<RECORD 1>

Accession number:201444136129
Title:Errors analysis of transmission mechanism of dish solar auto-tracking system
Authors:Wang, Linjun (1); Xu, Lixiao (1); Shao, Lei (1); Men, Jing (1); Zhang, Dong (1); Liu, Wei (1); Gao, Zhangwei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou , China; (2) China Western Energy and Environment Research Center, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou , China
Corresponding author:Wang, Linjun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:63-69
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The energy crisis and environmental pollution have become increasingly prominent, therefore human beings have been exploring and making use of new energy resources. Solar energy, a new energy resource that is clean, renewable, economical, universal, etc., has grown fast worldwide. Taking advantage of solar energy can solve the energy shortage, and solar energy has an important effect on our country's future development. Solar power is considered to be one of the most ideal utilizations of solar energy. The solar thermal power generation is widely concerned. Among dish, groove, and tower solar thermal power generation, dish solar thermal power generation has the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency, and it belongs to point collector generation technology, which makes it worth to develop. The ever-changing solar radiation direction and the instability of the solar radiation energy lead to the inaccuracy of tracking systems and lower utilization. When the incident sunlight parallels the solar collector, the conversion efficiency is higher. Tracking mode can greatly improve the solar utilization rate. Research shows that energy receiving rate improves 37.7% when solar thermal power generation uses tracking mode. Accurate sun tracking can greatly improve the receiver's thermal efficiency. Compared to fixed systems, power output of single-axis and dual axis tracking systems can increase 25% and 41% under the same condition. It is clear that an accurate auto-tracking control system can make solar collectors receive more solar radiation energy to improve the solar energy utilization. Although the tracking system is more complex and costs higher than the fixed system, increasing the annual output power can reduce cost effectively. Program tracking mode, which is not affected by the weather, has high adaptability. When the control software calculates the sun's position, inevitably it would have round-off error. Photoelectric tracking mode has higher tracking accuracy because it can automatically track the sun and is seriously influenced by the weather. Auto-tracking mode of the dish solar tracking system commonly uses hybrid tracking that is a combination of program tracking mode and photoelectric tracking mode. Each tracking mode makes up for the other, so as a result, the precision and stability of the tracking system is further improved and guaranteed. The tracking system works outside, therefore it is easily influenced by environmental factors so tracking accuracy and stabilization is lower. In order to improve tracking accuracy of the dish solar auto-tracking system, this paper chose the more precise transmission mechanism to match the system and mainly focuses on the transmission mechanism error of the dish solar tracking system. Based on a working platform of the existing 1 kW dish solar auto-tracking system, this paper designs a kind of transmission mechanism. The azimuth angle uses double worm single worm wheel; two worms work together to drive the worm wheel. The running speed and direction of the worms are the same, and the screw nut transmission mechanism with self-locking function tracks the altitude angle. Second, deduce the driving equation of the altitude angle and azimuth angle. Thenusesa software named ADAMS is used to do the system's simulation. The simulation focuses on spring equinox, summer solstice, autumn equinox, and winter solstice in 2013 in Lanzhou based on kinematics of the tracking transmission mechanism. The analytical result shows that kinematics errors of the tracking transmission mechanism are nearly 0.021&deg;. Compared to the minimum systematic error, which is &plusmn;0.20&deg;, the kinematics errors are just 10%. At the same time, the errors of the dish solar auto-tracking system are analyzed. It lays a theoretical foundation of the study to improve the precision of the dish solar auto-tracking system. Transmission mechanism error is only part of the dish solar auto-tracking system's errors; relevant follow-up studies on other errors of the system are ongoing.
Number of references:13
Main heading:Tracking (position)
Controlled terms:Collector efficiency - Computer software - Conversion efficiency - Energy policy - Energy resources - Energy utilization - Errors - Kinematics - Locks (fasteners) - Photoelectricity  - Solar collectors - Solar energy - Solar heating - Solar radiation - Sun - Systematic errors - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:ADAMS - Environmental pollutions - Generation technologies - Photo-electric conversion efficiency - Solar thermal power generation - Solar tracking systems - Theoretical foundations - Transmission mechanisms
Classification code:525 Energy Management and Conversion - 601.2 Machine Components - 601.3 Mechanisms - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 657.2 Extraterrestrial Physics and Stellar Phenomena - 702.3 Solar Cells - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 741.1 Light/Optics - 921 Mathematics - 922 Statistical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:201444136155
Title:Effect of coal mining subsidence on soil physical properties of rice field in mountain region of Southwest China
Authors:Chen, Zhao (1); Li, Yanjun (2); Deng, Nanrong (1); Tang, Zihan (2); Fan, Lan (4); Wu, Leqin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou , China; (2) Chongqing Key Laboratory of Exogenic Mineralization and Mine Environment, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing , China; (3) Chongqing Research Center of State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Chongqing , China; (4) Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Deng, Nanrong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:276-285
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Frequent and intense mining activity is the main cause of rice field conversion into dry land in the coal mining subsidence area in mountain region of southwest China. Study on causes, mechanisms and reclamation of rice field damage plays an important role in ensuring sustainable agriculture and food security in the study area. In order to understand the impact of coal mining subsidence on soil physical characteristic and develop reasonable land reclamation strategy, field test and laboratory analysis of controlled trials were conducted in mountain region of southwest China, and the soil bulk density, water content, porosity, mechanical composition, seepage discharge, seepage velocity and permeability coefficient were analyzed. The soil physical characteristic changes of rice field before and after damage were analyzed by drying method using cutting ring, hydrometer and the soil permeability test. The causes and mechanisms of water shortage of destroyed rice field were also explored. The results showed that: 1) In 0-40 cm soil layer, dry land soil bulk density increased compared with the control rice fields, while water content and porosity (excepted for dry land 1 and 2 in 0-20 cm soil layers) decreased obviously. Vertical soil profile structure and succession laws didn't change in 0-60 cm soil layer except the similar trend of soil water content losses in different soil layers; 2) Clay content of destroyed rice field was closely associated with parent material. Variation of clay content (&lt;0.005 mm) in 0-40 cm soil layer were presented as follows: dry land 3 (shale efflorescence) &gt; dry land 1 (limestone and shale efflorescence) &gt; dry land 2 (limestone, sandstone and shale efflorescence). The eluviation and illuviation effect became weaker in 20-40 cm soil depth after the conversion from destroyed rice field to dry land. Meanwhile, it was strong for hydroponic paddy soil of a long history, huge leakage and mean clay (&lt;0.005 mm) mass fraction of rice field soil after damage increased cumulatively from top to bottom, while the hydroponic rice field of short history and weak leakage showed an opposite trend; 3) Soil profile configuration and parent material in experimental sites were the main reason of the decreasing trend of seepage discharge and seepage velocity, and the initial fluctuations and post-stabilization with accumulated time. Mining subsidence didn't have a serious impact on water permeability in soil vadose zone; 4) Coal mining subsidence didn't affect the soil physical characteristics of typical rice field in research area, the mechanism for water loss in destroyed rice field may be related to changing hydrogeological factors between soil layer and basement strata. Moreover, taking land use pattern, parent materials and permeability of reclaimed soil into consideration, the destroyed rice fields with permeability coefficient were less than 3 m/d, areas with a long time of hydroponic history, and being located on the weathered shale and limestone zone were recommended to give preference to reclamation in the research area.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Coal - Coal mines - Coal reclamation - Cutting machines (mining) - Drying - Efflorescence - Food supply - Forestry - Land reclamation  - Land use - Landforms - Limestone - Mechanical permeability - Mining - Physical properties - Porosity - Reclamation - Seepage - Shale  - Soil moisture - Soil testing - Stabilization - Subsidence - Surface chemistry
Uncontrolled terms:Coal mining subsidences - Hydrogeological factors - Mechanical compositions - Mining areas - Physical characteristics - Rice fields - Soil physical property - Sustainable agriculture
Classification code:404.2 Civil Defense - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 414 Masonry Materials - 414.2 Brick Materials - 441 Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 502.1 Mine and Quarry Operations - 503.1 Coal Mines - 504 Mines and Mining, Metal - 524 Solid Fuels - 642.1 Process Heating - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:201444136131
Title:Rupture energy prediction model for walnut shell breaking based on genetic BP neural network
Authors:Zhang, Hong (1); Ma, Yan (1); Li, Yong (2); Zhang, Ruili (3); Zhang, Xuejun (4); Zhang, Rui (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Forestry and Woodworking Machinery Engineering Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin , China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Tarim University, Alar , China; (3) College of Life Science, Tarim University, Alar , China; (4) College of Mechanical Engineering and Traffic, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi , China; (5) Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region General Inst. of Higher Edu. Key Lab. of Modern Agriculture Eng., Alar , China
Corresponding author:Ma, Yan
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:78-84
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Traditional operations of walnut harvest and breaking shell seriously affect the machining quality and efficiency in walnut processing. With continuous exploring areas and increasing output of walnut, developing deep-processing technology is of extremely vital significance to walnut industry. Walnut shell breaking is an important stage of walnut industrialization process. Mechanical force is widely used to obtain a large number of broken walnut kernels in walnut industrialization process. The properties of volume size, shell thickness and texture characteristics of walnuts greatly affect the process of obtaining the kernels. Walnut shell stress and deformation depends on the contents of H<inf>2</inf>O, volume of size and loading speed during breaking shell. The fruits of Wen 185 sorted by diameter (Divide 4 grades, reference walnut processing standards in Hetian) and H<inf>2</inf>O content (4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) were compressed by microcomputer-controlled machine using different loading rate (100, 200, 300 and 400 mm/min). Meanwhile, force-deformation curves were analyzed and rupture energy were calculated. It was important to predict the walnut shell rupture energy for improving the design and development of walnut processing equipments. The back-propagating (BP) artificial neural network was an effective prediction model, which highlighted the characteristics of fast, accurate and better adaptability. However, the BP had the deficiencies of insufficient network global search ability, slow convergence and local optimum iteration. The remedy patterns of genetic algorithm that performed global searching would optimize the weights and thresholds in BP network, and thereby improve the accuracy of predictions. For Wen 185 walnut in southern Xinjiang, the H<inf>2</inf>O content, compression speeds, and transverse diameter were considered as the basic characteristic parameters for BP neural networks models. Genetic algorithm was used to optimize the weights and bias of BP neural work. Optimized BP neural network was applied to predict the rupture energy of walnut shell breaking. The genetic BP prediction neural network model was trained and tested with the experimental data collected from rupture energy. The results showed that the errors between predicted and tested results were small, and there was non-linear relationship between rupture energy and main controlling factors in the model which resulted from the genetic BP network. The correlation coefficient of the network output value between samples and BP network was 0.92488. The optimized BP neural network model had a stronger ability for nonlinear approach, which actually reflected the nonlinear relationship between the rupture energy of walnut shell breaking and main controlling factors. The predicted results from the genetic BP network were better than the back-propagating artificial neural network. Therefore, the genetic BP network is an effective method used for prediction of the rupture energy of walnut shell.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Mathematical models
Controlled terms:Backpropagation - Deformation - Forecasting - Genetic algorithms - Iterative methods - Models - Neural networks - Shells (structures) - Speech recognition - Stress analysis
Uncontrolled terms:BP neural network model - BP neural networks model - Force - deformation curves - Main controlling factors - Non-linear relationships - Rupture energy - Texture characteristics - Walnut shells
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 723.5 Computer Applications - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:201444136130
Title:Optimization of operating parameters on steam-shelling device for scallop
Authors:Yi, Jinggang (1); Wu, Honglei (1); Jiang, Haiyong (1); Zhang, Jing (1); Xu, Pengyun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding , China
Corresponding author:Yi, Jinggang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:70-77
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Scallops are the backbone variety in the development of the aquaculture industry in China, which plays an important role in the domestic fishery economic activities. Shellfish are nutritious, delicious, and have many healthcare functions, so they have much important edibleness and economic value. However, the ability to develop processing machinery and equipments for aquatic products is relatively weak, and the scallops shelling work is usually done by hand, which leads to great labor intensity, low production efficiency, bad sanitary condition, and easy bacterial pollution, affecting the taste and quality of the product. In order to improve the quality of the deep processing of scallops, a steam scallop shelling device needs to be developed. When steam is injected into the surface of the scallop, the ardent fever of the steam makes the adductor muscle (the joint of shell and carina) retrenched in an especially short moment and separates from the shell to make the ligament stretch and the shell open. In order to obtain the optimum matching of steam parameters of the device, this paper takes Qingdao bay scallop as the experimental material, breeding age at 5 months, sea area at the Yellow Sea, and fishing time as 48 hours. Shelling effect of sensory scores was assessed based on the 3 observation indexes of organization state, shell opening and the slotting degree by different groups with 8 persons as a group. Twenty bay scallops were assessed under each parameter. First, regard the shelling effect of sensory scores as the target to conduct a single factor experiment. When the intensity of pressure of steam is controlled in the range of 0.3-0.4 MPa, temperature controlled in the range of 142.92-151.11, and 6 mm ball valves, the three best parameters optimal ranges of steam injection time A, steam injection distance B, and steam displacement C are determined: spraying time A takes 2-4 s, injection distance B takes 30-50 mm, and valve opening of steam displacement C takes 60&deg;-90&deg;. Furthermore, the scallop shelling test was conducted with the Box-Behnken design experimental methods, adopting the analytical method of response surface optimization, which establishes a mathematic model between the shelling effect of sensory scores and the steam injection time, distance, and displacement. The results showed that when the intensity of the pressure of the steam generator is controlled in the range of 0.3-0.4 MPa, the temperature 142.92-151.11 and 6 mm ball valve, and injection time is set to 3.5 s, injection distance to 30 mm, and the displacement of the valve opening degree of the steam to 90 &deg;, the scallop shelling rate is 98%, the sensory scores of the shelling effect is 94.53 points, and the shelling rate and carina quality improved significantly. Through experimental analysis, theoretical conclusions can be drawn: if the steam temperature and intensity of pressure reaches certain conditions, with larger steam displacement, shorter injection distance, and shorter injection time, the results showed better shelling effects and higher shelling rates. The research results raise appropriate shelling methods with steam, providing reference for the design of processing equipments of scallops.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Steam
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Economics - Fisheries - Machinery - Mathematical models - Molluscs - Optimization - Processing - Quality control - Shellfish  - Shells (structures) - Surface properties - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental analysis - Experimental materials - Response surface - Response surface optimization - Scallops - Shelling device - Single-factor experiments - Steam parameters
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 461.9 Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 471.5 Sea as Source of Minerals and Food - 601 Mechanical Design - 614 Steam Power Plants - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 913.4 Manufacturing - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 951 Materials Science - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:201444136132
Title:Optimal design and experiment of back swept double blades sewage pump
Authors:Shi, Weidong (1); Cheng, Cheng (1); Zhang, Desheng (1); Xing, Jin (1); Chen, Keqiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang , China
Corresponding author:Shi, Weidong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:85-92
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This article proposed a typical impeller structure of new type of sewage pump to solve the blocking and wear problem in sewage pumps. Using an orthogonal experiment of L<inf>9</inf>(3⁴), which contains factors of outlet blade angle &beta;<inf>2</inf>, impeller inlet diameter D<inf>j</inf>, impeller outlet width b<inf>2</inf>, and impeller outlet diameter D<inf>2</inf>, nine groups of schemes were designed. Four geometric parameters were researched to analyze the influence on sewage pump performance by orthogonal experiments. Optimized design schemes were achieved, and we conclude that impeller outlet diameter D<inf>2</inf> is the main factor that affects the efficiency and pump head. Second, the solid-liquid two-phase flow was studied on the basis of a turbulence model and a model of the discrete-zero equation. On the basis of the orthogonal optimization model, the back-swept angle was changed to study the different particle distributions associated with the back-swept angle and non-back-swept angle. We further explored the effect of the back-swept angle on sewage pump performance. The angles were 60 degrees, 80 degrees, 100 degrees, and 120 degrees, respectively. The research shows that the degree of swept-back angle has little influence on sewage pump head. Nevertheless, it has significant influence on pump efficiency when the solid particle diameter is 0.4 mm and the solid volume fraction is 5 percent. The optimization model was made into a prototype with the swept angle of 80 degrees in the plant of Nanjing LanShen Pump Co., LTD, to perform the experiment. The test system consisted of an electric pump, a torque sensor, and a pressure sensor. By comparing numerical results with experimental results, the result indicates that the double bladed, large wrap angle, and leading edge sweep design make the particles move around the outer perimeter of the blades to ensure the passage capacity and operational efficiency of sewage pumps and greatly reduce the wear of blade. Consequently, the service life of the sewage pump can be improved. The rotation of the impeller caused the velocity variation in the back-swept sewage pump and velocity circulation amount distributes around the flow field. The inlet velocity rotated with the impeller high-speed revolution, and the outlet velocity changed radically. The figure illustrates that the solid volume fraction in the pressure side is greater than that in the suction side. That is, particles move towards the pressure side of blade. Therefore, wear and tear on the pressure side is more serious than the suction side. The distribution of total pressure and solid volume fraction are different from the pressure to the suction side. When the back-swept angles are 60 degrees and 80 degrees on the suction side, the total pressure follows a declining trend from the suction side to the pressure side. It means that the field near the imports falls sharply, and then falls gently. However, the total pressure decreases initially and then begins to increase with the increase of the back-swept angle, when the angles are 100 degrees and 120 degrees. At the same time, the solid volume fraction exhibits a downward trend. According to the test results, the efficiency of the model pump can reach 80% with a pump head of 11 m at rated conditions. The test result is 2.5% higher than the National Standard.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Pumps
Controlled terms:Design - Efficiency - Experiments - Flow measurement - Impellers - Mathematical models - Optimal systems - Optimization - Sewage - Sewage pumps  - Supersonic aerodynamics - Turbulence models - Two phase flow - Velocity - Volume fraction
Uncontrolled terms:Back swept double blades - Hydraulic designs - Operational efficiencies - Optimal design - Orthogonal optimizations - Particle distributions - Passage capacity - Solid-liquid two-phase flow
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 452.1 Sewage - 601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 651.1 Aerodynamics, General - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:201444136141
Title:Evaluation of sustainability for intensive farmland ecosystem based on emergy ecological footprint
Authors:Zhao, Guishen (1); Wang, Yichao (1); Tang, Xiaowei (1); Li, Cailian (1); Wu, Wenliang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Guishen
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:159-167
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ecological footprint (EF) and emergy analysis (EA) are two important methods in evaluating regional or system sustainability. The EF is a quantitative tool that uses material and energy flows to estimate the biophysical 'load' imposed by human populations or industrial processes on ecosystems around the world. It is a useful indicator of sustainable development that showed the size of the biologically productive area necessary for resourcing the current consumption patterns when using common technologies. Emergy Analysis (EA) is an ecological accounting method used to comprehensively account all the inputs involving energies, natural resources consumption, and financial payments for humans by using similar units (sej). EA has been proven as an effective tool to evaluate the resource flows, support both the natural system and the economic system, and also provide a useful method for measuring the sustainability of systems. Emergy Ecological Footprint (EEF), which is a combination of these two methods, is considered to be able to measure resource consumption and environmental impact more comprehensively. Using the EEF method in this paper, we evaluated the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system, which is a typical cropping system in Huantai County located in Northern China, to try to reveal the control effect of agricultural non-point source pollution in the past decade. The results showed that compared to 1996, the total emergy input decreased by 3.15% in 2012. Phosphorus fertilizer, electricity energy for water pollution treatment, and nitrogen fertilizer are the top three contributors. The emergy of phosphorus fertilizer increased while the emergy of the other two decreased. But the emergy output capacity (EOC) increased by 6.23% due to the improvement in system efficiency. The EEF ranged from 40.94 to 39.59 hm², which decreased by 3.30%. Meanwhile, the Resource Footprint (RF) increased 2.29 hm², whereas the Environment Footprint (EnF) decreased 3.63 hm². The emergy carrying capacity (ECC) had little change, ranging from 2.49 to 2.51 hm²a. The value of the EEF is 16.42 times the value of the ECC in 1996 and 15.76 times the value of the ECC in 2012, and ecological deficit reached up to 38.45 hm² and 37.08 hm², respectively, and declined when reduced by 3.56%. From the perspective of system sustainability, the results showed that the Resource Load Index (RLI) decreased by 4.02%, Environmental Load Index (ELI) reduced by 27.90%, System Externality (SE) reduced by 8.06%, but the Sustainability Index (SI) increased by 9.64%, suggesting that the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in Huantai County consumed less energy, while the environmental impact caused by external input was weakened, and the sustainability level was improved. These results indicate that the non-point source pollution in Huantai County has been controlled significantly in the past decade. Overall, compared to 1996, the ecological deficit of the winter wheat-summer maize system decreased in 2012 while the sustainability and efficiency of the local farmland ecosystem increased. However, the amount of resources consumption and the environmental pressure of grain production still keep high levels, which mean the control of non-point source pollution in Huantai County needs to keep going ahead in the future. EEF provided us a new way to measure ecological sustainability, and it compensated several drawbacks of EF. Nevertheless, the EEF demonstrated the ecological carrying capacity entirely from a new perspective, and the meaning of ECC has been changed. In EEF, the ECC could only be decided by local natural conditions and failed to reflect the contribution of scientific and technological progress or productivity improvement. In order to make up for it, we designed the indicators of RLI, ELI, and SI, which integrated ecological footprint, productivity, and ecological carrying capacity for a better interpretation of the system sustainability. Agricultural production highly depends on natural conditions, so EEF might be more suitable for research in the field of agriculture systems than EF.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Sustainable development
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Catchments - Crops - Ecology - Ecosystems - Environmental impact - Farms - Fertilizers - Nitrogen fertilizers - Phosphorus  - Planning - Pollution - Pollution control - Productivity - Water pollution - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point source pollutions - Ecological carrying capacity - Ecological footprint - Ecological sustainability - High-yielding farmland - Material and energy flows - Non-point source pollution - Productivity improvements
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444 Water Resources - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 453 Water Pollution - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:201444136152
Title:Protection zoning of arable land quality index based on local spatial autocorrelation
Authors:Wei, Shichuan (1); Xiong, Changsheng (2); Luan, Qiaolin (1); Hu, Yueming (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Politics &amp; Public Administration, Hainan University, Haikou , China; (2) School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou , China; (3) College of Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou , China
Corresponding author:Wei, Shichuan
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:249-256
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Protecting arable land is to protect the foundation of development and ensure the food safety in China. To formulate a scientific and reasonable protection scheme is an important guarantee for arable land under the tendency of hierarchical and fine management. Taking Guangning county of Guangdong Province as an example, the paper conducted a study on the protection zoning of arable land. The actual study process and content were based on the quality evaluation of arable land, and combined the Moran scatter plot and local spatial autocorrelation analysis together to explore the spatial structural characteristics and agglomerate regulation of arable land quality by taking the arable land quality index as the spatial variable and taking the administrative village as the spatial unit. On the basis of it, we put forward the protection zoning of arable land. The main results of the study were as follows: Firstly, the arable land quality exhibited an agglomerate regulation to some extent in spatial distribution in Guangning county. From the point view of natural quality of arable land, the eastern of county was higher than the western, while the high quality arable land which mostly gathered at the central and western of county was higher than the northern and eastern of county from the point view of use quality and economic quality of arable land. Besides that, the positive spatial autocorrelation of arable land quality which contained the High-High type and the Low-Low type emerged as the shape of cluster and had a powerful agglomeration, while the negative spatial autocorrelation which included the High-Low type and Low-High type barely had a concentrate region, and most of them distributed dispersedly with barely outstanding regular pattern. Secondly, different kinds of protection zoning scheme were put forwarded based on the local spatial autocorrelation analysis of arable land quality indexes. According to the spatial agglomerate characteristics of natural quality of arable land, the protection zone of arable land was divided into four sub-regions which included the restrict construction region, the comprehensive improved region, the moderate improved region and the key improved region. Each sub-region of arable land natural quality had its distinctive agglomerate attribute and distribution property, therefore kinds of protection measures and advices were proposed in a line with it, for example, the High-High type of arable land natural quality located at the north of Paisha town, the central of Jiangtun town and the south of Luogang town in a great measure, the best way to protect it was to sustain the existing natural level and forbid non-farming construction. Besides, from the perspective of utilization level and output effect of arable land, kinds of using region and productivity region were also proposed too. Thirdly, the protection zoning were put forwarded through the local spatial autocorrelation analysis of arable land quality indexes in accordance with different connotations of arable land which contain the natural quality, use quality and economic quality, the corresponding spatial agglomerate types of arable land include the High-High type, Low-Low type, High-Low type and Low-High type. Traditional zoning pattern of arable land was most likely to take the natural endowments, utilization level and economic affordability into account, while in the paper, the protection zoning scheme of arable land not only think about those factors, but also take the spatial agglomerate characteristics of that into account, and treat the spatial factor of arable land as the 'fourth dimension' which break though the traditional zoning pattern. The local spatial autocorrelation analysis expanded the regionalization basis of arable land protection and can provide a new thought for the hierarchical and fine management of arable land. At last, kinds of protection measures were put forwarded according to the sub-region schemes which based on the local spatial autocorrelation analysis of arable land quality index, those will provide a reference for arable land protection in Guangning county.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Spatial variables measurement
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Autocorrelation - Grading - Land use - Quality assurance - Quality control - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Arable land - Distribution property - Guangning county - Protection measures - Spatial autocorrelation analysis - Spatial autocorrelations - Spatial scale - Structural characteristics
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics - 922 Statistical Methods - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:201444136142
Title:Inhibiting water evaporation of sand soil with clay modified by linear alklybezene sulfonates
Authors:Zhang, Zengzhi (1); Qu, Yongping (1); Wang, Hongjuan (1); Du, Hongmei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Institute of Ecological and Functional Materials, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Zengzhi
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:168-175
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Desertification is one of the most serious environment problems in the world. Three methods commonly used in desertification control are engineering, chemical and biological sand fixation. Aiming at available water conservation in desertification ecological restoration, the clay-based modified materials were prepared by clay and sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (LAS) composite. LAS (2, 4, 6 and 8 g) was individually dissolved into 15 g distilled water while strong stirring for 10 minutes. Then, 3 g bentonite was slowly added into the solutions under strong stirring. The slurry was sprinkled onto sand with a relative humidity of 40%. The samples were regarded as L1, L2, L3 and L4, respectively according to the different contents of LAS (2, 4, 6 and 8 g), and the original clay L was as control group. The water retention property was studied in simulated desertification climate and the materials were analyzed and characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal gravity analysis (TGA). The materials were placed at 30 cm blow the 500 W ultraviolet (UV) carbon arc lamp to test the resistance to aging. The results showed that the water content of the control group fell sharply to zero just in 3 days. The falling rates of the water content for all the modified materials slowed down, and the water retention property was improved with increasing LAS content. L4 had the best performance for moisture content of 3.2% on the tenth day. It was because the clay particles had been cemented into large particles by LAS and the hydrophobic ends of LAS were connected to form a hydrophobic network that can inhibit water evaporation. As such, samples with high LAS content had better water retention ability. The aging results showed that the compression strength were all higher than 4.25 MPa. Samples with high LAS content had higher strength and the compression strength of L4 was 6.35 MPa. The compression strength and mass lost was small after aging and highest in samples with high LAS content. After 300 hours aging, the lost of L4 was highest with the strength loss rate of 8.7% and mass loss of 1.7%. It was because the photolysis rate of LAS in solid-state was very low and its decomposition temperature was above 450. So the materials had good performance of resistance to aging. The SEM images showed that the original clay particles were small and loosely arranged. There were abundant channels of different pore size to transport water. The clay particles in the modified materials were cemented by LAS so that some water conducting channels were cut off. At the same time, the interaction of hydrophobic ends of LAS made more clay pores changing from hydrophilic to hydrophobic state. Then it was more difficult for water to rise and so the water retention property was enhanced. The FTIR figure showed that the infrared absorption characteristic peaks of original clay also existed in the modified clay, which indicated that the phase composition of clay did not change. The XRD figure showed that d<inf>001</inf> interlamellar crystal spacing was 1.40643 nm for original clay, and 1.42420 nm for the modified clay. And there was almost no change in the interlamellar crystal spacing, which indicated that the modification didn't change the layered microstructure. The TG and DSC curves showed that the original clay kept losing water over temperature and most of the free water and interlayer adsorbed water escaped at and below 200. By comparison, there was almost no moisture loss of modified clay below 200. It was because the interaction between hydrophilic ends of LAS and the free water and adsorbed water made the water more stable. Grass-planting experiment showed that reasonable mass ratio of LAS and clay was 2:1. The materials not only had good water retention property but also maintained sound air permeability so the germination rate of grass seed significantly increased from 8% to 43%. After that, more LAS would block a part of the clay pores, which would influence the air permeability and thereby decrease the germination rate.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Bentonite
Controlled terms:Air permeability - Clay - Climatology - Compressive strength - Crystal microstructure - Cultivation - Ecology - Evaporation - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Humidity control  - Hydrophilicity - Hydrophobicity - Light absorption - Moisture - Photolysis - Scanning electron microscopy - Soil testing - Textile blends - Water conservation - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Absorption characteristics - Chemical and biologicals - Decomposition temperature - LAS - Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate - Thermal gravity analysis - Water retention - Water retention properties
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 443 Meteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444 Water Resources - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 482.2 Minerals - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 819.5 Textile Products and Processing - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 933.1.1 Crystal Lattice
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:201444136150
Title:Improvement for combustion performance of cattle manures by adding biomass combustion-supporting materials
Authors:Cao, Hongliang (1); Gao, Yong (1); Xin, Ya (1); Yang, Longyuan (1); Yuan, Qiaoxia (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan , China
Corresponding author:Yuan, Qiaoxia
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:230-237
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the increasing cattle feeding operations, cattle manure disposal is becoming a problem due to its increasing production and potential contamination of soil, air, ground and surface water sources by running off from the manure sites and odor releases. It is greatly urgent to explore high efficiency and sustainable disposal solutions for the cattle manure. Combustion disposal represents a promising alternative due to the advantages of high temperature elimination of pathogens, drastically reducing waste stream volume, as well as extracting useful heat. However, cattle manure consists of a great quantity of ash, which is harmful to the combustion efficiency and performance of cattle manures and gives a challenge for the design of a high efficiency burner. Under this context, it is necessary and important to improve the combustion performance of cattle manures. Therefore, in this research, some agricultural and forest residues, such as koelreuteria elegans, straw, and corn cob, were considered as combustion-supporting materials in order to improve the combustion performance of cattle manures. The combustion characteristics and kinetics of the mixtures between cattle manures and the agricultural and forest residues with different mass ratios (such as 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) were conducted in detail on the basis of thermogravimetric analysis. The combustion characteristics were evaluated by considering ignition and burnout temperatures, burnout characteristic index, as well as comprehensive combustion characteristic index. The kinetic parameters of activation energy (E) and frequency factor (A) were obtained based on the Arrehenius equation. It was found that the ignition performance of the cattle manure only has a little change after adding those combustion-supporting materials under the different mass ratios. However, the burnout performance after adding those materials has an obvious improvement, in particular for straw and corn cob. The averages of comprehensive combustion characteristic indices for the koelreuteria elegans, straw, and corn cob under the three different mass ratios are 1.89&times;10^-10, 2.09&times;10^-10, and 2.45&times;10^-10 mg²/(K³&middot;min²), respectively. They are considerably larger than that of the cattle manure with an increase of 9.88%, 21.51%, and 42.44%, respectively. On the activity distribution plane of combustion reaction developed by the activation energy and frequency factor, the reaction activities of the cattle manure mixtures by mixing the corn cob under the three different mass ratios all have an outstanding movement toward the high activity region relative to that of the cattle manure, while for an obvious movement toward the high activity region for the mixtures of the straw, it is needed to add the straw with a large mass ratio (e.g., 1:1). Moreover, the reaction activities of the mixtures by adding the koelreuteria elegans under the three different mass ratios almost all have a movement toward the low activity region. Experiment results demonstrate that the corn cob is a good choice as a combustion-supporting material for the improvement of the combustion performance of cattle manures. This research provides a useful reference for the improvement of the combustion performance of cattle manures and lays a solid foundation for the disposal of cattle manures in the perspective of combustion.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Combustion
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Agriculture - Biomass - Chemical activation - Fertilizers - Forestry - Ignition - Kinetics - Manures - Mixtures  - Reaction kinetics - Thermogravimetric analysis - Waste disposal - Waste incineration
Uncontrolled terms:Activity distribution - Cattle manures - Characteristic indices - Combustion characteristics - Combustion efficiencies - Combustion performance - Forest residue - Increasing production
Classification code:452.3 Industrial Wastes - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 521.1 Fuel Combustion - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:201444136158
Title:Fast detection of glutaraldehyde content in oil based on colour detection technology
Authors:Zhang, Hao (1); Wang, Ruolan (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Grain Storage and Logistics Engineering Centre, He'nan University of Technology, Zhengzhou , China; (2) Grain Storage and Safety Collaborative Innovation Centre, He'nan Province, Zhengzhou , China; (3) The School of Food Science and Technology, He'nan University of Technology, Zhengzhou , China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Hao
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:302-306
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Oil is easily affected by various factors such as the occurrence of oxidative rancidity to produce aldehydes, ketones, and other substances in storage, which seriously affects the quality of oil. At present, many detection methods were researched on aldehyde, but all these were high in cost, complicated in operation, and time consuming, and there were no reports found of glutaraldehyde detection. In order to rapidly detect the degree of grease freshness, we analyze the oil degree of deterioration by detecting the content of aldehydes. Schiff reagent (i.e. Fuchsine sulfurous acid reagent) is a colourless liquid that can produce a Schiff reaction with the aldehyde function. The produced reaction bond forming the quinonoid structure of purple pigment made the solution color. The fat content of glutaraldehyde is higher, causing a more obvious chromogenic reaction. The paper according to the chromogenic reaction principle between the oil and Schiff's reagent, researched a determination to the glutaraldehyde content in oil by measuring the oil color. We designed a new type of oil color detection system based on ARM embedded technology. The system was mainly composed of color data acquisition module, data processing module, and data display module. The core part of the control system is S3C2440, the overall operation control system. The color acquisition module can work in the device out of stray light. The light source is provided by the D65 light source. Oil color information of color sensor TCS230 is found from the D65 light that penetrates the transparent glass container for oil after the color of the light. TCS230 color data transfer acquisition for S3C2440 analysis can detect glutaraldehyde content in the samples through the determination of oil color change. The results showed that with the increase of glutaraldehyde content in the sample, the sample R significantly increased after color stimulus values decreased gradually, and soybean oil, peanut oil, and sesame oil showed the same trend. This trend and visual sensory evaluation of oil samples Confidante sequentially consistent color becomes shallow. There is a power correlation between the R stimulus value (red color) and the glutaraldehyde content in RGB color mode. In 0.0050-0.0500 mol/L concentration ranges, soybean oil content of glutaraldehyde and the stimulation of the R-value coefficient is 0.931, peanut oil coefficient is 0.945, and sesame oil coefficient is 0.956. The grease glutaraldehyde mathematical model is set up in soybean oil, peanut oil, and sesame oil. By measuring the R stimulus value in the oil sample by the oil color detection system, we can determine the glutaraldehyde content in soybean oil, peanut oil, and sesame oil. There is a good linear correlation between the system determination results and the actual values. The soybean oil linear equation is y = 1.400x-2.108, R² = 0.991; the peanut oil linear equation is y = 1.326x-1.545, R² = 0.958; the sesame oil linear equation is y = 1.546x-0.927, R² = 0.916. We can improve the accuracy of detection results of the mathematical model through the elimination of deviation standards by correction. The research method can rapidly and accurately determine the glutaraldehyde content in different oils, which establishes a better foundation for the fast determination of oil fresh degree during storage.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Soybean oil
Controlled terms:Aldehydes - Chemical reactions - Color - Control systems - Data acquisition - Data handling - Data transfer - Digital storage - Embedded systems - Ketones  - Light sources - Linear equations - Mathematical models - Oil shale - Oilseeds - Sensory perception - Vegetable oils
Uncontrolled terms:Acquisition modules - Chromogenic reaction - Concentration ranges - Data acquisition modules - Detection methods - Detection technology - Embedded technology - Oil storage
Classification code:461.4 Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering - 512.1 Petroleum Deposits - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:201444136122
Title:Key technology for remote sensing information acquisition based on micro UAV
Authors:Wang, Pei (1); Luo, Xiwen (1); Zhou, Zhiyan (1); Zang, Ying (1); Hu, Lian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology for South Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou , China; (2) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou , China
Corresponding author:Luo, Xiwen
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:1-12
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The small size and low cost micro-UAV information acquisition technology platforms have been widely applied in agricultural field in recent years. It has become the inevitable trend of development of precision agriculture and has offered a fast and flexible way to acquire data for crop management and monitoring, capable of timely provision of high resolution images. The key technology for remote Sensing information acquisition based on micro UAV in the world, which includes the development of micro UAV remote sensing platforms, information acquisition technology, image processing, and analysis and application of crop management, is reviewed in this paper. Micro UAV mainly has two types: rotor helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft. The rotor helicopter has been used more widely in acquiring information of the field, because it has the ability of taking off and landing vertically, fixed-point hovering, and slow cruising. Japan was the first country that has used the micro-UAV in agricultural production, and is one of the countries that has the best and most mature technologies in using remote UAV in agriculture today. The United States, Netherlands, Israel, and the United Kingdom also have a very good development all over the world. The beginning of research and development of micro UAV in China was much later than the other developed countries, but it has a booming development and grows rapidly. In this paper, parameters and characteristics of different models of the micro UAVs from eight companies in China have been listed for comparison. In remote sensing information acquiring systems, due to the limited load capacity of micro-UAV, digital camera and light-weight multispectral camera are two main instruments that are used on micro UAV for remote sensing information acquiring. How to adjust the posture of airborne remote sensors quickly and accurately so that the detecting target is always in the center of monitoring view, and how to realize remote controlling, image and information capturing, and transmission wirelessly are some of the focuses of UAV remote sensing technology at present. Limited by the stability and load capacity of the micro UAV, the remote sensing image always appears with the defects including a small view, large angle inclination, and serious irregular image overlap. So, solving the problem of correction, matching, mosaicing, fusing, and analyzing of the remote sensing images is one of the most important research work in this field. Nowadays, the main application of micro UAV focuses on the detection of growing nitrogen levels and the generation of fertilization strategy for rice, cotton, and other staple crops. However, the usage of micro UAV is limited due to the following defects: (1) its small size, making it easily influenced by wind, and short battery life; (2) poor accuracy of navigation system and balance control system; (3) serious leakage or reduplication of capturing images caused by the imprecise heading overlapping and routes bending; (4) difficulty of image correcting, matching, mosaicing, fusing, and analyzing for the remote sensing images; (5) the error of UAV equipment and usage is difficult to control. According the review, the further research on key technology focusing on high stability, big load capacity, long life time, and high resolution data for crop management have been proposed. The micro UAV information acquisition platform is a good complement of satellite and aerial remote sensing technologies for monitoring agricultural information and generating prescription maps for precision agriculture.
Number of references:80
Main heading:Technology transfer
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Aircraft control - Crops - Cultivation - Defects - Fixed wings - Flight control systems - Helicopter rotors - Helicopters - Image processing  - Image reconstruction - Leakage (fluid) - Navigation systems - Remote sensing
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural informations - Agricultural productions - Information acquisitions - Information monitoring - Micro-UAV - Multi-spectral cameras - Remote sensing information - Research and development
Classification code:423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 434.4 Waterway Navigation - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 652 Aircraft and Avionics - 731.1 Control Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:201444136149
Title:Fast pyrolysis characteristics of corn stalk and its different parts
Authors:Wang, Tipeng (1); Ye, Xiaoning (1); Lu, Qiang (1); Zhang, Zhibo (1); Dong, Changqing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Lu, Qiang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:223-229
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The utilization of renewable resources has been given more attention in the past decade due to the growing shortage of fossil fuels and the worsening of global climate problems. Biomass, including wood residues and agricultural residues, is one of the most promising renewable resources due to wide distribution, large yield, and renewability. Pyrolysis is one of the most appropriate thermochemical processes and can convert biomass into bio-oil, bio-gas, and bio-char. In order to use pyrolysis pathway of corn stalk more efficiently, analytical Py-GC/MS (pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) experiments were performed at 300, 400, and 500 to investigate the pyrolysis characteristics and product distributions of the corn stalk fractions (including stem bark, leaf, ear husk, and stem pith) and explore the effects of chemical inhomogeneity on pyrolysis behaviors of the corn stalk fractions, as well as determine the effects of pyrolysis temperature on the product distribution. The results indicated that the pyrolysis characteristics of the corn stalk fractions differed remarkably from each other and were influenced differently by the pyrolysis temperature. With an increase in pyrolysis temperature from 300 to 500, total yields of volatile products including phenolics, furans, linear aldehydes, linear ketones, anhydrosugars, linear acids, and others increased from all samples. However, the changes of the total yields of volatile products were different among samples. The most increase from total yields of volatile products was obtained from stem pith at 300 and from stem bark at 400-500, which suggested that the pyrolysis progress of stem pith germinated more easily at a lower temperature. The total yield of volatile products of ear husk was the lowest at every pyrolysis temperature. At 300, the highest value of phenolics content in pyrolysis products was 29.76% from stem pith and the lowest value was 13.97% from ear husk; the highest furans value of 12.34% was from whole corn stalk and the lowest value of 7.60% was from ear husk. At 500, the most linear aldehydes content of 18.40% was obtained from leaf, the stem pith was degraded into more linear ketones at 12.45%, and the anhydrosugars content at 4.31% was the highest value from stem bark. The identified chemical compounds contents in the pyrolysis products were different according to the pyrolysis temperature among samples. The 4-vinyl phenol (4-VP) content at 21.27% was the highest from stem pith at 300, which suggested more pyrolysis selectivity for 4-VP. However, stem bark pyrolysis could obtain the highest 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) content of 6.61% at 300. At the pyrolysis temperature range of 400-500, the most feedstock in corn stalk fractions to form hydroxyacetaldehyde (HAA) and 1-hydroxy-2-propanone (HA) was the leaf. Ear husk as feedstock could be a good selection for product bio-oil due to low acetic acid (AA) in the pyrolysis product. Chemical inhomogeneity among corn stalk fractions could be the main reason for their pyrolysis characteristic differences. Biomass fractions should be given optimum applications in the future. The research results will provide a theoretical basis for using high value biomass and develop a new road of biomass selective pyrolysis.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Cracking (chemical)
Controlled terms:Acetone - Agricultural wastes - Aldehydes - Aromatic compounds - Biofuels - Biomass - Chemical analysis - Chemical compounds - Feedstocks - Ketones  - Oil shale - Organic pollutants - Phenols - Pyrolysis - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Bio oil - Chemical inhomogeneities - External standards - Product distributions - Pyrolysis characteristics - Pyrolysis temperature - Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry - Thermo chemical process
Classification code:512.1 Petroleum Deposits - 523 Liquid Fuels - 524 Solid Fuels - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:201444136138
Title:Extracting and mapping of soil depth distribution rules in complex landscape environment
Authors:Lu, Yuanyuan (1); Zhang, Ganlin (1); Zhao, Yuguo (1); Li, Decheng (1); Yang, Jinling (1); Liu, Feng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Ganlin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:132-141
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil depth is one of the most important input parameters for hydroecological models in arid and semiarid regions. However, soil depth is highly variable spatially and traditional measures of soil depth are laborious, time consuming and even difficult to practically perform, especially in the complex landscape areas. In these areas, the mapping based on the relationships between soil properties and environmental factors may be useful. However, the approach used to establish their relationships is limited. Therefore, this study proposed an efficient method for obtaining and establishing the soil-environment relationships in complex landscape environments. The method was based on an fuzzy clustering method (fuzzy C-means, FCM) and decision tree (DT). Using this method, the relationships between soil depth distribution and environmental factors in a typical alpine watershed in the Qilian Mountains, northwestern China with easy-to-obtain environmental covariates data was established. The method was based on the assumption that soil was the production of the interaction among its formative environmental factors with time. The environment variables, such as altitude, slope, aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature, topographic wetness index and normalized differential vegetation index, were extracted as auxiliary variables for data analysis. A total of 3626 points obtained by FCM and DT methods was as training sample set, and 31 points collecting from field survey through representative sampling strategy was used as validation sample set. The method consisted of 4 steps: 1) to define the environmental factors playing dominant roles in formation and development of soil depth, then to obtain the environmental niches by running FCM analysis (after correlation analyses altitude, profile curvature and terrain wetness index were selected to carry out FCM analysis); 2) to assign the ranked distribution of soil depth based on the field investigation data and pedogenesis principles; 3) to select the typical areas of fuzzy membership threshold greater than 0.5, and to randomly choose a certain number of points which were proportional to area extent, and to possess an approximate quantity of points, then to extract the locating information of environmental factors so as to build up the training sample set; 4) to obtain the critical thresholds of soil environmental factors and the knowledge about soil-environment relationships by running training sample set through the DT arithmetic. The method was applied in a typical alpine watershed of the Qilian Mountain, the Heihe River basin, and the soil depth distribution map was created. In addition, an independently field sample set was used to validate the effectiveness of the method in establishing the relationships between soil depth and environmental factors. Its overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient reached 74.2% and 0.659 respectively. Therefore, the proposed method is an optional efficient solution for predictive soil depth mapping in the complex landscape environment.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Data mining - Decision trees - Fuzzy clustering - Fuzzy systems - Landforms - Mapping - Sampling - Soils - Thickness measurement  - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Arid and semi-arid regions - Complex landscape environment - Fuzzy c-means clusters - Fuzzy clustering method - Knowledge about soil-environment relationships - Normalized differential vegetation indices - Soil environment - Topographic wetness index
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 801 Chemistry - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 922 Statistical Methods - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:201444136137
Title:Response of groundwater cycle to environmental changes in Guanzhong Plain irrigation district
Authors:Li, Ping (1); Wei, Xiaomei (1); Jiang, Ya'nan (1); Feng, Dongpu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling , China
Corresponding author:Wei, Xiaomei
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:123-131
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Healthy groundwater cycle can ensure that water resources are used more efficiently and securely in northern irrigation district. In recent years, groundwater cycle condition in the irrigation district affected by climate change and human activities has changed greatly. Environmental problems such as the attenuation of groundwater storage capacity, hanging pump wells and the groundwater deterioration occur with the unhealthy groundwater cycle in some northern areas, which directly affect the safety and efficiency of water resource utilization in the irrigation district. Therefore, studies on response of groundwater cycle to environmental changes in the irrigation district are urgent and important. This study took Jinghui Canal Irrigation District in Shaanxi province as a research area, analyzed variations of characteristics of external environment factors for groundwater system and groundwater cycle elements over the years by trend analysis and spearman rank correlation test. A forecasting model of groundwater depth affected by external environment was established based on multivariate time series CAR model (Controlled Auto-regressive). Groundwater depth under different environmental scenarios were predicted using validated models. The prediction problem of complex nonlinear time series can be effectively solved by using CAR model. In order to evaluate the prediction effects of CAR model, its results were compared with those from other models including support vector machine (SVM) prediction model and radial basis function (RBF) network model. The results showed that the prediction effect of CAR model was much better than SVM model and RBF network model. The specific research results of this paper showed that the main external environment factors affecting groundwater cycle were precipitation, evaporation, irrigation intake water from canal head, and irrigation water ratio of channel and well. Precipitation was in a significantly decreasing trend while evaporation was in a unnotable increasing trend from 1955 to 2010. The Hurst index of precipitation and evaporation were 0.69 and 0.56 respectively. The irrigation intake water from canal head, the surface irrigation water use and the groundwater exploitation showed a decreasing trend from 1977 to 2010, and was reduced by 62.5%, 44.7%, and 34.5% respectively. With the decrease in the irrigation water ratio of channel and well, the groundwater depth tended to increase gradually. The decreased precipitation, the increased evaporation, also the reduced amounts of groundwater recharge and the increased amounts of excretion all led to groundwater level dropping gradually, which dropped from 395.4 m in 1977 to 383.6 m in 2010 and the cumulative decline was 11.8 m in nearly 34 years. The simulation results of groundwater depth under different environmental scenarios showed that in scenario I with the average precipitation of 512.5 mm, the suitable irrigation water ratio of channel and well for keeping groundwater cycle healthy was 1.53. When the irrigation intake water from canal head was 2.15&times;10⁸ m³, and the groundwater exploitation was 1.39&times;10⁸ m³, so that the groundwater level could be stabilized with an average level and the balance of groundwater recharge and discharge could be maintained. In scenario II with precipitation reduced to 486.9 mm, the suitable irrigation water ratio of channel and well was 1.61. Groundwater recharge and discharge balance could be reached when the irrigation intake water from canal head was 2.19&times;10⁸ m³ and the groundwater exploitation was 1.36&times;10⁸ m³.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Groundwater resources
Controlled terms:Climate change - Complex networks - Evaporation - Forecasting - Groundwater - Hydraulic structures - Irrigation - Model automobiles - Models - Multivariant analysis  - Radial basis function networks - Recharging (underground waters) - Signal encoding - Support vector machines - Time series - Water - Water conservation - Water management - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Auto-regressive - Groundwater exploitation - Jinghui canal irrigation districts - Multi variate analysis - Multivariate time series - Safety and efficiencies - Spearman rank correlation - Water resource utilization
Classification code:441 Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development - 444 Water Resources - 444.2 Groundwater - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 451 Air Pollution - 611 Hydroelectric and Tidal Power Plants - 662.1 Automobiles - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:201444136126
Title:Design and field experiment of power consumption measurement system for high stubble returning and tillage machine
Authors:Zhang, Jumin (1); He, Xiaowei (1); Xia, Junfang (1); Zhang, Shun (1); Zhai, Jianbo (1); Gui, Peng (1); Zhang, Biao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan , China
Corresponding author:Xia, Junfang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:38-46
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Crop residues incorporated in farmland by mechanical technique could improve soil physics properties and fertility, increasing the yield and revenue, which was an important measure of developing the ecological agriculture and achieving agriculture sustained development. As a kind of soil cultivating machine, the high stubble returning rotary tiller could finish burying the straw, pulverizing the soil clods, and making the soil surface level only by one pass. The machine had several tillage advantages, such as wide tillage width, deep tillage depth, high straw burying rate, high operational efficiency, easy tillage operation and so on. In addition, it could also cut down on tillage time and save labors, which showed great superiority in the field of the straw returning back to farmland machine. The helical rotary blade roller was the main tillage part of the machine, and its power consumption was an important technical parameter to consider the overall performance, directly affecting the overall performance. The actual power consumption was undefined; the relationships between motion parameters of helical rotary blade roller and power consumption were uncertain. In order to detect the power consumption of high stubble returning and tillage machine during the working process in fields, the real-time measurement system for rotary speed, torque and power consumption was designed based on virtual instrument technology. The torque and rotary speed of rotary knife roller were measured by the CKY-810 dynamic torque sensor and inductance proximity switch, respectively. Meanwhile, the power consumption was shown in real time by the measurement system processing. Calibration testing results showed that the maximum absolute torque error was 5.367 N&middot;m, the corresponding relative error was 0.27%, the maximum absolute speed error was 0.261 r/min, and the corresponding relative error is 0.073%. It indicated that the power consumption test system could accurately detect torque, speed signal, and thereby detect dynamic power consumption. Using the high stubble returning and tillage machine with real-time measurement system in both paddy and dry fields, and the field experiment on power consumption was conducted in the dry late rice fields. Three main factors affecting the power consumption including the tillage depth, rotary speed of knife roller, and the forward speed of the machine were evaluated with the L<inf>9</inf>(3⁴) orthogonal test. The different forward speeds corresponding to tractor gears were measured before the experiment. At the same time, the relationship between tillage depth and height adjustable of hydraulic regulating handle was clear. The tillage depth and rotary speed of knife roller as well as the forward speed of the machine were nearly obtained by adjusting gears, accelerator and hydraulic regulating handle of the Dong-Fanghong LX-954 tractor, and the final values of the 3 factors were average of multiple experiments. Through range analysis, the factor that had remarkable influence on power consumption was the tillage depth, followed by the forward speed of the machine, and the influence of rotary speed of knife roller was least. Results of the field tests showed that the suitable operation conditions were that the rotary speed of knife roller was 335 r/min, the tillage depth was 185 mm, and the forward speed of the machine was 3.35 km/h. At this condition, the average power consumption was 52.52 kW, meeting the agronomic requirements. It operation efficiency was not low. The study would provide references on optimizing the tillage machine structure, matching reasonable diesel power sizes for rotary tiller, and improving tillage qualification.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Cultivation - Dynamics - Electric power utilization - Energy conservation - Experiments - Farms - Hydraulic machinery - Rollers (machine components)  - Sensors - Soil mechanics - Soil testing - Soils - Speed - Time measurement - Torque - Tractors (truck) - Turbomachine blades - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Consumption measurement - Cultivator - Dynamic power consumption - Ecological agricultures - LabViEW - Operational efficiencies - Rotary knife roller - Virtual instrument technology
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 601.2 Machine Components - 618 Compressors and Pumps - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 801 Chemistry - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 922.1 Probability Theory - 931.1 Mechanics - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:201444136136
Title:Hydraulic performance experiment of variable wetting sprinkler based on single-chip microcomputer
Authors:Chen, Chao (1); Tang, Lingdi (1); Gu, Zhe (1); Tang, Yue (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang , China
Corresponding author:Chen, Chao
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:116-122
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Low pressure spraying and precise irrigation are both the important directions for the development of sprinkler equipments. Variable range sprinkler can adjust the wetted radius according to the crop distribution or field shape, realize precise spraying and decrease the energy consumption of sprinklers simultaneously, and thus accord with the developing directions for sprinkler equipments. Traditional variable range sprinklers often use the flow regulation devices to change the working pressure of the sprinkler to realize variable range spraying, however, the flow regulation devices losses hydraulic energy, leading to excessive energy consumption for variable range spraying. An open loop sprinkler irrigation system was established using the controller based on the single chip microcomputer (SCM) to solve the problem. The SCM controller was used to control the frequency output of the converter to the pump unit, in this way, the rotating speed of the pump and the working pressure of the sprinkler could be changed accordingly. As the SCM controller changed the working pressure, the wetted radius of the sprinkler changed, realizing the variable range spraying. The hydraulic performances and energy consumption of the sprinkler was investigated when the sprinkler irrigation system sprayed a square wetted area using the lawn sprinkler TORO S800. The results showed that the measured working pressure for spraying square wetted area ranged from 107 to 225 kPa, responding accurately to the theoretical curves; the wetted radius ranged from 7.6 to 10.1 m, which means that the shortest wetted radius was 0.75 times of the maximum one, meeting the requirement of square wetted area spraying; The coefficient realizing square area spraying was 97.2% in this study, higher than that (89.7% and 86.9%) using the square wetted area sprinklers with flow regulation devices; the average water application of the low energy sprinkler irrigation system was 2.8 mm/h and the maximum combination distribution uniformity of sprinkler irrigation was 77.7%, reaching the requirement proposed by GB/T 50085-2007 "Technical code for sprinkler engineering" that the uniformity of fixed sprinkler irrigation system should be larger than 75%; the optimal sprinkler spacing ranged from 13 to 14 m; the combination distribution uniformity and sprinkler spacing was same as that when the lawn sprinkler sprayed a circular wetted area at the pressure of 185 kPa. The comparison of energy consumption was taken between square wetting sprinkler controlled by SCM and circular wetting sprinkler by the index of energy consumption per unit area and unit irrigation depth under the same combination distribution uniformity. The energy consumption formula of the sprinkler was derived theoretically, showing that the energy consumption of the sprinkler was linear to its working pressure. The average pressure of square wetting sprinkler in this low energy system was 129 kPa with the same uniformity as the circular wetting sprinkler at 185 kPa, making the variable spraying for square field a 30.3% energy saving compared to the traditional circular wetting sprinkler. By using the variable spraying system based on SCM, the energy consumption can be greatly reduced.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Sprinkler systems (irrigation)
Controlled terms:Computers - Controllers - Energy conservation - Energy utilization - Hose - Hydraulic machinery - Irrigation - Microcomputers - Nozzles - Optimal systems  - Spray nozzles - Water supply - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Hydraulic performance - Low energy - Sprinkler irrigation - Variable spraying - Variable-pressure water supplies
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:201444136128
Title:Development and performance test of spray drift test system for sprayer with bar
Authors:Wang, Xiaonan (1); He, Xiongkui (1); Herbst, Andreas (2); Langenakens, Jan (3); Zheng, Jianqiu (4); Li, Yunlong (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing , China; (2) Institute for Chemical Application Technology of JKI, Braunschweig Germany Messeweg 11/12 D-38104, Germany; (3) AAMS-Salvarani Bvba, Maldegem Belgium Vliegplein14A9991, Belgium; (4) Beijing Plant Protection Station, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:He, Xiongkui
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:55-62
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The use of pesticides is an important part of modern agriculture and contributes to the productivity and the quality of the cultivated crop. Pesticide exposure via spray drift can have a negative impact on bystanders, residents, livestock, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Several reviews related to drift phenomenon have been published since the negative effect of spray drift has been recognized. Spray drift is affected by environmental and meteorological conditions, the spray technique and the crop. Wind speed and wind direction are meteorological factors affecting spray deposition. Relative humidity and high air temperature can reinforce evaporation by decreasing the droplet size of particularly small spray droplets, subsequently decreasing their sedimentation velocity and making them more drift-prone. The fate of spray droplets is influenced by operating conditions such as application height, driving speed of sprayer, and nozzle spacing. Air-assisted spraying and use of shielded sprayers in general reduce spray drift. The use of an end nozzle at the edge of the field can prevent overspray of pesticides. A new equipment was developed to study spray drift of boom sprayer and to evaluate drift risk of different spray equipment in this study. ISO 22369-2-2010 had been proposed in which sprayers were classified based on the results of field tests conducted following the ISO 22866 Standard "Methods for field measurement of spray drift". However, this test required well defined and stable conditions of wind speed and wind direction with respect to the sprayer travel direction. As an alternative methodology to simplify the assessment of spray drift risk for different equipment, this study developed drift test system to assess the amount of drift generated by field boom sprayers. The system was expected to be an effective alternative for drift assessment when wind tunnel was unavailable. This study followed the ISO 22369-2-2010 standard to test the potential drift of different nozzles indoor. According to the international standard ISO 22369-2-2010, the spray drift potential of six kinds of fan nozzle (XR110-04, IDK120-03, IDK120-04, ID120-015, ID120-025, and ID120-05) were tested and evaluated indoor by measuring the drift loss and calculating the potential drift. The method could be used for direct evaluation of drift. In the test, BSF (1&permil;) tracers were used to test the droplet. The test showed that the droplet size and pressure were the main factors affecting drift loss (P&lt;0.05). When the pressure was 0.3 MPa, the potential drift of XR110-04 was 33%, which was much higher than the other 5 kinds of nozzles. The potential drift loss of nozzle Lechler ID120-025 was only 6%, which was the minimum. The risk of spray drift was closely related with the spray pressure in this study. The result showed that as the spray pressure increased, the volume of the droplet diameter became smaller, which greatly increased the potential drift. The results can provide valuble information for the reduction of pesticide spray drift and drift classification.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Air - Aquatic ecosystems - Classification (of information) - Crops - Drops - Equipment - Nozzles - Pesticides  - Pressure - Risk assessment - Spraying - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Air-assisted spraying - Boom sprayer - International standards - Meteorological condition - Meteorological factors - Potential drift - Sedimentation velocities - Test systems
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 813.1 Coating Techniques - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901 Engineering Profession - 922.1 Probability Theory - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:201444136148
Title:Effect of maize straw storage practice on biogas production performance during anaerobic co-digestion with cattle manure
Authors:Ren, Haiwei (1); Yao, Xingquan (1); Li, Jinping (1); Li, Zhizhong (2); Wang, Xin (2); Wang, Chunlong (1); Zhang, Dianping (1); Sun, Yongming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Western China Energy &amp; Environment Research Center, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou , China; (2) School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou , China; (3) Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou , China
Corresponding author:Li, Jinping
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:213-222
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The use of energy crops as feedstock for biogas production is increasing. Since energy crops accumulates seasonally, but biogas plants have to be fed continuously, the feedstock has to be conserved. Therefore storage of energy crops is an important issue to handle as crops need to be available throughout the year. Research on preservation and storage of energy crops as feedstock for anaerobic digestion is still at the emerging stage. The aim of this paper is to explore the effect of storage methods (air drying or ensiling) of maize straw on biogas production performance, evaluation of anaerobic co-fermentation of maize straw and cattle manure was conducted by batch fermentation in laboratory scale. Biogas production was measured for 45 days in 1.5 L batch digesters at mesophilic conditions 37. First of all, the chemical composition and structural properties of air-dried maize straw (ADMS) and ensiled maize straw (EMS) was comparatively analyzed. And on this basis, the effects of total solids (TS) mixing ratios (cattle manure: maize straw) on biogas conversion were discussed. TS mixing ratios (TMR) were 1:1, 3:7, 7:3, 4:6 and 6:4, respectively. The dynamic analysis of daily biogas production, accumulative biogas production, accumulative methane production and pH value were implemented. The results show that ensiling had little effect on the cellulosic composition of EMS, however water and WSC of ADMS nearly vanished, in other words, the properties of the maize straw were influenced by the method of storage. The results of SEM and XRD indicate that the lignocellulosic matrix of ADMS is compact, but the cracks and ruleless pores were taken on the surfaces of EMS, the crystalline degree of cellulose was lower than that of ADMS. The storage by ensiling can be considered as a pretreatment process, because the structural polysaccharides of maize straw, which is quite resistant to anaerobic digestion, are partly degraded during storage. Results also show that the anaerobic efficiency of biogas production, and the cumulative biogas yield, TS/VS biogas yield and TS/VS methane yield were highest when the TMS was 7:3, whether ADMS or EMS. The accumulative methane production of EMS were higher than that of ADMS except the TMS of 1:1, and the highest accumulative methane production was 1 816 mL when the TMS was 7:3. The present results demonstrate that the biogas yield of maize straw can be maintained by appropriate ensiling conditions for even after 8 months. Ensiling, which acts as a pretreatment step, showed positive effects on methane yield of maize straw, and the increase in biogas potential after ensiling is assumed to be caused by degradation of structural polysaccharides into more easily degradable intermediates. In a word, ensiling are an appropriate feasibly storage methods to preserve fresh crops throughout the year for an anaerobic digestion facility, in order to ensure a predictable quality of crops and a constant supply of feedstock.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Biogas - Chemical analysis - Crops - Energy management systems - Energy storage - Feedstocks - Fermentation - Manures - Methane  - Mixing - Polysaccharides - Straw - Structural properties
Uncontrolled terms:Air drying - Anaerobic co fermentations - Anaerobic co-digestion - Chemical compositions - Ensiling - Mesophilic condition - Pretreatment process - Storing practice
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 522 Gas Fuels - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 706 Electric Transmission and Distribution - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:201444136160
Title:Influence on physical and chemical properties of Mung bean starch by vibration superfine grinding time
Authors:Hao, Zhenghong (1); Zhang, Bingwen (2); Guo, Shanshan (2); Chen, Yuhang (1); Zang, Qingjia (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural and Engineering University, Ji'nan , China; (2) Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Jinan, Ji'nan , China; (3) Yantai Shuangta Food Co. Ltd., Yantai , China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Bingwen
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:317-324
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Mung bean starch processed by different superfine grinding times was studied to demonstrate the effects of superfine grinding processing with high frequency vibration on its retrogradation properties. In this research, the structure and properties of Mung bean starch, such as particle size distribution and crystallinity, were analyzed. The properties of starch retrogradation, including the solubility, swelling power, retrogradation property, and retrogradation value, were studied, and the contents of resistant starch obtained by retrogradation processing were comparatively analyzed. This study provided theoretical basis and technical support for improving the content and processing technology of resistant starch in Mung bean starch products, respectively. The results show that: As the vibrating superfine grinding processing time increased from 10 to 50 minutes, the average particle size, median diameter (D<inf>50</inf>), and dispersion of Mung bean starch granules increased while the specific surface area decreased. As the vibrating superfine grinding processing time increased from 10 to 50 minutes, the feature of peak diffraction in the diffractogram gradually weakened, including the widened half peak width and decreased peak intensity. The crystallinity decreased from 32.6% to 5.4%, and the crystal ordering level decreased while its amorphous level increased. As the vibrating superfine grinding processing time increased from 10 to 50 minutes, the water solubility of the samples showed a significant increase at the same measuring temperature. Furthermore, the water solubility of the Mung bean starch also increased with increasing temperatures at the same superfine grinding processing time. With increasing processing time, the swelling power of the Mung bean starch increased at a lower temperature (25, 50) and decreased at a higher temperature (75, 95). The results showed that the effects of temperature on the swelling power weakened with the increasing processing time. The retrogradation level and rate of Mung bean starch increased with prolonged time when samples were processed using the vibrating superfine grinding within 30 minutes. However, after being processed for 40 minutes, it took a longer time for the microcrystalline starch to sedimentate. Furthermore, the solution system was opaque, and the chain segments that formed the flocculation became smaller. Although the sedimentation volume decreased, the conclusion that the retrogradation capabilities had improved could not be made. As the vibrating superfine grinding processing time increased from 10 to 50 minutes, the retrogradation value of Mung bean starch increased and reached its peak value at 20 minuets and then decreased gradually. The moderate time for superfine processing improved the retrogradation level of Mung bean starch. However, the starch molecules were hard to recrystallize and retrogradate after long-time superfine processing and formed stable starch paste. As the vibrating superfine grinding processing time increased, the resistant starch content of Mung bean increased and reached its peak value at 20 min and then decreased. The moderate time for superfine processing could improve the formation of the resistant starch of Mung bean. It was not a simple physical refining process for starch to be processed by superfine grinding with high frequency vibration. It was a homeostasis process that changed the complex energy conversion and starch properties. Therefore, the processing time was particularly important for the changing of the sample's properties in the superfine processing of Mung bean starch.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Starch
Controlled terms:Chemical properties - Grinding (machining) - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Particles (particulate matter) - Physical properties - Solubility - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:High frequency vibration - Mungbeans - Physical and chemical properties - Processing technologies - Resistant starch - Retrogradation - Structure and properties - Superfine grinding
Classification code:423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 606.2 Abrasive Devices and Processes - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:201444136151
Title:Multifunctional role of anaerobic reactors in wastewater treatment
Authors:Xu, Heng (1); Wang, Cuiping (1); Wang, Kaijun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Wang, Kaijun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:238-248
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Since 1860, anaerobic technology has undergone rapid development, particularly with the invention of the high-rate anaerobic reactors, and has been widely applied in treating different types of wastewater under extreme environmental conditions. However, the major functional role of anaerobic reactors is generally considered to be removing organic pollutants via methanogenesis. In fact, the actual reactions involved in anaerobic reactors are extremely complex, which also have positive effects on removing inorganic pollutants (N, P, S, etc.). The performance of the removal of inorganic pollutants could be further enhanced by ex-situ/in-situ methods. Recent studies also showed that calcium removal for water softening and in-situ biogas upgrading could be achieved through anaerobic reactors. Nevertheless, the research work of the above-mentioned field has appeared to be relatively independent and scattered so far. First, in this paper, the state of the art of anaerobic wastewater treatment and the traditional role of anaerobic reactors are summarized. Then, the expanded roles of anaerobic reactors in desulfurization, denitrification, phosphorus removal, softening treatment, and in-situ biogas upgrading were elaborately reviewed in terms of their feasibility and process description. A major problem for the anaerobic treatment of sulfate-contaminated wastewater is the production of hydrogen sulfide (H<inf>2</inf>S), which greatly inhibits the methanogenesis process. The introduction of the biological sulfide oxidation step could not only reduce sulfide toxicity, but could also recover sulfur in the form of the insoluble elemental sulfur. As for denitrification, the integration of methanogenesis with the traditional denitrification process or even the novel anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) process has been proven to be able to remove organic pollutants and ammonia simultaneously. Phosphorus removal by physico-chemical and/or biological methods was also demonstrated in the anaerobic reactors; however, the involved mechanism and phosphorus transformation pathway need to be further investigated. High-strength of calcium ions was shown to have adverse impacts on the capacity and stability of both anaerobic reactors and post-treatment facilities. The combination of the stripping or crystallization devices with anaerobic reactors was effective at inducing precipitation of calcium carbonate to alleviate the inhibition of calcium ions. Problems due to the precipitation and accumulation of calcium carbonate in the anaerobic granules (hereafter referred to as the inorganic-nucleus based anaerobic granules) were also observed, which shows promise for the development of an innovative in-situ calcium removal strategy. Specifically, by enhancing the formation of the inorganic-nucleus based anaerobic granules and regularly peeling away the inorganic-nucleus, the calcium ions can be in-situ removed from anaerobic reactors. Nevertheless, its feasibility needs to be further studied. Anaerobic reactors also showed great potential for the in-situ biogas upgrading, which has significant advantages over other ex-situ and physico-chemical methods. Several in-situ strategies (such as side-stream CO<inf>2</inf> desorption, operation at elevated auto-generated pressure) have also been developed that take advantage of the fact that carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>) is much more soluble than methane (CH<inf>4</inf>) in the liquid phase, especially under high-pressure conditions. However, they posed certain technical challenges such as CH<inf>4</inf> loss and disposal of the retained CO<inf>2</inf>. In this case, biological processes such as the enhanced hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, can be used to overcome some of these technical challenges. Conclusively, the multifunctional role of anaerobic reactors in wastewater treatment is gradually recognized. The overall performance of the multifunctional anaerobic reactors needs to be optimized in respect to the reactor structure, operational parameters, and the construction and regulation of the involved coupling models. The role of anaerobic reactors in the production of other bio-based energy (hydrogen, electricity, etc.) and chemicals (organic acids, alcohols, etc.) is another emerging research area for anaerobic technology.
Number of references:68
Main heading:Precipitation (chemical)
Controlled terms:Biogas - Biological water treatment - Calcium - Calcium carbonate - Carbon dioxide - Denitrification - Environmental technology - Functions - Granulation - Hydrogen sulfide removal (water treatment)  - Ions - Methane - Nitrogen removal - Organic chemicals - Organic pollutants - Phosphorus - Pollution - Reclamation - Sulfur - Sulfur compounds  - Wastewater - Wastewater disposal - Wastewater treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic reactor - Biogas upgrading - Calcium removal - Inorganic pollutants - Multifunctional roles
Classification code:452.3 Industrial Wastes - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 454 Environmental Engineering - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 522 Gas Fuels - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:201444136144
Title:Early detection of wheat disease based on thermal infrared imaging
Authors:Li, Xiaolong (1); Wang, Ku (2); Ma, Zhanhong (1); Wang, Haiguang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing , China; (2) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Wang, Haiguang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:183-189
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Wheat can be infected by various pathogens, resulting in a variety of disease symptoms. Early detection of the pathogen infection before symptom appearance is essential for disease monitoring and warning, disease control and the improvement of wheat production. Wheat stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is an important airborne fungal disease. This study investigated the possibility of thermal infrared imaging technology used for early detection of wheat stripe rust since the Pst infection can result in changes of transpiration rate of wheat leaves and thus may result in changes in leaf temperature. The healthy wheat plants were subjected to artificial spray inoculation with Pst urediospore suspension in an artificial climate chamber. Thermal infrared images and data on leaf temperature of Pst-infected wheat plants in incubation period (no symptom appearance) were collected daily using thermal infrared imaging technology. Meanwhile, healthy wheat plants and diseased wheat plants with symptoms infected with Pst were chosen as controls. The variation of thermal infrared images and leaf temperature of wheat plants was analyzed. The results showed that the infection with Pst resulted in a decrease in temperature at the infected parts of wheat leaves, but the leaves of healthy wheat plants and diseased wheat plants with symptoms had no obvious changes in average temperature and maximum temperature difference (MTD) at different parts of leaves. On 5 days post inoculation (dpi), the positions of the leaves of Pst-infected wheat plants in incubation period in the thermal infrared images appeared light yellow and these Pst-infected wheat plants could be distinguished from the healthy plants by visual observation of thermal infrared images. On 8 dpi, there were yellow spots appearing in the thermal infrared images of Pst-infected wheat plants in incubation period. Then on 12 dpi, the yellow spots turned green in the thermal infrared images and there were small uredinia appearing on the wheat leaves. Data analysis of leaf temperature showed that on 3 dpi, there were significant differences (P&lt;0.05) between the leaves of Pst-infected wheat plants in incubation period and the leaves of healthy wheat plants in average temperature and MTD, and that the leaves of Pst-infected wheat plants exhibited a decease in average temperature by 0.08, lower than the leaves of healthy wheat plants, but exhibited an increase in MTD by 0.04, higher than the leaves of healthy wheat plants. So wheat plants in incubation period without disease symptoms could be distinguished from the healthy wheat plants via temperature difference. With the increase of the number of days after inoculation, the difference in average temperature and MTD between the leaves of Pst-infected wheat plants and the leaves of healthy wheat plants gradually increased. On 12 dpi, the average temperature of the leaves of Pst-infected wheat plants decreased by 1.22 than that of the leaves of healthy wheat plants, and MTD of the leaves of Pst-infected wheat plants increased by 1.58 than that of the leaves of healthy wheat plants. Meanwhile, with the increase of the number of days after inoculation, the difference in average temperature and MTD between the leaves of Pst-infected wheat plants in incubation period and the leaves of diseased wheat plants with symptoms gradually decreased. And on 12 dpi, the average temperature of the leaves of Pst-infected wheat plants exhibited 0.27 higher than that of the leaves of diseased wheat controls, and MTD of the leaves of Pst-infected wheat plants was 0.30 lower than that of the leaves of diseased wheat controls. The results indicated that Pst infection could be detected by visual observation of thermal infrared images at 7 days before the disease symptom apparently appeared and that the infection could be detected by analyzing temperature difference based on thermal infrared images at 9 days before the disease symptom was observed. The results demonstrated that early detection of wheat stripe rust can be realized using thermal infrared imaging technology. This study provides a new method based on thermal infrared imaging for early detection of wheat diseases.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Plants (botany)
Controlled terms:Disease control - Diseases - Image processing - Imaging techniques - Infrared imaging - Infrared radiation - Pathogens - Temperature - Thermography (imaging)
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial climate chamber - Incubation periods - Maximum temperature differences - Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici - Stripe rust - Thermal infrared images - Thermal infrared imaging - Wheat
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.1 Light/Optics - 742.1 Photography - 746 Imaging Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:201444136157
Title:Fruit image segmentation based on evolutionary algorithm
Authors:Peng, Hongxing (1); Zou, Xiangjun (1); Chen, Yan (2); Yang, Lei (2); Xiong, Juntao (1); Chen, Yan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on South Agricultural Machine and Equipment Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou , China; (2) College of Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou , China
Corresponding author:Zou, Xiangjun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:294-301
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:An improved evolutionary algorithm based on queen mating combined with elite and truncated choices by stages was proposed for fruit image segmentation, which was appropriate for the demand of the picking robot for real-time image and adaptive processing algorithms. The 8 bit binary code was used to correspond with the gray value of the fruit image in the improved evolutionary algorithm. The number of the initial population was set to 12 in the phase of the population initialized and the corresponding individual values, which ranged between 0 and 255, were generated by the random function. The twelve random numbers were the initial values of the evolutionary algorithm. Then an improved Otsu algorithm formula was selected as the fitness function. In the selection phase, the iterative process was divided into before stage, middle stage, and after stage, which were respectively used by queen mating algorithm, elitist choices strategy, and truncated choices strategy to select the fitness value. In the first stage, the individuals were produced by a random function and then the best individual (queen) of the evolutionary algorithm was hybridized with the rest of the individuals (including the randomly generated individuals) to generate new individuals. Finally, the individuals with the smallest fitness values were replaced by the new individuals. In the second stage, the elitist choices strategy was used and the individual with the smallest fitness value in the current generation was replaced by the individual with the highest fitness value in the previous generation. In the third stage, the truncated choices strategy was used and the last half of the individuals with the smallest fitness value in the current generation was replaced by the same number of individuals with the highest fitness value in the previous generation. This not only ensures the diversity of the population, but also overcomes the disadvantage of local optimized and too fast a convergence of the traditional evolutionary algorithm. In the crossover phase, it uses a single-point crossover method. In the mutation phase, the selected mutation probability was 0.2, which was obtained by comparing the results of different experiments. In the termination phase, the termination condition of the evolutionary algorithm in this paper was that the number of the current iteration had reached the maximum number set by the user in advance. The experimental results showed that the proposed fruit image evolutionary segmentation algorithm was obviously superior to the traditional evolutionary algorithm, and was better in terms of stability, segmentation effect, running speed, etc, and the segmentation threshold value was stabilized within three pixels. Compared with the Otsu segmentation algorithm, K-means clustering segmentation algorithm, fuzzy C-means clustering segmentation algorithm, and Bayesian classification segmentation algorithm, the fruit image evolutionary segmentation algorithm was the best segmentation effect and had the least run time. The average run time of the evolutionary algorithm was 0.08735 seconds, which was less than the other 4 algorithms. The evolutionary segmentation algorithm could be used for citrus, litchi, apple, and other fruits image segmentation and so the algorithm has certain universal utility. The algorithm was achieved by the demand of vision real-time positioning of the fruit picking robot and had provided a new basis algorithm for the image segmentation and its real-time research.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Clustering algorithms
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Citrus fruits - Evolutionary algorithms - Fruits - Health - Identification (control systems) - Image processing - Image segmentation - Iterative methods - Random number generation
Uncontrolled terms:Bayesian classification - Elite choices - Fuzzy C means clustering - Queen mating - Segmentation algorithms - Segmentation threshold - Termination condition - Truncated choices
Classification code:721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731.1 Control Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 914.3 Industrial Hygiene - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:201444136134
Title:Numerical analysis of axial force on dredging pump considering influence of axial clearance
Authors:Liu, Ruixiang (1); Cao, Lei (2); Zhang, Yiyang (3); Wang, Zhengwei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) CCCC Tianjin Dredging Co. Ltd., Binhai New Area, Tianjin , China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing , China; (3) China Water Resources Beijing Investigation, Design and Research Co. Ltd., Tianjin , China
Corresponding author:Wang, Zhengwei
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:101-108
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is an important issue that the axial forces exerting on rotors greatly affect the operation stability of centrifugal pumps. The axial clearance between the impeller shroud and the volute casing cover is a key factor that influences the magnitude and direction of the axial force. The axial force is mainly derived by pressure difference on the outer surface of front and back shrouds and hydraulic pressure on the inner surface of the impeller. The dredging pump studied in this paper was a shrouded centrifugal pump with 9 backward curved back blades on the front shroud. Adjusting the axial position of the impeller could simultaneously change the front clearance and back clearance. Numerical simulations were carried out for 3 axial clearances. Based on RANS numerical method, SST k-&omega; turbulence model was adopted to calculate the 3D turbulence flow in the whole flow passage of the pump. The impeller and the back-blade domain were set as rotating domains with the same rotational speed in the model test. The front and back shroud were set as rotating walls with the same rotational speed. For each operating condition, average values of the three were taken as the final results. The predicted efficiency, head and shaft power agreed well with the experimental results, which indicated the reliability of the numerical method. The relationship between axial clearance and characteristics of pump performance and axial force was analyzed within a wide range of flow rates. The numerical results showed that as the front clearance increased, the efficiency of the pump dramatically declined and the head decreased by different amplitudes, while the shaft power changed little. The component axial force on the back shroud was much larger than others, and thus it determined the direction of the gross axial force. By contrast, the component axial force on impeller inner surface was the smallest. The 3 components of axial force changed with flow rate and axial clearance on different levels. The total axial force gradually decreased as the flow rate increased, and it was the larger when the front clearance was wider. Affected by the rotating back blades, the pressure distribution on the front shroud was in disorder and the pressure gradient was large, while on back shroud, the pressure distribution presented smooth circles and the pressure changed uniformly in radial. As the front clearance increased, the pressure distribution became more homogeneous on both the front shroud and the back shroud. The pressure was larger on the back shroud than that on the front shroud, the area of the back shroud was larger, and hence the characteristics of the total axial force was determined by the component on the back shroud. Therefore, in the preliminary hydraulic design of dredging pumps, pump performance and axial force characteristics should be comprehensively considered and set suitable axial clearance sizes.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Axial flow
Controlled terms:Centrifugal pumps - Flow rate - Impellers - Numerical analysis - Numerical methods - Pressure distribution - Pumps - Turbulence models
Uncontrolled terms:Axial clearance - Axial forces - Back blades - Hydraulic pressure - Operating condition - Operation stability - Pressure differences - Whole flow passage
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:201444136135
Title:Analysis on influence factors of low-speed instability in free-piston engine-generator
Authors:Liu, Fushui (1); Jiang, Yitong (1); Zhang, Changling (1); Wang, Daojing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Liu, Fushui
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:109-115
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Free-piston engine generator (FPEG) contains two gasoline engines and a linear generator, which has attracted considerable research interest for its potential application to electricity generation. The device has low mechanical loss and variable compression ratio which means energy conservation and multiple fuel adaptability. Previous studies have found that the scavenging process was vital to the stable operation of the FPEG system. In order to know the features, an experiment was carried out to analysis the scavenging process of FPEG. In the experiment, both the pressure in cylinder and in scavenge box were tested. Experiment results showed that: the combustion process of FPEG variated cycle to cycle at low speed operation condition for the instability of scavenging process, while in traditional mode the engine performed very well. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model designed according to prototype was introduced to analysis the difference between FPEG and traditional two-stroke engine in scavenging process. Calculation results showed that: the relative low scavenging box volume variation rate of FPEG was the effective factor on the scavenging efficiency, which led to low-speed instability. And the difference of scavenging structure between FPEG and traditional engine was responsible for it. In order to optimize the scavenging system, operation parameters including diameter of piston assembly, volume of scavenging box and charging pressure were investigated. Results showed that: the low proportion of piston assembly diameter on bore and high inlet pressure effectively improved the scavenging efficiency. Especially, when the proportion of piston assembly diameter on bore was less than 0.4, the difference of scavenging efficiency of FPEG and traditional engine was less than 6%.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Engine pistons
Controlled terms:Combustion - Compression ratio (machinery) - Computational fluid dynamics - Electric generators - Engines - Experiments - Fluid dynamics - Free piston engines - Internal combustion engines - Pistons  - Scavenging
Uncontrolled terms:Calculation results - Combustion pro-cess - Computational fluid dynamics modeling - Electricity generation - Engine-generator - Operation parameters - Scavenging efficiency - Variable compression ratio
Classification code:521.1 Fuel Combustion - 612 Engines - 705.2 Electric Generators - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:201444136145
Title:Feature extraction and classification of laying hens' vocalization and mechanical noise
Authors:Cao, Yanfei (1); Yu, Ligen (2); Teng, Guanghui (1); Zhao, Shumei (1); Liu, Xuming (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing , China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing , China; (3) Beijing DQY Agricultural Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Teng, Guanghui
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:190-197
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Vocalizations of farm animals may accompany particular states of animals' mood or emotion. Based on these vocalizations, we can judge animals' current needs and impaired welfare, so they may be regarded as indicators of animals' state of welfare. However, the noise made by different mechanical systems in the commercial poultry house can interfere with the detection of laying hens' vocalization. The purpose of this study is to analyze and classify vocalizations of laying hens and mechanical noises. The analysis and classification is based on time-domain and frequency-domain characteristics of the signal. Vocalization in the egg laying process and song are two kinds of typical laying hens' vocalizations. Mechanical sources of noise on the farm mainly include the ventilation system, manure-removal systems, egg-collection systems, and feeding systems. The power spectral density and sub-band power ratio of laying hens' vocalizations and mechanical noises were extracted by using a sound analysis system based on the program development environment LabVIEW. A J48 decision tree algorithm was used to classify and identify laying hens' vocalization and mechanical noise on the data-mining platform Weka. The results showed that the frequency ranges of vocalization associated with the egg-laying process and singing were mainly distributed within 400-2 500 Hz, the frequency ranges of ventilation-system noise and feeding system noise were mainly distributed below 1 500 Hz, the frequency ranges of manure-removal system noise and egg-collection system noise were located within 100-3 000 Hz, which was wider than the frequency ranges of other sounds. The max power ratios of vocalization in the egg-laying process and singing were (83.4&plusmn;9.9)% and (76.7&plusmn;18.8)%, which were within the frequency range &gt;689-1 378 Hz;. The power ratios of vocalization in the egg laying process and singing were higher than that of mechanical noises in the frequency range &gt;689-1 378 Hz. The maximum power ratios of ventilation-system and feeding-system noise were 68.1&plusmn;2.1% and 74.5&plusmn;9.7%, respectively, which were within the frequency range 0-689 Hz. The power ratios of ventilation-system and feeding-system noise were higher than that of others in the frequency range 0-689 Hz. The power ratio of manure-removal system and egg-collection system noise were relatively uniform; the maximum power ratios were just 37.2&plusmn;4.1% and 40.9&plusmn;3.4%, respectively, and were within the frequency range &gt;1 378-2 756 Hz. The power ratios of manure-removal system and egg-collection system noise were higher than that of others in the frequency range &gt;1 378-2 756 Hz. The sound recognition model based on sub-band power ratio had an average correct classification rate of 93.4%. Further, 92.5% of vocalizations associated with the egg laying process and 85.9% of songs were correctly identified, and the correct classification ratios of ventilation system, feeding system, manure-removal system, and egg-collection system noise were 97.7%, 96.2%, 97.8%, and 94.4%, which were higher than that of laying hens' vocalizations. This method, based on sub-band power ratios, effectively recognizes and discriminates noise from different sources, which can provide a reference for detecting vocalizations of animals within the complex noise environment on the commercial farm.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Acoustic noise
Controlled terms:Animals - Classification (of information) - Data mining - Decision trees - Feature extraction - Feeding - Frequency domain analysis - Machinery - Manures - Materials handling equipment  - Power spectral density - Signal detection - Signal processing - Spectral density - Time domain analysis - Trees (mathematics) - Ventilation
Uncontrolled terms:Classification rates - Correct classification ratios - Feature extraction and classification - J48 decision tree algorithms - Mechanical systems - Program development - Sound analysis system - Ventilation systems
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 601 Mechanical Design - 643.5 Ventilation - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.3 Database Systems - 751.4 Acoustic Noise - 814 Leather and Tanning - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 822 Food Technology - 921 Mathematics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:201444136123
Title:Parameter optimization and test on pick-up mechanism of planetary gear train with ellipse gears for vegetable plug seedling
Authors:Zhou, Meifang (1); Yu, Gaohong (2); Zhao, Yun (2); Hu, Haijun (2); Liao, Zhenpiao (2); Zhao, Xiong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Jinhua College of Profession and Technology, Jinhua , China; (2) Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Transplanting Equipment and Technology, Zhejiang Sci.-Tech. University, Hangzhou , China
Corresponding author:Yu, Gaohong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:13-21
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to develop a simpler and more reliable high-efficiency pick-up mechanism for vegetable plug seedlings, a new type of vegetable plug seedling pick-up mechanism with planetary gear train with five congruent ellipse gears was proposed. The mechanism consists of a transmission part, including an ellipse gear planetary gear train, and two identical pick-up seedling arms. Two symmetrically distributed arms permit the mechanism to pick up seedlings twice for each rotation of transmission. Compared to existing similar pick-up mechanisms at home and abroad, the mechanism was significantly simplified and the pick-up efficiency was improved. After this summary, the requirements of pick-up mechanism as the design basis were introduced, and work principle was clarified in the following. The mechanism imitates artificial action, picking up seedlings from the seedling tray, holding the seedlings while moving forward, and releasing them into a seedling-planting mechanism for the following planting work. Then, it goes back to its original position and be in ready condition for next the set picking. During the process, a particular locus with two straight and close-set curve part has been formed which sufficiently satisfies the requirement of automatically picking up seedlings. On the other hand, in terms of the specific actions of the finger-like pick-up claws fixed on the mechanical arms that pick up seedlings, it can be divided into four phases. Before entering the hole of the seedling plug, the claws are completely open to stay in the prepared state for picking up seedlings. When reaching the seedling tray surface, the claws will start to be clamped slowly, until they enter into the bottom of the hole in the seedling tray after which they turn to be fully clamped to pull the seedling out of the hole of the tray. Then, the seedling is held reliably and moved to a particular location with a set of seedling-plant mechanisms placed below, and the claws start to open until a new seedling-picking process starts. Afterwards, based on the above analysis of the principle of mechanism, the mathematical equation of mechanism kinematics is established. Therefore, a computer-aided analysis and optimization software on the platform of Visual Basic for this vegetable plug seedlings pick-up mechanism was developed on the basis of the established mathematical equation. With the man-computer interaction of this visualization software and by using the method of controlling single variables at a time, a group of combinative analysis by trial and error was carried out, and the regularity of how the structure parameters changed in value influence work locus of the mechanism was analyzed in a convenient way. Then, one group of non-inferior parameters that well satisfy the demands of forming ideal work locus in accordance with design requirements was presented. Based on these non-inferior parameters, the mechanism 3D model was set up. Subsequently, simulation analysis and prototype tests were carried out. The mechanism ran smoothly with a pick-up success rate reached 95%. The results showed the feasibility of the mechanism's theoretical model and will provide technical support for the research and development of core components of automatic transplanting machine.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Mechanisms
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Computer aided analysis - Computer simulation - Epicyclic gears - Gears - Geometry - Machine components - Optimization - Pickups - Seed  - Transplants - Vegetables - Visual BASIC
Uncontrolled terms:Ellipse gear - Mathematical equations - Model and simulation - Optimization software - Parameter optimization - Research and development - Transplanting machine - Visualization software
Classification code:462.4 Prosthetics - 601.2 Machine Components - 601.3 Mechanisms - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 723.5 Computer Applications - 752.3.1 Sound Reproduction Equipment - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:201444136146
Title:Mix-ameliorant improving substrates quality of waste compost from garden and seedling effect
Authors:Hu, Yali (1); Sun, Xiangyang (1); Gong, Xiaoqiang (1); Tian, Yun (1); Zhang, Lu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combation, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Sun, Xiangyang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:198-204
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Large amount micromolecule organic matters and saline ions was produced during the composting from green wastes, leading to low pH value and high electrical conductivity (EC), and so on. These problems will hurt the seedling in the course of cultivation. In order to increase the effective use of green waste and improve the quality of growing substrate, 2 kinds of ameliorants, including bamboo vinegar (the dilution ratio of 500 or 1 000, the addition content of 500 mL/g) and medical stone (the addition content of 20, 40, 80 g/kg), were applied into green waste composting. Seed germination parameters, seedling growth, substrate pH value and EC, were measured as screening indexes to screen out their proportioning for effectively ameliorating growing substrate. The results showed that the addition of bamboo vinegar and medical stone decreased pH value and EC of green waste compost substrates effectively. Compared with the control, bamboo vinegar and medical stone addition decreased pH value by 1.15-1.20 and EC by 1 839-2 076 &mu;S/cm in growing substrate. The addition of bamboo vinegar and medical stone had very significant effect on seed germination, and largely increased germination percentage, germination potential, germination index and vigor index. Compared with the control, germination percentage, germination potential, germination index and vigor index of the treatment E (1 000 times 500 mL/kg dilution bamboo vinegar 40 g/kg medical stone) were higher by 41.66%, 44.99%, 9.70, 99.75. The treatments with the addition of bamboo vinegar and medical stone promoted seedling growth, and also increased chlorophyll contents, which accordingly increased the root weight, root length and seedling weight. The root length, chlorophyll content, plant height and seedling weight were high than the control by 4.01 cm, 0.3375 mg/kg, 0.139 g and 1.380 cm, respectively. Therefore, the treatments of applying 500 mL/kg 1 000 times dilution bamboo vinegar 40 g/kg medical stone to the green waste compost substrates has the best effect. The results of the study will promote green waste compost waste used as substrate utilization.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Substrates
Controlled terms:Acetic acid - Bamboo - Chlorophyll - Composting - Cultivation - Diagnosis - Electric conductivity - pH - Quality control - Refuse disposal  - Seed - Waste treatment - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:Bamboo vinegars - Electrical conductivity - Germination percentages - Germination potential - High electrical conductivity - Medical stone - pH value - Substrate utilization
Classification code:452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 801 Chemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:201444136153
Title:Agricultural land classification based on fuzzy comprehensive analysis
Authors:Pan, Runqiu (1); Liu, Jun (1); Song, Danyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Resources and Environment Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan , China; (2) Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Wuhan University, Wuhan , China
Corresponding author:Pan, Runqiu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:257-265
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rational use of agricultural land is of significant importance to the food safety of our country and the development of social economy. With the introduction of new National Standards, classification of farmland has become an important part of land management. Accurate classification of farmland is the foundation of the management of both land quality and quantity. Classification of agricultural land is a very complex process, which requires a concurrent consideration of the natural quality, the utilized and economic level of land. Up till the present moment, the main method used to classify agricultural land was multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method, which was referenced on The Farmland Gradation and Classification(GB/T 28407-2012) issued by the Ministry of Land and Resources of China. The classification index of farmland in this method was calculated through a comprehensive assessment and progressive modification of natural, social and economic factors related to the land. The calculation of the index was based on light-temperature potential productivity and the standard farming system of the land. Although traditional methods did well in applying quantum mathematics to farmland grading, it had some drawbacks such as absolute quantity and rigid division, due to the complex process of classification of agricultural land. It was essential to explore a more scientific approach to classify agricultural land. The purpose of this paper was to apply fuzzy mathematics to classification of farmland, and explore the feasibility of combining fuzzy comprehensive evaluation with fuzzy clustering analysis, which was termed as the fuzzy comprehensive analysis method in the study. Take Anlu city as a study case, we employed the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm as the analysis methods. Besides, we used ArcGIS and Visual Studio2010 as the data processing platforms. The research process was as follows: Firstly, we obtained the degree of membership of grading units to each grade through compound operation of decision evaluation matrix and the weights of evaluation factors, based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. And then, we used the membership matrix as a data source to grade agricultural land by fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm, since the method can make up for the information's loss caused by the principle of maximum membership in the process of classification. The results indicated that the fuzzy comprehensive analysis method can be used to classify agricultural land. Roughly 80% of grading cells of farmland were consistent with the result of traditional method. To further examine/test the accuracy of the method introduced in this study, we adopted the grain yield per unit of sown area in each village in Anlu city to verify the grading result generated by fuzzy comprehensive analysis method and the traditional method. Result showed that linear correlative coefficients were 0.87 and 0.82 respectively, which meant both methods had significant correlations. However, the correlation of fuzzy comprehensive analysis method was slightly higher than that of the traditional method. Thus, we can conclude that the application of the fuzzy comprehensive analysis method in classification of agricultural land can improve the classification of farmlands objectively and accurately, which has practical significance and reference value in quality evaluation of agricultural land.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Classification (of information) - Clustering algorithms - Data handling - Economic and social effects - Economics - Farms - Fuzzy clustering - Fuzzy set theory - Fuzzy systems  - Geographic information systems - Grading - Land use - Matrix algebra - Models
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive analysis methods - Comprehensive assessment - Correlative coefficients - Farmland - Fuzzy c-means clustering algorithms - Fuzzy clustering analysis - Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation - Multi-factor comprehensive evaluation methods
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.1 Algebra - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:201444136140
Title:Measurement of soil sorptivity rate under different land uses by disc infiltrometer
Authors:She, Dongli (1); Gao, Xuemei (1); Fang, Kai (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Lab. of Efficient Irrigation-Drainage and Agricultural Soil-Water Environ. in Southern China, Hohai University, Nanjing , China; (2) National Eng. Research Center of Water Resources Efficient Utilization and Eng. Safety, Hohai University, Nanjing , China; (3) Suqian Water Conservancy Bureau, Suqian , China
Corresponding author:She, Dongli
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:151-158
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil sorptivity is one of the most important soil hydraulic parameters, representing the capacity of soil to absorb and release the soil solution by capillary force. Quantifying soil sorptivity is essential for describing and modeling hydrological and biological processes, and promoting the theoretical research of the unsaturated soil water movement processes, as well as for the determination of rational irrigation and drainage technology parameters. However, obtaining sufficient and reliable soil sorptivity data is expensive and time consuming. Since the measurement is fast and good for the in-site measurement in fields, the disc infiltration method has been paid more attention gradually. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of using a disc infiltrometer to determine soil sorptivity in 3 soils with different land uses (vegetable field, grass land and tea garden) and contrasting soil textures. For this purpose, a series of 3-D infiltration experiments were conducted using 2 sizes (in diameter of 10 and 20 cm) of disc infiltrometer under 4 pressure heads (-9, -6, -3, and 0 cm). The performances of Philip, Haverkamp 3-D infiltration and modified Haverkamp 3-D infiltration method were assessed by setting the Vandervaere method as the control. The results showed that the optimum infiltration time (OIT) for sorptivity calculation differed with methods. Among the 4 methods, the optimum infiltration time for Philip method was the shortest, being 30 s. The OIT for the modified Haverkamp 3-D infiltration method was about 240 s, but the whole infiltration process was required to get a reasonable sorptivity value for the Haverkamp 3-D infiltration method. The Haverkamp method was better than the other 2 methods because that the Haverkamp 3-D infiltration method resulted in sorptivity values closest to that of the Vandervaere method. No significant difference in the soil sorptivity determined by infiltrometers was found between different diameter discs. This may indicate that sorptivity measurement is not affected by the disc size. Small disc is thus recommended for the field application considering that small disc is in better contact with soil surface and a smaller quantity of water is required for the measurement. Pressure heads and land use types had interaction on sorptivity rate. The sorptivity rate under 4 pressure heads was not significant at vegetable field (P&gt;0.05), but significant at tea garden and grass land (P&lt;0.05). Except for the pressure head of 0 cm, soil sorptivity was significantly different in the 3 land use types (P&lt;0.05), and the order of measured soil sorptivity among the 3 land uses differed with pressure heads. The soil sorptivity of vegetable field was highest under lower pressure heads (-9 and -6 cm), while that of tea garden and grass land was higher than that of vegetable field under higher pressure heads (-3 cm). This indicated that the difference of soil pore distribution is obvious in different land use types. This study may be instructive in estimating soil hydraulic parameters by disc infiltrometer in hilly area of South China.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Land use - Models - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Biological process - Different land use types - Disc infiltrometer - Infiltration process - Soil hydraulic parameters - Sorptivity - Technology parameters - Theoretical research
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 902.1 Engineering Graphics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:201444136156
Title:Planning methodology of agricultural landscape and its application in ecological conservation development area
Authors:Liang, Fachao (1); Liu, Liming (2); Qu, Yanbo (3); Shuang, Wenyuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Public Administration, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou , China; (2) College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing , China; (3) College of Public Administration, Shandong University of Finance and Economic, Jinan , China
Corresponding author:Liu, Liming
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:286-293
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Scientific and rational planning methodology of agricultural landscape is a core technology of China new countryside construction systems. Scientific approach of agricultural landscape planning is directly related to scientificity, practicability and feasibility of agricultural landscape planning. However, landscape planning approach lacks in the new countryside construction of China. In order to meet the requirements of the new countryside construction, the scientific and integrated planning methodology of agricultural landscape was proposed. In this paper, the definition of agricultural landscape was determined. Agricultural landscape could be defined as mosaics of patches serving agricultural production outside the town. It includes farmland, woodland, orchard, water conservancy facilities, rural roads, rural settlements and other ecosystems. On the basis of dominant landscape functional classification and mapping, agricultural landscapes were classed into 4 classes namely agricultural production landscape, agricultural ecological landscape, agricultural service and facility landscape and rural settlement landscape. These four categoties of landscape were planned respectively, unreasonable agricultural landscape units were adjusted. Based on the natural suitability evaluation of the agricultural production landscape, the paper carried out zoning plan of agricultural production landscape. On the basis of field survey and evaluation on service facilities of the agricultural landscape, the roads landscape and the agricultural tourism and leisure landscape were specially planned. As for results of the suitability evaluation on rural settlement landscape, the rural settlement landscape was divided into different development types and then its internal structure was planned. The agro-ecological landscape was planned from the ecological protection areas, ecological corridors of rivers and ecological corridor of traffic, respectively. Taking advantage of the combination theory of 'Matrix-Patch-Corridor' in landscape ecology and the method of zoning tradeoff, overall layout maps of the agricultural landscape planning were made according to the basic principles of 'agro-ecological is prior, agricultural production is the second, followed by agricultural services and facilities and agricultural tourism and leisure landscape is the last'. A case study on agricultural landscape planning was carried out in Yukou town of the ecological conservation development area of Pinggu District, Beijing. Agricultural landscape matrix in agricultural landscape layout plan of Yukou Town was: Agricultural production landscape areas, economic fruit production areas, and agro-ecological protection areas and so on. The patch was the agricultural agro-tourism area and rural settlement landscape area. The corridor was roads, rivers, ecological buffer areas, etc. By using GIS, the overall layout maps of agricultural landscape planning of Yukou town were drawn. Research showed that the function zones of the agricultural landscape layout plan were explicitly and definitely designed at both spatial and temporal scale in the case study area. During the planning and implementation process, the new countryside could be constructed according to comprehensive layout of agriculture landscape planning. The results could provide theoretical support and technical means for the agricultural landscape planning in the beautiful countryside construction.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Ecology - Farms - Geographic information systems - Land use - Planning - Regional planning - Surveys - Water management - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural landscapes - Agricultural productions - Ecological conservation - Functional classification - Landscape - New countryside constructions - Suitability evaluation - Yukou Town
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 405.3 Surveying - 444 Water Resources - 446 Waterworks - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 723.3 Database Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:201444136147
Title:Biogas engineering technology screening based on analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
Authors:Xiang, Xin (1); Luo, Yu (1); Cheng, Hongsheng (1); Sheng, Yujun (1); Wang, Yanchang (1); Zhang, Yuhua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Yuhua
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:205-212
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas, like solar and wind energy, is a renewable energy source. Biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion with anaerobic bacteria or fermentation of biodegradable materials, usually from regionally available raw materials such as recycled waste like manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops. Biogas is comprised primarily of methane (CH<inf>4</inf>) and carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H<inf>2</inf>S), moisture, and siloxanes. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel. Biogas can be used as a fuel in any country for any heating purposes, such as cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat. In China during the last year, this biogas technology has met with high growth rates, and it has become the main way to use the waste of livestock manure. Currently, a vast variety of biogas technologies and techniques are available at home and abroad. The effects of biogas technologies differ in different regions. Using scientific methods to screen out the right biogas technology for certain areas is applicable, economically viable, and environmentally friendly. Comprehensive evaluation on one certain technology in a specific area is the key issue to select and integrate the modern technology. In order to construct the comprehensive evaluation index system and method for one certain technology in China, construction on the system and method is put forward, and the comprehensive evaluation index system is established with a research method of literature analysis based on a social economic-natural compound ecosystem. In this study, based on the analysis of currently available approaches to screening technologies for biogas and methods to solve the multi-parameter problem in decision making, an AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation based decision making process were applied to establish an index system for biogas technologies screening. The weights of the indices for the screening were worked out through investigation by experts in this field using AHP. Then, the biogas technologies were collated with the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. This decision making process was verified with the actual screening for a case of biogas technologies application site in China. The AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method combined could be used to solve the complicated multi-factor problem in decision making, thus not only overcoming the issue of subjectiveness of AHP in handling hard-to-quantify indices, but also avoiding the shortcoming of neglecting index weights with the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. It is, therefore, a good tool to screen biogas techniques for the recycling of agriculture waste. Comparisons of operating effects between two biogas technologies were carried out; the results from calculations based on the AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method were consistent with the facts of the real application at the two sites adopted with the two biogas technologies. Compared to completely mixed anaerobic technologies, red-sludge plastic anaerobic technology had better effects in terms of consumption of waste. In addition, red-sludge plastic anaerobic technology generated more electricity to meet the needs of a local village in Hubei on electricity expenditure, provided better solutions to the non source pollution contaminating water and soil, and even potentially helped reduce two released main gases, nitrogen dioxide and methane, that cause global climate change. All in all, the methods in this study will provide the methodology reference for assessing, selecting, integrating, and promoting biogas technology in China.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Biogas
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Anaerobic digestion - Analytic hierarchy process - Bacteria - Carbon dioxide - Climate change - Decision making - Engineering technology - Fuzzy set theory  - Hierarchical systems - Manures - Methane - Nitrogen - Nitrogen oxides - Recycling - Renewable energy resources - Screening - Sewage - Silicon compounds  - Water pollution - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms:Biodegra-dable materials - Comprehensive evaluation - Comprehensive evaluation index system - Decision making process - Electricity expenditures - Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation - Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method - Solar and wind energies
Classification code:451 Air Pollution - 452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 453 Water Pollution - 453.1 Water Pollution Sources - 461.9 Biology - 522 Gas Fuels - 524 Solid Fuels - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 901 Engineering Profession - 902 Engineering Graphics; Engineering Standards; Patents - 912.2 Management - 921 Mathematics - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:201444136133
Title:Numerical calculation on gas-liquid two-phase hydrotransport and flow field measurement in volute with probes for vortex pump
Authors:Sha, Yi (1); Liu, Xiangsong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical &amp; Automotive Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou , China; (2) Harbin Electric Power Equipment Company Limited, Harbin , China
Corresponding author:Sha, Yi
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:93-100
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to study the characteristics of the flow field and gas-liquid two-phase flow hydrotransport in vortex pumps, the performance test and the measurement of flow field in volute at optimal operating condition with five-hole probes were conducted on a self-built vortex pump (32WB8-12). Based on these experiments, the q<inf>v</inf>-H, q<inf>v</inf>-P, q<inf>v</inf>-&eta;, q<inf>v</inf>-NPSH<inf>c</inf> performance curves and the absolute velocity v, circumferential velocity v<inf>u</inf>, radial velocity v<inf>r</inf>, axial velocity v<inf>z</inf>, and the flow static pressure p<inf>s</inf>, on the 5 measuring points were obtained. The obtained parabolic q<inf>v</inf>-NPSH performance curve shows the opposite tendency compared to the centrifugal pump. The mechanical properties of the four kinds of forces in gas-liquid two-phase flow were analyzed with the Navier-Stokes Equation, and the results indicated the constraint relationship between performance and mechanical factors. Furthermore, the principle of gas-liquid flow hydrotransport and the difference between cavitating current and gas-liquid flow were also presented. The interior flow field in the pump under the optimal condition has been numerically simulated by FLUENT software based on the renormalization group k-&Epsilon; turbulence model (RNG k-&Epsilon; model) through which the pressure and velocity as well as gasvolume distribution of three cross sections in the vortex pump were obtained. The experimental results also showed that axial vortex was the dominant flow in the pump inlet, and the airflow gathered in the volute inlet with low pressure. The difference of molecule size, shape, and elastic modulus between airflow and liquid leads to the variations of the inertia, friction, and buoyancy forces in flow field, which explains the relationship between performance and parameters of the internal flow and gas-liquid suction as well as the head formation principle of vortex pump. The numerical results are in good agreement with flow field measurement data. The results show that the internal flow in the vortex pump mainly consists of through flow. The flow in the impeller region is of forced vortex characters, and the flow in volute is similar to the combined vortex with backflow, which is a non-axisymmetric unsteady flow with quite high turbulence intensity. All these should be main reasons for the relatively low efficiency of the vortex pump. The distortional principle of velocity field and the channel streamline with two-phase flow inside the vortex pump have been investigated in this article. This research provides a model of gas-liquid two-phase flow and cavitating current in vortex pump.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Inlet flow
Controlled terms:Cavitation - Computer simulation - Flow fields - Gases - Liquids - Measurements - Mechanical properties - Navier Stokes equations - Probes - Pumps  - Statistical mechanics - Turbulence models - Two phase flow - Velocity - Vortex flow
Uncontrolled terms:Absolute velocities - Circumferential velocity - Flow field measurement - Gas - liquid two-phase flows - Numerical calculation - Optimal operating conditions - Renormalization group - Turbulence intensity
Classification code:618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 723.5 Computer Applications - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:201444136124
Title:Design and experiment for rope brake device of mountain orchard traction double-track transporter
Authors:Ouyang, Yuping (1); Hong, Tiansheng (1); Su, Jian (1); Xu, Ning (1); Ni, Xibo (3); Yang, Chenwei (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou , China; (2) Division of Citrus Machinery, China Agriculture Research System, Guangzhou , China; (3) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou , China; (4) College of Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou , China
Corresponding author:Hong, Tiansheng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:22-29
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A wire rope brake device was design to solve the problem of slipping accidents by wire rope loosening or fracture when the mountain orchard traction double-track transporter was working. Based on analyzing the principle of the structure of the wire rope brake device and the whole structure of the vehicle, the structure parameters of the brake lever and the walking mechanism were determined. After analyzing the kinematics principal of the braking process, a model was established by the software of SolidWorks. The virtual prototyping of brake device and track beam based on the simplified model of brake device was thrown into the software of ADAMS/View, in order to determine the kinetic changes of braking process. Using successful brake rate as the test index, the braking bench test and high speed photography collision test were carried out. The calculation results showed that the brake lever parameters were majority determined by the track gradient, the distance of upper and lower connecting rod and the height of connecting rod to the track beam. Dynamics simulation and bench test results showed that, the success rate of wire rope braking device was 100%. With the increase of loading quality, the obvious rebound number of the collision was gradually reduced after the brake lever hit the track cross beam. Collision stress between the brake level and the track cross beam and the distance of the rebounding were decreased gradually with the increasing of rebounding numbers. The collision time, frequency and vibration amplitude of vibration rebound of the brake lever were decreased with the increasing of load. The most violent collision was happened in 0 load of the vehicle. In this condition, the largest collision rebound number was 4 times, the whole braking process took up 3.264 s, the maximum rebound distance was 384 mm. Although the simulation data and experimental data had some errors, the overall trend was consistent, so the simulation process was right. This study can provide theoretical basis for design the safety braking device of slope orchard track vehicle and the subsequent optimization.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Brakes
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Connecting rods - Design - Farms - High speed photography - Landforms - Orchards - Photography - Rope - Testing  - Wire - Wire rope
Uncontrolled terms:Braking devices - Calculation results - Collision tests - Double-track transporter - Dynamics simulation - Structure parameter - Vibration amplitude - Virtual prototyping
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 481.1 Geology - 535 Rolling, Forging and Forming - 535.2 Metal Forming - 602 Mechanical Drives and Transmissions - 742.1 Photography - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:201444136125
Title:Structural parameter optimization of combine harvester cutting bench
Authors:Li, Yaoming (1); Li, Youwei (1); Xu, Lizhang (1); Hu, Biyou (2); Wang, Rui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Lab. of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) Jiangsu World Agricultural Machinery Co. Ltd., Zhenjiang , China
Corresponding author:Li, Yaoming
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:30-37
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the rapid development of agricultural mechanization in China, the combine harvester has been applied widely in the past decade. As the critical component of the combine harvester, the Cutting table frame bears some parts, such as the blade and reel, and is subjected to the unbalanced inertial force of blade mechanism, the impact load of cutting the crop, the incentives from the engine, and other dynamic loads of road excitation. If its natural frequency is close to the frequency of the dynamic load, resonance would be produced; it will even happen to the whole header and machine. The dynamic stress produced by resonance will seriously affect the performance of the combine harvester, the service life, reliability, and human body comfort. Therefore, it is particularly important to study the vibration of the header frame. In the paper, the parametric modeling of the combine harvester Ruilong-4LZ-2.5B Cutting table frame was developed using the three-dimensional modeling software UG. After meshing, the modal parameters as well as the modal vibration shapes were calculated utilizing the NX Nastran, and the first 4 modal frequencies were 12.1, 28.96, 46.35 and 76.17 Hz respectively. In order to verify the accuracy of the modal analysis results, the laboratory modal testing the combine harvester Ruilong-4LZ-2.5B Cutting table frame was implemented by exciting vibration methods with the DH5902 dynamic analysis system. Then, experimental modal parameters were obtained, and the first 4 modal frequencies were 12.21, 29.54, 46.88 and 72.27 Hz respectively. By comparing the above results, it could be seen that the theoretical modal frequencies were close to the experimental modal frequencies (the maximum error is 5.39%) and their mode shapes were also basically the same, which verifies the correctness of the calculated results and the accuracy of the Cutting table frame finite element model. Then, the excitation frequencies of the exciting vibrations from the pavement as well as the engine, cutter bar, vibrating screen, and threshing cylinder of the combine harvester were analyzed, and the result demonstrated that the first natural frequencies of the combine harvester Cutting table frame were close to or overlapped with the above excitation frequencies, which implies the combine harvester was vulnerable to resonance in operation. Therefore, in order to improve the modal frequencies to avoid the resonance, a reasonable optimization proposal was conducted by the Global sensitivity method. The optimization results indicated that when the thickness of the every beam of the frame is reduced from 3 mm to 2.8 mm and the thickness of the floor and the side of the frame is reduced from 1.2 mm to 0.8 mm, the first 4 order modal frequencies separately are 8.85, 24.31, 40.92, and 72.96 Hz, and each of them is beyond the range of the excitation of the combine harvester, which effectively avoids the resonance. The weight of the clump weight for the transmission shaft of the header is increased by 254.90 g, the vibration amplitude of the bearing block of the transmission shaft along the advancing direction of the combine harvester is reduced 0.691 mm, and the up-and down vibration amplitude is reduced 0.216 mm. This research provides references for the design and improvement of the header structure of the combine harvester.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Harvesters
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Combines - Dynamic loads - Engine cylinders - Engines - Finite element method - Machinery - Modal analysis - Natural frequencies  - Optimization - Resonance - Shape optimization - Structural optimization - Structural panels - Testing - Vibration analysis - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural mechanization - Excitation frequency - Experimental modal parameters - Header frame - Parametric modeling - Structural parameter - Three-dimensional model - Transmission shafts
Classification code:408.1 Structural Design, General - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 601 Mechanical Design - 612 Engines - 612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine Components - 711.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:201444136161
Title:Spraying film coating method improving quality of berry during microwave foam-mat drying
Authors:Liu, Bingxin (1); Li, Xiuwei (1); Tao, Yan (1); Liu, Chenghai (1); Sun, Jing (1); Zheng, Xianzhe (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin , China
Corresponding author:Zheng, Xianzhe
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:325-334
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The technology of microwave foam-mat drying is a novel rapid drying technology. It is suitable for drying the fruits and vegetables that are rich in active substance and high in viscosity. But the existing study has shown that the active substance in dehydrated berry products degrades rapidly, which is resulted from the influence of light, heat and oxygen during storage. The bioactive activity of berry products, such as antioxidant has been weakened to a great degree. In order to obtain high quality dry pulp products, a novel spraying and coating technology was proposed in this study. Formation of the coating layer by spraying the protective liquid consisting soy protein isolate and maltodextrin in the later of microwave foam drying may reduce the degradation of bioactive substances in berry puree. In order to determine the reasonable technological parameters of spray embedding technology, the microwave foam-mat drying characteristics of pulp and the stability of dry pulp products during storage were analyzed. Raspberry fruit was used as material, and the microwave intensity, mass ratio of constituents of protective liquid and mass ratio of foamed berry puree and protective liquid were selected as influencing factors, and moisture content, drying temperature and degradation ratio of bioactive substance were selected as objective factors. The effects of spraying conditions on the drying characteristics of berry puree were investigated and protective mechanism of coating for the bioactive substances in berry fruit was analyzed in microwave-assisted foam drying. The micro-structure within dehydrated berry product coated by protective layer was observed by an electron microscope and anthocyanin in berry product was detected by a high efficiency liquid chromatography. Results showed that spraying and coating did not affect the drying rate and temperature due to the similar constituents of foaming agent in microwave-assisted foam drying and protective liquid in spraying and coating, as well as the close connection in technology. Compact coating layer formed by protective liquid on the surface of dehydrated berry product may effectively shield the oxygen and light to weaken the degradation of anthocyanin and vitamin C. The protective coating may improve the retention amount of cyanidine and pelargonidin dehydrated berry product during storage. Dehydrated raspberry product with high anthocyain and vitamin C could be obtained using the reasonable technology parameters with microwave intensity of 14 W/g, mass ratio of soy protein isolate and maltodextrin of 3:7, and mass ratio of foamed berry puree and protective liquid of 4:1. Spraying and coating technology may protect the bioactive substances of berry fruit in microwave-assisted foam drying to ensure the nutrition value of dehydrated berry product.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Anthocyanins - Coating techniques - Coatings - Foam control - Fruits - Liquid chromatography - Liquids - Microwaves - Oxygen - Plants (botany)  - Polysaccharides - Protective coatings - Proteins - Quality control - Storage (materials) - Thermal processing (foods)
Uncontrolled terms:Coating technologies - Compact coating layers - Drying characteristics - Fruits and vegetables - Raspberry - Soy protein isolates - Technological parameters - Technology parameters
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 539 Metals Corrosion and Protection; Metal Plating - 539.2.2 Protecting Materials - 642.1 Process Heating - 694.4 Storage - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 801 Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:201444136159
Title:Chemical interactions and textural characteristics of abalone pleopod muscle protein during heating
Authors:Deng, Li (1); Li, Yan (1); Dong, Xiuping (1); Wang, Yao (1); Xin, Qiuyan (1); Pan, Jinfeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian , China
Corresponding author:Dong, Xiuping
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:307-316
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) is an important commercial seafood species. Pleopod muscle is the edible part of abalone, which is rich in protein and mainly composed of myofibril protein and collagen. The change in conformation and aggregation of protein during heating would affect the quality of the product. Chemical interactions including hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, non-disulfide bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobicity have shown great effect on textural properties of muscle protein. This study used the method of grading extraction solution, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) to investigate the law of changes in chemical interactions and textural properties of the abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) pleopod muscle protein. The results indicate that as the temperature increases (60, 80, 100), the changes of chemical interaction in the center and the edge or transition part of the abalone muscle protein were similar. During heating, the content of ionic and hydrogen bonds declined; the content of hydrophobic bonds first increased and then decreased whereas disulfide and non-disulfide bonds increased but the increasing amount differed due to the different composition of protein. The center part is characterized by high amounts of myofibrilllar protein while the edge or transition part contains more collagen. The textural property shows the following changes: during low temperature (60), the harness, resilience, springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness of the abalone muscle were low. As the temperature increased, the parameters changed significantly. However, the harness and chewiness of the edge or transition part of the abalone muscle protein decreased slightly when temperature increased to 100. The results of SEM suggest that fresh abalone muscle exhibited a porous net structure composed of a vast amount of layers. However, as heating temperature increased (60, 80, 100), a porous closed-knit structure with a tiny hole was formed both in the center and the edge or transition part of the abalone muscle. FTIR analysis indicates that the secondary structure of protein changed significantly; the N-H bond bended, C-N bond stretched and vibrated, &alpha;-helix showed non-regular curved structure, hydrophobicity of myofibrillar protein increased, and disulfide bonds were formed. In addition, there were close correlations between chemical interactions and textural characteristics, which indicate that ionic, hydrogen, and hydrophobic bonds played important roles in the soft gel during the low temperature (60) period. However disulfide and non-disulfide bonds were the main chemical interaction for the formation and maintenance of gel with excellent harness, springiness, and cohesiveness at the high temperature period (80, 100). Our results not only expose the change of the secondary structure of the abalone muscle protein during the heating-gel forming process but also provide information on the relationship between chemical interactions and textural properties. The study provides useful information on the mechanism of protein changes in the pleopod muscle of abalone during heating and on the processing techniques of the abalone muscle.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Proteins
Controlled terms:Collagen - Covalent bonds - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Grading - Heating - Hydrogen bonds - Hydrophobicity - Muscle - Processing - Shellfish  - Structural properties - Sulfur compounds - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Abalones (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) - Disulfide bonds - Fourier transform infrared - Gel stability - Hydrophobic bonds - Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) - Secondary structure of proteins - Textural characteristic
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 643.1 Space Heating - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 913.4 Manufacturing - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:201444136143
Title:Automobile fuel consumption intelligent testing technology based on fuel injection pulse-width test method
Authors:Fu, Baixue (1); Hu, Shenghai (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, Harbin , China; (2) Department of Mechanical and Electrical, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin , China
Corresponding author:Fu, Baixue
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:176-182
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the rapid growth of automobile ownership in China, the control of automobile fuel consumption is not only an energy problem, but also an environmental one. The carbon balance method is a major, indirect way of testing the automobile fuel consumption with high precision, but the test equipment is expensive, bulky, and hard to move, and the demands of the test environment are high; the sampling connection needs sealing and connecting to the exhaust pipe, so its application is limited. The direct test method tests the automobile fuel consumption through measuring fuel volume and quality within a certain distance or time, and the engine oil circuit needs to be taken apart in order to put in the fuel consumption meter. This method is inconvenient, time-consuming, and poses a security risk, which affects the test precision. At present, the electronic fuel injection system (EFI) engine adopts a special EFI fuel consumption sensor to test automobile fuel consumption, or uses two sets of ordinary flow sensors. Its testing principle is roughly the same: They all concatenate engine oil flow sensors to fuel line of engine, they are complicated operations, and the signal lag of the sensor is greater. Because the fuel injection pressure of the EFI engine is high, the amount of oil return is greater, and the oil temperature is higher, which may easily cause the return pipe of connection on the sensor to inflate and explode. Aiming at the existing problem of automobile fuel-consumption testing, using the single chip microcomputer control technology, we tested automobile fuel consumption through direct measurement of the fuel injection pulse width. We then developed an intelligent testing instrument for automobile fuel consumption. The injection pulse signal from the engine ECU is directly collected by the automobile fuel consumption test system. After it is filtered and embedded into single-chip microcomputer, the injector's cumulative injection time and the number of fuel injections is detected by the single-chip microcomputer, the fuel injection pulse width is obtained, and the relationship between the quality of engine fuel consumption and the injection pulse width is determined. According to EFI controller principles, we determined the testing method for automobile fuel consumption. Based on fuel consumption testing principles, we built a mathematical model of an automobile fuel-consumption testing system, and corrected the mathematical model in standard conditions. According to the function requirements of the fuel-consumption testing system, we determined the single chip microcomputer model and modules function of automobile fuel consumption test controlling system, and designed the injection pulse signal acquisition system and the main program for the automobile fuel-consumption test system. We structured the trial system on a testing prototype using the automotive fuel consumption prototype and the automotive dynamometer test bench. Through analyzing and processing the trial data, the testing precision of the automobile fuel consumption prototype is up to 0.46%. Engine speed has an important impact on injector characteristics parameters, and it will influence automobile fuel consumption testing accuracy. Injector characteristics parameters under different engine speed conditions were amended using a linear regression method that will further improve automobile fuel-consumption testing accuracy. The research will provide the reference to develop high-precision, intelligent automobile fuel-consumption test equipment.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Direct injection
Controlled terms:Automobile engines - Automobile parts and equipment - Automobile testing - Automobiles - Automotive fuels - Computers - Controllers - Data handling - Diesel engines - Engines  - Equipment - Equipment testing - Fuel consumption - Fuel injection - Fuels - Instrument testing - Linear regression - Lubricating oils - Mathematical models - Microcomputers  - Oil shale - Regression analysis - Research - Signal processing - Software testing - Speed - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristics parameters - Electronic fuel injection system - Function requirements - Intelligent automobile - Linear regression methods - Single chip microcomputers - Testing equipment - Trial
Classification code:423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 512.1 Petroleum Deposits - 521 Fuel Combustion and Flame Research - 522 Gas Fuels - 523 Liquid Fuels - 524 Solid Fuels - 607.1 Lubricants - 612 Engines - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 661.1 Automotive Engines - 662 Automobiles and Smaller Vehicles - 663 Buses, Tractors and Trucks - 663.2 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 901 Engineering Profession - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:201444136162
Title:Enhancement of international impact of scientific journals in Chinese based on native language
Authors:Wei, Xiuju (1); Wang, Liu (1); Liu, Liying (1); Zhao, Aiqin (1); Zhu, Ming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Wang, Liu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:335-338
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to inherit and disseminate Chinese culture, and enhance international collaboration in science and technology, international impact of scientific journals in Chinese should be enhanced. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of CSAE) was coved by authority indexes such as EI Compendex, CAB Abstracts and ACSESS Digital Library. Transactions of CSAE was ranked No.10 in journals in Chinese by Google scholar for its high citation in 2014. Transactions of CSAE was given the honor of the 2013 most influential Chinese academic journals in the world (Top 5). All of these honors should mainly owe to a series of measure carried by of Transactions of CSAE to enhance international impact of scientific journals in Chinese based on native language. Practice demonstrate that scientific journals in Chinese could enhance their international impact by in-creasing the amount of English information in papers and improving the quality of English, by hiring editors who have studied abroad and hiring associate editors who were in abroad, by developing English website, by exhibiting journals on more international digital platform, The experience is a reference for journals in Chinese enhancing international impact.
Number of references:8
Main heading:Digital libraries
Controlled terms:Agricultural engineering - Agriculture - International cooperation
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese - Impact - International impact - Journal - Scientific journals
Classification code:723.5 Computer Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:201444136139
Title:Regional groundwater salinity dynamics forecasting based on neuro-fuzzy algorithm
Authors:Yu, Shipeng (1); Yang, Jingsong (1); Liu, Guangming (1); Yao, Rongjiang (1); Wang, Xiangping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing , China; (2) Dongtai Institute of Tidal Flat, Nanjing Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dongtai , China
Corresponding author:Yang, Jingsong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:142-150
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Regional groundwater salinity dynamics forecasting based on neuro-fuzzy algorithm The study conducted a detailed analysis of the modeling processes and performances of 2 types of different neural network models including back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) and neuro-fuzzy (NF), in the groundwater salinity dynamics forecasting. Firstly, the classical statistical analysis was used to determine the dominant driving factors of groundwater salinity dynamics and to reveal the available model inputs combinations. Then, the optimal neural network model structures were determined by the trial-and-error method and used to effectively forecast the mid-long term groundwater salinity dynamics. By our research, the idea of necessity in selecting the optimal NF model parameters of transfer functions, rule numbers and iteration steps was innovatively proposed, and the mechanism of differences involved in the model inputs for different groundwater salinity dynamics forecasts was demonstrated. At estuarine Yinyang site, the optimal NF forecast model structure was NF(5-gbellmf-160) with 1 input of the precipitation dynamics, which denotes the optimal rule numbers of 5, the bell type transfer function and the iteration steps of 160. The optimal BP-ANN forecast model structure was ANN(2-2-1), which denotes 2 inputs of precipitation and river water EC dynamics, 2 hidden layers and 1 output. As for estuarine Daxing site, the optimal NF forecast model structure was NF(4-gaussmf-100) with 2 inputs of precipitation and inland water EC dynamics, which denotes the optimal rule numbers of 4, the gauss type transfer function and the iteration steps of 100. The optimal BP-ANN forecast model structure was BP-ANN(1-3-1), which denotes 1 input of inland river EC dynamics, 3 hidden layers and 1 output. As the dominant groundwater recharge resource, the precipitation dynamics was the major impact factor on estuarine groundwater salinity dynamics. On the other hand, the groundwater salinity dynamics at Yinyang site was also affected by the high river water salinity, while at Daxing site was influenced by the inland water salinity, because Yinyang site was much closer to the sea than Daxing site and the shallower groundwater table at Yinyang site made the groundwater salinity dynamics be more directly influenced by the river water salinity. In addition, different models have different abilities to extract the dominant impact factors on the groundwater salinity dynamics. Results showed that the forecast performances of the neural network models (NF and BP-ANN) were better than the conventional linear model that simply combined all the impact factors and added their correlations with dependent variable to forecast groundwater salinity. For Yinyang site's forecast, the predicted r values of NF, BP-ANN and liner models were 0.565, 0.445 and 0.261, respectively. For Daxing site's forecast, the predicted r values of NF, BP-ANN and liner models were 0.886, 0.784 and 0.543, respectively. In particularly, the NF algorithm showed prominent capabilities in simulating and error correcting, which consequently led the NF model to perfectly extract the dominant impact factors affecting the groundwater salinity dynamics and effectively simulate the small-scale details and extreme values of groundwater salinity dynamics. Compared with the BP-ANN and liner models, the prediction errors using NF models could be decreased by more than 30% and 50% at Yinyang and Daxing sites, respectively. The presented ideas in constructing the optimal NF model and using it to forecast the regional groundwater salinity dynamics provide a new and practical approach for studies on regional water-salt system health.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Dynamics
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Backpropagation - Estuaries - Forecasting - Fuzzy sets - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Iterative methods - Model structures - Neural networks  - Rivers - Salts - Soils - Transfer functions - Water - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Back propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) - Ground water recharge - Groundwater salinities - Long-term forecast - Neuro-fuzzy algorithms - Optimal model - Optimal neural network - Trial-and-error method
Classification code:407.2 Waterways - 408 Structural Design - 444 Water Resources - 444.2 Groundwater - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:201444136154
Title:Effects of land consolidation on improvement of salinity soil in Western Songnen Plain
Authors:Wang, Jun (1); Dun, Yaolong (2); Guo, Yiqiang (1); Dou, Sen (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing , China; (2) School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing , China; (3) College of Resources and Environment Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun , China
Corresponding author:Wang, Jun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:266-275
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Songnen plain is the main grain strategy reserve area of China, and it is also one of the three largest soda saline-alkali soil regions in the world. Soil salinization severely restricts the sustainable development of agriculture and the improvement of people's living standards. The land consolidation major projects officially launched in the west of Jilin Province in 2007 provides an effective way for comprehensive controlling salinity land. In the process of land consolidation, one of the most important problems need to be addressed was how to combine land consolidation with soil improvement to realize the purpose of increasing cultivated land areas and improving salinity soil. In order to study the Western Songnen Plain land consolidation effect on improving salinity soil, this paper took the land consolidation project in Zhenlai county of Jilin Province as study area, selected the original cultivated land, saline-alkali land and newly-added cultivated land as plots, adopted the methods of classical statistical analysis and canonical correspondence analysis to comparative study the differences of soil physical and chemical properties and soil ionic composition of different plots. And then we put forward related suggestions for land consolidation and improving salinity soil. The results showed that, in 0-20 and &gt;20-40 cm soil layer, soil electrical conductivity of newly-added cultivated land was significantly decreased by 44.9% and 37.0% than saline-alkali land (P&lt;0.05), but significantly higher than original cultivated land by 35.7% and 58.6%. The total actions and total anions of newly-added cultivated land were significantly lower than saline-alkali land (P&lt;0.05). The exchange sodium percentage of saline-alkali land was around 38% and pH value was close to 10.0, that was classified to severe salinity soil. While the newly-added cultivated land soil exchange sodium percentage was 18.0% and 21.6%, and soil pH value was less than 9.0, that was classified to moderate salinity soil and close to the original cultivated land. Newly-added cultivated soil organic matter was higher than saline-alkali land by 33.4% and 61.3% significantly (P&lt;0.05), but it was significantly lower than original cultivated 21.5% in 0-20 cm soil layer. Newly-added cultivated soil cation exchange capacity was increased by 16.7% and 25.1% than saline-alkali land (P&gt;0.05), and it's slightly higher than original cultivated land. Canonical correspondence analysis results showed that soil physical and chemical properties and ionic composition had significant correlation with plot type distribution. Plot type changed from saline-alkali land to newly-added cultivated land was the process of soil salinization indices decreasing and fertility indices rising in the level of soil physical and chemical properties, and also the process of bicarbonate ion, carbonate ion and sodium ion content reduction in the level of soil ionic composition. Overall, the land consolidation project in Western Songnen Plain could improve salinity soil effectively, but the soil quality of newly-added cultivated land is still lower than the original cultivated land. Therefore, we suggest to improve salinity soil better through improvement of irrigation and drainage system, reasonable land leveling measure and scientific farming.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Landforms
Controlled terms:Chemical analysis - Chemical properties - Consolidation - Fertilizers - Ions - Land use - Metal ions - pH - Salts - Sodium bicarbonate  - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Canonical Correspondence Analysis - Cation exchange capacities - Irrigation and drainage systems - Land consolidations - Saline-alkali soils - Soil electrical conductivity - Soil physical and chemical properties - Songnen plain
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 533 Ore Treatment and Metal Refining - 801 Chemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 804 Chemical Products Generally
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:201444136127
Title:Working performance of passive disc coulter
Authors:Zhu, Ruixiang (1); Li, Chengxin (1); Cheng, Yang (1); Yan, Xiaoli (1); Li, Jiang (1); Shi, Yanpeng (1); Ge, Shiqiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling , China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Ruixiang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:47-54
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Under the environment of protection ploughing, this research designed a kind of test bench on which the sweep and tilt angles of disc coulter can be adjusted precisely in order to study the working performance of different kinds of passive disc coulter: general disc coulter, big ripple disc coulter, notched disc coulter, etc. Simultaneously, this research did four factors and three levels of orthogonal tests by using the factors of the type, velocity, sweep angle, and tilt angle of disc coulter and the evaluation indices of cutting rate and traction resistance. The optimal combination of parameters was achieved through orthogonal tests. Besides, the optimal combination of parameters was repeated verification tests. Fewer factors and levels were studied in this test. And it would take a longer time to do the test if we did a comprehensive test. Therefore, it was a reasonable choice of the orthogonal test. The principle of orthogonal tests was the use of scientific methods to select some representative points so that the points were distributed evenly within the test range. The test could reflect the full test case. Its advantage is to ensure the expected results of the test under the premise of reducing the number of tests and shortening the test cycle. Four factors of this test study were identified through theoretical analysis and access to a large number of relevant literature. Three levels were determined based on relevant literatures and pre-tests. There was no interaction between the factors of this test. So the L<inf>9</inf>(3⁴) orthogonal table was selected. The results showed that the test bench can adjust the sweep and tilt angles of disc coulter precisely. The adjustment accuracy of sweep angle is 2.5&deg; and the adjustment accuracy of tilt angle is 1&deg;. In the three types of disc coulter, the big ripple disc coulter has the best cutting effect and the notched disc coulter consumes the greatest traction resistance. The primary and secondary order of the effects of every factor on cutting rate and traction resistance is the type, tilt angle, velocity, and sweep angle. The disc coulter type has a very significant effect on the cutting rate and traction resistance. Sweep angle has a minimal impact on the cutting rate and traction resistance. So in terms of cutting rate and traction resistance, it is essential to select the disc coulter type. For the passive disc coulter, the effect of forward speed on cutting rate is not as high as possible in the low speed range. Excessive speed can cause disc coulter slip rates to increase. As a result, the cutting rate will decline. At a given level, the optimal combination of the passive disc coulter is using big ripple disc coulter with the velocity of 5 km/h, sweep angle of 5&deg;, and tilt angle of 2&deg;. The cutting rate is 86.17% and the traction resistance is 3 296.53 N. There are slashing cutting actions and sliding cutting actions of the three types of disc coulter. In the low speed, the cutting rate effect of sliding cutting action is better than slashing cutting action; the working performance of different types of passive disc coulter under different working conditions is different. This study may provide the basis for the relevant product design.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Testing
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Optimization - Product design
Uncontrolled terms:Adjustment accuracies - Optimal combination - Protection ploughing - Scientific method - Test benches - Traction resistance - Verification tests - Working performance
Classification code:423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.18.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.