Finally, determining the optimal diffuser tube length not only helps to improve the oxygenation performance but also provides a theoretical basis for the design and operation of microporous aeration systems in a low-carbon economy. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Dissolved oxygen
Controlled terms:Air - Aquaculture - Biochemical oxygen demand - Efficiency - Flow rate - Lakes - Mass transfer - Microporosity - Oxygen - Oxygenation  - Renewable energy resources - Reservoirs (water) - Tubes (components) - Volumetric analysis - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Air flow-rate - Design and operations - Dissolved oxygen concentrations - Microporous - Oxygen transfer - Oxygenation efficiency - Tube length - Volumetric mass transfer coefficient
Classification code:407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 441.2 Reservoirs - 444 Water Resources - 445 Water Treatment - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 453 Water Pollution - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 631 Fluid Flow - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 801 Chemistry - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.1 Production Engineering - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20150400457752
Title:Development and experiment of automatic target spray control system used in orchard sprayer
Authors:Xu, Linyun (1); Zhang, Haotian (1); Zhang, Haifeng (1); Xu, Yeyong (2); Xu, Mingming (1); Jiang, Xuesong (1); Zhang, Huichun (1); Jia, Zhicheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; (2) Division of Technology Promotion, Xinjiang Academy of Forestry Sciences, Urumqi, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:1-9
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the utilization rate of pesticides and reduce the pesticide pollution to the environment, the control system of the automatic target spray was designed to focus on a Chinese low level of mechanization about the orchard sprayer and the invalid spray existed in the gap of fruit trees when the orchard sprayer sprayed with a continuous spray method. Whether the automatic target spray system sprayed to the fruit trees, depended on the detection distance between the orchard sprayer and the fruit trees by the application of distance measuring sensors and control program, which was installed on the GY8 caterpillar self-propelled orchard sprayer manufactured by Nantong Guangyi Mechanical &amp; Electrical Co, Ltd. This paper compared the properties of three kinds of sensors which were MB7060 ultrasonic sensor, GP2Y0A710K0F infrared sensor and DT35-B15251 laser sensor, and tested the discernible spacing for the ultrasonic sensor and the laser sensor. The laser sensor was chosen as a detection device of the orchard sprayer for its high stability, fast response and good direction, while the other two sensors were abandoned for the following reasons that the infrared sensor was seriously affected by the sunshine, and the discernible spacing of ultrasonic sensor was too wide to satisfy the working conditions of the orchard sprayer. The parameters of the target range for spray trees could be adjusted in the system of the automatic target spray, based on different planted size (spacing in the rows and spacing between rows) of an orchard and the different travel speed of the orchard sprayer. The automatic target spray system could distinguish whether the fruit tree, or the gap between fruit trees and the gap in the canopies, so as to effectively control pests with the minimum dose of pesticide and the least environmental pollution. To ensure that the droplet could cover the whole canopy, the orchard sprayer must start to spray before the nozzle assembly reached the fruit trees and stopped spraying after the nozzle assembly leaves the fruit trees, so the laser sensor was installed in front of nozzle assembly 220 mm and delayed a period of time on the basis of the travel speed to stop spraying after the nozzle assembly left the fruit trees by calculation. The experiment of the discernible spacing of the automatic target spray system and field experiment was tested in the Jiamu forest farm in Aksu of Xinjiang. The results showed that the value of the minimum discernible spacing was lower at higher travel speed to lower travel speed. The discernible spacing of the automatic target spray system was 100-150 mm under the travel speed 0.5 m/s and 200-250 mm under the travel speed was 1.0 m/s. The saving rate of pesticides increased with the increase of the gap rate. Compared with continuous spray, the automatic target spray could save pesticides 27.9%, 53.7%, 76.9 % at the travel speed of 0.5 m/s and 27.3%, 54.5%, 81.0% at the travel speed 1.0m/s, respectively for the gap rate 20.0%, 35.2%, 52.9%. The saving rate of pesticides was higher than the gap rate of the fruit trees, because the pressure of the spray unit was low as the pesticide valve on initially. It is a favorable condition to save pesticide corresponding to thin canopy. Thus, the automatic target spray system of the orchard sprayer could effectively improve the utilization rate of pesticides. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Application programs - Control systems - Farms - Forestry - Fruits - Infrared detectors - Infrared devices - Lasers - Machinery - Nozzles  - Orchards - Pesticides - Pollution - Pollution control - Software testing - Speed - Ultrasonic applications - Ultrasonic sensors
Uncontrolled terms:Detection device - Distance measuring sensors - Environmental pollutions - Favorable conditions - Field experiment - Pesticide pollution - Sprayers - Utilization rates
Classification code:454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 601 Mechanical Design - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 744.1 Lasers, General - 753.3 Ultrasonic Applications - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20150400457778
Title:Operation effects of dead pigs composted with swine manure in winter
Authors:Tao, Xiuping (1); Guo, Dongpo (1); Dong, Hongmin (1); Shang, Bin (1); Li, Tong (1); Mei, Kai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management in Agricultural Structures, Institute of Environment &amp; Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Dong, Hongmin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:218-224
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Composting is an environment-friendly method for animal carcass disposal, but in China there is a lack of literature on mortality composting, which is scarcely applied in livestock industries by far. This pilot experiment was conducted to investigate the disposal load and the feasibility of composting swine mortalities in northern parts of China during winter. Composting bins with capacity of 0.95 m³ were used to dispose nursery mortalities, and on-farm swine manure and the available agricultural waste (corn stalk) were collected and mixed according to the requirements of manure composting. Two treatments of double-layer carcasses and single-layer carcasses, and no carcass control were designed. There were twelve composting bins, among which four were allocated to each treatment and control groups. Inside each composting bin of the treatment groups, dead nursery pigs with weight of 4.6-21.4 kg each were placed in layer (s), each layer contained 3 dead animals with total weight of 28.0-30.0 kg. For the single-layer treatment, dead nursery pigs were put in the middle of each bin with the upper and lower parts filled with mixture of swine manure and corn stalk. Inside the composting bins of double-layer treatment, 30 cm mixture was placed between two layers of dead nursery pigs, with mixture beneath and over dead pig layers too. The composting bins were aerated with ventilation rate of 100 L/(m³&middot;min), the experiment lasted for 8 weeks from December 2012 to January 2013 in Beijing. The results showed: the daily ambient temperatures ranged from 2.7 to -11.2, with the valley value of -17.8 during the entire experimental period. The daily average temperatures inside composing bins exceeded 50 within 3-5 d, and the daily average temperatures inside composting bins kept above 50 for 32 and 23 d for the double-layer and single-layer treatment groups respectively, which could secure pathogen inactivation and meet the non-hazardous requirement of national standards. No significant difference in degradation rates was found between single-layer and double-layer carcasses composting, and the average degradation rates after 6 w and 8 w composting were 93.6%&plusmn;3.5% and 96.8%&plusmn;0.8%, respectively, only small portion of skeletons of the carcasses was left. Therefore, dead swine composting with animal manure is feasible, and the composting bin with height of 1m could disposal two-layer dead nursery pigs simultaneously with the total mass of 58 kg. The pH value of the composting mixture varied in the range of 7.9 to 8.6. Organic matter and total carbon contents of the composting mixture declined with time, and turned to be 47% and 27% respectively at end of experiment. However nitrogen content showed different variation trend, it increased with time and reached 2.9% after 8 w composting, and nitrogen contents of double-layer and single-layer treatments increased by 8.9% and 3.7% from their control basement, respectively. Since the substrate used for swine carcasses composting in this study was the same as swine manure composting, carcasses composting can be incorporated into swine manure composting system. The combined system can operate all the year round, even in the northern part of China. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Waste treatment
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Animals - Bins - Composting - Degradation - Hazards - Mammals - Manures - Mixtures  - Nitrogen - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Dead pig - Environment friendly - Manure composting - National standard - Non-hazardous - Pathogen inactivation - Swine manure - Winter
Classification code:452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 694.4 Storage - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20150400457788
Title:Improving effect of enzyme hydrolysis of corn gluten meal by assistant of electron beam irradiation
Authors:Lin, Songyi (1); Wang, Ke (1); Liu, Jingbo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (2) School of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Jingbo
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:300-308
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this study, the key technology of enzymatic hydrolysis of corn protein powder and the improvement of enzyme effectiveness with the electron beam irradiation technology were researched. Corn gluten meal (mass fraction of 79.4 %) was used as raw material. Alacalase was used to hydrolyze corn gluten meal, and degree of hydrolysis (DH) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition were used as testing indexes. In order to develop and optimize conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction, we investigated three variables: enzyme solution temperature, pH value, and ratio of enzyme to substrate. One-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and response surface metrology (RSM) experiment were used to optimize the conditions for hydrolysis. Based on the optimized results, the influences of different electron beam irradiation doses on the DH and DPPH inhibition of corn gluten meal were studied. The irradiation dose rate was 1.08 kGy/s, the irradiation time were 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 seconds, the irradiation doses were 0, 1.08, 2.16, 3.24, 4.32, 5.4 and 6.48 kGy. And the microcosmic surface features of corn gluten meal in three irradiation doses (0, 3.24 and 6.48 kGy) by electron beam irradiation treatment were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of OFAT showed that, the DH reached the highest value 37.89%&plusmn;2.89% when the enzyme solution temperature was 60, and the DPPH inhibition reached the highest value 58.45%&plusmn;2.07 % when the temperature was 40. The DH reached the highest value 40.81%&plusmn;0.8% when the pH value was 9, and the DPPH inhibition reached the highest value 72.93%&plusmn;0.96% when the pH value was 6. The DH reached the highest value 38.31%&plusmn;0.8 % when the ratio of enzyme to substrate was 12%, and the DPPH inhibition reached the highest value 67.07%&plusmn;0.83% when the ratio of enzyme to substrate was 2%. The results of RSM test showed that, the optimized parameters of enzyme hydrolysis were: enzyme solution temperature was 50, pH value was 8.6, ratio of enzyme to substrate was 9.13%. On these conditions, the DH value of corn gluten meal was 40.26%&plusmn;0.23%, and the DPPH inhibition of corn antioxidative peptides (CPS) was 70.74%&plusmn;0.41%. In the electron beam irradiation experiment, the optimize irradiation dose was 3.24 kGy, with the DH of 49.17%&plusmn;0.42% and DPPH inhibition of 73.03%&plusmn; 1.02%. The SEM results showed that compared with the blank sample, the smoothness of corn gluten meal powder with irradiation decreased, and the specific surface area was increased. The results provide a reference for corn processing industry and also for further studies on corn antioxidant peptides. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Enzyme inhibition
Controlled terms:Antioxidants - Electron beams - Electrons - Enzymatic hydrolysis - Enzymes - Hydrolysis - Irradiation - Peptides - pH - Radiation  - Scanning electron microscopy - Substrates
Uncontrolled terms:Antioxidant peptides - Antioxidative peptides - Degree of hydrolysis - Electron beam irradiation - Enzyme hydrolysis - Irradiation time - Optimized parameter - Processing industry
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 711.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 932 High Energy Physics; Nuclear Physics; Plasma Physics - 932.1 High Energy Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20150400457759
Title:Impact of working pressure and surfactant concentration on air-water transmission in drip irrigation tape under cycle aeration
Authors:Lei, Hongjun (1); Zang, Ming (1); Zhang, Zhenhua (3); Liu, Huan (1); Liu, Zhiyuan (1); Xu, Jianxin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China; (2) Henan Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China; (3) College of Geography and Planning of Ludong University, Yantai, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Zhenhua
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:63-69
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Aerated subsurface drip irrigation (ASDI) refers to the irrigation with aerated water based on Venturi principle by the use of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) system. ASDI provides a source of oxygen to root environment that may suffer from temporary hypoxia, and therefore unlocks yield potentials of crops. But the efficiency of ASDI is dependent on a number of factors. Among which, proper operating pressure and surfactant concentration are of great significance for aeration efficiency and the uniformity of air and water flow in the aerated irrigation water stream. Proper control of air-water transmission will offer the industry an opportunity to further optimize the use of ASDI system and improve water use efficiency and minimize the environmental impacts of irrigation. The primary objective of this study was, therefore, to explore optimum working pressure and a surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate - SDS addition on the flow uniformity of water-air irrigation in the drip pipeline. Nine combination were tested (3 working pressure at 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 MPa and 3 concentration level of SDS of 0, 5, and 16 mg/L, respectively). Each combination has aeration treatment and non-aeration treatment. Results showed that the aerated concentration was increased with increasing operating pressure even without surfactant addition. However, aerated concentration decreased with increasing operating pressure under surfactant addition. Under the same operating pressure, the aerated concentration increased with increasing surfactant concentration. The addition of surfactant significantly increased the equilibrium concentration in aeration treatment. The average value of water flow uniformity under aerated drip irrigation was greater than 95%, suggesting that there was no negative impact of surfactant addition on the water flow during oxygation. And the air flow uniformity of each combination remained above 70%. The oxygen transmission efficiency was improved with the addition of SDS. The surfactant concentration had a positive effect on the oxygen mass transfer coefficient, while the operating pressure had a negative effect on the oxygen mass transfer coefficient. The surfactant addition has greatly shortened the aeration time. The deviation between the observed and calculated aerated concentration were less than 5%, indicating that the calculation method was reliable for the aerated irrigation water stream. The operating pressure at 0.1 MPa and surfactant concentration of 5 mg/L was optimal combination. This research demonstrates great importance of the improvement of aeration efficiency and the air-water transfer for oxygation that can significantly reduce the cost of operation. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Water aeration
Controlled terms:Air - Efficiency - Environmental impact - Flow of water - Hydraulics - Irrigation - Mass transfer - Oxygen - Pressure - Sodium dodecyl sulfate  - Sodium sulfate - Subirrigation - Surface active agents - Water - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Aeration efficiencies - Air-water - Cycle aerated - Equilibrium concentration - Oxygen mass transfer - Oxygen transmissions - Subsurface drip irrigation - Surfactant concentrations
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.1 Production Engineering - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20150400457782
Title:Optimization of mechanical stirring technology in anaerobic fermentation treating algae and pilot trial validation
Authors:Yu, Yaqin (1); Wu, Yifeng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Dept of Civil Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China; (2) School of Energy &amp; Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:253-259
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water pollution caused by the excessive growth of blue-green algae has become a growing environmental problem. One current approach to reducing the algae in Taihu Lake is to refloat the algae after a bloom has occurred. It can remove nitrogen and phosphorus in the lake simultaneously. The amount of algae-laden water collected from Taihu Lake can be up to approximately several thousand tons in wet weight per day. And they needs timely and effective treatment. The algae can be effectively degraded and produced into methane by anaerobic fermentation technology. The algae is easy to float and crust in the reactor, thus affecting the efficiency of the gas production and reducing the processing effect of the reactor. In anaerobic reactors, proper stirring can prevent algae floating and facilitate contact between the algae and other microbes, thereby improving gas production efficiency. This paper designed experimental device for optimizing the stirring of blue-green algae anaerobic fermentation. The device was made of double transparent glass with a working volume of 3 L. The device was equipped with an adjustable speed motor, which control the stirring interval, stirring duration and stirring cycle. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the stirring conditions. Simultaneously, the pilot study was adopted to provide a support of the best stirring condition of blue-green algae anaerobic fermentation. In the pilot study, protease content was assayed to characterize hydrolysis activity, TTC-dehydrogenase content was measured to characterize microbial enzyme activity, and coenzyme F<inf>420</inf> content showed the activity of methanogenic anaerobes. The experimental results showed that the algae anaerobic fermentation was influenced by stirring interval, stirring duration, and stirring cycle. The correlation coefficient of the RSM regression equation was 0.98. RSM revealed the optimized stirring parameters for algae anaerobic fermentation as follows: Stirring intensity 56 r/min, stirring duration 20 min, and stirring cycle 6 h. Under these conditions, the proportional rates of gas and methane production in the pilot study were maximized at 0.39 and 0.236 L/(g&middot;d), respectively. It was demonstrated that RSM methodology could be applied to the stirring process in larger-scale algae anaerobic fermentation reactors. Levels of protease, dehydrogenase, and coenzyme F<inf>420</inf> were higher in optimized stirring parameters than other conditions. Stirring intensity was the main factor affecting biogas production by anaerobically fermenting algae. Stirring cycle exerted a secondary effect, while the effect of stirring duration was minor. Excessively intense and frequent stirring destroy the micro-environment of anaerobic microbial growth, partially disrupting the synergy between different anaerobic species. Conversely, an excessively weak stirring or prolonged stirring cycle lead to float of algae in the reactor, forming an upper algal layer. And the algal layer hinder the discharge of gas from the reactor. Meanwhile, less effective contact between algae and the microbes leads to the decrease of algae degradation rate. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Algae
Controlled terms:Bacteria - Biogas - Coenzymes - Degradation - Enzyme activity - Enzymes - Fermentation - Lakes - Methane - Microorganisms  - Surface properties - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Correlation coefficient - Environmental problems - Experimental devices - Hydrolysis activity - Mechanical stirring - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Response surface methodology
Classification code:407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 453 Water Pollution - 453.1 Water Pollution Sources - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 522 Gas Fuels - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20150400457780
Title:Effects of different organic wastes on phosphorus sorption capacity and availability in soils
Authors:Xu, Qiutong (1); Zhang, Li (1); Zhang, Mingkui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Mingkui
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:236-244
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Farm in suburban area that supports dense livestock operations is important land to recycle organic wastes. Soils in this area received animal wastes and sewage sludge are vulnerable to release a large amount of dissolved phosphorus in surface runoff owing to the gradual saturation of the soil's phosphorus sorption capacity. The objective of this study was to evaluate phosphorus sorption (based on Langmuir isotherms) and availability of phosphorus (as water soluble and available phosphorus) in 4 soils incubated for 6 months with pig manure-rice straw compost, biogas residue, pig manure, chicken manure, domestic waste compost, 2 sources of sewage sludge, or KH<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>, added to soils on a phosphorus-equivalent basis (100 mg P/kg). Phosphorus isothermal adsorption experiment was applied to evaluate the maximum adsorption capacity of the incubated soils, and both water soluble phosphorus and available phosphorus were used to assess phosphorus release potential of the soils. Results showed that all the phosphorus sources had a negative effect on phosphorus sorption and a positive effect on phosphorus availability in all soils. However, the effects on phosphorus sorption and availability in the soils varied with the phosphorus sources because of differences in their mineral components. The decreases in maximum phosphorus sorption in the pig manure-straw compost, and pig manure-treated soils (9.03%-15.60%) were similar with those in KH<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf> treated soils (10.59%-16.63%). The decreases in biogas residue, chicken manure, and domestic waste compost treated soils (5.09%-9.84%) were much lower (P&lt;0.05) than the KH<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf> treated soil. The decreases in sewage sludge-treated soils (4.32%-6.77%) were consistently the lowest for all incubated soils. The effects of pig manure-straw compost, biogas residue, pig manure, and KH<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf> on water soluble phosphorus were, in most cases, greater (P&lt;0.05) than those of other phosphorus sources. However, the effects of phosphorus sources on soil available phosphorus were relatively small. The declined values of maximum soil phosphorus sorption induced by applications of organic wastes were negatively correlated with total iron, aluminum and calcium contents in the applied organic wastes. The increased values of soil water soluble phosphorus induced by applications of organic wastes were negatively correlated to the input of calcium from these relatively high calcium sources. It suggested that increasing concentrations of iron, aluminum, and calcium in the applied organic wastes can alleviate negative impact of phosphorus on the environment when organic wastes are recycled in soil. The results provide a guideline for reasonable rate of organic waste application in the suburban areas. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Adsorption - Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Aluminum - Animals - Biogas - Calcium - Composting - Isotherms - Manures  - Phosphorus - Recycling - Sewage sludge - Soil moisture - Soils - Sorption - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:Adsorption capacities - Available phosphorus - Biogas residues - Isothermal adsorption - Livestock operations - Municipal sludge - Poultry manure - Water-soluble phosphorus
Classification code:452.2 Sewage Treatment - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 541.1 Aluminum - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20150400457755
Title:Surface activity structure of Mo-based catalyst and its characteristics of soot oxidation in diesel engine
Authors:Mei, Deqing (1); Li, Xianming (1); Zhao, Xiang (1); Yuan, Yinnan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:30-36
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The diesel particulate filter (DPF) with the trapping has become an effective and broadly used measure. However, the trapped particulates adhering to the carrier channel easily block the exhaust channel, and then consequently affect the power performance and fuel economy of the diesel engine. Catalytic technology can effectively reduce the temperature for soot combustion by coating the active catalytic material on the channel wall of DPF. The molybdenum catalyst shows excellent catalytic performance in many research fields. The high catalytic activity of molybdenum catalysts is mainly related to the mobility of the active species in the reaction condition, or by the surface migration or by the melting of molybdenum catalyst, so this mobility could improve the contact between reactants and catalyst. Thus, according to that idea, in a loose contact situation between soot and catalyst, the migration of the active component across the soot surface could play an important role in the oxidation reaction during trap regeneration. In order to thoroughly study the surface activity structure phase of the supported molybdenum catalyst and its' function mechanism on soot oxidation, nano-scale MoO<inf>3</inf>/TiO<inf>2</inf> catalysts for soot oxidation were prepared by loading different amounts (5%, 10%, 20% and 40%) of MoO<inf>3</inf> on the TiO<inf>2</inf> particles through an impregnation method. The structures and physico-chemical properties for those catalysts were characterized using BET, Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and a Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Printex-U carbon black has been often used in the research field of catalytic oxidation of diesel soot. The practical engine soot and Printex-U carbon black have more characteristics in common such as components and structures. Besides, the reproducibility of the test seemed satisfactory, too. Printex-U carbon black was chosen to replace the practical engine soot. The catalytic activity of molybdenum catalysts for soot oxidation was evaluated using a TG/DTA analyzer. Based on the Starink method, the catalytic oxidation process of soot was quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that, for the limitation of dispersion threshold value, the structure of active MoO<inf>3</inf> was amorphous or micro crystalline at the low molybdenum loading. When the MoO<inf>3</inf> loading rate was more than 10%, the significant MoO<inf>3</inf> orthorhombic crystals appeared on the catalyst surface. The light sheet and octahedral crystal structure with close texture appeared in the MoO<inf>3</inf> catalyst surface. The functional groups Mo=O were stable in all samples, and its content increased with the increase in molybdenum loading rate. Under a loose contact state, MoO<inf>3</inf> characterized with low melting point, still showed good catalytic effect. With the increase in MoO<inf>3</inf> loading rate, TG and DTG curve moved to the low temperature area, the characteristic temperatures of soot oxidation were decreased, and the catalytic activity of catalyst was increased. Conversely, the specific surface area and pore volume of the molybdenum catalyst were decreased. However, the catalytic activity was not limited by the specific surface area and threshold effect, and it was closely bound up with the content of the active component MoO<inf>3</inf>. Among all samples, the catalyst loaded by 40% MoO<inf>3</inf> exhibited the highest catalytic activity for soot oxidation. The ignition temperature, the temperature of weight loss peak and the burnout temperature of soot oxidation were reduced about 84.4, 122.6 and 122.7 respectively, as compared with the non-catalyzed particulates. The order of the activation energy for soot oxidation worked out by the Starink method was soot &lt; Mo:Ti (mass ratio 5:95) &lt; Mo:Ti (mass ratio 10:90) &lt; Mo:Ti (mass ratio 20:80) &lt; Mo:Ti (mass ratio 40:60). Thereby, with the increase in the MoO<inf>3</inf> loading rate, the catalytic activity of MoO<inf>3</inf>/TiO<inf>2</inf> catalyst was increased. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Catalyst activity
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Carbon - Carbon black - Catalyst regeneration - Catalysts - Catalytic oxidation - Crystal structure - Diesel engines - Dust - Engines  - Fuel economy - Molybdenum - Molybdenum oxide - Nanotechnology - Oxidation - Scanning electron microscopy - Soot - Specific surface area - Temperature - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Catalytic performance - Characteristic temperature - Diesel particulate filters - Fourier transform infrared spectra - Nano scale - Physicochemical property - Starink method - Supported molybdenum catalysts
Classification code:423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 454 Environmental Engineering - 521 Fuel Combustion and Flame Research - 543.3 Molybdenum and Alloys - 612 Engines - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 741.1 Light/Optics - 761 Nanotechnology - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20150400457781
Title:Effect of temperature on characteristics products derived from bamboo chips pyrolysis based on pyrolytic polygeneration
Authors:Chen, Wei (1); Yang, Haiping (1); Liu, Biao (1); Li, Kaizhi (2); Chen, Yingquan (1); Li, Shun (1); Chen, Xu (1); Chen, Hanping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion (Huazhong University of Science &amp; Technology), Wuhan, China; (2) The Power Supply Station of CASIC Cruise Technology Academy, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Haiping
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:245-252
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Bamboo is one of the most important forestry resources, and a large amount of waste is produced during its utilization, such as bamboo chips and tailing. To improve the recycling of bamboo waste, pyrolysis technology for polygeneration was employed. The experiment was carried out in a fixed bed reactor at 250-950, and the effect of temperature on products yields, compositions and characteristics was investigated. Micro-GC (3000, Agilent, USA) and GC-MS (7890A/5975C, Agilent, USA) were used to analyze the compositions of bio-gas and bio-oil, respectively. The evolution of bio-char structure was studied with automatic adsorption equipment (ASAP 2020, Micromeritics, USA) via nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The specific surface area was calculated from the adsorption isotherms using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) equation. The pore size distribution was estimated by the Barrett-Joiner-Halenda (BJH) method from the desorption isotherms. In addition, the fractal theory was applied to characterize the fractal properties of pore structure of bio-char. With the temperature increasing, bio-char yield was decreased and bio-gas yield was increased significantly, while bio-oil yield was not changed much. Change of products yields was mainly due to the three components (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin) decomposing at different temperatures, and volatiles secondary cracking at high temperature. Bio-gas was mainly composed of H<inf>2</inf>, CH<inf>4</inf>, CO, and CO<inf>2</inf>. Cellulose and hemicellulose decomposed at lower temperature, which resulted that CO and CO<inf>2</inf> were released. After the temperature increased over 450, lignin began to decompose, and the content of H<inf>2</inf> rose sharply, while the content of CH<inf>4</inf> rose slowly. After 750, volatiles secondary cracking intensified to release more H<inf>2.</inf> Liquid oil mainly consists of acetic acid, furfural, furan, ketone, aldehyde, and phenol. At 250, hemicellulose decomposed predominantly, which generated acetic acid, 2-furanmethanol, hydroxyacetone, and small molecular organic compounds. When the pyrolysis temperature was increased from 250 to 550, cellulose decomposed significantly, which resulted that furfural and pentene compounds appeared. With the lignin decomposed, phenol class materials increased quickly, while indene and naphthalene appeared after 650. The N<inf>2</inf> absorption-desorption isotherms showed that bio-char pore structure was slits pore at lower temperature in comparison with conical pore at higher temperature. With the temperature increasing, the BET specific surface area and pore volume of bio-char increased significantly first, and then decreased gradually. However, the trend of the mean pore size was reversed. This phenomenon could be explained by that the number of micropores significantly increased with the removal of volatiles in bio-char, and some of them might be blocked as a result of ash melting at high temperature. At 650, the BET specific surface area and pore volume reached the maxima (307.65 m²/g and 16.416 mL/g, respectively), while the mean pore size was the minimum (2.11 nm). Besides, micro-pores accounted for about 83%. The pore structure of bio-char had doubled fractal characteristics with the pore surface and pore volume. With the increase of pyrolysis temperature, both the surface fractal dimension and volume fractal dimension firstly increased and decreased later. Surface fractal dimension and volume fractal dimension reached the highest value (2.93 and 2.97, respectively) at 650. This phenomenon reflected that the pore structure of bio-char developed gradually and then tended to be uniformity. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Fractal dimension
Controlled terms:Acetic acid - Adsorption - Adsorption isotherms - Aldehydes - Bamboo - Biofuels - Biogas - Carbon dioxide - Cellulose - Chemical reactors  - Cracks - Desorption - Fractals - Furfural - Gas adsorption - Ketones - Lignin - Naphthalene - Oil shale - pH  - Phenols - Pore size - Pore structure - Pyrolysis - Specific surface area - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Bamboo chips - BET specific surface area - Brunauer emmett tellers - Cellulose and hemicellulose - Fractal characteristics - Poly-generation - Surface fractal dimensions - Volume fractal dimensions
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 512.1 Petroleum Deposits - 522 Gas Fuels - 523 Liquid Fuels - 524 Solid Fuels - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802 Chemical Apparatus and Plants; Unit Operations; Unit Processes - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20150400457769
Title:Flow characteristics of convex composite slopes of loess under vegetation cover
Authors:Wei, Xia (1); Li, Xungui (1); Li, Zhanbin (2); Fu, Yufeng (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; (2) Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China; (3) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS &amp; MWR, Yangling, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:147-154
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Convex composite slopes are the common and natural slopes in the Loess Plateau. But researches on loess convex composite slope are limited. To explore sediment yield laws of the loess convex composite slopes in the present erosion situations, the field runoff scouring experiments were conducted, and the effects of vegetation cover on the flow pattern and flow resistance in the process of the runoff erosion occurrence of the loess convex composite slopes were studied. Three water inflow rates with 14, 18 and 22 L/min were involved in this scouring experiment. Three vegetation coverage degrees, 30%, 50%, 70% and two kinds of vegetation spatial locations, the bottom of the up-slope of the loess convex composite slopes and the bottom of the down-slope of the loess convex composite slopes were taken into consideration in the experiment design. Results showed that when the vegetation coverage degree was equal to 70%, and the vegetation was laid in the bottom of the up-slope of the loess convex composite slopes, the flow pattern of the loess convex composite slopes belonged to the slow transition flow. In other cases, the flow pattern of the loess convex composite slope belonged to the turbulent transitional flow. When the vegetation coverage was laid in the bottom of the down-slope of the loess convex composite slopes, the values of Reynolds number of runoff and the Froude numbers of the runoff were relatively large compared to the values when the vegetation coverage was laid in the bottom of the up-slope of the loess convex composite slopes. There are two kinds of runoff resistance representations, one is Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient, and the other is Manning roughness coefficient. Runoff resistance expressed by Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient was consistent with that expressed by Manning roughness coefficient in this study. When vegetation coverage was laid in the bottom of the up-slope of the loess convex composite slopes, the parameters of Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient and Manning roughness coefficient were larger than that when vegetation coverage was laid in the bottom of the up-slope of the loess convex composite slopes. The results of this paper can provide a scientific reference for the research on the erosion and sediment yield mechanism of the loess convex composite slopes under vegetation cover as well as the rational allocation of the vegetation cover in the loess convex composite slopes. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Runoff
Controlled terms:Erosion - Flow measurement - Flow patterns - Friction - Kinetic parameters - Reynolds number - Sediments - Transition flow - Tribology - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Flow charac-teristics - Friction coefficients - Loess hilly regions - Manning Roughness Coefficient - Scientific references - Scouring experiments - Turbulent transitional flows - Vegetation coverage
Classification code:444.1 Surface Water - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20150400457784
Title:Separation peformance of CH<inf>4</inf>/CO<inf>2</inf> simulated in biogas for monoethanolamine modified SiO<inf>2</inf>
Authors:Li, Wenzhe (1); Gao, Haiyun (1); Yang, Haiyan (2); Ding, Qinghua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; (2) College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Haiyan
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:267-272
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The major components of biogas by anaerobic digestion are CH<inf>4</inf> and CO<inf>2</inf>, so it is necessary to selectively separate CO<inf>2</inf> from CH<inf>4</inf> in order to improve heating value of biogas. Adsorption technology has been considered a competitive method for separating gases because of its relatively simple equipment and low energy consumption. It is well known that developing an excellent adsorbent is the key issue for adsorption separation. In the present work, MEA-modified FNG-II silica adsorbent was prepared by a conventional wet impregnation technique and the new adsorbent was named as FS-MEA. Silica was selected as the substrate and monoethanolamine (MEA) was modified at the outer surface of substrate. In order to coat the silica surface with MEA uniformly, MEA was dissolved in methanol in advance. The new adsorbent was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption/desorption, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine pore pacing, pore volume, pore diameter, the organic loading on the substrate and amines. The results of XRD and nitrogen adsorption/desorption for the adsorbents showed that FNG-II silica contains a large amount of disordered mesopores. After 30 wt.% MEA loading, the mesoporous structures were preserved, but the specific surface area and pore volume decreased, which provided strong evidence that MEA could be attached to the inner pore surfaces of the silica. This result is in agreement with FTIR analysis. The TGA curves showed a unique signicant mass loss on FNG-II silica under atmospheric pressure from 29 to 870 and the weight loss was derived from desorption of moisture. However for cases of FS-MEA, two major mass loss steps were observed in the same conditions. The first step in the range of 29 to 170 was attributed to desorption of moisture and CO<inf>2</inf> that absorbed in MEA modified on the substrate. The second mass loss step occurred when the temperature was higher than 210, which were ascribed to the volatilization and/or decomposition of MEA. The TGA/DTA results provided further evidence that MEA was successfully modified on the substrate, and the new adsorbent can not be used higher than 210. The dynamic adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the adsorbent's separation capacity. The mixture of CH<inf>4</inf> (65.6%) and CO<inf>2</inf> (34.4%) was used for measuring breakthrough curves, from which the separation coefficient between the two gases was evaluated. The adsorbent was packed in a steel column of length 250 mm and inner diameter 11 mm, and the gas mixture flowed through the column with 200 cm³/min flow rate. The adsorption experiments were carried out at 298 K and 0.2 MPa. The results indicated that FS-MEA efficiently separated CH<inf>4</inf> from CO<inf>2</inf>. The separation coefficient calculated is 4.53, which is better than that of some conventional adsorbents. Compared to the TGA/DTA results, the regeneration temperature of FS-MEA was identified as 110, because moisture and CO<inf>2</inf> desorbed from 45 to 170, and the desorption rate was greatest at 106. After regeneration, the separation performance of FS-MEA for CH<inf>4</inf> and CO<inf>2</inf> decreased after its third use. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Ethanolamines
Controlled terms:Adsorbents - Adsorption - Anaerobic digestion - Atmospheric pressure - Biogas - Carbon dioxide - Desorption - Energy utilization - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Gas adsorption  - Gases - Mixtures - Moisture - Nitrogen - Silica - Substrates - Thermogravimetric analysis - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Ethanolamine - Low energy consumption - Mesoporous structures - Powder X ray diffraction - Regeneration temperature - Separation coefficients - Separation performance - Upgrade
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 522 Gas Fuels - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 812 Ceramics, Refractories and Glass - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20150400457764
Title:Soil salinity dynamic change and desalting effect under different improvement measures in severe salinity soil in Xinjiang
Authors:Wang, Haijiang (1); Shi, Jianchu (1); Zhang, Hualing (1); Sheng, Jiandong (3); Ma, Xingwang (4); Wu, Hongqi (3); Ren, Shaoting (2); Zuo, Qiang (1); Li, Baoguo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China; (3) College of Grassland and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China; (4) Institute of Soil, Fertilizer and Water-saving, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
Corresponding author:Li, Baoguo
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:102-111
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil salinization can directly affect crop production, and threaten the sustainable utilization of irrigated land. This problem is particularly prominent in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, where has much uncultivated arable land, and soil saline and secondary salinization after land development. In this study, field experiments were conducted to investigate the influence factors and characteristics of soil salt movement, as well as elution desalination in different improvement measures treatments of severe saline soil through 3-year experiment. Five improvement treatments were designed including agricultural improvement (mainly including mulched with plastic film, deep plowing, returning straw and organic fertilizer), salt-isolation to root zone plus agricultural improvement, subsurface pipe drainage plus agricultural improvement, chemical modified plus agricultural improvement, and control without any human activity on new reclamation farmland in Xinjiang Province. The results indicated that salt content of the soil was mainly affected by evaporation, irrigation amount and groundwater depth; the soil salt content was significantly negative correlated with irrigation amount (correlation coefficient=-0.871, P=0.0039) and groundwater depth (correlation coefficient=-0.831, P=0.0072), positively correlated with monthly evaporation (correlation coefficient=0.754, P=0.0084), but not significantly correlated with mean monthly temperatures; The effect of irrigation amount on the 0-80 cm soil salinity in entire growth period was the most prominent. In the 3-years, dynamic changes in soil saline content varied with different improvement methods: high salt content accumulated in the top and deep layers of soil throughout the growing period for agricultural improvement treatment; obvious salt accumulation in the top layer of soils for salt-isolation to root zone plus agricultural improvement; the salt content at the deep layer higher than in subsurface layer for pipe drainage plus agricultural improvement, and chemical modified plus agricultural improvement treatment. The desalination rate of soils after the first-year was not satisfactory, and that after the second-year was significantly improved. The desalination rate of soil in the treatment of salt-isolation to root zone plus agricultural improvement and subsurface pipe drainage plus agricultural improvement treatment was up to 44% in the second year, but was significantly decreased in the third-year due to the reduction of the total salt content of the soil. Overall, all the treatments could result in the decrease of soil salt content. Among them, the soil desalinization rates of agricultural improvement plus subsurface pipe drainage and salt-isolation to root zone plus agricultural improvement were 61.33% and 59.37% respectively in the 0 to 80 cm layers, which were better than the other treatment. The soil desalinization rate of chemical modified plus agricultural improvement treatment was 55.32% in the 0 to 40 cm layers, higher than agricultural improvement 45.42%. The results can provide valuble information for saline soil improvement and rational development and effective utilization of saline soils in the Xinjiang arid zone. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Arid regions - Cultivation - Desalination - Evaporation - Fertilizers - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Irrigation - Plastic pipe  - Salts
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Ground water depths - Improvement measure - Improvement methods - Irrigation amounts - Organic fertilizers - Salt accumulations - Sustainable utilization
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 444.2 Groundwater - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20150400457792
Title:Aging-resistant performance of basalt fabrics/unsaturated polyester resin composites
Authors:Yang, Yuefei (1); Yang, Wenbin (1); Xu, Jianfeng (1); Lai, Jiajia (1); Song, Jianbin (1); Zhang, Xinxiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Material Engineering College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; (2) National Wood and Forest Product of Chemical Quality Supervision &amp; Inspection Center, Sanming, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Wenbin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:332-338
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fiber-reinforced composites made up of unsaturated polyester resin (UP) matrices reinforced with glass, carbon and aramid fibers were commonly standard structural materials in engineering fields. In recent years, basalt fibers, have recently gained an increasing attention as possible replacement of the conventional glass or carbon fibers due to their advantages in terms of environmental-friendly, cost-effective, high chemical and physical properties. In order to verify the mechanical properties of basalt fiber fabrics/UP composites, the author used the artificial simulating climate box (UV and Condensation) to accelerate aging process of composites. The methods tested accurately the working life of composites and observed color change of fiber surface in different aging time (0, 3, 10, 13, 23 and 30 d). Variation of mechanical properties, microstructure, functional group were analyzed in detail by mechanic testing machine, scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) respectively. The results showed that with the increase of aging time, the color of fiber surface became light yellow and the mechanical properties decreased gradually. Tensile strength and elongation at break of composites were slowly falling in 3 aging days, followed by significant decline after 10 days. Eventually, there were almost little change in the rest of aging time. Tensile strength and elongation at break of composites had decreased 35% and 20% compared with that of composites before aging time. A similar trend could be seen in flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of composites. However, they were more seriously than tensile strength and elongation at break and had decreased 60% and 52% compared with that of composites before aging time. The results of SEM indicated that resin wear around fiber, crack and fragment under the external force, due to degradation of matrix leading to interface failure between basalt fiber and UP. The author analyzed the mechanism of degradation and proposed the hypothesis that matrix had degraded and produced small molecule compound and radical after aging time. The FTIR results showed that Carbonyl and double bond or carbonyl conjugate system of UP were changed, and ester carbonyl was decomposed to release carbon dioxide. The peak at 1 725 cm^-1 was the characteristic peak of C=O and absorption peak weakened. In addition, both C-O-C appearing at 1 280 and 1 130 cm^-1 of ortho-phthalic-1, 2-disubstituted at 747 and 702 cm^-1 disappeared. Meanwhile, cross-linking reaction such as molecule chains breakage and free-radical termination occurred in composites. This research method rapidly and accurately determined the working life and improved the aging resistance of basalt/flax fiber reinforced UP composites. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Polyester resins
Controlled terms:Aramid fibers - Basalt - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Chemical bonds - Composite materials - Cost effectiveness - Crosslinking - Elongation - Fiber reinforced materials  - Fiber reinforced plastics - Fibers - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Free radicals - Functional groups - Glass - Mechanical properties - Molecules - Polymer blends - Reinforced plastics  - Reinforcement - Scanning electron microscopy - Tensile strength - Unsaturated polymers
Uncontrolled terms:Aging resistant performance - Chemical and physical properties - Crosslinking reaction - Environmental-friendly - Fiber reinforced composites - Mechanism of degradation - Strength and elongations - Unsaturated polyester resin
Classification code:415 Metals, Plastics, Wood and Other Structural Materials - 415.2 Plastics Structural Materials - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 505 Mines and Mining, Nonmetallic - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 811 Cellulose, Paper and Wood Products - 812 Ceramics, Refractories and Glass - 812.3 Glass - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 817 Plastics and Other Polymers: Products and Applications - 819.2 Synthetic Fibers - 912.3 Operations Research - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20150400457785
Title:Quantitative analysis of performance evaluation and influencing factors of rural land consolidation projects
Authors:Luo, Wenbin (1); Wu, Cifang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Tourism, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China; (2) College of Public Administration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:273-281
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the comprehensive land consolidation stage, rural land consolidation has become into an important topic and social focus in the field of land resource management because of scale, extension coverage and investment of land consolidation projects. The development of rural land consolidation took the projects as a carrier, the cultivated land quantity as an object and the "top-down" planning management as a model in the past nearly 10 years. Under this background, the problem that process was out of control and performance was insufficiency in rural land consolidation had become far more obvious and serious. After literature review on the topic at home and abroad, it was found that most researches paid attention to the project output and only took a single project as a case, few emphasized the multi-project comparison, which may ignore the most important factors in the performance mechanism. Considering about that, the quantitative research on the performance and its influencing factors of rural land consolidation was done in this paper by the perspective of process control and multi-projects comparison. In the method, the matter-element model was applied and 12 projects of Zhejiang province was taken as the study case, which was chosen based on the field research and officers' and peasants' interview. The research result showed that: 1) a process logic framework named IPOE (input, process, output and effect) and index system of performance evaluation on rural land consolidation projects should be constructed, which under four dimension of resource input, organization management, construction achievement and comprehensive effect. 2) Generally speaking, the performance of 12 projects in different area of Zhejiang province were different from each other, among which 2 projects were on the excellent level, 1 was on the good level, 3 projects reached the general level, 6 projects was closed to the worse level. 3) The main performance influencing factors were road network density, defense tree network density, land use efficiency, vegetation coverage and biodiversity by the comparison research results of 12 projects. 4) Matter-element evaluation model was suitable for this kind of study. The most important aspect of this method was to set up a scientific classical and extensional matter element. The research showed that: 1) Macro-management policy of total amount control leaded to the local government thinking of amount-result, which deviated from the essential value of rural land consolidation far away. According to the study abroad and the research result of this paper, taking the perspective of process, not only the result, will be conducive to study the problem of rural land consolidation deeply and closer to the performance nature, which was the inevitable requirement of the rural land consolidation development in the comprehensive period; 2) Making policy of rural land consolidation needed scientific and rational evaluation method and thought. A single project or the result thinking cannot provide enough reference for the policy making, while the matter-element evaluation model collected with a single impact factor analysis and process control thinking can do. Thus, the evaluation method of multiple projects comparison can provide a scientific guarantee to the policy innovation of rural land consolidation in China; 3) To some extension, lower in road network density and defense tree network density, land use inefficiency, lower vegetation coverage and reduction of biodiversity in rural land consolidation areas of Zhejiang province were the inevitable result of lack of process monitor and project organization. Finally, this paper suggests that process control tactics, institution arrangement, project organization management should be implement to reach the higher performance in Chinese rural land consolidation development in the future. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Process control
Controlled terms:Biodiversity - Consolidation - Economics - Factor analysis - Forestry - Highway administration - Land use - Motor transportation - Project management - Roads and streets  - Rural areas - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Influencing factors - Organization management - Performance evaluation - Performance influencing factors - Project organization - Quantitative research - Total amount controls - Zhejiang Province
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 406.2 Roads and Streets - 432 Highway Transportation - 454 Environmental Engineering - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 912.2 Management - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20150400457767
Title:Construction and management of fish passage on Shaliu River adjacent to Qinghai Lake based on ecological restoration
Authors:Wu, Xiaochun (1); Shi, Jianquan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China; (2) Rescue Center of Naked Carp in Qinghai Lake, Xining, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:130-136
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Gymnocypris przewalskii belongs to subfamily of Schizothoracinae, family of Cyprinidae and order of Cypriniformes, and it is an endemic species only distributed in the Qinghai Lake and its adjacent rivers and lakes. It possesses migration characteristics, and goes upstream from the lake to surrounding rivers in the reproduction season. However, several dams built on the rivers flowing into the lake with the agricultural development in the Qinghai Lake region since 1970s, severely blocked its migration passages, leading to obviously decreasing of resources of Gymnocypris przewalskii in recent years. To protect Gymnocypris przewalskii, three kinds of fish passages on the dams of rivers flowing into the Qinghai Lake were introduced, which were types of guide wall, simple steel modular and ladder slope, respectively. 1) The guide wall type fish passage was separately constructed on the dams in the Shaliu River, Quanji River and Haergai River in 2006, which were built along river side, but it had several defects because of the lack of experience. 2) The simple steel modular type fish passage was designed and constructed on the dam of the Shaliu River in 2008, Based on biological characteristics of Gymnocypris przewalskii and the basic situation of the dam and environmental conditions of the Shaliu River. After considering inlet location of fish passage, suction flow and hydraulic conditions within passage, the inlet was located at the area with aggregated fish and slow current velocity. The water flow was 0.5 m/s, the current velocity was 0.1-0.25 m³/s, as well as the slope of 1:10 within fish passage. 3) The ladder slope type fish passage was built on the dam of Shaliu River in 2010, which used two types open fishponds of multi-ladder and slight slope. Fish passage without hindrance had been almost come to be real through this type. This type was designed according to basic theories and related parameters of simple fish passage. The length was 80 m and the width was 1.3 m for each platform, and the outer edge width was 0.3 m, height difference of outer edge between two adjacent levels was 0.15 m, as well as the height difference between outer edge and adjacent lower inner edge was nearly 0.35 m. Fish passage had 18 levels in total, and its plane width was 23.4 m, vertical height was 3 m and length extended to 160 m. In addition, the suggestions on design of fish passage in China had been discussed. Four highlights were provided, including: 1) The fish gathering area should be considered when locating the inlet; 2) Migration ability of fish should be thought over while designing; 3) The passage should be improved and maintained regularly in the process of operation; 4) The design of fish passage needs the attention and joint effort of experts from multi-principles. Furthermore, the strategies on construction and management of fish passage based on ecological restoration had been presented, which included: setting the goal of fish passage design based on the ecosystem function value, realizing the idea of fish passage design serving for fish, establishing the systematic ways for fish passage design, construction and maintenance. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Fish
Controlled terms:Construction - Dams - Design - Ecology - Fish ponds - Fishways - Flow of water - Image reconstruction - Inlet flow - Ladders  - Lakes - Restoration - Rivers - Walls (structural partitions)
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural development - Biological characteristic - Ecological restoration - Environmental conditions - Fish passage - Gymnocypris przewalskii - Hydraulic conditions - Qinghai Lake
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 405 Construction Equipment and Methods; Surveying - 405.1 Construction Equipment - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 407.2 Waterways - 408 Structural Design - 409 Civil Engineering, General - 441.1 Dams - 441.3 Related Hydraulic Structures - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 471.5 Sea as Source of Minerals and Food - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 822 Food Technology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20150400457758
Title:Field evaluation of water distribution characteristics of variable rate center pivot irrigation system
Authors:Zhao, Weixia (1); Li, Jiusheng (1); Yang, Rumiao (1); Li, Yanfeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) China State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China; (2) College of Water Resources &amp; Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Li, Jiusheng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:53-62
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Application uniformity coefficient is an important parameter to quantify the quality of water distributions. When applying variable rate irrigation through a center pivot sprinkler system, the uniformity of water application both in the direction of pivot travel and along the pivot lateral within each management zone is greatly concerned. In this study, a variable rate irrigation (VRI) system was retrofitted from one three-span (140 m) conventional center pivot system outfitted with 34 rotating sprinklers spaced at 4.2 m through installing solenoid valve, pressure regulator, frequency transformer and control software. The performance of the constructed VRI system was evaluated under 3 typical operating conditions: all sprinklers on, partial sprinklers off, and sprinklers regulated by "on/off" pulsing of the solenoid valves. Catch-cans were arranged in transect, arc-wise, and grid patterns to test the accuracy of application depth in the direction of pivot travel and along the pivot lateral. The results indicated that the modified Heermann and Hein uniformity coefficient (CU<inf>HH</inf>) and the lower quarter distribution uniformity (DU<inf>lq</inf>) along the pivot lateral ranged from 92% to 94% and from 87% to 89% under condition of all sprinklers on, respectively, when the pivot rotation speed was changed between 20% and 100% of the full speed. This suggested a minor influence of moving speed of center pivot on application uniformity along the pivot lateral. In the direction of pivot travel, a uniform water distribution was observed with CU<inf>HH</inf> 95% and DU<inf>lq</inf> 93% regardless of pivot rotation speeds and measuring locations. A target water application depth could be obtained accurately through setting a specific rotation speed of the pivot. Under the conditions of variable rate irrigation, uniform water distributions in the direction of pivot travel were received with the uniformities similar to the values under all sprinklers on. However, the CU<inf>HH</inf> and DU<inf>lq</inf> values along the pivot lateral were reduced by 10 and 19 percentiles for partial sprinklers off, respectively, decreasing with an increasing number of sprinkler banks. The CU<inf>HH</inf> and DU<inf>lq</inf> values were reduced by 9 and 12 percentiles when sprinklers were regulated by "on/off" pulsing of the hydraulic valves. This reduction was positively related to the difference in application depth between the adjacent management zones. Application uniformity was impacted at the border of adjacent irrigation zones along the pivot lateral when the zones were applying different irrigation depths. To guarantee CU<inf>HH</inf>&ge;85% within each management zone along the pivot lateral, a 0 to 3 m wide buffer zone should be implemented between adjacent irrigation zones when partial sprinklers were turned off, and a 0 to 4 m wide buffer zone should be used when sprinklers were regulated by "on/off" pulsing of the hydraulic valves. The accuracy of application depth obtained through regulating moving speed of variable rate center pivot irrigation system was related to pivot speed and duty cycle of solenoid valve. Overall, the actual application depth was 0.48 mm and 1.46 mm underestimated when variable rate irrigations were achieved by partial sprinklers off and by sprinklers regulated by "on/off" pulsing of the hydraulic valves, respectively. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:10
Main heading:Sprinkler systems (irrigation)
Controlled terms:Hose - Hydraulic equipment - Irrigation - Nozzles - Pressure regulators - Shafts (machine components) - Solenoid valves - Solenoids - Speed - Sprinkler systems (fire fighting)  - Water distribution systems - Water quality - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Application uniformity - Center pivot irrigation systems - Distribution uniformity - Irrigation zones - Specific rotations - Typical operating conditions - Variable rate irrigations - Water distributions
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 601.2 Machine Components - 619 Pipes, Tanks and Accessories; Plant Engineering Generally - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 704.1 Electric Components - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 914.2 Fires and Fire Protection - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20150400457789
Title:Moisture sorption isotherms and thermodynamic properties of dried litchi pulp
Authors:Li, Hui (1); Lin, Hetong (1); Lin, Yixiong (1); Yuan, Fang (1); Lin, Fuxing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; (2) School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China; (3) Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
Corresponding author:Lin, Hetong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:309-315
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to reveal the complex relationship among the moisture content, the water activity and the temperature, and to provide technical data for preservation of dried 'Wuye' litchi (Litchi Chinensis Sonn. cv. Wuye), the static gravimetric method was used to determine moisture sorption isotherms of dried 'Wuye' litchi pulp at three temperatures (20, 30, and 40&deg;C) over a range of water activities from 0.112 to 0.976 based on the adsorption theory. The experimental data of dried 'Wuye' litchi pulp were fitted by eight models (BET, Halsey, Henderson, Peleg, Smith, GAB, Modified Henderson, Oswin) available in the literature. The optimal model used to describe the sorption isotherms of dried 'Wuye' litchi pulp was determined by comparing the models' coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error. Thermodynamic properties such as net isosteric heat, enthalpy changes, entropy changes, and free energy that provide a deeper understanding of the properties of water and energy requirements associated with sorption process were determined from moisture adsorption isotherm data of dried 'Wuye' litchi pulp at different temperatures. The results showed that the moisture sorption isotherms of dried 'Wuye' litchi pulp exhibited type  sigmoid shape. At low and intermediate water activity, the equilibrium moisture content increased slowly with water activity (0.1-0.4), while at high water activity (&gt;0.4) equilibrium moisture content increased rapidly with water activity. The equilibrium moisture content decreased with the increasing temperature at constant water activity. The Peleg model was found to be the best for describing the relationship between the moisture content, the water activity and temperature. The agreement between experiment and predicted values of this model was excellent (R² ranging from 0.9950-0.9979,root mean square error ranging from 1.9431-2.7102). The thermodynamic properties of dried 'Wuye' litchi pulp showed that net isosteric heat of adsorption decreased with an increasing in moisture constant, and approached to zero at high moisture content. enthalpy changes had the same values as the net isosteric heat ranged from 0.95 to 186.98 kJ/mol. entropy changes values ranged from 1.11 to 587.24 J/(mol&middot;K) at moisture levels ranging from 8%-50% for dried 'Wuye' litchi pulp. These values decreased as moisture content increased and did not show temperature dependence. Free energy ranged from 0.60 to 18.58 kJ/mol for dried 'Wuye' litchi pulp. Free energy became smaller as the moisture content and the temperature increased. The plot of the enthalpy versus entropy showed a linear relationship for dried 'Wuye' litchi pulp with R² equal to 0.9999, which indicated the existence of compensation. The values of isokinetic temperature and harmonic mean temperature were 319.34 K and 302.93 K respectively. Therefore, the enthalpy-entropy compensation theory was suitable for water adsorption of dried 'Wuye' litchi pulp because isokinetic temperature was significantly different from the value of harmonic mean temperature. Since isokinetic temperature &gt; harmonic mean temperature, the mechanism of the adsorption process of dried 'Wuye' litchi pulp was enthalpy driven. The results provide a theoretical basis for the processing and storage stability of dried 'Wuye' litchi pulp. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Temperature
Controlled terms:Adsorption - Adsorption isotherms - Digital storage - Energy storage - Enthalpy - Entropy - Free energy - Fruit juices - Grain (agricultural product) - Harmonic analysis  - Isotherms - Mean square error - Moisture - Moisture determination - Pulp - Sorption - Temperature distribution - Thermodynamic properties - Thermodynamics
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of determination - Enthalpy-entropy compensation - Equilibrium moisture contents - Iso-kinetic temperature - Isosteric heat of adsorption - Litchi chinensis - Moisture sorption isotherms - Root mean square errors
Classification code:641.1 Thermodynamics - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 731.1 Control Systems - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 811.1 Pulp and Paper - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.3 Food Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20150400457768
Title:Structural characteristics and infiltration performance analysis for zonal soils under different erosion degrees
Authors:Chen, Fang (1); Wang, Shuo (1); Wu, Xinliang (1); Cai, Chongfa (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
Corresponding author:Cai, Chongfa
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:137-146
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is important to study soil structure characteristics and its zonality difference in the process of soil degradation for understanding soil structure stability mechanism, guiding regional agricultural management, and predicting soil erosion. In this study, we selected different soil erosion degrees (feeble, light, heavy, and severe) of 3 typical types of zonal soils (yellow cinnamon, yellow brown, and red soils) of Hubei province (32&deg;18'N, 112&deg;09'E) and determined their soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, aggregates water stability, porosity distribution and other physical and chemical properties so that we can better understand their changes under different erosion degrees. The results showed that with the increase of the erosion degree, the soil organic matter content decreased gradually. For different zonal soils, the sequence of free iron and aluminum oxides (Fe<inf>d</inf> and Al<inf>d</inf>) concentration was red soil &gt; yellow cinnamon soil &gt; yellow brown soil, and the free iron and aluminum oxide concentration had significant difference (P&lt;0.05) for different soil erosion degrees. The results also showed that the sequence of aggregate mechanical stability and water stability from the 3 zonal soils was red soil &gt; yellow brown soil &gt; yellow cinnamon soil. Except for yellow brown soil, soil aggregate physical stability gradually increased with the increase of soil erosion degree. The &gt;5 mm aggregate fraction and water stability mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of soil aggregates decreased gradually with the increase of the erosion degree in the 3 soils. Water stable aggregate (WSA) for red soils was evenly distributed among different size fractions, while WSA were distributed mainly &lt;0.25 mm fraction for yellow brown soils and yellow cinnamon soils, and compared to dry sieving aggregates, &gt;5 mm WSA decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05) and it was disrupted into finer aggregate. In addition, the results showed that the soil porosity was between 38.6%-53.0%, of which 36.8%-52.7% was capillary porosities. The saturated hydraulic conductivity showed a decreasing trend with the increasing of erosion degree except for red soils, and saturated hydraulic conductivity of feeble soil erosion was higher than other eroded soils (P&lt;0.05). In addition, saturated hydraulic conductivity of yellow cinnamon soils, yellow brown soils and red soils gradually increased except in feeble and light degree erosions. Correlation analysis showed that the aggregates mechanical stability and water stability correlated extremely significantly with Al<inf>d</inf> (correlation coefficient = 0.77 and 0.81, respectively, P&lt;0.01), and positively significantly with Fe<inf>d</inf> (correlation coefficient = 0.73 and 0.76, respectively, P&lt;0.05). All of those illustrated free iron and aluminum oxides were the dominate factors affecting the stability of zonal soils structure in the research area. Non-capillary porosity, aggregates water stability and bulk density of soil were closely related with the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the yellow cinnamon, yellow brown, and red soils (P&lt;0.05), and there was significant correlation between saturated hydraulic conductivity and WSA fractal dimension (correlation coefficient = 0.76, P&lt;0.01). The study showed soil structure changes and the mechanism of soil structure stability are affected by iron and aluminum oxides in the process of soil erosion, and the results provide technical reference for evaluation of soil erosion so that subsequent prevention and management methods can be developed. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Aggregates - Aluminum - Chemical stability - Erosion - Fractal dimension - Hydraulic conductivity - Iron - Iron oxides - Iron research - Mechanical stability  - Organic carbon - Oxides - Porosity - Stability - Structure (composition)
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Geometric mean diameters - Physical and chemical properties - Reference for evaluation - Saturated hydraulic conductivity - Soil organic matter contents - Structural characteristics - Water stable aggregates
Classification code:406 Highway Engineering - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 541.1 Aluminum - 545.1 Iron - 632.1 Hydraulics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 921 Mathematics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20150400457776
Title:Effect of dark period lighting regulation on cucumber seedling morphology and comprehensive evaluation analysis and comprehensive evaluation
Authors:Shen, Baoying (1); Li, Yinian (1); Zhao, Sanqin (1); Ding, Weimin (1); Hui, Na (1); Li, Jie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Engineering Laboratory of Modern Facility Agricultural Technology and Equipment in Jiangsu Province, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Weimin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:201-208
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To ascertain light quality and light duration at dark duration and its influence on the growth and morphological of cucumber seedling, light-emitting diodes lights were taken as supplemental light at dark period for cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Cumlaude) seedlings to study in this paper. According to the influence confirmed by using comprehensive evaluate method, suitable light quality and light duration were selected. Cucumber "Jin Chun IV" seedlings were planted in greenhouse with or without supplemental light during dark period for two groups of experiments. In the first group of experiments, the treatments were 4 types LED light, L1 (70%R, 30%B), L2 (80%R, 20%B), L3 (90%R, 10%B), L4 (100%R), which supplementing light times were 2 h (19:00-21:00), 4 h (19:00-23:00) and 6 h (19:00-01:00) respectively during dark period, and no supplemental light in dark period were taken as control (CK). And in the second group of experiment, the treatments were two types LED light, L2 and L4, which supplementing light times during dark period for 4h, and no light in dark period was taken as control (CK). Both in the two groups of experiment, these indexes including hypocotyls length, cotyledon area, stem diameter, leaf area, seedling height, dry weight, chlorophyll content, seedling index and root shoot ratio of cucumber seedlings were investigated and were used to comprehensive evaluate and analyze the effect of light quality and light duration on the growth of cucumber seedlings. The results showed that, light quality affected hypocotyls length and stem diameter significantly at 0.05 level, and affects seedling height, leaf area, chlorophyll, dry weight and seedling index significantly at 0.01 level. Light duration had significant effect on seedling index at 0.05 level and significant effect on hypocotyls length, seedling height and dry weight at 0.01 level. Light quality and light duration had significantly interaction effects on hypocotyls length, seedling height and stem diameter at 0.01 levels and significantly interaction effects on seedling index at 0.05 levels. Hypocotyls length of seedlings under L2 for 4h in all treatments was shortest and was 25.14% less than CK, chlorophyll content, dry weight and seedling index of seedlings under L2 for 4 h were largest in all treatments and was 17.34%, 58.33% and 175.28% more than CK respectively. Seedling height under L3 for 2 h was shortest in all treatments and was 22.97% less than CK. Leaf area of cucumber seedlings under L4 for 4 h was largest in all treatments and was 19.10% more than CK, cucumber seedlings stem diameter under L1 for 6h was thickest in all treatments and was 44.52% more than CK, and root shoot ratio of seedlings under L3 for 4h was largest in all treatments and was 41.18% more than CK. According to comprehensive evaluation analysis, comprehensive evaluation value of cucumber seedlings under L2 light quality for 4 h was largest and quality of cucumber seedling was best. In addition, L4 light quality promoted seedling leaf area and stem diameter of cucumber seedlings to increase at early stage (one-leaf stage and two-leaf stage) of seedling, and L2 light quality promoted leaf area and stem diameter to increase at later stage (adult stage) of cucumber seedlings. In conclusion, the most suitable supplemental lighting time during dark period for cucumber seedlings was four hours. The most suitable light quality for cucumber seedling at early stage (one-leaf stage and two-leaf stage) was L4, and the most suitable light quality for cucumber seedling at later stage (adult stage) was L2. This provides the basis for the regulation of cucumber seedling morphology and the designing of supplemental lighting devices. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Light emitting diodes
Controlled terms:Chlorophyll - Light - Lighting - Morphology - Quality control - Seed
Uncontrolled terms:Chlorophyll contents - Comprehensive evaluation - Cucumber - Dark periods - Entropy methods - Seedling index - Seedling morphologies - Supplemental lighting
Classification code:707 Illuminating Engineering - 741.1 Light/Optics - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20150400457779
Title:Greenhouse gas emissions from dairy industry in Northern China using holistic assessment approach
Authors:Chen, Zhaohui (1); Ma, Zonghu (3); Cheng, Qiongyi (4); Liu, Jijun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, China; (3) China Huadian Engineering Co., LTD, Beijing, China; (4) College of Water Resource and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Jijun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:225-235
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The objective of this study was to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy production system in northern China using a holistic assessment approach. To illustrate the impact of an increase in dairy production efficiency on GHG emissions, it is important to estimate the combined methane (CH<inf>4</inf>), nitrous oxide (N<inf>2</inf>O) and carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>) emissions per unit of production. In this study, the holistic approach was used to assess the greenhouse gases emissions in milk production and the intensity per milk unit in Northern China (include 5 districts which are Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia) in 2012. The GHG emission sources estimated included farm fieldwork for dairy cattle consuming, relevant machinery supplying, the energy consuming corresponds to animal feeding, fertilizer production and supplying, enteric fermentation and manure management system. The functional unit (FU) was defined as one kg milk production. GHGs involved in agriculture (CO<inf>2</inf>, CH<inf>4</inf> and N<inf>2</inf>O) are different in trapping heat and the turnover rates in the atmosphere. The global warming potential (GWP) of CH<inf>4</inf> and N<inf>2</inf>O were 25 and 298 times to CO<inf>2</inf> respectively. And total greenhouse emissions were expressed as kg CO<inf>2</inf> equivalents. The holistic assessment approach is to account for the environmental impacts from all stages of agricultural production which can be a useful tool for evaluating the potential environmental impacts during the entire life cycle of a product, by compiling the inputs and outputs of a production system. It is composed of three major parts which are: To define the goal FU as well as system boundary; The system boundary of typical milk production system included not only the physical limits and its activities of milk production, but also the relative activities such as the crop production and fertilizer application. To draw up life cycle inventory and to assess the GHG emission per milk unit, holistic assessment approach has frequently been used to assess the impacts of livestock systems in different countries, it should be also valuable to do such analyses on GHG emissions of the dairy production systems in northern China. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment methodology and relevant literature were adopted for calculating CH<inf>4</inf>, N<inf>2</inf>O and CO<inf>2</inf> emissions. Data collected from the literature was used for specific activities for the milk production system. Through this study, it indicated that the total GHG emission was 22 437.85&times;10³ t in dairy production systems (DPS) in North China during 2012. Methane (CH<inf>4</inf>) is the major source, approximately 8 516.53&times;10³ t, 84% coming from enteric fermentation and 16% coming from manure management system. The emissions of nitrous dioxide (N<inf>2</inf>O) were 6 240.27&times;10³ t and the carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>) were 7 681.05&times;10³ t. Based on the emission intensity, average GHG emissions were 1.3 kg/kg. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Life cycle
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Climate change - Cultivation - Dairies - Emission control - Environmental impact - Fermentation - Fertilizers  - Gas emissions - Global warming - Greenhouse gases - Machinery - Manures - Methane - Milking machines - Nitrogen oxides
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Assessment methodologies - Emission intensity - Greenhouse gases emissions - Intergovernmental panel on climate changes - Manure management system - Production system - Shanxi and inner mongolia
Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 451 Air Pollution - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 522 Gas Fuels - 601 Mechanical Design - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20150400457783
Title:Influence of temperature, concentration of substrate and trace elements on anaerobic fermentation with dairy manure
Authors:Jia, Lijuan (1); Yu, Fang (2); Ning, Ping (1); Xiong, Xiangfeng (1); Wang, Hongbin (2); Liu, Tiancheng (2); Wang, Botao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China; (2) School of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
Corresponding author:Xiong, Xiangfeng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:260-266
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Disordered heap and unreasonable disposition of livestock manure in Erhai Lake Basin was the main pollution resource to Erhai. There exist problems in middle temperature biogas engineering, such as low gas production, unstable and easy to crusting. In order to control the farming wastes' pollution and select the suitable middle temperature biogas engineering operation parameters for the anaerobic fermentation process in Erhai Lake basin, taking the dairy manure as sampling, this study investigated the effects of temperature, substrate concentration and inorganic stimulating factors on the middle temperature anaerobic fermentation efficiency. What's more, the amount of trace elements was optimized with response surface method in the paper. The experimental conditions were 600 mL total volume of fermentation broth, 8% total solids content with a 30 days fermentation period. The single factor experiment of fermentation temperature selected three levels of 30, 35 and 45 for comparison. The results showed that the proportions of gas production in the first 20 days were respectively 93.7%, 93.5% and 95.3% accounted for the total gas production. The total gas production were respectively 0.187, 0.239 and 0.158 L/g at the end of the fermentation period. Thus, under the condition of fermentation temperature of 35, the gas production was greater than that at 30 and 45, it was conductive to the production of volatile fat acids (VFA), the reuse of methane bacteria, and the 4 kinds of microbial populations (aerobic acid-producing bacteria, anaerobic acid-producing bacteria, anaerobic cellulose decomposing microorganisms, methanogenic bacteria) were more than that at 30 and 45 in each stage of the fermentation. Therefore, fermentation temperature at 35 had a highest biogas production rate and a most proportion rate of functional microorganisms. The single factor experiment of substrate concentration selected 4 levels of 0, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% for comparison. The total gas production were respectively 10 060, 10 622, 10 064, 9 358 and 8 558 mL at the end of the fermentation period. Therefore, the inoculation amount of 10% had the maximum total gas production, and the higher inoculation amount with a faster inoculation fermentation start-up speed. Meanwhile, the addition of inorganic stimulating factor can promote the whole fermentation process. It was investigated by the central composite experimental and response surface regression analysis. The results showed a fine effect between real values and predicted values of central composite experimental used quadratic polynomial fitting regression method. Response surface figures of Ni²-Co², Fe²-Ni² and Fe²-Co² effects on accumulated biogas production were shown according to the central composite experimental results. And Ni²-Co² and Fe²-Ni ² did not have interaction,while Fe²-Co² have interaction. Verification experiments were conducted, the results showed that the error between 3 parallel experimental values and predicted values was only 3.6%. Thus, the optimum concentrations was 5.00 mg/L Fe², 21.40 &mu;g/L Ni², 28.82 &mu;g/L Co². Under these conditions, it had a best gas production effect. Compared with the anaerobic fermentation system without addition of Fe², Ni² and Co², the biogas production was increased by 30%. The results will provide a basis for the normal operation of the rural farming manure anaerobic fermentation project in Erhai Lake basin. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Low temperature production
Controlled terms:Aerobic bacteria - Agriculture - Bacteria - Biogas - Fermentation - Gases - Lake pollution - Lakes - Manures - Methane  - Microbiology - Microorganisms - Nickel - Pollution - Pollution control - Process control - Regression analysis - Surface properties - Temperature - Trace elements  - Volatile fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:Acid producing bacterium - Affect factors - Anaerobic fermentation process - Cattle manures - Erhai lake basins - Fermentation temperature - Single-factor experiments - Substrate concentrations
Classification code:407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 453 Water Pollution - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 522 Gas Fuels - 548.1 Nickel - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 644.4 Cryogenics - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20150400457772
Title:Area monitoring by remote sensing and spatiotemporal variation of rubber plantations in Xishuangbanna
Authors:Liao, Chenhua (1); Li, Peng (1); Feng, Zhiming (1); Zhang, Jinghua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Insitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Zhiming
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:170-180
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As one of the major commercial crops in Xishuangbanna, Southwest region of China, rubber plantations have been expanding rapidly in the recent decade, which mainly occupied agricultural lands and secondary forest covers. These land use and land cover changes have negative influences on regional ecosystem and ecological processes. Based on the RS and GIS technology, the growth process of rubber plantations in Xishuangbanna was explored in this article and a method of judging the forest age of rubber plantations was put forward in the study area. Firstly, by using the multi-temporal Landsat images (16-days interval from January to April in 2014), time series changes of NDVI, NIR, Bright and Wetness of rubber plantations and other vegetation covers were constructed. It was found that the period from late February to mid-April was the optimal time for extracting rubber plantations. NDVI and NIR had better effects on the discrimination of rubber plantations and other vegetations. Then, annual Landsat images were used to construct NDVI time series changes of newly planted rubber trees and mature rubber trees, and determine the NDVI thresholds of each growth periods of rubber plantations. Because of the limitation of accessibility of annual Landsat images, only data of 14 consecutive years (2000-2014) were collected in this research. Each age stage of the rubber plantations was judged by these ways. Finally, from the planting area, the spatial distribution, the structure of forest age and the conversion of land use types between the rubber plantations and nature forest, the spatiotemporal changes of rubber plantations in Xishuangbanna during1990-2014 were studied. The results showed that: 1) Rubber plantations in Xishuangbanna can be divided into three classes based on different forest ages: young rubber plantations with forest age ranging from 0 to 5 years; mature rubber plantations with forest age ranging from &gt;5 to 13 years; old rubber plantations with forest age above or equal to 13 years. 2) During 1990-2014, the area of rubber plantations increased, young mature and old rubber plantations converted from each other, the average area and density of rubber plantations in the nature reserves was far below that in the non nature reserves in Xishuangbanna. 3) From spatial center to the periphery, the spatial distributions of the rubber plantations in 1990 were from old rubber plantations to mature or young rubber plantations, in 2000 were from old rubber plantations to mature rubber plantations, then to young rubber plantations, in 2010 and 2014 were both from young rubber plantations to old rubber plantations, then to mature rubber plantations. This trend was more evident in 2014 than 2010. 4) The expansion of rubber plantations occupied the nature forests in Xishuangbanna. The conversion between the rubber plantation and natural forests in altitude from 0 to 800 m was most intense, followed by which in altitude from 800 to 1 000 m, and the competition in altitude above 1 000 m was the weakest. Tropical monsoon forest was most intensively interfered by rubber plantation expansion in natural forest. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Rubber plantations
Controlled terms:Ecology - Forestry - Geographic information systems - Infrared devices - Land use - Monitoring - Remote sensing - Rubber - Spatial distribution - Time series  - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural land - Ecological process - Forest age - Land use and land cover change - Secondary forests - Spatio-temporal changes - Spatio-temporal variation - Xishuangbanna
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 723.3 Database Systems - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 818.1 Natural Rubber - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:20150400457754
Title:Numerical simulation and experimental verification on water impinging jet quenching process of no-till planter disc opener
Authors:Liu, Jing (1); Xiong, Shaoping (1); Li, Hongwen (1); Xu, Yang (1); Ling, Gang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Ling, Gang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:21-29
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The disk opener is the key part of no-tillage planter and belongs to the ultrathin component. The ratio of its diameter and thickness is over 100. It is prone to end up with large deformations during the quenching process. Thus, how to reduce the deformation through optimizing the quenching parameters under the premise of achieving martensite and high hardness property is both a meaningful and challenging subject. In this paper, a new method of water jet impingement was proposed to quench the disc opener. The finite element analysis software DEFORM had been utilized to simulate the water jet impingement quenching process of the disc opener and optimize the quenching parameters. The velocity of the jet current, nozzle diameter and nozzle spacing had been selected as the process parameters of water jet impingement quenching. The control variable method was used to analyze the influence of the quenching parameter. Five levels of each jet array parameter were designed and the influences on the disc opener's hardness and flatness were simulated by DEFORM. The results show that: The nozzle spacing exerts significant influence on hardness and deformation. With the decrease of the nozzle spacing, nozzles above the disc opener become dense. At the same time, the direct heat transfer area expands and the cooling speed enlarges to achieve high hardness. The disc opener can be fully hardened and achieve the highest hardness as nozzle spacing is 4-5 mm. On the other hand, with the increase of the nozzle spacing the cooling uniformity increases first and then decreases. The deformation shows a parabola relationship with nozzle spacing and the maximum deformation reaches 1.80&times;10^-2-3.3&times;10^-2 mm when nozzle spacing values are 5-6 mm; as the jet velocity and nozzle diameter increase, the cooling intensity and cooling speed are improved. The disc opener's hardness and deformation increase obviously with the rise of the jet velocity under various combinations of the nozzle diameter and nozzle spacing. But the increase is not obvious when the jet velocity exceeds 6 m/s; The disc opener's hardness and deformation show a sustainable growth at the value range (nozzle diameter is 4-12 mm) of the nozzle diameter. However, an oversize nozzle diameter can induce excessive water stagnated on the disc opener's surface. During the actual quenching process, increasing the water spray quantity merely cannot acquire a high heat transfer coefficient; it should be integrated with other economic evaluation to select the appropriate nozzle diameter. Finally, a set of devices for water jet impingement quenching has been designed in this research and it has been utilized to conduct the experiment to confirm the simulation results. Hardness and flatness are measured and the experiment results show good consistency with the numerical simulation. It indicates that it is feasible to simulate the water jet impingement quenching of the disc opener. Considering the simulation results and engineering reality, the optimized water jet parameters are: jet velocity is 3-6 m/s,nozzle diameter is 6-8 mm, nozzle spacing is 4-5 mm. Under these parameters, the hardness of the quenched disk opener is 45-49HRC and the flatness is 1.28&times;10^-2-2.49&times;10^-2 mm. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Quenching
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Cooling - Deformation - Disks (machine components) - Finite element method - Hardness - Heat transfer - Jets - Nozzles  - Numerical analysis - Numerical models - Spray nozzles - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Disc opener - Economic evaluations - Finite element analysis software - High heat transfers - Impinging jet - Quenching parameters - Simulation and experimental verifications - Water jet parameters
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 537.1 Heat Treatment Processes - 601.2 Machine Components - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:20150400457766
Title:Water level optimization of water transferring channel in multi-stage pumping stations based on head-water level successive approximation optimization method
Authors:Gong, Yi (1); Cheng, Jilin (1); Liu, Jingsen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Hydraulic, Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:120-129
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water level optimization of water transferring channel has a great significance on reducing operational energy consumption and increasing economic benefit for multi-stage pumping stations system. According to the mathematical model of optimal operation of multi-stage pumping stations with original pumping head and targeted water pumping quantity for each stage of parallel pumping stations, we developed water level optimization in water transferring channel between two stages pumping stations by use of successive approximation optimization method. This method was based on a combination of two stages decomposition- dynamic programming aggregation method and numerical simulation of unsteady flow with the consideration of the water transferring channel characteristics. Firstly, two stages decomposition-dynamic programming aggregation method was applied to solve the mathematical model of daily optimal operation of each stage of parallel pumping stations under a given original pumping head and targeted water quantity. Secondly, the optimal flow process of each pump unit obtained from the model solution were input to the mathematical model of one-dimension unsteady flow as boundary conditions to develop numerical simulation with the consideration of water consumption process of different water users along the water transferring channel. After that, the obtained water level for each stage of pumping stations was compared with the original water level. Meanwhile, the water level of each section in the channel also needed to be determined if it met the requirements of flood control and waterlogged elimination, navigation, and ecology. If all requirements were met, the obtained optimal operation scheme of pumping stations was considered as the optimization scheme. Otherwise, the process would be repeated again. By this successive approximation method, the final optimal operation scheme of multi-stage pumping stations was obtained. With this method above, optimal operation cost of each stage of parallel pumping stations under a given pumping head and targeted water quantity cab was obtained. In this simulation, water level variation of water transferring channel had less impact on pumping head of each pumping station in the system. The results provided a starting point for simulation under more complicated boundary conditions for optimal operation of multi-stage pumping stations. We took No.1, 2, 4 Huai'an parallel pumping stations to No.1, 3 Huaiyin parallel pumping stations as a case study for the above simulation approach. These stations are two-stage pumping stations in Jiangsu Province in Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project. Under a typical original head of 4.13 m and 100% load for Huai'an stations, and under a typical original head of 2.7 m and 100% load for Huaiyin stations, there was a minimal average water level difference of 6.51 cm upper (or lower) from numerical simulation between No.4 and No.2 pumping stations, which meant the best matching degree could be obtained by the No.3 optimization of parallel pumping station. The corresponding optimal operation schemes of each pump unit in each time period were obtained with 7.56% optimization benefit compared with operation with fixed blade and constant speed. Besides, there was a minimal average water level difference of 14.9 cm in the whole river network from simulated results. The maximal and minimal water level and their appearing time interval could meet the navigation and ecological water level requirements. &copy;, 2014, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Water distribution systems
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Approximation algorithms - Approximation theory - Boundary conditions - Dynamic programming - Ecology - Energy utilization - Flood control - Irrigation - Numerical methods  - Numerical models - Optimization - Pumping plants - Pumps - Runoff - Unsteady flow - Water levels - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Channel characteristics - Complicated boundary conditions - Decomposition dynamic - Pumping stations - South to North Water Transfer Project - Successive approximation methods - Successive approximations - Water level variations
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 446 Waterworks - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 454.1 Environmental Engineering, General - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 614.2 Steam Power Plant Equipment and Operation - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.22.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2015 Elsevier Inc.