<RECORD 1>

Accession number:201443117731
Title:Performance of evaluation of methanogenic microbial inoculant and its effect of biogas production in pilot scale test
Authors:Wang, Yukun (1); Yuan, Yuexiang (2); Li, Dong (2); Hu, Yadong (2); Huang, Xianbo (4); Wen, Haoshen (4); Liu, Xiaofeng (2); Peng, Xuya (1); Yan, Zhiying (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing , China; (2) Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu , China; (3) Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu , China; (4) Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu , China
Corresponding author:Yan, Zhiying
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:247-255
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The biogas fermentation is easy to fail resulting from high sensibility of methanogens to environmental change. So how to ensure the activity of methanogens is the key for anaerobic fermentation stability. A methanogenic microbial inoculant was constructed based on the physiological, biochemical characteristics and antagonisms of strain RY3, SH4, G1, G2 and G3. The performances of the inoculant under different pH values, temperatures and application rates of the methanogenic microbial inoculant were evaluated. It showed that the 5 strains had different physiological and biochemical characteristics as well as complementary roles. There were no antagonisms among 5 strains. The methanogenic microbial inoculant grew at pH value 5.5-10.5. Methane productions were 1 706.7-2 026.7 &micro;mols at pH value 5.5-9.5 after 3 days' culture, that of different pH values showed no significant difference respectively. The results indicated that the methanogenic microbial inoculant is resistant to acid and alkali changes. The inoculant grew at 15-70 and methane productions were 1 906.9- 2 028 &micro;mols at 30-60 after 3 days' culture, that of different temperatures treatment showed no significant difference respectively. The results indicated that the methanogenic microbial inoculant is adapted to a wide temperature range. At 20, total biogas yield of treatments 2%, 5%, 10% before 14 day were 234, 422 and 950 mL, and the methane concentration of treatments 2%, 5%, 10% on the 14th day were 46.9%, 51.2% and 58.9% respectively corresponding the treatments with 2%, 5% and 10% inoculation dosages of the methanogenic microbial inoculant. At 50, total biogas yield before 14 d were 2728, 3291 and 3 832 mL and the methane concentration on 14th day were 62.7%, 63.1% and 63.8% respectively corresponding the treatments with 2%, 5% and 10% inoculation dosages of the methanogenic microbial inoculant. The results indicated that the inoculation could shorten the starting time for methane production compared to the controls without inoculant at 20 and 50. Pilot tests by kinetic analysis indicated that inoculant could still shorten the starting time for methane production compared to the control using anaerobic active sludge as inoculant. At 20, total biogas and methane yields of 21 day of the treatment with 10% inoculation dosages of the methanogenic microbial inoculant were both 1.6 times of the control group with 10% inoculation dosages of anaerobic active sludge. At 50, total biogas and methane yields of 21 d of the treatment with 10% inoculation dosages of the methanogenic microbial inoculant were 2.7 and 2.8 times of control group with 10% inoculation dosages of anaerobic active sludge, respectively. Overall, this study showed that the methanogenic microbial inoculant could significantly improve the efficiency of biogas production at low temperature and high temperature, and it will provide a new technical way for optimal control on biogas fermentation.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Biogas - Fermentation - Growth temperature - Low temperature production - Methanation - Methane - Methanogens - pH - Physiology - Strain
Uncontrolled terms:Alkali resistant - Anaerobic fermentation - Biochemical characteristics - Methane concentrations - Methane production - Microbial inoculants - Physiological and biochemical characteristics - Wide temperature ranges
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 461.9 Biology - 522 Gas Fuels - 644.4 Cryogenics - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 933.1.2 Crystal Growth - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:201443117703
Title:Parameter optimization of stroke-adjustable and monodirectional pulling fruit harvester
Authors:Du, Xiaoqiang (1); Ni, Ke'nan (1); Pan, Ke (1); Chen, Shaozhong (1); Gao, Qi (1); Wu, Chuanyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou , China; (2) Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Transplanting Equipment and Technology, Hangzhou , China
Corresponding author:Du, Xiaoqiang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:25-32
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The fruit harvester is one of the most common machines in orchards. However, current mechanical harvesters are not suitable for orchard harvesting due to fixed operating parameters, especially the frequency and amplitude. Therefore, a monodirectional pulling fruit harvester with adjustable stroke was proposed based on slider-crank mechanism to improve the harvesting efficiency. The harvester consisted mainly of the case, a steel cable, and a front actuator. In particular, the shaking mechanism in the case was composed of one crank-rocker-slider mechanism and one crank-slider mechanism. The former was used to generate linear reciprocating vibration and the latter to adjust stroke. The stroke changed with the angle of the stroke-adjusting crank. Furthermore,a kinematic model of the shaking mechanism was established to describe its stroke and range dynamics. In order to define the influence of linkage length on the stroke and range, a program was developed based on the displacement equation of the shaking mechanism. The calculation result indicated that the shaking crank had more influence on the stroke than the rocker and stroke-adjusting crank. In addition, the stroke increased with the length of the shaking crank, but decreased with the length of the rocker and stroke-adjusting crank. Range was significantly affected by those two cranks and increased significantly with them. To make the fruit harvester more compact and avoid interferences among all components, the dimension of the shaking mechanism was optimized based on a genetic algorithm. The acceleration curve of the actuator slider at various rotation angles of the stroke-adjusting crank was acquired by further calculations. Moreover, the three-dimensional model of the shaking mechanism was built according to the optimal parameters. The dynamics of the shaking mechanism were simulated in ADAMS software when the shaking crank and stroke-adjusting crank rotated. The rotation speeds of the shaking crank and the stroke-adjusting crank were set to 840 r/min and 7 r/min, respectively. Then the driving torque of those two cranks, the displacement and the acceleration of actuating slider were obtained. The simulation results showed that the driving torque of those two cranks fluctuated wildly while the mechanism generated a two-frequency, reciprocating movement. Finally, based on the kinematic analysis and dynamics simulations, a physical prototype was developed. After that, five Chinese hickory trees with similar age and height in the orchard were measured by digital dynamometer to obtain the average separating force of the fruit, and then the fruit was harvested by the stroke-adjustable fruit harvester to evaluate its performance. The results revealed that the average separating force of fruit was 7.3 N, and the average harvesting percentage was 63.9%, which demonstrated that this mechanical harvester can be used to harvest fruit. By further analysis of problems and causes in the experiment, the cantilever structure in this mechanism needs to be regulated; otherwise it would easily cause vibration when the machine runs at ordinary high speed. In addition, the impact of small branches on energy transmission should be fully considered because part of the fruit grew at the end of small branches.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Acceleration - Actuators - Dynamic analysis - Dynamics - Farms - Genetic algorithms - Harvesters - Harvesting - Kinematics - Orchards  - Rotation - Vibration analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Cantilever structures - Digital dynamometers - Displacement equation - Monodirectional pulling - Parameter optimization - Slider-crank mechanism - Stroke-adjustable - Three-dimensional model
Classification code:422.2 Strength of Building Materials : Test Methods - 632 Hydraulics, Pneumatics and Related Equipment, and Fluidics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:201443117742
Title:Integrative method of wholesale market engineering technology in production base
Authors:Sun, Jing (1); Feng, Wei (1); Cheng, Qinyang (1); Shen, Jin (1); Lu, Fengjun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agro-Products Processing Engineering of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing , China; (2) College of Economic and Management of China Agricultural University, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Sun, Jing
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:334-340
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Integrated innovation of wholesale market engineering technology in production base was able to effectively solve a series of problems of wholesale market in production base, such as a lack of circulation function, low level of technology and management. Meanwhile the integrated innovation of wholesale market engineering technology in the production base was also able to improve the level of wholesale market modernization. In order to carry out the engineering technology integration of the wholesale market in production base, integrative mentality and procedure of wholesale market engineering technology in production base were put forward, with the aim of engineering construction. The integrative process of the engineering technology of wholesale market in production base was made up of the following 3 steps: Technology classification, technology evaluation, and integrative scheme construction. Based on the realization integrity function of wholesale market, classification method of engineering technology was proposed with wholesale market itself as the main subject. The evaluation index system was established for the purpose of engineering construction. The weights of these indexes were reckoned by use of a comparison matrix of analytic hierarchy process built in the software of MATLAB 7.6. Grade criteria for the integration technology evaluation were built by combined method of qualitative analysis and quantitative calculation. Ice storage function module of small wholesale market in production base in Hainan province was taken as a case. Based on the established process and method, the framework for classification of engineering technology of ice storage function module for small wholesale market in Hainan production base was set up with 5 grades and 8 facilities and equipment. The evaluation index system for engineering technology integration of ice storage function module of the small wholesale market in Hainan production base was made up with 3 grades and 15 indices. Finally, the feasible integration scheme of the engineering technology of storage function module for small wholesale market in Hainan production base was put forward with 3 levels and 12 integration schemes. The number of the high level integration scheme of engineering technology of storage function module for small wholesale market in Hainan production base was one. The numbers of the integration scheme in medium level and low level were 7 and 4, respectively. The high level of integration scheme of engineering technology of the storage function module for small wholesale market in Hainan production base was made up of fabricated store house, ultrasonic humidifier or high-pressure atomizer, and ammonia refrigeration equipment. The evaluation result of this integrated engineering technology was 3.953. All these results would provide theoretical basis for engineering technology integrative of a small wholesale market in Hainan production base.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Modernization
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Commerce - Engineering technology - Function evaluation - High pressure engineering - Ice - Information dissemination - Integral equations - Integration - MATLAB
Uncontrolled terms:Engineering constructions - Evaluation - Integration technologies - Method - Quantitative calculation - Technology classifications - Technology Integration - Wholesale markets
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901 Engineering Profession - 903.2 Information Dissemination - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.043
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:201443117740
Title:Rapidly detecting total acid distribution of vinegar culture based on hyperspectral imaging technology
Authors:Zhu, Yaodi (1); Zou, Xiaobo (1); Shi, Jiyong (1); Zhao, Jiewen (1); Linhao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang , China
Corresponding author:Zou, Xiaobo
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:320-327
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In China and Southeast Asian countries, the solid-state fermentation (SSF) process is maintained empirically, especially in fed-batch fermentation by layers. In this study, the feasibility of determination of the total acid content (TAC), pH value and moisture content of Zhenjiang balsamic vinegar during SSF process were investigated. Hyperspectral imaging technology (HSIT) was combined with an appropriate multivariate analysis method. A synergy interval partial leastsquare (siPLS) was used to select the efficient spectral subintervals and wavelengths by k-fold cross-validation during the development of model. The performance of the final model was evaluated by use of the root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) and correlation coefficient (R<inf>c</inf>) for the calibration set, and verified by use of the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and correlation coefficient (R<inf>p</inf>) for the validation set. The changes of TAC, pH value and moisture were obtained by normal standard methods. TAC was constantly increased during fermentation process. The change of pH value was from 3.6 to 3.99, which was appropriate for the growth of the main microbes and can inhibit the growth of other unnecessary bacteria in the fermentation process. The moisture was increased in all stages during SSF process. Besides, the experimental results showed that the optimum siPLS model for TAC was achieved by use of 7 PLS factors, when 4 spectral subintervals were selected by siPLS. The predicted precision of the best model obtained was: RMSECV = 0.625, R<inf>c</inf> = 0.8316, RMSEP = 0.773, and R<inf>p</inf> = 0.7965. The pH value was achieved using siPLS with 6 PLS factors. The predicted precision of the best model obtained was: RMSECV = 0.0465, R<inf>c</inf> = 0.9455, RMSEP=0.0482, and R<inf>p</inf> = 0.9321. Besides, the moisture content was achieved using siPLS with 4 PLS factors. The predicted precision of the best model obtained was: RMSECV = 0.2104, R<inf>c</inf> = 0.8503, RMSEP = 0.2459, and R<inf>p</inf> = 0.8277. Finally, the superior performance of the siPLS model was demonstrated by comparison with two other PLS models. The overall results indicated that HSIT can be successfully used for the measurement of TAC, pH value and moisture content in SSF, and the use of siPLS algorithm is the best means of calibration for modelling. Besides, in order to get the distribution map of TAC, principal component analysis (PCA) and stepwise linear regression (SMLR) were used to calculate the TAC in each pixel points. The distribution map of TAC in vinegar culture was obtained. The homogeneity of SSF also could be determined by hyperspectral imaging.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Acetic acid - Bacteria - Calibration - Fermentation - Image processing - Imaging techniques - Mean square error - Moisture - Moisture determination - Multivariant analysis  - pH - Process control - Spectroscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Hyperspectral Imaging - Hyperspectral imaging technologies - Multivariate analysis methods - Root-mean-square error of predictions - Solid-state fermentation - Stepwise linear regression - Synergy interval partial least squares - Total acids
Classification code:731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 746 Imaging Techniques - 801 Chemistry - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:201443117706
Title:Improvement design and experiment of squid jigging machine
Authors:Liu, Jian (1); Huang, Hongliang (1); Pan, Chenqiang (2); Wang, Changgen (2); Wang, Ping (2); Wang, Qiang (2); Li, Lingzhi (1); Wu, Yue (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai , China; (2) Shanghai Jinheng Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Shanghai , China
Corresponding author:Huang, Hongliang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:47-52
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The squid resource is rich and widely distributed, which is an important economic cephalopod fishery resources. Squid jigging fishery is one of pillar industry in China ocean fisheries. There are 2 kinds of operation form in squid jigging fishery, one is hand line and the other is squid jigging machine. As a major component of squid jigging fishery, the squid jigging machine relies on import currently and the domestic research is still in a primary stage. To enhance the localization level of squid jigging machine, the improved design of power system, control system, control panel and protection device which are the main parts of squid jigging machine are discussed in detail. The overall structure is consisted of machine case and roller. The motor, reducer, control power, intelligent module, controller and a driver with protection circuit are installed in the machine case. The control power, intelligent module and driver connect with the controller through socket outlet, which is convenient for components maintenance and replacement. The power system of squid jigging machine adopts AC servo drive combined with AC servo permanent magnet synchronous motor. The encoder installed on the motor shaft back-end, which resolution is 210 pulses per revolution. The overload capacity is three times the rated torque. The response frequency of frequency converter is 2 kHz and the speed range is 1:10 000. The improved power system have the advantages of fast response, wide range of speed and complete protecting functions. The control system including fishing line releasing sub-control system, fishhook shaking sub-control system, fishing line rolling up sub-control system and the stop sub-control system. The control panel matches the digital tube display with graphic display screen, which is made of light emitting diode display, dot-matrix graphic liquid crystal display, status indicator lamp, alarm buzzer, main control chip, waterproof panel and waterproof box. The new graphic display can provide detailed technical data and real-time information of squid jigging machine. Through the compare of display content, operator can get more information of human-computer interaction, which improves the reliability and usability. The intelligent anti-overloading function, 0 position and limit position protection and the lack of phase alarm measures were designed as protection device. The intelligent anti-overloading function can limit the output of the power system to avoid overload operation, and can allow the machine operating over the rated torque under the low load rate condition to reduce the failure rate of power system. The sea trials were conducted in the waters off Peru squid fishing grounds from June 23 to July 12, 2014. The MY-7 squid jigging machine made by Japan Towa Denki Seisakusho CO, LTD was served as control machine. The results showed that the experimental squid jigging machine operated stability and the total catch was 2 493 kg. The total catch of control machine was 2 472 kg. T-test result shows that there was no significant difference between the experimental machine and the control machine (P&gt;0.05).
Number of references:19
Main heading:Molluscs
Controlled terms:Control systems - Controllers - Design - Digital storage - Fish detectors - Fisheries - Fishing (oil wells) - Human computer interaction - Light emitting diodes - Liquid crystal displays  - Permanent magnets - Shellfish - SQUIDs - Structural design - Synchronous motors - Waterproofing
Uncontrolled terms:Intelligent modules - Light emitting diode displays - Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor - Protection circuits - Real-time information - Response frequency - Sea trial - Squid jigging machines
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 461.4 Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 471.5 Sea as Source of Minerals and Food - 512.1.2 Petroleum Deposits : Development Operations - 704.1 Electric Components - 704.2 Electric Equipment - 705.3.1 AC Motors - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 731.1 Control Systems - 732.1 Control Equipment - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.3 Chemical Operations
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:201443117700
Title:Experiment of synchronous side deep fertilizing technique with rice hill-drop drilling
Authors:Chen, Xiongfei (1); Luo, Xiwen (1); Wang, Zaiman (1); Zhang, Minghua (1); Hu, Lian (1); Zeng, Shan (1); Mo, Zhaowen (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou , China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou , China; (3) College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou , China
Corresponding author:Luo, Xiwen
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:1-7
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Deep fertilizing is a high efficiency fertilization method in rice fields. In order to realize deep fertilizing, according to the requirement of rice planting, a synchronous side deep fertilizing technique is developed on the base of a precision rice hill-drop drilling technique. By ditching, ridging, deep fertilizing, and seeding joint operations, the fertilizing ditch openers prescribe fertilizing ditches, and the fertilizer apparatus puts fertilizers into the fertilizing ditches which are between two seeding ditches, to provide fertility of the necessary growth for rice in the two seeding ditches. At the same time, the fertilizing ditches are covered by the skateboard. After covering, fertilizers can reduce the loss due to volatilization, denitrification, and leaching. And then the seeding ditch openers prescribe seeding ditches, and the seed-falling devices take rice into the seeding ditches, at the same time the water ditch openers prescribe water ditches, and the water in the water ditches will be provided for the rice in the seeding ditches.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Drilling platforms - Drops - Fertilizers
Uncontrolled terms:Corps - Deep fertilizing technical parameter - Deep fertilizing technique - Drilling techniques - Field experiment - Joint operations - Research results - Root distribution
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 511.2 Oil Field Equipment - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:201443117707
Title:Improved design and experiment of shipping transfer system for Patinopecten yessoensis
Authors:Li, Mingzhi (1); Zhao, Xuewei (3); Deng, Changhui (2); Yu, Gongzhi (1); Hui, Panpan (1); Ma, Guozhen (1); Wu, Song (1); Hu, Pan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Navigation and Shipbuilding Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian , China; (2) Research and Development Center of Fisheries Equipment and Engineering of Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian , China; (3) Zhangzidao Group Company Limited, Dalian , China
Corresponding author:Li, Mingzhi
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:53-60
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:By analyzing and investigating the system of shipping transfer for Patinopecten yessoensis in Dalian Zhangzi Island, a new type of high efficiency and reasonable scallop shipping transfer system were designed and improved. In order to prove that its structure is reasonable, a compared test was executed in Da Lian Zhangzi Island. The research showed that scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) with an average shell length of (120&plusmn;10) mm and average mass of (110&plusmn;10) g were collected from the Da Lian Zhangzi Island sea area. The scallop capture ship length is 23 m, has one cabin and cabin size is 2 400 mm&times;1 900 mm&times;2 300 mm, full and complete scallops are 3t, diesel power is 112 kW. The test scallop transport ship is Liao Chang Yu Yun 18023, which has 4 cabins, one cabin size is 7 700 mm&times;3 400 mm&times; 2 300 mm, hatch size is 3 800 mm&times;2 000 mm&times;800 mm, full and complete with scallops is 57 t. Original cage size is 510 mm&times;360 mm&times;265 mm, mesh size is 30 mm&times;30 mm, and the material is rigid plastic. Improved cage (folding cage) is 1 150 mm&times;900 mm&times;900 mm, mesh size is 40 mm&times;40 mm, the folded size is 1 150 mm&times;900 mm&times;150 mm, and the material is Zn hot dipped steel. Tests were based on actual production situation, lasted 5 months (from August to December, 2013) and working 4 times per month. 18023 scallop transport ship's 4 cabins were marked as 1, 2, 3, 4. Original scallop cages were stored in 1 and 2 fresh water cabins, which can be stored 1 400 original cages and one cage can store 16 kg of scallops. Improved scallop cages were stored in 3 and 4 fresh water cabins, which can store 64 improved cages and one cage can store 350 kg scallops. In order to improve the work efficiency, 1 and 2 cabins were equipped with 8 scallop capture ships, which adopt an original work mode. 3 and 4 cabins were equipped with 8 scallops capture ships, which were equipped with a work platform system and a folding cage. By the end of test every day, calculate the amounts of loading and unloading time of scallops and the rates of mantle shrink and mortality and breakage of scallops.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Shellfish
Controlled terms:Efficiency - Fishing (oil wells) - Image reconstruction - Machinery - Mechanization - Molluscs - Population statistics - Ships - Unloading - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Economic benefits - Folding cage - Loading and unloading - Patinopecten yessoensis - Platform systems - Scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) - Transfer systems - Working efficiency
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 461.9 Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 512.1.2 Petroleum Deposits : Development Operations - 601 Mechanical Design - 671 Naval Architecture - 671.2 Ship Equipment - 672 Naval Vessels - 674 Small Craft and Other Marine Craft - 674.1 Small Marine Craft - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 913.1 Production Engineering - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:201443117712
Title:Response of wheat to waterlogging and determination of drainage index
Authors:Wu, Qixia (1); Zhu, Jianqiang (1); Yang, Wei (1); Wang, Zengzhen (1); Ye, Hao (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Agricultural College of Yangtze University, Jingzhou , China; (2) Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Jingzhou , China; (3) College of Life Science at Yangtze University, Jingzhou , China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Jianqiang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:91-98
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Hubei plain area is characterized by plenty of rainfall in spring, which results in frequent occurrence of waterlogging of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field. Subsurface waterlogging is often found in these fields. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the influence of waterlogging on the growth and yield of winter wheat and develop a drainage index for the waterlogged fields. This study aimed to investigate the response of wheat growth to waterlogging condition and to determine a drainage index. In order to achieve the objectives, tube-shaped concrete facilities were used for irrigation and drainage adjustment. Wheat was planted in the facility. Waterlogging period for 5, 15, and 20 d was designed. The waterlogging was conducted in the booting and filling stages of wheat. The soil moisture in the waterlogging treatment was kept at 90% water holding capacity. Meanwhile, the facility for wheat cultivation in soil with moisture kept at 70%-80% water holding capacity was used as the control. The chlorophyll content (Chla, Chlb, Chl(a b)), malonaldehyde content (MDA), peroxidase content (POD), catalase content (CAT), and superoxide dismutase content (SOD) were measured. The yield and its component of wheat were determined. The results showed that: wheat suffering from waterlogging in the booting and filling stages resulted in a decline of Chla, Chlb and Chl(a b) content, which was increased with increasing waterlogging periods. The content of Chla, Chlb, and Chl(a b) was significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower than that of the control treatment when the wheat was waterlogged for 5 days in booting stage. The chlorophyll content decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) in filling stage. When the wheat field was waterlogged in the both stages, the activity of CAT in the wheat flag leaf, root system and young panicle was increased first and then decreased, and was maximal in the root system at the booting stage when wheat was suffered from subsurface waterlogging for 15 days and in the parts of the other stages for 10 days. The activity of CAT in the young panicle went up continuously with increasing waterlogged stress. The activity of POD increased continuously except in the young panicle at booting stage and in the root system at the filling stage. Moreover, the severe the waterlogged stress was, the higher the amplification of POD activity could be. The POD activity in the young panicle at the booting stage changed in the opposite trend. The POD activity in the root system at the filling stage tended to decrease first and then increase, which reached the minimum when wheat suffered from subsurface waterlogging for 10 days. The activity of SOD in the flag leaf, root system and young panicle declined with the prolonged waterlogged stress. Wheat suffering from continuous waterlogging caused a severe reduction in wheat yield. The actual yield reduction per test-pit was 18.4% for 5 d of stress, 45.5% for 10 d of stress, 63.9% for 15 d of stress and 85.5% for 20 d of stress in booting stage, and 7.6% for 5 d of stress, 17.8% for 10 d of stress, 43.7% for 15 d of stress and 70.2% for 20 d of stress in filling stage, respectively. The reason of yield reduction caused by stress in booting stage could be that waterlogging stress led to decreasing in number of productive panicle and kernels per spike. In the filling stage, the waterlogging stress may decrease number of kernels per spike and 1000-kernal weight. Assuming that the 15% decrease in the wheat yield could be tolerant and used as the standard of waterlogging drainage, the waterlogging time that the wheat could tolerate in the booting and filling stages was 3.6 and 6.4 days, respectively with the premise was that the groundwater table should be lowered down after the surface waterlogging was eliminated until the crop could tolerate waterlogging from the underground water.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Yield stress
Controlled terms:Chlorophyll - Crops - Drainage - Filling - Groundwater - Injection molding - Moisture - Oxygen - Plants (botany) - Soil moisture  - Stages
Uncontrolled terms:Antioxidant enzyme - Chlorophyll contents - Control treatments - Ground water table - Super oxide dismutase - Water holding capacity - Winter wheat - Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Classification code:401 Bridges and Tunnels - 402.2 Public Buildings - 406 Highway Engineering - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 442 Flood Control; Land Reclamation - 444.2 Groundwater - 461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 502 Mines and Quarry Equipment and Operations - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 816.1 Processing of Plastics and Other Polymers - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:201443117709
Title:Construction and verification of tire grip state based on combined-slip theory
Authors:Li, Bo (1); Zhao, Youqun (1); Zang, Liguo (1); Wang, Jian (1); Zhang, Mingjie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing , China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Youqun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:68-74
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to obtain accurate estimation of the tire gripping state, a model on the interaction between the tire and the ground playing a key role in the driving stability and the security of vehicles was studied in this paper. Adopting the Brush Model of tire and considering the contact differences between the longitudinal slip and the lateral slip considered, an improved Brush Model of tire based on the compound slip theory was proposed for modeling the tire gripping state. The Brush Model is an important method to predict the force between the tire and the ground, and in this simplified tire model, the contact state between the tire and the road can be divided into the adhesion area and the slip area. The forces in the adhesion area come from the static friction between the tread of rigid carcass and the road, and the forces in the slip area come from the sliding friction between the tread and the road. The innovation of this article is to distinguish the friction types between the adhesion section and the slip section, and the friction coefficients between the longitudinal and the lateral. The tire's ability to grip is the critical factor of driving, braking, steering and other performances of the vehicle, which comes from the horizontal friction between the tire and the ground. Various active control technologies have been developed to improve the drivability and applied to the active safety system of commercial vehicles. Some experts have raised the protection function of the limit manipulation cases, which was applied into the active manipulation controller. The ratio of the horizontal force and the vertical force was defined as the adhesion coefficient to analyze vehicle adhesion state in some papers. However, it only reflected the change of tire gripping, but the sliding state (the dangerous degree of tire slipping) could not be predicted due to the less accurate model or the complex parameter structure. The state of tire gripping was determined by the horizontal adhesive force, the slipping force and the maximum rolling friction coefficient. In order to obtain standardized expression for gripping state, a simple cubic equation was derived by defining the composite sliding coefficient and a series of constant terms, and the interaction of the parameters on gripping state in the model was discussed, together with the relationship between the velocity and the maximum rolling friction coefficient. In the end, the proposed model was validated by repeating three "Double Lane Change" tests, the equipment in which consisted of speed sensor (DEWE-VGPS- HS), fiber optic gyroscope (iVRU-C167), car centroid test platform (JT-16), steering angle tester (SFA-A-2004S), multifunction meter (TESTO 480) and data acquisition system (DEWE-43), and speed, acceleration, steering angle and displacement were measured. The test results showed that in the steering periods 1.8-2, 3.2-3.4, 4.4- 4.6 s, the gripping states were 0.54, 0.79 and 0.39, respectively, and the limit error values were 4%, 5.4% and 5.2%, respectively, compared with the analytical values, while in the straight driving, the limit error of gripping state was less than 2%, which indicates that this analytical model obtains the higher accuracy under the conditions of the lower gripping state or straight driving and provides a new way for the estimation of tire gripping state. The research gives some guiding principles for the study of vehicle handling and stability.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Tires
Controlled terms:Active safety systems - Adhesion - Automobile safety devices - Automobile steering equipment - Braking performance - Commercial vehicles - Friction - Gyroscopes - Hydraulic structures - Models  - Optimization - Roads and streets - Security systems - Steering - Stiction - Tribology - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Active control technologies - Brush model - Combined-slip theory - Data acquisition system - Fiber optic gyroscopes - Handling stabilities - State of tire grip - Vehicle handling and stabilities
Classification code:406.2 Roads and Streets - 432 Highway Transportation - 441 Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development - 611 Hydroelectric and Tidal Power Plants - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 663.2 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components - 731.2 Control System Applications - 801 Chemistry - 818.5 Rubber Products - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.1 Mechanics - 943.1 Mechanical Instruments - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:201443117727
Title:Impact of tunnel ventilation on thermal environment in solar heated swine housing
Authors:Yuan, Yueming (1); Sun, Lili (1); Pan, Shiqiang (1); Li, Xiwu (1); Liu, Haizhi (1); Wang, Chunye (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun , China
Corresponding author:Yuan, Yueming
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:213-220
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to control the ground temperature and relative humidity inside pigpens, the solar piggery with tunnel ventilation was adopted in this study. Pigs usually lay down for more than 70% of the time. The environmental control, especially the temperature control at where they lie down (e.g. floor, bed) is crucial in improving the pigs' performance. This study took the piggery as the research object, using additional solar radiation for the pig beds between the sun and piggery in Changchun. Information on major structures of both the experimental piggery and the control is listed below. The dimensions are 61 m in length, 8.1 m in width, and 3.42 m in height, and the orientation is facing south. The difference between the experimental piggery and the control is that the experimental piggery is mainly divided into two parts, the extra sunspace and itself, which is separated by a common wall. The common wall is a solid wall with a ventilation window and it is covered with an insulating layer during cold seasons. The extra sunspace is arch-shaped, constructed with lightweight steel, and also is covered with an insulating layer during cold seasons. In the experimental piggery, there are 28 units under the pig beds. Each unit 3 500 mm long and 1 970 mm wide and also has its own independent air intake, outlet, and closed airflow tunnel. The positive pressure ventilation axial airflow fan is installed at the air intake in the experimental piggery. The negative pressure ventilation draught fan is fixed at the air outlet. The floor in the control piggery is composed of a cement mortar slope layer, soil compaction, and cement mortar layer. Both experimental barn and control barn housed 275 growing-finishing pigs with mean initial live weight of 28.7&plusmn;2.2 kg. The pigs were in the growing and fattening stage. With respect to the manner of the tunnel ventilation in the solar piggery, the positive and negative pressure ventilations as well as the fan working at different conditions was applied in experiments. During winter, with temperature about -13, the average air temperature inside the piggery was 3.0, which was higher than that in the control pig house, while the relative humidity was reduced by 4%, on average. On the floor 2 m away from the air inlet of the experimental house, the average daytime temperature using axial fans was higher than that with natural ventilation and using induced draft fans by 0.7 and 1.5, respectively, while the corresponding nighttime temperature was higher by 1.1 and 2.9, on average. On the floor 1 m away from the air inlet of the experimental house, the average daytime temperature using axial fans was higher than with natural ventilation and using induced draft fans by 3.6 and 3.8, respectively, while the corresponding nighttime temperature was higher by 6.4 and 6.9, on average. It can be concluded that using a tunnel ventilation system combined with solar energy utilization can greatly increase the floor temperature and decrease the indoor relative humidity simultaneously in the pig house.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Ventilation
Controlled terms:Air intakes - Axial flow turbomachinery - Cements - Energy utilization - Environmental management - Fans - Farm buildings - Floors - Heating - Houses  - Humidity control - Insulating materials - Mammals - Mortar - Soil cement - Soil mechanics - Solar buildings - Solar energy - Sun - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Attached sunspace - Average air temperature - Environmental control - Light-weight steels - Natural ventilation - Nighttime temperatures - Positive pressure ventilation - Tunnel ventilation systems
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 412.1 Cement - 413 Insulating Materials - 414.3 Mortar (Before 1993, use code 412) - 454.1 Environmental Engineering, General - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 618.3 Blowers and Fans - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 643.1 Space Heating - 643.5 Ventilation - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 657.2 Extraterrestrial Physics and Stellar Phenomena - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:201443117719
Title:Drought grade classification of summer maize in Huang-Huai-Hai area
Authors:Xue, Changying (1); Liu, Ronghua (1); Ma, Zhihong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) CMA Henan Key Laboratory of Agrometeorological Safeguard and Applied Technique, Zhengzhou , China; (2) Henan Institute of Meteorological Science, Zhengzhou , China
Corresponding author:Liu, Ronghua
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:147-156
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Drought is the main agrometeorological disaster of summer maize production in the Huang-Huai-Hai area in China. Establishing the drought grade indexes for more effective monitoring and evaluation is of great significance to the prevention and mitigation of agricultural disasters. There have been lots of published research results about the effects of different soil water conditions on growth, development, yield components and yield of summer maize. However, there are large differences about stage division and grade classification among different researches, and it is difficult to apply and compare in different regions. In this paper, soil relative moisture and crop water deficit index were selected to establish the drought grade indexes according to the growth process of summer maize. The whole growth duration of summer maize was divided into five stages, namely sowing to emergence, emergence to jointing, jointing to tasselling, tasselling to milking and milking to maturity. Drought was classified into five grades, including no drought, light drought, moderate drought, strong drought and severe drought. The drought grade indexes were determined for each stage and grade. The used data included crop phenology, soil water and daily weather record. By analysis and summary of the published results, a set of drought grade indexes based on soil relative moisture were determined. And this set of index included each stage of summer maize from sowing to maturity. The established index was convenient for application because its consistency among stages and grades. After the determination of grade indexes of soil relative moisture, the relationship models between soil relative moisture and crop water deficit index were set up using the observing data at 16 agrometeorological stations in Henan Province. Then, the grade indexes of crop water deficit index were calculated using the relationship models on the basis of the determined soil relative moisture indexes. According to the index of soil relative moisture, the critical index value at five stages of summer maize was 65%, 60%, 70%, 75% and 70% for light drought, respectively; it was 45%, 40%, 50%, 55% and 50% for strong drought and 40%, 35%, 45%,50% and 45% for severe drought, respectively. According to the index of crop water deficit index, the critical index value at five stages of summer maize was 35%, 40%, 20%, 10% and 35% for light drought, respectively; it was 50%, 65%, 55%, 45% and 65% for strong drought and 55%, 75%, 65%, 55% and 75% for severe drought, respectively. The two established drought grade indexes were validated in the Huang-Huai-Hai area by selecting typical stations. Validated results showed that the two indexes are well consistent with the consistency of 71%-91% for the identification of drought grades. Meanwhile, the identification results by the two indexes were basically consistent with the historical occurrences of drought disasters. Therefore, the drought grade indexes established in this paper could be used in the future monitoring and evaluation of drought in summer maize production in the Huang-Huai-Hai area.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Drought
Controlled terms:Crops - Disaster prevention - Disasters - Moisture - Moisture determination - Soil moisture - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural disasters - Critical indexes - Drought disasters - Monitoring and evaluations - Relationship model - Summer maize - Validated results - Water deficit index
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:201443117722
Title:Tomographic image reconstruction of plant single root by electrical impedance tomography
Authors:Li, Xingshu (1); Cui, Meng (1); Yang, Jianxiong (1); Han, Wenting (1); Xiong, Xiufang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling , China; (2) Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Equipment, Yangling , China; (3) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling , China
Corresponding author:Li, Xingshu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:173-180
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Root architecture plays an important role in plant nutrient and moisture absorption, so the study on plant root architecture and growth pattern is crucial to improve ecological environment and plant productivity. It is also necessary to obtain root architecture of plant cheaply, fastly and easily. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) was used to produce images according to electrical parameters distribution within the studied region. The electrical parameters were calculated using the resulted potentials on the electrodes by which sinusoidal electrical current was applied into the imaging domain. This method has been extensively developed for both medical and industrial use during the past decades as visualization and measurement technique, but rarely used in pant root architecture reconstruction. EIT has several advantages over other tomography techniques such as X-ray computed tomography (X-CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) due to its portability, safety and low cost. To verify whether EIT is applicable for reconstruction of plant root segment and explore the effect of image reconstruction algorithm and soil water content on image reconstruction quality, an experimental system composed of LCR analyzer, PC and self-made experimental cell with 16 electrodes was built and adjacent measurement mode was used to obtain the voltage data for imaging. These voltage data at different soil water contents was measured, Newton's One-Step Error Reconstructor (NOSER) and the Primal Dual-Interior Point Method algorithm (PD-IPM) were used to obtain the reconstruction images. During the procedure of reconstruction, the reconstruction image domain was divided into 3922 units by triangular elements. The reconstruction algorithms were mainly used to calculate the electrical resistivity of the corresponding triangular unit. Then the colors representing different values mapped out the reconstruction images. On account of the apparent color differences between the root and soil, the reconstruction of the root was realized. The colorful reconstruction image was firstly processed into binarized image, then the location, area and circularity of root were calculated by pixel accumulation method. Coincidence degree index between the calculated and actual value was used to evaluate the reconstruction image quality. The results showed that the tomographic image reconstruction of single root for plant can be achieved by the EIT method effectively. The binarized image was more intuitive and can be used easily to evaluate the quality of reconstruction. NOSER and PD-IPM both reflected the shape of the root well, but the coordinate of root centroid was not presented accurately, the former can get more accurate information on the size of the roots. Soil water content had a great effect on the area and location of the root in the reconstructed image, higher moisture content produced more accurate reconstruction image, but it has little effect on the root shape in the reconstructed image. The study provides a reference for the further application of electrical impedance tomography technique on nondestructive and in situ detection of roots, which will provide a new idea for the reconstruction of root architecture.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Image reconstruction
Controlled terms:Computerized tomography - Electric impedance - Electric impedance measurement - Electric impedance tomography - Electrodes - Ground penetrating radar systems - Image processing - Image segmentation - In situ processing - Magnetic resonance imaging  - Moisture - Optimization - Permanent magnets - Quality control - Radar imaging - Soil moisture - Soils - Tomography - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Electrical impe dance tomography (EIT) - Electrical impedance tomography - Ground penetrating radar (GPR) - Image reconstruction algorithm - In-situ detections - Reconstruction image quality - Single root of plant - Tomographic image reconstruction
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 521.1 Fuel Combustion - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 704.1 Electric Components - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 723.5 Computer Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.1 Light/Optics - 746 Imaging Techniques - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 942.2 Electric Variables Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:201443117715
Title:Estimation model of desert soil organic matter content using hyperspectral data
Authors:Hou, Yanjun (1); Tiyip, Tashpolat (1); Sawut, Mamat (1); Zhang, Fei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi , China; (2) Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology (Xinjiang University) Ministry of Education, Urumqi , China
Corresponding author:Tiyip, Tashpolat
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:113-120
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Little reports focus on estimating soils with organic matter content smaller than 2% using hyperspectral data. However, it is important for desert soils where most soil organic matter is low. Due to low organic matter content (&lt;2%) in deserts soil, it is difficult to identify spectral features of soil organic matter and to determine sensitive bands. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a method for organic matter content of desert soils using Hyperspectral data. Thirty-two soil samples were collected from the Eastern Junggar Basin, China. The soil organic matter of these samples was determined. Meanwhile, the reflectance of samples was measured. The correlation between soil spectrum and its organic matter content was analyzed. Twenty-four of 32 samples was used for establishing hyperspectral models of estimating deserts soil organic matter content (SOMC) and the other 8 samples was for model verification. The results showed all the soil samples had the organic matter content &lt;2%, in agreement with the study requirement here. Through comparing with response bands of soil organic matter with its content of 2% above, we found that spectral sensitive region 640-790 nm for deserts soil organic matter &lt;2% was most sensitive. The correlations between reflectance spectra, inverse-log spectra (log (1/A)) and SOMC were low. Their correlations were improved after conducting the first-order differential and second-order differential transformation on soil spectra data. The correlation of partial spectrum bands by F test was significant (p&lt;0.01). Thus it could be used to estimate deserts SOMC. The accuracy of linear regression model was rather low (R²&lt;0.60) and not suitable to estimate deserts SOMC. Compared to the linear regression model, the R² of second-order differential model and inverse-log second-order differential model based on multiple stepwise regressions was increased by 0.22 and 0.21, respectively, and their RMSE were decreased by 0.66 and 0.88, respectively. As such, the estimation accuracy of multiple stepwise regression models was higher than that from the linear regression model. Compared with the multiple stepwise regression models, the R² of first-order differential model and second-order differential model based on partial least square regression was increased by 0.07 and 0.04 but the RMSE was reduced by 0.11. Therefore, the second-order differential model based on partial least square regression was the optimal model among the 12 estimation models established in this paper. For both multiple stepwise regressions and partial least square regression, the second-order differential estimation model was best in all the estimation models established. Therefore, the estimation of deserts SOMC using multiple stepwise regressions was feasible. The results here provide valuable information for hyperspectral remote sensing analysis on deserts soil organic matter, realize timeliness and accuracy of monitoring deserts soil organic matter, and helps with regional ecological environment restoration.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Estimation - Landforms - Linear regression - Metadata - Organic compounds - Principal component analysis - Reflection  - Regression analysis - Soil surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Differential transformation - Ecological environments - First-order differentials - Hyperspectral remote sensing - Linear regression models - Multiple stepwise regression - Partial least square regression - Soil organic matter contents
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 481.1 Geology - 481.2 Geochemistry - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:201443117733
Title:Delimitation of permanent basic farmland in mountain and hill areas in southwest China based on multiple-objective decision model
Authors:Zeng, Jibin (1); Shao, Jing'an (2); Wei, Chaofu (1); Xie, Deti (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment Southwest University, Chongqing , China; (2) Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing , China
Corresponding author:Xie, Deti
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:263-274
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to guide the delimiting permanent basic farmland in the mountain and hill areas, this paper sets up a multiple-objective decision model by using Chongqing Dianjiang as an example. The model is supported by data analysis using ArcGIS 10.1 and other software based on the 2012 Second Land Survey data and Land Use Overall Planning data of 25 towns, basic farmland planning data, soil data, and investigation of county and country Land and Resource departments using spatial distribution products of more than 10 accumulated temperature in the cloud platforms of Geography National Condition monitoring. The model is also supported by the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), Entropy Coefficient Method, TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution), and constraint fact. First, the subjective weight of each index is given based on the AHP method by analyzing and erecting the judgment matrix. The objective weight is obtained by using the Entropy Coefficient Method by building the judgment matrix to a normalized process. The value of measurement and closeness of positive and negative ideal points is reflected through erecting Euclidean distance in the normalized matrix. The higher was the value of measurement and closeness, the higher was the priority of land. The call-out qualifications of farmland are confirmed by the constraint fact method in 4 investigations, which supplies the conditions of the Construction land or general farmland. The paper concludes that in the standardized normal outcome of the farmland decision index, the optimum conditions are farmland irrigation, rainfall, transportation, and rural residential radiation. For most soil quality indexes, the range of equal value, STD, and CV are [0.2, 0.6], [0.1, 0.3], and [13, 75]. Overall, the value of CV is below medium while existing comparable large areas have a high value or a low value. Variation in subjective and objective weights of these indexes, after normalization, causes the maximum weight to be farmland irrigation and farmland connectivity. The minimum weight is more than 10 accumulated temperature, average rainfall in natural conditions, organic carbon in soil quality by analytic hierarchy process, transportation, rural residential radiation, and towns radiation in distance condition. The most important conditions for selecting permanent farmland are farmland irrigation &gt; farmland connectivity &gt; towns radiation &gt; soil organic carbon. According to the value of measurement and closeness of positive and negative ideal points, the quality of farmland is generally close to each other, and the distance condition is at it's best and comparatively stable. Therefore, whole performance is better. Four grades are divided as key, proper, adjusting, and reserved, in which farmland is chosen as permanent basic farmlands using the natural breaks method to reclassify the closeness degree. There are special differences among different grades in statistics and spatial patterns. Local departments prefer to select superior farmlands, which are in the `key' and `proper' grades, in the selection under constraint conditions. In the ultimately delimited results, the proportion of proper and adjusting grades increases, while the proportion of key and reserved grades decreases. The rationality, standardization, and practicability of the model are verified by comparison among ultimately delimited results, high weight index in the model, and a basic farmland protecting area plan. The multiple-objective decision method is not only suitable for delimitation of permanent basic farmland in the mountain and hill areas in southwest China, but also ensures red line and economic growth, which supplies the theoretical basis and the decision reference for the study of complementary delimitation in the mountain and hill areas.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Analytic hierarchy process - Carbon - Condition monitoring - Economics - Entropy - Geographic information systems - Hierarchical systems - Housing - Irrigation - Land use  - Landforms - Matrix algebra - Organic carbon - Rain - Regional planning - Soils - Standardization
Uncontrolled terms:Accumulated temperatures - AHP (analytic hierarchy process) - Constraint conditions - Entropy coefficients - Normalization - Permanent basic farmland - Soil organic carbon - Subjective weights
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 443.3 Precipitation - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 603 Machine Tools - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 706 Electric Transmission and Distribution - 723.3 Database Systems - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 902.2 Codes and Standards - 921 Mathematics - 921.1 Algebra - 961 Systems Science - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:201443117741
Title:Ammonium polyphosphate improving physicochemical properties of rice straw-high density polyethylene composites
Authors:Pan, Mingzhu (1); Mei, Changtong (1); Li, Guochen (1); Du, Jun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Engineering Research Center of Fast-growing Trees and Agri-fiber Materials, Nanjing , China
Corresponding author:Pan, Mingzhu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:328-333
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, plant fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites have been widely used as interior automotive panels, garbage pails, crates, and garden equipment due to their excellent durability, dimensional stability, high rigidity, and relatively low density. However, its poor fire resistance often limits its expansion into the residential construction industry and development of applications for the furniture industry. In order to improve the flame retardancy of the reinforced composites, fire retardant agents, such as halogen/nitrogen-containing substances, metal hydroxides, and phosphorus/silicon compounds, have been introduced. While there are environmental impact concerns, the most commonly used flame retardant additive is ammonium polyphosphate (APP). Recently, the synergistic effect between nano-SiO<inf>2</inf> and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) in polymer and composites has been extensively investigated, and study has showed that the novel nano-SiO<inf>2</inf>/APP flame retardant could promote char formation, and improve the thermal stability of the char layer formed during combustion.
Number of references:20
Main heading:High density polyethylenes
Controlled terms:Biomineralization - Cellulose - Combustion - Composite materials - Construction industry - Density (specific gravity) - Energy dispersive spectroscopy - Environmental impact - Fire resistance - Flame retardants  - Hybrid materials - Mechanical properties - Polyethylenes - Reinforced plastics - Reinforcement - Silicon - Silicon oxides - Sustainable development - Tensile strength - Thermodynamic properties  - Thermodynamic stability - Thermogravimetric analysis - Thermoplastics - Toughness - Wood
Uncontrolled terms:Ammonium polyphosphates - APP - Flame retardancy - Flame-retardant additives - Mechanical measurements - Physicochemical property - Residential construction - Rice straws
Classification code:405 Construction Equipment and Methods; Surveying - 415 Metals, Plastics, Wood and Other Structural Materials - 415.2 Plastics Structural Materials - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 521.1 Fuel Combustion - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 712 Electronic and Thermionic Materials - 712.1.1 Single Element Semiconducting Materials - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 811 Cellulose, Paper and Wood Products - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 914.2 Fires and Fire Protection - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 933 Solid State Physics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:201443117725
Title:Energy efficiency evaluation method of rural low-voltage distribution network based on combination weight method
Authors:Han, Xiaohui (1); Du, Songhuai (1); Su, Juan (1); Tian, Heping (1); Qu, Bo (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing , China; (2) Institute of Electricity and Energy Efficiency, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Du, Songhuai
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:195-202
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Aimed at understanding the overall energy efficiency level of rural low-voltage distribution network, and on the basis of analyzing current research on energy saving indexes of distribution network, the energy efficiency evaluation index system and evaluation model of rural low-voltage distribution network were established in this article. Firstly, according to relevant standards and rules, a set of comprehensive index system for evaluating energy efficiency of rural low-voltage distribution network was established. The index system consisted of seven second grade indexes, such as the electric network structure, network equipment, power quality, network loss, economic operation of power network, reactive power compensation and distributed generation. Particularly, electric network structure index included 4 third grade indexes: the proportion of distribution transformer located at the load center and 380V line power radius beyond the standard, the percentage of small section for 380 V line and connecting line; the network equipment index contained 3 third grade indexes: the ratio of efficient type distribution transformer, non-standardized distribution transformer capacity and energy-efficient low-voltage line; the power quality index consisted of 4 third grade indexes: the qualified rate of 380 V three-phase load unbalance degree, 380/220 V voltage monitoring point, 380V voltage and current total harmonic distortion; the network loss index included 4 third grade indexes: the comprehensive loss rate of distribution transformer and low voltage, the number of serious exceed the standard rate of loss rate for single distribution transformer and low voltage; the economic operation of power network index consisted of one third grade index that distribution transformer load rate of interval number in the economic; the reactive power compensation index included 4 third grade indexes: reactive power compensation device installation and operation rate, distribution transformer monthly average power factor qualification rate, reactive power compensation capacity accounted for distribution transformer capacity ratio; the distributed generation index include the capacity and generating capacity ratio of distributed generation accessed to the low voltage district; all together 22 third grade indexes. Then, the calculation method for 22 third grade indexes was determined, the 22 single efficiency indexes were obtained and the comprehensive evaluation model which was proposed based on principal component analysis and analytic hierarchy process was used to calculate energy efficiency of rural low-voltage distribution network. The concrete methods were: according to the principal component analysis, the index matrix for each second grade indexes was determined, and by means of 0-9 scaling method of analytic hierarchy process, the comprehensive weight of the second grade index was determined, thus the method overcame the shortcomings of single weighting method and realized the combination of the quantitative result from energy efficiency index and the qualitative result from the judge of relevant experts,which made the evaluation results more reasonably. Finally, Taking low-voltage distribution network of three districts in rural as example, the evaluation result of three districts obtained by the method proposed in the paper were completely in conformity with the result of actual distribution network efficiency, which indicated that the proposed method in this paper was the effective and practicable. It provides a reference for implementing electric-saving reconstruction and energy-saving assessment of rural low-voltage distribution network in China.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Energy efficiency
Controlled terms:Analytic hierarchy process - Circuit theory - Distributed power generation - Electric lines - Electric load distribution - Electric load loss - Electric losses - Electric network analysis - Electric power factor - Electric power factor correction  - Electric transformers - Energy conservation - Power quality - Principal component analysis - Reactive power - Rural areas - Voltage distribution measurement
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation model - Efficiency index - Energy efficiency evaluation - Low voltage distribution network - Overall energy efficiency - Reactive power compensation - Reactive power compensation device - Total harmonic distortion (THD)
Classification code:525.2 Energy Conservation - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 703.1.1 Electric Network Analysis - 706 Electric Transmission and Distribution - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 942.2 Electric Variables Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:201443117738
Title:Fruits and vegetables recognition based on color and texture features
Authors:Tao, Huawei (1); Zhao, Li (1); Xi, Ji (2); Yu, Ling (1); Wang, Tong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing , China; (2) College of Internet of Thins Engineering Hohai University, Changzhou , China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Li
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:305-311
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:An intelligent fruit and vegetable recognition system utilizing image recognition can accurately and rapidly indentify different kinds of fruits and vegetables, which can improve supermarket and market sales efficiency. The feature extracting method is a very important issue in an intelligent fruit and vegetable recognition system. However, traditional fruit and vegetable recognition algorithms either ignore the texture feature of fruits and vegetables, or used texture features that couldn't better represent the texture of fruit and vegetable images. In order to represent the texture feature of fruit and vegetable images better and improve the intelligent fruit and vegetable recognition system recognition rate, we proposed a novel texture feature extraction algorithms called color completed local binary pattern (CCLBP) in this paper. By extracting different kinds of color channels completed by a local binary pattern (CLBP) texture feature, the CCLBP constructed a new texture feature extraction algorithm. The Fruit and vegetable recognition system model uses CCLBP to extract an image texture feature, and uses a HSV color histogram and Border/interior pixel classification (BIC) color histogram to extract image color features. Then it uses a matching score fusion algorithm to fuse color and texture features, and finally, a nearest neighbor (NN) classifier is used to realize fruit and vegetable recognition. To verify the effectiveness of the algorithms, two different fruit and vegetable databases, called an interior database and an outdoor database, were constructed in this paper. The interior database acquired in a laboratory contains 13 kinds of fruits and vegetables, which is used to verify algorithms recognition performance under different kinds of illumination. The outdoor database acquired in the market contains 47 kinds of fruits and vegetables, which is used to verify algorithms recognition performance under a different number of training sets. A Fruit and vegetable recognition experiment under different kinds of illumination showed that, only by the texture feature indentifying the kinds of fruits and vegetables, the recognition rate of the CCLBP was 5% higher than the traditional fruit and vegetable texture features (such as Unser, TestA), which means that the CCLBP is more suitable for fruit and vegetable recognition; besides, compared with other texture algorithms, the CCLBP fused with HSV color histogram and BIC color histogram can achieve a 73.93% highest mean recognition rate, which takes about 1.1 seconds indentifying an image. A fruit and vegetable recognition experiment under a different number of training sets had similar results as the experiment under different kinds of illumination. The recognition rate of the CCLBP was still higher than the traditional fruits and vegetables texture features. What's more, the CCLBP fused with a HSV color histogram and a BIC color histogram can achieve 94.26%, the highest recognition rate. The experiments under different kinds of illumination and under different number of fruits and vegetables confirm the feasibility of our algorithm. Our algorithm can be used in intelligent fruit and vegetable recognition system, which improves the system accuracy rate.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Image texture
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Algorithms - Binary images - Color - Color matching - Commerce - Database systems - Extraction - Feature extraction - Fruits  - Fusion reactions - Graphic methods - Image matching - Image processing - Image recognition - Pattern recognition systems - Textures - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Color and texture features - Color features - Feature extracting method - Fruit and vegetables - Local binary patterns - Nearest Neighbor classifier - Texture feature extraction - Texture features
Classification code:621.2 Fusion Reactors - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801 Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 921 Mathematics - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:201443117730
Title:Chemical pretreatment improving effect of enzymatic saccharification of distillers grains biomass
Authors:Ren, Haiwei (1); Xu, Na (1); Li, Jinping (1); Zhang, Yi (2); Li, Zhizhong (2); Wang, Yonggang (2); Liu, Xiaofeng (2); Zhang, Tao (3); Sun, Yongming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Western China Energy and Environment Research Center, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou , China; (2) School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou , China; (3) Gansu Jinhui Liquor Company Limited, Longnan , China; (4) Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou , China
Corresponding author:Li, Jinping
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:239-246
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fuel ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates by microbial fermentation was of great economic and environmental significance. Distillers grains, which are composed of unhydrolyzed and unfermented polymeric sugars, are the co-products of white spirit industries, their high polysaccharides portion of cellulose and hemicellulose make them attractive feedstock for conversion to fuel ethanol. However, biomass recalcitrance that limit the availability of polysaccharides for biological conversion by enzymatic digestibility necessitates a appropriate pretreatment, which is in favor of hydrolytic enzyme penetration to enhance enzymatic digestibility. The aim of this study is to increase accessibility of cellulolytic enzymes (xylanase and cellulase) to the feedstock and evaluate the effects of different pretreatment methods on enzymatic saccharification of distillers grains biomass. Four pretreatment processes including ultrasound-assisted acid pretreatment (UAAP), soaking in aqueous ammonia pretreatment (SAAP), alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment (AHPP) and bisulfite pretreatment (BP) were employed in this study to determine how each method affected the digestibility of distillers grains during enzymatic hydrolysis. The effective mechanisms of four different pretreatment methods on the chemical composition and structural characteristics were studied and analyzed with the goal of removing lignin and reserving of holocelluloses (cellulose and hemicellulose). Then the effects of four different pretreatment methods on degradation efficiency of cellulose and hemicellulose to produce sugars were evaluated with the index of the enzymatic hydrolysis yield. SEM and XRD were applied to characterize structural changes associated with improved cellulolytic enzyme digestibility. The results showed that the retention rate of cellulose and hemicellulose by BP pretreatment was higher than that of other three pretreatment methods, which were 84.59% and 84.87%, respectively. Four pretreatment methods effectively enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency by disrupting lingocellulosic structure and increasing accessibility of cellulolytic enzymes to distillers grains over un-pretreated feedstock. Compared with the un-pretreated distillers grains, the enzymatic hydrolysis yield of holocellulose were increased by 49.12% (UAAP), 55.48% (PASS), 92.79% (AHPP) and 99.15% (BP), respectively. Compared with other three pretreatment approaches, BP pretreatment showed the greatest improvement on enzymatic hydrolysis of the distillers grains. The maximum conversion of holocellulose was 32.88%, which were 1 times of the control (un-pretreated 16.51%). SEM data showed that the structural modifications of 4 pretreatments were pronounced in comparison to that of feedstock, which presented a rigid and compact morphology. Remarkably, most of the large irregular pores with different sizes and shapes were formed and the lignocellulosic structure was also severely disrupted as a result of the removal of lignin, leading to the increasing surface exposure and porosity. Furthermore, 4 pretreatments disrupted the internal structure of the holocelluloses, increased the reaction surface area and the porosity of the distillers grains. The results based on the analysis of XRD suggested that these pretreatments disrupted the crystal structure of cellulose and increased the available surface area, which made the cellulose better accessible for enzymatic hydrolysis. The changes of physical structure and chemical composition declare that the enzymatic digestibility is related with the removal of lignin, the retention or disorder structure of holocelluloses and the crystallinity of cellulose. Therefore bisulfite pretreatment (BP) is effective and appropriate for the pretreatment of distillers grains to increase the enzyme saccharification yield.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Enzymatic hydrolysis
Controlled terms:Alkalinity - Bast fibers - Biomass - Cellulose - Cellulosic ethanol - Chemical analysis - Crystal structure - Degradation - Enzymes - Ethanol  - Feedstocks - Hydrolysis - Lignin - Polysaccharides - Porosity - Saccharification - Sugars - Surface reactions
Uncontrolled terms:Composition changes - Distillers grains - Enzymatic saccharification - Pre-Treatment - Structural characteristics
Classification code:525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:201443117701
Title:Experiment on parameter optimization of gripper needles clamping seedling plug for automatic transplanter
Authors:Tong, Junhua (1); Jiang, Huanyu (1); Jiang, Zhuohua (1); Cui, Di (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou , China; (2) Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou , China
Corresponding author:Jiang, Huanyu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:8-16
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A stable end-effector in transplanting seedlings is a key technology for an automated transplanter in mechanized agriculture. The optimization parameters for gripper needles clamping seedling plugs could provide information for end-effector design and seedling plug nursery, which would be more suitable for mechanical transplanting. A seedling plug clamping platform with adjustable needles mounted on a universal tester has been designed in this study to simulate the clamping action of the needles. The vertical compression force of the universal tester was converted to horizontal compression of needles for clamping plug by mechanisms of (a) a higher pair with bearing-slope and (b) a sliding pair with a linear guideway-slider. The mechanical transmission model of the feedback force system was established for obtaining the clamping force value from the universal tester data of plug clamping operation subtracted from operation without the plug. The horizontal compression deformation value corresponding to the plug compressive value was converted from the vertical deformation by the geometrical relationship of the mechanism. In total, 45 cucumber seedling plugs with 10 days' cultivation in a greenhouse were tested in this research. Five parameters related to the needle and plug components were tested separately to demonstrate the effect of clamping force. They were four clamping needle angles with verticality (4&deg;, 7&deg;, 10&deg; and 13&deg;), three and four gripper needles, four sets of moisture content plugs (65%, 75%, 85% and 88%), three stages of seedling growth, and two kinds of bulk material volume proportion. Clamping force values were reliable which gripper needles got at clamping needle angle of 7&deg; and 10&deg; than that at 4&deg; and 13&deg;, especially the value was best at 7&deg; than other three angles. Four clamping needles can obtain a higher clamping force value than three needles because of symmetrical compression with less external deformation. The clamping force can be changed by different moisture content with conversion of material adhesion stress and plasticity. A seedling plug with 84% moisture content got the best performance among the four levels of moisture content plugs. Seedling growth with a taproot length flourish improved the shear strength and structural stability of the plug. A plug with stem length or taproot length separately exceeding 30 mm and 87 mm had better clamping character than a plug exhibiting weaker growth. The volume proportion of bulk material which was made up of turf, roseite, and perlite with 6:3:1 had less compression space in the plug than bulk material with 7:2:1 because of the stiffness associated with increasing the roseite dose. Also, the former volume proportion plug got a bigger clamping force value with the same compression deformation. Methods of mechanical design and seedling cultivation could attain the optimal parameters verified in these tests. The end-effector with needle motion could obtain the stable, increased clamping force between the needles and seedling plugs, which will improve the grasping reliability in robotic transplanting.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Needles
Controlled terms:Clamping devices - Cultivation - Deformation - End effectors - Grippers - Guideways - Materials handling equipment - Moisture - Moisture determination - Seed  - Stability - Transplants
Uncontrolled terms:Clamping Force - Compression deformation - Different moisture contents - Geometrical relationship - Mechanical transmission - Optimization parameter - Parameter optimization - Seedling plug
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 433 Railroad Transportation - 462.1 Biomedical Equipment, General - 462.4 Prosthetics - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 731.5 Robotics - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:201443117726
Title:Research advances on crop identification using synthetic aperture radar
Authors:Wang, Di (1); Zhou, Qingbo (1); Chen, Zhongxin (1); Liu, Jia (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing , China; (2) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Qingbo
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:203-212
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Crop recognition is the initial phase and key link of an agricultural condition monitoring system. The accurate identification of a crop can achieve a good estimation for crop sown acreage, planting structure, and spatial distribution, as well as provide key input parameters for a crop yield estimation model. Due to that crop sown acreage, yield information is the important basis for making national food policy and an economic plan. Therefore, it is very important to conduct the study on crop identification. In view of the advantages of high temporal resolution, wide coverage, and low cost, remote sensing has been used in a wide array of earth observation activities, and thus provides a useful tool for crop recognition and planting acreage monitoring on a large scale. Since the 1980's, optical remote sensing has been widely used to identify various crops, and consequently, it has made obvious progress, no matter whether in the aspect of theory and technology. However, optical images are not often available in the key growth period of crops, owing to the cloudy and rainy weather. Thus, it has a negative effect on the accuracy and timeliness of crop area monitoring. As a new high-technology with an advantage of all-weather, all-time, high resolution, and wide coverage, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has been widely applied in the agricultural condition monitoring field and thus provides a strong complement and support for crop identification in the data and technology aspects. As the updating and improvement of function parameters and performance index of radar sensors, it has been an important field of agriculture remote sensing in obtaining the information of crop sown acreage, growing condition, and yield by SAR. In this paper, according to a mainline of the development progress of radar technology in the recent twenty years, the progress of studies and applications on crop discrimination by SAR is systematically summarized, and the conclusion includes four aspects: the first is that early studies (from the late 1980's to 2002), are characterized by using single band, single polarization, and multi-temporal SAR data for crop identification; The second is crop acreage monitoring based on multi-polarization, multiband SAR data. Furthermore, this section can be divided into two subsections: one is crop recognition by multi-polarization SAR, the other is using multiple SAR sensors for crop classification; The third is studies on improving the accuracy and efficiency of crop identification by combining SAR with optical remote sensing; The last is the studies on crop classification algorithm using SAR data. According to the summary of previous studies, the problems existing in the crop identification by SAR can be analyzed as follows: the first is that crop types identified by SAR are still single; the second is that the accuracies of crop identification are not yet high; the last is that mechanism studies on the classification algorithm are lacking. Furthermore, the development trends are presented in this study. Dryland crop discrimination using SAR images under a complex crop planting structure, improving the accuracy and timeliness of crop identification by optimizing the operational parameters (e.g. polarization, frequency and incidence angle) of SAR system and combining it with optical remote sensing, and developing the mechanism-based algorithm of crop classification will be three area that will urgently be needed to be studied in the future.
Number of references:75
Main heading:Synthetic aperture radar
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Classification (of information) - Condition monitoring - Crops - Geometrical optics - Identification (control systems) - Parameter estimation - Polarization - Radar  - Remote sensing
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural conditions - Classification algorithm - Crop identification - High temporal resolution - Multi-polarization - Multiband - Operational parameters - Optical remote sensing
Classification code:603 Machine Tools - 706 Electric Transmission and Distribution - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:201443117710
Title:Optimization of concrete temperature control measures based on improved particle swarm optimization and finite element method
Authors:Qiang, Sheng (1); Zheng, Weizhong (1); Zhang, Yongqiang (1); Liu, Lianjian (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing , China; (2) Water Conservancy Bureau of Guangzhou, Guangzhou , China; (3) Water Conservancy Bureau of Huai'an, Huai'an , China
Corresponding author:Qiang, Sheng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:75-83
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:For the selection of temperature control measures for massive concrete, traditional methods are fully in accordance with the industry standard requirements and subject to repeated artificial amending by practical experience in engineering design and construction. Therefore, it is inefficient and limited by the designer's experience. In this paper, an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) combined with concrete temperature field and stress field based on the finite element method (FEM) was tested to select the optimal concrete temperature control measures. In the simulation cases, two optimization objectives were defined. The first objective was that the tensile stress of multi feature points should satisfy a safety-cracking factor of at least 1.80. The second was that the whole temperature measures cost should be minimal. The optimization computation was implemented separately with only a single objective for safety factor and both objectives for safety and cost. From the results of 6 calculation cases for a fictitious small-scale concrete dam structure, the following conclusions were drawn. 1) The results show that the proposed method can achieve automatic finding of the temperature control measures optimization, and the optimization results are more scientific and more reasonable. If the ranges of the temperature control parameters can be defined reasonably, the dependence of optimization on humans can be decreased. It will increase the scientificity and persuasion of the temperature control scheme, especially under the complicated situation of more optimization objects, which is very difficult to draw a most reasonable quantitative measures composition. 2) The efficiency of the whole research is improved noticeably. According to experience, if the safety factor is taken as the only objective, the optimization will cost 5 to 7 days by a medium level researcher. In this paper, the time cost of the intelligent optimization is only 2.2 days. 3) After considering the two-objective optimization, the total costs of temperature control measures can be significantly reduced by at least 9% under the condition of ensuring crack-prevention safety. 4) The total calculation time will be influenced by the types, the number and changes of temperature control measures, the locations and number of feature points, and the number of optimization objectives. A high performance personal computer is tested in this paper. The optimization time cost of 5 feature points and 300 days of simulation is 2.7 times the one of 3 feature points and 80 days of simulation. The optimization time cost of the dual-objective is 1.6 times the single-objective. Therefore, a high performance parallel machine should be used to implement the proposed intelligent method for a large-scale engineering structure in a multi-objective, multi-measure, and multi-feature-point optimization task. 5) If the equivalent cooling pipe algorithm is adopted to replace the current explicit one, the optimization for pipe distances will become more feasible. 6) The cost of different temperature control measures in this paper may not be suitable for every construction site. In a factual application case, the checked prices and cost weight should be considered. For future research, how to define the reasonable weights for different feature points at different locations of different structures is the next challenge.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Particle swarm optimization (PSO)
Controlled terms:Concretes - Costs - Cracks - Finite element method - Multiobjective optimization - Personal computers - Reactive power - Safety engineering - Safety factor - Structural design  - Temperature control
Uncontrolled terms:Concrete temperatures - High-performance personal computers - Intelligent optimization - Large-scale engineering - Optimization computation - Quantitative measures - Simulation - Two-objective optimization
Classification code:408.1 Structural Design, General - 412 Concrete - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 706 Electric Transmission and Distribution - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 914 Safety Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:201443117743
Title:Journal cross-citation analysis revealing status quo of agricultural engineering journals
Authors:Wang, Liu (1); Wei, Xiuju (1); Zhao, Aiqin (1); Liu, Liying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Wei, Xiuju
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:341-342
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This paper analyzed the existing results on the star structure model of journal cross-citation for 2010 Chinese agricultural engineering journals. The results showed that the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering was at the core of all the agriculture engineering-related journals, and of remarkable impact in the agricultural engineering field. There was a large number of agriculture soil and water engineering-related journals in the key journals list of agriculture engineering, but the numbers of the journals on agricultural information and electrical technologies were small in the list of both the agriculture engineering-related journals and the key journals of agriculture engineering. It suggested that the numbers of journals on the agricultural information and electrical technologies are still scarce.
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Agricultural engineering
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural informations - Agriculture engineering - Agriculture soils - Distribution - Electrical technology - Impact - Journal - Remarkable impact
Classification code:821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.044
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:201443117716
Title:Appropriate nitrogen fertilizer amount increases use efficiency of residual nitrate in vegetable field and raises spinach yield
Authors:Yu, Hongmei (1); Wang, Zhigang (1); Ge, Jianjun (2); Gao, Ting (1); Kong, Xiangzhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua ; Zhejiang, China; (2) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei , China
Corresponding author:Yu, Hongmei
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:121-128
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nitrogen fertilizer is often largely used for vegetative production and thus the high amount of nitrate is left in soils. It is important to understand the utilization rate of the residual fertilizer for lowering its negative influence on ecosystem since the nitrate is easy to leach with rainfall and irrigation water. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of residual nitrate in topsoil layer on spinach yield and its utilization rate and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency. The experiment was conducted in the Experimental station of Anhui Agricultural University in 2007. The experiment design included 4 nitrogen fertilizer application rates (no fertilizer N0, traditional fertilizer amount N1, 70% of the traditional fertilizer amount N2, and 40% of traditional fertilizer amount N3) and 3 ¹⁵N labeled NO<inf>3</inf>-N treatments (no ¹⁵N, ¹⁵N in 15 cm depth, and ¹⁵N in 30 cm depth) with 3 replicates for each treatment. The labeled NO<inf>3</inf>-N was injected in 15 cm and 30 cm soil depth of the micro-plots of each nitrogen fertilizaer treatment plot. T Soil samples were collected in 0-60 cm depth every 10 cm at 5 and 10 cm away from the labeled point after spinach harvest. The results showed that compared with the N0, the spinach yield was not significantly different from that in the traditional amount treatment N1 when the nitrogen fertilizer application amount was decreased to 40% traditional amount (p&gt;0.05). Under different nitrogen fertilization treatment, the residual ¹⁵N in soil profile moved downward but with the moving depth for the 30 cm labeled ¹⁵N treatment higher than that for the 15 cm labeled ¹⁵N treatment (p&lt;0.05). The ¹⁵N abundance was higher (p&lt;0.05) at the 5 cm horizontal distance away from the labeling points than that at the 10 cm horizontal distance away from the labeling points. As the nitrogen fertilizer amount increased, the residual nitrogen utilization rate decreased. In the 15 cm labeled ¹⁵N plots, the residual nitrogen utilization rate in the N3 treatment was as 2.1 and 1.3 times as that in the N1 and N2 treatment. In the 30 cm labeled ¹⁵N plots, the residual nitrogen utilization rate in the N3 treatment was as 3.8 and 2.2 times as that in the N1 and N2 treatment. The utilization rate of in-season nitrogen fertilizer decreased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer amounts. When the nitrogen amount was decreased to 40% traditional nitrogen amount, the utilization rate of in-season nitrogen fertilizer could reach 45% (15 cm labeled ¹⁵N treatment) and 43.8% (30 cm labeled ¹⁵N treatment). This study suggested the nitrogen fertilizer reduced to 40% traditional nitrogen amount can greatly improve the utilization rate of redisual nitrogen in soil and the in-season fertilizer efficiency while keeping the spinach yield. The results can help with reasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer in vegetables.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Efficiency - Fertilizers - Irrigation - Isotopes - Nitrates - Nitrogen - Soils - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental stations - Fertilizer applications - Fertilizer efficiency - Fertilizer use - Nitrogen fertilization - Nitrogen utilization - Spinach yield - Utilization rates
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:201443117739
Title:Identification method of freshwater fish species using multi-kernel support vector machine with bee colony optimization
Authors:Wu, Yiquan (1); Yin, Jun (1); Dai, Yimian (1); Yuan, Yongming (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing , China; (2) Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Fishery Equipment and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai , China
Corresponding author:Wu, Yiquan
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:312-319
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Currently, the identification of freshwater fish species is conducted by people. Computer vision techniques can solve problems existing in identification by hand, such as a large amount of work and low precision. Firstly, freshwater fish are converted into an image signal. Then images are transmitted to the computer processing system to be analyzed and processed. The features of freshwater fish images are extracted, and the movements of the equipment are controlled according to the features. As a result, the production efficiency and production quality are improved by this substitute for the manual work. Thus, in order to identify freshwater fish species automatically and accurately, computer vision techniques are adopted and an identification method based on Krawtchouk moments, a gray level co-occurrence matrix, and a multi-kernel least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) with bee colony optimization is proposed. Firstly, gray level images of freshwater fish samples are obtained by camera, image acquisition card, and PC. Secondly, shape features such as the length to width ratio of freshwater fish and Krawtchouk moment invariants are calculated. The length to width ratio can be obtained by looking for the minimum circumscribed rectangle of fish. The fish head, fish body, and fish tail are obtained based on the minimum circumscribed rectangle. Then the Krawtchouk moment invariants of the fish head and those of the fish tail can be obtained. Thirdly, four characteristic parameters such as angular second moment, entropy, deficit moment, and variance based on a gray level co-occurrence matrix of the fish body are calculated, which are used as texture features. Finally, the above shape features and texture features are combined into a high dimensional feature vector. The feature vector is input into multi-kernel LS-SVM. In a multi-kernel LS-SVM, a polynomial kernel function and radial basis function kernel are used, which can make up for limitations of a single kernel function. The artificial bee colony algorithm is used to optimize the undetermined parameters in a multi-kernel LS-SVM. The identification accuracy of the test sample serves as a fitness function. The optimum parameters are output once the identification accuracy attains its maximum. Five freshwater fish species such as bream, bighead, crucian carp, grass carp, and black carp are identified by using the proposed method. A total of 190 fish were used as the research object. Among them, 70 fish were used as training samples, and the remaining 120 fish were used as testing samples. The experimental results showed that when bream, bighead, crucian carp, and grass carp are identified, the identification accuracy of them can all reach more than 95.83%. When bream, bighead, crucian carp, and black carp are identified, the identification accuracy of them can all reach more than 91.67%. When bream, bighead, crucian carp, grass carp, and black carp are identified, the identification accuracy of them can all reach more than 83.33%. In comparison with the freshwater fish identification method proposed recently, the back propagation (BP) neural network method, and the single kernel LS-SVM method, the proposed method has the higher identification accuracy. It indicates that the above shape features and texture features extracted can reflect the information of freshwater fish more comprehensively and effectively. Furthermore, the performance of a multi-kernel LS-SVM is much better than that of a single kernel LS-SVM. The proposed method is expected to find wide applications in a freshwater fish processing system.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Fish
Controlled terms:Backpropagation - Computer vision - Evolutionary algorithms - Identification (control systems) - Image processing - Image retrieval - Least squares approximations - Optimization - Parameter estimation - Radial basis function networks  - Support vector machines - Textures - Vectors - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial bee colony algorithms - Artificial bee colony optimizations - Back propagation neural networks - Computer vision techniques - Freshwater fishes - Gray level co-occurrence matrix - Least squares support vector machines - Radial basis function kernels
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 731.6 Robot Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.2 Vision - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822 Food Technology - 921 Mathematics - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:201443117713
Title:Application of ground penetrating radar power spectrum model in detection of water content and degrees of compactness in sandy loam
Authors:Cui, Fan (1); Liu, Jie (2); Wu, Zhiyuan (3); Guo, Zhen (3); Wu, Yanbin (4)
Author affiliation:(1) China University of Mining and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing , China; (2) China Academy of Railway Science, State Key Laboratory for Track Technology of High-Speed Railway, Beijing , China; (3) College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China; (4) College of Management Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang , China
Corresponding author:Cui, Fan
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:99-105
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In land reclamation project of western China, the sandy loam is very fragile for erosion in its ecosystem. The main purposes of the sandy loam soil remediation are the anti-desertification and the improvement of vegetation growth ability. Since water content of sandy loam soil and degree of compacting are two important physical parameters, which have great influences on the vegetation growth, a fast and accurate detection method is needed to determine these parameters.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Antennas - Compaction - Ecology - Ecosystems - Electromagnetic waves - Frequency domain analysis - Gamma rays - Geological surveys - Ground penetrating radar systems - Importance sampling  - Land reclamation - Power spectrum - Quality control - Radar - Radar antennas - Radar systems - Soil conditioners - Soil conservation - Soil mechanics - Soil moisture  - Soil pollution - Soil surveys - Soil testing - Spectrum analysis - Time domain analysis - Vegetation - Water content - Wooden containers
Uncontrolled terms:Coal mining technologies - Degree of compactness - Different water contents - Ground Penetrating Radar - Ground penetrating radar (GPR) - High frequency electromagnetic waves - Power spectrum estimation - Time domain reflectometry
Classification code:442.2 Land Reclamation - 444 Water Resources - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 536.1 Powder Metallurgy Operations - 694.4 Storage - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 922 Statistical Methods - 932.1 High Energy Physics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:201443117736
Title:Quality evaluation of different cuts of yak meat based on standardization analysis and principal component analysis
Authors:Zhang, Li (1); Huang, Caixia (1); Sun, Baozhong (1); Wang, Li (2); Zhou, Yuchun (2); Li, Haipeng (1); Liu, Xuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing , China; (2) College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou , China
Corresponding author:Sun, Baozhong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:290-295
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:There is now the largest number of yak in China around the world, which has considerable commercial potential. The marketing of yak beef according to different cuts could provide differentiated product of raw meat for consumers and improve industry value of yak beef. But it is uncertain whether the data distribution of meat quality of different cuts from other breeds cattle could be in accordance with yak beef. In order to investigate the quality characteristics of different cuts of yak meat, the shearing force, cooking loss, press loss, L* value, a* value, b* value, crude protein content, crude fat content and moisture of beef cuts of yak such as chuck tender, high rib, ribeye, striploin, tenderloin, eyeround, outside flat, topside, knuckle were determined, and the distribution of quality traits of yak meat among different cuts was analyzed using by analysis of variance, standardization analysis and principal component analysis. There were significant differences in quality traits among various cuts except fat content and moisture (p&lt;0.05). The tenderloin got the lowest score of shearing force with the highest score of cooking loss and press loss in standardization analysis, while the ribeye had the best water holding capacity with score of shearing force higher than 0.6 and lightness (L* value) higher than 0.9. The striploin had worse tenderness and water holding capacity with score of protein content lower than 0.8 which were conventionally considered as high grade product for the other breeds. Meanwhile, the cuts from rear quarters including eyeround, outside flat, topside, knuckle have similar quality characteristics that the shearing force score was lower than 0.4, protein content score was higher than 0.8, the cooking loss score ranged from 0.45 to 0.81 and the press loss score ranged from 0.15 to 0.29 by standardization analysis. That implied that high quality cuts came from rear quarters of carcass of yak. According to the rate of contribution exceeding 75%, three principal component factors could be extracted with PC1 of 34.69%, PC2 of 25.97% and PC3 of 19.12%. The factor PC1 could distinguish cuts of post carcass from middle carcass with factor score of PC1 of post carcass ranged from -0.71 to -1.32 and middle carcass ranged from 0.19 to 1.82. While the PC2 could distinguish chuck tender from other cuts with the score of -2.32 lower than other cuts ranged from -0.27 to 1.03, and PC3 could distinguish ribeye from other cuts with the score of -2.28 lower than other cuts ranged from -0.29 to 1.11. According to the factor loading, this difference between post carcass and middle carcass through PC1 score may be closely related to chemical composition traits including protein content, fat content and moisture with loading plot of -0.77, 0.94 and 0.79 respectively. Therefore, PC1 could be considered as chemical composition factor, PC2 could be considered as meat colour factor with loading plot of -0.83 of L* value and 0.80 of a* value, and PC3 could be considered as water holding capacity factor with loading plot of -0.85 of cooking loss and 0.65 of press loss. It was shown that there were differences among cuts of yak meat, which could be related to the location on carcass of yak.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Loading
Controlled terms:Chemical analysis - Chucks - Meats - Moisture - Presses (machine tools) - Principal component analysis - Proteins - Quality control - Shearing - Standardization  - Thermal processing (foods)
Uncontrolled terms:Chemical compositions - Differentiated products - Evaluation - Meat quality - Principal Components - Quality characteristic - Water holding capacity - Yak
Classification code:603 Machine Tools - 603.1 Machine Tools, General - 604.1 Metal Cutting - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 672 Naval Vessels - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 822.3 Food Products - 902.2 Codes and Standards - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:201443117714
Title:Soil moisture monitoring of vegetative area in farmland by remote sensing based on spectral feature space
Authors:Wu, Chunlei (1); Qin, Qiming (1); Li, Mei (1); Zhang, Ning (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, Peking University, Beijing , China; (2) Beijing Institute of Tracking and Telecommunication Technology, Beijing , China; (3) Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Qin, Qiming
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:106-112
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Dynamic monitoring of soil moisture by remote sensing can play a significant role in agricultural production, weather research, and ecological environment evaluation. In recent years, continuous attention has been focused on the thought that soil moisture information can be extracted from multi-dimensional spectral feature space. A variety of soil moisture monitoring indices have been put forward in succession based on the spectral feature space, and some of them have gotten widespread attention and application such as PDI (perpendicular drought index), an simple, effective, and feasible index which has been developed based on red and near infrared spectral feature space and applied in many areas. However, the majority of these indices are devised without considering the influence of mixed pixels, which makes the effect of soil moisture estimation worse in vegetation-covered areas than in bare areas. Aiming at the problem of accuracy degradation for PDI monitoring in vegetation-covered areas, this study thoroughly analyzed the distribution of vegetation-soil pixels in Nir-Red spectral feature space, and figured out the distribution characteristics of PDI monitoring error under vegetation coverage. By taking PVI (perpendicular vegetable index) as vegetation coverage characterization, we tried to improve the PDI model in the PVI-PDI two-dimensional feature space and developed a new index (vegetation adjusted perpendicular drought index, VAPDI) theoretically suitable for vegetation coverage. Then, we used the measured soil moisture data in the study area in the Mingan Town, Bayinnaoer city of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China to compare and validate the PDI and VAPDI. Results showed that the coefficient of determination between the PDI and measured soil moisture were 0.630, 0.504, 0.571 and 0.543 respectively in 4 vegetation cover types (bare soil, wheat stubble, potato, and cowpea), and the coefficient of determination between the VAPDI and measured data were 0.599, 0.523, 0.602, and 0.585, respectively. The accuracy of the VAPDI was higher than the PDI in vegetation areas, and the advantage of VAPDI on monitoring accuracy increased gradually with the increase of vegetation coverage degree. Therefore, the overall effect of the VAPDI was better than that of the PDI in farmland vegetation areas. The comparison of space distribution of the PDI and VAPDI also indicated that the VAPDI does a better job in distinguishing the differences of soil moisture. The VAPDI index with clear physical meaning is simple and practical, which implies a good application prospect in the aspect of the mesoscale soil moisture inversion by remote sensing. The research can provide valuable information for method selection and error analysis in farmland soil moisture monitoring by remote sensing.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Moisture control
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Drought - Farms - Microwave measurement - Moisture - Moisture determination - Monitoring - Pixels - Remote sensing - Soil moisture  - Soil surveys - Soils - Space optics - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of determination - Distribution characteristics - Ecological environment evaluations - Inner Mongolia autonomous regions - PDI - PVI - Spectral feature - VAPDI
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 942.2 Electric Variables Measurements - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:201443117737
Title:Parameters screening of Qula hot-air drying and evaluation of color quality
Authors:Wang, Jun (1); Wang, Linlin (1); Han, Ling (1); Dingkao, Renqing (2); Wen, Pengcheng (1); Ding, Fujun (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou , China; (2) Gannan Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, Hezuo , China; (3) Gansu Hualing Casein Co., Ltd., Lanzhou , China
Corresponding author:Han, Ling
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:296-304
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A crude cheese, Qula, which is mainly made up of casein, is a common milk product with local characteristics in northwestern China, such as Gansu, Xinjiang and Tibet. It is made from yak milk with a traditional method: defatting, acidifying, and drying in air (at room temperature). Qula is the raw materials of yak milk casein and collected by factory for further processing. Yak milk casein has been widely used in various fields, such as glues, papermaking, leather, food additives and pharmaceutical applications. However, the traditional process, especially for drying under the sun, can cause severe browning, yellowing and poor quality in Qula. Therefore, hot-air drying method which is based on the evaluation of color quality is adopted in Qula processing. Qula samples were from Gannan city in Gansu Province (Experimental group, 60%-62% moisture was conducted; Control group, 10%-12% moisture was conducted). L^*, a^*, b^* values of dried products were taken as target parameters, and the three factors were scored by the comprehensive evaluation using the data standardization method. According to the central composite experimental design, the response surface methodology (RSM) was adopted to discuss the influence caused by drying temperature, material thickness and wind velocity based on the single factor test of temperature (30, 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55), material thickness (6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 mm) and wind velocity (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 m/min). In addition, the quadratic polynomial regression model was established by SAS software to optimize the drying techniques. The peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) were measured which are the important indictors of fat oxidation and furanic compound forms as an intermediate product in Maillard reaction. The results showed that the order of significance among three factors were: temperature&gt;wind velocity&gt; material thickness. The optimal parameters of hot-air drying were obtained with a temperature of 41, material thickness of 10 mm and wind velocity of 60 m/min, then the largest comprehensive score of 0.9012 was obtained. L^* value of Qula by hot-air drying increased by 7.18 (P&lt;0.05), a^* and b^* values reduced by 1.41 and 10.29, respectively (P&lt;0.01), and the POV, TBARS value and the content of 5-HMF reduced by 1.15 g/100 g, 0.84 mg/kg and 1.973 mg/L, respectively (P&lt;0.01). All in all, the damages which were caused by far oxidation and Maillard reaction can be reduced by this method; meanwhile, the color quality of Qula can be improved dramatically.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Air - Casein - Chemical reactions - Color - Glycosylation - Moisture - Optimization - Parameter estimation - Quality control - Reaction intermediates  - Regression analysis - Velocity - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:5 hydroxymethyl furfurals - Comprehensive evaluation - Local characteristics - Pharmaceutical applications - Quality evaluation - Qula - Response surface methodology - Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 461.9 Biology - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:201443117717
Title:Analytical solution for scale-dependent solute transport model with instantaneous source
Authors:Wei, Feng (1); Wang, Quanjiu (1); Zhou, Beibei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water Resource, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an , China; (2) School of Science, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Quanjiu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:129-135
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Solute transport in soil and groundwater is important for water resources management, crop production, and groundwater quality control. Accurate prediction of the transport of solutes is crucial to the effective management of these processes. Traditionally, transport is described with the convection-dispersion equation (CDE) with constant coefficients, but practical problems generally involve non-uniform velocity fields and variable diffusion coefficients due to the complex nature of medium heterogeneity on different scales. Therefore, this study investigated the solute transport behavior along an unsteady flow domain through heterogeneous porous media, and presented a one-dimensional scale-dependent solute transport model, considering linear equilibrium sorption with an instantaneous source in a semi-infinite porous media in order to get a better understanding of the solute transport in soil. The proposed model was analytically solved by using the Laplace transformation technique, with the inverse transformation based on the complex formulation theory. The model has an empirical constant (a), which represents different media having different heterogeneous natures. The effects of a, the inlet dispersion coefficient (D<inf>0</inf>), and the inlet velocity (v<inf>0</inf>) at the origin of the soil column on the solute transport were analyzed. The results indicated that the spreading of the solute concentration distribution curves increased with the increase of a or D<inf>0</inf> and the peak concentrations decreased with the increase of a or D<inf>0</inf> with little change to the v<inf>0</inf>. The arrival distances of the peak concentrations of the solute concentration distribution curves increased with the increase of a or v<inf>0</inf> with little change to the D<inf>0</inf>. The applicability of the analytical solution was verified experimentally in the analysis of the measured data of conservative solute transport obtained from an 8-m-long soil column in the literature. In order to avoid the effect of the exit boundary on the solute transport parameters estimation, observed and model-simulated breakthrough curves (BTC) at the 6 m location were compared, and the optimized parameter values were estimated. The fitting result of the analytical solution at the 6 m location was in satisfactory agreement with the measured concentrations, and the values of determination coefficient R², root mean square error RMSE, and mean relative error P were 0.9709, 0.0101, and 20.82%, respectively. The parameters estimated at the 6 m location could be used to predict the solute transport process. The BTCs at the 2, 4 and 8 m locations were simulated using the estimated parameter values and compared with experimental data. The statistical analysis indicated that the R², RMSE, and P between the measured and estimated BTCs were 0.8951, 0.0140, and 28.24% at 8 m, 0.9557, 0.0148, and 22.38% at 4 m, and 0.1549, 0.0931, and 47.36% at 2 m, respectively. The results showed that the prediction from the proposed analytical solution was rather similar with the experimental data at the 4 m location. The prediction was similar at the 8 m location due to the effect of the exit boundary and poor at the 2 m location due to the greater impact of the lower flow rate at the early stages of the experiment on the breakthrough curves at a smaller distance. The proposed analytical solution will be valuable for assessing the stability of numerical solutions in more realistic dispersion problems or describing solute transport at relatively large scales in heterogeneous porous media. The study provides valuable information for in practical applications of the reasonable fertilization and soil water environmental pollution forecasting.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Solute transport
Controlled terms:Cultivation - Curve fitting - Diffusion - Dispersions - Forecasting - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Laplace transforms - Mean square error - Microchannels  - Parameter estimation - Porous materials - Quality control - Soil moisture - Soil pollution - Soils - Velocity - Water pollution - Water quality - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Convection-dispersion equations - Determination coefficients - Heterogeneous porous media - Scale-dependent - Semi-infinite porous media - Solute transport parameters - Variable diffusion coefficient - Water resources management
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 444.2 Groundwater - 453 Water Pollution - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 604 Metal Cutting and Machining - 631 Fluid Flow - 731.1 Control Systems - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:201443117734
Title:Land use/cover change and its impact on soil carbon in eastern part of Qinghai Plateau in near 10 years
Authors:Zeng, Yongnian (1); Chen, Xiaoling (1); Jin, Wenping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geosciences and Info-physics, Central South University, Changsha , China; (2) Center for Geomatics and Regional Sustainable Development Research, Central South University, Changsha , China
Corresponding author:Zeng, Yongnian
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:275-282
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, the rapid changes of land use pattern have taken placed in the eastern part of Qinghai plateau due to human activities. Therefore, it is of great significance to reveal the relationship between the regional land cover change and consequently impact on soil carbon. Using such relationship, we can optimize land use structure and spatial configuration in order to improve the regional environment and promote its sustainable development. It is reported in literature that the land use/cover change is one of the main factors which may influence the regional carbon balance, and it can change the ecosystem carbon cycle and alter the regional even global carbon balance among different carbon pools. Based on the multi-temporal remote sensing data from Landsat TM, in this paper, we used the agriculture area of Haidong city located in the eastern part of Qinghai Plateau as a case study to investigate land use/cover change and consequently its impact on the regional carbon balance. The research was to be used as a reference for balancing the relationship among economic development, eco-system protection and cultivated land conservation and pursuit of low-carbon land use. Firstly, the intensity and directions of different types of land use pattern on eastern region of Qinghai Plateau in the last decade was analyzed by using change of land use intensity index. Then, carbon effect caused by eight main types of land use change including: cultivated land into forest land, forest land into cultivated land, cultivated land into grass, grass into cultivated land, forest land into grass, grass into forest land, cultivated land into construction land and construction land into cultivated land was studied. The results indicated that the implement of "Grain for Green Project" and progress made from the Western Development Strategy from the central government significant changed land use/cover in Haidong from 1999 to 2009. There were three kinds of land use types including forest, construction land and unutilized land, which increased by 67%, 56% and 1.14%, respectively and two types including cultivated land and grassland which decreased by 30% and 12%, respectively. Besides, the decrease of cultivated land was caused by construction land expansion and cultivated land conversion to different land uses. As a convention, the land use type, such as cultivated, forests and grass, are mainly considered as carbon sinks, while construction land is considered to be carbon source for emissions. By use of the method of ecological system type, we estimated the incremental trend effect on carbon in the studied area from 1999 to 2009, which indicated that the increment of carbon emission was higher than carbon sink by 2.4041 million tons. Especially, the expansion of construction land has caused carbon emission 3.7360 million tons. The positive impact on ecosystem from land conversion to non-cultivated land increased carbon sinks by 1.5604 million tons and the negative impact on ecosystem decreased carbon sinks by 0.2285 million tons. In the last 10 years, the increment of carbon emission caused by land use/cover changes exceeded the carbon sink which indicated that land use changes driven by natural and human factors jointly can exercise remarkable impact on carbon balance and sustainable development in eastern region of Qinghai Plateau.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Carbon - Conservation - Ecology - Economics - Ecosystems - Forestry - Planning - Remote sensing - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Carbon effects - Cover change - Development strategies - Eastern part of qinghai plateaux - Eastern Qinghai Plateau - Grain for green projects - Haidong city - Multi-temporal remote sensing
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454 Environmental Engineering - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 731.1 Control Systems - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:201443117711
Title:Shallow subsurface pipe drainage in Xinjiang lowers soil salinity and improves cotton seed yield
Authors:Liu, Yuguo (1); Yang, Haichang (1); Wang, Kaiyong (1); Lu, Tao (1); Zhang, Fenghua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Shihezi University, Key Laboratory for Oasis Ecological Agriculture of Xinjiang Construction Crops, Shihezi , China; (2) Agriculture Technology and Popularization Center of 147 Farm, Shihezi , China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Fenghua
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:84-90
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil salinization seriously restricts the sustainable development of agriculture in the arid area of China. For the purpose of lowering underground water level and soil salinity, increasing farmland crop yield as well as improving agricultural ecological environment, this research investigated the effect of subsurface pipe drainage on soil salinity and cotton yield in soils with mild and moderate salinization in cotton field covered with plastic mulching film under drip irrigation. A complete random plot design was used in the year of 2010. The soils were irrigated by water from well and the irrigation water had the salinity of 0.65 g/L, lower than that of fresh water. The cotton was planted in mild and moderate salinization soils with subsurface pipe drainage as the treatment and also in similar soils without drainage as the control. Plastic mulching film covered 6 rows of cotton and 2 drip irrigation tubes. The cotton was planted in 2010 and its seed yield was determined at the harvest stage. The electric conductivity (EC) and pH value of subsurface drainage were measured during the growth period of the cotton. The results showed that the cotton seed yield, EC and pH value of subsurface drainage could be affected by different degree of soil salinization. The subsurface drainage significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced the soil salinity. During the period of cotton growth, the salinity profile of soils with mild and moderate salinization was characterized by changes in the salt accumulation from its surface to the lower depth of soils. The desalinization ratio was 90.89% in the 0-20 cm, 59.87% in the 20-40 cm, 38.75% in the 40-60 cm, and 32.11% in the 60-80 cm for the moderate salinization soils, and 50.96% in the 0-20 cm, 42.69% in the 20-40 cm, and 18.48% in the 40- 60 cm for the mild salinization soils. It was apparent that the desalinization ratio in the 0-20 cm layer was highest than the other layers. The salinity of the moderate salinization soils decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05) to mild saline level via salt removal through subsurface pipe drainage. The change of EC under subsurface pipe drainage ranged from 7.53 to 11.16 dS/m, and the value of pH value varied from 7.08 to 8.20. In addition, through subsurface pipe drainage, the cotton yield of the mild and moderate salinization soil was increased by 25.3% and 55% (P&lt;0.01) compared with the control without drainage, respectively. However, the cotton yield was not significantly different between the mild and moderate salinization soils (P&gt;0.05). This study indicated that the shallow subsurface pipe drainage technology could greatly improve soil condition, control soil salinity, and enhance crop yield. Furthermore, since the pipe was buried in soils, leaving more soil surface space for crop and thus having the potential of increasing economic benefits. It suggested that the shallow subsurface pipe drainage technology combined with the drip irrigation under plastic mulch can be an effective method for exploration and utilization of saline soil in Xinjiang.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Arid regions - Cotton - Crops - Drainage - Farms - Groundwater - Groundwater flow - Irrigation - pH  - Plastic pipe - Salt removal - Soil moisture - Subirrigation - Sustainable development - Water - Water levels
Uncontrolled terms:Crop yield - Ecological environments - Economic benefits - Salinized farmland - Salt accumulations - Shallow subsurface - Soil salinity - Subsurface drainages
Classification code:401 Bridges and Tunnels - 406 Highway Engineering - 442 Flood Control; Land Reclamation - 443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 444.2 Groundwater - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 502 Mines and Quarry Equipment and Operations - 614.2 Steam Power Plant Equipment and Operation - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2 Industrial Economics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:201443117724
Title:Screening of calculation methods for wind shear exponent
Authors:Xu, Baoqing (1); Wu, Tingting (1); Li, Wenhui (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot , China; (2) Beijing TianRun New Energy Investment Corporation, North China Branch, Hohhot , China
Corresponding author:Xu, Baoqing
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:188-194
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to support the development and construction of wind farms, this paper analyzed and studied an important parameter-the wind shear exponent. Due to the influence of ground roughness, the wind shear exponents of different areas are different; in addition, because of the thermodynamic factor, the wind shear exponents are different even in the same area at different times. Therefore, to obtain an accurate value of the wind shear exponent in a certain area at a certain time, only the local wind-speed data can be used to calculate it. However, because of the complexity of the measured data, there are many methods to calculate the wind shear exponent, and the values calculated by different methods are different. So, in this paper, the methods of calculating wind shear exponent were studied. Firstly, there were five methods to calculate the wind shear exponent using different data sets, including 1) all of the data, 2) the data without wind speeds less than 3 m/s, 3) the data with the annual average wind speed, 4) the data with wind speeds between (15&plusmn;0.5) m/s, 5) the wind profile. Among them, methods 1, 2, and 4 calculated wind shear exponent through the least-squares fitting. Method 3 used the annual average wind speed and the exponential formula to calculate wind shear exponent. Method 5 used wind profile fitting to calculate the wind shear exponent. The wind profile reflects the overall level of the wind conditions. Then, with the example of actual wind speed data, and within a complete year on three wind measurement heights at a mast of Wulanchabu in Inner Mongolia, five different wind shear exponents of this area were calculated by the above methods. Finally, according to the calculated wind shear exponents and the power-law formula, the wind speeds of the known height were calculated, and then by comparing the calculated value and actual value, the methods that produce smaller errors were chosen, and at last the more accurate wind shear exponent was obtained. The results showed that due to the impact of ground roughness and the topography, not only wind shear exponents were different in different areas, but they were also different when calculating by different methods even in the same area at the same time. The result of the method which used the data without wind speeds less than 3 m/s (method 2) for the least-squares fitting was more accurate than the result of the method which uses all of the data (method 1) for the least-squares fitting. The result calculated by the annual average wind speed (method 3) was close to the result calculated by using all of the data for the least-squares fitting. In the mountainous area, if it gets a negative wind shear exponent when calculated by the data with wind speeds between (15&plusmn;0.5) m/s (method 4), the result will not be stable or reliable. Overall, the method of using the data without wind speeds less than 3 m/s calculated by the least-squares fitting and the method using wind profile fitting are more accurate than the other methods. Therefore, combining with the actual situation of wind farm, using these methods comprehensively to choose the smallest error wind shear exponent will provide the evaluation work with a more accurate foundation and ultimately achieve the goal of better utilization of wind resources.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Least squares approximations
Controlled terms:Applications - Calculations - Electric utilities - Speed - Wind - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms:Annual average wind speed - Calculated values - Exponential formula - Least Square - Least-squares fittings - Thermodynamic factors - Wind shears - Wind speed
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 706 Electric Transmission and Distribution - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:201443117704
Title:Appropriate WC content improving wear and corrosion resistance of Ti(C, N)-WC coating
Authors:Qu, Ping (1); Ma, Yuejin (1); Zhao, Jianguo (1); Ma, Luping (1); Liu, Junfeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding , China; (2) Science and Technology Research Institute, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding , China
Corresponding author:Ma, Yuejin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:33-40
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the surface strength of the agricultural machinery key components, the in-situ synthesis of Ti(C,N)-WC composite coating with various WC contents was prepared on Q235B steel specimen surface by reactive plasma cladding technology. Firstly, raw materials were the titanium powder, graphite powder, TiN powder, WC powder and Ni60A powder, which were mixed according to the mass fraction ratio of 28:7:15:0:50, 28:7:15:6:44, 28:7:15:12:38, 28:7:15:15:35, 28:7:15:18:32. The five components of the powder were respectively placed in a planetary-type ball mill DQM, milled for 6 hours, were made a mixed powder paste with 504 of the glue which was the adhesive, and then were uniformly coated on the surface of pretreated Q235B specimen. Secondly, the five samples were placed in the vacuum drying oven and were dried under 80. By the plasma cladding technology that DML-300 plasma welding machine provided the heat source and the plasma arc single channel was used to scan to clad, the pre-coated raw material components occurred melting and chemical reaction and synthesized Ti(C,N) metal ceramic composite coating with different WC contents in situ. The morphology, microstructure, phase, wear and corrosion resistance of the Ti(C,N)-WC composite coating were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), micro hardness tester, abrasion testing machine and electrochemical workstation. The results indicated that the granular new phase Ti(C,N) were synthesized in-situ on Q235B steel during the plasma cladding process and the composite coatings were made, which were composed of hard phase, ring phase and binder phase, and had a good metallurgical combination with Q235B steel substrate. Appropriate WC content can promote the formation of ring phase, which effectively improved the wettability of the metal ceramic hard phase and binder phase, prevented the hard phase particles from moving closer to each other, inhibited the hard phase grain growth, and thus it played a role in the grain refinement and dispersion strengthening which improved the strength of the coating. When the WC content was 12%, the typical development of core-ring structure became perfect, and uniformly dispersed and embedded in the binder phase, and the grain was finest. When the WC content exceeded 15% and reached18%, the ring phase changed thick or incomplete, grain coarsening, the core-ring structure reduced and had the tendency of disappearing, composite coating appeared holes and cracks. The micro hardness, wear and corrosion resistance properties of the coating strengthened with the increasing of the added amount of WC, when WC content was 12%, the maximum and average hardness of coatings was HV<inf>0.5</inf>2030 and HV<inf>0.5</inf>1750 which was about 6 times the hardness of the substrate, the friction coefficient of coating was about 2/5 of the substrate, the wear loss of coating was about 1/16 of Q235B steel, the wear resistance of the composite coating was excellent. In 5% H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> solution, the corrosion rate of the coating with WC content of 12% was 1/9 of Q235B, in 3.5% NaCl solution, the corrosion rate of coating with WC content of 12% was 1/4 of Q235B, so the resistant corrosion property of composite coating with WC content of 12% was optimal in acidic and sodium chloride environment. Ti (C,N)-WC composite coatings have better wear and corrosion resistance behavior than the substrate. The trial provides a experimental and theoretical reference for strengthening agricultural machinery materials.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Tungsten carbide
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Binders - Ceramic materials - Cladding (coating) - Composite coatings - Corrosion - Corrosion rate - Corrosion resistance - Dispersions  - Friction - Grain (agricultural product) - Grain growth - Grain refinement - Hard coatings - Hardness - Machine components - Plasma welding - Plasmas - Powder metals  - Scanning electron microscopy - Sodium chloride - Steel metallurgy - Steel research - Strengthening (metal) - Substrates - Synthesis (chemical) - Titanium - Wear resistance
Uncontrolled terms:Dispersion strengthening - Metal-ceramic composites - Metallurgical combinations - Reactive plasma cladding - Ti (C ,N) - WC composite coatings - WC contents - Wear and corrosion resistance
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 531.1 Metallurgy - 531.2 Metallography - 535.1 Metal Rolling - 536 Powder Metallurgy - 542.3 Titanium and Alloys - 545.3 Steel - 601.2 Machine Components - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 812.1 Ceramics - 813 Coatings and Finishes - 813.2 Coating Materials - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 932.3 Plasma Physics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:201443117718
Title:Effect of crops on rainfall redistribution processes under simulated rainfall
Authors:Ma, Bo (1); Ma, Fan (2); Li, Zhanbin (1); Wu, Faqi (2)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS and MWR, Yangling , China; (2) College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A and F University, Yangling , China; (3) Institute of Desertification Control, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Yinchuan , China
Corresponding author:Wu, Faqi
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:136-146
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Crop canopy greatly affects the distribution of rainfall or irrigation water in the canopy and topsoil, thus potentially causing uneven distribution of surface soil water content and altering water use efficiency. Rainfall and sprinkler irrigation water are partitioned into four components as it passes through the plant canopy: throughfall, stemflow, interception storage, and in-canopy evaporation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of crop canopy on the redistribution of rainfall. The simulated rainfall was used to measure soybean canopy stemflow and throughfall, and a spray method was used to observe canopy interception. In order to measure throughfall, stemflow, and interception storage at different times during the growing season of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max), millet (Setaria italic) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.), the throughfall and stemflow were measured indoors during simulated rainfall events with different leaf area indexes (LAI) under different rainfall intensities, and the spray method was used to measure the interception storage of crop canopies with different LAI. The effects of LAI and rainfall intensity on throughfall, stemflow, and interception storage were analyzed. The results showed that crop canopy had a significant (p&lt;0.05) effect on rainfall redistribution under simulated rainfall. For the four crops canopy under the rainfall intensity of 40 and 80 mm/h, throughfall accounted for 77.04% of the total rainfall, stemflow accounted for 24.07% of the total rainfall, and the canopy interception was quit small less than 1% of the total rainfall. Under corn canopy, throughfall accounted for 36.23% to 93.55% of the total rainfall with a weighted averaging 65.15% across the entire experiment; stemflow accounted for 5.98% to 70.42% of the total rainfall with a weighted averaging 34.59%; the average interception storage was 0.16 mm equivalent to 0.26% of the total rainfall amount. Throughfall under soybean canopy accounted for 75.32% to 97.08% of the total rainfall with a weighted averaging 85.52% across the entire experiment, stemflow accounted for 3.06% to 22.52% with a weighted averaging 13.58% across the entire experiment, and the average interception storage of soybean canopy was 0.48 mm equivalent to 0.90% of the total rainfall amount. For millet, throughfall ratio ranged from 66.18% to 91.97% with a weighted averaging 80.05% in whole growth season, stemflow ratio ranged from 6.30% to 32.80% with a weighted averaging 19.42% in whole millet growth season, and the interception storage averaged 0.28 mm equivalent to 0.53% of the total rainfall amount. Throughfall ratio under winter wheat canopy ranged from 76.40% to 81.85% with a weighted averaging of 72.18%, stemflow ratio ranged of 22.15% to 36.52% with a weighted averaging of 26.34%, and the interception storage averaged 0.88 mm equivalent to 1.5% of the total rainfall amount. The amount of throughfall declined gradually as the crops LAI increased, whereas stemflow and interception storage gradually increased. There was a positive correlation between rainfall intensity and throughfall amount and also between rainfall intensity and stemflow amount. The ratio of throughfall to the total rainfall was not significantly related to rainfall intensity (p&gt;0.05). Similarly, the ratio of stemflow to the total rainfall was not significantly related to rainfall intensity (p&gt;0.05). As the crop grew up, the spatial distribution of throughfall gradually became uneven and rainwater tended to concentrate in the inter-row area. This study provides important insights into the effect of the crop canopy on the redistribution of rainfall and this study can be used as a theoretical basis for effectively using agricultural water and for controlling soil erosion on slopes.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Rain
Controlled terms:Amino acids - Crops - Forestry - Irrigation - Nitrogen fixation - Simulators - Soil moisture - Sprinkler systems (irrigation) - Statistical methods - Water  - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Canopy interception - Corn (Zea mays L.) - Positive correlations - Rainfall redistribution - Sprinkler irrigation - Stemflow - Throughfall - Water use efficiency
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 621 Nuclear Reactors - 671 Naval Architecture - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:201443117720
Title:Comparison on fusion algorithms of ZY-3 panchromatic and multi-spectral images
Authors:Li, Lin (1); She, Mengyuan (1); Luo, Heng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan , China
Corresponding author:Li, Lin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:157-165
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:ZY-3 (Ziyuan-3) satellite is China's first civil high resolution mapping satellite that can provide services for precision agriculture in our country in real-time and steadily. Based on ZY-3 satellite panchromatic images with 2.1 m spatial resolution and multispectral images with 5.8 m resolution data, the methods of image enhancement on ZY-3 agricultural land data were analyzed, taking agricultural land in the Caidian district of Wuhan, Hubei province as an example. The study used different fusion methods such as HSV transformation, Brovey transformation, Gram - Schmidt spectral sharpening, PC spectral sharpening, Wavelet transformation, and Ehlers transformation, all of which are frequently used. For assessing the performance and effect of these fusion methods, the image quality of the fused image was evaluated by qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis relied on visual contrast. To improve the spatial resolution and keep the original image spectrum information of fusion images, two kinds of statistical aspects: grey scale statistics and texture characteristics of different areas, were analyzed quantificationally. Grey scale statistics included correlation index and spectral angle index. Texture characteristics included entropy index, second moment index, and edge response index. In order to better determine the fusion image's texture features, three block areas of which the spatial structure's complexity was different from each other, such as building area, farmland, and water, were chosen to analyze their entropy and second moment indexes. Furthermore, through the object-oriented classification method, fusion images were classified into six classes to evaluate the performance of the fusion method at the information level. The six classes included water, arable land, woodland, buildings, bare land, and unclassified. In order to further verify the accuracy of classification, the study used the same methods and parameters to analyze other images of the Wuhu province. Based on the above content, this paper analyzed the applicability of 6 common fusion methods for ZY-3 panchromatic and multispectral agricultural land images. Experiments showed that PC transformation and Ehlers transformation had high spectral fidelity, rich spatial information, and high classification accuracy simultaneously. Brovey transformation and HSV transformation lost serious spectral information, and Brovey transformation also lost great spatial information. The overall classification accuracy of Brovey transformation was poor, but the HSV transformation was good. For GS transformation, the overall analysis result of the classification analysis was bad, but the image quality performed well. The Wavelet transformation lost serious high frequency information, but its spectral fidelity kept well, as did its classification result. Classification experiments introduced details that Brovey transformation was suitable for extracting water. PC transformation, GS transformation, and Wavelet transformation were suitable for building information. For arable land information, priority could be given to Ehlers, PC, and Wavelet transformations. For woodland extraction, Ehlers and Wavelet transformations had better accuracy. HSV transformation was suitable for the extraction of bare land. It is noteworthy that different fusion methods have different advantages in image quality and features extraction. Based on the above reasons, we can select relevant fusion algorithms combined with the practical agriculture application and image information. Comparing experiment data comprehensively, the effects of PC transformation and Ehlers transformation are superior to that of other fusion algorithms, suitable to be applied in ZY-3 panchromatic and multispectral agricultural land data.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Image classification
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Classification (of information) - Entropy - Extraction - Image fusion - Image quality - Image resolution - Image texture - Land use  - Metadata - Quality control - Remote sensing - Satellites - Spectroscopy - Spectrum analysis - Standby power systems - Textures - Wavelet transforms
Uncontrolled terms:Accuracy of classifications - Agricultural region - Fused images - High-frequency informations - Object oriented - Object oriented classification - Qualitative and quantitative analysis - ZY-3
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 611 Hydroelectric and Tidal Power Plants - 613 Nuclear Power Plants - 614 Steam Power Plants - 615 Thermoelectric, Magnetohydrodynamic and Other Power Generators - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 655.2 Satellites - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731.1 Control Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 801 Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 933 Solid State Physics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:201443117735
Title:Response of soil quality to artificial vegetation restoration patterns in hilly area of Southern Ningxia
Authors:Jin, Jingwei (1); Su, Jishuai (3); Bai, Yu (3); Jing, Zhaobin (3); Jing, Guanghua (2); Cheng, Guangqing (3); Cheng, Jimin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A and F University, Yangling , China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Science and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling , China; (3) College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A and F University, Yangling , China
Corresponding author:Cheng, Jimin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:283-289
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil, as a vital natural resource, performs key environmental, economic, and social functions. High quality of soil not only produces better food and fiber, but also helps establish natural ecosystems and enhances air and water quality. Soil quality improvement is important for sustaining a global biosphere. Understanding the variability of soil quality is important in improving an ecological environment. Vegetation restoration played an important role in the ecological environment construction, and it could reduce the soil erosion and improve the soil quality. The hilly area of southern Ningxia, one of the soil erosion areas, was the key region of the conversion of cropland to forest and grassland and ecological construction. According to the complexity of the ecological environment in the hilly area of southern Ningxia, lots of vegetation restoration patterns had developed from the 1990s. Medicago sativa and Caragana microphylla were the main plant species in the vegetation restoration of this area. Some studies had also shown the variability of soil aggregate content and soil microorganisms under different artificial vegetation restoration patterns in the hilly area of southern Ningxia. However, little attention had been paid to the effects of vegetation restoration patterns on soil quality using a mathematical model. The objective of this research is to explore the response of soil quality to artificial vegetation restoration patterns in the hilly area of southern Ningxia. In this paper, soil samples were taken in 0-10 and &gt;10-20 cm soil layers under seven artificial patterns. Soil samples were air-dried, divided, and passed through a 2-mm nylon sieve for measuring soil available phosphorus, available potassium, and soil pH value. Part of the air-dried and sieved samples were grounded and passed through either a 1-mm or a 0.25-mm nylon sieve for determining soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and organic matter. The soil organic matter and total nitrogen were determined using the potassium dichromate hydrometer method and the semi-micro Kjeldahl method, respectively. Soil total phosphorus was digested by H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>-HClO<inf>4</inf> and followed by molybdate colorimetric measurement. Soil available phosphorus and available potassium was attained by extracting soil with 0.5 mol/L sodium bicarbonate (NaCO<inf>3</inf>) and 1 mol/L ammonium acetate (NH<inf>4</inf>Ac) then measured by molybdate colorimetric measurement and an atomic absorption spectrometer, respectively. A pH meter determined soil pH after extraction from a soil water ratio of 1:1. Soil water content was measured using a drying method. Considering the natural conditions of the hilly area of southern Ningxia, soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, available potassium, organic matter, pH, and soil water content in 0-10 and &gt;10-20 cm soil layers were selected as the index. Using the grey correlation model and cluster analysis, seven artificial patterns were selected to study the effect of vegetation restoration on the soil quality and determine the optimum pattern. The results showed that different artificial vegetation restoration patterns had different effects on soil quality. Compared to farmland, both the Medicago sativa pattern with 5, 10, 15, 20 years and Caragana microphylla pattern with 30 years could improve soil quality. The best pattern was the Caragana microphylla pattern with 30 years. It indicated that with the development of the Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland Project, planting both Medicago sativa and Caragana microphylla should be the optional choices to restore soil quality, since they could decrease the soil erosion and improve soil condition, especially in the hilly area of Southern Ningxia.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Ammonium bicarbonate - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Cluster analysis - Colorimetry - Ecology - Erosion - Forestry - Nitrogen - Organic compounds  - Phosphorus - Plants (botany) - Polyamides - Potassium - Quality control - Rayon - Restoration - Sieves - Sodium bicarbonate - Soil moisture  - Soils - Vegetation - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial vegetation - Atomic absorption spectrometers - Colorimetric measurement - Ecological construction - Ecological environment constructions - Ecological environments - Grey correlation models - Hilly areas
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 409 Civil Engineering, General - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 481.2 Geochemistry - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 819.2 Synthetic Fibers - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922 Statistical Methods - 941.4 Optical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:201443117732
Title:Evolution and environmental effect of household energy consumption pattern for herdsmen
Authors:Sun, Yonglong (1); Niu, Shuwen (1); Lan, Zhongcheng (1); Shen, Yi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou , China; (2) School of Management, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou , China
Corresponding author:Niu, Shuwen
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:256-262
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Energy consumption patterns are not only restricted by the technical efficiency, but also the result of the impact of lifestyle and social cultural. The purpose of this paper is to master the evolution and environmental effect of household energy consumption patterns after herdsmen settlement. Based on the data analysis of 259 herdsmen household energy consumption in 20 towns on Gannan pastoral areas, this article has studied the differences of energy consumption patterns between nomadic, semi-settled, and settled lifestyle, and analyzed the emissions of major greenhouse gases and pollutants. The results show that: Overall, pastoral families mainly consume dung and other biomass, the per capita energy consumption is higher, but the energy quality is poor, and the majority of household energy consumption is still in a state of meeting the basic survival needs. After herdsmen settlement, the lifestyle has undergone major changes, and exerted a far-reaching influence on the pastoral household energy consumption patterns. On the total consumption, the per capita energy consumption level decreases significantly, reduces from 1738.85 to 734.19 kgce (kg of standard coal), and is only 46.99% and 42.22% of the consumption under the semi-settled and nomadic lifestyle. There are two main reasons, one reason is that the heating time is shortened; another reason is that the substitution effect of commercial energy is obvious.. For the consumption structure, the quantity and proportion of commercial energy consumption are gradually increased; the number of biomass energy consumption is significantly reduced, and shows a trend of diversification. The way of using solar energy is shifted from generating power by photovoltaic panels to steering water by a solar cooker, and the quantity is declined. Although the amount of solar energy use is smaller, it has profound implications for improving the quality of herdsmen life, it solves the basic electricity needs of nomadic herdsmen. After the herdsmen settlement, pastoral household energy consumption type becomes diverse, herdsmen use more commercial energy and advanced appliances, the integrated thermal efficiency increases from 15.74%, 16.81% to 19.96%, and the energy saving effect is gradually highlighted. Compared with the physical consumption, the gap of heating services acquired is narrowing between settled, semi-settled and nomadic herdsmen. After the herdsmensettlement, the impact of environment is changed, the main greenhouse gases and pollutant emissions of CO<inf>2</inf>, N<inf>2</inf>O, CH<inf>4</inf>, NO<inf>x</inf>, TSP are significantly reduced, and the negative impacts on the health of residents are also reduced, while the emissions of SO<inf>2</inf> is increased due to the consumption of coal and other commodities. New environmental problem are created after the change in household energy consumption patterns, the energy development needs system planning. These research results can provide the basis for promoting pastoral energy conservation and achieving sustainable development of pastoral areas.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Energy efficiency
Controlled terms:Biomass - Carbon dioxide - Emission control - Energy conservation - Energy utilization - Environmental impact - Greenhouse gases - Heating - Photovoltaic cells - Pollution  - Solar energy - Solar power generation - Sulfur dioxide - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Consumption patterns - Consumption structure - Energy consumption levels - Environmental problems - Ganan Pastoral Areas - Herdsmen settlement - Household energy consumption - Technical efficiency
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 525 Energy Management and Conversion - 615.2 Solar Power - 643.1 Space Heating - 702.3 Solar Cells - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 911.2 Industrial Economics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:201443117702
Title:Data collection system of greenhouse corps based on micro automated guided vehicle
Authors:Wang, Lishu (1); Ding, Xiaocheng (1); Shi, Qifan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Electrical and Information, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin , China
Corresponding author:Wang, Lishu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:17-24
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:During the process of growing and selecting corps, it is significant to high-frequently gain of biological indexes of individual samples and their surrounding environmental parameters. Under normal circumstances, the number of samples is large, data acquisition cycle is long. To realize high-level automation of the process of growing and selecting crops, Data collection system (DCS) of corps was designed based on micro automated guided vehicle (AGV) in this paper. Techniques of advanced RISC machines (ARM), radio frequency identification (RFID), sensors, wireless communication, and modern control, etc were also use to the DCS. The DCS consisted of micro AGV, VDAS (vehicle data acquisition system), communication and control system. Specifically, the micro AGV, made up of control unit, action unit, guiding unit and orientation unit, was used to automatic navigate and pinpoint the location of samples. S3C6410 chip was use as the core processor of the control unit in micro AGV, S3C6410 is common RSIC processor developed by Samsung Company based on ARM1176JZF-S core and 16/32, which met the data processing requirements. ASLONG GA20Y180 micro direct current motor was used as the drive of the action unit, and achieved control of the motor L293D-based control module. Optical guided navigation was used to the guiding unit, which achieved reliable navigation through two micro AGV navigation modules. By RFID and optical recognition two kinds of ways, the orientation unit achieved targeting and accurate positioning of the Micro AGV during movement. The VDAS, made up of data acquisition units of image and environment as well as data processing unit, was used to collect data of samples' images, environmental humidity and temperature, carbon dioxide intensity, illumination intensity, and then to process and store the collected data. The communication and control system, made up of vehicle communication unit, and control software on remote control computer, was used to realize long distance transmission and control. When collecting the sample's data, the control software sent orders and the micro AGV carrying VDAS began to collect images and environmental parameters according to the planned routine. In order to validate the accuracy and stability of the DCS, taking soybean pot as sample in this paper, experiments on image and environmental data acquisition was done. It turned out that the images obtained from the DSC were evenly in good quality which met the requirements of image processing in the later period. Besides, the errors between the automatically collected environmental data and manual data were at around 2%, which met the precision standards of data acquisition. The DCS operated stably during the experiments and phenomenon of out of routine didn't occur. The error of orientation was fewer than 6 mm. It took the DSC 9 minutes to collect images of 160 samples, which demonstrated that the efficiency was improved greatly. This paper overcame the problem of data acquisition of individual samples when growing and selecting corps. It provides a good reference for the automatic acquisition of greenhouse corps.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Data acquisition
Controlled terms:ARM processors - Automatic guided vehicles - Automation - Carbon dioxide - Computer control systems - Control systems - Data handling - Data processing - Digital storage - Distributed parameter networks  - Greenhouses - Image processing - Mobile robots - Navigation - Optical data processing - Radio frequency identification (RFID) - Remote control - Vehicle to vehicle communications - Vehicle transmissions - Vehicles  - Wireless telecommunication systems
Uncontrolled terms:Automated guided vehicles - Automatic navigation - Communication and control - Environmental humidities - Environmental parameter - Long distance transmission - Potted plants - Wireless communications
Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 432 Highway Transportation - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 703.1 Electric Networks - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732 Control Devices - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:201443117721
Title:Development of biological delayed luminescence irradiation source system
Authors:Yang, Yunjing (1); Liu, Kai (2); Xi, Gang (2); Gao, Yu (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Science, North West A and F University, Yangling , China; (2) Institute of Science, Xian University of Technology, Xi'an , China
Corresponding author:Yang, Yunjing
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:166-172
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The analysis and application of biological delayed luminescence is a hotspot in many interdisciplinary areas. However, the irradiation source of biological delayed luminescence has not been thoroughly investigated. In order to solve some problems of the current biological delayed-luminescence detection system, including the poor repeatability and reliability caused by the delay error of the external excitation light source and the superimposed interference of natural light, a biological delayed-luminescence irradiation source system is presented in this paper. This irradiation source system mainly consists of a constant temperature irradiation chamber, a tricolor RGB-LED matrix irradiation light source, an electronic shutter isolator, and a control circuit. The irradiation source system is assembled with the BPCL Series weak luminescence meter. The proposed system has technical improvements in three aspects related to the external excitation light source. 1) It features multiple automation selections in irradiation frequency, irradiation intensity, and programmable irradiation timing. Under the control of the MCS-51 single-chip microcomputer, 16 light spectra with varying chrominance can be selected in the range of 410-625 nm, with LED driving current adjustable from 16-40 mA for different brightness, and the irradiation time is adjustable within the range of 0-999 s. 2) It features fast switching of the electronic shutter in lighting and detection process in the same channel of a darkroom. When the light source is on, the shutter is closed automatically. During measurement, the shutter is opened automatically when the light source is off. It therefore reduces the superimposed interference with natural light and the delay error. 3) Because of the temperature sensitivity of the biological delayed luminescence, a temperature sampling circuit called the `single integral type A/D converter' with a simple structure is designed based on the working principle of the `double integral type A/D converter'. Combining with the MCU, this temperature-sampling circuit works as a temperature controller, which can maintain a constant temperature in the sample chamber. After using this irradiation source system, the results of the background noise and stability testing showed that the noise deviation in average photon counting was less than 4.5 cps (counts per second). The relative error in five repetitive tests was 0.7%, achieving a high repeatability of the delayed luminescence curves. The test results of the delayed luminescence in germinating corn further showed that the R² of the delayed luminescence curves fitting was greater than 0.99. Good reliability and repeatability can be achieved in this system.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Light
Controlled terms:Analog to digital conversion - Curve fitting - Design - Integrated circuits - Irradiation - Light emitting diodes - Light sources - Luminescence - Radiation - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Constant temperature - Delayed luminescence - Irradiation intensity - Measurement system - Single chip microcomputers - Technical improvement - Temperature controllers - Temperature sensitivity
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 741.1 Light/Optics - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:201443117723
Title:Design and implementation of automatic monitoring system for layers production parameters
Authors:Wang, Chunshan (1); Li, Jiuxi (2); Huang, Renlu (3); L, Jixing (1); Li, Lihua (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding , China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding , China; (3) College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding , China
Corresponding author:Huang, Renlu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:181-187
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to identify and avoid risks during the breeding process of laying hens, it is necessary to acquire real-time and continuous data of laying hens' physiology and production parameters. At present, data acquisition and processing is mainly dependent on the manual mode, which is a very costly and time consuming process. Meanwhile, the data obtained from human observation involves strong subjectivity, which could be disadvantageous for carrying out accurate, stable, and continuous recording. In addition, the manual mode of data measurement will affect the living environment and physiological state of laying hens, and even cause stress reactions. This will, in turn, affect the accuracy of data monitoring. Therefore, if there is an approach to collect all kinds of physiology and production parameters of laying hens in the natural state, the acquired data will be more accurate and closer to the actual situation of the testing objects.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Monitoring
Controlled terms:Automation - Data acquisition - Data handling - Design - Inlet flow - Physiology - Plates (structural components) - Sensor networks - Sensors - Tanks (containers)  - Technology transfer - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic monitoring-system - Design and implementations - Information integration - Laying hens - Natural state - Production parameters - Remote data acquisition - Sensor network technology
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 461.9 Biology - 619.2 Tanks - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732 Control Devices - 801 Chemistry - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:201443117705
Title:Micro-structure and tribological properties of badger teeth and dog teeth
Authors:Ma, Yunhai (1); Ma, Shengsheng (1); Gao, Zhihui (1); Yang, Yang (3); Zhuang, Jian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun , China; (2) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun , China; (3) Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun , China
Corresponding author:Ma, Yunhai
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:41-46
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Taking the teeth of badgers and dogs as the research object, the friction and wear behavior of the two different animals was investigated systematically in this paper. The wear resistance of the two surfaces was estimated by a wear tester and a roughness tester. The structure of different worn surfaces was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical properties such as hardness and elastic modulus were also evaluated by using a nano-test apparatus. The results showed that the friction and wear performance of these teeth closely related with microstructure. The surface of badger teeth appeared with less scrap, and slight wear and tear happened with some little peeling pits. Compared with the worn surface of badger teeth, the worn surface of the canine tooth enamel had more cracks, and the observed plough cut and bruises were relatively more serious accompanied by massive spalling. Friction and wear properties of different teeth are determined by hardness and microstructure to a large extent. The wear resistance, hardness, and elastic modulus of badger tooth enamel is better than that of dogs. Research results show that badger teeth have apparently better performance such as tribological characteristics and mechanical properties, which suggests greater potential for developing cutters based on badger teeth. This phenomenon could be due to the fact that the surface roughness of the polished teeth sample, which contacts with Si<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf> ceramic ball, is small at first. Badger enamel and dog enamel therefore have a low initial friction coefficient. After a period of time, due to fatigue damage in the enamel surface and associated with brittle cracking, the friction coefficient rapidly increases in the enamel material from peeling. The friction coefficient of the two different samples changed with time and presented different trends. The friction coefficient of badger enamel showed a rapid increase after 1 100 s, while the time for dog enamel is 350 s. As can be seen, the brittle surface flaking of dog enamel appeared earlier than that of badger enamel, which may be affected by the different degree of mineralization and crystal density. As time continues, from the enamel surface of badger and dog tooth, spalling flake enamel is repeatedly squeezing and make the size small. These tiny particles of enamel played an important role in lubrication, reducing the wear between the enamel and a Si<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf> ceramic ball. Then friction and wear went into the stable phase, and the friction coefficient remained constant. The nano-hardness and elastic modulus of badger enamel are higher than that of dog tooth enamel. The reasons for the above findings are mainly that the mechanical properties of the tooth enamel are closely related with its microstructure. Enamel rod is the basic structure of the enamel. The density of the fiber bundles which is within the column is non-aligned and has a certain gap. Therefore, under the effect of an external force on the enamel rod, a single fiber bundle is less restrictive by other fiber bundles around. The effect of a single fiber bundle to resist external forces is not obvious and easily deformed. The density of dog enamel fiber bundle is lower than the badger enamel; therefore, its mechanical properties are inferior to those of the badger tooth enamel.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Tooth enamel
Controlled terms:Ceramic materials - Cracks - Density (specific gravity) - Elastic moduli - Enamels - Fatigue damage - Fibers - Friction - Hardness - Mechanical properties  - Microstructure - Scanning electron microscopy - Silicon - Spalling - Surface roughness - Tribology - Wear of materials - Wear resistance
Uncontrolled terms:Better performance - Friction and wear behaviors - Friction and wear performance - Friction and wear properties - Friction coefficients - Hardness and elastic modulus - Tribological characteristics - Tribological properties
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 535.1.1 Rolling Mills - 712.1.1 Single Element Semiconducting Materials - 812 Ceramics, Refractories and Glass - 812.1 Ceramics - 817 Plastics and Other Polymers: Products and Applications - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 933 Solid State Physics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 42>

Accession number:201443117708
Title:Transfer rule of compression and springback stress in compression process of alfalfa
Authors:Li, Xuying (1); Yang, Mingshao (1); Lu, Guocheng (1); Kang, Wenbiao (1); Ding, Haiquan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot , China
Corresponding author:Li, Xuying
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:61-67
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This study attempted to investigate the transfer rule of the axial stress and springback models at the different locations of the compression chamber in the compression process of alfalfas, in which the alfalfa was compressed from the loose state into a grass piece. By taking dried high-quality alfalfa as the experimental material and 4 kg as the feeding capacity, with 5 different cross-section sizes (namely 360 mm&times;460 mm, 385 mm&times;460 mm, 410 mm&times;460 mm, 460 mm&times;460 mm and 510 mm&times;460 mm) of the compression chamber, the compression experiments were conducted under the conditions of a given compression chamber length, and initial density and moisture content of alfalfa. In order to measure the axial stress, including the compression and springback stress, the 10 moveable pressure sensors were used for the cross-section size of the compression chamber, and 2 pressure sensors and 3 displacement sensors were installed in each section. The compression and springback stress, the location of the grass piece in the compression chamber, the amount of compression, and springback value were obtained and stored in an Excel spreadsheet table by the data acquisition system based on virtual instrument technology, and the online curves of the axial force, the compression displacement, and the thickness of the grass pieces were displayed. All data was imported into the software Matlab and the axial stress curves versus the location of the grass piece in the compression of alfalfa were given. Then curve fitting of the maximum stress and the minimum springback stress were done respectively, the transfer rule of the compression and springback stress and the corresponding mathematic model were obtained. The results showed that the squared multiple correlation coefficient was greater than 0.9091, indicating that the compression and springback stress were closely related to the location of the grass piece and that the model regression effect was better. The compression and springback stresses had the similar transfer rules for different cross-section sizes of the compression chamber, and the cross-section size of the compression chamber had effects on the maximum compression stress and maximum springback stress of alfalfa. The compression stress required from loose alfalfa into the grass piece was highest, which was a fundamental parameter in designing the baler. The compression stress of 4-5 the grass piece was higher in the front of the compression chamber but lower in the rear parts of the compression chamber. It suggested that: 1) the suitable length for the compression chamber was 900-1 000 mm; and 2) the reinforcement structures should be added in the front part of the compression chamber to satisfy the strength and stiffness and to decrease baler weight. The study revealed that the envelop line of minimum spingback stress increased with increasing compression displacement, and the trend was opposite when it reached a certain location. Eventually, the difference between the axial compression and springback force of the grass piece was decreased and then became stable. It indicated that the damping plate should be set at the front part and the rear of the compression chamber, which would lead to the maximum springback force occurring in the compression process. As such, the baling efficiency and qualified products were improved. The results here provide valuable information for parameters optimization in the compression process and power choice.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Curve fitting
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Compressive stress - MATLAB - Pressure sensors - Sensors - Spreadsheets
Uncontrolled terms:Alfalfa - Baling - Multiple correlation coefficients - Parameters optimization - Recovery stress - Reinforcement structures - Transfer law - Virtual instrument technology
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 723.1 Computer Programming - 801 Chemistry - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921 Mathematics - 944.3 Pressure Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 43>

Accession number:201443117728
Title:Mechanics modeling of dust particle on solar panel surface in desert environment
Authors:Meng, Guangshuang (1); Gao, Dedong (1); Wang, Shan (1); Xin, Yuanqing (1); Zheng, Haojun (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining , China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechanical and Electrical System, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou , China; (3) China Science and Technology Museum, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Gao, Dedong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:221-229
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Along with the booming development of the photovoltaic industry, the later maintenance of photovoltaic power station and the improvement of photovoltaic power generation efficiency have gradually become the focus of attention. Under the condition of blown sand in high altitude desert areas, dust accumulation on the surface of solar panel has become one of the most significant factors which influences the consistency and efficiency of photovoltaic power station. The effects of dust deposition on photovoltaic conversion efficiency and dust removal methods were studied. The mechanism of dust particle adhesion was analyzed at first in this paper. Due to the surface free energy of the dust particle and solar panel, they interacted. The van der Waals force between spherical dust particles and the panel was derived from Lifshitz's macro molecular interaction theory and the order of magnitudes van der Waals force was calculated. The electrostatic image force was simulated based on two known dust charge empirical expressions. The relationship between the radius of dust particle and the double layer electrostatic force was investigated by taking different values of the contact potential difference, which ranged from 0 to 0.5 V. Compared with the dust particle, the solar panel surface can be taken as an infinite disk. The relationship between the parameters and electric field force was obtained. Meanwhile, the gravity of dust particle was analyzed when the photovoltaic panels were mounted with an angle with respective to the horizontal plane. Through the analyses of all interactive forces, the conclusions that Van der Waals force of dust particle increased with increasing of the surface free energy were drawn. The dust particle radius ranged from 0.2&times;10^-6 to 40&times;10^-6 m, and the distance between molecules ranged from 10^-9 to 10^-7 m. Combined with Lifshitz constant (0.96-14.4 eV), the magnitude of dust van der Waals force was calculated as 10^-10-10^-9 N. The magnitudes of electrostatic image force and double layer electrostatic force were calculated as 10^-13-10^-12 N based on the charges (10^-18-10^-16 C) of dust surface and the contact potential difference (0-0.5 V). The radius of dust and the distance between molecules had smaller effects on the electrostatic image force and double layer electrostatic force than electrostatic image force. The dust particle radius R had no effects on the electric field strength. The electric field force increased with the increasing of R. The distance between molecules didn't affect the electric field force. The magnitude of electric field force was calculated as 0-10^-13 N. The gravity of dust particle was affected by the radius and density of dust particle, and its magnitude was approximated as 10^-10-10^-9 N. The interactions between the dust particles were more complex, which was affected by the numbers of particles, the porous ratio, particle clearance and radius. Through analyzing all interactions between dust particle and solar panel surface, it is concluded that van der Waals force &gt; gravity &gt; electrostatic force when the dust radius was smaller (R&lt;20&times;10^-6 m), and gravity &gt; van der Waals force &gt; electrostatic force when the dust radius was larger (R&gt;20&times;10^-6 m). The adhesion force between the dust particle and solar panel surface increased with the increasing of dust radius, and its magnitude ranged from 10^-10 to 10^-8 N. In the dry and windy desert area, the combination of gravity and van der Waals force plays an important role without considering the chemical interactions.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Dust
Controlled terms:Adhesion - Electric fields - Electrostatic devices - Electrostatic force - Electrostatics - Free energy - Gravitation - Landforms - Microphones - Molecules  - Particles (particulate matter) - Photovoltaic cells - Photovoltaic effects - Solar concentrators - Solar energy - Solar power generation - Van der Waals forces
Uncontrolled terms:Contact potential difference - Desert area - Electric field strength - Force parameters - Photovoltaic conversion - Photovoltaic power generation - Photovoltaic power stations - Solar panels
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 481.1 Geology - 615.2 Solar Power - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 702.3 Solar Cells - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 752.1 Acoustic Devices - 801 Chemistry - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 931.5 Gravitation, Relativity and String Theory - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 44>

Accession number:201443117729
Title:Improving pig manure and rice husk compost technology and quality by wood charcoal addition
Authors:Li, Ronghua (1); Zhang, Guangjie (1); Zhang, Zengqiang (1); Wang, Quan (1); Sun, Xining (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A and F University, Yangling , China; (2) Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling , China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Zengqiang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:230-238
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to promote waste recycling and investigate the effect of hardwood-based biochar additives in the process of pig manure composting, the pig manure was mixed with rice husk and further amended with oak wood charcoal at 0, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10.0% in dry weight before being aerobically composted for 60 days. The parameters, such as temperature, water content, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon, C/N ratio, total nitrogen, NH<inf>4</inf>-N, NO<inf>3</inf>^--N, NH<inf>3</inf>, etc., were detected through chemical analysis. The organic matter degradation process was evaluated by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) methods. The FTIR analysis showed that the contents of the compounds with -OH, -CH<inf>3</inf>, and -CH<inf>2</inf> groups decreased with time, while the contents of the compounds with -C=O, C-O-C, -COO, and aromatic groups increased with time during the 60 days of composting. The compost sample SEM analysis proved that the mixture particle size decreased with the progress of time and the amount of wood charcoal. During the 60 days composting, as the wood charcoal addition amount increased, the organic carbon contents in all the treatments decreased 12.23%, 13.77%, 14.88%, 15.36%, and 15.86%, respectively; the C/N ratio decreased 47.80%, 54.98%, 56.97%, 60.03%, and 65.73%, respectively. Compared to the control, the addition of wood charcoal had no significant effect on pH variation, and the final compost pH kept the balance at 8.0. Wood charcoal addition extended high-temperature processing times by 2-5 days, increased the water contents, and decreased the EC value during composting. During the 60 days composting, as the wood charcoal addition amount increased, the moisture content decreased 15.9%, 13.0%, 11.1%, 10.1%, and 7.8%, respectively; while the EC value in the wood charcoal added treatment were decreased 0.07, 0.15, 0.23, and 0.28 mS/cm than that of the control, respectively. Addition of oak wood charcoal additives could enhance the organic matter degradation during the composting. Wood charcoal addition increased the NH<inf>4</inf>-N concentration at the beginning composting stage and the NO<inf>3</inf>^--N concentration at the later composting stage. Compared to the control, after 60 days of composting the final NO<inf>3</inf>^--N concentrations in charcoal adding treatments increased 55.86%-89.32%, the final total nitrogen concentrations in charcoal adding treatments increased 20.55%-53.07%, and the total nitrogen contents in the final compost were nearly 14.92, 16.69, 17.32, 18.05, and 18.53 g/kg, respectively. The addition of wood charcoal had no significant effect on potherb mustard (Ardisiasquamulosapresl) germination but had a positive effect on the germination index evolution. The potherb mustard germination index values increased with composting time and were higher in the wood charcoal adding treatments than in the control. After 60 days of composting, the potherb mustard germination rate increased 17.6%-41.2% and germination index ranged from 1.02 to 1.44 in the charcoal adding treatments. The potherb mustard germination index value variation proved that the addition of wood charcoal in pig manure composting favors the detoxication of the compost. The study implicated that adding wood charcoal in pig manure compost could accelerate the composting maturity, reduce nitrogen loss, and improve the quality of compost. Wood charcoal was a potential additive in pig manure composting.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Charcoal
Controlled terms:Additives - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Carbon - Chemical analysis - Composting - Cultivation - Degradation - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Hardwoods  - Image quality - Manures - Nitrogen - Organic carbon - Organic compounds - Particle size analysis - Waste treatment - Water content - Wood
Uncontrolled terms:Electrical conductivity - High-temperature processing - Organic carbon contents - Organic matter degradations - Pig manures - Rice husk - Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) - Wood charcoal
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.16.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.