<RECORD 1>

Accession number:201436062629
Title:Emissions characteristics of low speed vehicles
Authors:Wang, Junfang (1); Fu, Mingliang (2); Ding, Yan (1); Yin, Hang (1); Yin, Baohui (1); Bai, Tao (1); Zhao, Ying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Vehicle Emission Control Center of Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing , China; (2) School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Ding, Yan
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:57-63
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Low-speed vehicles have a very high contribution to air pollution in China due to their considerable numbers, especially in the fringe area of city. In China, the low-speed vehicles emissions greatly exceed those of trucks and passenger cars because of their lower emission limits. Emissions of CO, HC, NO<inf>x</inf> and PM by low-speed vehicles accounted for 0.5%, 4.1%, 7.3% and 4.8% of the total vehicle emissions in 2012 in China. In 2005, the China Ministry of Environmental Protection issued the first-phase and second-phase emission standard (standards GB19756-2005 and GB19757-2005, respectively). However, there were not many research-based data about the emission characteristics of low-speed vehicles. In this study, a Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS), which is comprised of a regulated gaseous emission analyzer (SEMTECH-DS) and an electrical, low-pressure impactor (ELPI), was introduced to study the emission characteristics of low-speed vehicles in real road. Six low-speed vehicles were measured on national and rural roads using PEMS, which can measure CO, HC, NO<inf>x</inf> and PM emissions. The results indicated that vehicle speed had a very big impact on pollutant emissions on both national and rural roads. Emissions on rural roadways were much more variable than those on national roadways because of the variability in vehicle speed. The ratios of acceleration and deceleration modes were not very high both on national and rural roads (28.48% and 33.76%, respectively). The emission factor of four pollutants was highest in acceleration mode on both national and rural roads. The CO, HC, NO<inf>x</inf> and PM emission factors in acceleration mode were 1.86, 1.32, 1.57, 1.22 times those in cruise mode, respectively. The CO, HC, NO<inf>x</inf> and PM emission factors in acceleration mode were 2.30, 1.42, 3.09, 1.39 times those in deceleration mode, respectively. The size distributions of particles emitted from low-speed vehicles were similar on national and rural roads. The ratio of coarse mode particles was very low (0.15 % and 0.16%, respectively) of the total particle number concentration on national and rural roads. Comparing the number concentration of particles emitted on national and rural roads, the particle-number concentration on rural roads was higher 32.0% than that on the national roads. Especially for particles of diameter 0.32 &mu;m, the number concentration was 62.2% higher than that on the national road, probably due to the poor combustion in the engine cylinders. This report could provide some reference for future emission control policies for low-speed vehicles.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Air pollution control equipment
Controlled terms:Automobiles - Emission control - Particulate emissions - Pollution - Rural roads - Vehicles - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Acceleration and deceleration - Air pollution in chinas - Coarse mode particles - Emission characteristics - Emission measurement systems - Emissions characteristics - Particle number concentration - Real roads
Classification code:432 Highway Transportation - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 662.1 Automobiles - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:201436062658
Title:Design and experiment on decorticator of hemp fresh stem
Authors:L, Jiangnan (1); Long, Chaohai (1); Ma, Lan (1); Liu, Jiajie (1); He, Hongbin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha , China
Corresponding author:Long, Chaohai
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:298-307
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The hemp is widely planted in China, which can be used for varieties of products including hemp cordage, durable clothing and nutritional products.. Because of hemp fiber excellent properties such as natural comfort and gas permeability, it is widely used in textile field. Hemp bast and bone are strong adhesive with the glue in fiber, so it is very difficult to peel off from hemp stem. In China, people usually peel off bast fiber by hand. There are a number of problems using manual peeling, such as low work efficiency, high labor intensity, and high cost. So, high efficiency stripping machine is necessary to designed for peeling off hemp bast in China. At present, there are two kinds of method to gain bast fiber from hemp stem. The fiber was separated from the retted stalk which has been immersed in water. Another way is to stripping the bast from the fresh stem first, then the dried bast is retted in pool in the factory. We can gain clean fiber in mass production by using the second method. According to the requirements, a new kind of stripper which used for separation hemp fresh stem was designed. But there are many branches at upper stem of hemp and the bast attached with hemp bone very firmly. In order to make the bast separated better from the stem, the rubbing-mechanism for stem and the combing-mechanism for bast were designed in this machine. The prototype is mainly consisted of rubbing-mechanism, combing-mechanism, the fiber collection device, transmission, frame, undercarriage and other components. This prototype has many characteristics such as compact structure, easy to move, strong separation ability, etc. The rubbing-mechanism is consisted of two pairs of straight-teeth pressure roller and two pairs of slanting-teeth pressure roller. When the machine works, the hemp fresh stem is broken first by the straight-teeth pressure roller of rubbing-mechanism. After that, the broken stem enters the pressure roller of slanting-teeth of rubbing-mechanism. In these pressure rollers, the straight teethes are arranged along both longitudinal and transverse axis of pressure rollers. So when broken stems enter the engagement area of a pair of pressure rollers, the broken stems are bent and extruded, and rubbed by the horizontal and vertical forces from slanting-teeth. The rubbing-forces make hemp stems better separated. Through the role of the rubbing-mechanism, the hemp bast is preliminary separated from stem. Another main device in the machine is the combing- mechanism which is consisted of a pair of drum barkers and a concave. When crushed hemp stems enter the combing-mechanism, the basts which adhere a lot of stick are clean out under the action of scraping and extrusion by the stripping drum and concave. The prototype performance test shows that rubbing-mechanism can make fresh stem separated preliminary, the combing-mechanism can remove most sticks which are adhesive with the bast. The quality of bast stripped by the machine is good and can meet the quality standards. Experiment results show that the rate of net bast to fresh stem is 10.90%-21.36%, the rate of net bast to total bast is 61.50%-78.33%, and the productivity is 108.67-174.22 kg/h. This stripper is easy to operate with good recurring, and hemp fresh-bast is effective separated.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Hemp
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Bast fibers - Bone - Design - Experiments - Fibers - Rollers (machine components) - Separation
Uncontrolled terms:Collection device - Compact structures - Mass production - Nutritional products - Performance tests - Quality standard - Strong separations - The rate of net bast to total bast
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 601.2 Machine Components - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 812 Ceramics, Refractories and Glass - 817 Plastics and Other Polymers: Products and Applications - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:201436062653
Title:Experiment on co-pyrolysis characteristics of Spartina alterniflora and lignite
Authors:Li, Jihong (1); Yang, Shiguan (1); Li, Xiaotong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, School of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Li, Jihong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:251-257
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), a saltmarsh plant, has spread in intertidal flats of many regions of China since it was introduced from the USA in 1979. The application of S. alternilfora in energy has gained more attention due to its high production. However, the direct combustion of S. alternilfora was hindered due to its high potassium (K) and sodium (Na) contents. Co-pyrolysis of biomass and coal, a subject of much study in an effort to reduce greenhouse gases emission, was reported to be able to produce a synergetic effect mainly due to the catalytic function of alkali metals in biomass. S. alterniflora, rich in Na and K which are 22 683 mg/kg and 8 063 mg/kg, respectively, has great bioenergy potential as a co-pyrolysis material of coal. In order to to verify the interaction of S. alterniflora and lignite during pyrolysis, experiments were carried out with pure S. alterniflora, pure lignite, and their blends with mass ratio (S. alterniflora to lignite, S:L) of 1:4, 2:3, 3:2, and 4:1 by thermogravimetry coupled with a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). S. alternilfora used in the experiments was collected from Dafeng County of Jiangsu Province, China in October 2012. Lignite was from Shanxi Province, China. Na, K, volatile, H/C, O/C, and heating value of S. alterniflora were 16 064.3 mg/kg, 6 175.7 mg/kg, 75.40%, 0.12, 0.80, and 19.08 MJ/kg, respectively. Volatile content, H/C, O/C, and heating value of lignite were 33.92%, 0.07, 0.23, and 20.47 MJ/kg, respectively. TG tests were done under an N<inf>2</inf> flow rate of 25 mL/min and at a heating rate of 10/min from 30 to 900. Infrared scanning resolution was set to 4cm^-1, and scanning scope varied from 4 000 cm^-1 to 500 cm^-1. According to TG and DTG analysis, the process of co-pyrolysis can be divided into two stages at 385. The pyrolysis of S. alterniflora took place mainly in the first stage of 250 to 385. The pyrolysis of lignite and fixed carbon in S. alterniflora occurred in the second stage. TG analysis results showed that the activation energy (Ea) for co-pyrolysis decreased with the increase of S. alterniflora in the blends in the range of 385 to 510, especially for the blend with S:L of 4:1, whose Ea decreased to 13.34 kJ/mol compared to the 53.62 kJ/mol of pure lignite pyrolysis. At the same time, the reaction rate constant k for co-pyrolysis increased by one to two orders of magnitude compared to pyrolysis of lignite alone, although the frequency factor A of co-pyrolysis decreased. After heating the temperature over 385, obvious differences occurred between the calculated values and the test values of TG and DTG. This situation continued to 700. FTIR analysis of pyrolysis gas showed that co-pyrolysis improved the quality of pyrolysis gas by enhancing the yields of CO and CH<inf>4</inf>, especially for two blend samples with higher S. alterniflora content in which there were significant CO releasing peaks around 400. On the contrary, for the pyrolysis of S. alterniflora or lignite, no obvious CO releasing peak occurred. Nonetheless, FTIR results presented that co-pyrolysis promoted the production of acetic acid, especially for the blends with higher S. alterniflora content. In conclusion, co-pyrolysis of S. alterniflora and lignite can produce a synergetic effect by promoting the production of CH<inf>4</inf> and CO, as well as by decreasing activation energy and increasing reaction rate constant of pyrolysis reaction. It should be emphasized that this synergetic effect is mainly reflected by the catalytic effect of S. alterniflora on lignite.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Lignite
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Biomass - Catalysis - Emission control - Experiments - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Pyrolysis - Quality control - Rate constants - Sodium  - Thermogravimetric analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Activation energies (Ea) - Catalytic functions - Greenhouse gases emissions - Pyrolysis of lignites - S. alterniflora - Spartina alterniflora - TG and DTG analysis - TG-FT-IR
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution Control - 524 Solid Fuels - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:201436062651
Title:Soil function-included simulation on energy development potential of corn stover
Authors:Liu, Zhen (1); David, Fridley (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Business Administration, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing , China; (2) China Energy Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, United States
Corresponding author:Liu, Zhen
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:236-243
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The residue of traditional crop, corn stover, has many advantages for biomass energy such as a larger yield, lower cost, easier heaviest, etc. Currently, it has become a major resource of biomass energy. With the increasing demand of biomass energy on corn stover, the excessive harvesting could damage the sustainability of agriculture and environment in the future. To acquire the sustainable energy potential of corn stover, considering the demand of soil on corn stover is very critical in order to assess the total harvestable stover amount of corn stover in China. To maintain the function of soil, it is necessary to consider the demand of soil on corn stover. First, the corn yield per hectare was projected in 2020, 2030, and 2050 based on the corn yield from 1978 to 2011 in China. Then, the corn stover yield in every province was projected based on the relational expression between corn and corn stover. On the other hand, the research results in relative papers were collected for various types of soils. The maximum, medium, and minimum values of the demand of various types of soils on corn stover in these papers were used to calculate the harvest potential of corn stover in every province of China. To maintain the function of soil, three scenarios (higher reservation, moderate reservation, and lower reservation) were designed according to the reservation value of corn stover in various types of soils. For various scenarios,  the minimum reservation amount (maximum, medium, and minimum value) was calculated based on soil type (clay soil, loam soil, sandy soil) and the soil area used for corn in every province.  Other factors such as the harvesting of corn stover and the scale of corn stover used for burning and feedstuff were also considered when the corn stover potential used for biomass energy is being calculated.  Considering the alternative of corn stover used for burning by coal or natural gas in the future and the calorific value of corn stover, the biomass energy potential was calculated in a different alternative scale. Research results are given in the paper by using the above method. Assuming that the corn stover used for burning is not replaced by coal or gas in the future, the research results in three scenarios are given. In the lower reservation scenario, the corn stover potential in 2020, 2030, and 2050 will be 0.213, 0.216, and 0.303 billion tons. In the moderate reservation scenario, the corn stover Potential in 2020, 2030, and 2050 will be 0.139, 0.142, and 0.229 billion tons. In the higher reservation scenario, the corn stover potential in 2020, 2030, and 2050 will be 0.042, 0.045, and 0.129 billion tons. Assuming that the corn stover used for burning is completely replaced by coal or gas in the future, the research results will increase. In the lower reservation scenario, the corn stover potential in 2020, 2030, and 2050 will be 0.279, 0.282, and 0.396 billion tons. In the moderate reservation scenario, the corn stover Potential in 2020, 2030, and 2050 will be 0.182, 0.185, and 0.299 billion tons. In the higher reservation scenario, the corn stover potential in 2020, 2030, and 2050 will be 0.056, 0.058, and 0.169 billion tons. In China, the biomass energy potential of corn stover in 2020, 2030, and 2050 will be 4.33&times;10¹⁵, 4.37&times;10¹⁵, and 6.15&times;10¹⁵ kJ, respectively in the lower reservation scenario when the corn stover used for burning is replaced by gas or coal. In the higher reservation scenario and no corn stover used for burning is replaced by gas or coal, the biomass energy potential of corn stover in 2020, 2030, and 2050 will be 0.64&times;10¹⁵, 0.70&times;10¹⁵, and 1.99&times;10¹⁵ kJ. The biomass energy potential of corn stover is less than other research results considering the demand of soil on corn stover. The research result will also be affected by the per unit yield of corn. Although the biomass energy potential of corn stover is less than other research results, it benefits the sustainable development for agriculture and biomass energy. It does this by protecting the soil, controlling erosion from water and wind, retaining soil moisture, increasing or maintaining soil organic matter, adding to the available pool of soil nutrients, increasing biological activity, improving soil structure, and improving crop yields. However, as more corn stover is left in the land, more biomass energy is wasted and CH<inf>4</inf> is generated by waste corn stover. The result of this study provides a reference for decision-making on the corn stover development.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Biomass
Controlled terms:Bioactivity - Coal - Harvesting - Soil moisture - Soils - Straw - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Bio-mass energy - Corn stover - Energy development - Research results - Soil function - Soil organic matters - Soil types - Sustainable energy potential
Classification code:461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 524 Solid Fuels - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 911.2 Industrial Economics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:201436062625
Title:Monocular vision-based method for direction adjustment of transplanting potted-seedling leaves
Authors:Yang, Zhenyu (1); Zhang, Wenqiang (1); Li, Wei (1); Chen, Ying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing , China; (2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo , China
Corresponding author:Li, Wei
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:26-33
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to avoid mutually sheltered between potted-seedlings leaves and improve the light receiving environment of potted-seedlings' photosynthesis, the orientation of potted-seedlings leaves need to be adjusted to the same direction when potted-seedlings are transplanting. The orientation adjustment method of potted-seedlings leaves was presented using monocular vision while the perpendicularity and height detection of potted-seedlings had been completed using monocular vision at the early stage of the research work. First of all, the video of potted-seedlings rotating 360&deg; was captured by an industrial camera on its side. 45 key frame images were extracted from the video at intervals of 8&deg;, and were used as the target object. Each of extracted key frame images were processed by an 8-bit image gray-scale transformation, and image threshold segmentation of threshold 114, and image thinning. If only one pixel gray value was identical to the center pixel gray value in an 8 neighborhood of center pixels, the center pixel was determined to be the potted-seedling leaves' ending point (interest points) after their image was processed. Then, the path tracking problem of interest points were simplified to a near location shifting maximum similarity search problem using a smooth similarity function. If there are multiple interest points targeted in a close location, tracking objects were filtered through the coherence of the motion vector direction and speed using a minimizing function. If the displacement of the same interest point between two frames was larger than the preset value, the phantom points were created instead of lost interest points by a minimized near coherence phantom point function. The potted-seedling leaves' track path and corresponding directions of interest points were obtained according to the method. Finally, it was used as the target object for a pair of interest points existing x coordinate maximum values in a camera imaging plane during the course of potted-seedlings rotating 360&deg;. The adjustment rotation angle &theta; of potted-seedling leaves was determined by the current location of another interest point using an inverse trigonometric formula, when one of interest points was at the maximum x coordinate position. A potted-seedling ejector was driven to revolve &theta;/2 by electric motor, and the orientation of the potted-seedlings leaves were adjusted the same direction with x, and the adjustment operation of the potted-seedling leaves was completed. Experiment results showed that minimum leaves adjustment direction deviation of 50 potted-seedlings was 1.51&deg;, and the maximum deviation was 25.31&deg;, and the percentage of the adjustment direction deviation less than 15&deg; were 94%. Therefore, this method can meet the requirements of seedlings leaves' adjustment direction for potted-seedling transplanting.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Pixels
Controlled terms:Cameras - Computer vision - Image processing - Image segmentation - Transplants - Vision
Uncontrolled terms:Adjustment method - Height detections - Key-frame extraction - Path tracking problem - Seedling leaves adjustment direction - Similarity functions - Similarity search - Vision-based methods
Classification code:462.4 Prosthetics - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 742.2 Photographic Equipment
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:201436062634
Title:Effects of water regulation methods on soil salt, nutrient content and its distribution in overlying saline wasteland
Authors:Wang, Ruoshui (1); Kang, Yaohu (2); Wan, Shuqin (2); Sun, Jiaxia (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating, College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing , China; (2) Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Wang, Ruoshui
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:96-104
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Drip irrigation with its characteristic of applying water at low discharge rate and high frequency over a long period of time can maintain constant and high soil water contents in the root zone, and reduce salinity in soil water by leaching, particularly near the drip emitters. Recently, numerous studies have evaluated the use of different levels of soil matric potential (SMP) to trigger drip irrigation in arid and semiarid regions and have successfully reclaimed saline and saline-sodic soils. However, very few studies have explored soil nutrients during the reclamation process under drip irrigation and hence understanding of nutrients in saline-sodic soil under drip irrigation is limited. A three-year experiment was carried out to investigate the soil salt and nutrient variation in saline wasteland during reclamation under drip irrigation in inland and arid region. The experiment included five treatments in which the SMP thresholds at 20 cm depth were controlled at -5, -10, -15, -20 and -25 kPa. The treatments were replicated three times in a completely randomized block design. The results showed that the soil electrical conductivity (EC<inf>e</inf>) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) in 0-40 cm layer decreased significantly after three years of reclamation and the soil in -5 kPa treatment had the highest decreasing rate. By the end of the third cropping season, the EC<inf>e</inf> for -5 and -10 kPa treatments had reduced from 47.0 to 5.3 and 8.1 dS/m, respectively, which were in the range of the threshold salinity of cotton. The changes in SAR with time were similar as those of EC<inf>e</inf>. After the third irrigation season, the SAR, relative to the initial level, decreased by 40%-75% for the five treatments. Comparing with the initial value, soil available N, P, K, total N, P, and organic matter had a significant (P&lt;0.05) increase and the increase rates were proportionate to SMP thresholds. The soil available nutrient for each treatment had a trend to concentrate around drip emitter and decrease with increasing soil depth. The distributions of soil inorganic N and available P and K in the soil profile were mainly affected by the characteristics of drip irrigation, irrigation regime and fertilization mode. With the reclamation in both soil chemical and physical properties, there were dramatic increases in soil N, P and K contents by the end of three years of the experiment. Since cotton growth became more vigorous during reclamation, there was also a considerable increase in soil organic matter by the end of 2010, and the increase rates were proportional to SMP thresholds. The vertical distributions of soil total nutrient and organic matter for the five treatments differed greatly. The soil C/N rate for each treatment had reduced compared to the initial value and the average reducing rates were increased as the SMP thresholds were decreased. Considering the soil salt leaching efficiency and nutrient improvement, an SMP of -5 kPa could be used to trigger irrigation for saline wasteland reclamation in the first three years in Northwest China.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Nutrients
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Cotton - Experiments - Forestry - Irrigation - Leaching - Organic compounds - Reclamation  - Saline water - Salts - Soil moisture - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Arid and semi-arid regions - Chemical and physical properties - Saline-sodic soils - Soil available nutrients - Soil EC - Soil electrical conductivity - Soil environment - Soil nutrients
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 481.2 Geochemistry - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 533.1 Ore Treatment - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:201436062642
Title:Automatic posture recognition of wheat kernels based on germ features
Authors:Zhang, Hongtao (1); Mao, Hanping (2); Ju, Sen (1); Zhang, Xiaodong (2); Zhang, Hengyuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Electric Power, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou , China; (2) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang , China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Hongtao
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:163-169
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The insects in internal kernels not only harm the grain directly but also downgrade the market value of grains. It is very important to detect insects inside grain kernels accurately. The image features extracted from the kernel with different postures was a large difference. The automatic posture recognition of wheat kernels was primary to automatically detect insects inside kernels based on the near-infrared hyperspectral imaging technology. The five kernels were placed in a black plastic plate, and were not touched at the same posture. The hyperspectral data cubes of the wheat kernel with three postures were separately acquired at the first 14, 18, and 23 days after the rice weevil oviposition. The three postures of the kernel were crease down, crease up, and crease side. The hyperspectral data cube of the kernel was analyzed by the principal component analysis, and the optimal wavelength was 927.61 nm. According to the coordinate, center of gravity, and other information of the kernel in the optimal wavelength images, the sub-image of a single wheat kernel was automatically segmented from the hyperspectral data cube. There were two possible germ regions at both ends of the kernel, and the roughness degree of the germ region was larger. Thirteen features of the possible germ region, such as texture and invariant moments, were extracted to characterize the roughness degree. Each of the 13 features was used to discriminate the germ region by the principle of the germ region having a larger roughness degree. The recognition accuracy rate was 100% using the fourth invariant moment to identify the germ region of kernels, so the fourth invariant moment was the optimal feature because of the highest recognition accuracy rate. The six texture features and the seven invariant moment features were extracted from the gradient image of the kernel germ region. The thirteen features such as extension ration and symmetry degree of wheat germ region were extracted from the binary image of kernel germ region. The twenty six features were extracted in order to character the differences of the three postures of kernels. The evaluation principle of the feature subset was proposed based on the recognition accuracy of the v-fold cross-validation training model and the number of the selected features. The artificial fish swarm algorithm was applied to the feature selection of the kernel postures. The algorithm selected 13 features that composed the optimal feature space from the 26 features, such as symmetry degree of wheat germ region and complexity. The recognition accuracy of the validation set was up to 93.33%. According to the three-fold standard deviation principle of normal distribution, the classical matter-element matrix and the extensional matter-element matrix were constructed with the feature mean values and the standard deviations. The quantitative fuzzy feature weights were automatically determined based on the maximum deviation fuzzy analysis. The 1 200 samples were selected to train, and the 600 samples were used to validate. The three postures of wheat kernels were recognized by the extension classifier based on the fuzzy weights. The 567 samples in validation set were correctly identified, and the recognition accuracy of the classifier was 94.5%. The experiment showed that the automatic posture recognition of wheat kernels based on the local region features was feasible.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Face recognition - Near infrared spectroscopy - Normal distribution - Principal component analysis - Statistics - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial fish swarm algorithms - Local feature - Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging - Posture recognition - Recognition accuracy - Standard deviation - Stored-grain insects - Wheat kernels
Classification code:716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 801 Chemistry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:201436062655
Title:Spatial-temporal characteristics and impact factors of newly increased farmland by land consolidation in Hubei province at county level
Authors:Wei, Fengjuan (1); Li, Jiangfeng (1); Liu, Yanzhong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan , China; (2) School of Resources and Environment Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan , China
Corresponding author:Li, Jiangfeng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:267-276
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The newly increased cultivated land obtained through land consolidation has attracted great attention from the Chinese government and scholars since it concerns cultivated land protection and national food security. Hubei province is an important region for land consolidation in China amid serious cultivated land conversion and increasing demand of construction land due to rapid urbanization. In this paper, the spatial-temporal differences in 2001-2010 and the impact factors of this spatial difference in 2010 were analyzed to better understand the distribution of the newly increased cultivated land obtained through land consolidation in the province at the county level. All data used were acquired mainly from the land consolidation accounts and the statistical yearbooks. The research methods included the locational Gini-coefficient, geographic concentration and geographical detectors. Compared to other detective spatial analysis methods, the geographical detector was usable for both quantitative data and nominal data to extract the implicit interrelationships between explanatory variables and response variables. The results showed that 1) In 2001-2010, the amount of newly increased cultivated land obtained through land consolidation of the whole province presented a trend of significant growth, and the geographical distribution of the newly increased cultivated land was also highly concentrated. The Gini coefficient, which was 0.809 in 2001, fell straight to the lowest of 0.540 in 2009 and then rose abruptly to 0.701 in 2010. 2) Influenced by the topography and the land consolidation policy of Hubei province, the newly increased cultivated land at the county level presented obvious regional differences in 2001-2010. The cluster areas of the newly increased cultivated land at the county level changed from the mountainous areas of West Hubei to the hilly areas of East Hubei, then from the plain areas of Central Hubei to the mound areas of North Hubei over the last 10 years. 3) The source structure of the newly increased cultivated land in Hubei Province at the county level mainly included the land consolidation type, development-consolidation type and comprehensive type, while the newly increased cultivated land mainly came from land consolidation and land reclamation in Hubei province. To be more specific, most of the cultivated land in mountainous areas of Southwest Hubei, the plain areas of Central Hubei and the hilly areas of East Hubei came from land consolidation, while in the mound areas of North Hubei, from land development-consolidation. The source structure belonged to the comprehensive type in the mountainous areas of Northwest Hubei and in most counties of Huangshi, Suizhou and Xiaogan. 4) It turned out that the main impact factors and their explanatory power of the spatial-temporal pattern of the structure of the newly increased cultivated land at the county level in 2010 were as follows: cultivated land area (24.26%), topography (23.65%), project investment (19.94%), construction scale (18.16%) and per capita GDP (11.05%). It can be easily found that natural conditions and the land consolidation policy were the leading factors, while the influence of the social and economic elements was quite small in 2010. It was suggested to coordinate the relationship between ecological construction and cultivated land protection in the mound areas of North Hubei and mountainous areas of Northwest Hubei. On the premise of effective protection of the ecological environment, it was necessary to further strengthen scientific guidance and investment in the land consolidation in future in the mountainous areas of Southwest Hubei. The plain areas of Central Hubei and the hilly areas of East Hubei should actively explore the urban and rural construction land experiments, and make an overall arrangement for the planning layout of construction land and farmland to promote the new rural construction and balance urban and rural development. The results provided a scientific basis for developing the land consolidation strategy, arranging major land consolidation projects, and making differential land consolidation policies for different regions.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Landforms
Controlled terms:Consolidation - Ecology - Economics - Farms - Food supply - Land reclamation - Land use - Regional planning - Rural areas
Uncontrolled terms:County - Cultivated lands - Hubei Province - Impact factor - Spatial-temporal characteristics
Classification code:403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 404.2 Civil Defense - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:201436062628
Title:Development and experiment of Panonychus citri infestation fast detector
Authors:Li, Zhen (1); Hong, Tiansheng (1); Wang, Jian (1); Li, Nan (4); Sun, Daozong (1); Lin, Han (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou , China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou , China; (3) China Agricultural Research System Machinery Laboratory, Guangzhou , China; (4) Experiment Teaching Center of Public Infrastructure, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou , China
Corresponding author:Hong, Tiansheng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:49-56
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to achieve a rapid, accurate, non-destructive, in-situ detection of Panonychus citri (McGregor) infestation levels to the fruit trees, a Panonychus citri (McGregor) fast detector based on optical measurement techniques was designed and developed in this study. The instrument's working effect was tested through experiments. The optical reflection method was adopted by the detector as the detection principle, and the tree canopy's light reflectance in the red and near-infrared light zone was measured. The Panonychus citri (McGregor) index (PCI) was introduced in this study as the equipment output and was calculated in accordance with the measured reflectance. Furthermore, the Panonychus citri (McGregor) infestation status at a tree's selected canopy outer area was divided into three levels as None, Light, and Heavy based on the number of eggs on top of the leaves within a specific region at the tree canopy's outer area. The relationship between the infestation levels of the regions and their corresponding PCI readings was analyzed. In the hardware design, light emitting diode (LED) arrays having center wavelengths of 665 nm and 815 nm were selected as the red and near-infrared light sources. Natural light interference at the detector was mostly reduced by using a 40 kHz light modulation/demodulation technology, a specially designed optical path, and a photoelectric detection adapting circuit. Results from the instrument's working effect test indicated that: the detection coefficient k equals to 2.622; the detection was less slightly affected by the foliage density; the detection was less affected by the natural environmental light, but was affected by the temperature to some extent; the three Panonychus citri (McGregor) infestation levels as None, Light and Heavy could be distinguished by the detector, and when the infestation level was low, the result was stable. High correlation was achieved between the detector's PCI reading and the number of eggs on top of a piece of leaf, which indicated that the relationship between Panonychus citri (McGregor) infestation level and the egg number achieved in this study was consistent with previous experiments. Further research will test a temperature-compensation method to reduce the influence of temperature on the detection results. Reasons for lower-stability detection in the Heavy level of infestation will also be analyzed.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Light emitting diodes
Controlled terms:Detectors - Experiments - Forestry - Infrared devices - Light sources - Nondestructive examination - Optical data processing - Optical testing - Orchards - Reflection  - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Citrus - Fruit trees - Lightemitting diode(LED) array - Optical measurement techniques - Optical reflection method - Panonychus citri - Pest - Temperature-compensation
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 901.3 Engineering Research - 914 Safety Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:201436062654
Title:Drying models and characteristics of thin layer sludge in superheated steam drying
Authors:Zhang, Xukun (1); Sun, Ruichen (1); Wang, Xuecheng (1); Su, Zhiwei (1); Cao, Wei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Institute of Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang , China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Xukun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:258-266
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Generally, sludge exists with high moisture content. De-water is the first and crucial step in disposal processes such as land filling, composting, building materials, and incineration. Currently, there are many studies on sludge drying by different heat transfer modes such as conduction and convection. But in most studies, the sludge drying was carried out under an atmosphere of air, which had disadvantages in high-energy consumption and an abundant quantity of exhaust. Superheated steam drying has been used to dehydrate a variety of products, including meat, grain stillage, lignite, and wood, because of environmental protection, non-oxidation, and higher drying efficiency advantages. The purpose of this study was to investigate the drying characteristics of superheated-steam on a thin layer of sludge. Thin layer drying experiments of sludge samples with different thicknesses under a series of superheated steam temperatures were carried out. Sludge samples were collected in a local wastewater treatment plant after mechanical dewatering. The size of the sludge samples were taken over an area of 100 mm&times;100 mm, having thicknesses of 2, 4, 6, and 10 mm, respectively. The temperatures of superheated steam were controlled by the amount of the access heaters. The experiments of superheated steam drying were conducted at 160, 200, 240, and 280, respectively. Relations between the model parameters and temperature and thickness for the moisture ratio of sludge in relation to drying time were determined. The results showed that sludge samples were not oxidized or burnt after superheated steam drying even at high temperatures. The dense crack and rough surface of sludge during superheated steam drying were beneficial to the drying process. At the beginning of the drying process, the mass of the samples increased due to superheated steam coming in contact with the cold surface of the sludge as the initial temperature of the sludge is close to room temperature (around 20). As a result, the drying time of sludge samples to reach a certain moisture content increased. The increase in the mass of condensation water and drying time was greatly influenced by the temperature of superheated steam. As a result, the higher the temperature, the smaller the increase. However, the increase was hardly influenced by the thickness of sludge. The Effective moisture diffusivity was calculated by using Fick's second law. Thin layers of sludge formed by superheated steam drying having thicknesses of 2, 4, 6, and 10 mm had effective diffusion coefficient variations of 2.0641&times;10^-9-8.8527&times;10^-9, 4.3738&times;10^-9-1.6626&times;10^-8, 6.6082&times;10^-9-2.46&times;10^-8, and 1.1916&times;10^-8-4.0806&times;10^-8 m²/s at the temperature 160-280. The linear relationship between the natural logarithm of the effective diffusion coefficient and reciprocal of temperature was built based on the Arrhenius empirical formula. The activation energy values of 2, 4, 6, and 10 mm thicknesses of sludge were 26.250, 22.032, 21.894, and 20.961 kJ/mol. A valuable reference for the parameter optimization and equipment design of sludge superheated steam drying was provided by the experimental results.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Diffusion - Energy utilization - Enzyme kinetics - Experiments - Heat transfer - Incineration - Models - Moisture determination - Steam  - Steam condensers
Uncontrolled terms:Conduction and convections - Effective diffusion coefficients - Effective moisture diffusivity - Sludge - Superheated steam - Superheated steam temperature - Thin layer drying - Wastewater treatment plants
Classification code:452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 614 Steam Power Plants - 614.2 Steam Power Plant Equipment and Operation - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 642.1 Process Heating - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 901.3 Engineering Research - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:201436062640
Title:Recognition of cucumber diseases based on leaf image and environmental information
Authors:Wang, Xianfeng (1); Zhang, Shanwen (1); Wang, Zhen (1); Zhang, Qiang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Engineering and Technology, Xijing University, Xi'an , China; (2) College of Forestry, Northwest A and F University, Yangling , China
Corresponding author:Wang, Xianfeng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:148-153
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Crop disease is one of the main disasters for Chinese agriculture and it seriously affects the yield and quality of crops, and causes economic losses to farmers. Early detection and prevention of crop diseases is critical to control the diseases, improve crop yields, reduce the economic losses and control pesticide pollution. Therefore, the research of recognition methods for crop diseases is necessary. In this study, a disease recognition method of cucumber disease, based on leaf image and environmental information, is proposed. In this method, the cucumber disease features, including environmental classifying features and disease leaf classifying features, were extracted by image processing and statistical analysis methods. The classifying features were then selected by SAS discriminant analysis, and the cucumber diseases were identified by using the rule of maximum membership degree. The cucumber leaves and their environmental information of Downy mildew, Brown Speck, and Anthracnose were collected for disease recognition. The diseased cucumber leaf images were processed by using a series of image pre-processing methods, such as image transforming, smoothing, and segmentation. White was chosen as the background of the diseased leaf images, a median filter was applied to effectively remove the disturbance of noise, and the color image segmentation method, based on statistical pattern recognition, was applied to separate the disease spot images from the diseased leaf images. The five features of environmental information were extracted, and the 35 statistical eigen vectors of color, shape, and texture of the diseased leaf images could be extracted by statistical analysis. Then, 40 disease union classifying features were obtained. Ten strong classifying features were then selected by the SAS discriminant analysis method. The feature vectors of the clustering center were then computed. Finally, three kinds of cucumber diseases were recognized by the maximum membership degree. The disease recognition method proposed in this study differs essentially from the traditional ones. Traditional methods only take into account features extracted from diseased leaf images, which makes the recognition rate of traditional methods low because the diseased leaf image is quite complex. However, the proposed disease recognition method contains not only the leaf image information, but also the environmental information, which improves the robustness and recognition rate of the proposed method. The recognition results of three kinds of cucumber diseases by the proposed method were more than 93 percent. The experiment results show that cucumber diseased leaf images obtained under different conditions were effectively recognized by the integrated application of image processing technology, analysis of image texture, color and figure characteristics, and analysis of the disease environmental information, etc. It has provided a technical basis and support for the automatic recognition of crop diseases with diseased leaf images and environmental information obtained in the field. The analysis and experimental results in this paper demonstrated that the crop disease recognition method is feasible by computer vision, statistics, and comprehensive utilization technology of spot color, texture, shape information, and crop environment information. As there are many factors affecting crop diseases, various diseases in different periods will show different symptoms. Therefore, how to use the computer vision technology and the disease environmental information to build a powerful and practical crop disease recognition method still needs further study.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Disease control
Controlled terms:Color - Crops - Discriminant analysis - Diseases - Environmental technology - Image recognition - Image segmentation - Losses - Pollution control - Pollution detection  - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive utilization technologies - Computer vision technology - Cucumber - Discriminant analysis methods - Environment information - Image processing technology - Statistical analysis methods - Statistical pattern recognition
Classification code:454 Environmental Engineering - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 461.7 Health Care - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 922 Statistical Methods - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:201436062624
Title:Design and experiment of vertically feeding-seedling device for pot-blanket seedling based on high-speed rice transplanter
Authors:Du, Liheng (1); Yu, Gaohong (1); Zhang, Guofeng (1); Li, Ge (1); Liu, Daqing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Transplanting Equipment and Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou , China
Corresponding author:Yu, Gaohong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:17-25
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As one of special rice seedling, the pot-blanket seedling is a method between the rice pot seedling and blanket seedling. Because of its low damage to seedling and root while transplanting, fast reviving, and earlier rooting and tillering after transplanting, the mechanical planting of pot-blanket seedling is enabled to be high yield and more efficient. Compared with the ordinary seedling, its yield can increase 5%-15%. In China, rice is the principal food, so it is very significant to research the planting technology of pot-blanket seedling. However, there is no existing transplanter specially for pot-blanket seedlings. Vertical feeding-seedling device of existing high-speed transplanter being used has following problems: 1) With the influence of gravity and vibration, seedlings will slide down on flat belt, when vertical feeding-seedling device does not work and cannot be fixed. 2) One-way bearing can also be rotated unidirectionally with the force of vibration so that seedling cannot be fed accurately. 3) The accumulative transmission error of one-way bearing will increase with time. As a result, the vertical feeding seedling cannot be quantified accurately. In order to solve the problem that vertical feeding seedling is impossible to be quantified accurately with use of high-speed transplanter, in the paper, a new kind of rice pot-blanket feeding-seedling device was designed and improved for rice pot-blanket seedlings. After analyzing and summarizing the planting traits of rice pot-blanket seedling on references at home and abroad, a device with intermittent rod mechanisms, four-bar mechanism, a double-ratchet mechanism which applies to platform of high-speed transplanter was analyzed theoretically and structured to satisfy the requirements of rice pot-blanket seedlings. By used of Solid Works, it will be enabled to test its work conditions in virtual simulation. And a prototype was successfully developed. The experiment showed that the deviation of one-pass vertical feeding quantity was less than 2 mm and there was no accumulative error after repeated feeding. In the condition of high-speed operation, vertical feeding seedling was accurate and stable. The position of seedlings can be fixed when the device under inactive condition. The research can provide a reference for design and application of rice transplanters.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Feeding
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Design - Experiments - Mechanisms - Seed
Uncontrolled terms:Accumulative errors - Design and application - Feeding-seedling device - Four-bar mechanisms - High-speed operation - Pot-blanket seedling - Rice transplanter - Virtual simulations
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 601.3 Mechanisms - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:201436062633
Title:Analysis on evapotranspiration difference of paddy field under water-saving irrigation on field and plot scales
Authors:Peng, Shizhang (1); Liu, Ming (1); Yang, Shihong (1); Xu, Junzeng (1); Cai, Min (1); Wang, Yijiang (3)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing , China; (2) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing , China; (3) Kunshan Water Conservancy Engin Quality and Safety Supervision and Water Techn Popularization Stn, Kunshan, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Shihong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:87-95
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to reveal the difference of evapotranspiration of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation on different scales, the differences of evapotranspiration between field scale and plot scale of paddy field under water-saving irrigation was analyzed based on the field experiment. In addition, the reasons for the difference between evapotranspiration of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation on different scales were investigated in this paper. The evapotranspiration on field scale and plot scale of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation was measured by eddy covariance system and lysimeter, respectively. The results showed that there were significant (p &lt; 0.05) differences between the evapotranspiration of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation on filed scale and plot scale in the whole and early, middle and late growth stages. The variation trend of evapotranspiration of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation on field scale was similar to that on plot scale. But the difference existed on value of evapotranspiration of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation. The evapotranspiration on field scale of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation in the whole growth stages was 18.7% smaller than that on plot scale. The evapotranspiration on field scale of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation in the early, middle and late growth stages was 15.5%-20.5% smaller than those on plot scale. The significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) were also showed between the evapotranspiration of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation on field scale and plot scale in the different growth stages. High significant differences (p &lt; 0.01) were showed between the evapotranspiration of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation on field scale and plot scale in different times (ten days, five days). The evapotranspiration of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation on field scale in ripening stage increased by 7.9% compared to that on plot scale. The evapotranspiration of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation on field scale in other growth stage decreased by 10.2%-29.5% compared to that on plot scale. As the day time shortened, the decreased amplitude of evapotranspiration on field scale of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation increased compared to that on plot scale. Differences between different time steps of evapotranspiration of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation on different scales was caused by underlying surface, atmospheric turbulence conditions, meteorological factors, soil moisture condition, irrigation process and so on. Underlying surface conditions, atmospheric turbulence, the process of water replenishment, the soil water status and meteorological factors were the main reasons for the differences between evapotranspiration of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation on filed scale and plot scale. Relative air humidity and air temperature can lead to the differences of evapotranspiration of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation on different scales. They were the main factors affecting the difference of evapotranspiration of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation on different scales. The effect of meteorological factors on evapotranspiration of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation was mainly related to soil moisture and marginal effect. The reveal of the evapotranspiration differences of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation on different scales can be used for the transformation of evapotranspiration of paddy field under water-saving irrigation on different scales.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Evapotranspiration
Controlled terms:Atmospheric turbulence - Irrigation - Lysimeters - Soil moisture - Soil surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Different growth stages - Eddy covariance - Eddy covariance systems - Meteorological factors - Paddy fields - Relative air humidities - Scale difference - Water-saving irrigation
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444.1 Surface Water - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:201436062631
Title:Theoretical analysis and experiment of hydrodynamics of water distributor for linear run-on infiltrometers
Authors:Lei, Tingwu (1); Mao, Lili (1); Sun, Bei (3); Zhou, Shumei (2); Zhao, Jun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing , China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Science and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling , China; (3) Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan , China
Corresponding author:Lei, Tingwu
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:71-77
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The water distributor is one of the important components of the linear source method for soil infiltability measurement. This study suggested a new material and structure of the water distributor, which used special sponges to make the key component for water distribution. The water distributor was composed of a water supply tubing, a water distribution chamber, a level, a sponge strip and a fixing plate. Theoretical analysis was made to detail the requirements of an ideal water distributor for even distribution of water flow supplied to soil surface for infiltration along its length. Hydrodynamics of water movement inside the water distribution sponge along its length and those at the interface both inside the soil and the water distribution sponge were analyzed. Analysis was made on the conditions for identifying the materials for the water distributor manufacturing. Trials were made to select the sponge materials of ideal hydraulic responses before water distributors were made and used in the experiments to identify their hydrodynamic responses. A centrifuge machine was used to measure the pF-curves of the sponges, ranging from -10⁵ Pa up to -10³ Pa. The exponential function was used to fit the measured data between the water content and suction. For the ideal material chosen from the experiments, there was a good relationship between the water content and soil-water suction, with the coefficient of determination, R²=0.948. Water content remained very low and almost constant as the water potential inside the sponge increased at its low level (i.e. large negative values). After some critical value of the water potential, the water content increased very rapidly with an increase in water potential. Water potential continuity concept was used to analyze the water movement in the interface between soil surface and the water distributor. The results indicated that the sponge selected for the experiment was an ideal hydrological material for the water distributor. The details of the water distributor structures were also obtained from the study. Manufactured linear water distributors were used for actual water application under laboratory condition and the wetted area on soil surface had a very good linear pattern. The measured results verified the hydraulic characteristics analysis of water distributor and hydrodynamic data through the experiment demonstrating the feasibilities of the newly suggested linear water distributor. This study will help the application of the linear run-on method for soil infiltrability measurement and relevant to some related applications.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Experiments - Hydraulic machinery - Hydrodynamics - Materials - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Structure (composition) - Water supply - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Centrifuge machines - Coefficient of determination - Distribution of water - Hydraulic characteristic - Hydraulic features - Hydrodynamic response - Laboratory conditions - Linear water distributor
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631.2 Hydrodynamics - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 901.3 Engineering Research - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:201436062632
Title:Temporal-spatial distribution characteristics and causes analysis of reference crop evapotranspiration in hilly area of central Sichuan
Authors:Feng, Yu (1); Cui, Ningbo (1); Wei, Xinping (1); Zhao, Lu (1); Wang, Junqin (3)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu , China; (2) Provincial Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture in Hill Areas of Southern China, Chengdu, China; (3) Sichuan Provincial Water Conservancy Research Institute, Chengdu , China
Corresponding author:Cui, Ningbo
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:78-86
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET<inf>0</inf>) is of importance to estimate crop water requirement and make plans of irrigation scheme. Research on temporal and spatial variation of ET<inf>0</inf> is important for regional agricultural water management and regional water allocation. The purpose of this study was to make a better understanding of the variation characteristics of ET<inf>0</inf> in hilly area of central Sichuan where the agricultural water mostly depends on irrigation. Penman-Monteith equation recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1998 was applied to calculate the daily ET<inf>0</inf> for 13 meteorological stations within 52 years (1961-2012). Kriging of GIS was introduced to draw the maps of ET<inf>0</inf> that could present a clear spatial distribution of ET<inf>0</inf>. Mann-Kendall trend test was used to analyze temporal distribution characteristics of ET<inf>0</inf>, and the causes of ET<inf>0</inf> change were manifested by sensitivity analysis based on path analysis method. The results showed that: annual ET<inf>0</inf> change had a conspicuous decreasing trend in hilly area of central Sichuan in the past 52 years, especially in Langzhong,Yibin and Ziyang station where ET<inf>0</inf> decreased significantly (&alpha;=0.05). However, in Mianyang station, ET<inf>0</inf> increased within 52 years; The temporal distribution characteristics indicated that, during 1961-1979, ET<inf>0</inf> increased gradually then decreased until 2003. The trend of ET<inf>0</inf> change in a year was a single peak curve, and the change accounting for 85.82% of the year was mostly between March and October. The maximum of ET<inf>0</inf> was 3.46 mm/d in July and the minimum was 0.79 mm/d in December. The spatial distribution of ET<inf>0</inf> revealed that ET<inf>0</inf> decreased gradually from northeast and southeast to the center. During 1961-1970 and 1981-1990, there were several sudden changes in spatial distribution. Compared with the average value within 52 years, the ET<inf>0</inf> was smaller in Bazhong station but bigger in Ziyang and Neijiang station. Considering the uneven distribution of ET<inf>0</inf> within a year and the sudden changes, the conclusion could be attained that the variation characteristics of ET<inf>0</inf> in hilly area of central Sichuan was influenced by the change of weather greatly. The path analysis between meteorological factors and ET<inf>0</inf> revealed that the path coefficient of sunshine duration (n), wind speed (u<inf>2</inf>), relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T) were 0.61, 0.37, -0.25 and 0.019, respectively. Their overall contribution to R² were 0.48, 0.28, 0.13 and 0.001, respectively. When n, u<inf>2</inf>, RH and T were removed respectively in sensitivity analysis, R² values were reduced from 0.89 to 0.596, 0.81,0.84 and 0.88, respectively. R² had the biggest change when n was removed, and thus ET<inf>0</inf> was more sensitive to n and n was the key meteorological factor affecting ET<inf>0</inf> in hilly area of central Sichuan. The coefficient of determination between actual and estimated ET<inf>0</inf> in four quarters was 0.93, 0.97, 0.96 and 0.94, respectively, when average quarter temperature instead of T was used to estimate ET<inf>0</inf>, which indicated that it was reasonable to use average quarter temperature to calculate ET<inf>0</inf> when meteorological data in hilly areas of central Sichuan was lacking. This research provided information for agricultural production in hilly area of central Sichuan.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Evapotranspiration - Irrigation - Meteorology - Regression analysis - Sensitivity analysis - Spatial distribution - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Causes analysis - Path analysis - Reference crop evapotranspirations - Sichuan - Temporal and spatial distribution
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 446 Waterworks - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:201436062643
Title:Application of sunlight greenhouse with straw bale thermal insulation wall in north of Jiangsu province
Authors:Huang, Hongying (1); Wu, Guofeng (1); Sun, Enhui (1); Chen, Fuheng (2); Yang, Xu (1); Chang, Zhizhou (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Agricultural Waste Treatment and Recycle Engineering Research Center, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing , China; (2) Jianan Vegetables Professional Cooperative of Sucheng District, Suqian , China
Corresponding author:Chang, Zhizhou
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:170-178
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The straw-bale has been widely used in the building field, compared to the traditional architecture material, it has lots of advantages such as high thermal resistance value, light weight, and environmental friendly material. In order to investigate the application effect, a solar greenhouse was designed and built with straw-bale. The performance of straw-bale wall solar greenhouse was evaluated, and compared with the soil wall and brick wall solar greenhouse. The hygroscopicity and desorption of straw, and thermal conductivity of straw-bale were evaluated. The moisture content of straw-bale, temperature and humidity, crop yield, morbidity of different solar greenhouse (soil wall, brick wall, and straw-bale wall) were discussed in the paper. The results showed that the maximum moisture content of straw was about 22.0% under the condition of 97% relative humidity and 25 temperature, while the maximum moisture content of straw in the solar greenhouse was 23.6% during the experiment. The thermal conductivity of straw-bale with density of 0.20 g/cm³ was 0.069 W/(m&middot;K), while the thermal conductivity of soil wall and brick wall were 1.210 W/(m&middot;K) and 0.982 W/(m&middot;K). The inertia index of straw-bale wall (0.46 m), soil wall (4.0 m) and brick wall (0.5 m) were 5.603, 43.513, and 4.636, respectively. The air temperature in the straw-bale wall solar greenhouse was 1.3 higher than that in the brick wall solar greenhouse, and 2.1 lower than that in the soil wall solar greenhouse. All the air temperature of solar greenhouse was above 9.0 when the outdoor temperature was -7. The soil temperature in the straw-bale wall solar greenhouse was 1.2 higher than that in the brick wall solar greenhouse, and 1.1 lower than that in the soil wall solar greenhouse. All the soil temperature of solar greenhouse was above 12.1 when the outdoor temperature was -7. The average air relative humidity of straw-bale wall, soil wall, and brick wall solar greenhouse were 75%, 87%, and 84%, respectively. The straw-bale displayed the adjusting capacity at some extent for the greenhouse air humidity due to the structural porosity of straw. It can not only improve the internal environment of greenhouse, but also restrain the occurrence of plant diseases. During full fruit period of the planted color peppers, the morbidity in the greenhouse with soil wall, brick wall, and straw-bale wall were 25%, 50% and 0, respectively, and the crop yields in the three kinds of greenhouse were 6 375, 7 130 and 6 833 kg, respectively. What's more, according to the design in the work, 35 000 kg straw (air dried) had been used to build the straw-bale wall solar greenhouse in this study. Also, the utilization rate of the land can improve by 34.6% due to reducing the wall thickness. In a conclusion, the straw bale has the potential to replace the soil or brick wall for building solar greenhouse thermal insulation wall. Further research should be paid attention on optimization of the straw greenhouse structural design, for example, the wall base and outer surface structural improvement, so as to elevate the thermal performance of straw bale greenhouse.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Thermal conductivity
Controlled terms:Absorption - Agriculture - Atmospheric temperature - Desorption - Greenhouses - Moisture determination - Soils - Solar heating - Space heating - Straw  - Structural design - Walls (structural partitions)
Uncontrolled terms:Application effect - Crop yield - Environmental friendly materials - Outdoor temperature - Structural improvements - Temperature and humidities - Thermal Performance - Traditional architecture
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 643.1 Space Heating - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:201436062647
Title:Study on rural household energy consumption in China based on household investigation from typical counties
Authors:Wang, Xiaohua (1); Hao, Xianrong (2); Jin, Ling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing , China; (2) Department of Science, Technology and Education, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Wang, Xiaohua
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:206-212
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the face of challenges such as the population, resources, and environment, most countries are seeking the resolution for coordinating the development of society, resources, and environment, with efforts to work out policies for sustainable energy resources and the environment. In developing countries, rural household energy is mainly obtained from natural sources. Since a very small part of commercial energy was involved in rural energy use, its supply has not been considered in national energy programs. And this in turn resulted in a negative influence on commercial energy supply and use in rural areas, as well as on the improvement of the rural economy and living standard. Rural household energy consumption is an important part of the national energy consumption. Due to the fact that the locally available natural resources contribute to a large proportion of rural household energy consumption in developing countries, they are significant to the development of the rural society and the protection of the environment. In this study, we have surveyed 1440 households from eight typical counties in eight of China's biggest economic zones. From analyzing the questionnaires' statistics, we found that the level and the structure of rural household energy consumption have significant differences across different areas. The average of the per capita energy consumption in the eight counties is 26.7 GJ. The highest is 86.6 GJ (Shulan County) and the lowest is 10.4 GJ (Shanghang County). The average proportion of straw, biogas, firewood, and electricity in energy consumption in the eight counties is 44.33%, 23.13%, 12.79%, and 9.61%, respectively. The rural households with higher income use more commercial energy and less traditional biomass energy. However, the rural households have not completely given up on using traditional biomass energy. In general, traditional biomass is still the main energy source for rural households in China. Electricity has become a necessary energy in rural households. Rural families generally use traditional biomass energy and commercial energy at the same time. Energy consumption structure existed obvious difference in the different areas. The energy consumption level in the eastern region was higher than in the central region, and the energy consumption level in the western region was the lowest. Due to the cold climate in north China, families need extra energy to meet the demand of heating. The household energy consumption in north China was much greater than in south China. The research showed the different degrees of rural household energy consumption levels and structures in different areas of China. This study showed that the local social economic development level, local energy availability, climate, and living habits mainly affected the rural household energy consumption. This study provides the foundation to understanding the status quo and the future development of household energy consumption in rural China, and it facilitates environmental planning and policy formation.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Heating
Controlled terms:Biomass - Developing countries - Economic analysis - Energy policy - Energy resources - Energy utilization - Environmental protection - Rural areas - Surveys
Uncontrolled terms:China - Energy consumption levels - Energy consumption structure - Energy plan - Environmental planning - Household energy consumption - Protection of the environments - Rural energy
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 525 Energy Management and Conversion - 643.1 Space Heating - 901.4 Impact of Technology on Society - 911.2 Industrial Economics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:201436062622
Title:Optimization design of laser receiver amplification circuit of laser leveler for paddy field
Authors:Ke, Xinrong (1); Luo, Xiwen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou , China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, South China Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou , China
Corresponding author:Luo, Xiwen
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:1-7
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Because of its high efficiency and leveling precision, the laser leveler for paddy fields has received widespread attention in the mechanization of rice planting. The laser receiver is the elevation sensor component of a laser leveler for paddy fields, and the effective distances of the laser leveler for paddy fields are mainly decided by the noise-rejection performance of the photoelectric conversion and amplifier circuit. In extension work, due to strong solar irradiance and vibration the laser receiver may output wrong height position information, reducing leveling precision and work efficiency. In order to improve the reliability of elevation measurements, the photoelectric conversion and amplifier circuit of the laser receiver were optimized by using the experimental methods in this study. Laser receiving distance, energy conversion, and the noise and frequency characteristics of the laser receiver were selected as experimental variables. 2CR93 silicon photoelectric cells were selected as the laser photoelectric conversion element in this research. The laser pulse energy received by the silicon photocell was converted to an electrical signal. The signal energy is determined by the optical filter mode, laser spot and sweeping duration across the silicon photocell. As the receiving distance increases, the diameter of the laser spot expands, and both the sweeping duration across the silicon photocell and the laser energy received by the silicon photocell decrease. With increasing receiver distance, the short circuit current and open circuit voltage of the silicon photocell were obtained by experiments under two optical filter modes. When the receiving distance was over 175 meters, the short circuit current of the silicon photocells were approximately equal under each filter mode. When the receiving distance was over 50 meters, the open circuit voltages of the silicon photocells were also approximately equal. The bare 2CR93 silicon photocell was used as direct photoelectric converting device. With a 100 &mu;H external inductance, the photoelectric conversion signal was modulated into a sinusoidal signal. With 4 parallel silicon photoelectric cells, the modulation frequency was 63.9 kHz. With 8 cells, the frequency was 43.5 kHz. The 2CR93 silicon solar cell equivalent diode capacitance was 16 nF. The laser receiver receives the laser signal and other external noise, including the mechanical vibration noise, solar irradiance noise and various electrical noises. The photoelectric conversion noise experiment result shows that with increasing background solar power, the laser signal peak value decreases and the noise peak value rises. Vibration noise affected only the low-frequency system. According to the test results, the photoelectric conversion circuit and amplification circuit parameters were optimized in this paper. The appropriate 100 &mu;H inductance was selected; the photoelectric conversion signal was modulated into a sinusoidal signal. A smaller bandwidth could reduce the solar noise interference on the laser receiver; with an optimized, infinite-gain, multiple negative feedback, two-order bandpass amplifier circuit parameters could reduce vibration noise. Field testing results showed that when the transmitter was a Futian KF308, rotating frequency was 600 r/min, a multilevel, narrow-band amplifier can reduce the noise caused by solar irradiance, and the bandpass amplifier can reduce the noise caused by mechanical vibrations. The optimized laser receiver met height position requirements of a laser leveler for paddy fields.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Signal receivers
Controlled terms:Bandpass amplifiers - Electric network parameters - Experiments - Feedback amplifiers - Inductance - Interference suppression - Lasers - Machinery - Open circuit voltage - Optical filters  - Photoelectric cells - Photoelectricity - Silicon - Solar energy - Solar radiation - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental methods - Frequency characteristic - Leveler - Mechanical vibration noise - Modulation frequencies - Photoelectric conversion - Position information - Rotating frequencies
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 703.1 Electric Networks - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 712.1.1 Single Element Semiconducting Materials - 713.1 Amplifiers - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 717 Optical Communication - 717.2 Optical Communication Equipment - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 744.1 Lasers, General - 901.3 Engineering Research - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:201436062630
Title:Distribution of unsteady pressure in multistage centrifugal pump
Authors:Cao, Weidong (1); Liu, Guanghui (1); Shi, Weidong (1); Wang, Dangxiong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Technical and Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang , China
Corresponding author:Cao, Weidong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:64-70
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to analyze the vibration characteristic of a multistage centrifugal pump while it is operating, the unsteady flow field at rated flow condition of a two-stage centrifugal pump was simulated with ANSYS CFX software based on the standard k-&Epsilon; turbulence model to investigate the pressure fluctuation at two different points: at the outlet of the impeller and in the radial guide vane. The radial hydraulic force and torque on the impeller were obtained at the same time. Before simulating, a three-dimensional computational domain was established in UG8.0, and then the structural grid was generated through ICEM CFD software. The influence of grid number on pump character was analyzed as well to reduce the simulative error caused by grid number. Finally, the suitable grid number was determined by considering the simulative accuracy and the calculation of time. After the calculation of unsteady flow, the evident pressure pulsation was found both in the impeller outlet and the radial guide vane. The numerical results of static pressure at monitoring point were analyzed using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The analysis indicates that the blade passing frequency dominated the periodic pressure fluctuation. The most evident pressure fluctuation occurred near the impeller outlet; the amplitude of pressure pulsation decreased with the flow in radial guide vane, and the regulation of pulsation was becoming distinct gradually. The amplitude of pressure fluctuation in the spiral section of the radial guide vane also decreased with increasing distance between the monitor point and the impeller outlet. Pressure and frequency fluctuations show the radial hydraulic force on the impeller. The maximum force on the impeller was about three times as much as the minimum force on impeller, and the magnitude of force on blade pressure surface would increased when one blade was passing a frontage vane. There were differences between the average magnitude of force on the blade pressure surface with that on the blade suction surface and that on the shroud surface. The distribution of the radial hydraulic force vector coordinates presents almost as a circle; the torque on the impeller pulsates with the frequency of blades passing frontage guide vanes. The rotor-stator interaction (RSI) between impeller and guide vane is the major factor which affects the fluctuation of pressure and torque. Further understanding for the relationship between the structure of a multistage pump (such as: blade numbers, rotor speed, clearance between rotor and stator, etc.) and regulation of pressure pulsation will contribute to improving vibration characteristic of pump. A performance characteristic test of the pump was also conducted in the opening experimental platform. The simulation results agree well with the test results, so results from numerical calculation are available.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Impellers
Controlled terms:Centrifugal pumps - Computer simulation - Fast Fourier transforms - Flow measurement - Turbulence models - Unsteady flow - Vibration analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Guide vane - Multi-stage centrifugal pumps - Performance characteristics - Pressure fluctuation - Radial forces - Radial hydraulic forces - Rotor-stator interactions - Vibration characteristics
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 723.5 Computer Applications - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:201436062627
Title:Laser detection method for cotton orientation in robotic cotton picking
Authors:Wang, Ling (1); Liu, Siyao (1); Lu, Wei (1); Gu, Baoxing (1); Zhu, Rongjie (1); Zhu, Hongchao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Province Engineering Lab for Modern Facility Agriculture Technology and Equipment, Engineering College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing , China
Corresponding author:Wang, Ling
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:42-48
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to detect cotton's position on a plant, a laser measurement experiment was designed, which included a crossgirder, and beneath which a model LMS291-S05 laser scanner produced by SICK Co., Ltd was fixed. Then the three-dimensional coordinate values of a single cotton plant can be measured with the devices mentioned above, and the acquired distance image was furthermore processed with computer image processing technology and pattern recognition theory and also with the agronomic characteristics of cotton taken into consideration. The sampling interval of the laser sensor on axis X and axis Y was both 0.004 m, and the sampled points formed a image that illustrated the distance from the laser sensor to the plant surface point cloud. For the purpose of removing the unneeded background of the plant in the image, the acquired plant distance image was first processed with binaryzation at the threshold value of 0.9 m, because that 0.9 m happened to be the longest distance from the laser sensor to the bottom part of the cotton plant surface according to the measured data. Observing the cotton plant's morphological characters in the formerly binarized image, and it was not hard to find out that the cotton part in the image appeared to be circular with a large area, while the stalk part in the image was thin and tiny. On this basis, morphology opening operations were carried out toward the edge of the bimarized image with the structural elements from a circle whose radius ranges from 0.01 m to 0.02 m, which is the usual width of a cotton stalk, in order to remove the unneeded cotton stalk background and extract the binary image of cotton. After a series of comparisons among different distances namely Euclidean, Mahalanobis, Bullock, and Minkowski distances, and considering that the pixel gray value was one-dimensional data, the distance between pixels was found to be insensitive to computing methods. The similarity between pixels in the image was calculated with Euclidean distance, and the centroid distance was chosen, which was also decided among several other different distances like closest distance, longest distance, and sums of squares of deviations, as the between-class distance according to the Cophenetic correlation coefficient. And due to the fact that branches that were 45&deg; to each other usually at least had two more branches in between them vertically, and the minimum vertical distance of two neighboring branches was about 0.05 m, correspondingly the minimum vertical distance of two pieces of overlapped cotton was about 0.17 m, so the cotton image clustered at the threshold of 0.17 m. Then the adhesion or overlapped cotton was segmented, and the three-dimensional coordinate values of a single cotton plant were acquired. The result of a series of experiments showed that the recognition rate of a single cotton plant was as high as 96.67%, the mean measurement error of the cotton was 0.015 m, and the relative error was 2.43%. The correlation coefficient between the laser measurement and manual measurement results was up to 0.9934, which was high enough to provide the picking robot with needed parameters that could be used to determine its movement locus.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Cotton
Controlled terms:Experiments - Hierarchical systems - Image processing - Mathematical morphology - Pattern recognition - Pixels - Robots
Uncontrolled terms:Computer image processing - Correlation coefficient - Hierarchical clusters - Laser measurements - Morphological characters - Morphological operations - Structural elements - Three dimensional coordinate
Classification code:716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731.5 Robotics - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921 Mathematics - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:201436062645
Title:Combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizers reducing heavy metals contents in potted rice planted in contaminated soil
Authors:Chen, Shaoyi (1); Xu, Chao (2); Zhang, Wenjing (1); Wu, Qitang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou , China; (2) College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha , China
Corresponding author:Xu, Chao
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:189-197
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Heavy metal contamination in soils has been a severe issue in agricultural production around the world in the past few decades because of its high health risk through soil-food chain transfer. A sudden emergence of heavy metal tainted rice from the South China market urged countermeasures to prevent heavy metal uptake and accumulation in rice from heavy metal contaminated rice paddies. To investigate and quantify the effects of combined application of biochar (BC) and nitrogen fertilizers on the growth, yield and heavy metal uptake of rice (Oryza sativa L.) on a historically multi-metal contaminated paddy soil, the pot experiments under waterlogged condition were carried out in a greenhouse and five different treatments were compared including control soil, soil only with common nitrogen fertilizer ammonium sulphate nitrate (ASN), soil only with nitrogen fertilizer ammonium sulphate nitrate with nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazolephosphate (DMPP), soil both with biochar and common nitrogen fertilizer, and soil both with biochar and DMPP nitrogen fertilizer. Both soil and rice plant samples were collected after rice harvest. Available heavy metals of soils, roots, straws and grains of rice were analyzed. The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer with nitrification inhibitor DMPP had no significant (P&gt;0.05) effect on rice grain yield if they were not used in combination with biochar. Biochar combined with common nitrogen fertilizer or DMPP nitrogen fertilizer could significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased the grain yield. Compared with the single application of common nitrogen fertilizer, the grain yield of rice in the treatment with combined use of biochar and common nitrogen fertilizer was significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased by 20.3%. Compared with the single application of DMPP nitrogen fertilizer, the grain yield of rice in the treatment with combined use of biochar and DMPP nitrogen fertilizer was significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased by 49.3%. Compared with the control, the concentrations of Cu, Zn and Cd in grain of in the treatment with combined use of biochar and DMPP nitrogen fertilizer were significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased by 20.0%, 21.4% and 11.6%, respectively. DMPP could promote the transfer of Cu from straw to grain when biochar was not applied together, but promote the transfer of Cu and Cd from root to straw when biochar was used together. The effect of combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer on transfer of Cu and Cd varied with different nitrogen fertilizer. The results above indicated that combined application of biochar and DMPP nitrogen fertilizer could promote rice growth, increase the yields of rice grain and decrease its heavy metal Cu, Zn and Cd concentrations. The results further suggested that in a multi-contaminated watterlogged paddy soil, biochar and DMPP nitrogen fertilizer could be adopted together. This study demonstrated the application of both biochar and DMPP nitrogen fertilizer could prevent dangerous heavy metal accumulation in heavy metal contaminated paddy field.
Number of references:47
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Cadmium - Contamination - Copper - Grain (agricultural product) - Grain growth - Heavy metals - Nitrates - Nitrification - Nitrogen fertilizers - Soils  - Zinc
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Bio chars - Different treatments - Heavy metal accumulation - Heavy metal contamination - Nitrification inhibitor - Rice - Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 531.2 Metallography - 544.1 Copper - 546.3 Zinc and Alloys - 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:201436062660
Title:CFD simulation and optimization of airflow field in industrial tunnel dryer with different blowing designs
Authors:Shi, Jianfang (1); Wu, Zhonghua (2); Liu, Qing (1); Lou, Zheng (1); Zhao, Yuqiang (1); Zhu, Ming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agro-Products Processing Engineering, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing , China; (2) College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin , China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Ming
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:315-321
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The tunnel dryers with direct blowing are widely applied to dry agricultural products in Chinese rural area. While in practice, the existing single fan blowing designs were found to cause a non-uniform gas velocity distribution inside the tunnel, which results in a non-homogeneous drying quality of the dried product. To address this problem, a multiple fans blowing design concept was proposed in this paper and its feasibility was evaluated by using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling method. In this paper, the CFD model was developed to simulate the cold flow field inside the tunnel dryer and thus the drying process was ignored at the present stage. The self-developed CFD model consisted of governing equations and suitable boundary conditions. The governing equations comprised of the mass, momentum conservation ones, the K-epison turbulent ones. The boundary conditions were set according to the actual operation conditions of the tunnel dryer and included the velocity inlet, pressure outlet, and non-slip boundary ones. The mathematical model was solved using a commercial CFD software-Fluent 6.3. The flow field inside an industrial tunnel dryer with a single fan blowing used for the drying of cowpeas was measured experimentally and simulated using the above CFD model. The CFD simulation results were compared with the experimental data to validate the CFD model. Both the simulation and experimental results showed that a strong, hot air inlet jet with a velocity of 9 m/s was formed under the air flow rate of 6 300 m³/h. The strong air jet would diffuse completely after 10 m of the whole dryer length of 15 m, causing a big non-uniform gas velocity distribution inside the tunnel dryer. Aiming to reduce the strong air jet forming in the single fan blowing design, four, six, and nine fans blowing designs were proposed and their gas velocity distributions were also simulated using the CFD model. It was found that when keeping the air flow rate of 6 300 m³/h, the complete diffusion distance of the inlet air jet was 3 m for the nine fans case, 4 m for the six fans case, and 6 m for the four fans case. Compared with the 10 m diffusion distance in the single fan case, the diffusion distance was shortened largely in the six and nine fans designs and the gas velocity distribution inside the tunnel dryer was also improved. The reduction in the diffusion distance was a result of the reduced air jet velocity due to the increased fan numbers. Simulation results showed that the air inlet jet diffused fast in the dryer width direction, then in the length direction, and finally in the height direction. The compact material structure hinders the through flow between the material layers and thus, the gas diffusion in the dryer height direction was inhibited. For example, in the case of four fans design, the diffusion distance was about 6 meters at the middle height (Z=0 m), 7 meters at Z=0.5 m. At the top part of the dryer where Z=1 meter, air velocity was small. Comparison of the four, six, and nine fans designs showed that the nine fans case could achieve the most uniform gas inlet velocity distribution and homogeneous flow field inside the tunnel dryer, but the six fans design was more cost-effective. The results obtained in this work provide a reference for the optimization design of the air inlet structure of the tunnel dryers.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Tunnels
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Air - Air intakes - Boundary conditions - Computational fluid dynamics - Computer simulation - Design - Diffusion - Dryers (equipment) - Drying  - Flow fields - Flow rate - Gases - Jets - Mathematical models - Numerical analysis - Rural areas - Velocity - Velocity distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Air flow fields - Computational fluid dynamics modeling - Gas velocity distribution - Governing equations - Hot air drying - Momentum conservations - Non-slip boundaries - Tunnel dryer
Classification code:401.2 Tunnels and Tunneling - 408 Structural Design - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 642.1 Process Heating - 723.5 Computer Applications - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:201436062623
Title:Design and simulation of inverted vegetable pot seedling transplanting mechanism with conjugate cam
Authors:Zhao, Yun (1); Fan, Fulei (1); Song, Zhichao (1); Na, Mingjun (1); Zuo, Yanjun (1); Feng, Yong (1); Ji, Haipeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin , China; (2) Heilongjiang Province Grain Production Capacity of Collaborative Innovation Center, Harbin , China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Yun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:8-16
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The European Community is an international leader in dry field transplanting machines. The core working part of its vegetable transplanting machine is composed of 3 or 4 set of device generally, completes three movements of taking seedlings, transporting and planting, but it has the deficiency of complex structure, high cost and low efficiency. In order to simplify the structure, Japan's vegetables pot seedling transplanting machine adopts two sets of institutions. It combines the seedling fetching device with conveying device as one, using a combination of rotary and slide mechanism to complete the complex movements of taking and deliverying seedlings. However, due to the addition of the slide mechanism, it greatly reduces the productivity, and the slide is easily worn after long hours of working. The working reliability can not be guaranteed. Transplanting machines in domestic application, most of them are semi automatic transplanting machines with low efficiency and high labor intensity. According to the above problems, an inverted vegetable pot seedling transplanting mechanism is proposed in this paper by using modified elliptical gear, cylindrical gear and conjugate cam as the transmission mechanism. The transplanting mechanism can meet the requirement for completing multiple actions by using a set of mechanisms, which simplifies the structure and improves the transplanting efficiency. The vegetable transplanting machine with this mechanism can reach the level of full automation and high efficiency. First of all, on the basis of analyzing the working principle of the transplanting mechanism, the kinematics model of the mechanism was established. Then an analysis and optimization software for the mechanism was developed with Visual Basic 6.0. Finally, a set of structural parameters were obtained by a human-interactive optimization method to meet the requirements of the vegetable pot seedling transplanting. 2D drawing and 3D model were established and imported to ADAMS (Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems) for simulation. The simulation results were compared with that obtained by the optimization software, which validated the theoretical analysis. The study can provide a reference for designing the vegetable pot seedling transplanting mechanism.
Number of references:13
Main heading:Vegetables
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Cams - Computer simulation - Efficiency - Mechanisms - Optimization - Pore pressure - Seed - Visual BASIC
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic dynamic analysis of mechanical systems - Design and simulation - Modified ellipse - Parameters - Seedling transplanting - Transmission mechanisms - Transplanting - Transplanting mechanisms
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.3 Mechanisms - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:201436062641
Title:Feature extraction and classification method of multi-pose pests using machine vision
Authors:Li, Wenyong (1); Li, Ming (2); Chen, Meixiang (2); Qian, Jianping (2); Sun, Chuanheng (2); Du, Shangfeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing , China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Meixiang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:154-162
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pest identification and classification is time-consuming work that requires expert knowledge for integrated pest management. Automation, including machine vision combined with pattern recognition, has achieved some applications in areas such as fruit sorting, robotic harvesting, and quality detection, etc. Automatic classification and counting of pests using machine vision is still a challenge because of variable and uncertain poses of trapped pests. Therefore, using Pseudaletia separata, Conogethes punctiferalis, Helicoverpa armigera, Agrotis ypsilon with different poses as research objects, this paper presents a novel classification method for multi-pose pests based on color and texture feature groups and using a multi-class support vector machine. 320 images were taken using field samples with an original resolution of 4 288&times;2 848. The subimages of pests with 640&times;640 pixel size were obtained from original images for computational efficiency. Color features in RGB and HSV spaces, statistical texture features, and wavelet-based texture features were extracted. Six feature vector groups were constructed using those features. In order to select effective feature parameters of each group, a genetic algorithm was designed to optimize feature vectors based on 10-fold cross-validation. Finally, the one-against-one DAGMSVM (acronym as yet undefined) algorithm was applied to classify and recognize the four kinds of target pests and to find the best feature group. 80 images (60 for the training set and 20 for the testing set) were adopted for each species. Parameter numbers were calculated and analyzed after optimization, thus the best parameters were selected for each group. The training time of the SVM model and classification accuracy, which contains false negative and false positive details, were compared between pre-optimization and post-optimization. The results showed that the highest parameter optimization ratio is from the sixth feature group with a dimension reduction rate of 61.11%. Compared with the RGB and statistical texture feature group F<inf>2</inf>, the optimization ratio of HSV and statistical texture feature group F<inf>3</inf> is much better; that is, the latter one is more suitable to pest classification. Analysis and comparison between the optimization results of feature group F<inf>5</inf> and F<inf>6</inf> shows that the latter one is more suitable for multi-pose pest classification. The modeling time of each group has been greatly decreased, especially the one of group F<inf>6</inf> (about 8 s), which is the minimum time of all groups with a decreased rate of 74.5%. Average accuracies of all groups have been improved beyond 97%. The sixth group has the highest accuracy (100%). Consequently, the sixth feature group, the feature vector of the wavelet filter in HSV color space, is an effective feature set for use in the classification of multi-pose pests. In addition, we have found that the feature parameters are similar among the misclassification pest sets, which may be improved by increasing the number of sample images in the training set.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Computer vision
Controlled terms:Color - Face recognition - Feature extraction - Genetic algorithms - Image processing - Image retrieval - Pest control - Robotics - Support vector machines - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:10-fold cross-validation - Automatic classification - Classification accuracy - Color and texture features - Feature extraction and classification - Integrated Pest Management - Multi-class support vector machines - Statistical texture features
Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731.5 Robotics - 731.6 Robot Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:201436062638
Title:Land cover mapping using multi-sources data based on Dempster-Shafer theory
Authors:Song, Hongli (1); Zhang, Xiaonan (1); Chen, Yijin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan , China; (2) College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Chen, Yijin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:132-139
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The information on land cover at national scales is critical for addressing a range of problems, including the climate change, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem assessment, and environmental modeling. In view of the problems of the existed global land cover products and the deficiency of current data fusion methods, this study aims to develop a general framework for building a hybrid land cover map by the synergistic combination of a number of land-cover classifications with different legends and spatial resolutions based on Dempster Shafer theory. With the validation of GLOBCOVER, MODIS, GLC2000 and GLCNMO in regional and category scale, the results showed that MODIS had the best consistency with the referenced data, followed by GLC2000, and the GLCNMO and GLOBCOVER had the lower consistency with the referenced data. The validated products and reference data had some categorical confusions which mainly occurred in forest, grass, shrub and cropland, especially between shrub and other categories. So shrub had the worst classification precision. Confusions demonstrated the conspicuous regional characteristics, for example, in northeast, Tibet alpine zone and the southeast zone, the confusions mainly occurred in cropland and forest, grass and shrub, cropland and grass respectively. Based those experiences, the author computed the different category weight for four land cover products using the analytic hierarchy process, which will quantify the contribution in the merging process, and completed the land cover category transformation between four land cover products through the LCCS land cover system with eight indexes of the vegetation or no-vegetation, terrestrial or water, cultivated or natural, life type, leaf type and phenomena. A multi-source integrated land cover map was generated based on the Dempster-Shafer evidence theory. Based on the volunteered data from GEOWIKI project which was a validated program for global land cover products, the forest inventory data and cross-validation method, the author evaluated the fusion result, which showed that not only in overall accuracy but also in classification accuracy, the fusion map had an apparent improvement than original land cover products. For the GEOWIKI validation, the fusion map has the highest producer accuracy in forest, grassland, cropland and bare land, but the shrub classification accuracy is lower than that with GLCNMO; The permanent ice classification accuracy is lower than that with MODIS, the water classification accuracy is lower than that with MODIS and GLC2000. For the user accuracy, all the fusion has the highest accuracy except the water and permanent ice. This is because that in the validated category point, the shrub accounts for only 3.29%, the water accounts for only 0.78%, and the permanent ice accounts for 0.87%. For the forest data, the deviations of forest area percentage in all validated regions are all less than 5%. This demonstrates the fusion map is better for the category area scale, which explains that the evidence theory should absorb every land cover product's advantage in the fusion process and make the data complementary. The uncertainty analysis about fusion results show that the overall uncertainty is in a low range about 0-0.3, and this area covers about 94.5 percent of the total study area. For example, the areas with uncertainty value in 0-0.1 mainly is located in northwest, northeast, north china, Sichuan basin and south in Taiwan province. The area with uncertainty value greater than 0.3 is scarce but aggregated, such as the areas with uncertainty value in 0.3-0.4, mainly located in north center of Inner Mongolia, north of Xinjiang, the land cover in this region are grass land and bare land. The most uncertain area is located in northeast of Gansu province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and northeast of Shaanxi province, and these regions' land covers are mainly grassland, cropland and bare land, which illustrate a conspicuous landscape heterogeneity characteristic.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Forestry
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Climate change - Conservation - Data fusion - Formal logic - Ice - Radiometers - Remote sensing - Uncertainty analysis - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Biodiversity conservation - Data synthesis - Dempster Shafer evidence theory - Dempster-Shafer theory - Land cover - Land-cover classification - Landscape heterogeneities - Synergistic combinations
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 451 Air Pollution - 454 Environmental Engineering - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731.1 Control Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 922.1 Probability Theory - 944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:201436062639
Title:Estimating chlorophyll content of apple leaves based on preprocessing of reflectance spectra
Authors:Deng, Xiaolei (1); Li, Minzan (1); Zheng, Lihua (1); Zhang, Yao (1); Sun, Hong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research of Ministry of Education, College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Li, Minzan
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:140-147
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Great progress has been achieved in the prediction of vegetation biological parameters based on spectroscopy, and most studies were focused on building models by the mathematical combination of the reflectance, the red edge and the blue edge, and different modeling methods, to improve the accuracy of the models. Different combinations of preprocessing methods can get different accuracies. However, it is not inevitable that all preprocessing methods can help to improve the accuracy, and the same combination of the methods for the same data with different steps may get different accuracies. Thus, in this paper, the impacts of the preprocessing methods and steps on the spectral feature extraction and the models are discussed. Derivative spectra can eliminate the effect of baseline drift, reduce background interference, and provide higher spectral resolution than the original spectra. Wavelet packet transform can decompose the low-frequency and high-frequency parts of the signal and thus, show obvious advantages in signal denoising. Therefore, these two preprocessing methods and the combinations with different steps were studied. Taking apple leaf chlorophyll content as the research object, spectral autocorrelation coefficients, correlation coefficients between spectral data and the chlorophyll content, and stepwise regression modeling were calculated for the reflectance spectra, including the original reflectance spectra, wavelet packet denoising reflectance spectra, first-order differential reflectance spectra, the first-order differential of the wavelet packet denoising reflectance spectra, and wavelet packet denoising of the first-order differential reflectance spectra. The 60 apple leaf samples were collected from the top, middle, and bottom positions of sunny main branches from 20 apple trees, and the reflectance and the chlorophyll content were then measured. The spectral data of the 60 apple leaf samples, ranging from 300 to 850 nm by different preprocessing methods, were formed into matrices (60&times;551), and the spectral autocorrelation coefficients were then calculated. The effects of the denoising methods were evaluated by peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), lower mean square error (MSE) and maximum squared error (MAXERR). At the same time, the accuracies of the predicted models were evaluated by the r and root mean square error (RMSE). The spectral curve can be smoothed by the 3-layer sym8 wavelet packet de-noising, but the modeling accuracy was not improved. Therefore, it was not reliable in evaluating the effect of the denoising methods only by the naked eye. It was important to choose the proper parameters for wavelet packet denoising. Although the noise was amplified by the first-order differential, the baseline drift was removed and thus, the accuracy of the model was improved. The wavelet packet denoising of the first-order differential reflectance spectra had higher PSNR, lower MSE and MAXERR than the first-order differential of the wavelet packet denoising reflectance spectra. The r and RMSE of the regression models for these two methods were 0.746, 5.01 and 0.683, 5.44, respectively. The former method had higher r and lower RMSE. Therefore, the denoising of the first differential reflectance spectra had a better denoising effect and linear regression model accuracy than the first differential of the denoising reflectance spectra. Thus, wavelet packet denoising of the first-order differential reflectance spectra could be considered as an effective preprocessing method to improve modeling accuracy. The study can satisfy the demands of evaluating the nutritional status of apple tree and precision fertilization.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Reflection
Controlled terms:Chlorophyll - Feature extraction - Forestry - Fruits - Interference suppression - Linear regression - Mathematical models - Mean square error - Wavelet analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Apple leaf - Differential - First-order differentials - Peak signal-to-noise ratio - Spectral characteristics - Spectral feature extraction - Wavelet packet de-noising - Wavelet packet transforms
Classification code:711 Electromagnetic Waves - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:201436062644
Title:Thermodynamic analysis of active heat storage-release associated with heat pump heating system in greenhouse
Authors:Sun, Weituo (1); Zhang, Yi (1); Yang, Qichang (1); Fang, Hui (1); Lu, Wei (1); Hu, Yongkui (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing , China; (2) Key Lab of Energy Conservation and Waster Treatment of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing , China; (3) Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing , China; (4) Beijing Chongke High Technology Development Co., Ltd, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Yang, Qichang
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:179-188
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Active heat storage-release associated with heat pump heating system (AHSRHPS) has remarkable heating and energy-saving effects, which use the same principle as an indirect-expansion solar heat pump, while allowing the technical parameters and processes to continue to improve. The system in this study was designed and constructed in the experimental glass greenhouse at the Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The main objective was to investigate performance evaluation and thermoeconomic analysis of AHSRHPS for greenhouse heating in the winter. This included the exergy loss of the system and components, defining the specific locations and primary causes of exergy loss, finding methods and technical routes used to reduce exergy loss by exergy analysis based on the second law of thermodynamics, and lastly, optimizing the system further. The heat collecting efficiency of the system ranged from 89.0% to 100.5% during the test and was much higher than the common solar water heating systems. Increasing the heat convection area between an active heat storage-release device and heated indoor air contributed to promoting the heat collecting efficiency. The coil heat exchanger of the heat pump equipment integrated with the heat storage water tank avoided power consumption of circulating water pumps at the heat source and load sides. In doing so, the water temperature of the heat source side had a relatively high temperature, causing the coefficient of performance (COP<inf>Hp</inf>) of the heat pump equipment to range from 5.48 to 6.08, a much higher result than traditional water and ground source heat pumps. However, the discharge pressure and temperature had a tendency of increasing, which resulted in a reduction on COP<inf>Hp</inf>, as the water temperature at load side increased. Over-high temperature requirements went against the system operations of reliability and economy. The exergy loss and efficiency of the overall system was obtained to be 9.77&times;10⁴ kJ and 48.7% per day. The component which had the largest exergy loss and the lowest exergy efficiency was the active heat storage-release device, followed by heat pump equipment, circulating water pump and heat storage water tank. Exergy loss ratios in this order were 78.7%, 8.3%, 7.7%, and 5.3%. The exergy efficiencies in this order were 25.6%, 38.3%, 75.0%, 88.2%. Among them, the heat transfer between solar radiation and circulating water mostly caused the exergy loss of the active heat storage-release device. Improving production processes could help to decrease the exergy loss to some extent. The exergy losses from the heat pump equipment were mainly caused by the heat exchange losses of the heat exchangers and power consumption by the compressor. Controlling to get the proper evaporating and condensing temperature was the emphasis in optimization. The primary cause of circulating water pump exergy loss was mechanical friction, most likely caused by pump selection. The exergy loss of the heat storage water tank was mainly caused by heat loss during nighttime, making an enhancement in heat-retaining capacity desirable. In the view of the overall system, the components that needed technique optimization most were active when using the heat storage-release device and heat pump equipment. The majority of exergy loss was caused by heat exchange with finite temperature difference, decreasing the temperature difference of heat transfer, reducing the quantity of heat transfer process, and improving production technology. In addition, enhancement of greenhouse insulation could promote exergy efficiency of the system during the heat release period at night. Economy, reliability and thermodynamic properties should be considered synthetically to select the best balance during the optimization of the system and its components. Greenhouse warming is the most important part in greenhouse production in the winter, having various heating methods and uneven performance, and rational use of energy and power savings as imperatives. This study will provide a new thinking for performance evaluation and optimization of systems for greenhouse heating.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Exergy
Controlled terms:Collector efficiency - Cooling systems - Greenhouses - Heat pump systems - Heat storage - Heating - Heating equipment - Pumps - Sun - Temperature  - Thermoanalysis - Thermodynamics - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of Performance - Finite temperature differences - Heat pumps - Heat storage water tanks - Rational use of energies - Second Law of Thermodynamics - Solar water heating systems - Temperature differences
Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 618.2 Pumps - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 642.2 Industrial Furnaces and Components - 643.1 Space Heating - 657.2 Extraterrestrial Physics and Stellar Phenomena - 702.3 Solar Cells - 801 Chemistry
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:201436062659
Title:Parameter and pretreatment condition optimization of dual rollers extrusion peeling device for Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors:Zhang, Xiuhua (1); Zhao, Qinglong (1); Zhao, Yuda (1); Wang, Zehe (1); Yi, Jinggang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding , China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Xiuhua
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:308-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:There is enormous quantity of Litopenaeus vannamei in China, and it is of great value to development and utilization. However, the research of shrimp processing technology, especially the peeling of shrimp, develops slowly in China. The peeling of the shrimp is mainly a manual process at present. Mechanical manipulation methods are being studied to improve the production efficiency and to extract the integral meat of Litopenaeus vannamei. This study took the Litopenaeus vannamei as the study object, and used shrimp intact rate and peeling rate as the main index. Considering the biological characters of shrimp, an extrusion type peeling device with dual rollers was designed in the experiments with equivalent reverse rotation angular speed to study the peeling performance and peeling process parameters. The sample shrimp with a body length between 110 mm to 130 mm were selected and kept fresh, and were peeled by dual rollers under the shearing and rubbing produced by the differential rotation and squeezing produced by relative rotation. The experimental study showed that such factors as removing or not removing the head, the length of the back opening, roller diameter, and roller gap etc., affects the shrimp peeling. Because there is heavy metal accumulation in the shrimp heads, extrusion peeling will make the shrimp heads rupture, which will influence the quantity and the texture of the shrimp. Before the experiments, all the heads of the sample shrimp were cut, and the length of the back opening was ranged into six ranks, from sections one to six. With reference to the relevant literature and analysis of the shape characteristics of shrimp, it was found that the suitable roller diameter is 80 -160 mm. In the experiments, three sizes were chosen: 80, 100, and 160 mm. Taking the shrimp intact rate and peeling rate as the test index, selecting the roller gap, the diameter of the rollers, and the shrimp back opening length as three factors, an orthogonal test was carried out and the results were analyzed. With the integrated balance method, the optimal parameters were selected to be 1 mm for the roller gap, 100 mm/80 mm for the diameter of the rollers, and six sections for the shrimp back opening length. Under these parameter conditions, the measured average peeling rate was 100%, and the shrimp intact rate was 60%. To obtain a better peeling effect, with the optimal parameters, the effects of the peeling device were analyzed to handle frozen pretreated shrimp. It was shown that the peeling rate and the intact rate gradually increased with an increase of frozen time, while the frozen temperature was unchanged. Meanwhile, when the frozen time was unchanged, the peeling rate and the intact rate increased with a gradual decrease of the temperature. The results showed that, under a pretreatment of -30 for 10 min, the peeling rate was 100% and the shrimp intact rate was 95%. The research results could provide reference for the design of shrimp peeling equipment.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Shellfish
Controlled terms:Experiments - Extrusion - Optimization - Processing - Refrigeration - Rollers (machine components)
Uncontrolled terms:Development and utilizations - Heavy metal accumulation - Litopenaeus vannamei - Mechanical manipulation - Pretreatment conditions - Processing technologies - Production efficiency - Shape characteristics
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 535.2.2 Metal Forming Practice - 601.2 Machine Components - 644.4 Cryogenics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.4 Manufacturing - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:201436062626
Title:Field experiment and effect of precise mechanical sowing of maize based on wide-narrow row deep rotation and no-tillage technology
Authors:Chu, Jie (1); Lu, Haidong (1); Xue, Jiquan (1); Zhao, Ming (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agronomy, Northwest A and F University, Yangling , China; (2) Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Lu, Haidong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:34-41
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the present maize production in China, the problem of agricultural machinery and agronomic technology not supporting the link of maize planting, soil tillage and maize planting has been significantly restricting the increase of maize yield levels and production capability. In order to resolve the problem that the good agronomic practices and agricultural machinery are not currently combined, a new maize planter based on wide-narrow row strip deep rotation and no-tillage technology was used in Weibei dry land in 2011 and 2012. Measured quantities were soil quality, soil moisture, maize emergence rate, field light distribution of maize groups, corn root growth number, and yield traits after this mechanical and ordinary seeder operations in spring corn field. The results show that through adopting the cultivation principle that combined strip-rotating in 40 cm narrow row with no-tillage in 80 cm wide row and integration of excellent seeding technique, deep application of fertilizer, deep rotation technology, no-tillage technology, and wide-narrow row planting technology, the machine can improve soil physical properties and maize population characteristics during the growth period. With the planter seeding, it can effectively break the plough pan and reduce soil bulk density in the 0-30 cm soil layer in narrow deep rotation rows, increasing the mass of maize root, increasing the soil water storage capacity, and significantly enhancing the quality of corn planting groups and population light transmittance. The yield of spring maize and water use efficiency significantly increased after using the planter. The soil bulk density of deep rotation row with precise mechanical sowing of maize based on wide-narrow row strip deep rotation and no-tillage technology is reduced, soil water storage in deep loosening row noticeably improved in later growth stage, soil water content of no-tillage trip with significantly raised in earlier growth stage, the seedling germination rate of maize increased 6.2 percentage points, and the plant height variation coefficient within the field at jointing period decreased 8.33% than those with the ordinary planter. As the same time, root dry weight of maize at the jointing period increased 15.79%, the light intercepted by the population of maize at the later spinning stage significantly increased 22.47%-23.45%, 1000-grain weight increased an average of 3.73%, the effective panicle number per hectare increased an average of 5.84%, and yield increased an average of 11.15% compared with ordinary machine sowing. The combination of good agronomic measures and agricultural machinery is realized in this system, and it can further promote maize grain production and farmers' income in this region.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Agronomy - Cultivation - Experiments - Forestry - Population statistics - Rotation - Seed - Soil moisture
Uncontrolled terms:Application of fertilizers - Maize - No tillage - Planter - Population characteristics - Production capabilities - Soil physical property - Wide and narrow
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.1 Mechanical Devices - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:201436062650
Title:Fermentation technology for methane production using high solid content materials with straw and dairy manure
Authors:Ma, Xuguang (1); Li, Chuanyou (3); Yuan, Xufeng (1); Zhu, Wanbin (1); Wang, Xiaofen (1); Cheng, Xu (1); Cui, Zongjun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Center of Biomass Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing , China; (2) School of Life Science and Chemistry, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, China; (3) Beijing Agricultural Machinery Testing Extension Station, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Cui, Zongjun
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:227-235
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Methane production from lignocellulosic feedstock through high solid anaerobic digestion is a huge potential technology. However, the shortage of an efficient reactor has become a major bottleneck in developing the technology. The continuous feeding and discharge of lignocellulosic feedstock with high solids is difficult to complete. Methane production from the feedstock is low in practice. Thus, it is important to develop a new reactor with efficient feeding and discharge feedstock equipments and improve methane production by an optimized operation process. Based on synthesizing the merits of a number of techniques home and abroad, a novel anaerobic reactor was designed in this study. The reactor had two spiral equipments to implement continuous feeding and discharge feedstock with high solid content and had a high bearing capability of organic loading rate (OLR) to improve methane production. In order to provide a technology and some reliable operating parameters to efficiently produce methane from lignocellulosic feedstock, the continuous anaerobic co-digestion tests were conducted at three total solid contents of 10%, 15% and 20% using corn stalk and dairy manure as feedstock. An integrated two-phase division digestion system was constructed by controlling stirring intensity (h/d) and feeding intensity (d). The methane volumetric production rate (MVPR) of different OLRs was compared. Effects of the total solid (TS) of feedstock, stirring, feeding intensity on height, pH of function divisions, and MVPR were discussed in detail. The results showed that function divisions, including the acidification division of upside and methanogenic division of underpart in the vertical reactor, were obviously formed when TS were 10% and 15%, MVPR gradually increased, and methane content stabilized around 52% with OLR increasing. The highest MVPR reached 1.62 and 1.66 m³/(m³&middot;d) respectively when OLR was 13.44 kg/(m³&middot;d) at 10% TS and 20.17 kg/(m³&middot;d) at 15% TS. MVPR significantly decreased when OLR was 20.17 kg/(m³&middot;d) and 30.0 kg/(m³&middot;d), respectively, which might be caused by the accumulation of volatile fatty acids. MVPR stabilized around 0.98 m³/(m³&middot;d) with OLR increasing, then it dramatically decreased and anaerobic digestion failed when OLR reached 30.0 kg/(m³&middot;d) at 20% TS. The results of two factors interacting declared the highest MVPR at 1.63-1.69 m³/(m³&middot;d) The efficient acidification division and methanogenic division were formed, and the height ratio of both was 1.1-1.6:1 when stirring intensity, feeding intensity, and TS were 6-12 h/d, 6.5-10 d, and 10%-15%, respectively. In summary, the process of continuous feeding and discharge at 10%-20% TS of lignocellulosic feedstock was feasible in the anaerobic digestion reactor. The reactor was more efficient and stable to produce methane at 10% and 15% TS compared to 20% TS, and MVPR could be improved by adjusting stirring intensity and feeding intensity. Therefore, this technology has a promising prospect for industrial scale application.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Methane
Controlled terms:Acidification - Anaerobic digestion - Feeding - Feedstocks - Fermentation - Fertilizers - Manures - Straw - Volatile fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic co-digestion - Anaerobic digestion technology - Fermentation technologies - Industrial-scale applications - Lignocellulosic feedstocks - Organic loading rates - Potential technologies - Total solid content
Classification code:452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 822.2 Food Processing Operations
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:201436062637
Title:Spatial variability of soil moisture content and its influencing factors in small Karst catchment during dry period
Authors:Fu, Tonggang (1); Chen, Hongsong (1); Zhang, Wei (1); Gao, Peng (1); Wang, Kelin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha , China; (2) Huanjiang Observation and Research Station of Karst Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang , China; (3) University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Chen, Hongsong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:124-131
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Surface soil moisture content (SMC) has a crucial effect on rainfall infiltration, runoff generation, evaporation and other soil hydrological processes. However, knowledge of SMC distribution was limited in Karst areas with discontinuous thin soils containing high content of rock fragments. In this paper, based on 80 m&times;80 m sampling grid, 162 undisturbed and disturbed soils was sampled to measure SMC and other soil properties, including bulk density (BD), capillary capacity (CP), non-capillary capacity (NCP), soil organic carbon (SOC), and rock fragment content (RC). Environmental factors including topographical position (upper-slope, middle-slope, lower-slope and depression), land use type (forestland, shrubland, shrub-grassland and farmland), slope gradient (SG), slope aspect (SA) and bare rock (BR) were investigated around the sampling points. Spatial variability of SMC and its influencing factors were analyzed by both geostatistical and classical analysis methods. The results showed that the mean value of SMC was 34.43%. The SMC had a moderate variation with the coefficient of variation of 0.33. The geostatistical results showed that the semivariance of SMC was best fitted by exponential model with a higher determination coefficient of 0.910. The range was 381.00 m and the nugget/sill value was 0.382, indicating a moderate spatial correlation of SMC. When the lag distance was smaller than 200 m, the variation in 120&deg; direction was higher than that of 30&deg; direction. However, when the lag distance was exceeded 200 m, no anisotropy was found in 120&deg; and 30&deg; directions with the anisotropy ratio fluctuated around 1. The Kriging map showed that SMC generally decreased with the increasing altitude. Most of the slope had a lower SMC value less than 35%. The highest SMC value always appeared in the east of the depression which was higher than 50%. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that CP had a significant (p &lt; 0.01) positive correlation with SMC but RC and BD had a significant negative correlation with SMC. NCP had a significantly negatives effect on SMC with the significant value of 0.022. However, SOC only significantly affected SMC at 0.10 level. This suggested that all the soil properties had important influence on SMC. However, for the topographical factors, only SG had a significant influence on SMC with the correlation coefficient of -0.435 (p &lt; 0.001). The analysis of covariance showed that the interpretation of RC, CP, and NCP was significant (p &lt; 0.05). However, topographical location, land use type and their interaction effect were not significant. This indicated that the soil properties were the direct influencing factors. Topographical locations and land use types influenced SMC mainly by changing the soil properties. The explained variation of topographical location was higher than that of land use type. This indicated that topographical locations had more important effect on SMC than land use types. These results will help to understand the spatial distribution of SMC and to distinguish the main influential factors of SMC in Karst catchment. They also provide knowledge on ecological conservation and restoration in Karst regions.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Landforms
Controlled terms:Anisotropy - Catchments - Land use - Moisture - Moisture determination - Regression analysis - Runoff - Slope stability - Soil moisture - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Geostatistic - Influencing factors - Karst - Spatial variability - Statistics method
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:201436062652
Title:Co-combustion thermogravimetry experiment of corn stalks and oil shale
Authors:Tian, Hong (1); Liao, Zhengzhu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
Corresponding author:Tian, Hong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:244-250
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to efficiently burning utilize the agricultural biomass and oil shale, the thermogravimetry experimentation of corn stalks and oil shale mixed fuels was performed by using the TG-DSC (thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry) thermal analysis technology. All of its combustion characteristics and combustion mechanisms were investigated and calculated using combustion kinetics parameters. The results showed that the DTG (differential thermogravimetric) curves of co-combustion samples have four peaks, the semicellulose volatile pyrolysis of corn straw, cellulose volatiles pyrolysis, combustion and ignition coke of lignin pyrolysis and oil shale volatiles pyrolysis, combustion and ignition of coke oil shale pyrolysis, and a small amount of oil shale inorganic salt pyrolysis, respectively. Each DTG peak becomes more obvious with the increasing of the oil shale content. The DSC curves showed that the mixed burning period is the main heat release process, but with the increasing of the oil shale content, the DSC curves of endothermic peak of combustion late were more obvious. Between the first and third peak of DTG curves, the DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) curve appears as the exothermic peak. Between the third and fourth peak of DTG curves, the DSC curve appears as the endothermic peak. It is needed to strengthen the pre-combustion of mixed fuels. The index of combustible characteristics, ignition characteristics, and synthetic combustion characteristics of the corn stalk and oil shale mass ratio of 4:1 of mixed fuel S2 are all the largest. The burnout time of S2 is the shortest, and the burnout characteristics index of S2 is the second in the mixed sample values, which shows the excellent comprehensive combustion performance. At the low temperature stage of the first three temperature sections of mixed samples, the corn straw pyrolysis of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin in the mixed sample absorb more heat. At the same time, the oil shale volatile pyrolysis also needs to absorb heat to increase the reaction activity of samples molecular, accelerating the samples pyrolysis. Then it needs the higher activation energy at the low temperature stage. At the higher temperature stage of the first three temperature sections of mixed samples, it is mainly the combustion process of lignin pyrolysis coke, and it requires less heat so the activation energy is lower. At the previous three temperature sections, the mixed samples of activation energy and frequency factor were reduced with the increasing of the temperature zone, reflecting of the activation energy, and frequency factor change consistency. The reaction order at the low temperature and the high temperature phase is about 1.5 and 0.7, respectively. The study results can provide the reference for large-scale co-combustion and utilization of agricultural biomass and oil shale.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Oil shale
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Agriculture - Cellulose - Combustion - Differential scanning calorimetry - Enzyme kinetics - Experiments - Fuels - Ignition - Lignin  - Temperature - Thermoanalysis - Thermogravimetric analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Combustion characteristics - Combustion mechanism - Combustion performance - Corn stalk - Differential thermogravimetric - Dsc(differential scanning calorimetry) - High temperature phase - Ignition characteristics
Classification code:512.1 Petroleum Deposits - 521.1 Fuel Combustion - 522 Gas Fuels - 523 Liquid Fuels - 524 Solid Fuels - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 801 Chemistry - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:201436062656
Title:Terrain gradient effect analysis of land use change in poverty area around Beijing and Tianjin
Authors:Sun, Piling (1); Xu, Yueqing (1); Wang, Shu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Xu, Yueqing
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:277-288
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Being the core of the study on global environment change and sustainable development, land use/cover change (LUCC) gains more and more attention. The pattern of land use and its spatial-temporal change plays an important role in the study on land use/cover change. As global environment deteriorates, the study on land use change and its driving forces becomes an important research subject in the field of land science. The relationship between terrain variables and land use has become an important part of land use/cover change. Based on the remote sensing data of TM images in 1985, 1995, 2000, and 2010, we took the poverty area around Beijing and Tianjin as an example to analyze the terrain gradient characteristics of land use change by geo-informatics map analysis. In order to provide some recommendations on land use planning and land use management, we also explored the impact of topography on the selection of land use pattern and the causes of the terrain gradient effect of land use change. The results showed that 1) From 1985 to 2010 the land use types mainly distributed on the area of terrain relief under 200 m as well as slope of slope (SOS)) less than 15&deg;. During the past 25 years, arable land, forestland and grassland were the dominant land use types. The areas of arable land, grassland and unused land decreased constantly, while the areas of forestland and construction land increased gradually. 2) The hierarchy was shown obviously in the distribution of land use types along the terrain gradient in poverty area around Beijing and Tianjin. Arable land, water area, construction land mainly were distributed on the area of low terrain gradient. The grassland mainly was distributed on the area of medium and high terrain gradient, while forestland and unused land mainly covered the high terrain gradient. 3) The construction land was obviously confined by the terrain niche, which was mainly located in the low terrain gradient area. While arable land acted as the main resources for transforming to construction land in the same area, it expanded to higher terrain gradient area in order to make up the area occupied by the construction of infrastructure facilities. The forestland was well restored in the area of higher terrain gradient, which expanded to mid-high terrain gradient area with the project of returning arable land to forestland. In addition, the predominant distribution area of unused land and grassland became gradually diminished. 4) The terrain gradient effect of land use change was the result of comprehensive effect of natural, socio-economic and policy factors. The natural factors played a key role in the formation of the terrain gradient effect of land use change. Socio-economic factors and policy factors were important push-drivers, such as human migration, construction of infrastructure facilities, and the project of returning arable land to forestland. This research was important in easing the conflict between human and the surrounding environment, and it was meaningful to the sustainable development of land resources in order to keep the ecological balance of the studied region. The study provided some alternatives for the dynamic optimal allocation of land use and the construction of eco-environment of the poverty area around Beijing and Tianjin.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Economics - Environmental protection - Forestry - Landforms - Planning - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive effect - Gradient characteristics - Land use/cover change - Land-use change - Socio-economic factor - Spatial-temporal changes - Surrounding environment - Tianjin
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 481.1 Geology - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:201436062636
Title:Improvement of water absorbing and holding capacities of sandy soil by appropriate amount of soft rock
Authors:She, Xiaoyan (1); Zhang, Xingchang (1); Wei, Xiaorong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A and F University, Yangling , China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Northwest A and F University, Yangling , China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:115-123
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The contiguous areas of Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia in China are rich in mineral resources and serves as energy supply base. Desertification and soil - water losses are very serious problems in this area. Water is a main limiting factor of local ecological environment and the development of farming and animal husbandry. Soft rock is widely distributed in the area, which has strong water retention ability. Using soft rock to improve the sandy soil has a great potential, but little is known about the hydraulic properties of soft rock amended sandy soil. This study was conducted to understand the effect of different amount of soft rocks on water absorbing and holding capacities of sandy soil. In this paper, we measured the water infiltration, saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil water characteristic curves of soft rock and sandy soil mixtures. The various soil water characteristic curve models included in the RETC software was used to analyze the water absorbing and water holding properties of soft rock - sand soils mixtures. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the improvement of soft rock on the soil absorbing - holding water properties of sand soils, and to select optimal mixture ratio of the soft rock and sandy soil. The results showed that: 1) Soft rock significantly decreased the water infiltration rate and saturated hydraulic conductivity, but increased the saturate water content and residual water content, and hence increased the capacity of sandy soil to retain water. The saturated water content and residual water content of sandy soil increased with the amount of soft rock added into sandy soil. For the treatment of 25% soft rock and 75% sandy soil mixtures, the amended sandy soil have the similar saturated water content and soil water characteristic curve as the loess soils. 2) The effects of soft rock on water absorbing and holding capacities of sandy soil were significantly influenced by bulk density. Water infiltration rate, saturated hydraulic conductivity and saturated water content decreased with the increasing of the bulk density in the same mixture pattern. With the increase of bulk density of the mixture, the volumetric water content decreased at the low soil water suction condition, but increased at the relatively higher soil water suction condition. 3) RETC software contains eight models, and every model can be used to fit the soil water characteristic curves of soft rock amended sandy soil. Among the eight models, VGM (m, n) was the best model with the largest R² and F value. 4) Parameter of VGM (m, n) model is an empirical parameter, the smaller the parameter, the slower the soil water released. Fitting results in VGM (m, n) showed that the parameter of the soil with the 25% soft rock and 75% sandy soil was less than sandy soil and greater than soft rock. The results from this study suggested that the mixture of 25% soft rock and 75% sandy soil can significantly improve the water absorbing and holding capacities of sandy soil and this mixture pattern can be recommended in practice.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Hydraulic conductivity - Mineral resources - Mixtures - Moisture - Rocks - Sand - Soil moisture - Soil structure interactions - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological environments - Optimal mixture ratios - Sandy soils - Saturated hydraulic conductivity - Soft rocks - Soil-water characteristic curve - Volumetric water content - Water retention ability
Classification code:481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 483.2 Foundations - 501 Exploration and Prospecting - 632.1 Hydraulics - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:201436062662
Title:Optimization of combined hot-air and vacuum drying technology for instant Pleurotus Eeryngii
Authors:Chen, Junchen (1); Yang, Yilong (1); Weng, Minjie (1); Lai, Pufu (1); Shen, Hengsheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Agricultural Product Processing Research Centre, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Junchen
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:331-338
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The by-products from industrial cultivated pleurotus eryngii usually include off-normal fruit body, fruit cap/foot of mushroom. With commercial quality classify, the amount of by-products of the mushroom is about 20% of total yield. These by-products are low in their commercial price although with same nutritive quality as commodity fresh mushroom. In order to promote the profitability of industrial cultivation of pleurotus eryngii, the processing technology to make use of the by-products was proposed for a value added instant mushroom snack. During the processing, it is found the dehydration technology has important influences on product qualities, such as moisture content, texture, sensory quality. A conventional dehydration procedure used for this product is the hot-air drying, which has advantages in easy for operation and low investment for facility, but concomitant with difficulty in quality control of products, especially in moisture content and sensory quality. By adding vacuum drying procedure, this study aimed to improve the control effect of hot-air drying on moisture loss of products. The dehydration of hot-air drying was conducted and aided with vacuum drying procedure, and the technical parameters were optimized by response surface method. The model was obtained quadratic general rotation design experiments with three factors at five levels. The three factors of hot-air drying temperature (X<inf>1</inf>), hot-air drying time (X<inf>2</inf>) and vacuum drying temperature (X<inf>3</inf>) at five levels were used in model optimization and quadratic general rotation design experiment. The effects of drying methods on drying rate, light intensity of colors, product texture and sensory scored were evaluated comprehensively. In addition, the products prepared by three methods of hot-air drying, vacuum drying and hot-air drying aided with vacuum procedure were compared respectively for their quality indexes including sensory evaluation, the color, brightness and texture. The drying rate and unit energy consumption of three drying methods were also analyzed. The results showed that the temperature was a significant influencing factor in drying process (P&lt;0.01) for both hot air drying and vacuum drying procedures. The significant degree of three factors was in order as the temperature in vacuum drying (X<inf>2</inf>, P&lt;0.01) &gt; temperature in hot air drying (X<inf>1</inf>, P&lt;0.01) &gt; hot air drying time (X<inf>3</inf>, P&lt;0.05), respectively. The optimum parameter was: for hot air drying at 60 for 20 min (the moisture content of product &le; 78%), vacuum drying at 55 under -0.09 MPa, respectively. With the optimum parameters of the factors, the data from model prediction and verification testing indicated that the absolute error between the value of prediction and experiment testing was less than 5% with no statistical significance (P&gt;0.1). Moreover, the quality of dehydrated instant mushroom snacks with improved dehydration technology was higher in contrast with that by hot-air or vacuum dried products. The improved dehydration technology can also raise the drying rate and save 57% energy consumption compared with that of vacuum drying process. The research can provide a theoretical basis for further study on processing technology of instant pleurotus eryngii snacks.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Dehydration - Energy utilization - Experiments - Fruits - Fungi - Image quality - Moisture determination - Optimization - Quality control - Sensory perception  - Surface properties - Textures - Vacuum technology
Uncontrolled terms:Commercial qualities - Dehydration procedure - Hot air - Pleurotus eryngii - Processing technologies - Response surface method - Statistical significance - Vacuum drying process
Classification code:461.4 Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 633 Vacuum Technology - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 933 Solid State Physics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:201436062635
Title:Optimal drip-irrigation amount improving cotton yield and land-use efficiency in jujube-cotton intercropping system of southern Xinjiang
Authors:Li, Fayong (1); Wang, Long (1); Wang, Xingpeng (1); Yao, Baolin (1); Lei, Jiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Tarim University, Alar , China
Corresponding author:Li, Fayong
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:105-114
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, with the development of agriculture in southern Xinjiang, water and land resources shortage is increasingly prominent. Water-saving irrigation methods to efficiently use water resources and increase farmers' income have been proposed by Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. Meanwhile, land resources and crop planting structure are adjusted and characteristic wood's fruit industry is developed. Jujube-cotton intercropping system in southern Xinjiang is a new type of agroforestry systems. It is unclear about the effect of jujube-cotton intercropping system with drip-irrigation on cotton growth and land use efficiency and the related mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the influence of drip-irrigation quota on growth, yield and land use efficiency of cotton in jujube-cotton intercropping system. A field experiment was conducted in 2012 and 2013 using a randomized complete block design with jujube planting spacing of 1 m &times; 3 m, cotton planting spacing of 0.25 m &times; 0.60 m, and cotton and jujube spacing of 0.95 m. Drip-irrigation quota was 450 (GM-1), 750 (GM-2), and 1050 m³/hm² (GM-3) for intercropping system and 750 m³/hm² for cotton (CK-M) and jujube (CK-Z) monoculture. The stem height, diameter, aboveground dry matter, and yield of cotton were measured. The land equivalent ratio and system productivity index were calculated. The results showed that the cotton stem height was highest in the GM-3 among all treatments, and not significantly (P&gt;0.05) different between GM-1 and GM-2. The changes in the stem diameter were similar with the height. The GM-3 treatment could adversely affect the cotton aboveground dry matter accumulation, but the GM-1 and GM-2 had similar role in increasing the cotton aboveground dry matter accumulation. The land equivalent ratio in the intercropping system was larger than 1, and greater than the monoculture system. For the two years of the experiment, the GM-2 treatment had the steadily highest land equivalent ratio and yield. Land use efficiency in jujube-cotton intercropping system was higher than the monoculture system. In addition, the system productivity index of GM-2 was relatively higher than the other treatments. In the intercropping system, the jujube was easily affected by irrigation amount and thereby its yield and productivity could be affected. The treatment of GM-2 could increase the production potential of jujube. The jujube-cotton intercropping system had a higher capacity to withstand market risks. In summary, the irrigation of 750 m³/hm² had high land use efficiency and thus could be favorable to cotton growth and land use. The study suggested that optimal production capacity could be reached through reasonable irrigation in intercropping system. The results provided valuable information for the water resource use, and efficient land use in southern Xinjiang.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Cotton
Controlled terms:Efficiency - Forestry - Irrigation - Land use - Moisture - Productivity - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Agroforestry system - Dry matter accumulation - Intercropping systems - Land equivalent ratios - Land use efficiency - Optimal production - System productivity - Water-saving irrigation
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444 Water Resources - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:201436062646
Title:Heavy metals pollution risk and characteristics of plant accumulation along Zihu River
Authors:Chen, Qin (1); Shen, Yu (1); Fang, Yanming (1); Yan, Jing (1); Li, Pingping (1); Zhang, Kaimei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing , China
Corresponding author:Fang, Yanming
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:198-205
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Heavy metal pollution in the soil of farmland is regarded as serious threats to agricultural production environment in China. Zihu River is located in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. The source of Zihu River is the purple mountain, a famous local mountain. The pollution problem of Zihu River has aroused public concerns because of heavy metal contamination caused by sewage. To investigate and assess the situation of heavy metal pollution of Zihu River region, concentrations of heavy metals including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined and analyzed for brook water, the soil from river silt and riverbank, as well as for the riverbank plants of nine species. These species include Trifolium repens, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Chenopodium glaucum, Commelina communis, Ranunculus ternatus, Poa annua, Ligustrum lucidum, Lycium chinense, Broussonetia papyrifera. An assessment of heavy-metal contamination was conducted by means of pollution index (P<inf>i</inf>). Such data may provide information for screening of heavy metal accumulator, and for phytoremediation of heavy metals. The results indicated that serious contamination of Cd and Mn was found in the brook water, the concentrations for Cd and Mn were 0.003 mg/L and 0.124 mg/L, respectively. Among the heavy metals in the soil from the river silt, contamination of Zn, Cd and Cu was serious based on the P<inf>i</inf> values (18.89, 8.53 and 6.25, respectively), with the order of potential ecological risk as: Zn&gt;Cd&gt;Cu&gt;Pb&gt;As&gt;Ni&gt; Cr&gt;Mn. Pearson correlation analysis showed a significantly (p &lt; 0.05) positive correlation among concentrations of heavy metals in the riparian soil, which indicated that they were mainly polluted by sewage and silt. High concentrations of Cd, Zn and Cu were investigated from the soil of the riverbank based on the P<inf>i</inf> values (3.68, 3.61 and 3.41, respectively). The bioconcentration factor (BFs) to Cd, Cr and Pb were quite lower among all the nine species due probably to the selective absorption of the plants. Because Pb is toxic to all plants, the transfer factors (TF) to Pb for all the nine species were typically less than 1. This meant that they were all compartment types to Pb. Plants growing on the sites with heavy metal pollution can gradually evolve into differentiated ecotypes based on the survey of plant population and the result of heavy metal concentration. Wetland ecotypes, Alternanthera philoxeroides and Ranunculus ternatus, have an advantage for accumulating of heavy metals. Poa annua, Chenopodium glaucum and Lycium chinense can resistant to absorption heavy metals. Broussonetia papyrifera, a species of woody plants, will play a great function in the field of phytoremediation for soils contaminated by heavy metals in the future due to its higher bioconcentration factor and transfer factor to some heavy metals, as well as its huge biomass. This case study also provided useful information for monitoring of heavy metals and phytoremediation of river systems contaminated among other cities.
Number of references:27
Main heading:River pollution
Controlled terms:Bioremediation - Contamination - Copper - Heavy metals - Land reclamation - Lead - Manganese - Manganese removal (water treatment) - Nickel - Plants (botany)  - Pollution - Rivers - Sewage - Silt - Soil pollution - Soils - Water resources - Zinc
Uncontrolled terms:Alternanthera philoxeroides - Bioconcentration - Heavy metal concentration - Heavy metal contamination - Pearson correlation analysis - Phytoremediation - Pollution index - Potential ecological risk
Classification code:442.2 Land Reclamation - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 453 Water Pollution - 453.1 Water Pollution Sources - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 543.2 Manganese and Alloys - 544.1 Copper - 546.1 Lead and Alloys - 546.3 Zinc and Alloys - 548.1 Nickel
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:201436062649
Title:Analysis of influencing factors on crop stalk's mass transfer of belt conveyor
Authors:Tian, Yishui (1); Fu, Chengguo (1); Wu, Yonglong (1); Zhao, Lixin (1); Yao, Zonglu (1); Meng, Haibo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Energy and Environmental Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing , China; (2) Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agricultural Residues, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing , China; (3) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing , China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Lixin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:219-226
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Crop residues are important biological resources that can be used as sources of renewable energy, feed and other industries. After crushing crop straws into particles, belt conveyor is a common transportation way of the straw particles for production process. However, the quantity of mass transferred straw with belt conveyor was affected by various factors, whose influencing mechanisms are not clear so far.. In this study, corn straw was used as an experimental material to determine the mass transfer rules of the physical factors (total moisture and bulk density) and belt conveyor factors (conveying inclination and belt speed) with belt conveyor. For comparison, wheat and sweet sorghum straws were also experimented. The results showed that the mass transfer rate and bulk density of corn straw increased almost linearly along with the increase of total moisture.On the contrary, the dry mass transfer rate decreased linearly. As the bulk density of particle increased with total moisture, the rate of change in mass transfer rate decreased oppositely. In addition, particle size has a vital effect on the mass transfer rate and the fluidization angle of conveyor belt. Decreasing the particle size resulted in an increase of the mass transfer rate, the angle of conveyor belt, and the bulk density in the corn straw experiment. Furthermore, there is a critical belt speed point when conveyor inclination from 25-35&deg;. Once the belt speed surpasses this speed point, an obviously rate of change will be present in the mass transfer rate curve. For the corn straw, the critical belt speed point was 1.6 m/s. Wheat straw and sweet sorghum straw were tested to verify the transfer rules with the same testing methods. The correlation between the mass transfer rate with conveying belt inclination in corn straw is different from that in wheat straw, whose correlation was linear dependence. But the results from straw of sweet sorghum test was similar to that of corn straw. The experimental results lead to the conclusion that the same type bio-structure straw has the same mass transfer law. To the corn and sweet sorghum straw, the conveying inclination should less than 32&deg; and 35.5&deg;, the belt speed should exceed 1.6 m/s and 1.8 m/s respectively. In the mass transfer process stage, critical fluidization angle is an important physical parameter, which has important influences on mass transfer rate. In this paper, the computed correlation function has been shown that fluidization angle equal to the weighed linear relations of the accumulated angle of move, which corresponding to every particle size range. The theoretically calculated results had a good agreement with the experimental results. Above all, this paper provided the research methods for other agriculture residues' mass transfer rate with belt conveyor.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Mass transfer
Controlled terms:Belt conveyors - Conveyors - Crops - Fluidization - Materials handling equipment - Moisture - Particle size - Speed - Straw - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture residues - Biological resources - Correlation function - Critical fluidization - Experimental materials - Influencing mechanisms - Mass transfer process - Particle size ranges
Classification code:423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 692.1 Conveyors - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:201436062648
Title:Economic and environmental benefits analysis of decentralized heating using biomass gasification gas in rural area
Authors:Zhou, Weihong (1); Chen, Guanyi (1); Ma, Longlong (1); Yan, Beibei (1); Xia, Zongpeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Environmental Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin , China; (2) School of Civil Engineering, University of Science and Technology LiaoNing, Anshan , China; (3) State Key Lab of Internal Combustion Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin , China; (4) Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou , China; (5) Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy (TianjinUniversity), Ministry of Education, Tianjin , China
Corresponding author:Chen, Guanyi
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:213-218
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The economic and environmental benefits of decentralized heating technology produced by burning gas through the biomass gasification method were analyzed in this paper. The whole decentralized heating system can be divided into three sections. In the first section, the biomass is converted into the biomass gasification gas (i.e., combustible gas). In the second, pipelines are adopted through which the biomass gasification gas is transported to the user's home. Indoor heating pipes consist of the third section, which connect the transporting pipelines with a gas-heating stove located at the user's home. The economic estimation shows that the heating cost is 37.59 yuan per square meter in rural areas during a heating period with this kind of decentralized heating system, which is higher than the heating cost in cities. But the decentralized heating method has many other advantages, such as saving energy, easy charging, easy adjusting of the temperature, reducing gas costs, and simultaneous hot water supply. The decentralized heating cost is charged by gas consumption. Thus, household heat meters should be installed for measuring the gas consumption; and accordingly, the charge calculation can be obtained for heating enterprises. Users can easily adjust the indoor temperature in different periods according to their demand. Gas consumption for heating is five times higher than that for cooking. With the increase of biomass gas production, the cost of biomass gasification gas is reduced, which is beneficial in promoting the commercialization of heating using biomass gasification gas. Decentralized heating technology plays an important role in developing the rural living environment. Decentralized heating will reduce the particulate matter pollution and CO<inf>2</inf> emission that results from heating by burning coal and biomass. The calculated results in this paper show that the quantity of CO<inf>2</inf> emission is about 5.5 tons per household during each heating period. However, the heating cost can be decreased to a reasonable level through technology methods such as sectional temperature control, temperature control in different rooms, and building energy saving measures. When no one is in the room, the temperature can be adjusted lower to maintain a minimum temperature that is still high enough to avoid frozen pipes. This adjustment has been called time-interval control strategy. Therefore, costs can be saved by about 46.4% compared to the constant temperature control method. To save heating costs, different room temperatures will be controlled through flow control in the decentralized heating system. The building heat load is an important factor affecting heating cost. Adopting energy saving measures, according to the energy saving standard, can reduce the building heat load. It will play a positive role in reducing the decentralized heating costs. Additionally, in this paper, the security and reliability problems were emphasized and some corresponding countermeasures were put forward. Furthermore, governments should provide some financial support for rural heating and encourage farmers to adopt clean heating modes. In the future, with technology improvement and the support of government funding, the decentralized heating technology is expected to spread in some rural areas and become an important way of heating.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Heating
Controlled terms:Biomass - Carbon dioxide - Cost reduction - Economic and social effects - Energy conservation - Environmental technology - Gases - Gasification - Heating equipment - Rural areas  - Temperature control - Thermal load - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Building energy saving - Constant temperature control - Decentralized heating - Economic and environmental benefits - Energy-saving measures - Particulate matter pollution - Security and reliabilities - Transporting pipelines
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 454 Environmental Engineering - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 642.2 Industrial Furnaces and Components - 643.1 Space Heating - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:201436062661
Title:Moisture mobility mechanism of beef jerky during combined mid-infrared and hot air drying
Authors:Xie, Xiaolei (1); Li, Xia (1); Zhang, Chunhui (1); Wang, Jinzhi (1); Wang, Chunqing (1); Wang, Zhaojin (2); Mu, Guofeng (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Comprehensive Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing , China; (2) Tai Zhou Sheng Tai-ke Infrared Technology Co., Ltd, Taizhou , China; (3) Inner Mongolia Meng Du Sheep Food Co., Ltd, Chifeng , China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Chunhui
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:322-330
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:One of the most important processes in food drying is moisture mobility, and different drying methods have different moisture mobility mechanisms. Combined mid-infrared and hot air (CMIHA) drying is a new drying method used in beef jerky that has more thermal efficiency than the hot air (HA) drying often used in Chinese factories. To investigate the reason why CMIHA drying could reduce more time consumption than HA drying, the moisture mobility mechanism of CMIHA drying was studied in this paper. Based on early research, mid-infrared wavelength 2.8-3.1 &micro; m, drying temperature 70, radiation distance 8 cm, radiation intensity 0.48 W/cm² and wind velocity 1m/s were selected to study the moisture mobility mechanism of CMIHA drying by comparing to those of HA drying (temperature 70, radiation distance 8 cm, wind velocity 1 m/s). The Shrinkage rate, moisture diffusivities, and heat transfer characteristic were determined to research the moisture mobility of CMIHA drying from a macro-perspective. Based on the low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) that included magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the transverse relaxation time of bound water (T<inf>21</inf>),immobile water (T<inf>22</inf>) and free water (T<inf>23</inf>), Peak integral area of different moisture ( A<inf>21</inf>, A<inf>22</inf>, A<inf>23</inf>), signal amplitude of immobile water (M<inf>22</inf>) and free water (M<inf>23</inf>), and Proton density image of beef jerky were determined to research the moisture mobility of CMIHA drying from the microcosmic aspect. The results showed that, compared to HA drying, CMIHA drying could significantly improve (p&lt;0.05) the inside and outside temperature, reduce (p&lt;0.05) Shrinkage rate, and improve (p&lt;0.05) moisture diffusivities of beef jerky during the drying process, so as to accelerate the moisture mobility. Besides, compared to HA drying, CMIHA drying could significantly improve the transverse relaxation time of immobile water (T<inf>22</inf>) and free water (T<inf>23</inf>) and accelerate the process in which immobile water shifts to free water. The peak integral area and signal amplitude of immobile water (A<inf>22</inf>, M<inf>22</inf>) were significantly decreased (p&lt;0.05) and the values of A<inf>23</inf>, M<inf>23</inf> were significantly increased (p&lt;0.05); the inside immobile water could change into free water and migrated to the surface by free diffusion. However, all drying methods had no significant (p&gt;0.05) difference in bound water. In conclusion, based on the macro-indexes and microcosmic indexes, CMIHA drying can accelerate the process that immobile water changes into free water. This may be caused by high temperature (55) that can make the head of myoglobulin and the tail of myosinogen degenerate and the vibration of moisture molecules by absorbing infrared energy, both of which can decrease the binding force of immobile water. The higher moisture content of inside temperature rather than outside temperature makes free water migrate to the surface through free diffusion. At the same time, HA can accelerate the loss of outside water through the evaporation process and decrease the outside temperature. So, a higher inside moisture content and temperature make moisture have the same direction of heat and mass transfer, which of course can improve drying efficiency and decrease the Shrinkage rate of beef jerky during drying to improve its quality. This study could help provide evidence for the use of CMIHA drying on beef jerky.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Thermal processing (foods)
Controlled terms:Air mobility - Drying - Heat transfer - Infrared devices - Infrared drying - Magnetic resonance imaging - Magnetic resonance spectroscopy - Meats - Moisture - Moisture determination  - Relaxation time - Shrinkage - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Heat and mass transfer - Heat transfer characteristics - Low field nuclear magnetic resonance - Magnetic resonance spectroscopies (MRS) - Mid-infrared wavelengths - Midinfrared - Moisture diffusivity - Transverse relaxation time
Classification code:431.1 Air Transportation, General - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 642.1 Process Heating - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 746 Imaging Techniques - 801 Chemistry - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 822.3 Food Products - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 933 Solid State Physics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:201436062657
Title:Consolidation schedule determination of rural residential area in Yumen based on multi-factor comprehensive evaluation
Authors:Xie, Baopeng (1); Zhu, Daolin (1); Jiang, Yuqi (3); Xu, Sichao (1); Sun, Piling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing , China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Qualify, Monitoring and Control, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing , China; (3) College of Economics and Management, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Daolin
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:289-297
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this paper, we constructed the comprehensive evaluation system, including identification of the potentiality, the complexity of patch shape and location condition. It aimed at determining consolidation schedule on rural residential area. The difficulty and necessity have been analyzed respectively from the complexity of patch shape and feature of location condition in rural residential area. Rural habitat consolidation tailored to the consolidation potential was mainly divided into three different parts, namely, the short-term, medium-term, and long-term consolidations. Firstly, we combined with socio-economic data and "village" as a unit. The rating of consolidation potential on rural residential area was determined by comprehensive evaluation and the potentiality of consolidation was identified from the macro level. Secondly, the features of patch shape were analyzed by the landscape ecology. The ratings were determined on the complexity of patch and location condition in rural residential area within the territory of Yumen city. Based on this, it weighed for the rating on the complexity of patch shape and location condition using raster calculator through the spatial overlay. After that, we identified the priority of the habitat consolidation. Finally, the consolidation schedule on rural residential area was determined in space and time dimension. The result showed that there was obvious difference on consolidation potential for rural residential area in Yumen. The relatively greater potential area covered 22 administrative villages, about 960.31 hm², while medium potential area included 32 administrative villages with 2 053.72 hm², and lower potential area had three administrative villages with 908.26 hectares. According to the rating results on the complexity of patch shape in rural residential area, the consolidation potential from grade I to V was 766.25 hm², 731.93 hm², 908.26 hm², 535.14 hm² and 377.30 hm², respectively. As a result, the higher the potential level was, the lower the complexity of patch it was. Given the rating results in rural residential area, it showed that the location condition from grade I to grade V was 827.83 hm², 1 096.09 hm², 789.81 hm², 513.63 hm² and 119.11 hm², respectively. The higher level meant the poor location condition. The patch size of the priority consolidation, secondary consolidation, and final consolidation on rural residential area in Yumen was respectively 1 291.08 hm², 1 712.2 hm², 315.64 hm². From the calculated results of consolidation potential for rural residential area, we concluded that there were 426.05 hm² needed to be consolidated in the short term, 635.40 hm² in the medium term and 2 257.48 hm² in the long term. The rural residential area was regarded as a basic research unit, and this paper completely examined the relationship between the feature of patch shape and habitat consolidation. At the same time, location condition of the patch also can be comprehensively analyzed. On the one hand, the complexity of patch shape determined the difficulty of consolidation. On the other hand, identification of location condition determined the necessity of consolidation. Both sides have a comprehensive impact on the priority of habitat consolidation. This paper will not only help guide the consolidation of rural residential area, but also will provide the relatively reasonable arrangement on the timeline for consolidation in Yumen.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Housing
Controlled terms:Consolidation - Economics - Ecosystems - Land use - Rating - Rural areas
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation - Comprehensive evaluation system - Landscape ecology - Multi-factor comprehensive evaluations - Rural residential areas - Secondary consolidation - Socio-economic data - Yumen city
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 902.2 Codes and Standards - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.14.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.