<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20142917960232
Title:Analysis on fractal characteristics of rural settlements in Chongqing and its influencing factors
Authors:Li, Yuhua (1); Gao, Ming (1); L&#252;, Xuan (2); Xu, Tingting (2); Zhang, Ming (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resource and Environmental, South West University, Chongqing 400715, China; (2) Chongqing Institute of Surveying and Planning for Land Resources and Housing, Chongqing 400020, China; (3) Chongqing Research Center, Key Laboratory of Land Use, Ministry of Land and Resources, Chongqing 400020, China
Corresponding author:Gao, M.(gaoming@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:225-232
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The spatial distribution and variation of rural settlement can be well presented by the fractal characteristics of rural settlement. This paper investigated the spatial variation of rural settlement and its influencing factors using fractal dimension in four typical ecological zones: shallow hilly region, low altitude hilly region, Three Gorges reservoir area and high altitude mountain region in Chongqing, China. The fundamental data including the rural settlement, hydrology, transportation, elevation and slope were extracted and processed using Arcgis 10.0 GIS software, and the sensor data including economy, population, and living space per capita were collected from the China Statistical Yearbook. The fractal dimension of rural settlement, drainage and transportation were calculated using Matlab. Differences of fractal dimension of the rural settlement were observed among four regions, which were mainly contributed by elevation, slope, per capita annual net income of farmers, drainage and transportation. The highest fractal dimension (1.63) of the rural settlement was presented in the shallow hilly region, while the lowest (1.47) in the high altitude mountain region. The rural settlement had higher fractal dimension than the transportation and drainage. It was distributed mainly in the area with the elevation &lt;800 m, and clustered mainly in the area where the elevation varied between 300 and 500 m. The highest fractal dimension (1.5) of the shallow hilly region was presented in the area where the elevation varied between 300 and 500 m, while those of the low altitude hilly and high altitude mountain region were observed in the areas with elevation varied between 500 and 800 m with the corresponding fractal dimension of 1.48, and 1.37, respectively. The fractal dimension of the rural settlement showed similar changing patterns in the same slope belt. The highest fractal dimension were presented in two slope belts where the rural settlements were distributed mainly with the slope of the two belts varying between 6&deg; and 15&deg;, and between 15&deg; and 25&deg;, respectively. Fractal dimension of the rural settlement was positively related with per capita annual net income of farmers. High fractal dimension was observed in the ecological area with high per capita annual net income of farmers. Negatively correlation of fractal dimension was observed between rural settlements and population. The fractal dimension of the rural settlement showed decreasing or steady trends in a short period, while it would increase in a long period as the development of economy and society, and the implementation of urbanization policies. The boundary tortuosity of the rural settlements tended to decline because of the boundary shape of settlements becoming more regular, but the change rate of fractal dimension of the four ecological regions won't be the same because of the restraint of location and economy. The findings in this work would facilitate the practical applications in rural residential consolidation and layout planning in similar regions.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Fractal dimension
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Economics - Geographic information systems - Housing - Land use - Landforms - MATLAB - Population statistics - Rural areas
Uncontrolled terms:Analysis on fractals - Chongqing - Ecological regions - Economy and society - Fractal characteristics - Rural residential - Spatial variations - Three gorges reservoir area
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 481.1 Geology - 723.3 Database Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20142917960238
Title:Optimization of slitting cutters used for gutting Trachurus japonicus
Authors:Hu, Xiaoliang (1); Chen, Qingyu (1); Shen, Jian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Fishery Equipment and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200092, China; (2) Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Shanghai 200092, China; (3) National R and D Branch Center for Aquatic Product Processing Equipment, Shanghai 200092, China
Corresponding author:Shen, J.(shenjian@fmiri.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:270-277
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:An experimental study on mechanized gutting for Trachurus japonicus was conducted, faced with equipment shortages for the pre-processing of trash fish. A self-developed test platform was employed for slitting Trachurus japonicus to avoid fish damage and increase the gut removal rate in the gutting process. Preliminary studies showed that the parameters of the slitting cutters had a significant effect on the gutting process of trash fish. In addition, the subsequent operations of gutting were directly determined by the slitting process. The various trash fish gutting operations should be equipped with different parameters of slitting cutters to achieve the best gutting effect. The relationships between gutting effect and cutter external diameter, cutter tooth structure, cutter rotation direction, cutter thickness, and cutter rotation speed were studied. The results showed that cutter external diameter, cutter thickness, and cutter rotation speed were the key factors in the gutting process of Trachurus japonicus. Using a toothless disc cutter had the best slitting effect that could achieve a smooth and flat slitting surface and a higher getting proportion. Under the same conditions, converse slitting had a better effect than consequent slitting, while a high rotation speed was better than a low rotation speed. When the slitting cutter's external diameter was 190.0 mm, it had a better acceptability evaluation of 9.68. The getting proportion had no significance when the thickness of cutter was less than 3.0 mm. With the increasing of the cutter's thickness, there was a tendency of growing weight loss of trash fish during the gutting process, which led to a lower getting proportion. An orthogonal test showed that: The best parameters of the gutting process of Trachurus japonicus were: cutter external diameter 190.0 mm, cutter thickness 3.0 mm, and cutter rotation speed 1100.0 r/min. Under these conditions, the maximum value of acceptability evaluation and getting proportion of gutting effect was achieved, and thus it could meet the needs of the gutting process. The productivity of a mechanized processing method was 8-12 times as much as the productivity of a manual processing method. The study also showed that the gutting effect was closely relevant to the size and body characteristics of the trash fish, so their pre-processing required a heavy workload. However, replacing the manual gutting process with the mechanical gutting process could be achieved through proper size grading and the development of a general fish gutting device with the optimization of slitting cutter parameters. This study can provide reference for the design of gutting equipment for trash fish.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Slitting
Controlled terms:Fish - Fisheries - Grading - Optimization - Productivity
Uncontrolled terms:Acceptability evaluation - Gutting - Manual processing - Orthogonal test - Processing method - Rotation directions - Slitting effects - Trachurus japonicus
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 471.5 Sea as Source of Minerals and Food - 535 Rolling, Forging and Forming - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822 Food Technology - 913.1 Production Engineering - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20142917960226
Title:Refrigerant distribution characteristics of direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump water heater with R410A
Authors:Kong, Xiangqiang (1); Yang, Yunguo (1); Lin, Lin (1); Li, Ying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
Corresponding author:Kong, X.(kxqiangly@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:177-183
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to study the distribution and migration properties of refrigerants in a direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump system, a direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump water heater (DX-SAHPWH) system, by using R410A as a refrigerant was described, which could supply domestic hot water throughout the whole year. The system mainly consisted of collectors with a total area of 4.2 m², a compressor with a rated capacity of 0.75 kW, a hot water tank with the volume of 150 L, and an electronic expansion valve. Based on the distributed parameter and homogeneous flow models of solar collector/evaporator and condenser, the lumped parameter models of compressor and electronic expansion valve and the refrigerant charge model, a simulation program of a DX-SAHPWH system using R410A was coded, which was solved by the iterative calculation of the inlet and outlet enthalpy of electronic expansion valve and the refrigerant charge. Then the simulated data and the experimental data of the DX-SAHPWH system using R²2 as a refrigerant were compared. Result proved that the mathematical model of the DX-SAHPWH system was reliable. Given the structure and meteorological parameters, initial and final water temperature, for a fixed superheat degree at the outlet of the solar collector/evaporator with a value of 5&deg;C, the effects of various operational and environmental parameters, including water temperature, refrigerant charge, compressor speed, solar radiation, and ambient temperature, on the refrigerant distribution of the system were simulated and analyzed by means of developed model. Simulation results indicate that the refrigerant R410A mostly exists in condensers and solar collectors/evaporators, which accounts for 70% to 90% of refrigerant charge. The change of the operational and environmental parameters affects significantly the content of the refrigerant R410A in the condenser and the solar collector/evaporator, but affects slightly the content of the refrigerant R410A in the compressor and pipes. As expected, a higher refrigerant charge enables the refrigerant mass in the condenser to increase significantly. The refrigerant R410A is transferred from the solar collector/evaporator to the condenser with increasing water temperature and compressor speed. With the rising solar radiation and ambient temperature, the refrigerant R410A is transferred from the condenser to the solar collector/evaporator. This study is expected to provide the scientific basis for optimizing system performance and reducing the refrigerant charge.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Refrigerants
Controlled terms:Capacitors - Compressors - Computer simulation - Expansion - Heat pump systems - Hot water distribution systems - Inlet flow - Iterative methods - Mathematical models - Solar energy  - Solar radiation - Solar water heaters - Sun - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Direct expansion - Electronic expansion valves - Heat pumps - Meteorological parameters - Performance simulation - R410A - Refrigerant distributions - Solar assisted heat pump
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 618.1 Compressors - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 657.2 Extraterrestrial Physics and Stellar Phenomena - 704.1 Electric Components - 723.5 Computer Applications - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20142917960223
Title:Image mosaics reconstruction of canopy organ morphology of apple trees
Authors:Ma, Xiaodan (1); Meng, Qingkuan (1); Zhang, Lijiao (1); Liu, Gang (1); Zhou, Wei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) College of Information Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
Corresponding author:Liu, G.(pac@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:154-162
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Annual growth cycle of fruit trees is the whole process of life activities with specific laws, including flower thing period and mature period. For a long time, how to construct the three-dimensional shape of an apple tree canopy with color information in different growth stages of fruit tree, has been always a research priority. At present, three methods are usually used to reconstruct 3D shape including stereo vision technology, laser scanner, and three-dimensional digitizer. The stereo vision technology is vulnerable to unstructured outdoor light. The use of a laser scanner can overcome the disadvantages above, but with slow speed to access information. The three-dimensional digitizer requires strict conditions of the external environment, and cannot obtain color information of objects. Photonic Mixer Device (PMD) is a three-dimensional imaging device based on time of flight technology, through which the distance information of objects could be obtained at a speed of 40fps. Although the resolution of the PMD is relatively low, it can be made up by color images. Therefore, the combination of the PMD camera and color camera might be a reliable tool to reconstruct the 3D shape of an apple tree canopy. Two or more inter-public areas of the images can be built into a larger view by image mosaics technology, which has been widely used in many fields, such as computer vision, medicine, and remote sensing, but has not been applied in the canopy organ image mosaics of apple trees in different growth stages. The image mosaics of the canopy are a key to the three-dimensional reconstruction of an apple tree. In order to reconstruct the three-dimensional shape of apple tree canopies in annual growth cycle, the apple tree canopies in the dormant period, the flower thinning period, and the mature period were set for the study, and the color and intensity images were captured by a color camera and a PMD camera based on photonic mixer detector technology, respectively. The images were investigated by mosaics technology following the two steps. First, a scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) algorithm combined with random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm was used to establish an image space mapping model which avoided the influences caused by non-structured light and image scale transformation. Secondly, on the basis of what was studied above, the canopy image mosaics were realized through a Laplace pyramid decomposition and reconstruction algorithm, as well as different fusion rules for different frequency bands of pyramid decomposition, which overcome the disadvantages of obvious mosaic trace and bad capacity of reflecting details for fusion images. In order to analyze the quality of the images fused by the algorithm above in the paper, entropy, mutual information, root mean square error, as well as running time were used to evaluate the fusion quality. The test in different orchard environments showed that the algorithm proposed in the paper was suitable for canopy image mosaics in the annual growth cycle of apple trees. The algorithm was robust, real-time, and accurate. The results here had significance for improving information level of orchard management, such as pruning, thinning, yield, and picking.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Image reconstruction
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Cameras - Color - Forestry - Frequency bands - Fruits - Image fusion - Image registration - Laser applications - Mean square error  - Orchards - Stereo image processing - Stereo vision - Technology - Three dimensional computer graphics - Trees (mathematics)
Uncontrolled terms:Annual growth - Apple trees - Canopy organ - Image mosaic - Multi-source images
Classification code:716.4 Television Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741.2 Vision - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 744.9 Laser Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901 Engineering Profession - 921 Mathematics - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20142917960212
Title:Design and experiment of soil water sensor monitoring soil moisture at three depths
Authors:Yun, Yuliang (1); Sheng, Wenyi (3); Sun, Yurui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (3) Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Y.(pal@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:64-71
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Difficulties exist to measure the soil water content at different depths in plant root zone, such as sensor installing, disturbance to in-situ soil environment, and poor coordination between sensors at different depths. We designed a sensor based on the impedance principle to measure soil water content at three different soil depths. The three-depth sensor can simultaneously measure the soil water contents and minimize in-situ soil disturbance during sensor installing. Experiments using clay, sandy and loam soil samples were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the sensor, and the results demonstrated that the sensor can be applied to a variety of soil texture types with sensitivity coefficients greater than 1 mV/(cm³&middot;cm³). A strong linear relationship between the sensor outputs and the soil volumetric water contents was supported by the coefficients of determination (R²) of 0.983, 0.965 and 0.975 for the clay, the sandy and the loam soil, respectively. We also measured soil water contents of five loam soil samples with different soil water contents by oven-dried method and compared them with the sensor outputs. The results were highly consistent, with R² of 0.973 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.013. A good linear relationship between sensor outputs and temperature variations which was used as the sensor temperature compensation and this compensation was proved in the temperature calibration experiment. The sensor sensitivity radius was 3-4.1 cm. Therefore, the distance between adjacent pairs of sensor electrodes should not be less than 5 cm. We verified the sensor consistency of the sensor electrodes at three different depths using loam and sandy soil samples. The high consistency for the sensor electrodes at three different depths can be clearly seen in the verification experiments for the loam and sandy soil samples. The maximum absolute relative error for the loam soil sample was less than 2%, and for the sand soil sample was no more than 5%. We further tested the three-depth soil water content sensor by soil water infiltration experiments with loam and sandy soil samples in PVC cylinders (height is 50 cm, diameter is 10 cm). The three-depth soil water content sensor detected the remarkably different rates of water infiltration in the sandy and the loam soil with high fidelity and specificity. In the loam soil sample, it took about 15 minutes, 3 hours and 8 hours for the infiltration water to reach the depth of 5 cm, 25 cm and 45 cm, respectively. As the water infiltration continued, the infiltration rate gradually slowed down. On the other hand, due to good permeability and poor water holding capacity, the whole infiltration process in the sandy soil sample experienced less than half an hour. We finally tested the sensor using a field experiment with rainfall. The dynamic relationship between the sensor outputs at different depths and the amount of precipitation again showed that the three-depth soil water content sensor had excellent reliability and stability. Depending on the different crop root systems and actual needs, the three-depth soil water content sensor can be easily modified into multiple-depth sensors with variable number of sensor electrodes or variable distance between sensor electrodes. Thus, the sensor designed here was highly modular and has a wide potential market.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Sensors
Controlled terms:Electrodes - Experiments - Infiltration - Sand - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils - Temperature distribution - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Impedance principle - Reliability and stability - Root-mean-square errors - Sensitivity coefficient - Soil volumetric water contents - Temperature calibration - Temperature compensation - Three-depth
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 704.1 Electric Components - 801 Chemistry - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20142917960240
Title:Determination of maturity value of fully cooked pork loin in cuisine
Authors:Yan, Yong (1); Deng, Li (1); He, Laping (1); Li, Huichao (1); Li, Jingpeng (1); Li, Wenxin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
Corresponding author:Deng, L.(denglifood@sohu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:284-292
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The term maturity value (M) can be physically defined as the equivalent heating time (min) that is required for when culinary quality reaches a degree of being cooked properly at a specific reference temperature. The M value is a dynamic function which describes the change of the food quality being fully cooked and characterizes the degree of being fully cooked in cuisine. The termination maturity value (M<inf>T</inf>) is the M value reached at the time of being fully cooked. "Huohou" can be dynamically defined as the culinary operation minimizing the over-heated value when culinary quality reaches being fully cooked. Theoretic analysis and numerical simulation were studied in previous literature; however, whether the M<inf>T</inf> value exists or not, or whether its value is steady and merely relates to dynamic parameters and thermal history, has not been verified by experiments until now. As a result, it was necessary to measure M<inf>T</inf> value and its z value and analyze the influence factors under designed experimental conditions. A method to measure the M<inf>T</inf> value was established for the selected samples-pork loin. As the judgment of being fully cooked is subjective, sensory evaluation was used in cuisine. Firstly, samples with specific M values determined by the system of data acquisition and analysis on heat transfer and kinetics were prepared under different experimental conditions, i.e. size, shape, initial temperature, temperature and type of heating medium. In addition, a selection method of sensory evaluation difference tests was used to confirm the degree of being fully cooked in samples according to color, odor and texture, respectively. Under these conditions, the corresponding M<inf>T</inf> of color, odor and texture were regarded as the average M of being fully cooked samples. Based on the color, odor and texture weight given by experts, an integrated M<inf>T</inf> was acquired by the weighted average. Finally, a set of M<inf>T</inf> was obtained in the light of a different z value under the same experimental conditions. A corresponding z was the reasonable z<inf>M</inf> of cuisine being fully cooked when this set of M<inf>T</inf> standard deviation was minimum. The results indicated that an average IM<inf>T</inf> of A and B of pork loin were 0.51 and 0.31 min respectively, and M<inf>T</inf> values were proven to be invariable under different sizes, shapes, initial temperatures, temperatures and type of heating mediums, and could only be determined only by different pork loins. Since the z<inf>M</inf> value of M represents the sensitive degree of being fully cooked to heating; the lower the z<inf>M</inf> value, the easier being fully cooked is to be reached. The z<inf>M</inf> of meat cuisine M value was close to 10&deg;C, which was inferred, approximately, from experimental results and the z value range of protein denaturation. For the same sourced pork lion, center points had different thermal histories and being fully cooked time had the same cooked quality when samples reached the same center M<inf>T</inf>. The above experimental result has provided evidence for the M value theory. M value is merely related to thermal history and z<inf>M</inf>; therefore, it can be widely used in cuisines especially suitable for the engineered calculated process of food being fully cooked. The above-mentioned results conformed to the definition of the M<inf>T</inf> value and the relevant parameters scope. To prove the M value theory thoroughly, much more in-depth and widespread experiments will be required.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Meats
Controlled terms:Color - Experiments - Food products - Heating - Temperature - Textures - Transmissions
Uncontrolled terms:Cuisine - Pork loin - Quality factors - Sensory evaluation
Classification code:602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 643.1 Space Heating - 741.1 Light/Optics - 822.3 Food Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20142917960215
Title:Effect of alternate partial root-zone irrigation on fruit and stem diameter of tomato
Authors:Hu, Xiaotao (1); Wang, Zhenchang (2); Ma, Lihua (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; (3) College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Z.(wangzhenchang@hhu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:87-95
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Studying the variation of fruit and stem diameter is critical for optimizing irrigation schedule of tomato under alternate partial root zone drip irrigation (APRI) and improving water use efficiency in the green house. A plant physiology monitoring system (LPS-05MD) was used to measure the variation of fruit diameter and stem diameter during the fruiting stage of tomato under three different irrigation regimes: conventional drip irrigation (CDI), APRI and fixed partial root-zone irrigation (FDI). The soil under CDI were irrigated to 100% field capacity (FC) of the root-zones (from 0 m to a maximum depth of 0.40 m during the fruiting stage) by the drip irrigation system when the soil water content (SWC) in the root-zone reaching 80% FC. During the same day, the APRI and FDI treatments received about 2/3 of the irrigation amount for CDI, but only irrigated to one part of the root-zones (approximately 1/2 of the whole root-zone). For APRI, the irrigated root zone was alternatively changed from one side to another and consequently resulted in the SWC of different sides alternately high and low; whereas in FDI treatment, only the fixed side was irrigated and the other side was kept drying during the growing season. Results indicated that the variation of fruit diameter was significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in sunny days with high solar radiation rate than that of cloudy day with low solar radiation rate. The increase of tomato fruit diameter per day was not significantly linearly related to average SWC of the whole root zone (R²=0.30, P=0.16), but significantly related to the average solar radiation rate (R²=0.64, P=0.018). Previous studies indicate that the magnitude of MDS (maximum daily stem shrinkage) are not constant over a period of days with the same water status but different environmental conditions, and absolute MDS values registered without considering the evaporative demand might be meaningless. Based on this, there was a positive linear relationship between MDS and ET<inf>0</inf> (R²=0.38, P&lt;0.001), and the relationship between the value of MDS divided by ET<inf>0</inf> (MDS/ET<inf>0</inf>) with SWC was significant different than MDS with SWC, which indicated that normalizing the absolute MDS values by environmental parameters, such as ET<inf>0</inf>, can help to indicate the soil water status precisely. Contrary to the previous results that MDS values increase in response to drought stress, in this study, MDS of APRI decreased with increasing water stress. This might be explained by the low resistance of water flow and high hydraulic capacitance of the tomato cultivar as well as the special physiological responses under APRI. For APRI, MDS/ET<inf>0</inf> had a close relationships with SWC in the drying and wet root-zone (R²=0.60, P=0.006 and R²=0.88, P&lt;0.001, respectively), which indicated that MDS normalized by ET<inf>0</inf> under APRI was influenced both by SWC of drying side and wet side, and predominantly by the irrigated root-zone. Similarly, MDS/ET<inf>0</inf> in FDI treatment was closely linearly related with the SWC in the irrigated root-zone (R²=0.61, P&lt;0.001), but not with the fixed drying side (R²=0.02, P=0.64). This phenomenon can be explained by the decay of roots in the drying root-zone and the diminishment of the chemical signal generated from the drying roots of FDI. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been done to investigate the relationship between MDS (or MDS/ET<inf>0</inf>) and SWC of different root zone under APRI. The data in this study can help to reveal the mechanisms of variation of fruit diameter and stem diameter, as well as providing useful information for optimizing irrigation schedule of tomato under APRI grown in greenhouse.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Drying - Irrigation - Physiology - Shrinkage - Soil moisture - Soils - Solar radiation - Sun - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Alternate partial root-zone irrigation - Drip irrigation systems - Environmental conditions - Environmental parameter - Maximum daily stem shrinkages - Partial root-zone irrigations - Physiological response - Tomato
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 642.1 Process Heating - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 657.2 Extraterrestrial Physics and Stellar Phenomena - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20142917960233
Title:Extraction of information on construction land based on multi-feature decision tree classification
Authors:Rao, Ping (1); Wang, Jianli (1); Wang, Yong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geography Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (2) School of Ecological Engineering, Bijie University, Bijie 551700, China
Corresponding author:Wang, J.(wangjl@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:233-240
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Spatial distribution status of construction land is closely related to the regional economic and social development. Therefore, timely monitoring and delivery of data on the dynamics of construction land are far-reaching for policy and decision making processes. Classifying land-use/land-cover and analyzing changes are among the most common applications of remote sensing. One of the most basic and difficult classification tasks is to distinguish the construction land from other land surfaces. Landsat imagery is one of the most widely used sources of data in remote sensing of construction land. Several techniques of construction land extraction using Landsat data are described in some literatures, but their applications are constrained by low accuracy in various situations, and usually using the technique of single index or multi-index. The purpose of this study was to devise a method to improve the accuracy of construction land extraction in the presence of various kinds of environmental noise. Thus we introduce a multi-features decision tree (DT) classification model for improving classification accuracy in the areas that including bare land, shadow and some streams, in which the other classification methods often fail to classify correctly. The model integrates four spectral indexes, the pattern recognition technique and spatial algorithms. The four spectral indexes are the normalized difference three bands index (NDTBI), the normalized difference building index (NDBI), the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) respectively. The pattern recognition technique is referred to support vector machine (SVM). And the spatial algorithm is to create buffer zone. The test site was deliberately selected so that it consists of complex surface features, such as bare land, hill shade, and some small streams that are liable to be mixed up with construction land on the Landsat imagery. For that reason, Landsat-8 OLI images (path/row 128/41) were selected in sight of its perfect performance in quality. All the Landsat images used are of product type L1T and were geometrically corrected and converted to top-of-atmosphere reflectance consequently. The subset image of one transition zone between urban and rural region in Bijie city of Guizhou province was selected as the test site, the area of which is 144 km². Besides, the urban center of Qixingguan district of Bijie city was selected to produce thematic map of construction land for application inspection of classification robustness. Building decision tree (DT) nodes is the key of the methodology. Firstly, a new index called NDTBI was developed to be combined with NDBI to identify all the construction land from background. NDTBI and NDBI were separately arranged into the first and second node of DT. However, after executing the DT of the two nodes NDTBI and NDBI, noise such as bare land, shade, water existed together with all construction land at the same time. Secondly, MNDWI and NDVI were added into DT nodes in order to separate water and shadow from construction land. After executing the DT of the above four nodes, the bare land and streams, which share the same spectral feature with construction land, were the only objects mixed up with construction land. Therefore, the SVM classification, in the light of the optimal performance in land-cover classification, provides the opportunity to suppress the bare land noise. Meanwhile, the spatial algorithm was used to separate the small streams from construction land. To execute SVM classification, the training samples were selected by using principal components (PC) transformation of the multi-spectral images. The spatial algorithm is to create buffer zone for the small stream using vectors from visual interpretation. As a result, a segmentation binary image was obtained and added into DT. Two principles were proposed for the buffer zone creating: on the premise that construction land could not be included in the buffer zone, when some channel segment of stream is closely adjacent to the construction land, the width and shape of buffer zone should be same as that of river. To assess the accuracy, the high resolution fusion image (15 m) was taken as the reference dataset, a total of 564 sampling pixels were randomly drawn from the strata (i.e., construction land and non-construction land), 277 pixels from construction land and 287 from non-construction land. The accuracy assessment for test site reached 97.52%. Besides, for application inspection of the classification robustness, the Landsat-8 multispectral images of the urban center of Qixingguan district was used to produce the thematic map of construction land, which proved to be perfect with the overall accuracy 98.03%. The method developed in the paper is easy for understanding and operating, widely applicable, and capable of separating the disturbing noise from construction land. Furthermore, the model dramatically improved the accuracy of extracting construction land from the moderate resolution images. And the validation results suggest the widely applicable in western region of China, especially for the area with land-use/land-cover diversity.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Data mining
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Decision making - Decision trees - Economics - Extraction - Land use - Maps - Pattern recognition - Pixels - Regional planning  - Remote sensing - Rivers - Spectroscopy - Support vector machines - Urban growth - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Construction land - Decision tree classification - Land cover - Landsat-8 - Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) - Normalized difference building indices - Normalized difference vegetation index - Pattern recognition techniques
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 407.2 Waterways - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 801 Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 912.2 Management - 922 Statistical Methods - 961 Systems Science - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20142917960213
Title:Construction and performance experiment of integrated water and fertilization irrigation recycling system
Authors:Yuan, Hongbo (1); Cheng, Man (2); Pang, Shujie (3); Li, Li (1); Wang, Haihua (1); Sigrims, N.A. (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory on Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research of Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China; (3) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (4) Department of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens 11855, Greece
Corresponding author:Li, L.(lily@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:72-78
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, horticulture industry has been rapidly developed in China. The total area of cultivation was about 3.79 million ha by the end of 2012, of which 25% was solar greenhouse. But the means of controlling precise water and fertilizer uses are lacking in current solar greenhouse, and the use of water and fertilizers are often excessive resulting in low rate of resource utilization. This not only causes pollutions of environment by excessive fertilizer application and potential runoff/leaching to the surface/ground water systems but also wastes valuable resources. In order to solve the problems, integrated water and fertilization irrigation circulatory system was investigated in this research. Unlike the traditional soil planting pattern in greenhouses from which crops are planted on the ridges of the ground, the newly designed circulatory system was to dig a ditch from south to north in the greenhouse. The width of the ditch was 30-35 cm, and the depth of the ditch was 20-25 cm. There was a 5-10 cm drop from the south to the north. The growth substrate was bagged and then was placed in the ditches. In order to be isolated from the outside soil, the substrate was packed by bags. There were some holes (2 cm, dia.) on the bags so that crops can be planted into the substrate though these holes. There was a soft tube with PVC or PP (2 cm dia.) at the bottom of bags, also it had some other holes (0.2 cm in diameter) through which excess water or nutrient solution can penetrated into the substrate. All of these tubes were connected to a recycle pipe, which led to a drainage tank. The drainage tank was a container which store water or nutrient solution from the recycle pipe, and the horizontal position of drainage tank should be lower than recycle pipe. In order to achieve the recycling, the recycling system of water and nutrient were constructed, a tube of 2 cm diameter with PVC or PP material laying the bottom of substrate bag. A pump was placed in the drainage tank, and the pump was drawn water into a mixing tank until the water level of the drainage tank reaches the set position. The mixing tank contained nutrient solution that was used for irrigation. The water and fertilizers can be mixed according to the desired ratio. The nutrient solution can be adjusted in real time and it was transferred to the crop to provide water and nutrients through irrigation pipes using drip irrigation. An experiment was design to verify the effectiveness of this system. The system was compared with traditional ridge soil planting under the same conditions. The result showed that water consumption of the newly designed recycling system was 69.4% of that in the traditional soil planting pattern. The water use efficiency of the system was 1.92 times higher than that in the traditional soil planting pattern.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Water recycling
Controlled terms:Cardiovascular system - Crops - Drainage - Experiments - Fertilizers - Greenhouses - Irrigation - Mixing - Nutrients - Polyvinyl chlorides  - Soils - Solar heating - Substrates - Tanks (containers) - Tubes (components) - Water levels - Water pollution - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Circulatory systems - Fertilizer applications - Growth substrates - Integration of water and fertilizers - Nutrient solution - Performance experiment - Resource utilizations - Water use efficiency
Classification code:401 Bridges and Tunnels - 406 Highway Engineering - 442 Flood Control; Land Reclamation - 444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 453 Water Pollution - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 502 Mines and Quarry Equipment and Operations - 614.2 Steam Power Plant Equipment and Operation - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 619.2 Tanks - 643.1 Space Heating - 801 Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20142917960227
Title:Performance comparison of solar heat pump system with different phase change materials
Authors:Wu, Wei (1); Wang, Linglong (2); Su, Pengfei (1); Zhang, Tiantian (1); Zhang, Fan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210042, China; (2) Nanjing Wuzhou Refrigeration Group Ltd., Nanjing 211100, China
Corresponding author:Wu, W.(wuwei@njnu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:184-191
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The solar-assisted heat pump system combining with solar energy collection and storage can overcome the reliability on solar energy. A novel solar heat pump water heater integrated with collector, storage and evaporation is presented. The system consists of compressor, water-cooled condenser, solar storage/evaporation/collector, thermal expansion valve and hot water tank. The collection/storage/evaporator integrates the solar collectors, storage tank and evaporator together. The evaporator of the heat pump system is arranged in the solar vacuum tube in the form of a U-shaped evaporator, phase change materials filled in each vacuum evaporation tube. The system separately chooses the paraffin and decanoate as phase change material under the consideration of their capacity, phase change temperature and latent heat of phase change. The experiments were conducted on instantaneous collection efficiency, coefficient of performance, instaneous coefficient of performance and specific volumetric dilatation of decanoate and paraffin. The comparative studies were made on instantaneous collection efficiency, coefficient of performance, instaneous coefficient of performance and time of heating cycling water of the system with decanoate and paraffin under the typical weather conditions in spring in Nanjing. The results show that the instaneous collection efficiency has a negative correlation with the solar energy. In rainy days, the instaneous collection efficiency is higher than that in sunny days because the phase change material store lower energy in the rainy days than in sunny days. The instaneous collection efficiency of the paraffins is higher than that of the decanoate because the capacity and latent heat of paraffin are both higher than that of decanoate. Under different conditions, the coefficient of performance and the instantaneous coefficient of performance of the system filling with paraffin are both higher than the system filling with decanoate, because the paraffin has higher phase change temperature and higher latent heat of phase change. Moreover, the system filling with paraffin has a better stability, its maximum amplitude change is 53.78% while decanoate maximum amplitude changes is 57.17%. However, the vacuum tubes have the danger of splitting up because the specific volumetric dilatation of the paraffin is 17.17%, while the specific volumetric dilatation of the decanoates is 3.27%. The system arranges brushes outside the evaporation tubes in ranges to solve the problem of splitting up of vacuum tubes. Moreover, the relationship between instantaneous collection efficiency and instantaneous coefficient of performance of the system was studied, the results show that instantaneous collection efficiency changes against the solar energy, it decreases as the solar energy increases, while instantaneous coefficient of performance changes with the solar energy. Under the same solar radiation intensity, through computation the change of instantaneous collection efficiency with solar energy is higher than the change of instantaneous coefficient of performance with solar energy. The water temperature changes with different energy storage materials were also studied. The results show that the system filling with paraffin and decanoate takes 240 and 280 min respectively to heat water. Through linear fitting, the results show that the paraffin has higher temperature increasing slope and higher heating rate.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Phase change materials
Controlled terms:Energy storage - Evaporators - Filling - Heat pump systems - Hot water distribution systems - Latent heat - Paraffins - Solar energy - Solar heating - Storage (materials)  - Sun - Temperature - Tubes (components) - Vacuum - Vacuum evaporation
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of Performance - Collection efficiency - Phase change temperature - Phase change temperature and latent heats - Solar assisted heat pump - Solar radiation intensity - Specific volumetric dilatation - Water temperature change
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 615 Thermoelectric, Magnetohydrodynamic and Other Power Generators - 615.2 Solar Power - 616 Heat Exchangers - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 633 Vacuum Technology - 633.1 Vacuum Applications - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 657.2 Extraterrestrial Physics and Stellar Phenomena - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 694.4 Storage - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20142917960229
Title:Effect of burners with different feeding modes on emission characteristics of biomass molding fuel particles
Authors:Zhang, Xuemin (2); Zhang, Yongliang (1); Yao, Zonglu (1); Zhao, Lixin (1); Meng, Haibo (1); Tian, Yishui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agricultural Residues, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; (2) College of Engineering of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Yao, Z.(yaozonglu@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:200-207
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Different structure and the different feeding mode burners affect the emission and the combustion efficiency of various biomass solid fuels. However, how the burner structure and feeding mode impact on the particle emissions is not clearly understood. To investigate this, an experiment was conducted to evaluate gas emissions from three types of feeders: the upper feeding type burner (type A), the horizontal feeding type burner (type B) and the bottom feeding type burner (type C), and types of solid biomass fuels: corn straw, cotton stalks and wood compressed into a cylindrical type (diameter, 8 mm, length, 10-30 mm) burned respectively at maximum power on each type of burner. The gas composition emitted was determined using SEMTECH (Sensors, U.S.) for the number and concentration of particulate from the three kinds of biomass solid fuel burned respectively from three burners via Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI). The particle size was catalogued into 12 classes, ranging from 0.003-10 &mu;m. The number of particle size emitted and their corresponding mass distribution per second from the three burners were calculated. The experimental results showed that particle mass distribution from the three burners had two peaks respectively in the 5-7 (&le;0.165-0.637 &mu;m) and 12 (&le;3.970-10.150 &mu;m) levels accounting for the total particulate mass of 90%. For corn straw pellets in A, B, C type of burner combustion, PM 2.5 (PM below grade 10) accounted 68.5%, 70%, 51% for PM10 of particulate mass, respectively, in contrast to the cotton stalks pellets, which accounted 74.2%, 66.9%, 76.7% for PM10 of particulate mass. For wood pellets combustion in the three burners, on the other hand, PM2.5 accounted 61.8%, 67.8%, 68.1% for PM10 of particulate mass. As compared to the particle mass distribution, the number of particles distributed in three burners only had one peak. The most particulate numbers of corn straw and wood were in the 1-5 level in the type B burner, but in the 3-6 level in the type A and type C burner. The particle numbers of cotton straw was mainly in the 1-5 level in the type C burner, and in the 3-6 level in the type A and type B burner. Three kinds of burners had little influence on the distribution of the particle mass. The test results suggested that agriculture residues used as fuels needed to be burner specific. From the point of view of the total emissions of particulate matter, corn straw should be matched with the type B burner, cotton stalk and wood fuel should be matched with the type A burner. From the aspect of proportion of PM2.5 emission, corn straw fuel should be matched with the type C burner, cotton stalk should be matched with the type B burner, wood should be matched with the type A burner. In addition, the structure of biomass solid fuel burner may have following characteristics: Continuous feeding smoothly; equipped with active slag cleaning device and small slag wave; pressured air flow to ensure the high air ratio. The research provided reference for particulate emission regulations of biomass solid fuel of China.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Feeding
Controlled terms:Air cleaners - Biomass - Combustion - Cotton - Fuel burners - Fueling - Particle size - Particles (particulate matter) - Pelletizing - Slags  - Structure (composition) - Wood - Wood fuels
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture residues - Combustion efficiencies - Different structure - Distribution - Electrical low-pressure impactor - Emission characteristics - Particle mass distribution - Particulate Matter
Classification code:406 Highway Engineering - 412 Concrete - 413 Insulating Materials - 521.1 Fuel Combustion - 521.3 Fuel Burners - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 651.2 Wind Tunnels - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20142917960209
Title:Vibration analysis of hydro-pneumatic suspension system based on drive motor excitation force
Authors:Sun, Huilai (1); Jin, Chun (1); Zhang, Wenming (1); Zheng, Shuyang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Jin, C.(jinjinbit@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:41-49
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Hydro-pneumatic suspension has good nonlinear elastic and damping characteristics and is widely used in engineering vehicles. Accurately establishing a mathematical model of hydro-pneumatic suspension systems and a vehicle dynamics model is important to analyze the dynamic characteristics and vehicle ride comfort. Scholars usually study the vibration of a suspension system only based on the excitation of road roughness. However, engineering vehicle suspension is directly connected to the wheel drive motor shell, and the vibration forces can directly act on the suspension. It is necessary to consider coupling excitation of the drive motor and road roughness to analyze the practical vibration characteristics of the engineering vehicle suspension system. This paper took the pneumatic suspension vibration system in a mine dump truck as its study object. The method of describing the movement of the real vehicle pneumatic suspension systems approach was proposed based on the combined effect of motor excitation and road roughness. According to the vehicle system installation, the author drew out a system model, conducted various stress analysis, and created the system equations of motion. The gas elastic force term could be seen as an ideal gas processing and pressure was equal to the suffered loads when the suspension was in a static equilibrium position. The damping force term was calculated using a thin-walled holes mathematical model. The relative displacement was taken as an argument to establish the damping force equation. According to the geometry and electromagnetic parameters of the driving motor, its finite element analysis model was established by software to obtain the flux density distributions. The vertical excitation force of asynchronous motors was solved by a Maxwell-stress method. The numerical solution of the electromagnetic force at the given speed was calculated and imported into the system equations. Road roughness was the major incentive to the driving of the vehicle and it could be described by a stationary stochastic process theory. In this paper, a white noise filtering method was adopted to simulate random road. This paper made a simulation comparison on the ideal sine road. The vehicle tests on an ISO D level typical road and obstacle negotiation proceeded to verify the validity of the theory. The results showed that on a typical sinusoidal road surface, the difference was most obvious in the initial time after considering the motor excitation. The system output amplitude increased by about 10% and took a longer time to stabilize. The suspension output elastic force changed significantly, and the two frequencies tended to finally coincide. The vehicle tests showed that the high-frequency excitation force made the system acceleration power spectrum become larger under various conditions, and the coupled excited vibration model was more consistent with the measured data. Power spectrum analysis showed that acceleration increased significantly in the exciting force frequency and should not be ignored. In the evaluation of suspension ride comfort, human acceptable vertical amplitude decreases with increasing frequency. High-frequency vibration effects will be more obvious and should not be ignored. The comparison of measured data and simulation verified the effectiveness of the motor incentive model in the pneumatic suspension system. To ensure the ride comfort of the whole vehicle with an in-wheel motor, motor excitation force and road excitation should be considered simultaneously in the suspension design.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Suspensions (components)
Controlled terms:All wheel drive vehicles - Automobile suspensions - Damping - Elasticity - Electromagnetism - Equations of motion - Induction motors - Mathematical models - Motors - Pneumatic control  - Power spectrum - Random processes - Roads and streets - Spectrum analysis - Stress analysis - Suspensions (fluids) - Trucks - Vehicles - Vibration analysis - White noise
Uncontrolled terms:Electromagnetic parameters - Finite element analysis model - High-frequency excitation - Hydro-pneumatic suspension - Response - Stationary stochastic process - Vibration characteristics - Vibrations
Classification code:406.2 Roads and Streets - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 432 Highway Transportation - 601.2 Machine Components - 662 Automobiles and Smaller Vehicles - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 663 Buses, Tractors and Trucks - 701 Electricity and Magnetism - 705.3 Electric Motors - 705.3.1 AC Motors - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 731.1 Control Systems - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 921 Mathematics - 922.1 Probability Theory - 931.1 Mechanics - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20142917960224
Title:Design of microcontroller-based battery management system for pure electric vehicle
Authors:Xin, Zhe (1); Ge, Yuanyue (1); Bo, Wei (2); Zhang, Yunlong (3); Li, Yaping (1); Yang, Jianwei (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Beijing National Railway Research and Design Institute of Signal and Communication Co., Ltd., Beijing 100073, China; (3) State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy of Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (4) Northwest Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xianyang 712000, China
Corresponding author:Xin, Z.(xinzhecau@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:163-170
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Energy conservation and environmental protection have become new targets of the development of the automobile industry. A new generation of electric vehicles have gotten a great development, which can diversify transport configuration with its zero-emission, low noise, etc., and attract extensive attentions worldwide. However, the battery problem of energy storage and application technology remains to restrict the development of electric vehicles. How to extend battery life and improve battery energy efficiency and operational reliability are problems that must be addressed for the electric vehicle energy management system. Battery management system is one of the key technologies related to electric vehicles and plays an important role in practice and commercialization, so the technology research of battery management system has a great significance. In all secondary batteries, the lithium batteries have the highest energy density and power density ratio, and became the most widely used electric vehicle batteries. Because of the inherent characteristics of lithium battery materials, overcharge, over-discharge, and over-temperature, battery pack performance will rapidly decay and eventually cause the battery pack failure. Therefore, the battery management system for lithium batteries plays an important role in extending the battery life cycle and maintaining safe operation of electric vehicles. This paper presents a kind of battery management system with a Freescale microcontroller core. It can provide accurate measurement of the battery cell voltage, total battery voltage, battery temperature, ambient temperature, current, and other information. The battery management system can also provide data to support the analysis of battery performance. In addition, the hardware circuit of the system has the functions of battery over-voltage/under-voltage protection and energy balance, etc., and the single cell can be monitored and implement the necessary protection. A PC monitoring system obtains data related to the battery via the CAN bus communication from the battery management system, and achieves the battery status real-time display, while all the data can be saved to a file. The PC monitor interface can achieve programming control of the working status of charging and discharging battery pack and is able to set the parameters of the battery failure, to ensure the security of the battery charging and discharging process. The experiments verified the physical parameters of the system on battery power detection with high accuracy and achieved a dynamic two-way balancing. In addition, the battery management system functions are verified on CAN communication and the voltage display. At last, a balanced experimental verification of effectiveness equalization was conducted. The equalization was divided into two functional verifications, one was the microscopic detection of the presence and size of the equilibrium current, the other was whether the macro cell voltage converged to the average voltage. The results showed that the battery management system could meet the requirements on measuring accuracy, reliability, and effectiveness equalization. The battery-powered, battery testing, and performance analysis applied technology research provides a reliable platform and data support.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Information management
Controlled terms:Automobiles - Automotive industry - Battery management systems - Charging (batteries) - Communication - Electric vehicles - Energy efficiency - Energy management systems - Lithium batteries - Software design
Uncontrolled terms:Battery charging and discharging - Battery Management - Electric vehicle batteries - Energy conservation and environmental protections - Experimental verification - Freescale microcontroller - Lithium battery materials - Single chip microcomputers
Classification code:525.2 Energy Conservation - 661 Automotive Engines and Related Equipment - 662 Automobiles and Smaller Vehicles - 662.1 Automobiles - 663 Buses, Tractors and Trucks - 664 Automotive Engineering, General - 702.1.1 Primary Batteries - 702.1.2 Secondary Batteries - 706 Electric Transmission and Distribution - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723.1 Computer Programming - 903.2 Information Dissemination
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20142917960217
Title:Model application of an agent-based model for simulating crop pattern dynamics at regional scale based on MATLAB
Authors:Yu, Qiangyi (1); Wu, Wenbin (1); Chen, Yangyang (2); Yang, Peng (1); Meng, Chaoying (2); Zhou, Qingbo (1); Tang, Huajun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (2) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Wu, W.(wuwenbin@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:105-114
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Crop pattern is a key element in agricultural land systems other than land use and land cover. Crop pattern dynamic changes take place very frequently, but they are not always easily observable, making many difficulties for analysis. As an effective tool for understanding the driver, process and consequence of agricultural land system changes, the spatially-explicit agent-based land change models have successfully been applied in representing human and natural interactions on agricultural landscapes. With the assumption that the crop pattern at a regional level is the aggregation of crop choices at the filed level, we conceptualized an agent-based model to simulate crop pattern dynamics at a regional scale (CroPaDy), which was supposed to represent the frequent but uneasily observed crop pattern changes in agricultural land systems. The conceptualization of CroPaDy model was designed strictly following the standard protocol for agent-based modeling. However, the computational model hinders its application because it needs a grid-based representation and the model itself is complicated with multi objectives, and nested by 3 interactive sub modules. As CroPaDy model can hardly been developed by the common agent-based modeling platforms, such as RePast, NetLogo, and Swarm, we are trying to use another alternative MATLAB to realize an empirical based application in an agricultural region of Northeast China, by taking the advantage of powerful and open-accessed matrix computing ability of MATLAB. We coded the model for the 3 interactive sub modules in steps: 1) Agents generating module. The Monte Carlo method was used to generate the internal factors (family attributes) for each individual agent in the full coverage study region by combining GIS data, statistical data, survey data and the individual based blanket rules. 2) Agent classifying module. The back propagation artificial neural network method was used to automatically classify the generated agents to groups based on the performance of surveyed agents, and the different groups were further linked with discrete probability on making a certain decision. 3) A probabilistic approach was used to determine the decisions of agent in each modeling period. The survey based data was used to support the empirical based application. After coding CroPaDy model in MATLAB with an input of 114 m&amp;times;114 m grid-based ASCII file (total grid number=29799) plus 384 surveyed households randomly distributed on the selected grids, the model can successfully run and output model results for visualization and analysis. The results suggest that the crop areas of maize, rice, soybean, and tobacco are 26055.9, 3506.8, 5192.2, 3983.9 hm² respectively. Comparing with the local statistic yearbook, the overall accuracy of CroPaDy model can reach as high as 90%. Therefore, it is concluded that not only the conceptual framework of CroPaDy model is able to present the interactions between human and environment in agricultural land systems, but also the computational model can be finely programmed with MATLAB software. The study can further prove that crop pattern dynamics can be modeled by capturing farmer's land use decisions, and CroPaDy model can be applied in other similar regions if the detailed household survey data is available.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Computational methods - Dynamics - Geographic information systems - Land use - MATLAB - Models - Monte Carlo methods - Neural networks - Surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Agent-based model - Agricultural land - Attitude - Back propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) - Land transfer - Probabilistic approaches - Region of northeast chinas - Visualization and analysis
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 405.3 Surveying - 723.3 Database Systems - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20142917960211
Title:Mechanical elastic wheel improving road holding and wear resistance of tire
Authors:Zang, Liguo (1); Zhao, Youqun (1); Li, Bo (1); Wang, Jian (1); Du, Xianbin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Y.(yqzhao@nuaa.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:56-63
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A non-pneumatic tire appears to have advantages over the conventional pneumatic tire in terms of flat proof and maintenance free. A mechanical elastic wheel with a non-pneumatic elastic outer ring which functions as the air of the pneumatic tire was presented to reduce the risk of puncturing the conventional pneumatic tire and to enhance the grip performance. The mechanical elastic wheel structure was non-pneumatic integrated configuration which was flat proof and maintenance free of air-pressure. In this study, the static contact behavior of mechanical elastic wheel was investigated as a function of vertical loading and was compared with that of a pneumatic tire. The special suspended hub loaders of mechanical elastic wheel were employed to reduce the contact stiffness and increase contact area so that a stable friction was obtained. An analytical model for a non-pneumatic mechanical elastic wheel on rigid ground is presented. The model consists of a thin flexible annular outer ring and hinge units that connect the outer ring to a rigid hub. According to the wheel structure characteristic and bearing way, outer ring uniformly curved beam model was established based on a circular Timoshenko beam that takes into account deformations due to bending, shearing and circumferential extension, and discrete spoke which was accounted for only in tension was modeled based on continuous spoke model. In addition, the finite element model of mechanical elastic wheel was modeled by using the commercial finite element software ANSYS. To establish the finite element model, various nonlinear factors, such as the geometrical nonlinearity, material nonlinearity and contact nonlinearity, were all considered. In order to proved the validity of the analytical model and the finite element model, load characteristic test of the mechanical elastic wheel was conducted by tyre dynamic test-bed to obtain load-deflection curve. The results of analytical model and three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model were validated by the load characteristic test of mechanical elastic wheel. The trend of tested results were consistent with simulation results and analytical results. The prototype experiment confirmed the analytic model and the finite element model rationality. Finite element methods were used to analyze the contact pressure distribution and grip performance in static loading. Simulation results show that the radial stiffness of mechanical elastic wheel is greater than that of pneumatic tire, so that mechanical elastic wheel could maintain more better roundness and lesser rolling resistance than pneumatic tire. Through mechanic analysis, it shows that radial stiffness of mechanical elastic wheel is determined by stiffness of elastic outer ring, stiffness of hinges and the suspended hub loaders. Besides that, simulation results also show that the static contact pressure of mechanical elastic wheel on tire shoulder becomes protuberant with the increase of the vertical load, and the static contact pressure of mechanical elastic wheel is more evenly than that of traditional pneumatic tire. That is because the suspended hub loaders could reduce the stress concentration of tire shoulder and enhance tire wear resistance and grip performance by controlling outer ring deformation. The results can provide guidance for experiment research, structural optimization and improvements of vehicle dynamics.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Wheels
Controlled terms:Analytical models - Deformation - Electric contacts - Experiments - Finite element method - Loaders - Maintenance - Models - Pneumatics - Seals  - Stiffness - Tires - Vehicles - Wear resistance
Uncontrolled terms:Contact behavior - Contact pressure distribution - Elastic wheels - Geometrical non-linearity - Non-pneumatic tires - Static contact pressure - Structure characteristic - Three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 432 Highway Transportation - 601.2 Machine Components - 619.1.1 Pipe Accessories - 632.3 Pneumatics - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 704.1 Electric Components - 818.5 Rubber Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 913.5 Maintenance - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20142917960210
Title:Optimized stochastic resonance method for bearing fault diagnosis
Authors:Xiang, Jiawei (1); Cui, Xianghuan (2); Wang, Yanxue (2); Jiang, Yongying (1); Gao, Haifeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (2) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
Corresponding author:Xiang, J.(jwxiang@wzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:50-55
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Modern machinery and equipment are moving in a large, complex, and high-speed direction. Machinery and equipment typically runs in a strong noise background and it is difficult to detect incipient faults through vibration analysis. It has been an important problem for fault diagnosis to extract the weak fault signals from a strong noise environment. Stochastic resonance (SR) is a phenomenon where a signal that is normally too weak to be detected by a sensor can be boosted by adding white noise to the signal, which contains a wide spectrum of frequencies. Therefore, SR can converse noise energy to signal energy, and then it is commonly used to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a system output using the unavoidable environmental noise and it is suitable to detect the weak faults of rotary components in modern machinery and equipment. However, the structural parameters of a stochastic resonance system have a great impact on its output, and each input signal will correspond to a set of optimal structural parameters. An artificial bee colony algorithm has been proposed to be a rapid developed optimization algorithm in recent years for its fast convergence speed, high accuracy, and good global search capability. To deal with the actual situation and make an accurate detection for rolling element bearings, a new adaptive stochastic resonance method was developed using an artificial bee colony algorithm and stochastic resonance theory. In order to obtain the maximum stochastic resonance output SNR, the structural parameters of the system has been adaptively optimized by an artificial bee colony algorithm using the SNR as the objective function. ABC is one of the population based algorithms, the position of a food source represents a possible solution to the optimization problem, and the nectar amount of a food source corresponds to the quality (fitness) of the associated solution. The number of the employed bees (in an ABC model, the colony consists of three groups of bees, i.e., employed bees, onlookers, and scouts) was equal to the number of solutions in the population. Based on the method, the input signal could correspond to a set of optimal structural parameters and the weak fault signals were finally detected from strong environment noises. The comparison study between the present ACB-based SR and traditional SR was performed by a numerical simulation signal of cosine function with Gaussian white noise. The result showed that the feature frequency peaks in ACB-based SR were 70 percent higher than those in traditional SR. Finally, experimental investigation of a rolling bearing with an inner race fault in a Machinery Fault Simulator-Magnum (MFS-MG) was performed. Due to the fact that the sampling frequency was 25.6 kHz, the experimental data should been preprocessed by a scale transformation and the scale transformation compression ratio R equaled to 5120 and the compression sampling frequency was 5 Hz. Finally, the fault detection results showed that the presented method was favored to detect and diagnose rolling bearing faults from a strong noise environment. The peak values in the output frequency spectrum of the present method were higher by about 20 percent more than those of the classical SR.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Signal detection
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Bearings (machine parts) - Bearings (structural) - Circuit resonance - Cosine transforms - Data compression - Equipment - Fault detection - Machinery - Magnetic resonance  - Metadata - Roller bearings - Signal to noise ratio - Structural optimization - Vibration analysis - White noise
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial bee colony algorithms - Bearing fault diagnosis - Experimental investigations - Global search capability - Population-based algorithm - Rolling Element Bearing - Signaltonoise ratio (SNR) - Stochastic resonances
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 701.2 Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 703.1.1 Electric Network Analysis - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 901 Engineering Profession - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20142917960234
Title:Numerical simulation of heat transfer characteristics of building envelopes of underground warehouse based on element-free Galerkin method
Authors:Wang, Haitao (1); Li, Xiangqian (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (2) Shandong Provincial Academy of Building Research, Jinan 250000, China
Corresponding author:Wang, H.(haitao-wangshd@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:241-248
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The element-free Galerkin method is a new numerical simulation method that has many advantages such as no mesh or elements, convenient node insertion or elimination, high computational accuracy, and rapid convergence, etc. In this paper, the element-free Galerkin method (EFGM) is extended to solve the heat transfer problem of building envelopes of underground warehouses. Based on a real underground warehouse, the EFGM program for the ground-coupled heat transfer problems of underground warehouse is developed in MATLAB software. Heat transfer laws of building envelopes of underground warehouses is studied by using the EFGM numerical simulation method. The prediction precision of the element-free Galerkin method was validated by comparison between the predicted and measured temperatures of building envelopes of underground warehouses. In the steady-state analysis of heat transfer of underground warehouses, the sensitivity analysis of soil thermal conductivity, outdoor surface wind speed, and distance of the roof from the ground surface were carried out. Furthermore, the relationship between heat transfer of underground structures and insulation thickness, length and layout of the location were investigated in detail. Results of numerical simulation show the maximal error between predicted and measured temperatures of building envelopes of underground warehouses is -0.17&deg;C in the summer. In addition, the maximal error between predicted and measured temperatures of building envelopes of underground warehouse is 0.24&deg;C in winter. It implies the element-free Galerkin method proposed in this paper has a higher forecasting precision. In the unsteady analysis of heat transfer of underground warehouses, parameter sensitivity investigations show that heat transfer of building envelopes of underground warehouses is very sensitive to the soil thermal conductivity. Therefore, the soil thermal conductivity should be determined cautiously. The temperature gradient is larger in the region above the roof of underground warehouses. The absolute value of the amplitude and mean of the roof heat flux significantly decrease due to insulation, and it is well advised to install the insulation in the roofs of underground warehouses. When the insulation is installed in the roof of underground warehouses, internal thermal insulation is better than external thermal insulation. Results of numerical simulation of heat transfer of underground warehouse in this paper can provide the reference and basis for the engineering design of underground warehouses.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Warehouses
Controlled terms:Computational mechanics - Computer simulation - Heat flux - Heat transfer - MATLAB - Numerical models - Roofs - Solar buildings - Temperature - Temperature distribution  - Thermal insulation - Underground structures
Uncontrolled terms:Building envelopes - Element-free Galerkin method - External thermal insulations - Heat transfer problems - Numerical simulation method - Parameter sensitivities - Simulation of heat transfer - Soil thermal conductivity
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 413.2 Heat Insulating Materials - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 723.5 Computer Applications - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20142917960216
Title:Delineating soil management zones in rubber plantation using multisource data of environmental variables
Authors:Guo, Pengtao (1); Li, Maofen (2); Lin, Zhaomu (1); Luo, Wei (1); Tang, Qunfeng (3); Liu, Zhiwei (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Danzhou 571737, China; (2) Institute of Scientific and Technical Information, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Danzhou 571737, China; (3) Hainan Agricultural Reclamation Academy of Sciences, Haikou 570206, China
Corresponding author:Lin, Z.(linzhaomu@21cn.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:96-104
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A rubber planation of the state farm in Hainan Island, China is traditionally managed with unified soil practices (e.g. fertilization, cultivation). This inevitably results in an inefficient use of resources since it ignores soil heterogeneity (e.g. variability in soil fertility and environmental conditions) of the rubber plantations. Soil management zones can be used to overcome the limitations above of the uniform soil management practices. However, studies on soil management zones are mainly carried out at the field scale. Additionally, data of some soil properties used to delineate soil management zones are difficult or expensive to acquire. This study selected easily available environmental variables and aimed to evaluate their validity in delineating soil management zones of rubber plantation at regional scale. Four types of environmental variables, including terrain attributes (elevation, slope, and aspect), parent materials, climate factors (precipitation and temperature) and vegetation index (normalized difference vegetation index), were selected as data source, and principal component analysis as well as fuzzy-C means clustering algorithm were applied to delineate soil management zones for a rubber plantation with an area of approximately 26000 ha. Two indices, fuzzy performance index (FPI), and normalized classification entropy (NCE) were used as criterion to determine the optimal number of soil management zones. Results showed that the optimal number of soil management zones for the rubber plantation was three. To test the validity of the soil management zones, 486 soil samples were collected and analyzed for 12 soil properties including pH, soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), exchangeable calcium (Ca), exchangeable magnesium (Mg), available sulfur (S), available copper (Cu), available ferrum (Fe), available manganese (Mn), and available zinc (Zn). One-way analysis of variance was employed to test the difference in the soil properties and environmental variables among the three soil management zones. Statistically significant differences in selected soil properties (except Zn) and environmental variables were found among the three management zones. In addition, the mean coefficients of variation (C.V.) of the soil properties and the environmental variables in the three management zones were much lower than that obtained before the management zones were applied to the rubber plantation. The results above verified that easily available environmental variables could be used to delineate soil management zones for rubber plantation at the regional scale. Further, the management practices corresponding to the characteristics of each zone should be adopted to improve the soil management efficiency of the rubber plantation.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Environmental management
Controlled terms:Agronomy - Calcium - Clustering algorithms - Fuzzy clustering - Manganese - Principal component analysis - Rubber plantations - Soils - Zinc
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficients of variations - Environmental conditions - Environmental variables - Fertility - Fuzzy performance index - Normalized difference vegetation index - Regional scale - Statistically significant difference
Classification code:454.1 Environmental Engineering, General - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 543.2 Manganese and Alloys - 546.3 Zinc and Alloys - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20142917960205
Title:Resources integration and change in land value affected by land transfer and consolidation of rural villages in hilly areas
Authors:Zhang, Shichao (1); Wei, Chaofu (1); Shao, Jing'an (2); Li, Zhimeng (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Southwest China), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (2) Institute of Mountainous Ecology and Regional Development in Three-Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China; (3) Hi-Tech Engineering Investigations and Design Institute, Chongqing 400042, China
Corresponding author:Wei, C.(weicf@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:1-17
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Smooth land transfer, more efficient integration of various resources, and increases of land value are the key of sustainable development of agricultural industry. Based on the land use map of transferred land parcels, rural economic statistics, and sample survey data from 239 households in Xiaoyuan village of Ciyun town and Huangzhuang village, Yangyan village of Yongxing town, Jiangjin district, Chongqing, China, we analyzed the changing features of resource integration and its efficiency from land of scattered small operation to concentrated large scale operation as affected by land transfer and consolidation in hilly areas. Then, economic, social, ecological, and development values of cultivated land before and after land transfer were also estimated by the value estimation methods including income method, market method, opportunity cost method and shadow engineering method. The results indicated that the continuous farm land area was enlarged, land patch shape tended to be more regular and land surface was more flat as a resulted of land transfer and land consolidation. Besides, the agricultural infrastructure system was significantly improved. The relative improvement of mean land patch size, mean land patch shape index and land surface relative elevation increased by 38.19%, 2.54% and 30.95%, respectively. On the other hand, the absolute improvement of rural road density and field irrigation ditch density were more than 50 m/hm² and 75 m/hm², respectively. Moreover, agricultural production costs were increased and the comprehensive resource use efficiency was greatly improved. The labor and material cost for agriculture production per hectare after land transfer were 1.58-24.84 times and 1.22-8.04 times more than before, but the labor, land as well as capital productivities were 21.46-45.74 times, 6.26-14.59 times and 1.09-3.71 times higher than those before land transfer. The total input-output ratio of agricultural production after land transfer was 1.1 times higher than before. Furthermore, the area of investment for developing agricultural industry changed from agriculture only to diversities. Self-raised funds from farmers before land transfer accounted for 100%, while the proportion of farmers' self-raised funds and government investment were respectively 24.53%-79.31% and 20.69%-75.47% after land transfer. In addition, funds by financial institutions invested in agricultural production accounted for 18% and 13.54% in the case study areas of Q1 and Q6. Last, both the economic output value and social guarantee value of cultivated land had a significant growth and increased by more than twice after land transfer, while the ecological service value of cultivated land all declined with the average loss rate of 34.83%. At the same time, cultivated land value structure became imbalance. The social guarantee value accounted for more than 45% before and after land transfer. The ecological service value and economic output value before land transfer were more or less equal at around 25% each, while the economic output value increased by two times and ecological service value sharply reduced to less than 10% after land transfer. Since the new idea that land consolidation goes ahead by integrating funds of various agricultural sectors to focus on land parcels planning and agricultural infrastructure construction under the agricultural industrial development policy, farmers' transfer of their cultivated land driven by the interests of the market or guided by the government was more favorable for land transfer in hilly areas. The effect of land transfer and land consolidation not only facilitated the transformation of farmer's contracted land to professional investors, leading enterprises and family farms, but also led to the conversion of agricultural business models and agricultural industry types. Thus, it promoted the integration of various resources efficiently (e.g., land resource, agricultural infrastructure resource, capital, labor, etc.) and improved the resources integration efficiency, resulting in a significant increase in land composite value. These findings in our study contributed to a better understanding of the effect of the land transfer and consolidation on development of agricultural industry, and also provided a reference for the overall adjustment of regional land-use planning policy and agricultural development policies.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Commerce - Consolidation - Cost engineering - Costs - Ecology - Economics - Efficiency - Integration - Investments - Land use  - Rural areas - Surface measurement
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural development - Agricultural productions - Ecological service values - Infrastructure construction - Infrastructure resources - Land transfer - Opportunity cost methods - Resources integrations
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.2 Calculus - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20142917960207
Title:Appropriate mechanical sowing depth and soil-covering thickness improving seedling quality of tartary buckwheat
Authors:Xiang, Dabing (1); Zou, Liang (1); Peng, Lianxin (1); Zhao, Gang (1); Fan, Yu (1); Wei, Shuang (1); Song, Chao (1); Liu, Xueyi (2); Hailai, Jimu (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Biotechnology Industry of Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (2) Agricultural Science and Technology Bureau of Meigu, Meigu 616450, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, G.(zhaogang@cdu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:26-33
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) is an edible and medicinal crop belonging to family Polygonaceae and it is native to southwest of China, northern India, Bhutan and Nepal. The seeds are widely consumed as daily diet and traditional medicine, such as tartary buckwheat flour, noodles, bread, tea, vinegar, sprouts, etc. Tartary buckwheat is one of the most complete and nutritional foods and rich in minerals, vitamins, proteins, dietary fiber, amino acids, trace elements, and various bioactive phytochemicals. Thus, interest in the use of tartary buckwheat for health benefits is growing, and the market demand is increasing. However, the major tartary buckwheat production is in hilly and high-cold mountainous areas. Because of the inconvenience in transportation and lack of communication with outside, the mechanization of farming in these areas is still under developed, which seriously limits the development of tartary buckwheat industry. As we known, mechanization for farming is important in increase of farm productivity and improving efficiency for modern agriculture production. In order to investigate the feasibility of mechanized seeding technology and the measures of improving the mechanical sowing quality of tartary buckwheat in the hilly areas, a field experiment with three sowing depth (2, 4, 6 cm) and soil-covering (no-covering as CK) was conducted to study quality of tartary buckwheat seedlings during the growing season of 2012 at the farm of Jintang county in Sichuan Province. The results showed that sowing depth was the most important factor, and the optimum depth was 4 cm. The emergence rate, seedling number, seedling rate, root activity, stem diameter, dry matter, area per plant and leaf chlorophyll content of the treatment of 2 cm sowing depth decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) as compared to 4 cm sowing depth. Besides, the 6 cm sowing depth resulted in significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower emergence rate, plant height, dry matter weight, area per plant, stem diameter and leaf chlorophyll content as compared to the treatment of 4 cm sowing depth. Compared with the treatment of no soil-covering, the emergence rate, root activity, dry matter and length of underground stem were significantly (p&lt;0.05) enhanced by the treatment of soil-covering. Results from the principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that there were large differences among the tartary buckwheat seedling quality among different sowing depth treatments, and soil-covering enhanced the change of these qualities. The high root activity, plant height, total dry matter weight and root dry weight, large stem diameter and area per plant, moderate length of underground stem and short length of cotyledonary node served as the indicators for good tartary buckwheat seedling quality. Above all, the sowing depth of 4 cm with soil-covering was beneficial to improve the quality of tartary buckwheat seedling, which can be recommended in the hilly areas of southwest China.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Amino acids - Chlorophyll - Cultivation - Forestry - Growth (materials) - Mechanization - Principal component analysis - Seed - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Fagopyrum tataricum - Improving efficiency - Leaf chlorophyll content - Mechanical sowing - Modern agricultures - Seedling traits - Soil coverings - Tartary buckwheat
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601 Mechanical Design - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20142917960222
Title:Automatic measurement of numbers of maize seedlings based on mosaic imaging
Authors:Wang, Chuanyu (1); Guo, Xinyu (1); Xiao, Boxiang (1); Du, Jianjun (1); Wu, Sheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China; (3) Key Laboratory for Information Technology in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
Corresponding author:Guo, X.(guoxy@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:148-153
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The missing amount of planted corn seedlings plays an important role in corn yield, to acquire it automatically, a new system based on machine vision has been developed. System hardware includes: one Industrial Personal Computer, a Central Processing nit: Intel (r) CPU i5@3.4GHz, 4 Gb of memory, one mvc3000 high speed Industrial camera (24FPS), and one Pentax len 8.5 mm f/1.5. The software development environment includes: Win7 Operating System, Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 Professional, and OpenCV1.0. The core of the system is the image processing method. Firstly, image sequences obtained along plant rows from a top view under in-field lighting conditions were registered to the uniform coordinate system. Secondly, plant pixel (vegetation) was segmented from the background with a pixel classifier trained by a neural network. The segmentation method employed a decision surface in color space that was defined by only three parameters. This surface was a a truncated ellipsoidal surface which was robust in outdoor field images under varying lighting conditions. A simple parallel algorithm working on 8-connectivity was implemented, whereby skeletonization extracts a network of thin curves that describe the overall shape or "skeleton" of objects in a binary image. Due to limitations in camera resolution and non-ideal lighting conditions, the minimum gray level point along the plant skeleton is the best estimation of the actual stem location. The minimum gray pixel area was searched along the plant skeleton, and the center of minimum gray pixel area was marked as the stem center. Finally, a plant row line was fitted by stem centers; a model that predicts a linear relationship between the stem centers and the corn plant row was defined, and the parameters of linear function was estimated by a least-squares fit. Stem centers were projected onto the row line, and the average plant spacing was calculated by a projected point. The number of missing plants between two neighbored seedlings has a linear relationship of plant average spacing. On three varieties of 10 repeats each, a 10 m long row field experiment was performed, In a low density experiment, measurement results of the method agree with manual measurements of 7 in 10 and 3 in 10 have a difference of one plant. In a high density experiment, measurement results of the method agree with a manual measurement 6 in 10 and 4 in 10 have a difference up to two plants. Comparison with a manual measurement and our method, a high correlation on the two methods was found; this method can replace manual measurement, reduce time cost and human labor effort, and improve the degree of automation of the corn seedling missing survey.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Measurements
Controlled terms:Cameras - Computer vision - Crops - Experiments - Image processing - Lighting - Musculoskeletal system - Pixels - Seed - Windows operating system
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic measurements - Corn seedling - Image mosaic - Image processing - methods - Image sequence - Industrial personal computers - Number of seedlings deficiency - Software development environment
Classification code:461.3 Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics - 707 Illuminating Engineering - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.2 Vision - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20142917960228
Title:Determining parameters of rock-soil thermal properties in thermal response test of ground-coupled heat pump under working condition of transient heat flow
Authors:Zhang, Changxing (1); Guo, Zhanjun (2); Liu, Yufeng (1); Sun, Shicai (1); Peng, Donggen (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation in Civil Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (2) Institute of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450011, China; (3) School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, C.(zcx952@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:192-199
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The ground-coupled heat pump system (GCHPs) has been recognized as being among the most energy efficient systems for space heating and cooling in residential and commercial buildings. GCHPs consist of a conventional heat pump coupled with ground heat exchanger (GHE). The knowledge of underground thermal properties is a prerequisite for correct design of GHE. For GHE, the two important parameters are ground thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of the rock-soil on the project site. The thermal response test (TRT) experiment is often performed on a test borehole for larger commercial installations, and it has been required in the GCHPs project whose building area is more than 5000 m² according to technical code for GCHPs in China. Based on the national regulations, it is necessary to hold the input power at a constant rate in the in-situ TRT, and power outages or high voltage fluctuations are not allowed. However, a constant supply of electricity is generally very difficult to achieve in the actual project. Although the regulator may be installed and the power stability is improved, the effect is limited. Therefore, it is significant for unstable heat power TRT to determine the true value of the two important parameters. For the GHE mathematical model of the TRT in the previous study, the heat transfer in the borehole is generally treated approximately by a line-source model which ignores the thermal capacity of the circulating fluid, the grout, and the differences in the properties of the grout that depart from the soil properties. The approximation may result in some errors, especially in the unstable heat power TRT, because the thermal capacity of grout, tube, and fluid in the tube has influence on the heat transfer in the borehole even though it is relatively small. In general, the test and data processing in a situation with a large input voltage fluctuation (&le;5%) need to be further studied. This paper presents a simulation-optimization method based on the duct storage system (DST) model of the GHE in which the unsteady state heat transfer was considered in the borehole. As an objective function, the temperature difference quadratic sum of the simulated average water temperature in the GHE from the system model and the testing value from the TRT was calculated. The ground thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity can be determined when the objective function reached the minimum value in the process of optimization. Then, a calculating sample based on unstable heat power TRT was conducted to validate the simulation-optimization approach. In the sample, the two parameters based on the simulation-optimization method make the square of difference between calculating average water temperature and experiment data is less than 0.14 after 10 hours. The relative errors of ground thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity are 1.2% and 0.7%, respectively, compared to the true value calculated based on the national regulations on the same in-situ measuring site. Finally, the duration of the unstable heat power TRT is discussed according to the optimization results from different measuring times. In general, the simulation-optimization method applied in the unstable heat power TRT is proved to be successful, and the study is helpful for the design and application of GCHPs.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Thermal conductivity
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Data processing - Digital storage - Errors - Experiments - Geotechnical engineering - Grouting - Heat pump systems - Heat transfer - Mathematical models  - Mortar - Office buildings - Outages - Soil testing - Specific heat - Temperature - Tubes (components)
Uncontrolled terms:Energy efficient systems - Ground coupled heat pump - Ground thermal conductivity - Ground-coupled heat pump systems - Heat power - Thermal response test - Unsteady-state heat transfer - Volumetric heat capacity
Classification code:402.2 Public Buildings - 409 Civil Engineering, General - 412 Concrete - 414.3 Mortar (Before 1993, use code 412) - 481 Geology and Geophysics - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.5 Computer Applications - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.5 Maintenance - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20142917960236
Title:Preparation technique of Eichhornia crassipes-based composite packaging materials
Authors:Sun, Hao (1); Wang, Wanzhang (2); Li, Weiping (1); Zhang, Xinchang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (3) Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
Corresponding author:Sun, H.(sunhao@jiangnan.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:258-264
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the increase in industrial activity and the modernization of society, large quantities of waste (both solid and liquid) flow into rivers, which cause eutrophication to take place. As a result, a huge amount of algae develop and cause pollution and environmental degradation. Unusual proliferation of algae may induce the disruption of natural ecosystems, insufficient oxygen in the seabed, and the destruction of scenery, as well as generate an awful smell. Moreover, with the development of a social economy, land resources are becoming increasingly scarce; therefore, much scientific research has focused on the world's oceans and rivers in the search for new resources. In this study, a new method for producing biomass packaging material is proposed; using Eichhornia Crassipes based on the hot compression processing technology. The purpose of this study is to utilize the algae Eichhornia Crassipes to produce biodegradable biomass packaging material. Through structure and feature analysis of fiber, the refining technique of Eichhornia Crassipes is determined. The process of producing biodegradable biomass packaging material involves refining, adding additives, and compression molding and drying technologies. First, Eichhornia Crassipes is pulverized, and the long fibers are cut during refining. This changed the macromolecule fibers into microfibers, exposed more active hydroxy groups, and laid the foundation for physical adsorption. Second, the adhesives are added into pulverized Eichhornia Crassipes to increase performance of the biomass packaging material. Third, the materials are compressed with a hot presser. While preheating the mold and the materials, pressure is gradually applied. The hot press temperature and hot press pressure finally reach 160&deg;C and 5 MPa, respectively, and the hot compression time is about 20 min. During the hot compression, another connection opportunity is obtained. Since the moist algae are primarily dehydrated, the water in the experimental material is pressed and the many exposed active hydroxyl groups in the cellulose are more active with the heat, which causes them to reunite with the hydroxy and hydro groups. Finally, Eichhornia Crassipes is dried in the hot presser, and the hot press temperature and hot press pressure have remained at 160&deg;C and 5 MPa, respectively. In this study, three kinds of safety and environmental protection adhesives and a waterproof additive are employed. Technical evaluation shows that the produced biomass boards, which are added sodium alginate and guar gum, have high mechanical performance. Average rupture stresses of the biomass boards are 32.54 and 44.05 MPa, and average elastic moduli of the biomass boards are 3.69 and 4.77 GPa, respectively. Moreover, the biomass composite packaging material that is added to emulsion paraffin has good waterproof performance, and the contact angle is greater than 100&deg;. This material produced by the method proposed in this study is a green environmental protection and degradable material. Its production, utilization, and disuse do not have negative impacts on the environment. Research on biomass packaging material makes waste resource reasonable to use and is in accordance with national sustainable strategy. Therefore, the biomass composite packaging board using Eichhornia Crassipes has a wide application prospect as a substitute for oil-based plastic materials in food packing containers, wood packaging transportation, food and farming products packaging, etc.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Packaging materials
Controlled terms:Additives - Adhesives - Algae - Biomass - Composite materials - Emulsification - Environmental protection - Eutrophication - Hot pressing - Oils and fats  - Petroleum transportation - Presses (machine tools) - Refining - River pollution - Waterproofing - Wooden containers
Uncontrolled terms:Eichhornia crassipes - Experimental materials - Mechanical performance - Processing technologies - Rupture stress - Sustainable strategies - Water-resistances - Waterproof performance
Classification code:415 Metals, Plastics, Wood and Other Structural Materials - 433.3 Freight Railroad Transportation - 453 Water Pollution - 453.1 Water Pollution Sources - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 603.1 Machine Tools, General - 694.2 Packaging Materials - 694.4 Storage - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 811 Cellulose, Paper and Wood Products - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 812.1 Ceramics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20142917960235
Title:Numerical simulation and experimental verification of forced-air precooling temperature field inside fruit packaging box with multiple-layer grids
Authors:Chen, Xiuqin (1); Lu, Lixin (1); Wang, Jun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (2) Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
Corresponding author:Lu, L.(lulx@jiangnan.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:249-257
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Forced-air precooling is more conductive to achieve a rapid cooling, and it is widely applied in the commercial processing treatment of fresh produce after harvest and recognized to be an efficient cooling method. Emphatically, the temperature plays a critical role during the whole cooling process that influencing the comfort of packed fruits and then the shelf life. In order to predict and monitor the temperature changes of produce inside the ventilated packages, a transient mathematical model was developed that considering the latent heat source due to respiration and evaporation of spherical fruits inside tray-layered packaging box during forced-air precooling process. Based on computational fluid dynamics, Fluent TM 2.3.26 along with the standard k-&Epsilon; model and SIMPLE algorithm for the pressure velocity coupling solution was employed to simulate the three-dimensional transient temperature field of layered fruits in forced-air precooling. Particularly, the inner heat source was added to the energy equation and loaded to the numerical solution dynamically by UDF (user defined function) for interpreting corresponding heat source files. Temperature fields of fruits stacked in three different patterns (spaced stacking pattern, paralleled stacking pattern and crossed stacking pattern) in different ventilated packages with circle and oblong side vents in the same opening area of 11.2% were analyzed. The experimental validations were performed, and the simulated data agreed well with the experimental results. Thus the mathematical model was reliable and can be used to the research of produce precooling. It is demonstrated that temperature distribution was more homogeneous for fruits in paralleled stacking pattern, while the slowest cooling rate and the highest temperature of fruit for spaced stacking pattern condition. What's more, the temperature gradient in fruit can not be ignored for the center temperature and surface temperature difference up to about 7&deg;C. Additionally, oblong vents design can balance the lateral and longitudinal diffusion of inlet airflow and ease the turbulent fluid inside packages for promoting the overall cooling rate and uniformity. Specifically for fruits in crossed stacking pattern, the cooling uniformity of oblong vents condition increased by about 10% and the slowest cooling temperature of fruit was 2&deg;C lower compared with the circle vents condition. As a result, ventilated packaging design for cooling fruits should be in tune with the internal stacking pattern as well as the trays to adjust the airflow and provide a adequate but uniform cooling environment, and for tray-layered fruits in crossed stacking pattern, oblong vents configuration with large ratio of the major axis to the minor axis can be suggested as better ventilated packaging design.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Packaging
Controlled terms:Air - Atmospheric temperature - Computational fluid dynamics - Cooling - Design - Fruits - Mathematical models - Models - Numerical methods - Temperature distribution  - Vents
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental validations - Forced-air precooling - Longitudinal diffusions - Pressure-velocity coupling - Simulation and experimental verifications - Surface temperature difference - Transient temperature fields - User Defined Functions
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 522 Gas Fuels - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 694.1 Packaging, General - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20142917960237
Title:Screening of different wheat protease hydrolysates inhibiting retrogradation of corn starch
Authors:Guo, Junjie (1); Kang, Haiqi (2); Sun, Haibo (3); Lian, Xijun (4); Li, Lin (5)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; (2) Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China; (3) Tianjin Crop Research Institute, Tianjin 300384, China; (4) The Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Biological Technology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; (5) College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
Corresponding author:Lian, X.(lianliu2002@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:265-269
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Retrogradation is the molecular interaction that occurs between glucan molecules in gelatinized starch during cooling. It profoundly affects quality, acceptability, and shelf-life of starch-containing foods. Corn starch is cheap and is widely used in foods such as instant noodles, sausages, pastries, etc. But the quality of these foods in hardness, digestion, compatibility, etc, becomes deteriorated during storage due to starch retrogradation. Wheat gluten is a kind of nutritious, high quality, and inexpensive plant-based protein. It is often suggested that gluten has an anti-firming effect in bread, but the reason for this is not clear. There are four kinds of proteins in wheat flour: albumin, globulin, glutenin, and gliadin. In order to find the peptides with the ability of hindering corn starch retrogradation, these proteins were hydrolyzed by acid, neutral, and alkali proteases. The effects of these peptides in hydrolysate of globulin, glutenin, and gliadin on the retrogradation of corn starch were carried out in this paper. The results showed that the peptides from hydrolysis of glutenin by acid protease strongly inhibited retrogradation of corn starch, lowering the retrogradation rate of corn starch from 14.0% to 8.0%. Other hydrolysis promoted the retrogradation of corn starch, in which the largest increase in the retrogradation rate of corn starch was the peptides from the hydrolysis of gliadin by alkaline protease, enhancing the corn starch retrogradation rate from 14.0% to 19.5%. The possible mechanism in enhancing or inhibiting the retrogradation of corn starch was analyzed by IR and nuclear magnetic resonance. The increase in the corn starch retrogradation rate was caused by peptides with hydroxyls in hydrolysate of gliadin that formed glycosidic bonds with hydroxyls on corn starch. These glycosidic bonds were resistant to hydrolysis of starch by &alpha;-amylase. The factor that reduced the corn starch retrogradation rate was the presence of hydrophilic peptides in hydrolysate of glutenin that had the ability of forming a double helix with corn starch. This double helix was in favor of gel formation. The gel system hindered the formation and growth of a crystal nucleus of retrograded corn starch, thus reducing the retrogadation rate of corn starch. Sulfdryl groups were absent in the hydrolysate of these proteins, inferring that those groups might only exist in the spatial structure of these proteins. A further study of these peptides on the retrogradation of corn starch should be carried out on the aspect of interaction of peptides and starches in three-dimensional space. The findings in the paper provide a new way to control retrogradation of corn starch.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Starch
Controlled terms:Hydrolysis - Peptides - Proteins
Uncontrolled terms:Alkaline protease - Gelatinized starch - Possible mechanisms - Protease - Retrogradation - Spatial structure - Starch retrogradation - Three dimensional space
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804.1 Organic Compounds
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20142917960206
Title:Effect of seedling age on yield and population quality of mechanized transplanted hybrid rice
Authors:Jia, Xianwen (1); Zhu, Qichao (3); Yang, Zhiyuan (1); Sun, Yongjian (1); Guo, Xiang (4); Shi, Yong (2); Ma, Jun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Cultivation in Southwest China, Wenjiang 611130, China; (2) Meishan Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Meishan 620010, China; (3) Yanggu Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Yanggu 252300, China; (4) Sichuan Province Agrometeorological Center, Chengdu 610071, China
Corresponding author:Ma, J.(majunp2002@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:18-25
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a modern and high efficient rice production mode, rice mechanized transplanting has been a principle development trend in China. Subject to geographical conditions, the development of rice mechanized transplanting in Sichuan, the largest rice production region in southwest China, is very slow, only account for 6.2% of total rice planting area in 2012, while the average ratio was 26% across the country. So the development of rice mechanized transplanting in Sichuan is urgent and meaningful. The optimal seedling age and variety is an essential problem should be solved. In this experiment, the effects of different seedling ages on yield and population quality of middle and late maturing hybrid rice in mechanized transplanting were studied. The experiment was conducted in Wenjiang, a representative plain region in Sichuan, from April to October during 2011 growing season. The experiment was designed as split plot with seedling age as main plot and variety as sub-plot with three replicates. Three different seedling ages as the main plot were 21, 28 and 35 days, and four rice varieties were selected with growth duration of middle and late maturating, respectively. Chuanxiang 3 and Fuyou 838 (142 days and 145 days growth duration) are middle maturing rice, while F-You 498 and Gangyou 725 (148 days and 150 days growth duration) are late maturing rice. The climate conditions during seedling stage in 2011 were representative and consistent with that of recent 5 years in precipitation, sunshine and temperature. The seedling rate of each seedling tray was 80 gram and seedlings were transplanted at a hill spacing of 30 cm &times; 15 cm, each plot covered 19.2 m². The nitrogen fertilizer amount was 150 kg/hm², and the amount of potash and phosphate are 90 kg/hm² and 75 kg/hm², respectively. The other managent measures were at a uniform with high-yield cultivation. The experiment results showed that all indexes were better than that of larger seedlings rice in mechanized transplanting, including grain yield, tillers at the effective tillering of critical leaf age (N-n), percentage of productive tiller, leaf area index, photosynthetic rate of flag leaf after heading, light transmission of groups, leaf area rate of productive tillers at heading and its ratio, leaf area from flag leaf to 3rd leaf from top of productive tillers at heading and its ratio. As for varieties, on both grain yield and various rice population indexes, the late maturing varieties were better than the middle maturing ones significantly, especially for F-You 498. F-You 498 showed medium tillering ability and ideal plant type, which is beneficial for improving light interception and reducing unproductive tillers, contributing to an excellent population photosynthetic production and a larger grain number per spike. Besides its impressed yield ability, F-You 498 got a better seedling flexibility, it can remained a relative high grain yield when seedling age extended to appropriately 28 days. In the middle maturity group, although Fuyou 838 have more number of panicles, their spikelets per panicle are poor, which restrict the yield increase. In this progress, too many unproductive tillers caused by immoderate tillers should be the main reason.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Crops - Cultivation - Experiments - Growth (materials) - Nitrogen fertilizers - Plants (botany) - Population statistics - Transplants
Uncontrolled terms:Hybrid rice - Mechanized transplanting - Population qualities - Seedling age - Yield
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 462.4 Prosthetics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20142917960219
Title:Hyperspectral estimation of leaf chlorophyll content in mycorrhizal inoculated soybean under drought stress
Authors:Kong, Weiping (1); Bi, Yinli (1); Li, Shaopeng (1); Chen, Shulin (1); Feng, Yanbo (1); Yu, Haiyang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Bi, Y.(ylbi88@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:123-131
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Researchers have done a lot of studies on spectral characteristics to estimate chlorophyll content of crops both in China and abroad by using hyperspectral technology. However, there are few studies on hyperspectral estimation of leaf chlorophyll content of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculated soybean under drought stress. A series of soybean pot experiments were set up to determine the visible spectrum/near infrared (VIS/NIR) reflectance spectral characteristics of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculated and non-inoculated soybean under different drought stress. Three stress levels were set up, and each stress level included inoculated and non-inoculated treatments. Sixty six samples were collected after 30, 45, and 64 days of inoculation, the spectral reflectance were measured using ASD Fieldspec3 spectroradiometer in darkroom. Meanwhile, leaf chlorophyll content of each sample was measured using SPAD-502 device. Forty six random samples were selected to establish the model. The remaining samples were used to test model (i.e. comparing model-simulated results with measured results). To establish the model, correlation analysis was conducted between the first derivative values of original reflectance spectrum and leaf chlorophyll content of soybean. The bands with correlation coefficient of leaf chlorophyll content greater than 0.8 were selected as the sensitive bands of chlorophyll content inversion. After that, the differential area based on curved estimation method and linear combination of sensitive bands was calculated. The regression models with the independent variables of the differential area and the first derivatives as dependent variables were established using the stepwise regression approaches. The results showed that: 1) soybean shoot dry weight and leaf chlorophyll content were reduced with the strengthening of drought stress, indicating that drought stress inhibited soybean growth. But at each stress level, the inoculated soybean grew better and its leaf chlorophyll content were higher (P&lt;0.05) than non-inoculated ones after 45 and 64 days inoculation, highlighting that inoculation could reduce the impact of drought on plant growth to some extent; 2) these differences were also shown on the leaf reflectance spectral characteristics of the inoculated and non-inoculated soybeans, especially on the visible waveband in the late two measuring dates at which the reflectance increased gradually with the increment of drought stress, and at the same drought stress level, the reflectance of inoculated soybean was lower (P&lt;0.05) than non-inoculated; 3) the bands of 512-523, 589-621, 630-666, 679-697 and 748-761 nm were sensitive bands of estimating chlorophyll content of soybean. In addition, soybean leaf chlorophyll content was significantly correlated with first derivative value and differential area variables of these bands; and 4) the first derivative of reflectance model based on stepwise regression method was the optimal inversion model with the determination R² and prediction R² of 0.90 and 0.84, respectively, indicating possibility of estimating inoculated soybean leaf chlorophyll content. This study provided technical support for promoting mycorrhizal technology in arid and semi-arid agricultural regions, and for monitoring growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculated soybean using remote sensing in combination with hyperspectral technology.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Chlorophyll
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Drought - Estimation - Fungi - Reflection - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Stresses - Thermography (temperature measurement)
Uncontrolled terms:Arbuscular mycorrhizal - Correlation coefficient - HyperSpectral - Leaf chlorophyll content - Mycorrhizal inoculation - Soybean - Spectral characteristics - Stepwise regression method
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 444 Water Resources - 461.9 Biology - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.6 Temperature Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20142917960231
Title:Identification and spatial differentiation of rural settlements' multifunction
Authors:Zhang, Bailin (1); Zhang, Fengrong (1); Gao, Yang (1); Li, Can (2); Zhu, Fengkai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (2) School of Public Management, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, F.(frzhang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:216-224
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Diversity and differentiation have become the hallmarks of contemporary Chinese rural settlements. Spatial differentiation of rural settlements' multi-function is important to fully understand characteristics of rural society under rapid social and economic changes in China. Few studies have systematically evaluated the impact of such change on the rural settlements' functions. Based on the "Distance attenuation" principle, and using the county as the regional center, we classified 112 rural settlements of Changzhi city, Shanxi province into four types: urban villages, suburban villages, outer suburban villages and remote villages. Then we recognized multi-functional of the rural settlements as daily life function, agricultural production function, and non-agricultural production function based on different social-economic factors that were carried by corresponding land use types. Finally, we chose indicators from the attributes of the rural settlements to study regional differentiation of rural settlements' functions. Methods of participatory rural appraisal, combined with GIS technology and remote sensing image were used. The results showed that attributes of rural settlements' multi-function changed regularly. With approaching to the county, rural houses and households were improved more frequently along with the improvement of service facilities of the rural settlements. As approaching to the county, the household income from agricultural production decreased, and the households tended to gradually give up agricultural production function. Also when approaching to the county, areas for non-agricultural production were expanded and the contributions of income from non-agricultural production for rural households increased. Finally, we constructed a multi-functional quantitative mathematical equation of rural settlements to measure multi-function dominance of rural settlements based on the index of rural settlements' functions. Comparative advantage function of different types of the rural settlements was remarkable difference. The comparative advantage functions of the urban villages were daily life function and agricultural production function, and these two functions had the location quotient of 1.09 and 1.92, respectively. Similar results were found with the suburban villages (1.04 and 1.11). The comparative advantage function of the outer suburban villages and the remote villages was agricultural production function. Their location quotient reached 1.47 and 1.72, respectively. We suggested that based on this research it was necessary to implement rural residential consolidation considering the multifunctions and their attributes of rural settlements. The proportion of land use within the rural settlements bearing economic activities, especially non-agricultural activities increased in urban villages and suburban villages. The household income was dependent on economic activities of the residences. While in the outer suburban villages and the remote villages, many residences moved out to work in non-agricultural sectors. However, there were still many people engaged in farming in those areas. Based on this study, we suggested that on the one hand, governments at all levels should strengthen the non-agricultural production function of urban villages and suburban villages in order to attract more elements gathering, such as more labor force who came from other areas. On the other hand, governments should strengthen agricultural production of outer suburban villages and remote villages. For the outer suburban and remote villages, daily life function was relatively weak and had no comparative advantage for improvement. Governments should help to repair houses and improve service facilities of these two types of rural settlements so that an evenly developed and harmonious rural society can be built.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Consolidation - Economics - Functions - Geographic information systems - Image reconstruction - Land use - Repair
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Changzhi city - Location quotients - Mathematical equations - Participatory rural appraisals - Remote sensing images - Rural settlement - Spatial differentiation
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 723.3 Database Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.5 Maintenance - 921 Mathematics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20142917960218
Title:Effects of asymmetric warming in daytime and nighttime on canopy spectral reflectance of post-anthesis winter wheat
Authors:Jiang, Xiaodong (1); Liu, Cheng (1); Xu, Jiaping (1); Yang, Shenbin (1); Hu, Ning (1); Shi, Jiaojiao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
Corresponding author:Jiang, X.(jiangxd@nuist.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:115-122
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Global warming is one of the most important environmental issues today. Temperature data over the past ten decades show that the warming rate of the global land surface during the night is larger than that during the day. Temperature affects the growth condition of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and alters its canopy spectral reflectance. To our best knowledge, there are still rare researches on the asymmetric effects of daytime and nighttime warming on winter wheat canopy spectral reflectance. So this paper explored the asymmetric effects of daytime and nighttime warming on winter wheat canopy reflectance through experiments in an open field warming system. The experiment field is located at the agro-meteorological research station, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China. Three treatments were carried out: asymmetry warming (daytime warming 1&deg;C, nighttime warming 3&deg;C, T2), symmetric warming (daytime warming 2&deg;C, nighttime warming 2&deg;C, T1), the control (CK), and two varieties of wheat Yangmai 15 and Xumai 31 were used. The ceramic heating lamps were used to heat the experimental plot. In order to ensure the warming effect, the work status of ceramic heating lamps was controlled by single-chip microcomputer. The ceramic heating lamps were hanged 40-50 cm above the wheat canopy to avoid harming wheat plants. The CK treatment also hanged the same ceramic heating lamps, but no power supply. Canopy reflectance was observed in the three treatments and the first derivative spectra were calculated. The canopy spectral reflectance of two varieties of winter wheat was measured by FieldSpec Pro FR spectrometer (ASD, USA). The results showed that winter wheat canopy reflectance of T2 significantly decreased in near infrared bands as compared to CK. Moreover, the canopy reflectance decreased more significantly in anthesis stage than in other growth stages. In anthesis stage, the reflectance of Yangmai 15 were 0.70, 0.61, 0.55 under T1, T2 and CK treatment in near infrared bands, while the reflectance of Xumai 31 were 0.65, 0.60, 0.52, respectively. The decrease pattern of T1 was similar to T2, but with smaller magnitude. The first derivative spectra showed that the red edge position of Yangmai 15 was 738 nm at the anthesis stage, and then shifted to 731 nm, 730 nm at 20 days after anthesis under T1, T2 treatment, respectively. Xumai 31 had the same rules. The decrease of red edge peak value in T1 and T2 was significant, especially in anthesis stage. Corresponding to the change of canopy spectral reflectance, Chlorophyll content of leaf and leaf area index of two varieties of winter wheat notably decreased in T1 treatment, especially in T2 treatment. Therefore, the changes of chlorophyll content of leaf and leaf area index, also the cell structure, resulted in the above variation in canopy spectral reflectance.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Reflection
Controlled terms:Ceramic materials - Chlorophyll - Crops - Experiments - Global warming - Heating - Infrared devices - Lighting - Plants (botany) - Spectrum analysis  - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Asymmetric effects - Canopy spectral reflectance - First derivative - Reflectance spectrum - Science and Technology - Single chip microcomputers - Winter wheat - Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Classification code:451 Air Pollution - 461.9 Biology - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 643.1 Space Heating - 707 Illuminating Engineering - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 812.1 Ceramics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921 Mathematics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20142917960220
Title:Feature vectors determination for pest detection on apples based on hyperspectral imaging
Authors:Tian, Youwen (1); Cheng, Yi (1); Wang, Xiaoqi (2); Li, Qingji (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electric Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (2) College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
Corresponding author:Tian, Y.(youwen_tian10@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:132-139
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Insect pestilence is one of the main defects of the apple industry, which could be caused by pest entrance during apple tree growth stages. Insect pest detection in apples is important for an automatic apple quality inspection and sorting system. In this study, we intended to determine the feature vectors that can be used for nondestructive detection of apple fruit insect pests and utilized hyperspectral imaging technology to carry out an effective method for rapid, non-invasive detection of the intact apples and insect pests. There were 160 samples of 80 intact and 80 insect infected 'red Fuji' apples to be investigated from an apple planting demonstration garden in the Shenbei New Area in Shenyang city. A hyperspectral imaging collection system with the wavelength range of 400-1000 nm was established to acquire the hyperspectral images of these apple samples. Via the analysis of spectral reflectance of apple pest parts and the normal region, there were obvious differences in spectral reflectance at the 646 nm wavelength. So, the image of the 646 nm wavelength was named the feature image. Then, the feature image was manipulated by threshold segmentation, dilation, and erosion operation, to obtain a mask image. The mask image was used for image analysis to mask and carried on principal component analysis. The optimum PC1 image was chosen and handled by the maximum entropy threshold segmentation to extract the pest region. Later, a comparative analysis of the texture feature of the insect infested region and the normal region on apples of the PC1 image, a region of interest (ROI) with 80 pixels &times; 65 pixels of the PC1 image of each sample, was obtained. The texture features of the gray level co-occurrence matrix (of energy, entropy, moment of inertia and correlation) in four directions, which were 0, 45, 90, and 135 deg, respectively, were extracted. In addition, the spectral relative reflectance of the apple surface pests and normal regions, whether it was visible or near infrared region, had obvious difference. So the two spectral features of the spectrum relative reflectivity at 646 and 824 nm wavelength were acquired, which had larger relative reflectance differences between the apple surface pests and normal regions in the visible region and near infrared region, respectively. Feature vector selection was one of the key steps in detecting apple insect pests. For faster and more accurate detection of the apple insect pests, in this study, the optimization and integration of the texture features and the spectral feature vectors was analyzed. Four feature vector groups were posed respectively as the input vector of the BP neural network. The validation set of 30 normal apples and 30 insect infested apples was detected by using the BP neural network. The recognition rate was the highest when there was a fusion of the texture features of energy, entropy, moment of inertia, the correlation of 0 deg direction, and the spectral features of relative spectral reflectance with two feature wavelengths of 646 and 824 nm. A recognition rate of the normal apples and insect infested apples was 100 percent. Besides, in this case, the speed of detection is the fastest, and the MSE error is the smallest. Results show that the obtained feature vectors based on hyperspectral imaging technology can identify insect infestation effectively and provide a reference for apples quality detection and grading system using multispectral imaging.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Entropy - Grading - Image processing - Image segmentation - Infrared devices - Neural networks - Nondestructive examination - Pixels - Principal component analysis - Reflection  - Spectroscopy - Textures - Vectors - Wavelength
Uncontrolled terms:Feature vector selection - Gray level co-occurrence matrix - Hyperspectral Imaging - Hyperspectral imaging technologies - Non-invasive detection - Nondestructive detection - Reflectance differences - Spectral characteristics
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 723.5 Computer Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 801 Chemistry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.1 Algebra - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20142917960208
Title:Optimization of cutting position and mode for cabbage harvesting
Authors:Du, Dongdong (1); Wang, Jun (1); Qiu, Shanshan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
Corresponding author:Wang, J.(jwang@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:34-40
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Development of a cabbage harvester is an efficient approach to change the traditional way of harvesting cabbage in China. Since cutting is the crucial process, the cutter design is one of the key techniques for the development of cabbage harvester. In order to obtain the best cutting position and cutting combination, taking the cabbage roots as the experimental materials, cutting property tests and chemical composition detection were carried out respectively. The maximum cutting force and average cutting force were taken into consideration as cutting properties. Load-displacement curves on different diameters were sampled depending on the designed test apparatus when the cutting combination was set constantly as two-point support, vertical cutting and the cutting speed of 100 mm/min. The moisture content and crude fiber content, which are the main chemical composition of cabbage root, were measured on the same diameters according to standard process. The relationships between cutting forces and chemical composition were analyzed. The results demonstrated that the maximum cutting force and average cutting force can be fit with the quadratic polynomial of diameters, and F values of the two equations reached to 251.67 and 360.62 respectively and coefficients of determination (R²) were 0.9636 and 0.9743 respectively. Both the curves declined as the cutting diameters increased and got the lowest when the diameters ranged from 30-35 mm which would be the best cutting position. From the space structure of cabbage root, it's also the most suitable cutting position that is 10-15 mm above the bottom leaves. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was applied to establish the relationships of maximum force, average force with crude fiber content. The results proved that the main factor affecting cutting properties is crude fiber content. Mixed levels orthogonal table (22&times;32) was utilized to conduct the orthogonal test to obtain the best cutting position considering the factors of support mode, cutting mode, inclining mode and cutting speed which should be determined on the basis of the cabbage harvester designed previously. In the orthogonal test, there were 9 tests and 5 repetitions were conducted for each test. The maximum force and average force were obtained from the load-displacement curves. The orthogonal test results showed that: 1) Support mode and cutting speed had significant influences on maximum cutting force and average cutting force, cutting mode had significant influence on maximum cutting force but had no influence on average cutting force, and inclining mode had no influence on maximum cutting force or average cutting force. 2) Based on index minimality of maximum force and average force, the best cutting combination was under the conditions of single point support mode, sliding cutting mode, downward inclining mode and the low cutting speed (50 mm/min). This research can provide a reference for design of the cabbage harvester cutter and optimization of cutting combination.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Cutting
Controlled terms:Fibers - Harvesters - Linear regression - Machinery - Mechanization - Optimization - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Cabbage root - Chemical compositions - Crude fibers - Experimental materials - Load-displacement curve - Maximum cutting force - Multiple linear regressions - Quadratic polynomial
Classification code:423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 601 Mechanical Design - 604.1 Metal Cutting - 812 Ceramics, Refractories and Glass - 817 Plastics and Other Polymers: Products and Applications - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20142917960214
Title:Changing from dry field to paddy field intensifying water pollution by nitrogen and phosphorus loads in Jiangchuan irrigation area
Authors:Fan, Qingxin (1); Meng, Tingting (1); Li, Jinmeng (1); Qiu, Wei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) The School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
Corresponding author:Fan, Q.(fanqingxin@hit.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:79-86
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:After changing from upland farming to paddy field in Jiangchuan irrigation area, the grain production continues to increase, but problem of the non-point source pollution occurs predominantly with total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Both paddy fields and upland fields can experience surface runoff of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, but which land use can cause more surface runoff remains largely unknown. There are many point source pollution researches in water systems in China, and the technology and methods are relatively mature. But for agricultural non-point source pollution, most research is done in the south, and less in the northeast of China. Therefore, it is needed for research on surface nutrient or pesticide runoff when changing from upland farming to paddy fields. With the use of GIS and SWAT model, the spatial database and attribute database of the model for the research area were established. The spatial database included digital elevation map (DEM), land use map and soil map. The attribute database basically included the meteorological, soil property, and agricultural management data. Based on the feature of natural rivers distribution on the edge of the irrigation area, we used "burn-in" algorithm to make the artificial canal system network as the water system, and set up the threshold watershed area to delimit sub basin in the river basin. Next, we used LH-OAT method of SWAT model to analyze parameter sensitivity, and selected the important factors for the model output. We then used the measured data of runoff, total nitrogen and total phosphorus from the years of 2008 to 2009 as the calibration period, and years of 2010 to 2013 as validation period to explore the model applicability in the research area. Finally, the nitrogen and phosphorus pollution load in the study area under different scenarios were simulated. These scenarios were: no change of the existing farmland area, 70%, or 50% of land converted to paddy field. The results showed that: compared with the present situation, under 70% and 50% conversion, runoff water was reduced 20.95 and 41.37 mm, respectively. The total nitrogen load was respectively reduced to 27.84 and 48.16 t per year, and the total phosphorus load was respectively reduced to 1.66 and 2.89 t per year. The results showed that upland farmland after converted to paddy field can cause nutrient pollution from runoff to the surface water. The increasing rate of fertilization and irrigation was another variable that led to the increasing fertilizer loss, and the pollutants in the return water and surface runoff were discharged into Songhua River causing enrichment of nutrients in water. Last, both reducing fertilizer application and use of water saving irrigation can control the total N and total P output to some extent by the scenario simulation. After fertilizer uses were decreased by 50%, the total N and the total P load decreased by 25.23% and 16.32%, respectively. In practice, to ensure the grain production and to control the agricultural non-point source pollution to the water system, change of fertilization methods and use of constructed wetland are needed.
Number of references:30
Main heading:River pollution
Controlled terms:Farms - Fertilizers - Geographic information systems - Grain (agricultural product) - Irrigation - Land use - Landforms - Nitrogen - Nutrients - Pesticides  - Phosphorus - Pollution - Pollution control - Research - Runoff - Water conservation - Waterworks
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural management - Agricultural non-point source pollutions - Dry land - Fertilizer applications - Non-point source pollution - Parameter sensitivities - SWAT model - Water-saving irrigation
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 446 Waterworks - 453 Water Pollution - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1 Geology - 723.3 Database Systems - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20142917960230
Title:Design and experiment of mass balance-based recirculating aquaculture system for rainbow mussel (Villosa iris)
Authors:Huang, Zhitao (1); Dong, Dengpan (1); Song, Xiefa (1); Wan, Rong (1); Hua, Dan (2); Hallerman, Eric (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Fisheries, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (2) Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia 24060, United States
Corresponding author:Song, X.(yuchuan@ouc.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:208-215
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:North America contains the greatest diversity of freshwater mussels in the world, nearly 300 species. However, bivalve mollusks of the superfamily Unionacea are the most imperiled group of animals in the United States, with 213 species (72%) listed as endangered, threatened, or of special concern. Already, nearly 35 of these species are considered extinct, representing 12% of the North American mussel fauna disappearing in the last 100 years; a rate of extinction comparable to estimated faunal losses in tropical rainforests. The reasons of population decline are due to habitat loss and destruction such as impoundment, sedimentation, water pollution, dredging, and other anthropogenic factors that affect the natural structure and function of free-flowing rivers. With the decline of native North American freshwater mussels, the United States has brought the need for facilities in which endangered mussels can be held for purposes of relocation, research, and propagation. Some approaches to the culture of freshwater mussels to improve growth and survival of juveniles and adults included rearing them in cages, ponds, raceways, and tanks in the United States. Recirculating aquaculture systems was thought to be sustainable and was widely used to culture the fish and recently, to rear freshwater mussels. To develop a suitable system for rearing freshwater juvenile mussels, a water-recirculating aquaculture system was designed based on the mass balance at Virginia Tech's Laboratory for Conservation Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecology located on the main campus in Blacksburg. The water-recirculating aquaculture system included a plastic rectangle trough tank (300 cm &times; 70 cm &times; 30 cm) that was utilized as the container for substrate and cultured mussels, submerged biofilter, sump, magnetic pump, air delivery system, and automatic micro-algae drip feeder. The recirculating aquaculture system was evaluated as a culture environment for juvenile rainbow mussels. Two-day-old juvenile rainbow mussels were reared in the system for 60 days. Throughout the experiment, water quality parameters were stable and remained within ranges suitable for juvenile survivals. The mean growth rate of the juvenile rainbow mussels was 15.2 &mu;m/d. The best relative growth rate was 32.4%, which was attained from the 40th to 50th days during the study. The survival rate was 54.6% at the end of the study. Growth and survival rates of juvenile rainbow mussels (Villosa iris) were compared with the previous study. The results showed that the recirculating system improved the growth rate compared to the previous study in pond and raceway culture systems. The recirculating aquaculture system could provide a suitable culture environment for freshwater mussels and is easy to replicate. It might be useful to conduct studies of water quality, feeding regimes, and toxicity testing for freshwater mussels.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Molluscs
Controlled terms:Animals - Aquaculture - Design - Experiments - Growth rate - Lakes - Population statistics - Tanks (containers) - Water pollution - Water quality  - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Air delivery systems - Anthropogenic factors - Mass balance - Rainbow mussel - Recirculating aquaculture system - Tropical rain forest - Villosa iris - Water quality parameters
Classification code:407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 408 Structural Design - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 445.2 Water Analysis - 453 Water Pollution - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 471.5 Sea as Source of Minerals and Food - 619.2 Tanks - 901.3 Engineering Research - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 933.1.2 Crystal Growth
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20142917960221
Title:Analysis on changes in coastline and reclamation area and its causes based on 30-year satellite data in China
Authors:Gao, Zhiqiang (1); Liu, Xiangyang (1); Ning, Jicai (1); Lu, Qingshui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Yantai 264003, China
Corresponding author:Gao, Z.(zqgao@yic.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:140-147
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Since the reform and open-door policy in 1978, China coastal zone has experienced huge changes under a large number of coastal projects. However, there are few studies on the whole China coastline change and reclamation evolution during the period. For this reason, China's coastline and coastal reclamation change information were extracted from 1980 to 2010 period, from which four remote sensing images and the Chinese coastal survey data were used. In addition, Google Earth/Google Maps online remote sensing information was used as an auxiliary. Based on these, in-depth research on specific processes and driving forces of coastline change and reclamation evolution in the past 30 years were conducted. First, Chinese coastal zone was divided into nine regions combining with policy, economic, and natural factors as well as the administrative division. Then, we analyzed coastline change from five aspects which contained coastline length change, coastline change extent, coastline change area, coastline change direction and reasons of coastline change in combination with using two indicators: coastline change degree and coastline forward degree. Correspondingly, we also analyzed reclamation evolution from three aspects: reclamation added area, land use types of reclamation and reasons of reclamation evolution. The results demonstrated that China's coastline length showed an increasing trend and a drastic change degree in the past 30 years. The change direction of China's coastline has been promoting to the ocean and the trend became more and more obvious. Situations of coastline change varied with time and region. China's coastline length increment and trend to ocean were most remarkable from year 2000 to 2010. It had the largest change area in the 1980s, while the smallest change area was found in the 1990s. Shanghai-Jiangsu and Jing-Jin-Tang had significant coastline changes while the changes of Guangxi province and Hainan province were rather mild. The minimum increase of China's coastal reclamation area was found during the period of year 1990 to 2000, while the maximum area increase was found during the period of year 2000 to 2010 and much larger than the amount of area increase in other periods. The coastal reclamation for land use type had been changed from mainly agricultural land to the pond and then to unused water surface in the past 30 years. The unused water surface was the largest increased reclamation land use type. The proportion of port was increasing, while the proportion of agricultural land gradually decreased. China's coastline change was mainly induced by human factors for construction of ports, coastal aquaculture and etc. Natural and social factors such as economic development, population increase, coast type, distribution of tidal flat et al., together determined the evaluation of coastal reclamation. This paper can serve as the scientific foundation for management and sustainable development in the coastal areas of China.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Reclamation
Controlled terms:Coastal zones - Consolidation - Economics - Image reconstruction - Land use - Landforms - Remote sensing
Uncontrolled terms:China - Coastal aquaculture - Coastline - Economic development - Remote sensing images - Remote sensing information - Scientific foundations - Variation
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 731.1 Control Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20142917960239
Title:Electrochemical immunosensor for rapid detection of chlorpyrifos in agricultural products
Authors:Jiang, Xuesong (1); Wang, Weiqin (2); Lu, Liqun (2); Zheng, Dandan (2); Chen, Huihui (2); Xu, Linyun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (2) Haitong Food Science and Technology Company Limited, Ningbo 315300, China
Corresponding author:Xu, L.(lyxu@njfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:278-283
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The objective of this study was to develop a label free electrochemical immunosensor for detection of pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) in agricultural products. The surface modification of sensors consisted of three successive steps: 1) surface cleaning; 2) increasing the surface coverage of hydroxyl groups; 3) silanization. The CPF hapten conjugate used as recognizing elements were immobilized on the surface of an electrode. Cyclic votammetry was investigated before and after hapten coating, which that confirmed CPF hapten could be successfully coated on the electrodes. The spiked CPF solution was diluted into various folds and mixed with an CPF antibody solution. The detection method was based on an indirect competitive reaction of a limited anti-CPF polyclonal antibody in a sample solution with immobilized hapten, and with a pesticide analyte in the sample solution. The antibody-antigen affinity interactions were investigated by impedance spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance. Impedance measurements were performed using a three-electrode setup, which consisted of a gold electrode as a working electrode, a platinum auxiliary electrode, and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. For impedance measurement, a sine-modulated AC potential with an amplitude of 5 mV was applied to the modified electrodes. The Faradic impedance spectra were recorded in the frequency range from 1 Hz to 100 kHz, respectively. The semi-circle diameter in the Nyquist plot represented the electron-transfer resistance in an equivalent circuit, decreased with increasing analyte concentrations. For the QCM test, a crystal electrode was mounted in the base of a cylindrical test cell using an "O-ring". One face of the crystal was exposed to the test liquid, while the other was exposed to air. After the antigen modified chips were reacted with the mixture, the variations between the initial and final resonance frequency in PBS was recorded. The signal response of the biosensing system to pesticide CPF concentrations was linear, with the range tested from 0.01-10 &mu;g/mL, with the correlation coefficient of 0.98. The result indicated that EIS was capable of monitoring the change in electron-transfer resistance resulting from anti-CPF antibody-antigen interaction. QCM was also the ideal tool for probing antigen-antibody molecular recognition. The immunosensor can be suited to the detection of pesticide residues in agricultural products, such as Chinese green vegetables and apples. The immunosensor was shown to be sensitive, accurate, rapid, and economical, thus providing a viable alternative to current pesticide detection methods. The systems can be used to determine pesticide CPF down to 0.01 &mu;g/mL. The recovery rate was more than 85 percent. The total detection time was less than 1 h. The mean within-assay variability of detected results was less than 5 percent. It can be used repeatedly after sensor generation.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Chemical detection
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Antibodies - Antigens - Electric impedance measurement - Electrochemical electrodes - Error detection - Immunosensors - Liquids - Pesticides - Quartz crystal microbalances  - Spectroscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture products - Chlorphrifos - Impedance spectroscopy - Microbalances - Pesticide residue
Classification code:461.9.1 Immunology - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 801 Chemistry - 801.4.1 Electrochemistry - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 942.2 Electric Variables Measurements - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

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Accession number:20142917960225
Title:Method for calculating basic wind pressure of plastic greenhouse
Authors:Yan, Junyue (1); Zhou, Lei (1); Zhou, Changji (1); Ding, Xiaoming (1); Wei, Xiaoming (1); Li, Ming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Facility Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Farm Building in Structure and Construction, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China
Corresponding author:Yan, J.(841018326@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:171-176
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The plastic wind tunnel has been widely used in China. At present, the reference wind pressure in the structural design of plastic tunnels is calculated by using the "Load code for the design of building structures". In fact, the plastic tunnel is a special form of construction which has a lighter structure; it uses a flexible covering material (such as plastic film) which is far less intensive than masonry, reinforced concrete structures, and even the light steel structures used in industrial and civil buildings. They are different in the degree of safety, importance, return period, the value of wind speed, height, and distance. The most adverse impact of the structure is extreme wind; it is possible for a gust to destroy the entire structure. Taking into consideration the lack of investment scale, structure importance, and the actual working life, it is unreasonable to use the industrial and civil buildings standards. For a long time, more and more experts have recommended the 3 sec extreme wind speed as the standard wind load design of greenhouses. Combined with the research into greenhouses at home and abroad, based on the characteristics of the plastic tunnel, the 3 sec extreme wind speed is used as the basis for calculating the reference wind pressure, which is calculated according to the recent 30 year 3 sec extreme wind speed data. Stations with over 10a extreme wind speed records were selected. On the assumption that the extreme wind speed should follow the extreme value type I probability distribution, once-in-a-decade wind speed was calculated, and the wind pressure value was entered into the formula, from which a basic wind pressure distribution map was created. The data shows that 3 sec extreme wind speed is between 19-50 m/sec and the basic wind pressure value is between 0.2-1.53 kN/m². The distribution map can reflect the basic wind pressure value in our country, lays the foundation for the structural design of the plastic tunnel, and provides a reference for the formulation of greenhouse load specification. In addition, the basic wind pressure value was calculated based on the 3 sec extreme wind speed. Both adopt to the structure design of greenhouse film strength design and frame skeleton. Moreover, the basic wind pressure is calculated by the date of which the standard height is 10 m, but the plastic tunnel height is between 4-5 m, so when calculating the plastic tunnel wind load, the basic wind pressure value referencing the load code for the design of building structures (GB50009-2012) should be reduced.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Structural design
Controlled terms:Aerodynamic loads - Architectural design - Greenhouses - Loading - Loads (forces) - Probability distributions - Reinforced concrete - Tunnels - Wind - Wind stress
Uncontrolled terms:Basic wind pressure values - Design of buildings - Extreme wind speed - Extreme-value type I - Plastic greenhouse - Plastic tunnels - Wind pressure distribution - Wind pressures
Classification code:401.2 Tunnels and Tunneling - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 408 Structural Design - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 412 Concrete - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 651.1 Aerodynamics, General - 672 Naval Vessels - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.12.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.