<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20142117745080
Title:High-throughput and fast analysis detection technology of veterinary drug residues in food products of animal origin
Authors:Sun, Xingquan (1); Dong, Zhenlin (1); Li, Yichen (1); Dai, Di (1); Su, Mingming (1); Cao, Jijuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Liaoning Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Dalian 116001, China
Corresponding author:Cao, J.(cjj0909@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:280-292
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the rapid development of animal culture, the increasing problem of veterinary drug residues in food products of animal origin has become an important content in the field of food safety. Some problems existed in the traditional sample pretreatment and test methods in animal origin food, which contains complex matrix and trace veterinary drug residues, such as single sample matrix type, limited veterinary drugs, time consumption, poor reproducibility, etc. and mostly, lack of generality and accuracy. Therefore, those methods could no longer meet the needs of the current social development. In recent years, with the applications of the QuChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) method and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in the field of the detection and analysis of veterinary drug residues in animal origin food, a batch of high-throughput, automation and visualization advanced sample preparation and detection technology has appeared and become a fast and efficient analysis method. In this paper, the high-throughput and fast sample preparation and detection methods are introduced and the detection and monitoring work of veterinary drug residues in food products of animal origin are suggested and prospected. The QuEChERS method, the Japanese simultaneous determination method of residual veterinary drugs, and column switching techniques coupled to liquid chromatography and/or mass spectrometry were mainly presented at the sample pretreatment part. Besides biochip, biosensor, and visual fast testing techniques, high-resolution mass spectrometry relative detection techniques were presented at the instrumental analysis part. These techniques include time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS), orbitrap mass spectrometry (orbitrap MS), which is a kind of Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), and direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART MS), which belongs to ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) and allows the in situ, real-time, online, high throughput, and low sample-consumption analysis to be performed with no or minimal sample pretreatment. At the same time, some shortcomings of the methods and technology mentioned above were pointed out, such as there are some promoting space relating to purification in the QuChERS method which exists matrix effective, some veterinary drugs library of high resolution mass spectrometry should be established according to the dissociation of relative reference materials (RM) by users themselves, and the analysis range of biochip, biosensor and visual fast testing techniques is relatively narrow, etc. Although the high-throughput and fast test mode is cool, to implement some preventing and control measures, which relates to chemical management, environmental surveillance, and procedure control, is the key to solving the veterinary drug residues problems.
Number of references:88
Main heading:Mass spectrometry
Controlled terms:Animals - Biochips - Chemical analysis - Error detection - Food products - Liquid chromatography - Purification - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Direct analysis in real time - Fast analysis - Fourier transform mass spectrometry - High resolution mass spectrometry - High-throughput - Orbitrap mass spectrometries - Time of flight mass spectrometry - Veterinary drug residue
Classification code:423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 801 Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 814 Leather and Tanning - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822 Food Technology - 822.3 Food Products
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20142117745072
Title:Layout optimization for rural settlements consolidation based on extended break-point model
Authors:Feng, Dianjun (1); Shen, Chenhua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geographical Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
Corresponding author:Shen, C.(shenandchen01@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:201-209
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The objective of the research was to optimize the combination of rural settlement along with land consolidation implementation. The result could be used for decision making associated with planning of land use and rural settlement spatial pattern. Based on central place theory, this study analyzed external and internal influencing factors of comprehensive influence (RSPCI) for rural settlement patch to build evaluation indicator system of comprehensive influence for rural settlement patches. The indicator system weights of RSPCI was evaluated by applying AHP, and the value of RSPCI for each rural settlement patch was calculated by applying unit score weighting. Then, the rural settlement patches and identified optimization strategies were classified according to Jenks natural breaks classification method. Finally, spatial impact range of core at village level based on extended break-point model of weighted Voronoi diagram and the direction of migration of rural settlements were determined in order to optimize the spatial pattern of rural settlements. The results showed that the indicator systems of RSPCI in Zhulin town included four factors: location, residential settlement, natural resources and economics. The weight for each of them was 0.11, 0.31, 0.28 and 0.30 respectively. The rural settlements were divided into four levels based on value of RSPCI including central village, core village, natural village and scattered village levels. The hierarchical structures for different levels of rural settlement were obvious in terms of size and the number. Four kinds of optimization strategies including priority development, restrictive development, combined migration and retention policies should be used to optimize spatial pattern and layout of rural settlement. Among 466 rural settlement patches in the town, 28 were given with full priority to develop, 193 were given with limited priority to develop, 244 were combined and migrated, and 1 was reserved. The migration direction of 244 patches was given by extended break point model of weighted Voronoi diagram. Therefore, rural settlement patches for different levels showed different influences on scope. As a result, different spatial layout optimization strategies should be employed for different rural settlement patches. In order to maintain a stable structure for residential settlement patches, rural settlement patches with low comprehensive influence should be migrated to those with high comprehensive influence during rural settlement consolidation. The results above proposed tools for officers of land management departments in government to make informed decisions for implementing new land use and planning policies.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Optimization
Controlled terms:Computational geometry - Economics - Graphic methods - Housing - Land use - Rural areas
Uncontrolled terms:Breakpoint - Classification methods - Evaluation indicator system - Hierarchical structures - Rural settlement - Spatial influences - Spatial layout optimizations - Weighted voronoi diagram
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20142117745063
Title:Effects of cooling fan-duct on cooling performance in open-sided beef barn in Southern China
Authors:Cheng, Qiongyi (1); Liu, Jijun (1); Jin, Wei (1); Mu, Yu (3); Chen, Zhaohui (1); Liu, Shanzhai (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China; (3) Institute of Facility Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; (4) National System for Beef Experimental Station in Bozhou, Bozhou 236000, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Z.(chenzhaohui@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:126-134
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To improve the summer environmental conditions for open-sided beef barns in Southern China, a wet curtain cooling fan-fiber duct system was designed to locally cool the barns based on air jet distribution. The wet curtain cooling fan was used as a cooling source with air volume at 13000 m<sup>3</sup>/h and 150 Pa of total pressure. A fiber duct was used as the end of the duct of the air distribution system to deliver cold air evenly to the beef activity area for local cooling. The duct was 0.8 m in diameter and designed with four rows of holes at the bottom with diameters of 20.0 mm and 22.0 mm, respectively; the spacing between two adjacent holes along the axial direction of the duct was 58.0 mm and 60.0 mm, respectively. The air dispensing mode of the system was jetting. The duct was hung above the stalls, and bottom of it was 1.75 m from the floor, and 0.96 m from the manger. Considering the local environmental conditions and farm management, the operation time of the cooling system was from 08:00 to 20:00. The study was conducted with Simmental beef in an open-sided barn with feed and water available ad libitum. Data of wind speed along the duct in the axial direction, the cooling effect of the wet curtain cooling fan, the environmental parameters of the barns, and the physiology and body weight gain of beef were collected. Air speed was 8.39 m/s at the head of the fiber duct and 8.21 m/s at the end of the duct. The variation coefficient of wind speed among 10 cross profiles was 0.0153, which showed that the air duct could be considered uniform in air supply, with rational design and layout of holes. The outlet temperature of the wet curtain cooling fan increased with ambient temperature and humidity rising. During the measurement period, at beef standing height (1.3 m from floor) and at reclining back height (0.7 m from floor), compared with the control barn, average wind speed increased by 0.69 and 0.47 m/s, respectively (P<0.01); the average temperature of the treatment barn decreased by 2.0 and 1.8°C, respectively; and, the average relative humidity increased by 10 percent at two heights. However, humidity was still within the appropriate range of 55-85 percent. Compared with the control barn, the average mass concentration of ammonia and carbon dioxide in the treatment barn decreased by 0.17 and 81 mg/m<sup>3</sup>, respectively; and the average HLI decreased by 2.84 (P<0.01). Compared with beef in the control barn, the respiratory rate of the experimental beef was decreased by 22 beats/min, rectal temperature was decreased by 0.35°C, and skin temperature was decreased by 1.04°C (P<0.01). Throughout the experimental period, the beef in the treatment barn never experienced any sickness, and daily weight gain was 0.92 kg/d; while the morbidity rate of beef in control barn was up to 47 percent, and daily weight gain was 0.54 kg/d (P<0.01). Operation of this system for two months could earn 13 564.96 Yuan of profit. The results showed that the application of a wet curtain cooling fan-fiber duct in an open-sided beef barn was effective in relieving heat stress of beef. The application of this system in Southern China, which is hot and humid, is technically and economically feasible.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Ducts
Controlled terms:Air quality - Carbon dioxide - Cooling - Farm buildings - Fibers - Floors - Humidity control - Jets - Meats - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Air distribution systems - Ammonia and carbon dioxide - Cooling performance - Environmental conditions - Environmental parameter - Open-sided beef barn - Temperature and humidities - Variation coefficient
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 812 Ceramics, Refractories and Glass - 817 Plastics and Other Polymers: Products and Applications - 822.3 Food Products
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20142117745056
Title:Optimization of hydrofoil for marine current turbine based on radial basis function neural network and genetic algorithm
Authors:Zhu, Guojun (1); Feng, Jianjun (1); Guo, Pengcheng (1); Luo, Xingqi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
Corresponding author:Feng, J.(fengjianjunxaut@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:65-73
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to reduce the current dependence on fossil and nuclear-fueled power plants to cope with the growing demand of electrical energy, the ocean energy technologies must be improved to develop more energy. There are several types of ocean energy that can be feasible to exploit: wave energy, marine-current energy, tidal barrages, ocean thermal energy and so on. But the most promising in the short term may be wave and marine-current energy. Marine-current energy can be exploited by a marine current turbine. So how to improve the efficiency of mariner current turbine is the key research subject in ocean energy development. The key to efficiency improvement is the performance improvement of hydrofoil, which is used to establish the turbine blade. In order to improve the hydrofoil's performance, a multi-point optimization method is presented in this paper. In this method, the Bezier curve was used to parameterize the hydrofoil. The Latin Hypercube experiment design method was used to select the sample points in the design space which were used for training the Radial Basis Function neural network. The hydrodynamic performance for each sample was calculated by the computational fluid dynamic method, and then the Radial Basis Function neural network would be trained by these sample points. After the neural network had been trained, the multi-point optimization method of hydrofoil was solved by combining the NSGA-II method and the Radial Basis Function neural network. The method mentioned above was applied to the optimal design of NACA63-815 hydrofoil, and the optimization problems of the hydrofoil in three typical conditions in which the attack angle is 0, 6° and 12° were mainly studied in this paper. After optimization, two optimized hydrofoils were selected in the Pareto solution to compare with initial, which were named Optimal A and Optimal B. According to the CFD simulation, the optimized hydrofoil's performance was gotten and compared with the initial hydrofoil. By comparison, it was found that the drag coefficient of the optimized hydrofoil in the three conditions are less than or equal to the initial. Moreover, the lift-drag ratios of the Optimal A hydrofoil in which the attack angles is 0, 6° and 12° have been improve by 4.6%, 4.4% and 22.8% respectively. And the lift-drag ratios of the Optimal B hydrofoils have also been improved by 6.6%, 3.8% and 16.6% respectively. In addition, according to the comparison of the optimized and initial hydrofoil's pressure coefficient at the 12° attack angle, it can be found that the optimized hydrofoil can effectively suppress the stall phenomenon. Finally, two conclusions can be drawn from the optimal results. Firstly, use the Radial Basis Function neural network to replace the CFD simulation can effectively decrease the time that the optimization cycle spent. Secondly, the hydrofoil optimization problem is a multi-solution problem. The optimized hydrofoil does not have the only one geometry. The optimized hydrofoil can have different geometry just like Optimal A and Optimal B. Moreover, both Optimal A and Optimal B hydrofoil have better performance than the initial one. The optimal result also confirms the feasibility and the theory validity of this optimization method.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Optimization
Controlled terms:Computational fluid dynamics - Genetic algorithms - Geometry - Hydrofoils - Lift drag ratio - Neural networks - Tidal power - Turbines - Turbomachine blades - Wave energy conversion
Uncontrolled terms:Computational fluid dynamic methods - Efficiency improvement - Hydrodynamic performance - Marine current turbines - Multi-points - Ocean thermal energies - Radial basis function neural networks - Turbine blade
Classification code:612.3 Gas Turbines and Engines - 615.6 Wave Energy - 618 Compressors and Pumps - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 651.1 Aerodynamics, General - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20142117745057
Title:Effects of multiple injections strategy on combustion process of mixed fuels with dimethyl carbonate and diesel
Authors:Mei, Deqing (1); Ren, Hua (1); Jiang, Shiyang (1); Wang, Zhong (1); Baar, Roland (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (2) Department of Mechanical Engineering and Transport Systems, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin 10587, Germany
Corresponding author:Mei, D.(meideqing@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:74-80
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to achieve the target of emission purification within the aspect of combustion optimizing in a cylinder, as well as the partial replacement of fossil fuels, a study on the combustion process of dimethyl carbonate (DMC)-diesel fuel blend was carried off. A fuel blend D10 (10% DMC and 90% diesel by volume) was chosen as the test fuel. The experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder research engine originated from a Daimler Benz OM646 2.2 litre common rail direct injection four-cylinder in-line diesel engine. As for the research engine, the indicated mean effective pressure p<inf>mi</inf> was adopted as the baseline for assessment of engine performance. A given load at 1900 r/min was chosen as the engine operating mode. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the heat release rate can be presented in real-time by the IndiCom software. The exact position in the crank angle of the center of heat release (COHR, 50% of the total heat release) can be figured out by interpolation. It was a key parameter to describe the combustion process of the engine. Through a fuel injection strategy characterized by an adjustable first pre-injection phase but constant phase intervals between the three injections and adjustable main injection duration but fixed durations of first pre-injection and second pre-injection, the accurate COHR target at a steady working mode can be implemented. Therefore five modes with an even interval of COHR, under the same engine speed and p<inf>mi</inf>, were inspected. As for D10 fuel, to compensate for its energy density falling, the rail pressure of D10 was 3 MPa higher than that of a diesel. While using D10 fuel, two schemes were considered. One was to keep the injection parameters of fuel system unchanged. The other was to slightly adjust the injection parameters, thus the COHR can be precisely accorded with the original diesel engine. When multiple injection strategy was adjusted to achieve the exact COHR which was delayed in constant step, the features of the combustion process of a diesel engine were analyzed. The ignition for each operating mode occurred between the second pilot injection and the main injection. For every two adjacent modes varying with COHR, the crank angle intervals of the fuel injection timings as well as center of heat release and the location of heat release peak were almost identical. With the increase of COHR, the duration in crank angle taken from injection timing to ignition became shorter, while the duration in the crank angle taken from ignition to the center of the heat release became longer. As compared with the location of a peak pressure in-cylinder, the COHR would be moved backward far away. As for D10 fuel, because the easy vaporization of dimethyl carbonate promoting the mixing of fuel and air and combustion, both crank angle intervals, from the ignition to 10% of heat release and from ignition to 90% of heat release, were shorter, which indicated that the added dimethyl carbonate could help to promote the combustion process. These analyses of combustion features based on COHR will provide a fundamental guidance for the application of dimethyl carbonate/diesel blends, multiple injections regulating the combustion process, and emission control theory.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Ignition
Controlled terms:Combustion - Diesel engines - Diesel fuels - Emission control - Engine cylinders - Engines - Fuel injection - Fueling - Fuels - Thermodynamics
Uncontrolled terms:Dimethyl carbonate - First law of thermodynamics - Fuel injection strategies - Fuel injection timing - Heat Release Rate (HRR) - Indicated mean effective pressure - Multiple injections - Single-cylinder research engines
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution Control - 521 Fuel Combustion and Flame Research - 521.1 Fuel Combustion - 522 Gas Fuels - 523 Liquid Fuels - 524 Solid Fuels - 612 Engines - 641.1 Thermodynamics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20142117745067
Title:Analysis of nutrient resources in livestock manure excretion and its potential of fertilizers substitution in Beijing suburbs
Authors:Jia, Wei (1); Li, Yuhong (2); Chen, Qing (1); Chadwick, David (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (2) School of Environment Natural Resources and Geography, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
Corresponding author:Chen, Q.(qchen@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:156-167
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the rapid development of urban intensive livestock farms, large amounts of organic waste (feces and urine) discharge obviously led to high environmental pressure in the peri-urban regions with inadequate arable land. However, the N, P, K nutrients in feces and urine could equally contribute to increase crop production as chemical fertilizer. Therefore, sustainable development of urban agriculture is closely dependent on how to recycle these organic wastes as nutrient resources. In this study, considering the current status of livestock farming and arable land area in Beijing suburbs, the current situation of organic waste resources in livestock farming and its substituting potential for chemical fertilizer in Beijing were estimated through livestock farm surveys, the collection of livestock excretion coefficients and crop nutrients demand through literature and related Beijing statistical data. The results indicated that the total amount of N, P, K contained in solid manure and liquid manure production was 58.7×10<sup>3</sup>t N, 21.3×10<sup>3</sup>t P, 29.8×10<sup>3</sup>t K, which included 43.1×10<sup>3</sup>t N, 20.3×10<sup>3</sup>t P and 19.7×10<sup>3</sup>t K in solid manure, respectively. The total amount of N, P, K contained in solid manure and liquid manure could be satisfied with 99.3%, 185.2% and 62.7% of the total crop requirement of N, P, K in Beijing in 2011, especially since the amount of generated manure P has exceeded total crop P requirement in most districts of Beijing. Moreover, cereal crop residue returned to soil could bring equivalent to 11.0×10<sup>3</sup>t N, 1.6×10<sup>3</sup>t P, and 15.0×10<sup>3</sup>t K to arable land. In the scenario analysis, the allowable amount of N, P, K nutrients in livestock manure to be applied to arable land were only 18.3×10<sup>3</sup>t N, 9.9×10<sup>3</sup>t P, and 10.3×10<sup>3</sup>t K, respectively, based on the P balance method, if considering cereal crop residue incorporation. Additional 29.8×10<sup>3</sup>t N and 22.2×10<sup>3</sup>t K were needed to be supplied with chemical fertilizers to meet crop nutrient demand. P surplus sourced from organic waste obligated the solid manure to be composted and transported to the neighbor regions with inadequate P supply. Total N, P, K nutrients contained in composted solid manure decreased by 23%, 11% and 12% after aerobic composting, and the transportation of commercial composted solid manure exported out of Beijing will further reduce N and P loads in arable land and consequently reduce the risk of environmental pollution.
Number of references:90
Main heading:Nutrients
Controlled terms:Body fluids - Crops - Cultivation - Fertilizers - Land use - Liquids - Manures - Physiology - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:Aerobic composting - Chemical fertilizers - Crop nutrients - Current situation - Environmental pollutions - Environmental pressures - Straw incorporations - Urban agricultures
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20142117745066
Title:Carbon footprint of ground source heat pump system in heating solar greenhouse based on life cycle assessment
Authors:Chai, Lilong (1); Ma, Chengwei (3); Liu, Mingchi (1); Wang, Baoju (1); Wu, Zhanhui (1); Xu, Yong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China; (3) College of Water Resource and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
Corresponding author:Chai, L.(chaililong@nercv.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:149-155
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The Chinese solar greenhouse, characterized by east-west orientation, a transparent camber south roof, and a solid north roof and east and west walls, is utilized primarily in horticulture in northern China. This design of greenhouse can keep the sheltering plants from freezing in winter because of the "greenhouse effect". However, the healthy growing of plants still needs assisted heating especially during winter nights. The coal-fired heating system (CFHs) and the natural gas-fired heating system (GFHs) both have been widely applied to heat greenhouses. However, the conventional fossil energy sources, such as coal and natural gas, are non-renewable and are the major greenhouse gas (GHG) contributors. The overusing of fossil fuel in agricultural production has been directly or indirectly related to the global climate change, environmental pollution, and energy crisis. Therefore, renewable and clean energy, such as solar, geothermal, and shallow geothermal has been increasingly applied for greenhouse heating or cooling across the world. Ground source heat pump (GSHP) technology has dual functions in heating and cooling. It is one of the most rapidly growing green technologies for heating and air-conditioning in recent years. The GSHP application for solar greenhouse heating has proven to have a high primary energy ratio or coefficient of performance (COP) in previously studies. However, the environmental performance of the GSHP in heating solar greenhouse, such as its carbon footprint, is still unknown. Systematic and long-term study of the specific GSHP greenhouse-heating was required to evaluate its carbon footprint based on life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The GSHP in a Chinese solar greenhouse was studied to evaluate its environmental performance in greenhouse heating. The environmental performance of the GSHP was analyzed based on the field test data and the performance analysis models that were developed in this study. According to the study, in a 480 m<sup>2</sup> Chinese solar greenhouse during the winter heating period, the GSHP demonstrated stable heating effects. The shallow geothermal energy utilized by the GSHP, in the processes of energy storage, extraction, enhancement of refrigeration compression cycles, and greenhouse heating, were studied to analyze the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventory and emission levels based on per square meter of the greenhouse floor. An analysis method based on LCA was developed for estimating the carbon footprint of Chinese solar greenhouse heating with GSHPs in this study, the carbon footprints of a GSHP greenhouse heating system operating on coal fired power and gas fired power were analyzed and calculated according to the data collected from a solar greenhouse heated in the Beijing area. Meanwhile, the variation of global warming potential (GWP, CO<inf>2</inf> emission equivalent or CO<inf>2</inf>-eq) of GSHP in heating a Chinese solar greenhouse from 20 to 100 a were analyzed. The GWP of GSHP greenhouse heating operating on coal fired power and gas fired power were 257 g/(m<sup>2</sup>·d) and 72 g/(m<sup>2</sup>·d). Meanwhile, the total GWP of 100a is reduced by 1.6% and 5.4% from the calculation of 20 a. Comparing the carbon footprints between solar greenhouse heating with GSHP and Venlo greenhouse heating with natural gas, the carbon footprint of solar greenhouse GSHP heating was 39% more than that of Venlo greenhouse heating when GSHPs was operating on coal fired power, but the carbon footprint of solar greenhouse heating will be only 41% of Venlo greenhouse heating when GSHPs were operating on gas fired power. The GSHP heating test was focused on a Chinese solar greenhouse in this study to estimate the environmental performance; however, the carbon footprint calculation and analysis methods are applicable to different styles of multi-span greenhouse GSHP heating analysis.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Greenhouses
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Carbon dioxide - Carbon footprint - Energy policy - Environmental impact - Environmental management - Geothermal energy - Geothermal heat pumps - Global warming - Greenhouse gases - Heating - Heating equipment - Life cycle - Natural gas - Roofs - Solar heating
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese solar greenhouse - Coefficient of Performance - Environmental performance - Environmental pollutions - Groundsource heat pump (GSHP) - Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) - Performance analysis models - Shallow geothermal energies
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 451 Air Pollution - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 454 Environmental Engineering - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 481.3.1 Geothermal Phenomena - 522 Gas Fuels - 525.6 Energy Policy - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 642.2 Industrial Furnaces and Components - 643.1 Space Heating - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20142117745070
Title:Layout optimization of rural residential land based on theory of landscape security pattern
Authors:Wen, Bo (1); Iu, Youzhao (1); Xia, Min (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Corresponding author:Xia, M.(xm@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:181-191
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rural residential land layout optimization not only provides a foundation for rural land consolidation, but also plays an important role in the New Countryside Construction and Beautiful Village programs. As an important land use type, rural residential land accounts for a large proportion of construction land in China. Numerous studies have shown that the layout of rural residential land is influenced by physical, economic and social factors, whose impacts vary across different regions. Yixing city, located in the developed southern region of Jiangsu province is chosen as the study area. As economic factors are no longer the dominant factors limiting rural residential land layout in Yixing city, other factors such as ecological preservation and scenic resources conservation exert more influence instead. According to the theory of landscape security pattern, some point elements, linear elements and surface elements in space play essential roles in the formation of regional landscape, and thus combine to form the regional landscape security pattern. In this paper, the theory of landscape security pattern is applied in the optimization of rural residential land layout in Yixing city, focusing especially on consideration of ecological preservation and scenic resources conservation. Firstly, some critical plaques are selected as the sources for soil and water conservation, biodiversity protection and scenic resource conservation. Secondly, influencing factors are chosen to set up a resistance surface for the above mentioned conservation and protection objectives based on the values of influencing factors. Thirdly, an individual landscape security pattern for the three objectives is constructed via the minimum cumulative resistance model and Cost-weighted tool. Furthermore, a comprehensive landscape is obtained with four security levels. Finally, layout optimization schemes are presented after the overlaying of the rural residential land map of 2010 and the comprehensive landscape security pattern map. Rural residential land in Yixing city is divided into four types including prior remediation, expansion-control, moderate construction, and key development, which accounts for 6.79%, 17.90%, 53.18% and 22.13% of the total land area, respectively. Prior remediation land is characterized by steep slopes and is a superior ecological environment with parts being primeval forest and habitats of wildlife. It's suggested that villages on these lands should be moved. Expansion-control land is characterized by complicated topography consisting of low mountains and hills, and poor agricultural production and living conditions, and is located adjacent to the wildlife habitats. It's suggested that construction activities on these lands should be strictly controlled, and the population should be moved out gradually. Moderate construction land is characterized by gentle terrain, and superior infrastructure far away from the wildlife habitat. We suggest a reasonable layout of rural residential land on these lands. Key development land is characterized by flat terrain, convenient transportation, and superior agricultural production conditions. We suggest development activities with high intensity on these lands. With priorities focusing on the ecological environment and landscape protection, our study provides theoretical guidance not only for New Countryside Construction, but also for related planning formulation.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Housing
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Animals - Biodiversity - Consolidation - Construction industry - Ecosystems - Land use - Natural resources management - Optimization - Regional planning - Rural areas - Surface resistance - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Complicated topographies - Layout optimization - New countryside constructions - Resistance modeling - Rural residential - Security patterns - Soil and water conservation
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 405 Construction Equipment and Methods; Surveying - 423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 444 Water Resources - 454 Environmental Engineering - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20142117745078
Title:Qantitative evaluation of Valencia orange mastication degree using texture properties detected by instrument
Authors:Chen, Hong (1); Zuo, Ting (1); Yi, Hualin (2); Yu, Bao (1); Wei, Zhangkui (1); Pan, Haibing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (2) College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Corresponding author:Chen, H.(chenhong@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:265-271
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To evaluate Valencia orange mastication degree and establish a model for predicting the sensory mastication of Valencia orange quantitatively, nine kinds of Valencia orange, the number of each kind was 30, a total of 270 Valencia orange samples were collected. The research measured the content of crude fiber, sensory attributes, and textural properties of Valencia orange. Sensory evaluation was performed by a panel including eight trained people, and the average score of flesh attributes, residue, and mastication was recorded. Simulating the process of chewing the flesh, compression experiments, TPA tests, and shear tests were performed to analyze the textural properties. The averages and the standard deviations of the three tests were calculated. Statistically, differences were found for crude fiber content among all the cultivars of Valencia oranges. The crude fiber content of Frost and Campbell was significantly higher than others in the condition of significance levels (p<0.05). The results of the sensory evaluation showed that the variation coefficient of flesh attributes, residue, and mastication was 0.4 or higher. The other textural indicators were significantly different, except for flexibility and adhesion in texture trails. Simple correlation analysis was performed between sensory evaluation, crude fiber content, and texture property parameters using SPSS software. The results indicated that the mastication degree and texture properties showed a significant correlation. Compression resistance, elastic modulus, hardness, springiness, shear force, and shear work were selected as a texture index to build a model. Collinearity diagnostics and principal component analysis were performed to eliminate collinearity, which was caused by a quite high correlation between textural indices. According to the feature vector of principal component and scores of each texture property parameter, the best subgroup of principal component factors was selected to build the regression model. Then, with principal component factor scores as independent variables, and the standardized sensory scores as dependent variables, the regression analysis was used to establish a multiple linear regression equation. The determination coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) of the model was equal to 0.73. The performances of the model was calibrated by validation of set data. Concerning the validation set, the determination coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) and prediction standard deviation (S.E.P) were respectively equal to 0.85 and 0.17. The results presented demonstrated the greater potential of the texture properties for prediction of mastication degree of Valencia orange, which mean that the evaluation model of fruit mastication based on texture properties could accurately evaluate the mastication of Valencia orange. It was feasible by using textural properties to evaluate the fruit mastication of Valencia orange, instead of sensory evaluation. The research provided a reference for evaluating the mastication of Valencia orange.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Citrus fruits
Controlled terms:Compression testing - Fibers - Forecasting - Linear regression - Mastication - Principal component analysis - Statistics - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:Compression experiments - Compression resistance - Determination coefficients - Independent variables - Multiple linear regression equations - Sensory evaluation - Valencia - Variation coefficient
Classification code:461.3 Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics - 812 Ceramics, Refractories and Glass - 817 Plastics and Other Polymers: Products and Applications - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 933 Solid State Physics - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20142117745055
Title:Design and experiment of variable rate spaying system on Smith-Fuzzy PID control
Authors:Guo, Na (1); Hu, Jingtao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; (2) Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Networked Control System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
Corresponding author:Hu, J.(hujingtao@sia.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:56-64
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To achieve variable rate spraying, a pressure-based variable rate spaying system was designed to control the spray rate by adjusting the opening percentage of electrical regulating valve at the bypass pipeline. This returns excessive flow discharged by a piston diaphragm pump according to the flow rate of the spray pipeline, and adjusts the boom width by shutting ON or OFF selected solenoid valves at each section. The ARM9 based variable rate controller was designed to measure the system pressure and flow rate, and generate the control signal. A commercial 3W-250 boom sprayer with 12 flat fan spray nozzles was modified to a variable rate sprayer and mounted behind the LOVAL TA800 tractor. The 12 nozzles were divided to 6 boom sections and the pump was derived by the power take-off shaft of the tractor. The variable rate sprayer was represented by a directed graph of fluid network that consists of a set of junctions, called nodes, and certain lines joining a pair of nodes, called the edges. To reduce the complexity of the spray network, the fluid resistance of the short pipeline was ignored, some nodes were merged, one virtual node was increased to represent the external atmospheric pressure, and finally the graph of the variable rate spraying system involved 6 nodes and 12 edges. The flow rate and pressure distribution within the spray network under, steady state conditions was described by the junction of continuity equations and the loop energy equations. The electrical regulating actuator was also modelled to describe the relationship between the voltage control signal and the valve opening percentage. The fuzzy-PID control algorithm was adopted for the nonlinear, time-varying variable rate spraying system to achieve better performance than with the conventional PID control algorithm. The fuzzy control algorithm was used for tuning the PID parameters online. The Smith predictor based on the system model was introduced to overcome the side effects of long time-lag that included the response delay of the flow meter at a low spray rate and the electrical regulating valve and to stabilize the delay of the spray rate. The variable rate spraying experiments were accomplished at 3 different desired nozzle spray rates which are 0.864, 0.72 and 0.576 m<sup>3</sup>/h for the Smith-Fuzzy PID control and the Fuzzy PID control algorithm without boom section control while the tractor was running at an idle speed of approximately 1 m/s. The results showed that the Smith-Fuzzy PID control algorithm has the better dynamic response and the higher application accuracy than the PID control algorithm, the overshoot and the steady mean absolute error of the former control algorithm were less than 13.1% and 3.52% respectively, and both decreased with the raise of the desired spray rate. The boom section control experiments were also conducted for the Smith-Fuzzy PID control and the PID control algorithm. Two boom sections were turned off at the same time while the spray rate stabilized at a desired spray rate for each nozzle is 0.06 m<sup>3</sup>/h. The results revealed that the dynamic response curve of the former algorithm had a shorter response time and no overshoot after the two boom sections shut off, and the mean absolute error was 0.017 m<sup>3</sup>/h and 0.0185 m<sup>3</sup>/h respectively.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Atmospheric pressure - Complex networks - Dynamic response - Experiments - Flow rate - Fuzzy control - Pipelines - Power takeoffs - Spraying - Three term control systems - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck)
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture machinery - Continuity equations - Dynamic response curve - Fluid network - Fuzzy - pid controls - Prediction control - Steady-state condition - Variable rate spraying
Classification code:408.1 Structural Design, General - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 663.2 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 813.1 Coating Techniques - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20142117745076
Title:Effect of pelvic suspension and aging time on meat quality of Chinese yellow cattle
Authors:Hou, Xu (1); Zhang, Yimin (1); Mao, Yanwei (1); Liang, Rongrong (1); Luo, Xin (1); Zhu, Lixian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
Corresponding author:Luo, X.(luoxin@sdau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:251-256
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Beef toughness and variation in tenderness are two major problems that the meat industry has to face, so it has become necessary to solve these problems through the use of technology. One of these techniques is pelvic suspension (PS), in which carcasses are hung from the obturator foramen of the pelvic bone or from the pelvic ligament during the period between slaughter and the commencement of rigor. Achilles suspension is a traditional method to hang carcasses. This method cannot restrict myofibril shortening of the LL during rigor. However, pelvic suspension can reduce myofibril shortening. In pelvic suspension, the hind leg is perpendicular to the vertebral column; thus, the vertebral column and the muscles around the vertebral column are straightened and slightly stretched compared to Achilles tendon suspension. However, little information is available about the effects of suspension methods on beef quality in Chinese yellow cattle. So, objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of suspension methods on quality traits of Chinese yellow cattle M. Longissimus lumborum (LL). Twelve Chinese yellow cattle of the same breed (Luxi × Simmental), age, and mean live weights were selected on the slaughter line from a commercial feedlot. The cattle had a rest for at least 12 h before stunning and were slaughtered by the Halal method. The carcasses hanging method was changed at the end of the slaughter line within 45 min postmortem; the right sides of the carcasses were re-hung from the pelvic bone obturator foramen, while the left sides remained hung by the achilles tendon suspension (AS). All the carcasses were pushed into the chilling tunnel (air temperature (2 ± 2)°C) after pH<inf>45min</inf> was measured. At 24 h postmortem, the ultimate pH value of LL was measured. The LL with suitable pH values (pH value 5.3-5.8) between the 12th thoracic and the last lumbar vertebrae was removed from each carcass. LL muscles were aged for 1, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days. After that, samples were stored at -20°C until evaluated for pH, purge loss, cooking loss, color, Warner-Bratzler Shear force, and sarcomere length. It indicated that pelvic suspension significantly decreased the WBSF of LL at 1, 4 and 7 d postmortem compared to AS. The tenderness with PS at 14 d postmortem was similar to that of achilles tendon suspension at 21 d, and the WBSF had no significant difference. Moreover, pelvic suspension increased sarcomere length and decreased purge loss of LL significantly, but had no significant effect on pH and meat color. In addition, ageing time had significant effects on pH, meat color, Warner-Bratzler shear force, but had no effect on sarcomere length. In conclusion, PS is a valuable technique that should be introduced to the beef industry in China for rapid improvement of beef tenderness and decreased aging time of Chinese yellow cattle.
Number of references:24
Main heading:pH effects
Controlled terms:Bone - Color - Meats - Muscle - Processing - Quality control - Shear flow - Tendons
Uncontrolled terms:Achilles tendons - Aging time - Lumbar vertebra - Sarcomere length - Shear force - Suspension methods - Tenderness - Vertebral column
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 822.3 Food Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 913.4 Manufacturing
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20142117745075
Title:Spatio-temporal differentiation of land consolidation investment in China from 2006 to 2012
Authors:Yang, Xuhong (1); Jin, Xiaobin (1); Guo, Beibei (1); Guan, Xu (1); Pan, Qian (1); Zhou, Yinkang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
Corresponding author:Jin, X.(jinxb@nju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:227-235
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the basis for realizing the objectives and tasks of land consolidation, land consolidation projects investment is not only the precondition for implementing the land consolidation projects, it is also an important standard to measure the development level of regional land consolidation. Studies of the spatio-temporal differentiation of land consolidation investment have revealed important theoretical and practical significance in grasping its investment intensity, spatial pattern, and development trend, effectively increasing capital input and output efficiency. Based on the data acquired from the dataset of a consolidation project from 2006 to 2012 by the Ministry of Land and Resources, this paper first analyzes the development trend of land consolidation from investment intensity and regional structure to the type of investment in China. Then, by combining a gravity center model with a spatial autocorrelation model, ArcGIS and Geoda software was used to analyze the gravity center and spatial correlation of land consolidation and produced a LISA cluster map. The results showed that: 1) In terms of spatial distribution, land consolidation investment at the county level in the southeast coastal area ranks higher than that of the Chinese inland, developed areas rank higher than less developed regions, low latitudes areas rank higher than their counterparts, and the investment is mainly focused in the eastern and central region of China, where is an active area of socio-economic development. 2) In terms of investment types, the percentage of the county that is defined as land development investment was in a dominant position and fluctuated inconspicuously year after year. To be more specific, in the counties that are defined as land development, the arrangement or reclamation investment type has remarkable characteristics of spatial agglomeration. However, the counties which are defined as land comprehensive investment type is not obvious in the spatial agglomeration, but is considerably scattered throughout the counties. 3) When it comes to the shift of gravity center, the focus of land consolidation investment at the county level mainly is partial to the eastern coast of China; its latitude did not change significantly from 2006 to 2012. Nevertheless, its longitude shows a trend transferring to the center and west, inland from the eastern coast of China. This shift, to some extent, shows that urbanization and urban land expansion in the central and western regions during the study period is occupying a large amount of farmland, and pressure to protect arable land is increasing continuously. 4) Land consolidation investment at the county level has a clear positive correlation with spatial allocation, namely, developed regions near the eastern coast and key areas of land development are high-high areas, whereas less developed areas in central and western China which was poor concerning natural conditions and regional resource reserves are low-low areas. Specifically, the Yangtze River, the Dongting Lake Plain, and the eastern side of the Sichuan Basin are high-high concentrating areas of investment; the South of Qinghai province, Tibet, the west of Sichuan province, the south of Yunnan, and eastern Inner Mongolia province are low-low concentrating areas. Our findings suggest that the guiding role of national land consolidation planning should be strengthened to standardize the provincial land consolidation project. Coupled with the key land consolidation and readjustment projects, land consolidation investment should be optimized per the spatial pattern and structure of investment type.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Land reclamation
Controlled terms:Agglomeration - Autocorrelation - Economic and social effects - Economics - Geographic information systems - Investments - Land use - Spatial variables measurement
Uncontrolled terms:China - Input and output efficiencies - Land consolidation planning - Land consolidations - Less-developed regions - Socio-economic development - Spatial autocorrelations - Spatio-temporal differentiations
Classification code:442.2 Land Reclamation - 723.3 Database Systems - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 921 Mathematics - 922 Statistical Methods - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20142117745079
Title:Formula optimization of high autolytic complex microbial agents for yogurt
Authors:Sun, Jie (1); Wang, Xizhuo (1); Liu, Lu (2); Wen, Yi (3); Zhang, Shuwen (2); Lü, Jiaping (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; (2) Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (3) Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
Corresponding author:Lü, J.(lvjp586@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:272-279
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Cell autolysis could be induced by bacterial peptidoglycan hydrolases (autolysins) degrading the peptidoglycan structure of cell walls. Autolysis of lactobic acid bacteria shows direct influence on the characteristics of fermented milk products. Three high autolysis rate lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. Bulgaricus LD3-A3, Streptococcus salivarius ssp. and Thermophilus GS1-A8, and Lactobacillus lactis S15-A3 were tested to obtain a good yogurt starter. The three-factors quadratic regression orthogonal rotational composite experiment was designed to determine the effects of the three high autolysis strains on yogurt characteristics during fermentation, and the effects of mixed symbiosis and interactions were also analyzed. Quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design was used to compare differences among 23 yogurt samples that were fermented by three strains of mixed starters; fresh milk was used as a culture medium. The titration acidities (Δ<sup>0</sup>T) and the organoleptic evaluation scores of the yogurts, which were stored at 10-15°C were measured after 15 days. Linear correlation analysis was also used to clarify the main factors of the three strains. The interactions of the three strains were analyzed by response surface analysis. The optimum mixed formula of the three strains was selected according to the comprehensive models. The sensory quality and shelf life of yogurt fermented by the three high autolysis rate stains mixed starters was compared with the yogurt brought from the market and yogurt fermented by the DVS starter (Danisco). The yogurt manufacturing parameters were: Inoculation amount 10 percent, fermentation temperature 45°C to pH 4.5-4, and storage for 15 days at 10-15°C. The titration acidities were determinate at days 0, 2, 6, 10 and 15 d. The most significant effect of post acidification was caused by LD3-A3, while S15-A3 could improve the flavor and organoleptic characteristics of yogurt. Results from the combination design showed that, while interaction between GS1-A8 and LD3-A3 was significant (p<0.01), the effects trend of yogurt Δ<sup>0</sup>T value and sensory evaluation scores on the three strains was almost the same. GS1-A8 and LD3-A3 have synergistic interaction. Taking the intersection at a confidence level of 95% of the processing, the best mixed formula of the three strains confirmed by the intersection of these two prediction intervals was: GS1-A8, 91.46 percent, LD3-A3, 2.44 percent, and S15-A3, 6.10 percent, with an approximate proportion of 45:1:3. Compared with yogurt brought from the market (26.27) and fermented by DVS starter (38.32), the new starter could significantly reduce the degree of post acidification yogurt to 14.76. The new starter made yogurt have better color, texture, and flavor. Especially when stored more than 15 days, the new starter yogurt organoleptic characteristics were 77, as compared with brought yogurt (58) and DVS starter yogurt (67). The results showed that high autolysis rate lactic acid bacteria starters could effectively reduce yogurt post acidification levels. Meanwhile, the interaction between different strains should be of concern when dairy fermentation starters are designed. The new starter obtained from this study could make the yogurt have favorable sensory properties, such as good flavor, better texture character, and higher shelf quality, and could be used in industrial production.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Starters
Controlled terms:Acidification - Antigen-antibody reactions - Bacteria - Commerce - Fermentation - Fermented milk - Lactic acid - Sensory perception - Surface analysis - Textures - Titration
Uncontrolled terms:Autolysis - Lactic acid bacteria - Lactobacillus delbrueckii - Linear correlation analysis - Organoleptic characteristics - Quadratic orthogonal rotation combination designs - Response surface analysis - Yogurt
Classification code:423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 617 Turbines and Steam Turbines - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 822.3 Food Products - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 933 Solid State Physics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20142117745060
Title:Mapping soil organic matter content in field using HJ-1 satellite image
Authors:Wang, Xiangfeng (1); Meng, Jihua (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Liaoning 123000, China; (2) Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Corresponding author:Meng, J.(mengjh@irsa.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:101-108
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil organic matter content is one of the main factors affecting productivity of agricultural soils. Many studies have shown that the remote sensing is a good tool for estimation of soil organic matter (SOM) content. Satellite hyperspectral image or airborne hyperspectral image has been used in the last decade. However, the data derived from these images have a long revisiting period and are expensive in acquisition and processing. To solve this problem, this study aimed to estimate SOM based on HJ-1 satellite multispectral data that had revisiting period of one day and were cost free. SOM content monitoring model was built by remote sensing with the spatial resolution of 30 meters based on HJ satellite CCD's multispectral data and SVC HR-768 spectrometer hyperspectral data. There were four bands for the satellite data and their spatial resolution was 30 meters. In addition, there were 768 bands of hyperspectral data distributed from 350 to 2500 nm. S-G filter was used to eliminate systematic errors of spectrometer during hyperspectral data-based model fitting. Spectral resolution of resampled hyperspectral data matched that of CCD data from spectral response function (SRF). Then hyperspectral data and SRF were used to analog reflectivity of CCD data at each band. The correlation between SOM and surface spectral characteristics of the samples was analyzed, from which a preliminary SOM monitoring model was established. To further improve the initial monitoring model, initial model histogram was matched to sample's histogram to correct the initial monitoring model. The final monitoring model of SOM was then established. Taking into account spatial difference between the samples and remote sensing images, ten soil samples were used to test the model. The results showed that there was a good linear relationship between estimated and measured SOM values (determination coefficient 0.93, the slope 1.2 and the standard deviation was 0.57%). Based on the model, the distribution of the farmland SOM was mapped with the spatial resolution 30 m and the temporal resolution of one day. The cost-free data of HJ-1 and the model provided an economical tool to estimate SOM in farm field.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Satellites
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Cost benefit analysis - Cost estimating - Estimation - Graphic methods - Image reconstruction - Image resolution - Organic compounds - Remote sensing - Soils - Spectrometers - Spectroscopy - Tools
Uncontrolled terms:Determination coefficients - Digital agriculture - Factors affecting productivity - Satellite images - Satellite multispectral data - Soil organic matter contents - Spectral characteristics - Spectral response functions
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 603 Machine Tools - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 655.2 Satellites - 731.1 Control Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 742 Cameras and Photography - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20142117745051
Title:Design and test on cam mechanism of seedling pick-up arm for vegetable transplanter for pot seedling
Authors:Ye, Bingliang (1); Li, Li (1); Yu, Gaohong (1); Liu, An (1); Cai, Di (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (2) Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Transplanting Equipment and Technology, Hangzhou 310018, China
Corresponding author:Yu, G.(yugh@zstu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:21-29
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is of important science meaning and application value to study the cam mechanism used in the seedling pick-up arm of vegetable transplanter because it is the key mechanism to influence the work performance of seedling transplanting. By exploring the shortcomings and deficiencies of the existing cam mechanism used in the seedling pick-up arm, it is not difficult to find that it takes a short time to push the seedlings, which affects the success rate of pushing the seedlings, and further affects the efficiency and success rate of transplanting the vegetable seedlings. In order to solve the problem, the analytical method with the advantages of a fast solving speed and high calculating accuracy was applied to further design the current cam mechanism in the seedling pick-up arm. According to the movement requirements of the seedling pick-up and seedling-push of the vegetable transplanter and the structure dimensions of seedling pick-up arm, the mathematical model of designing the cam mechanism was built and the push movement angle of the cam was optimized by exhaustion method. Then the practical cam profile curve was designed and kinematics and pressure angle analysis of the cam mechanism was carried out by using MATLAB program. For verifying the correctness and rationality of the improved design, UG and ADMAS software were applied to a build three-dimensional model of the seeding pick-up mechanism and to carry out the virtual prototype movement simulation. After the physical prototype of the mechanism was manufactured, the self-developed test bench, high-speed digital video camera and image processing technology were used to complete a bench test. The basic consistency of the simulation results and the test results showed the improved design is correct and reasonable. At the same time, the comparison of the improved design results and the original design results shows that the improved cam mechanism can not only meet the operating requirements of the vegetable seedling transplanter, but also effectively reduce by 27.9% of the time for the pushing seedlings, which is beneficial to improving the success rate of the seedling push and work performance of vegetable seedling transplanter.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Cams
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Design - High speed cameras - Image processing - Mathematical models - MATLAB - Pickups - Transplants - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Cam mechanism - High-speed digital video cameras - Image processing technology - Operating requirements - Seedling transplanting - Structure dimensions - Three-dimensional model - Vegetable seedlings
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 462.4 Prosthetics - 601.3 Mechanisms - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 752.3.1 Sound Reproduction Equipment - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20142117745068
Title:Measurement of water content in biodiesel using visible and near infrared spectroscopy combined with Random-Frog algorithm
Authors:Chen, Lidan (1); Zhao, Yanru (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Zhejiang Technology Institute of Economy, Hangzhou 310018, China; (2) School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
Corresponding author:Chen, L.(cld1121@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:168-173
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters) is made from vegetable oil or animal fat (triglycerides) reacting with methanol or ethanol using a catalyst (lye). It is safe, biodegradable, and produces less air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel or recycled restaurant greases. With the increasing demand of green energy source and the decreasing of fossil fuel, biodiesel has gained increasing attention as one of the alternative fuels. 100% biodiesel (B100) was used in this study. Experimental samples with water content of 0, 2.50%, 5.00%, 7.50% and 10.0% were set. There were 35 samples for every treatment with different water contents, and total 175 samples. 116 samples were selected for calibration set, and 58 samples for prediction set based with Kennard-Stone (K-S) method. Visible and near infrared spectra (Vis-NIR) technique which was a nondestructive and rapid method, was used to measure the water content in biodiesel. Samples were scanned using the ADS Handheld FieldSpec spectrometer and spectra of samples were acquired. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to compress spectral data and observe the cluster's situation of biodiesel with different water contents. The scores plot showed a good cluster distribution and the total accumulated variance of PC-1 and PC-2 was up to 99.3%. Random Frog algorithm was applied to extract spectral feature. Then, 8 sensitive wavelengths (563, 560, 642, 565, 562, 493, 559 and 779 nm) were selected respectively. Spectral feature and different water contents were set as input values of partial least squares regression (PLSR) and least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM) models. It was showed that LS-SVM and PLSR with full spectra had good results, while the variables were too much (116×591) compared with the regression models (116×8). Results of the Random Frog-LS-SVM were better than the Random Frog-PLSR. R of the non-linear LS-SVM models with spectral feature extracted by Random Frog was higher than 0.965, RMSEC of 0.722, RMSEP of 0.520. Sensitive wavelengths extracted were good for eliminating the interfering spectral and improving the accuracy of the model. Results indicated that the Random Frog-LS-SVM as a satisfactory model can measure the water content in biodiesel accurately, which could provide a reference for practical application.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Water content
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Alternative fuels - Biodiesel - Data compression - Least squares approximations - Near infrared spectroscopy - Principal component analysis - Regression analysis - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Different water contents - Least squares support vector machines - Partial least squares regression - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR) - Random frog - Sensitive wavelengths - Visible and near infrared - Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 523 Liquid Fuels - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 801 Chemistry - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20142117745059
Title:Improving estimation precision of soil organic matter content by removing effect of soil moisture from hyperspectra
Authors:Chen, Hongyan (1); Zhao, Gengxing (1); Zhang, Xiaohui (2); Wang, Ruiyan (1); Sun, Li (3); Chen, Jingchun (4)
Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (3) College of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (4) Water Authority of Juye County, Juye 274900, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, X.(zhangxh@sdau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:91-100
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil moisture is a key issue in using spectrum analysis method to predict soil nutrients content. The purpose of this article is to explore a method of removing the effect of soil moisture and improving the hyperspectra estimation precision of soil organic matter (SOM) content. Firstly the soil samples were collected from agricultural fields of the brown soil in Daiyue county and the cinnamon soil in Huantai county, Shandong province, China. The hyperspectra of the moisture and sieved dry soil samples were measured using the ASD FieldSpec 3 and transformed to the first deviation. Because the soil moisture content and its coefficient of variation (CV) of the brown soil samples was relatively high, the brown soil samples were divided into two groups, additionally the all brown soil samples and the cinnamon soil samples, here there were four-group soil samples. Secondly, based on the difference between the moisture and dry spectra, the characteristic spectra of soil moisture were selected by singular value decomposition (SVD) in combination with correlation analysis, then the correcting coefficients of removing moisture factor from soil hyperspectra were built to reconstruct the corrected spectra of the wet samples. Finally the estimation models of the soil organic matter content were built using the partial least squares (PLS) regression based on the uncorrected and corrected spectra of the wet samples. The results indicated that using singular value decomposition to correct the moisture spectra could partly reduce the correlation coefficients between the soil moisture content and the hyperspectra in most range of spectra, and for the four-group soil samples including two for each brown soil grouped by the soil moisture content gradient, all brown soil and cinnamon soil, the coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) and relative prediction deviation (RPD) of models based on the corrected spectra were improved signally with the calibration R<sup>2</sup> of 0.85, 0.82, 0.74 and 0.76 (an increase of 0.02-0.09), and the calibration root mean squares error (RMSE) of 0.19%, 0.20%, 0.23% and 0.19% (reduce of 0.01%-0.03%), the validation R<sup>2</sup> of 0.78, 0.77, 0.72, and 0.76 (an increase of 0.06 and 0.15) the validation RMSE of 0.21%, 0.15%, 0.21% and 0.15% (reduce of 0.01%-0.08%) except for the cinnamon soil samples (increased 0.02 percentage), the validation RPD of 2.03, 2.02, 1.86 and 1.98 (an increase of 0.17-0.43), especially for the three-group samples with the smaller CV in soil moisture content. The models reached the good performance from needing improvement and could achieve better prediction accuracy of the soil organic matter content. Therefore, the experiments indicated that the method was effective to remove the soil moisture influence and improve the prediction accuracy of the soil organic matter content from hyperspectra. In addition, in order to achieve the better prediction accuracy, the soil samples should be grouped by the soil moisture content to reduce the dispersion degree of the soil moisture.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Soil moisture
Controlled terms:Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Calibration - Estimation - Forecasting - Least squares approximations - Models - Moisture determination - Organic compounds - Remote sensing - Singular value decomposition - Soil surveys - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of determination - Coefficient of variation - Correcting coefficients - Correlation coefficient - Hyper spectra - Partial least squares regression - Soil organic matter contents - Soil organic matters
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 481.2 Geochemistry - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 731.1 Control Systems - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20142117745071
Title:Layout optimization of rural settlements based on point-axis theory
Authors:Kong, Xuesong (1); Jin, Lulu (1); Qie, Yu (1); Zhang, Yiran (1); Xu, Yuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
Corresponding author:Kong, X.(xuesongk@gmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:192-200
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A rural settlement, with the spatial characteristics of point distribution and axis development, is an important land-use type that refers to construction in rural areas in China. Growth points (including town, key village and basic-level village) and development axis (including roads and river systems) play an important role in spatial optimization of rural settlements. To study the effects of point-axis on arranging the spatial layout of rural settlements, this paper analyzed the spatial action of point-axis on rural settlements using an improved gravity model. Three indexes, including population, gross domestic product, and development index of enterprise, were selected to calculate the gravity values among villages. The weights for population, gross domestic product, and development index of enterprise in the gravity model are 0.297, 0.540, and 0.163, respectively. The spatial gravity matrix of the villages was acquired using the gravity model. Five village groups were constructed and a key town, four key villages, and nineteen basic-level villages were identified. An index system, including growth point, life availability, and production convenience, was constructed to evaluate the action sphere of different growth points based on a weighted Voronoi diagram. The results show that there is an apparent difference between the action sphere of growth points and their administrative scopes. The action sphere of key villages (town) is greater than that of basic-level villages. The restriction of administrative scope was broken and the urban-rural construction was reconstructed using the weighted Voronoi diagram. Roads are important factors, which guide the development direction of rural settlements. A 500 m interval for roads is implemented to construct buffer layers by ArcGIS 10.1. The values range from zero to eight in nine buffer layers of roads, and the values range from two to five in four grades of slope. The layer with closer distances between rural settlements and roads holds a higher value. The layer, which is farther than 4000 m in road buffer, is assigned a value of zero. The interaction values of roads and slope for each rural settlement were calculated and three grades were classified based on Natural Breaks method. Rural settlements, with values between 0 and 4.647, were regarded as the potential consolidation objects. Considering the area of rural settlements, three optimization modes, including urbanization, removing and merging, and inner consolidation, were proposed for spatial optimization in Dajipu. Additionally, the mode of removing and merging was further sub-divided into two modes (construction of key village and construction of village center). The area of rural settlements for inner consolidation, urbanization, key village construction, and village center construction are 686.73 hm<sup>2</sup>, 56.18 hm<sup>2</sup>, 7.85 hm<sup>2</sup> and 16.13 hm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The modes for urbanization, removing and merging, are pivotal for land consolidation of rural settlements. Both of them play an important role in coordinating urban-rural development, whereas inner consolidation improves the level of intensified land use. Meanwhile, the spatial optimization of rural settlements should gather to the main roads properly. The results show that the proposed method can make the spatial optimization of rural settlements more scientific and intelligent with the consideration of growth point and axis action. It can offer an assist to decision-making in spatial optimization of rural settlements and New Countryside Construction.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Optimization
Controlled terms:Buffer layers - Computational geometry - Economic and social effects - Geographic information systems - Graphic methods - Industry - Land use - Merging - Regional planning - Rural areas - Spheres
Uncontrolled terms:Coordinating urban-rural development - Gravity model - Gross domestic products - New countryside constructions - Point-axis space - Rural settlement - Spatial characteristics - Weighted voronoi diagram
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 631 Fluid Flow - 723.1 Computer Programming - 723.3 Database Systems - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 933.1 Crystalline Solids - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20142117745058
Title:Optimal sowing dates improving yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of spring wheat in agriculture and pasture ecotone
Authors:Yang, Ning (1); Pan, Xuebiao (1); Zhang, Lizhen (1); Wang, Jing (1); Dong, Wanlin (1); Hu, Qi (1); Li, Qiuyue (1); Wang, Xiaoxiao (1); Tang, Jianzhao (1); Liu, Zhe (1); Zhao, Peiyi (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (2) Wuchuan Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Huhhot 011705, China; (3) Institute of Plant Nutrition and Analysis, Inner-Mongolia Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China; (4) Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation (Inner Mongolia), Ministry of Agriculture, Huhhot 011705, China; (5) Changchun Shuangyang Meteorological Administration, Changchun 130600, China
Corresponding author:Pan, X.(panxb@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:81-90
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Agriculture and pasture ecotone are typical ecologically vulnerable areas. Crop productivities and the agricultural sustainability are greatly affected by climate change in these areas. Field experiments were conducted from 2011 to 2013 in Inner Mongolia (41°06'N, 111°28'E) to investigate the influence of planting dates on yield and phenology of spring wheat and potential of improving resource (water and nitrogen) use efficiencies. The experimental field was located in arid and semiarid climate zone, where mean annual temperature was 2.7°C, annual growing degree days (>0<sup> </sup>) was about 2553 (°C·d), the average annual rainfall was only 354 mm mainly in July and August accounting for 80% precipitation in the whole growing season. Five sowing dates was designed from 26 April to 5 June with a 10-day interval. The results showed that the yields after 6 May were significantly (p<0.05) decreased due to delayed sowing dates. Compared to early sowing date (26 April), the yield of the late sowing date was reduced by 63.3% to 72.3% due to the obvious reduction in daily temperature from the growth stages of heading to maturity. Harvest index (HI) and grain weight per 1000 seeds were also affected by sowing dates. The early sowing (26 April and 5 May) treatments had higher HI. But after 16 May, the HI decreased significantly (p<0.05). The grain weight per 1000 seeds decreased from 44.65 to 20.73 g with the delaying of the seeding dates, which had a trend similar with HI. It indicated that low values of HI and grain weight contributed to yield decrease when sowing after 26 May. Phenology of wheat as expressed in calendar days were different between years and sowing dates, especially from sowing to emergency, but the phenology based on physiological development time (PDT) was similar with a constant value of 95.3 days (the days required to complete whole development stage at optimal temperature condition) between years and sowing dates. Water use efficiency (WUE) was significantly (p<0.05) decreased by delaying sowing dates. Compared with early sowing treatments, the WUE of late sowing dates were reduced by 68.8% to 74.3% probably due to the reduction of ratio of spike over above-ground dry matter in late sowing treatments (i.e. more vegetative growth and bigger canopy than early sowing treatments). Total nitrogen uptake by above-ground biomass ranged from 14.0 to 17.0 g/m<sup>2</sup> for different sowing dates, however, the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). As the early sowing treatments showed higher (p<0.05) yield and HI, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), the transformation of nitrogen uptake to the economic yield was significantly (p<0.05) higher in early sowing treatments than in late sowing treatments. Therefore, the best sowing date should be earlier than 6 May, and early sowing before 6 May could improve yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of wheat in the agriculture and pasture ecotone.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Climate change - Crops - Efficiency - Forestry - Nitrogen - Optimization - Plants (botany) - Precipitation (meteorology) - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural sustainability - Ecologically vulnerable areas - Mean annual temperatures - Nitrogen-use efficiency - Phenology - Sowing date - Spring wheat - Yields
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 451 Air Pollution - 461.9 Biology - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20142117745049
Title:Temporal and spatial change of cultivated land use intensity in China based on emergy theory
Authors:Yao, Chengsheng (1); Huang, Lin (2); Lü, Xi (1); Duan, Min (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Economics and Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (2) Foreign Languages College, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
Corresponding author:Yao, C.(yaochengsheng@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:1-12
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Limited cultivated land has become one of the major restrictions for China's social and economic development, and how to use it intensively is the focus of the Chinese government and research scholars. Based on emergy theory and methods, the cultivated land use intensity (I) was composed of production factors intensity (P) and multiples the multiple cropping index (M). On this basis, the paper analyzed the temporal and spatial change law of all the five production factor intensities, which are farm machinery, fertilizer, pesticide, agricultural film and labor, and the multiple cropping index in China from 1990 to 2011. The results showed: Firstly, during the past 22 years, the farm machinery intensity, fertilizer intensity, pesticide intensity, and agricultural film intensity were all in a linear growth trend, and their annual growth rates were 6.59%, 2.89%, 3.88% and 7.42% respectively; while the labor intensity was in a linear decreasing trend, and its decreasing rate was 5.10 percent. In 1996, the possession of industrial supplementary energy intensity, including farm machinery, fertilizer, pesticide, and agricultural film, in the total production factors intensity first exceeded 50 percent, which meant that China had entered the modern agriculture stage in the middle of 1990s. During the study period, multiple cropping index was also in a linear growth, and the annual growth rate is 0.79%; its total increasing rate was 0.1794 in the past 22 years, and was the major driving force of the increase of land use intensity. Secondly, in 1996, the provinces with high labor intensity and low development of modern agriculture were mainly located in the western part of China, and the typical characteristics of these provinces were that they were all rated with a relatively low level of social and economic development; While in the provinces with high development of economic levels and a good industrial foundation, the labor intensity was low and development of modern agriculture was high. From 1996 to 2008, most provinces in the western part of China and some of the coastal provinces in the eastern part of China, labor intensity decreased a lot; while in the provinces with high economic development and the provinces with more land and fewer persons, labor intensity decreased only a little. In the provinces with high economic development in the eastern coastal part of China and some major grain producing areas, industrial supplementary energy intensity increased a lot; In the provinces with high development of modern agriculture, industrial supplementary energy intensity increased only a little. Thirdly, from 1996 to 2008, in the major rice producing areas in southern part of China, the multiple cropping index decreased a lot, which was the major reason that contributed to the decreasing of their land use intensity; In most provinces in the northern part of China, the multiple cropping index increased a lot, which was the major reason that improved their land use intensity.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Economics - Fertilizers - Film growth - Pesticides
Uncontrolled terms:Cultivated lands - Economic development - Emergy - Intensive use - Multiple cropping index - Social and economic development - Temporal and spatial changes - Temporal and spatial variation
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 712.1 Semiconducting Materials - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20142117745074
Title:Assessing method for regional ecological connectivity and its application based on GIS
Authors:Zhang, Li (1); Chen, Yaheng (1); Men, Mingxin (1); Xu, Hao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Land Resources, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Y.(chenyaheng@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:218-226
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rapid urbanization has caused fragmenting and isolating ecological landscape, which may have led to biodiversity loss and threatened land ecological safety. Therefore, assessing the impact of rapid urbanization on ecological connectivity has become an inevitable choice for biodiversity protection and the maintenance of regional ecological security as well as providing decision support for land planning. Based on the second national land survey data and general land use planning data, a GIS-based iterative topological analysis method was used to identify the ecological functional areas according to the type of the land use in the Caofeidian new district. Eight categories of ecological functional areas with a total area of 142798.30 hm<sup>2</sup> were identified, which accounted for about 72.19% of the study area. With the cost distance model, the Barrier Effect Index (BEI) and Ecological Connectivity Index (ECI) were used to assess the impact of landscape ecological connectivity on current land use scenario and land planning scenario in the Caofeidian new district to evaluate the driving mechanism of the deterioration of ecological landscape, to assess the impact on the ecological function relationship of ecological lands, and to provide recommendations. The results show that the area whose Ecological Connectivity Index was above medium level only accounts for 56.45% of the total area of the Caofeidian new district, the regional ecological function area has been distinctly fragmented and isolated, while the non-connectivity area, whose Ecological Connectivity Index equals 1, has showed stronger connectivity of spatial distribution, such regional landscape ecological deterioration was mainly caused by the expansion of construction land and insufficient attention to ecological protection in land use planning. Further analysis of overlaying the ECI index maps of future scenarios based on urban growth and the current situation was conducted. Results of impact on the Ecological Connectivity Index indicated that, of the planning new urban and industrial lands of 7714.71 hm<sup>2</sup>, 2027.25 hm<sup>2</sup> of that has been identified to have a critical impact on ecological connectivity. It indicated that, instead of construction land, such area should be planned for ecological land, and protection measures are necessary to improve the ecological function. However, a number of areas, about 4338.63 hm<sup>2</sup> in total, most of which are adjacent to existing urban areas, had minimum impact on the ecological connectivity. Such areas might be considered suitable for construction land, whereas the remaining 1348.83 hm<sup>2</sup> with medium impact to ECI could be considered suitable for construction land under the premise of maintaining ecological corridors. Three effective ways were suggested to increase Caofeidian new district's ECI and improve the ecological structure: strengthen the protection of important ecological functional lands having obvious influence on the regional ecological connectivity index during the preparation of general land use plans; reconstruct the ecological landscape using residual ecological resources to improve the ecological connectivity level; and strengthen the green network construction in the build-up area.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Ecology
Controlled terms:Biodiversity - Decision support systems - Deterioration - Geographic information systems - Iterative methods - Land use - Maps - Topology - Urban planning
Uncontrolled terms:Biodiversity protection - Caofeidian new district - Connectivity - Ecological connectivities - Ecological protection - Ecological resources - Impact assessments - Topological analysis
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 454 Environmental Engineering - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.3 Database Systems - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20142117745050
Title:Kinematic analysis and virtual experiment of rotary pick-up mechanism on cotton transplanter
Authors:Zhao, Xiong (1); Shen, Ming (1); Chen, Jianneng (1); Dai, Li (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Machinery and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Transplanting Equipment and Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310018, China
Corresponding author:Chen, J.(jiannengchen@zstu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:13-20
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Picking seeding tache in plug seedings of cotton transplanting is completed manually at present. As a result, the efficiency of cotton transplanting is limited. In order to realize automatic pick-up in seedlings in cotton transplanting, a new kind of seedling pick-up mechanism was designed which adapts with the characteristics of the stems' matrix tensile force of the cotton seedlings in nursery medium which is much larger than the fetching seedling force. A new form of planetary gearing system that is composed with blended high-order deformed elliptic gears was introduced. Mechanism kinematics mathematical model was established, the objective of clipping seedling type working with seeding pick-up mechanism were set according to the demand of the clipping seedling type. Working and the demand of coordination between the seeding pick-up mechanism and seeding box, seeding transplanting mechanism, and optimize analysis of software were compiled to determine the parameters of institutions: the center distance of the meshing gear is 58 mm, the eccentricity ratio of first stage second order deformation elliptical gear is 0.2, the major deformation coefficient of first stage second order deformation elliptical gear is 0.9, the eccentricity ratio of second stage single deformation elliptical gear is 0.14, and the major deformation coefficient of second stage single deformation elliptical gear is 0.18. The installation angle of the mark line on the fixed sun gear 1 is 13π/18, the angle of planetary carrier OA and the mark line on the sun gear 1 is π/2, the first middle gear and the second middle gear are installed on the middle shaft A, the first middle gear that the meshing with sun gear, the angle of mark lines on the second middle gear and the first middle gear is 7π/18. At the initial position, the angle of the planetary carrier AB and the mark line of the second middle gear is 35π/36, the first planetary gear that the meshing with the second middle gear, the first planetary gear and the picking-up seedling claw are installed on the planetary shaft B, the angle of picking-up seedling claw BE and the mark line of the first planetary gear is π/6, the angle of BT to BE which on the picking-up seedling claw is 7π/18 and the BT length is 150 mm, the angle between the fetching seedling section of the trajectory to the seedlings box is 91°, the rotational angle of the planetary carrier is 36° and no interference between the seedling and the potting during the process of fetching seedlings, picking-up the seedling claw swing angle is 5°, and the angle between the fetching seedling section to the claw approach seedlings section is 85°, pushing the seedlings angle is 76°, the minimum distance between two pick-up seedling claws is 48.6 mm. The virtual experiment indicated that the mechanism's work trajectory is in agreement with theoretical calculations, well meets the demand of the seedling fetching process, the seedlings claws have a rapid fetching speed in fetching the seedling section which is beneficial to rapid fetching seedlings, cycle speed curve smoothing, and provides a viable solution for automatic fetching of cotton seedling in nursery medium.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Cotton
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Curve fitting - Deformation - Mathematical models - Pickups - Transplants - Virtual reality
Uncontrolled terms:Deformation coefficients - Deformed elliptic - High-order - Second-order deformation - Seedling nursery in medium - Theoretical calculations - Transplanting mechanisms - Virtual experiments
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 462.4 Prosthetics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 752.3.1 Sound Reproduction Equipment - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20142117745065
Title:Adaptive control algorithms of transmitting power for greenhouse WSN nodes
Authors:Xu, Lihong (1); Zao, Minghua (1); Wei, Ruihua (1); Lin, Weiwei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electronics and Information Engineering of Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
Corresponding author:Xu, L.(xulhk@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:142-148
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the reliability of wireless data transmission of a greenhouse environment data acquisition system, this paper studied the reliability between WSN nodes in several cases in a greenhouse based on an experimental method. When the communication quality was affected by distance, obstacles, and high humidity, the relationship between packet loss rate and RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication) was analyzed, and then RSSI was used to evaluate the reliability of communication. In the experiment, the distance between nodes had been set from 5 m to 40 m at intervals of 5 m, and the humidity varied from 35% RH to 80% RH at intervals of 15% RH. The obstacles included tomato plants, hanging strawberry, greenhouse facilities such as shade net, heat insulation nets, and exhaust fans. The experiment results showed that the packet loss rate increased when the distance between nodes extended or the obstacles existed while it was not affected by the humidity in the greenhouse. In these circumstances, when the transmitting power of the node had been set as 0, 4, 8, 12, or 19 dBm, both the RSSI and packet loss rate changed so that the relationship between the RSSI and packet loss rate could be studied in coordinates. The results included two situations. The first was when there was no obstacle. In those cases, we found that: 1) with the increase of the RSSI of the receiving node, the packet loss rate changed with a certain trend to decrease; 2) when the RSSI value was greater than -58 dBm, the packet loss rate was almost zero. The second was when there were different kinds of obstacles. In those cases, we found that: 1) packet loss rate decreased when the RSSI got smaller. 2) when packet loss rate was about 1%, for different obstacles, the RSSI values varied from -58 dBm to -50 dBm. 3) for the same RSSI, it was the smallest when there was no obstacle. Based on this study, an adaptive transmitting power control algorithm for WSN nodes was proposed in which RSSI was used to evaluate communication quality, and transmitting power was enhanced to improve the reliability of communication. This algorithm included two steps. First, it assumed that there was no obstacle, and the transmitting node estimated the RSSI of the receiving node with its own RSSI. If the estimated value was lower than -55 dBm, the transmitting node would increase its power while if the estimated value was far more than -55 dBm, the node would decrease its power to save energy. Second, the algorithm compared the actual packet loss rate to the reference input, so the algorithm could be corrected, depending on the error of the two. The algorithm had been tested in the greenhouse when the communication distance was 5 m, 20 m, and 40 m, and it also had been tested when obstacles existed such as tomato plants, suspended strawberry, and exhaust fans. In the worst situation, the packet loss rate was 2.2%. In addition, a contrast experiment was conducted to show that the algorithm could set the transmitting power at a low level when the communication quality was fine. For example, when the distance was 5 m and no obstacle existed, the transmitting power was set to 0 dBm, which is the smallest one of all of the available transmit values. The research provided an approach to enhance the communication quality of WSN in greenhouse under unfavorable conditions that made progress on the application of WSN to realize wireless data collection in a greenhouse.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Sensor nodes
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Communication - Data acquisition - Electric power distribution - Experiments - Fruits - Greenhouses - Quality control - Reliability - Wireless sensor networks
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive control algorithms - Communication distance - Greenhouse environment - Received signal strength indication - Transmitting power - Transmitting power controls - Wireless data collection - Wireless data transmission
Classification code:706.1.2 Electric Power Distribution - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 732 Control Devices - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20142117745880
Title:Development of agri-products traceability in main developed agriculture region of the world
Authors:Wang, Dongting (1); Rao, Xiuqin (1); Ying, Yibin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
Corresponding author:Ying, Y.(yingyb@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:236-250
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nowadays, agri-products production and distribution systems are becoming more and more interdependent, integrated, and globalized. The two main themes toward agri-products around the modern world include maintaining safety and improving quality. Based on the information communication technologies (ICTs) and the internet of things (IOT) technologies, traceability through the entire agri-products supply chain will effectively address safety, quality, and defense issues of agri-products by providing precise, real-time, transparent, and reliable information from the farm to the table. Traceability systems are capable of minimizing the degree of information asymmetry between producers and consumers by collecting and sharing information among all partners of the supply chain, promoting the agri-products safety responsibility by implement track and trace functions along the supply chain, and helping strengthen confidence of the customers toward agri-products. Since traceability systems are becoming an important tool for monitoring and managing agri-product flows through the supply chains, many developing and developed countries around the world put great focus on them and try to introduce traceability into various kinds of agri-products supply chains. This review described and summarized the latest progress of the agri-products traceability development in the most advanced regions of agriculture produce all over the world, which comprised three main aspects: laws and regulations, standards and norms, and promotion and implementation. The agri-product traceability legal system has been developed in the Europe Union (EU), which puts "No. 178/2002 Act" at its core. It is divided into two levels: the upper level is the basic laws that set general principles, relatively; the lower level is specific articles and requirements for different kinds of agri-products based on the upper level. The EU started the Promoting European Traceability Excellence & Research (PETER) project from 2002, which was composed of a consortium of nine members coordinating nine traceability research projects, such as SEAFOODplus, FoodTrace, et al. In the United States, the "H.R. 3448 Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002" and "H.R. 2751 FDA Food Safety Modernization Act" are the two traceability acts of great importance. It started the National Animal Identification System (NAIS) in 2005, but turned to Animal Disease Traceability (ADT) and focused on the traceability for the livestock moving interstate due to high cost and the cumbersome process of NAIS in 2011. The IFT of the US had launched the Global Food Traceability Center in July 2013. It will serve as an unbiased, knowledgeable, and science-based advisor that advances insight and understanding of food traceability and focuses on eliminating the gaps in the research, development, and the need for implementation of system-wide food traceability. Canada published a new "Safe Food for Canadians Act" to strengthen food traceability in 2012 and established the Can-Trace agency to promote food traceability early in 2004. In 2013, Canada proposed the "Safe Food for Canadians Action Plan (SFCAP)" to improve the food safety system further. Japan had established a comprehensive food safety law system, but only published two traceability acts for beef and rice. The Food Marketing Research & Information Center (FMRIC) developed a number of standards and guidelines for several kinds of agri-products, such as beef, pork, fish, chicken, fruit, and vegetables. Japan promotes agri-product traceability with the audit and certification system to ensure the authenticity and integrity of traceability information. The traceability laws in Korea include: the "Food Safety Basic Act", the "Food Sanity Act", the "High Quality Agri-product Bill", the "Agri-product Quality Control Act" and the "Cow and Beef Traceability Act". The Korea Rural Development Administration (RDA) began a series of pilot traceability projects from 2004, and promoted agricultural traceability in large scale in 2006. Today, several representative traceability system are running well in Korea, such as cattle, pig, fish, et al. Taiwan started agri-product traceability in 2004 and published the "Agricultural Production and Certification Act" to develop food traceability formally in 2007. Based on amendments of several traceability laws and standards, Taiwan launched "The Project of Traceability Cloud Application on Safe Food" to integrate small traceability systems into one system in November 2013. Conclusions can be drawn based on the above mentioned review: Improvement of the legal system and constantly retroactive amendments and improvements; Development of detailed traceability standards and specifications; Combination of mandatory or voluntary certification (verification) mechanism; Establishment of full-time regulatory agencies at the national level; Combination of mandatory promotion at the national level and voluntary establishment at industry level; Development of information system integration and refinement of trace items are the development trends. China could draw lessons from these systems from the world's most advanced regions of agriculture produce in agri-product traceability developments, and it will promote the more advanced agri-product traceability system for ourselves.
Number of references:73
Main heading:Laws and legislation
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Animals - Fish - Food safety - Information systems - Meats - Quality control - Regional planning - Research - Security systems - Standardization - Standards - Supply chains
Uncontrolled terms:Animal identification systems - Implement - Information communication technology - Information system integration - Law - Preparedness and response - Traceability - Traceability information
Classification code:403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 814 Leather and Tanning - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822 Food Technology - 822.3 Food Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 902.2 Codes and Standards - 903.2 Information Dissemination - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20142117745069
Title:Appropriate initial temperature improving hydrogen production effect by using photosynthetic-bacteria with straws
Authors:Hu, Jianjun (1); Zhou, Xuehua (1); Guo, Jie (1); Jing, Yanyan (1); Zhang, Quanguo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Q.(zquanguo@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:174-180
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In photosynthetic-bacteria hydrogen production with enzyme-hydrolyzed fine straws, the growth and reproduction of photosynthetic bacteria will occur in an appropriate temperature range, and the resulting heat effect will have direct influence on hydrogen production due to exothermic processes in the hydrogen production reaction of photosynthetic bacteria with organic acid. Therefore, the research on effects of initial temperature on the reaction heat in the photosynthetic-bacteria hydrogen production with enzyme-hydrolyzed fine straws, is helpful to figure out the heat release rule in such photosynthetic-bacteria hydrogen production, and thus, to provide proper control to the initial temperature to meet the purpose of efficient hydrogen production. In this paper, with the combination method of micro-grinding and enzyme hydrolysis of straws, blank control tests for reaction liquid were performed with photosynthetic hydrogen-production flora of F1, F5, F7, F11, L6, S7 and S9 screened out after flora enrichment, separation, and cultivation, by using a self-developed testing system for reaction heat in the photosynthetic-bacteria hydrogen production with fine straws. The tests were made with the conditions of fine maize straws of 53-61 μm, substrate concentration of 30 mg/mL, initial pH value of 7.0, illumination intensity of 2000 lx, inoculation and non-inoculation of 20% photosynthetic mixed bacteria flora which was on the logarithmic growth phase, and at the initial temperatures of 25, 30 and 35°C, identifying the relations between reaction heat and reaction time at the three initial temperatures, variation characteristics of the heat production rate, variation characteristics of the cumulative reaction heat, and the relations between the cumulative reaction heat and the cumulative hydrogen production, optical energy conversion rate and substrate energy conversion rate; optimizing process parameters in the photosynthetic-bacteria hydrogen production reaction; and presenting the relations model of the cumulative reaction heat and the cumulative hydrogen production, optical energy conversion rate and substrate conversion rate. Research results showed that, different initial temperatures had significant influence on the result of photosynthetic-bacteria hydrogen production with fine maize straws. In case of initial temperature of 30°C, maximum reaction heat of approximately 7.1 kJ, maximum heat production rate of approximately 1.01 kJ/h, cumulative reaction heat of approximately 32.9 kJ at the end of reaction, and cumulative hydrogen production of approximately 745.9 mL, the photosynthetic-bacteria hydrogen production reaction was conducted to its most extent and yielded the best result. Although initial temperatures were different, the variations of reaction heat and cumulative heat reaction were basically the same, this was to say, their maximum heat production rate occurred at the reaction time of 8 h and their minimum heat production rate occurred at the reaction time of 12 h; With the increase of the cumulative reaction heat, the cumulative hydrogen production and the substrate energy conversion rate would increase, which could be expressed with a quadratic polynomial; with the increase of the cumulative reaction heat, the optical energy conversion rate would increase and decrease, which could be expressed with a cubic polynomial. These research results provide reference basis to reveal the heat release rule in the photosynthetic-bacteria hydrogen production with enzyme-hydrolyzed fine straws, and to optimize process parameters and predict the photosynthetic-bacteria hydrogen production result from the perspective of biologic reaction heat.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Bacteria
Controlled terms:Energy conversion - Enzymes - Hydrogen - Hydrogen production - Hydrolysis - Microorganisms - Optimization - Research - Straw - Substrates - Transmissions
Uncontrolled terms:Energy conversion rates - Hydrogen production reactions - Illumination intensity - Initial temperatures - Photosynthetic bacterias - Reaction heat - Substrate concentrations - Variation characteristics
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 522 Gas Fuels - 525.5 Energy Conversion Issues - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20142117745053
Title:Simulation test for metering process of horizontal disc precision metering device based on discrete element method
Authors:Shi, Linrong (1); Wu, Jianmin (1); Sun, Wei (1); Zhang, Fengwei (1); Sun, Bugong (1); Liu, Quanwei (2); Zhao, Wuyun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (2) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, W.(zhaowy@gsau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:40-48
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to optimize the best metering parameters on the performance of horizontal disc precision metering device (The rate of moving metering plate, thickness of moving metering plate, fillet radius of type hole), a simulation model of horizontal disc precision metering device was designed with Solidworks. The average size of Gansu common 3 corn grains were reported in statistics, namely the length is 10.86 mm, and the width is 7.22 mm, and the thickness is 5.12 mm. In accordance with which the model of corn grain was designed with the use of slice modeling techniques, and using the spherical particles aggregation method the discrete model of corn grain was established. Poisson's ratio, shear modulus and density of corn were determined by test. Namely poisson's ratio is 0.357, and shear modulus is 2.6 MPa, density is 1250 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. To increase the qualified index of seed space and reduce the replay and miss-seeding index, and depress the intensity of field test, on the basis of DEM dynamic simulation metering experiment of horizontal disc precision metering were conducted. Experimental results show: with higher the qualified index of seed space as the key point and taking lower the multi-seed index and the no-seed index into consideration, the bigger the qualified index of seed space is better, and the smaller the multi-seed index and the no-seed index is also better. Variance analysis showed the factor A, B and C had conspicuous effect on the qualified index of the seed space S, and the factor B had conspicuous effect on the multi-seed index D, and the factor A and C had significant influence on the no-seed index M, the factor B, interaction between A factor and C factor had a conspicuous effect on the no-seed index M. The speed of the moving metering plate is 17 r/min and the thickness of the moving seed metering plate is 6mm and the fillet radius of the type hole is 1 mm, was selected as an optimal combination. Under the conditions, the qualified index of seed space was 97.05%, and the multi-seed index was 1.83%, and the no-seed index was 1.12%. The optimized parameters of the simulation experiment were verified in the test trial. Field test results showed: under the conditions, the qualified index of the seed space was 95.13%, and the multi-seed index was 2.34%, and the no-seed index was 2.78%. In comparison with the simulation results, the error of the qualified index of the seed space was 2.02%. Therefore, simulation test of the horizontal disc precision metering device has certain guiding significance to develop the performance of the metering parameters device. It provided a reference method for optimizing the other types of precision metering.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Testing
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Computer simulation - Elastic moduli - Experiments - Finite difference method - Numerical methods - Optimization - Poisson ratio - Shear strain
Uncontrolled terms:Guiding significances - Modeling technique - Optimal combination - Optimized parameter - Precision metering - Seed metering devices - Spherical particle - Variance analysis
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20142117745062
Title:Optimization of spatial sampling schemes for maize planting acreage estimation
Authors:Wang, Di (1); Zhou, Qingbo (1); Chen, Zhongxin (1); Liu, Jia (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agri-Informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China; (2) Institute of Agriculture Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Q.(zhouqingbo@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:117-125
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Sampling fraction, sample layout, and sampling unit scale are three basic elements of a spatial sampling scheme. It plays an important role in optimizing these factors for decreasing the sampling cost and improving the extrapolation accuracy of survey sampling. In this study, spatial analysis, "3S" techniques, and traditional sampling methods were employed to optimize the three basic elements, aiming at the problem that the spatial sampling efficiency is still poor due to only one basic element (e.g. the sampling unit scale) being optimized in the existing spatial sampling studies for crop acreage estimation. DeHui County in Jilin Province was chosen as the study area, maize planting acreage as the study object, and square grids as the shape of the sampling units. First, the sampling unit scale, sampling fraction, and sample layout were formulated based on the Second National land survey data, and the spatial distribution data of maize in the study area in 2009 (derived from SPOT image that the spatial resolution is 10 m). In order to analyze the relationship between the scale and spatial correlation of sampling units, the sampling unit scales were designed to be 8 levels, that is 500 m × 500 m, 1000 m × 1000 m, 1500 m × 1500 m, 2000 m × 2000 m, 2500 m × 2500 m, 3000 m × 3000 m, 3500 m × 3500 m, and 4000 m × 4000 m, respectively, the sampling fractions were designed to be 7 levels, that is 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, and 3.5%, and four patterns were selected as the samples layout, they are simple random sampling, system isometric sampling, stratified random sampling, and stratified system isometric sampling respectively to conduct the optimal design of the sampling fractions and samples layouts. Secondly, the optimal sampling unit scales were determined by introducing the global spatial autocorrelation index Moran's I, following the traditional sampling principle that sampling units should be independent of each other; Thirdly, the samples were drawn, and the sample observations measured, population values were extrapolated, and the sampling errors were estimated using the designed spatial sampling scheme. Finally, the relative error of population extrapolation, coefficient of variation (CV) of the population total estimator, and sampling sizes were selected as the evaluation indices to find out the optimal sampling fraction and sample layout. The experimental results demonstrated that the spatial autocorrelation of sampling unit increases with its scales, and that there was a linear positive relationship between the sampling unit scale and spatial autocorrelation. While the sampling units scale was 500 m × 500 m, there was nearly no spatial autocorrelation among sampling units. Therefore, 500 m × 500 m was selected as the optimal sampling unit scale. In order to improve the stratified sampling efficiency, cropland area may be considered as a stratification index due to there being a very significant linear correlation between maize planting acreage and cropland area in sampling units; When the sampling fraction was the same level, the relative error and CV of population extrapolation which the sample layout was the stratified system isometric sampling were the lowest in four layout patterns; The efficiency of spatial sampling scheme in which the sampling fraction was 1% was the highest in the 7 designed levels. In this way, this research can provide a solution for improving the efficiency of a spatial sampling scheme to estimate crop acreage.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Importance sampling
Controlled terms:Autocorrelation - Crops - Efficiency - Error analysis - Estimation - Extrapolation - Optimization - Spatial variables measurement
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Maize - Planting acreage - Sampling units - Simple random sampling - Spatial autocorrelations - Spatial sampling - Stratified random sampling
Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 922 Statistical Methods - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20142117745054
Title:Vibration measurement and analysis of tracked-whole feeding rice combine harvester
Authors:Xu, Lizhang (1); Li, Yaoming (1); Sun, Pengpeng (1); Pang, Jing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Corresponding author:Xu, L.(justxlz@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:49-55
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to solve the problems of violent vibration, short time between failures and poor reliability existing in the crawler-type rice combine in China, experiments were conducted to analyze the characteristic of vibration source on combine World Dragon 280.8 measuring points of engine support, cutter drive shaft support, vibrating sieve drive shaft support, drum support I, drum support II, chute driving wheel support, fan shaft support, and seat support were marked on the combine. Time-domain signals and frequency spectral characteristics of 8 measuring points were measured and analyzed by 5902 dynamic signal analytical systems in 5 different conditions such as no-load mode of engine, no-load mode of the whole machine and field harvesting. The result shows that up-and-down vibration of the engine, before-and-after vibration of the vibrating screen and left-and-right vibration of the sickle are the main causes of whole machine vibration, and Rotary motions of conveying mechanism, fan and threshing cylinder contribute secondly to the vibration of the whole machine. During harvesting in the field, vibration strength of the whole machine decreases and vibration strength of 7 measuring points decrease remarkably except for seat support. On full throttle no-load mode the vibrating frequency of engine is 71.78 Hz, excitation frequencies of vibrating sieve, cutter, fan, drum I and drum II are 6.35 Hz, 8.79 Hz, 19.04 Hz, 12.70 Hz and 23.44 Hz separately. During harvesting in the field, several excitation frequencies of the main working parts overlap and it is difficult to identify. The research result provides a reference for improving driving comfort level and working reliability.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Vibrations (mechanical)
Controlled terms:Combines - Crops - Engine cylinders - Engines - Harvesters - Harvesting - Measurements - Sieves - Time domain analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Conveying mechanisms - Excitation frequency - Frequency - Measurement and analysis - Rice - Spectral characteristics - Time between failures - Vibrations
Classification code:605 Small Tools and Hardware - 612 Engines - 612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine Components - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20142117745064
Title:Development of transparent greenhouse cover with function of generating electricity by surplus light and photovoltaic
Authors:Feng, Chaoqing (1); Zheng, Hongfei (1); Wang, Rui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (2) College of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China; (3) College of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
Corresponding author:Feng, C.(fchaoqing@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:135-141
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The common cover materials of greenhouses are glass and transparent plastic film. Generally speaking, they have no significant advantage for adjusting incidence lights of greenhouses. Given that the light intensity above the light saturation point is meaningless for plant growth, as in summer, the strong sunlight at noon is surplus, that is, surplus light is unused, so a new kind of entity Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) transparent greenhouse cover is proposed. The cover consists of many entity CPCs, meaning that the material is plexiglass (polymethyl methacrylate) and has high transparency. This cover can change the light paths, and the compound parabolic cells that stick to the bottom of the CPC can generate electricity. Lights of different incidence angles are tracked by optical simulation software; and, the relationship between the lights of incidence angles and transmittance has been analyzed. A test sample has been produced and a test system has been built. Also, an experimental study of transmittance and power generation under actual weather has been conducted. The test system consisted of an integral box (using the integrating sphere principle), a transparent entity CPC cover material (size: 30 cm × 27 cm × 2 cm), a light meter, a voltmeter, an ammeter, and so on. Test method: 1) Put the test device on horizontal ground and make sure that the front edge of the cover is vertical in the south direction; 2) Raise the back of the cover and make sure that the angle between the normal of the cover and ground is the biggest solar elevation angle (33.8°) on the test day, and ensure that the incidence angle is 0° at noon. It can be seen from the transmittance test that the transmittance is lowest at noon. With the increase of the absolute value of the incidence angle, the change of the transmittance curve presents a trend that is rapid before becoming slow. The turning point of the transmittance curve appears at 10:15 AM and 14:15 PM, while the incidence angle is about 30 deg, and is in good agreement with simulation results. An integral box illumination test shows that the greatest solar irradiance appears at about 12:00; the change trend of the integral box illumination in one day is hump-shaped; and that peak values appear at 9:00 AM and 14:30 PM, respectively. When the irradiance is strongest, at noon, the illumination in the box is low. Experimental and simulation results match well and show that the lowest transmittance is only 32%, and appears when there is strong sunshine at noon; while in the morning and afternoon, the transmittance of cover material can reach 60%. Although the covering material has almost no influence on the light intensity entering a greenhouse in the morning and afternoon, while substantially reducing light intensity at noon, it can improve the status of uneven illumination in a greenhouse in one day. Also, because the photovoltaic cells are stuck to the bottom of the CPC, it can receive the surplus light to generate electricity; the power per unit area is 6.2 W/m<sup>2</sup>. This new cover can control light well and because it can adjust the thermal environment in a greenhouse, it is conducive to the growth of plants; furthermore, because surplus light can be used to generate electricity and the system makes good use of solar energy, it has good application prospects.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Electric generators
Controlled terms:Computer software - Electric power generation - Electricity - Greenhouses - Materials - Photoelectrochemical cells - Photovoltaic cells - Polymethyl methacrylates - Solar energy - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Application prospect - Compound parabolic concentrator - Cover - Generate electricity - Thermal environment - Transmittance curves - Transparent plastic films - Uneven illuminations
Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 615.2 Solar Power - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 705.2 Electric Generators - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20142117745073
Title:Changes of land pressure and land use mode in Loess hilly gully region
Authors:Hao, Shilong (1); Li, Chunjing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Resources and Environment, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China
Corresponding author:Hao, S.(haoshilong@ncwu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:210-217
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The development of human society has brought great pressure on land resources, while the reasonable land use pattern is the key to alleviate the pressure and realize the regional sustainable development strategy. This paper, based on the land demand of social, economic, and ecologically sustainable development, constructs a quantitative evaluation method of land pressure from three aspects of food production, economic development, and ecological protection. According to the survey data of the Shanghuang experimental area in different periods, this paper analyses the changes process of land pressure index and land use patterns in different periods, the results show the following: the land pressure index was 0.738 before comprehensive control of soil and water erosion, which is severe pressure level; the comprehensive pressure index of land fell to 0.247 in year 2000; the land pressure decreased significantly; the pressure level demonstrates a mild pressure rating; and, during the conversion of cropland to forest and grassland, the land pressure index continued to decline, which reached 0.164 in year 2010. Land pressure was defined as land use pattern interactions throughout the whole study period, but the interactional features are significant differences in different periods. Before 1982, under the conditions of the traditional agriculture production pattern, due to the low levels of agricultural productivity and the rapid population growth, the land resource was facing tremendous pressure. The characteristics of land use pattern were that the productivity development level and the population growth were extremely imbalanced, the resources utilization and protection were in serious disorder, and the man-land relationship was opposite. During the periods of governance and returning farmland to forest and grassland, the land resource was facing greater pressure because of the situation of population growth. Under the interventions of technical factors and policy factors, the level of agricultural productivity increased greatly, so the land use pattern was changed from the extensive to the intensive management, the grain yield and economic income had great improvement, the ecological construction obtained great achievements, ecology and economics presented a harmonious development situation, the sustainable utilization level of land resource continuously improved. From the mutual relationship of land use pattern and land pressure, population growth is the primary source of land pressure, while the productivity level is the key to relieve the pressure.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Population statistics
Controlled terms:Ecology - Economics - Environmental protection - Facings - Forestry - Land use - Landforms - Natural resources - Planning - Productivity - Sediments - Soil conservation - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productivity - Agriculture productions - Loess hilly gully region - Pattern - Productivity development - Quantitative evaluation methods - Regional sustainable development - Sustainable utilization
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444 Water Resources - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 501 Exploration and Prospecting - 512 Petroleum and Related Deposits - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 913.1 Production Engineering - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20142117745077
Title:Destabilization of stubborn emulsion formed during aqueous extraction improving extraction rate of total free oil from peanut
Authors:Chi, Yanna (1); Zhang, Wenbin (1); Yang, Ruijin (1); Hua, Xiao (1); Zhao, Wei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (2) Food Science and Technology School of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
Corresponding author:Yang, R.(yrj@jiangnan.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:257-264
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:During aqueous processing of peanuts for simultaneous oil extraction and protein recovery, large amounts of emulsion could be formed and after enzymatic demulsification, substantial amounts of oil would be recovered while stubborn emulsions still remain. The destabilization of the stubborn emulsion is the key to improve the total free oil yield. Before its utilization and further destabilization, studying the characterization of the stubborn emulsion, especially its surface protein, which may play an essential role in emulsion stabilization, was necessary. The surface protein was extracted and its electrophoresis property, hydrophobicity, emulsifying activity, as well as emulsifying stability were studied. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to investigate its microstructure. It was found that, though the protein from the emulsion surface had similar subunits (60, 41, 38.5, 37.5, and 18 kDa) with that from aqueous phase, its hydrophobicity and emulsion activity was significantly higher. This could be attributed to the synergistic effect of temperature and pH during the alkaline extraction, which led to the unfolding of some large peanut protein molecules containing hydrophobic basic arachins. This, consequently, caused the exposure of more hydrophobic groups and enhanced the hydrophobic and emulsifying properties of the protein. Thus emulsion formation was promoted. After enzymatic treatment, the protein in the emulsion was hydrolyzed into short peptides and no subunits with molecular weight higher than 20 kDa had been detected in Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). However, in non-reducing PAGE, except for the conarachin band of 60 kDa, protein from the stubborn emulsion surface showed similar bands with that from the emulsion surface and aqueous phase. This indicated that the hydrolyzed protein could still gather on the stubborn emulsion surface and contributed to its stability. Due to the hydrolysis of protein molecules, the hydrophobic property and emulsifying activity of protein from stubborn emulsion was lower than that from an untreated emulsion surface. CLSM observation showed that stubborn emulsion had less oil droplets and that their size was lower, while the surface protein concentration (Γ) was higher, as compared with untreated emulsion. This explained the high stability of stubborn emulsion, though its surface protein has lower surface activity. To demulsify the stubborn emulsion, various treatments, including ultrasound, freeze-thaw, heating, extreme pH value, phase inversion, or ethanol addition were attempted. Free oil was obtained after centrifugation and total free oil yield was calculated thereafter. The microstructure of the stubborn emulsion after different treatments was also observed with CLSM. Results show that freeze-thaw and ethanol addition could remarkably aggregate the oil droplets in stubborn emulsion, especially after 50% ethanol addition, most oil droplets were combined and 90% of the oil in stubborn emulsion could be recovered. Under this condition, the total free oil yield could be increased to 93% from 88% in the overall process.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Emulsification
Controlled terms:Alkalinity - Convergence of numerical methods - Drops - Electrophoresis - Emulsions - Ethanol - Extraction - Freezing - Hydrolysis - Hydrophobicity - Microstructure - Molecules - Oilseeds - Proteins - Recovery - Sodium dodecyl sulfate - Stability
Uncontrolled terms:Aqueous processing - Confocal laser scanning microscopy - Different treatments - Emulsifying stabilities - Emulsion stabilization - Hydrophobic properties - Peanut - Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Classification code:531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 933 Solid State Physics - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20142117745052
Title:Seed filling performance of dual-purpose seed plate in metering device for both rapeseed & wheat seed
Authors:Cong, Jinling (1); Liao, Qingxi (1); Cao, Xiuying (1); Liao, Yitao (1); Yu, Jiajia (1); Wang, Lei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
Corresponding author:Liao, Q.(liaoqx@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:30-39
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In view of the differences of the physical and mechanical properties between rapeseed and wheat seed, a dual-purpose pneumatic precision metering device within the internal guiding strips fixed on the seed plate for both rapeseed and wheat seed was developed in this paper. Its working principle and the whole structure of the dual-purpose pneumatic precision metering device were expounded. The mechanical model for the single rapeseed or wheat seed on the compulsive driving layer in the filling area was established via the analysis of the motion trajectory of each single seed: rapeseed or wheat seed which was from the compulsive driving layer on the internal guiding strip, the filling angle of the seeds in filling area and the flowing characteristics of both rapeseed and wheat seed on the layers in the filling area were analyzed with the help of high-speed camera technology. The tests for the performance of seeds filling and the experiments of how the filling angle of rapeseed or wheat seed in the filling area changed, and the tests of the dual-purpose pneumatic precision metering device of its mechanical damage to seeds when the dual-purpose pneumatic precision metering device was working within the internal guiding strip fixed on the seed plate were carried out one by one. The results of the tests for the dual-purpose pneumatic precision metering device showed that: while the rotating speed of the seed plate inside the dual-purpose pneumatic precision metering device was 10-45 r/min, the seeds filling angle and the rotating speed had a linear correlation, the rapeseed and wheat seed filling angle obtained a value ratio of 1.6635 and 1.9929 with the changing of rotating speed when the internal guiding strip was fixed on the seed plate and the filling angle of rapeseed and wheat seed respectively got average increment of 10.1° and 13.45°, the seeds filling arc length average increment respectively were 12.29 mm and 16.48 mm, compared to the seed filling angles when the internal guiding strip was not fixed on the seed plate. It indicated that the performance of the dual-purpose pneumatic precision metering device for both rapeseed and wheat seed of seed filling using the internal guiding strip fixed on the seed plate improved conspicuously. The germination rate for the rapeseed and wheat seed tests showed that there was no mechanical damage to the seeds when the internal guiding strip was fixed on the seed plate. The test results of seeding performance of the dual-purpose pneumatic precision metering device showed that: when the negative pressure was -2 900 Pa, the average qualified index of the wheat seed was relatively increased by 30.76% and the missing index was decreased by 38.61% within the internal guide strip fixed on the seed plate while the dual-purpose pneumatic precision metering device was working. When the negative pressure was -900 Pa and the positive pressure was 500 Pa, the seed average qualified index was relatively increased by 3.72%, and the missing index was decreased by 8.58% within the internal guide strip fixed on the seed plate, while the dual-purpose pneumatic precision metering device was working. While the rotating speed of seed plate inside the dual-purpose pneumatic precision metering device was 20-30 r/min, the seeding performance of the dual-purpose pneumatic precision metering device could meet the requirements for sowing for wheat seed and rapeseed. This research can supply the study basis to structure improvement and performance optimization of dual-purpose precision metering device.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Plates (structural components)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Filling - Oilseeds - Pneumatic equipment - Pneumatics - Rotating machinery - Seed
Uncontrolled terms:Motion trajectories - Performance optimizations - Physical and mechanical properties - Precision metering - Rapeseed - Seed filling - Structure improvement - Wheat seeds
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 601.1 Mechanical Devices - 632.3 Pneumatics - 632.4 Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20142117745061
Title:Retrieval land surface temperature from visible infrared imager radiometer suite data
Authors:Xia, Lang (1); Mao, Kebiao (1); Ma, Ying (2); Sun, Zhiwen (3); Zhao, Fen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (2) Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China; (3) Space Star Technology Company Limited, Beijing 100086, China
Corresponding author:Mao, K.(kebiao67@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:109-116
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The land surface temperature is a basic parameter which had been widely used in agriculture drought monitoring, crop monitoring and the yield forecasting model. In this study, we developed a split-window algorithm to retrieve land surface temperature from VIIRS (visible infrared imager radiometer suite) data which can overcome the lack of the water channel. The key parameter of water vapor content required by algorithm is obtained from MODIS data which is board on an Aqua satellite, and the emissivity computed from international geosphere biosphere program (IGBP) global vegetation classification. The character of the VIIRS data was briefly introduced and the method of estimation of the transmittance of atmosphere and emissivity of the VIIRS M15 and M16 channels also been discussed. Then, a VIIRS data imaging on June 4, 2013 has been chosen to verify the accuracy of the algorithm. By comparison with the global surface summary of day (GSOD) data, the result indicates that the method we proposed can retrieve the land surface temperature in china very well. Comparison with the MODIS LST data in the grain producing area with a surface temperature greater than 45°C shows that the precision of the algorithm is high and the retrieval error is less than 1 K. Finally, the accuracy assessment of the method was performed with the moderate resolution transmission 4 (MODTRAN4) program. The water vapor content is set to 1.0 g/cm<sup>2</sup>, 2.2 g/cm<sup>2</sup>, 3.4 g/cm<sup>2</sup>, the surface temperature is 295 K, 310 K, 325 K, and the land type of dry soil and green vegetation with the emissivity of 0.963, 0.984 (VIIRS M15) and 0.974, 0.992 (VIIRS M16), respectively. The simulation analysis indicates the accuracy of this algorithm is greater than 1 K with the root mean square (RMS) errors 0.516 K and the average error 0.447 K. The much higher accuracy of the method confirms the application of the algorithm in agricultural information from VIIRS data is available.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Atmospheric temperature
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - C (programming language) - Electromagnetic wave emission - Image reconstruction - Radiometers - Remote sensing - Sensors - Surface properties - Temperature - Vegetation - Water vapor
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural informations - Land surface temperature - Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer - Retrieval - Root-mean-square errors - Split window algorithms - Vegetation classification - Visible-infrared imager-radiometer suites
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 731.1 Control Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 801 Chemistry - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.08.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
期刊信息
- 主管单位 中国科学技术协会
- 主办单位 中国农业工程学会
- 主编 朱明
- 总编/社长 王应宽
- 地址 北京朝阳区麦子店街41号
- 邮编 100125
- 电话 010－59197078/7077/7076
- 邮箱 tcsae@tcsae.org
微信公众号
二维码
友情链接
- Bioresource Technology
- Industrial Crops and Products
- Biomass & Bioenergy
- Biosystems Engineering
- Aquacultural Engineering
- International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering
- Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
- Paddy and Water Environment
- Journal of Agricultural Engineering
- Transactions of the ASABE
- Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental
- Applied Engineering in Agriculture
- Engenharia Agricola
- AMA-Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America
- 中华人民共和国农业农村部-MARA
- 中国科学技术协会CAST
- 国家新闻出版署
- 中华人民共和国科学技术部
- 国家自然科学基金委员会
- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
- CIGR
- ASABE
- EurAgEng-European Society for Agricultural Engineers
- American Society of Agronomy
- Crop Science Society of America
- Soil Science Society of America
- 期刊界
- CNKI
- 万方数据
- 维普