<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20141717605645
Title:Appropriate water blanching treatment to keep quality and color of Agaricus bisporus slices
Authors:Li, Jing (1); Li, Shunfeng (1); Wang, Anjian (1); Chen, Jin (1); Tian, Guangrui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agro-products Processing, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Corresponding author:Li, J.(ruochenjl@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:268-273
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is one of the most popular and valuable mushrooms in the world, and it is usually processed for long-time storage. Button mushrooms are a good source of vitamins, protein, phenolics, polysaccharose and many mineral elements. However, they are highly perishable commodities due to browning, water loss, senescence, and microbial attack, in which, browning reactions limit their shelf life to a few days. The enzyme polyphenoloxidase (PPO) is the responsible cause of this deteriorative process. In view of their highly perishable nature, button mushrooms must be processed to extend their commercial shelf life for off-season use. The production of heat-sterilized preserves represents most usual long-term preservation. Sterilization accounts for more than 60 percent of industrially processed mushrooms. In the preparation process of sterilized mushrooms, blanching is an important pre-treatment, which objectives may be: (i) to reduce enzymatic browning through thermal inactivation of PPO; (ii) to induce volume contraction (shrinkage) to avoid this occurrence at the sterilization stage; (iii) to make the product more pliable to facilitate filling operations. However, some negative features of blanching are the loss of valuable nutritious components, partial biochemical conversions of components resulting in changes in aroma and - in general - deteriorative effects on sensory properties like texture and color, which are the main features taken into account by consumers. To maintain the quality and color of button mushrooms, the content of ascorbic acid and total phenolic, antioxidant capacity, and color of button mushroom slices blanched between 85°C and 100°Cwith an increment of 5°C for different times were investigated. Results showed that blanching significantly reduced the content of ascorbic acid and total phenolic, antioxidant capacity, and color. Ascorbic acid and total phenolic content decreased by 66.67 percent -93.33 percent and 12.33 percent -59.49 percent, respectively. Moreover, heavy losses in the antioxidant capacity of 16.86 percent -42.75 percent also occurred as a result of blanching. Compared with unblanched samples, blanching caused a reduction in L value of 11.23 percent -30.63 percent, low chroma change, and total color difference from 10.12±0.55 to 22.86±0.21. At the blanching temperature of 100°C, the loss of quality and color was the biggest and had significant difference with the treatments of blanching under 95°C within two minutes. In consideration of the effects on ascorbic acid, total phenols contents, color, and antioxidant activity of mushroom slices during blanching, the results showed that that temperature between 85°C and 95°C and the processing time one minute to two minutes were the optimal blanching conditions, Under these blanching conditions, the better quality and color were obtained.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Blanching
Controlled terms:Agents - Ascorbic acid - Color - Fungi - Minerals - Quality control - Sterilization (cleaning) - Temperature - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Agaricus bisporus - Anti-oxidant activities - Antioxidant capacity - Biochemical conversion - Long-term preservation - Perishable commodities - Total color difference - Total phenolic content
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 461.9 Biology - 482.2 Minerals - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 741.1 Light/Optics - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20141717605643
Title:Classification of chicken breasts with different freezing-thawing cycles by impedance properties and artificial neural networks
Authors:Li, Weiming (1); Wang, Peng (1); Chen, Tianhao (1); Xu, Xinglian (1); Zhou, Guanghong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Centre of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Corresponding author:Xu, X.(xlxu@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:250-257
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Electric impedance properties of biological tissue closely relate with their tissue structure. A few published investigations have shown that electric impedance has a rapid detection capability to meat quality. To explore the impedance detection ability for frozen-thawed meat, electric impedance magnitude and phase properties of unfrozen and frozen-thawed chicken breasts subjected to different thawing times were studied. The maximum freezing-thawing circle was three times. Sixteen different frequencies from 50 Hz to 200 kHz and quality parameters like thawing loss, cooking loss, pH value, and TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) of 20 samples of each group were investigated. The impedance of the samples was measured by an LCR electronic bridge at the voltage of 3 V. Copper needle electrodes with a length up to 15 mm and a distance of 15 mm between two electrodes were used. The temperature of the meat was kept within 0-4°C during the measurement. The location of each test was the same and measurement time was 1-2 sec at every frequency. The experimental results showed that changes in the tissue structure caused by freezing and thawing could be reflected by the impedance magnitude and phase. The impedance magnitude of both fresh and frozen-thawed meat would decrease as the frequencies increased and the impedance magnitude of fresh meat was significantly higher (P 0.01) than frozen-thawed meat in the low-frequency range, while the opposite trend was found in the high-frequency range. Those changing trends of impedance are indicators for capacitance characteristics of cell remembrance. Biological tissues are composed of cells that are surrounded by extracellular liquid. The main current flows through the extracellular fluid and the cells are bypassed when low-frequency current is applied to the tissue. The cell membrane acts as an insulator at low frequencies. With the current frequency increases, a part of the current will flow through intracellular fluid through the cell membrane. So, low-frequency impedance of biological tissue is larger than high-frequency impedance. The impedance phase angle of both fresh and frozen-thawed meat would increase as the frequencies increase. Compared with frozen-thawed meat, fresh meat had a higher (P<0.05) impedance phase angle in the low-frequency range but a lower (P<0.05) value in the high-frequency range. So, the significant difference (P<0.05) of high-frequency phase angle and low-frequency impedance magnitude between fresh and frozen-thawed meat would be an ideal index to distinguish those two kinds of meat. After freezing-thawing cycles, low-frequency impedance magnitude would decrease significantly (P<0.05), but the difference between two and three times freezing-thawing cycle was not significant (P>0.05). High-frequency phase angle would increase (P<0.05) which is different with normal frozen processing groups, especially at levels higher than 50 kHz. This impedance phase property of meat with more than one freezing-thawing cycle gives a clear distinction between them and meat with one freezing-thawing cycle. These changes of impedance properties demonstrate that freezing-thawing cycles have a remarkable influence on the structure of cell membrane and lead to a decline of cell membrane capacitance. From the quality aspect, the increasing of freezing-thawing cycles lead to inevitable decline in meat quality. More thawing loss, cooking loss and higher TBARS value are found after freezing-thawing cycles. The precise calculation of the quality by impedance measurement could not be obtained for no accordant significant correlation (P>0.05) was found between impedance properties and quality parameters in different groups. Radial Basis Function (RBF) Neural Networks that are built up based on impedance magnitude and phase angle of specific frequencies from 50 Hz to 200 kHz (Total 12 frequencies) could give a solution to estimate the freezing-thawing cycles of meat without complex mathematics modeling, and the prediction accuracy satisfies the requirement. Accuracy of the testing samples of fresh chicken meat was up to 100 percent, one time freezing-thawing cycle samples also had a high degree of distinction from two and three times. These results reflect that electrical impedance measurement is a simple innocuous tool for frozen meat characterization. For improving the measurement accuracy, a dadatabase with a big enough data volume needs to be built in future work.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Meats
Controlled terms:Animals - Cell membranes - Dielectric properties - Electric impedance - Electric impedance measurement - Electrodes - Enzyme activity - Freezing - Neural networks - Quality control - Radial basis function networks - Thawing - Tissue
Uncontrolled terms:Capacitance characteristics - Cell membrane capacitance - Chicken breast - Electrical impedance measurement - Freezing thawing cycles - Freezing-thawing - Radial basis function neural networks - Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 701 Electricity and Magnetism - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 704.1 Electric Components - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 814 Leather and Tanning - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822 Food Technology - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 942.2 Electric Variables Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20141717605619
Title:Simulation of drainage and agricultural non-point source pollutions transport processes in paddy irrigation district in North-East China using SWAT
Authors:Li, Ying (1); Wang, Kang (1); Zhou, Zuhao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
Corresponding author:Wang, K.(wwangkang@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:42-53
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Hydrological processes are the driving force of transportation, transformation, and accumulation of agricultural non-point-source pollutants in a paddy irrigation district. The aim of this study was to simulate hydrological processes and non-point source pollution transport processes in a complex irrigation and drainage system in north-east China. Field experiments were conducted to measure quality and quantity of leakage and irrigation return water in field and drainage system in the Qianguo irrigation district (Jilin, China) during the period from 2009 to 2011. The hydrological processes in the various drains were different. In the field canals, the subsurface flow and leakage with high N concentrations were diluted by irrigation return water. The storage process in the lateral drains impacted the drainage process and the convection and mixing processes of the non-point pollutants significantly. In a lateral irrigation canal controlled region, the subsurface flow and the direct seepage flow from paddy fields through the side walls of field drains to the drains were simulated using unsteady flow equation. The water and contaminants in the field drains converged to lateral drains, and finally reached the main drain. A modified Muskingum method was proposed to calculate the processes of water flow and chemical transport in the drainage system. The results from the field experiments and simulations indicated that the fate of ammonium (NH<inf>4</inf><sup> </sup>), nitrate (NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup>), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the system were primarily controlled by the drainage processes. The NH<inf>4</inf><sup> </sup> and NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup> transport processes were mainly affected by the surface leakage and the deep leakage process, respectively. Besides from irrigation return water, the COD mass discharged from paddy fields to drains was through both subsurface flow and deep leakage. The results clearly showed the contributions of different drainage processes to non-point source pollution in a complex drainage system during the rice-growing period. Bromide (Br<sup>-</sup>) was used as tracer to investigate water flow and solution transport in the soil during the freezing and thawing periods. The redistributions of soil water, temperature, and Br<sup>-</sup> tracer were monitored. In the frozen soil, water movement was caused by the temperature gradient, matric potential gradient and gravity. The matric potential of unfrozen water in frozen soil at an equilibrium state was estimated using a temperature-based function. A linear relationship was observed between solution flux and soil water flux. The SWAT was modified and applied successfully to simulate the drainage and contaminants (NH<inf>4</inf><sup> </sup>, NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup> and COD) transport processes. The methods and results from this study should be useful to characterize non-point source pollutions in paddy irrigation district of north-east China.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Process control
Controlled terms:Chemical oxygen demand - Drainage - Flow of water - Frozen soils - Hydraulics - Hydrology - Irrigation - Irrigation canals - Models - Pollution - Soil moisture
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point source pollutions - Freezing and thawing - Irrigation and drainage systems - Irrigation districts - Linear relationships - Non-point source pollution - SWAT model - Unsteady flow equations
Classification code:401 Bridges and Tunnels - 406 Highway Engineering - 442 Flood Control; Land Reclamation - 444 Water Resources - 453 Water Pollution - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 502 Mines and Quarry Equipment and Operations - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 902.1 Engineering Graphics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20141717605648
Title:Performance of bamboo flour/polypropylene foamed composite under accelerated weathering
Authors:Zhou, Xiaxing (1); Chen, Lihui (2); Huang, Shusheng (2); Su, Guoji (2); Yu, Yan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; (2) College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
Corresponding author:Yu, Y.(yuyan9812@icbr.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:287-292
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to reduce the density and improve the toughness of wood-plastic composite (WPC), the foamed WPC was made through adding chemical foaming agent in this study. To fully utilize bamboo resources in China and reduce white pollution, the foamed composite with 54% PP and 13% HMSPP containing 33% bamboo powder and 1% modified azodicarbonamide (AC) foaming agent blends by weight was made by injection molding. Furthermore, the aging performance of bamboo powder/polypropylene (PP) foamed composites was studied in order to investigate the weathering mechanism of WPC and to strengthen its production and quality management and thus expand its application fields. The composites were exposed to 1 200 h accelerated xenon-arc radiation with water spray, the mechanical characteristics including bending performance, notched impact strength, and color change of composites were studied. The rheological behavior of composites with regard to frequency sweep ranges from 0.01 to 70 Hz at 195°C was observed. The surface morphology of composites with non-weathered and weathered for 1 200 h were investigated by ESEM and their chemical structures were analyzed by FTIR. The results showed that the mechanical properties of composites decreased significantly for weathering 300 h and decreased continuously with an increase of exposure time. The retentions of residual bending strength, flexural modulus and notched impact strengths were only 79.4%, 68.3% and 75.6% respectively. The weathering also resulted in significant color fading of the composites, especially for the first 900 h. The color began to change slowly within the next 300 h. After weathering for 1 200 h, the color change ΔE*, lightness change ΔL*, redness change Δa<sup>*</sup> and yellowness change Δb<sup>*</sup> were 49.0, 48.4, -5.9 and -4.9 respectively. The frequency sweep results indicated that the storage modulus, loss modulus and complex viscosity of composite weathered for 1 200 h decreased and the intersection value of energy storage modulus and loss modulus become lower, and the corresponding frequency was higher. These results indicated that the molecular weight distribution become wider and the molecular weight became lower. The ESEM observation revealed that the surface of weathered composite was no longer smooth; and the cracks and holes appeared and some bamboo fibers exposed. The FTIR analysis showed the new peak of C=O stretching vibration at 1717 cm<sup>-1</sup> appeared and C=C absorption peak at 1 459 cm<sup>-1</sup> strengthened and C=O stretching vibration peak at 1 059 cm<sup>-1</sup> also strengthened. The FTIR result verified the photooxidation and photodegradation of composites for accelerated weathering.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Weathering
Controlled terms:Bamboo - Colorimetry - Composite materials - Elastic moduli - Impact strength - Molecular weight distribution - Photooxidation - Quality management - Rheology - Stretching
Uncontrolled terms:Accelerated weathering - Chemical foaming agent - Mechanical characteristics - Notched impact strength - Properties of composites - Rheological behaviors - Weathering mechanisms - Wood-plastic composites
Classification code:415 Metals, Plastics, Wood and Other Structural Materials - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 535.2 Metal Forming - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801 Chemistry - 811 Cellulose, Paper and Wood Products - 811.1 Pulp and Paper - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 931.1 Mechanics - 941.4 Optical Variables Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20141717605621
Title:Estimation and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon density in alluvial plain area
Authors:Chen, Chong (1); Hu, Kelin (1); Zhang, Ling'e (1); Niu, Lingan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
Corresponding author:Hu, K.(hukel@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:64-71
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the key indicator in assessing soil quality, and it is also the important source and sink in global carbon cycle. Usually, the stratified summation method is used in estimation of SOC concentration at small scale, but it is costly and time-consuming process since it needs a large number of soil samples at regional scale. Recently, the vertical distribution models, such as the negative exponential, power and logarithmic functions are used to describe the changes of SOC content with the increasing of soil depth. The vertical distribution of soil texture in alluvial plain is very complicated. However, there are few reports on assessment of the suitability of the SOC vertical distribution model in an alluvial plain. The objectives of this study were to construct and assess a vertical distribution model to describe the changes of SOC content in an alluvial plain, and to determine the main variables that affected SOC concentration distribution. In this study, 605 soil samples were collected from 121 soil profiles in an alluvial plain area of Quzhou county, Hebei Province. SOC contents from topsoil to 1-m depth were determined. The vertical distribution model of SOC was constructed based on negative exponential function, and then regional spatial distribution of SOC concentration was obtained by geostatistical methods. The results indicated that SOC content showed a gradually decreasing trend with the increase of soil depth, and the mean SOC content in topsoil was the highest, reached to 8.25 g/kg soil. The coefficients of variation of SOC content for all layers ranged from 0.26 to 0.43, and all belonged to moderate degree of variation. The spatial continuity was better for SOC in 0-20 and >20-40 cm as compared to the rest soil depths, and their correlation distances were 14 and 3 km, respectively. However, SOC in subsoil (>40 cm) showed a pure nugget effect, which reflected the complex spatial distribution of soil textural layers in an alluvial plain. The negative exponential model can well describe the changes of SOC content with the increasing of depth in alluvial plain area, the root mean squared error was only 0.70 and the coefficient of determination of the predicted and measured SOC contents reached to 0.95. Spatial distribution of SOC density showed a decreasing trend from northwest to southeast across the county. Soil types and soil texture were the main influencing factors. The SOC concentration of fluvo-aquic soil and salinity fluvo-aquic soil were significantly higher than that of cinnamon fluvo-aquic soil. The SOC concentration of fine textural soil (light loam, medium loam and clay) was significantly higher than that of the coarse textural soil (sand and sandy loam). The constructed vertical distribution model can well describe the changes of SOC content in soil profile, which not only provides a new method to estimate SOC contentin alluvial plain area, but also can serve as guidance on evaluation and improvement of regional soil fertility.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Carbon - Estimation - Models - Soil surveys - Spatial distribution - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:Alluvial plains - Coefficient of determination - Coefficients of variations - County scale - Negative exponential functions - Negative exponential model - Soil organic carbon densities - Vertical distributions
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20141717605615
Title:Reverse design of transplanting mechanism with spatial planetary gear train based on spherical curve
Authors:Sun, Liang (1); Zhu, Jianbin (1); Chen, Jianneng (1); Zhao, Yun (1); Wu, Chuanyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (2) Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Transplanting Equipment and Technology, Hangzhou 310018, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Y.(zhaoyun@zstu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:9-17
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The transplanting mechanism is an end manipulator which picks seedlings from a seedling box and pushes them into a rice field. A wide-narrow distance mechanism is a kernel part of the rice transplanter to place seedlings in a wide row and narrow row alternation. Because of the spatial movement property of a bevel gear pair, and the requirement of variable speed transmission, a noncircular bevel gear was widely used in a wide-narrow transplanting mechanism design. On the condition of a determinate transmission scheme, how to obtain a sound planting trajectory and proper picking posture which is important for the wide-narrow distance transplanting mechanism to achieve upstanding and fewer damaged seedlings in planting work becomes a key issue. In general, putting forward a new mechanism, building a calculate model, and compiling a parameters optimization program are the three main steps for transplanting mechanism design. But there is some uncertainty of parameters-choosing and parameters effecting design goals in the design of the trajectory and planting paw posture in the traditional way. Furthermore, the special noncircular gear such as elliptical (or bevel) gears, eccentric-noncircular (or bevel) gears whose pitch curve are accessible to expression are often used in the transmission scheme design, which limits the formation of trajectory shape and planting paw posture. A new way to design a spatial planetary noncircular gear train by using reverse design methods was put forward based on the spherical curve. An ideal plane curve which is smooth, continuous, and closed was expressed by a free spline curve, and then a spherical curve was obtained by mapping the ideal plane curve onto the spherical surface with a preserved geodesic curvature. A two bar mechanism with three degrees of freedom was used to describe the spherical curve. According to the spatial geometric relationship between the two bars and the center of sphere, the transmission ratio model was established. The transmission ratio of every single gear pair and the pitch curve of every gear were resolved by attaching a noncircular gear and a noncircular bevel gear to the two bar mechanism with three degrees of freedom. The parameter inverse and design program for a wide-narrow distance transplanting mechanism with noncircular gears and noncircular bevel gears, based on the development platform of MATLAB, was compiled and the ideal spherical surface trajectory was obtained by modifying the data point of plane trajectory. In addition, a group of mechanism parameters was reversed by the method of human-computer conversation afterward. Finally, a model machining of the transplanting mechanism was processed and a testing trajectory, similar to the theoretical trajectory was gained, which verified the feasibility of this reverse design method and supplied a new method for the design of a wide-narrow distance transplanting mechanism.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Bevel gears
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Curve fitting - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Machine design - MATLAB - Mechanics - Optimization - Reverse engineering - Seed - Spheres - Trajectories - Variable speed transmissions
Uncontrolled terms:Non-circular - Speed transmission - Spherical curve - Transplanters - Transplanting mechanisms
Classification code:404.1 Military Engineering - 601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 631 Fluid Flow - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20141717605630
Title:Research on life cycle of wireless network for measuring environmental parameters in aquaculture
Authors:Jiang, Jianming (1); Shi, Guodong (1); Zhao, Dean (1); Shi, Bing (1); Li, Zhengming (1); Zhu, Zhengwei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Electronic and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (2) School of Information Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
Corresponding author:Shi, G.(jsjby@em.jpu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:147-154
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:There were the features of a large area and remote location in large-scale aquaculture farming. The communication cables were needed for wire communication, and it was difficult to promote because of expensive costs. In wireless measuring network, some individual nodes failed prematurely because of uneven energy consumption of the measuring nodes which were energized by a lithium battery. The effective life cycle of the wireless network was reduced due to the premature failure of the nodes. In the paper, the comparison test was implemented between the flat routing protocols and the low energy adaptive clustering hierarchical routing protocol (LEACH), and the results showed that the life cycle of wireless network adopted LEACH effectively extended 19% more than the wireless network adopted flat routing protocols. There were two weaknesses in the wireless network adopted LEACH protocol. Firstly, the cluster heads were selected randomly in LEACH protocol to keep a balance of energy in each node. The power consumptions of the cluster heads were far greater than the ordinary nodes, and the energy consumption in the cluster heads were different. The optimized LEACH protocol was adopted based on residual energy of the node to keep the balance of energy in each node. Secondly, in the conventional LEACH protocol, the nodes far from the base station were easier to fail prematurely in aquaculture, because the monitoring area was large and single hop communication was applied between the cluster head node and the base station. When the remote node was selected as the cluster heads, multi-path fading channel model was adopted in path loss, and the attenuation index was 4. In the optimized LEACH protocol, dual-hop communication was applied between the cluster heads and the base station. Free-space channel model was adopted in the path loss, and the attenuation index was 2. The effective life cycle of the wireless sensor network was extended by 8% by the optimized LEACH protocol.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Sensor nodes
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Base stations - Communication - Control systems - Energy utilization - Leaching - Life cycle - Measurements - Optimization - Routing protocols - Telecommunication cables - Wireless networks - Wireless sensor networks
Uncontrolled terms:Balance of energies - Cluster-head nodes - Energy adaptive - Environmental parameter - Hierarchical routing protocol - Life circle - Multi-path fading channels - Single-hop communications
Classification code:525.3 Energy Utilization - 533.1 Ore Treatment - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20141717605622
Title:Runoff estimation in hillslope cropland of purple soil based on SCS-CN model
Authors:Chen, Zhengwei (1); Liu, Xingnian (1); Zhu, Bo (2)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; (3) Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, B.(bzhu@imde.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:72-81
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Overland runoff is a main factor causing soil erosion ion hillslope, and runoff modeling is an effective way to predict soil erosion for conservation of the hillslope cropland of purple soil. The model of Soil Conservation Service-curve number (SCS-CN) is widely used for predicting direct runoff discharge based on measured rainfall, and also used as a runoff-estimating component of more complex watershed models. As a basic input parameter in the SCS-CN model, the curve number greatly affects the predictive value of runoff depth, and the initial abstraction ratio (λ) that was assumed to be o 0.2 in the original development of SCS-CN model. When applied in the hillslope areas, few attempts have been made to incorporate a slope gradient factor into the CN method although slope gradient exerts great influence on discharge of overland runoff according to relevant studies. In addition, the initial abstraction ratio is considered to be a constant in many applications, although lots of studies revealed that variations of the ratio exist in different conditions. In this study, the relationship between runoff and slope gradient was revealed by analyzing observed data of 5 rainfall-runoff events in 2013 from experimental plots with slopes varying from 6.5° to 25°. The existing approaches integrating slope gradient factor in the SCS-CN model were directly evaluated for simulating the rainfall-induced runoff in the hillslope cropland of purple soil. Meanwhile, the initial abstraction ratio was optimized considering the influence of rainfall volume. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (E) and relative error (RE) were used in the simulation results evaluation. The results indicated that the observed discharge of runoff increased obviously with the increase of slope gradient in a rainfall event, and the runoff discharge achieved maximum at a critical slope. For our experimental conditions, the slope-modified SCS-CN method proposed by Williams overestimated the runoff depths with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (E) of 0.76. The initial abstraction ratio (λ) of 0.2 was applicable to estimate small rainfall-runoff events based on the equation proposed by Huang. For the large rainfall-runoff events, the slope-adjusted CN method put forward by Huang performed better with increasing initial abstraction ratio (λ). It appeared to be appropriate for overland runoff prediction in hillslope cropland of purple soil when the value of λ was equal to 0.3 in the case of large rainfall-runoff events, according to the values of Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (E=0.99) and mean relative error (RE=7.42%). Runoff discharge observed and estimated by the modified model achieved relatively good agreement in each rainfall-runoff event with mean relative error of 7.58%, 7.93%, 8.92%, 5.98%, and 7.13%, respectively. The results also revealed that the validated curve numbers calculated from the equation developed by Huang were 78.23, 78.45, 78.77, 79.11, and 79.47 for each slope gradient from 6.5° to 25°, respectively. This study provides valuable information for rainfall-runoff estimation and soil and water conservation in the hilly area of purple soil.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Runoff
Controlled terms:Abstracting - Curve fitting - Efficiency - Erosion - Estimation - Forecasting - Infiltration - Optimization - Precipitation (chemical) - Rain - Soil conservation - Soils - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Curve numbers - Experimental conditions - Initial abstraction ratio - Mean relative error - Rainfall-runoff events - Slope gradients - Soil and water conservation - Validation
Classification code:407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20141717605617
Title:Navigating path recognition for greenhouse mobile robot based on K-means algorithm
Authors:Gao, Guoqin (1); Li, Ming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Corresponding author:Gao, G.(gqgao@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:25-33
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In a greenhouse with an unstructured environment, for the images collected by monocular vision, conventional path recognition algorithms are difficult to guarantee their robustness due to illumination variation, background reflection, shadow noise, etc. In addition, the increase of the amount of calculation of algorithms caused by the complicated background information of the greenhouse environment affects the quickness and the real-timeness of the greenhouse mobile robot autonomous navigation, which leads to the difficulty of meeting the requirement for the operation efficiency of the greenhouse mobile robot and impedes the practical application of the mobile robot technology in agricultural production. For the above problems, considering the influence of illumination conditions and complex background information in the greenhouse environment on the quality of the image segmentation, this paper focuses on the research of the color space selection and the image segmentation algorithm for a monocular vision greenhouse mobile robot. In order to not only reduce the impact of light information on the path recognition so as to improve the robustness of the algorithm, but also to enhance the accuracy of the path information recognition by adopting a novel image segmentation algorithm and meanwhile, reducing the calculation of the subsequent Hough transform so as to increase the quickness of path identification. Firstly, to ensure the robustness of the navigation path recognition algorithm in the greenhouse environment, three components H, S, and I are respectively separated from HSI color space, and the H component which has nothing to do with light intensity and can effectively restrain the effect of noise is extracted from the subsequent image processing. Secondly, to improve the rapidity of the greenhouse navigation path recognition and meet the real-time requirements of autonomous navigation operations, for the color characteristic of the greenhouse environment, the clustering segmentation of the image is performed based on K-means algorithm to achieve the respective clusters of the path and the green crop information. Then, the redundant and the interference information existing in the clustered image is eliminated by a morphological corrosion so as to obtain the complete and clear path information. Compared with a conventional threshold segmentation method, the proposed method can solve the problem of a too large memory occupation and a too long calculation time caused by the unclear segmentation information for the subsequent Hough transform, thus can enhance the rapidity of the greenhouse path recognition and meet the real-time requirements of autonomous navigation and operation of the greenhouse robot. Finally, in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the method in this paper, and the conventional method of the gray processing in RGB color space and the threshold segmentation are respectively used to process the greenhouse image information for comparison. The experiment results show that for the greenhouse robot working in the environment with a complex background and variable light, the proposed method can significantly reduce the effect of the non-uniform illumination on the navigation path recognition, that is, has a good robustness to the non-uniform illumination. Furthermore, the processing time of a single image is reduced by 53.26%, so the rapidity of the path recognition can be significantly improved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Clustering algorithms - Color - Color image processing - Computer vision - Greenhouse effect - Greenhouses - Hough transforms - Inertial confinement fusion - Mobile robots - Navigation - Robots - Vision
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - HSI color space - Image segmentation algorithm - k-Means algorithm - Non-uniform illumination - Path recognition - Segmentation informations - Unstructured environments
Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 451 Air Pollution - 621.2 Fusion Reactors - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 731.5 Robotics - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741.2 Vision - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20141717605636
Title:Experiment on fuel flexibility of biomass pellet burner
Authors:Wang, Yueqiao (1); Tian, Yishui (1); Hou, Shulin (2); Zhao, Lixin (1); Meng, Haibo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; (2) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agricultural Residues, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China
Corresponding author:Tian, Y.(yishuit@yahoo.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:197-205
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Because there exists much diversity in raw materials, biomass fuel pellet properties, and corresponding combustion equipment, research to develop the fuel adaptability of biomass burners is necessary. The research was accomplished on a self-build biomass combustion equipment-monitoring platform. The monitoring platform has multiple sensors to collect and process data of the burner's control parameters and combustion state parameters. Based on the platform, the author used a PB-20-type biomass pellet burner, which is designed by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering. The author investigated five kinds of biomass pellets with ash values from 0 to 25 percent, And tested nine kinds of working conditions for each pellet with 3, 4, and 5 kg/h fuel feed rates and 2 600, 2 700, and 2 800 r/min fan speed. The thermal performance of the burner was tested according to the GB/T10180-2003 Thermal performance test code for industrial boilers and the GB13271-2001 Emission standard of air pollutants for coal-burning oil-burning gas-fired boilers. During each test, the water circulation amount, inlet and outlet temperature of water, cold air and exhaust gas temperature, slag temperature, O<inf>2</inf>\CO\NO\NO<inf>2</inf> content in flue gas, and the slag ash content were processed. The excess air ratio, anti-balance efficiency, gas incomplete combustion heat loss, heat loss due to combustion in refuse, heat loss due to sensible heat in slag, soot emissions and blackness of each condition with the thermal performance data of the burnerwere then calculated. Combined with physical and chemical characteristics of the pellet fuels, the pellet fuel combustion efficiency change and its causes wereanalyzed, and fuel feed rate and the best match into the air flow of 15-25 kW biomass pellet fuel burner were obtained. The results showed that the pellets with ash content ≥20 percentwere not applicable to this type of biomass pellet burner; the recommended parameters for pellets with ash rate 12.40 percent were 4 kg/h (feed rate), 2600-2800 r/min (fan speed), 3 r/min, turn on 5 sec/turn off 35 sec (slag-off speed); for pellets with ash rate 7.21percent, the recommended parameters were 3-4 kg/h (feed rate), 2600-2800 r/min (fan speed), 3 r/min, turn on 5 sec/turn off 60-55 sec (slag-off speed); and for pellets withash rate ≤1.0 percent, the recommended parameters were 3-4 kg/h (feed rate), 2600-2800 r/min (fan speed), without slagging. This study summarizes the burner's control parameters for the biomass pellet fuel, and provides data support for the promotion and application of the pellet burner.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Pelletizing
Controlled terms:Ashes - Biomass - Coal combustion - Coal fired boilers - Combustion - Fueling - Fuels - Gas emissions - Gas fired boilers - Heat losses - Industrial emissions - Oil fired boilers - Slags
Uncontrolled terms:Biomass pellet fuels - Biomass pellets - Exhaust gas temperatures - Fan speed - Feed-rates - Fuel flexibility - Incomplete combustion - Physical and chemical characteristics
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 521 Fuel Combustion and Flame Research - 521.1 Fuel Combustion - 522 Gas Fuels - 523 Liquid Fuels - 524 Solid Fuels - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 802.3 Chemical Operations
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20141717605614
Title:Radar polarimetric response features and remote sensing monitoring of wheat lodging
Authors:Yang, Hao (1); Yang, Guijun (1); Gu, Xiaohe (1); Li, Zengyuan (2); Chen, Erxue (2); Feng, Qi (2); Yang, Xiaodong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (2) Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
Corresponding author:Yang, X.(yangxd@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:1-8
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Wheat lodging is one of the most popular agriculture disaster. It has a great influence on the yield formation of wheat and causes huge loss every year. However, available means for monitoring crop lodging in large area is very limited. The potential capability of radar remote sensing for monitoring wheat lodging was explored in this study. After the backscattering coefficient of wheat field parcels were extracted at different polarization mode, radar backscattering behavior of typical lodging wheat parcels and the one of typical normal wheat parcels was dynamically compared at different growth stages and at different polarization mode, based on 5 multi-temporal Radarsat-2 images that covered an entire wheat growth cycle from sowing to near harvest. Results showed that there were distinct differences between lodging and normal wheat parcels in all polarization channels. When compared to normal wheat, the backscattering coefficient at HH (H, horizontal polarization) polarization decreased remarkably, while the one at VV (V, vertical polarization) polarization increased and the one at HV polarization increased slightly for lodging wheat. It was also found that polarimetric feature from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data was very sensitive to wheat lodging and the sensibility was caused by unique structural characteristics of wheat vegetation and inherent polarization characteristics of SAR observation. Then a method based on radar polarimetric index, which took the full advantage of this sensibility, was put forward to monitoring wheat lodging. And the method was validated by in-situ data collected in 28 wheat parcels in Shangkuli Farmland in Inner Mongolia, China, at heading and filling stages of spring wheat. The result revealed that the polarimetric index, especially based on the ratio of dual-polarization backscattering coefficient (HH/VV and HH/HV), had excellent performance for distinguishing lodging from normal wheat parcels: all the 11 lodging wheat parcels with different severity were detected successfully from 28 parcels. In addition, the results were compared with the ones by single polarization channel data. It showed that the polarimetric index method had good anti-inference ability such as resisting influence of wheat growth difference, and can better reflect the intrinsic feature of lodging. It should be mentioned that the monitoring result may be influenced by harvest situation and vegetation water content etc. Moreover, while optical remote sensing relied on its spectral features to monitor crop lodging, radar remote sensing utilized polarimetric features to monitor crop lodging since SAR observation had advantage in reflecting the structural variation of lodging. Therefore, radar remote sensing have great potential for crop lodging monitoring, and the study presented a simple and effective method for monitoring wheat lodging in large area.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Synthetic aperture radar
Controlled terms:Backscattering - Crops - Disasters - Monitoring - Polarimeters - Polarization - Radar - Remote sensing - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Backscattering coefficients - Lodging - Multi-temporal - Polarimetric index - Polarization characteristics - Remote sensing monitoring - Structural characteristics - Wheat
Classification code:484 Seismology - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 711.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 731.1 Control Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 941.3 Optical Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20141717605632
Title:Agricultural drought monitoring in north Jiangsu by using temperature vegetation dryness index
Authors:Bao, Yansong (1); Yan, Jing (1); Min, Jinzhong (1); Wang, Dongmei (3); Li, Zitian (1); Li, Xinchuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (2) School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (3) Jiangsu Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210017, China
Corresponding author:Bao, Y.(ysbao@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:163-172
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This paper focuses on developing an agricultural droughty monitoring method in north Jiangsu province based on the measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). In order to build soil moisture estimation model, we collected gravimetric water content of soil at experimental sites in 2011, measured the soil moisture of the sites in 2012, and downloaded the 8-day MODIS reflectance and land surface temperature data from January to May in 2011 and 2012 in this study region. The gravimetric water content of soil included soil moisture at 10 cm depth and at 20 cm depth. The used MODIS data have some noise from atmospheric effects, and some data can not be acquired because of cloud. Therefore, a Savitzky-Golay (S-G) filter method was selected to remove NDVI and LST noise, and generate lost NDVI and LST. Then, the Temperature-Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) was calculated from the re-created NDVI and LST data. A correlation analysis between TVDI and soil moisture at 10 cm and 20 cm depth were conducted. The results showed that TVDI was more correlative with soil moisture at 10 cm depth compared to at 20 cm depth, and that soil moisture at 10 cm depth was highly correlative with soil moisture at 20 cm depth. Based on the TVDI and soil moisture data at 10 cm depth, an empirical model for soil moisture estimation was built and validated. In addition, an empirical model was also built to describe the relationship between soil moisture at 10 cm and 20 cm depth. Finally, the two models was utilized to estimate soil moisture at 20 cm depth in the area from MODIS data, and the estimated soil moisture was used to monitor field droughty status with a criterion about wheat field draughty evaluation. The results show that S-G filter method removes the MODIS data noise, and can be used to generate the lost data. The correlation analysis between soil moisture and TVDI shows that TVDI has higher correlation with soil moisture at 10 cm depth, and a linear model can be used to best-fit the relationship between TVDI and the soil moisture at 10 cm depth. The correlation analysis between soil moisture at 10 cm depth and at 20 cm depth shows that soil moisture at 20 cm depth has higher correlation with soil moisture at 10 cm depth, and a linear model can be used to best-fit the relationship between soil moisture at 10 cm depth and at 20 cm depth. The validation experiments show that the model obtains a high accuracy of soil moisture estimation with an r2 of 0.575 and a RMSE of 2.59%. Using this model, soil moisture maps at 10 cm depth were obtained. The linear model describing the relationship between soil moisture at 10 cm and 20 cm depth was used to obtain soil moisture maps at 20 cm depth. Wheat field draught maps in north Jiangsu Province were obtained by the criterion about wheat field draughty evaluation. Validation experiments showed that the experiments showed the droughty monitoring method was promising in monitoring the droughty, which appeared in north Jiangsu province.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Atmospheric temperature - Correlation methods - Drought - Estimation - Experiments - Image reconstruction - Mathematical models - Monitoring - Radiometers - Remote sensing - Satellite imagery - Soil moisture - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural drought - Atmospheric effects - Correlation analysis - Land surface temperature - Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer - Soil moisture estimation - Temperature-vegetation dryness indices - Vegetation drought indices
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 731.1 Control Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20141717605631
Title:Research of network information management system for high-throughput rice breeding
Authors:Gao, Yun (1); He, Zhilong (1); Li, Xiaoyu (1); Li, Xuan (1); Zhou, Xiaojun (1); Zhang, Hui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Corresponding author:Li, X.(lixiaoyu@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:155-162
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:High-throughput rice planting experiments and phenotypic traits testing are the main methods in the research of rice molecular genetic breeding. In this research, a network information management system was designed based on the combination of RFID technology, database technology, and network technology to solve the problems of wrong/delaying-recording, inconvenient-searching/sharing and other issues during the acquisition of breeding information. The system efficiently improves the speed of rice planting experiments. The research is based on the greenhouse potted rice automation conveying equipment in Huazhong Agricultural University, which consists of the automatic greenhouse, the automatic irrigation system, the automated high-throughput potted rice planting and transmission system, and the rice phenotypic traits testing equipment. Its functions include potted rice breeding and cultivation, irrigation, transportation, scheduling, phenotypic traits testing, data recording in the phenotype of growth process, etc. This paper analyzes the network information management system, which is composed of RFID tags, RFID tag readers, networking software, and a database. RFID tags are placed on the bottom of each pot for real-time identification of rice, and RFID tag readers are installed under the transport line to get needed information by a unique code assigned to each corresponding RFID tag. The networking software, which could be accessed remotely, is built for the management of the rice breeding information and based on Visual Studio. The NET 2010 platform, programmed with C # and JavaScript language, realizes data management and interaction with the SQL Server 2008 database platform. We conducted the system in the Browser/Server structure with Windows platform. The mentionable point is that we added an ActiveX control in a web page, which can realize reading and writing RFID tags remotely via a browser, which is only needed to visit the system and to achieve accesses, queries, updates and other operations about breeding information data through the remote PC. With the establishment of the rice breeding information entity-relationship model, a unique code is proposed in this paper, including rice varieties and mutant libraries, generations of planting, sequential numbers of current generations, sequential numbers of parental generations, and flags of genetic mutations. Each code corresponds with one pot of rice, and is stored in both the RFID tag and database. According to the code, we can trace the family members of multi-generational rice from the database and build the family tree of rice for experiments. The system remotely realizes the real-time information management of breeding and rice mutant library planting trials. Tests in the planting area prove that the system is stable and reliable, and can improve the efficiency of rice genetics and breeding experiments.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Search engines
Controlled terms:Computer networks - Cultivation - Database systems - Experiments - Greenhouses - Information management - Information systems - Java programming language - Radio frequency identification (RFID) - Software testing
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic irrigation systems - Browser/server structures - Entity-Relationship modeling - Planting experiments - Radio frequency identification devices - Real-time identification - Real-time information managements - Rice breeding
Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 901.3 Engineering Research - 903.2 Information Dissemination
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20141717605638
Title:Root-zone cooling effect of water-cooled seedling bed on growth of tomato seedling
Authors:Li, Shengli (1); Shi, Xiaodan (1); Xia, Yazhen (1); Sun, Zhiqiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Corresponding author:Li, S.(lslhc@yeah.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:212-218
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the main plant organ of absorbing and transporting water and nutrients, root system and its metabolism directly affect plant growth and development.Plant growth is more susceptible to root zone temperature than above ground portion. The root zone temperature greatly affects the growth and physiological metabolism of plant. Optimal and stable rhizosphere temperature is an important factor for root growth and metabolism. The heat stress around rhizosphere during summer season is an important factor limiting the seedling growth. Root-zone cooling is more economical compared with air temperature cooling, it can be an effective solution to alleviate high temperature stress. A new water-cooled seedling bed (WSD) was exploited by using the underground water as the natural coolant to lower the root-zone temperature during summer season. The root cooling system consisted of inlet pipe, cooling tube, return pipe and control valve. The profile of cooling tube with a trapezoidal cross section was used, which could increase the contact area between cooling tube and plug trays. Tomato seedlings were grown in 72-cell plug trays that were cooled by cold water flowing through the cooling tube buried at the bottom of plug trays. The objective of this study was to investigate the cooling effect of water-cooled seedling bed and its effect on the growth of tomato seedling. The root zone temperature, growth and physiological characteristics of tomato seedling were analyzed in this study. The results showed that the cumulative temperature, mean daily temperature and mean daily maximum temperature of the root-zone in WSD were on average, 154.1, 4.5 and 6.5°C lower than those of non-cooled seedling bed (NSD) during tomato seedling period, respectively. The mean temperature diurnal variation of WSD (8.5°C) was milder than that of NSD (13.6°C). The root-zone temperature was analyzed. The results showed that the mean high temperature duration of WSD above 25 and 28°C were 8.0 and 3.1 h per day, respectively. However, the mean high temperature duration of NSD reached 15.6 and 10.3 h. The run length of WSD was shortened by 7.6 and 7.2 h at the fixed level 25 and 28°C, respectively. The leaf evaporating rate of tomato seedling in cooled treatment was enhanced by 36.3% compared with that of non-cooled treatment, which improved the temperature difference between leaf and air. Root activity and the net photosynthetic rate of tomato seedling were also improved significantly. Plant height, dry mass of shoot and root of tomato seedling in cooled treatment were increased by 35.8% and 72.6% compared with seedling of non-cooled treatment, while no significant difference was observed in the stem diameter of seedling between two treatments. Tomato seedling healthy index in the water-cooled seedling bed was improved by 57.1% compared with a non-cooled treatment. This study indicated that the water-cooled seedling bed is an effective method to alleviate heat stress around rhizosphere and improve the seedling growth during summer season.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Cooling - Cooling water - Forestry - Groundwater - Growth (materials) - Metabolism - Physiology - Plants (botany) - Soils - Temperature - Thermal stress - Tubes (components) - Water
Uncontrolled terms:High temperature stress - Net photosynthetic rate - Physiological characteristics - Rhizosphere temperature - Temperature differences - Tomato seedlings - Trapezoidal cross sections - Water-cooled seedling bed
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 444 Water Resources - 444.2 Groundwater - 461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 616 Heat Exchangers - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20141717605647
Title:Processing optimization for improving soybean protein's emulsifying properties after freeze-thaw
Authors:Sun, Hongrui (1); Zhang, Yinghua (1); Wang, Xibo (1); Jiang, Guochuan (2); Jiang, Lianzhou (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (2) College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
Corresponding author:Wang, X.(wangxibo@neau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:281-286
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soybean protein has become an important raw material in food processing industries due to its high nutritional value and good functional properties. One of the most important properties of (soybean protein isolate) SPI is emulsifying in food. However, native soy globulins function poorly because of their compact globular structures, which makes it difficult to be utilized directly in food processing. Protein stabilized emulsions are highly sensitive to environmental stresses such as low temperature, and therefore coalescence and creaming occur, which limit their utilization in frozen food. There are no soy protein products specialized for freeze-thaw foods in China. The quality of freeze-thaw foods will be destroyed by the low temperature because the functionalities of soy protein are difficult to maintain. Maillard reaction, a condensation reaction between the reducing end of carbohydrates and the primary amine of proteins, is a well accepted and safe method. This method is the modification of soy protein by maillard reaction for improved functionalities, its reaction processes are conducted without adding any catalyst by heating. In this paper, glycosylation reaction products were obtained under wet-heating conditions in order to improve their freeze-thaw stabilities. Special soy proteins were prepared to meet the demand of soybean proteins in the application of freeze-thaw food system. In order to prepare a kind of soy proteins that can maintain high emulsion after freeze-thaw, the soy protein was modified by wet glycosylation with the dextran as glycosylation donor. Box-behnken model optimizaiton processes were established. The resulting model can be used for analysis and prediction for its goodness of fit. The experiments were designed to explore the effects of three factors including protein concentration, mass ratio of protein and sugar, reaction time on freeze-thaw stability of modified products with response surface methodology. The optimum conditions were obtained with the protein concentration of 40 mg/mL, the mass ratio of protein and sugar of 1:3, and the reaction time of 4 h. The freeze-thaw stability of modified products obtained in this condition was significantly higher than unmodified samples. The emulsifying activity index (EAI) before and after freezing and thawing were 1.687 and 1.780 times of the control, 1.367 and 1.274 times of the control, respectively. The emulsifying properties of the SPI-D mixture were investigated in the study. The results indicated that the EAI and ESI of SPI-D conjugate were significantly higher than non-heated mixtures. The addition of dextran without heating has little effect on the freeze-thaw property of soy proteins, because the EAI and ESI of non-heated mixtures are not significantly different compared with the SPI. The results of the infrared spectrum showed that SPI-D conjugate in 3 700-3 200 cm<sup>-1</sup> stretching vibration, compared to SPI appears a wider absorption, at 1 260-1 000 cm<sup>-1</sup> also appears strong absorption. The results proved that the complexity of soy protein and dextran was caursed by the reaction. Compared to SPI, the superior performance of biopolymer conjugates in emulsions was attributed to the polysaccharide moiety of the hybrid, following adsorption of the protein part at the oil-water interface. This highly solvated layer near the interface, enhances steric repulsion forces between neighboring oil droplets and retards the creaming process. Therefore, using wet glycosylation to improve the freeze-thaw stability of SPI has applicable potential. This method provides a theoretical basis for special soy protein which is more suitable for producing frozen foods.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Proteins
Controlled terms:Condensation reactions - Dextran - Emulsification - Esterification - Food processing - Freezing - Glycosylation - Mixtures - Oils and fats - Optimization - Polyacrylonitriles - Stability - Stretching - Surface properties - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Emulsifying activity indices - Food processing industry - Freeze-thaw stability - Processing optimizations - Response surface - Response surface methodology - Soy protein isolates - Soybean protein isolates
Classification code:535.2 Metal Forming - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20141717605625
Title:Influence of particle size and concentration of sediment on clogging of labyrinth channels emitters
Authors:Wu, Zeguang (1); Zhang, Zizhuo (1); Zhang, Kemeng (1); Luo, Chunyan (1); Niu, Wenquan (1); Yu, Liming (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Ministry of Water, Yangling 712100, China; (3) School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
Corresponding author:Niu, W.(nwq@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:99-108
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Drip irrigation technology is widely used due to its advantages including high efficiency water saving, ability to adapt to the terrain and so on, but the problem of emitter clogging has been always a baffled to researchers. Emitter clogging basically has three classes, respectively is physical clogging, chemical clogging and biological clogging, of which the most common is physical clogging and it is represented by sediment clogging. Studies show that even if the irrigation water after precipitation filtration, there is still have particle size of sediment particles which are less than 0.1mm get into the emitters causing emitter clogging. However, previous studies on this problem multi-use of computer simulation method to research the influence of emitter anti-clogging by emitter structures, test verification is relatively rare and most studies only from a macro perspective to observe emitters clogging, no in-depth study on the clogging mechanism. In addition, the previous researches presents the sediment particle size range which are easily lead to cause emitters clogging need further verification, sediment concentration corresponding in different size which are easily to cause emitters clogging needs to be studied in-depth. So in order to investigate the influence of sediment particle size and sediment concentration on the clogging processes of labyrinth channels emitters, periodic intermittent drip irrigation experiments were carried out using muddy water containing particles with 6 different particle ranges (all less than 0.1 mm) which were screened by means of sieving method, each particle size range of sediment are formulated to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 g/L of muddy water. Each irrigation time is 30min as same as the test interval, emitters flow collect real-time and replace new pipes after the end of each group of treatment. In these experiments, the changes of flow discharges were measured under a constant pressure and after the end of the trial clogging emitters are cut to dried in the natural state, then collect the sediment which depositing in the labyrinth channel, at least the locations of sediment clogging were observed using electron microscopy and take picture to compare the difference between the status quo sediment and the clogging sediment to proven mechanisms that cause clogging of sediment particle size in different range, it also provide a theoretical basis for how to select the appropriate filter. The results show that, the sensitive sediment particle range that cause easy clogging is depending on the sediment concentration. When the sediment concentration is less than 1.3 g/L, particle size is considered as the main cause of clogging. The most easily cause clogging particle ranges are between 0.075-0.1 mm and 0.03-0.038 mm; particle ranges from 0.05-0.075 mm and 0.02-0.03 mm are lesser; while the ranges that most difficult to cause clogging are 0.038-0.05 mm and less than 0.02 mm. When the sediment concentration is greater than the critical value that between 1.2-1.3 g/L, the effect of sediment particle size on clogging is weaker and sediment concentration becomes the main factor to cause clogging. The results also appeal that sediments can easily condense into aggregates to get drippers clogged when the sediment particle size range is less than 0.038 mm.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Sediments
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Experiments - Irrigation - Particle size - Precipitation (chemical) - Sedimentation - Water conservation - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Biological clogging - Clogging - Emitter - Labyrinth channels - Particle size ranges - Sediment concentration - Sediment particle size - Sediment particles
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 723.5 Computer Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 901.3 Engineering Research - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20141717605641
Title:Analytical study of grain moisture binding energy and hot air drying dynamics
Authors:Li, Changyou (1); Mai, Zhiwei (1); Fang, Zhuangdong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Corresponding author:Li, C.(lichyx@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:236-242
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to explore the characteristics of energy consumption for drying grain, the moisture migration potential and its characteristic function in grain were determined by the method of irreversible thermodynamics. Analytical models of moisture binding energy were established by considering the moisture migration as a certain amount of energy transfer. Analytical methods of drying force and quantitative evalution of energy consumption in grain drying were applied to analyze changes of moisture binding energy with temperature and moisture. The result showed that evaporation from grains with high moisture content was little affected by grain features, and moisture could be mostly dried in normal air. Moisture binding energy of grains with low moisture content was significantly decreased with increasing temperature. It indicated that low moisture grain dried at high temperature was inexpensive, on the contrary, increasing the temperature of grain did not improve energy consumption for moisture evaporation in high moisture grain. This study provided valuable information for analyzing the two-stage drying process and drying temperature in grain drying, revealed the driving mechanism of drying mass and the exergy, established exergy transfer model of high moisture grain, analyzed the change laws of exergy value, and proposed a scientific evaluation standard for energy efficiency and the reasonable design of drying system.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Moisture
Controlled terms:Binding energy - Drying - Energy efficiency - Energy transfer - Energy utilization - Evaporation - Exergy - Grain (agricultural product) - Moisture determination - Temperature - Thermodynamics
Uncontrolled terms:Analytical method - Characteristic functions - High moisture contents - Increasing temperatures - Irreversible thermodynamics - Moisture evaporation - Moisture migration - Scientific evaluations
Classification code:525 Energy Management and Conversion - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20141717605634
Title:Fruit tree extraction based on simultaneous tracking of two edges for 3D reconstruction
Authors:He, Leiying (1); Wu, Chuanyu (1); Du, Xiaoqiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (2) Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Transplanting Equipment and Technology, Hangzhou 310018, China
Corresponding author:Wu, C.(cywu@zstu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:182-189
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to develop adaptive equipment for the mechanical harvest of fruit, a 3D model of a fruit tree was required for analyzing its dynamic properties which can help in tuning vibratory parameters. A Chinese hickory tree without leaves was selected for this study. The objective of this paper was to extract trunks of a fruit tree from images for 3D reconstruction based on a stereo vision with two images. All tree branches in an image were divided into two parts, up-side branches and down-side branches respectively, according to their different background. The up-side branches can be easily segmented by an auto-threshold binarization algorithm. The down-side branches were extracted by simultaneous tracking of the two edges. The branch in image can be treated as a series of scanning beams defined by two end points with a certain width. The objective of the tracking process was to find an optimal path from the seed scanning beam to the root scanning. At each tracking step, nm candidate scanning beams with certain costs were generated under edge constraints, and only n scanning beams with lowest cost were reserved for next tracking step. After successfully tracking, a branch can be extracted by filling its two edges obtained from the optimal path. Thinning the branch, a binary tree was employed to describe the topology structure of the tree. In view of the continuity of shape and width of the branch, intersection points and bifurcate points of the skeleton were repaired heuristically. Under the topology and epipolar constraints, branch correspondences in two images can be found easily. Likewise, for a pair of corresponding branches, points in one branch can be found by their corresponding ones in another branch by epipolar constraints. To improve the accuracy of a reconstructed 3D model of trunk, curve-based reconstruction with curvature constraint instead of point-based reconstruction was employed. Taking into consideration of the Pipe Model of botany, the radius of a real branch was regressed as a linear equation with the variable of its length. Finally, an example of reconstructed 3D model of tree created by Pro/E software was shown. The result demonstrated that the reconstructed 3D tree is realistic visually. However, some branches were not recovered due to heavy occlusion with others. To solve these problems, more images with different views of the tree are needed and a data-fusing algorithm should be provided to combine the obtained results. For a certain branch, a comparison of the estimated radiuses between the 3D reconstruction and the measurement was made, and the relative derivation was less than 9%. The main reason was the imprecise assumption that the real cross section of branch was not an absolute circle.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Three dimensional
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Binary trees - Computer vision - Linear regression - Models - Optimization - Orchards - Scanning - Stereo vision - Topology - Trees (mathematics)
Uncontrolled terms:3D reconstruction - Binarization algorithm - Contour tracking - Curvature constraints - Epipolar constraints - Intersection points - Mechanical harvest - Vibratory parameters
Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 741.2 Vision - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20141717605646
Title:Comparison of eggshell membrane protein extracted effects by different methods
Authors:Liu, Yan (1); Luo, Can (1); Liu, Lunlun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (2) Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Y.(759673079@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:274-280
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Recently, the exploitation and utilization of eggshell membrane keratin has aroused wide interest. Eggshell membrane contains about thirty percent of keratin, is easy to obtain, and is an abundant raw material for keratin production and application. In this paper, the author uses the sodium hydroxide alkali method, hydrogen peroxide oxidation method, and alkali protease method to extract keratin from eggshell membrane. By comparing the three methods' reaction rate and keratin products' extraction rate, formula weight, and structure integrity, study the influence of three extraction methods on eggshell membrane keratin's characteristic, find the difference on the results of each method. The ratio of pure keratin weight to eggshell membrane weight represents the extraction rate of keratin. According to the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method, identify the molecular weight of the three kinds of keratin. The structural integrity of keratin is identified by ultraviolet absorption spectra and using a Fourier infrared spectrometer. The test results showed that there are differences between hydrolytic processes and properties of keratin extracted by different methods. The extraction rate of keratin by hydrogen peroxide oxidation method is 24.33 percent, higher than the sodium hydroxide alkali method (19.31 percent), and the alkali protease method (15.19 percent). The reaction rate of sodium hydroxide alkali method is fastest; the egg membrane completely dissolves` in about twenty-five minutes. The reaction rate of hydrogen peroxide oxidation method comes second; the egg membrane completely dissolves in about two hours. The hydrolysis rate by alkali protease method is the lowest; the eggshell membrane completely dissolves in up to two and a half hours. The sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis result shows that keratin product's purity and quality was better. The formula weight of eggshell membrane keratin is 31 kDa to 43 kDa in the alkaline protease method, 14.4 kDa to 20.1 kDa in the sodium hydroxide alkali method, and less than 14.4 kDa in the hydrogen peroxide oxidation method. Ultraviolet absorption spectra shows that the maximum absorption peak of the eggshell membrane keratin extracted by sodium hydroxide alkali method, hydrogen peroxide oxidation method, and alkali protease method are in the 290 nm place, the 296 nm place, and the 287 nm place, respectively, and the ultraviolet absorption peak moves to longer wavelengths. Ultraviolet absorption band occurred red shift may be associated with the destruction of extraction solvent on the structure of keratin. The ultraviolet absorption peak red shift degree of eggshell membrane keratin extracted by alkali protease method is lowest, indicating that the destruction of enzymatic method on the structure of eggshell membrane keratin is minimal. The result of Fourier infrared spectra shows that, Eggshell membrane keratin extracted by sodium hydroxide alkali method and alkaline protease method has a characteristic absorption peak in the infrared spectral region amideI, amide II and amide III belt, indicating that keratin extracted by the alkali method and the alkaline protease method have kept the keratin's secondary structure integrity. There is no characteristic absorption peak in the infrared spectral region amide I belt and amide III belt of the eggshell membrane keratin extracted by the hydrogen peroxide oxidation method, but in the amide II belt appeared two characteristic absorption peaks, in the 1 489 cm<sup>-1</sup> place and the 1478 cm<sup>-1</sup> place. There are three characteristic absorption peaks near the 1 000 cm<sup>-1</sup> place, which are produced by the N-H bending vibration and the S-O stretching vibration, thus indicating that the disulfide bond in the eggshell membrane keratin is opened by hydrogen peroxide, and the keratin's secondary structure is destroyed.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Keratin
Controlled terms:Amides - Biological membranes - Caustic soda - Covalent bonds - Doppler effect - Electromagnetic wave absorption - Electrophoresis - Extraction - Hydrogen peroxide - Membranes - Oxidation - Peroxides - Reaction rates - Sodium dodecyl sulfate - Stretching - Technology
Uncontrolled terms:Alkali protease - Characteristic absorption - Eggshell - Hydrogen peroxide oxidations - Infrared spectral regions - Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - Sodium hydroxides - Ultraviolet absorption
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 535.2 Metal Forming - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 711.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 901 Engineering Profession - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20141717605618
Title:Study on cylinder liner hot deformation of turbocharged inter-cooled diesel engine
Authors:Bi, Yuhua (1); Xiang, Rong (1); Lei, Jilin (1); Shen, Lizhong (1); Zhang, Peiyi (1); Song, Guofu (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Engines, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (2) Kunming Yunnei Power Co., Ltd, Kunming 650500, China
Corresponding author:Bi, Y.(yuhuabi97@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:34-41
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Deformation of the cylinder liners, which was caused by inhomogeneous mechanical and thermal loads, mainly affects the performances of sealing, lubrication and wearing between piston assembly, and the cylinder liners and emission performance. It is significantly important for reducing oil consumption, oil emissions, and improving friction properties to control cylinder liner deformation and out-of-roundness. The characteristics of deformation caused by mechanical load was researched in the author's previous work. Therefore, there is a need to find out the distortion of liner caused by thermal load. In the present study, a coupled heat transfer model of the cylinder heads, the cooling water jacket, the cylinder liners, and the engine body of four cylinders, in-line, water cooling, turbocharged inter-cooled diesel engine was established by using the fluid-solid coupling heat transfer method. In this model, the external boundary conditions, which are difficult to determine on the fluid and solid contact faces, were translated into internal boundary conditions. The heat transfer in the solid and fluid was coupled by coupling the surfaces of the solid and fluid. Thus, the expected results of temperature distribution and coolant flow can be computed. The flow characteristics of coolant and the key point temperatures of the cylinder liners and cylinder heads were tested to correct the boundary conditions of flow and heat transfer. On the basis of correctional boundary conditions of heat transfer, the flow characteristics in the water jacket and heat transfer in the cylinder liners and cylinder heads were analyzed. Then, the steady-state heat transfer temperature distribution and the characteristics of thermal deformation of the cylinder liners were obtained. The results indicate that the coolant flow and cooling are uneven due to the difference of water jackets for each cylinder. The flow velocity is gradually reduced from the first to the fourth cylinder, and the temperature is gradually increased. The temperature of the exhaust side is higher than that of the intake side. The temperature distribution of each cylinder liner is uneven because of inhomogeneous coolant flow and thermal load. The temperature of the top of the cylinder liners, which is located between two adjacent cylinders, is higher than the other parts of cylinder liner (the highest temperature is 195°C, which is located at the top of the third and fourth cylinder liners). Temperature gradually decreases from the top to the bottom of the cylinder liners. The temperature at the top of the liners, which has contact with the bodies, is high, and the temperature gradient is large. The temperature gradient decreases in the middle area of the liners surrounded by coolant. The temperature and gradient at the bottom area of the liners for each cylinder liner, which is located under the bottom dead center of the pistons, are similar. The synthetic thermal deformation of each cylinder liner is not uniform; deformations of the first and the fourth cylinder liner are larger. The maximum expansion of hot deformation is 0.216mm and located at 90° of the fourth cylinder on the flywheel end. The largest shrinkage deformation is -0.131mm and located in between the first and second cylinder. The trend of deformation at the radial section of the liners is different from the trend of synthetic deformation. The middle area of the liners, surrounded by coolant, mainly presents expansion deformation. Expansion deformation of the top and bottom of each liner, constrained by the body, is smaller. Each cylinder shows inhomogeneous radial deformation, which is just like the shape of a pea, and there is a symmetry between the second and the third cylinders, and between the first and the fourth cylinders respectively. Deformation of main and minor thrust face for each cylinder liner is relatively less, and the difference of deformation of each liner is also smaller.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Deformation
Controlled terms:Boundary conditions - Coolants - Cylinder heads - Cylinders (shapes) - Diesel engines - Engine pistons - Engines - Heat transfer - Temperature distribution - Thermal gradients - Thermal load
Uncontrolled terms:Cooling water jackets - Coupled heat transfer model - External boundary conditions - Flow and heat transfer - Fluid-solid coupling - Internal boundary conditions - Steady-state heat transfer - Turbocharged inter-cooled diesel engine
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 612 Engines - 621 Nuclear Reactors - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 643.1 Space Heating - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20141717605635
Title:Variety identification of rice seed based on three-dimensional reconstruction method of sequence images
Authors:Qian, Yan (1); Yin, Wenqing (1); Lin, Xiangze (1); Ding, Yongqian (1); Feng, Xuebin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China; (2) Jiangsu Province Engineering Lab for Modern Facility Agriculture Technology and Equipment, Nanjing 210031, China
Corresponding author:Yin, W.(yinwq@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:190-196
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rice seed surface morphology is an important aspect of seed purity identification and recognition. Considering that artificial recognition and identification methods have some faults, which including low efficiency, high labor costs, and poor accuracy. So scientifically selecting quality rice seeds by using computer vision methods is important. Different models and methods have been established in the field of crop seed identification. Studies on rice seed speciation analysis methods indicate that the current detection methods in computer vision mainly analyze 2D information and that the use of 3D models is lacking. This paper proposes a 3D rice seed reconstruction system which can be used to measure the morphology of rice seed, with more accurate shape measure parameters and more comprehensive appearance characteristics and defect expression. In this paper, a new crop seed reconstruction system that supports fast and accurate recognition was designed to build a 3D surface morphology. The depth-from-focus (DFF) method was applied in the analysis of crop surface morphology. Image sequences were acquired by using a specific vision device through setting different distances between the camera lens and the rice seed. High-pass filtering was used to extract pixels and analyze strength value changes in the frequency domain. The second-order differential was employed to strengthen the value in the frequency domain by using the improved Laplacian operator. The threshold statistical analysis was conducted in pixel windows, by which each pixel generated a value which showed the focusing condition. The focusing measure of the image sequence effectively determined the estimated depth value of a pixel, and a focusing pixel stack could be defined based on these values. Using the characteristics of the Gaussian distribution of the focal depth estimation value, the Gaussian interpolation was calculated to obtain a more precise surface morphology depth value. As a result, a depth image collected based on the estimated depth value of the pixel was developed. Finally, through depth image smoothing and edge pixel processing, a 3D point cloud could be produced. Thus, a rice seed reconstruction system which can be used in rice seed identification and recognition was designed. This novel system supports three main patterns, namely, shape, texture, and 3D recognition. Through further calculations, the surface morphology characteristics of seed are obtained. The new 3D surface morphology reconstruction system can effectively overcome the deficiencies of traditional seed speciation analysis methods and can be served as an important reference for researchers. Finally, the BP neural network model was constructed to support the variety identification. Suitable neural network algorithm was selected for five different sorts of rice seed, and the final identification rate is 90%. The research can provide a reference for study of three-dimension shape and texture in automation crops variety identification field.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Three dimensional
Controlled terms:Computer vision - Crops - Focusing - Frequency domain analysis - Image recognition - Image reconstruction - Mathematical operators - Neural networks - Object recognition - Pixels - Surface morphology - Textures - Wages
Uncontrolled terms:Depth from focus - Rice seed - Sequence images - Three-dimensional reconstruction - Variety
Classification code:716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 723.5 Computer Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 911.1 Cost Accounting - 921 Mathematics - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 933 Solid State Physics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20141717605639
Title:Risk assessment method of grain production guarantee capacity of regional cultivated land
Authors:Ji, Xiang (1); Liu, Liming (1); Qi, Xiaoxing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Land Resources Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Corresponding author:Liu, L.(liulm@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:219-226
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Food security always attracts strong attention from researchers and policy makers in China, because it has more than one fifth of the world's population, but the total cultivated area accounts for only about seven percent of the world's total cultivated area. However, relevant studies were normally conducted at the national level, which generally considered China's food security as a whole or used a single index system set for analysis. Therefore, study on food security from a regional scale will be of great value for policy makers. Grain production guarantee capacity of regional cultivated land is the satisfaction degree of regional grain supply to meet the national grain demand, which is mainly influenced by local cultivated land resources, cropping systems, and socio-economic factors. Regional total grain demand should be measured from a national perspective because of the mobility of grain and population; more specifically, it should be calculated based on the proportion of regional resource endowments in the national total endowments. In this paper, a framework is proposed to evaluate regional grain production capacity and the corresponding security level, and the Grey System Model is used to estimate regional grain production capacity under three different scenarios (normal harvest years, bad harvest years, and good harvest years) based on the historical grain production levels. After that, scenarios are selected that could meet the national grain demand and divide the risks of grain production guarantee capacity into four grades, i.e., low risk, small risk, medium risk, and high risk. To test this approach, the Dongting Lake area (located in the northeastern part of Hunan province) was chosen as the case study area, and 2020 was selected as the predicted year. The results show that the risk level of grain production guarantee capacity of the Dongting Lake area is low risk under normal conditions, which means the grain production capacity of the Dongting Lake area can meet the national grain demand in bad harvest years. Judging from the spatial distribution, the areas closer to the lake have a higher risk grade than the other areas. This is partly because the areas are rich in water resources so some farmers tend to give up grain planting in favor of fishpond operations, which makes cultivated land decrease. On the other hand, because of the geographic location of this area, some accidental factors, such as the natural climate, have great influence on grain yield and exhibit considerable variation, which also causes the gap among grain production guarantee capacities to increase at different times. These condition results in a relative high risk of grain production guarantee capacity in this area. On the whole, the grain production guarantee capacity of the Dongting Lake area is optimistic in the near future, but the risks of grain production guarantee capacity of some counties are high. Therefore, relevant policies should be put forward to improve this situation. The method proposed in this paper can provide a novel way to study the relationship between the grain security situation and cultivated land resources in different areas.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Risk perception
Controlled terms:Food products - Food supply - Harvesting - Lakes - Land use - Risk assessment - Water resources - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Cultivated lands - Dongting Lake area - Food security - Geographic location - Grain production levels - Risk assessment methods - Satisfaction degrees - Socio-economic factor
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 444 Water Resources - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 822.3 Food Products - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20141717605644
Title:Method of variable universe fuzzy control base on inverse-model decoupling for green tea baking
Authors:Li, Lin (1); Zhou, Guoxiong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 414006, China
Corresponding author:Li, L.(285570227@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:258-267
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Baking technology is the key technology of the Green Tea refining process, and it directly affects the preservation of tea time, aroma and taste. At present, there are two ways for Green Tea baking; charcoal baking and roasting. Machine baking of charcoal, the main process by manual operation, greatly rely on the experience of workers and a low degree of standardization, but the tea quality is not stable; machine baking with an electric oven for baking is widely used, but due to the lack of systematic research, the control algorithm is simple, the temperature error is higher than 5°C, and the humidity error is greater than eight percent. Therefore, studies of one kind of advanced green tea baking process control method should be of vital significance. The key of the baking process is precise control of temperature and humidity, however, the roasting process physics, complex chemical changes, system temperature, and humidity influence each other, forming a nonlinear coupling. At the same time, when baking process parameters are affected by environment changes, the traditional control algorithms often provide poor results. Through the analysis of the principles of machine roasted green tea baking, it is not hard see that control key processes, such as the high precision control of decoupling temperature and humidity, are important. To solve these problems, a variable universe fuzzy control model based on the inverse-mode decoupling method was proposed. The control system consists of the inverse system decoupling compensation based on SVM, base temperature, humidity, and variable universe fuzzy algorithm for independent control of two parts. The SVM decoupling compensator, utilizing self-learning characteristics of SVM, and the reverse identification of the original system, to approximate the inverse model Green Tea baking system, connected with the original system in parallel, a pseudo linear system. The motor temperature and humidity into the subsystem are independent of each other, and then the linear system control method is used to control the baking process. Variable universe fuzzy algorithm, according to the temperature, humidity setting value and the system detection feedback value, respectively, to achieve closed-loop on temperature, humidity independent fuzzy control; then the variable universe fuzzy algorithm, to solve system device parameters and the parameters of the sensor drift on the fixed rules of fuzzy algorithm, improve control accuracy and adaptability to environment. Adopting this control system, the test comparison of 3 kinds of Green Tea sample, temperature control error is less than 1.4°C, relative humidity error is only 2.8%, but with PID controller, the temperature error is 5.2°C, the relative humidity of the error of 7.6%. The average score of sensory evaluation in this paper is 95.7, better than PID control algorithm scored an average of 85.8, the average increase of 15.2% tertiary alcohol ingredient orange flower, alpha foreseen component increased an average of 17.4%, linalool increased an average of 14.2% components. The performance and quality of experiments prove the effectiveness of this method.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Process control
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Calcination - Charcoal - Couplings - Fuzzy control - Fuzzy sets - Humidity control - Inverse problems - Linear systems - Models - Temperature control - Temperature measurement - Three term control systems
Uncontrolled terms:Decoupling - Green tea - Inverse mode - SVM - Variable regions
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 524 Solid Fuels - 602 Mechanical Drives and Transmissions - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 944.6 Temperature Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20141717605620
Title:Irrigation regime and salt dynamics for rice with brackish water irrigation in coastal region of North Jiangsu Province
Authors:Wang, Xiangping (1); Yang, Jingsong (1); Yao, Rongjiang (1); Yu, Shipeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (2) Dongtai Institute of Tidal Flat, Nanjing Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dongtai 224200, China
Corresponding author:Yang, J.(jsyang@issas.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:54-63
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil salinity and the shortage of fresh water resource are the major factors to limit sustainable development of agriculture industry in the newly reclaimed coastal tidal flat soil in northern Jiangsu Province. The results from previous investigation demonstrate that this area has saline water resources with a shallow groundwater table. Rice as a moderate salt-tolerant crop is cultivated widely in this area. Thus, an experiment has been conducted to evaluate the effects of irrigation water with different salt concentration on soil salinity, grain yield and water use efficiency in the region. Field experiments always are time-consuming and expensive. Whereas, simulation models play an increasingly important role in predicting long-term effects of saline water irrigation on soil salinity and crop production. The objective of this paper was to use SWAP model to evaluate the effects of irrigation water with different salt concentration on rice water use efficiency and the dynamic of soil salt concentration in a paddy field based on a field experiment results. Rice was grown on a sandy loam soil and surfaced irrigated with three water quantities (V1, V2 and V3) and five different salt concentrations (C, M1, M2, M3, Ma and Mb), respectively. SWAP model was calibrated and validated based on the field experiments. Model simulation results agreed well with the observed values. For example, the root mean squared error (RMSE) for the salt concentration were 0.60 mg cm<sup>-3</sup> from simulation and 0.50 mg/cm<sup>3</sup> from the experiment, and the simulated and observed values distributed along the 1:1 line. For the grain yield, most of the relativity error (RE) values were less than 10%. Furthermore, the water use efficiency (WUE) and dynamics of soil water and salt for rice were analyzed based on SWAP simulation results. The results showed that the grain yield and WUE increased with the increase of irrigation water quantity, but the effect of irrigation quality on grain yield and WUE was not as obvious as irrigation quantity. And the high rice yield and WUE were obtained under sufficient irrigation amount with 1.5 mg/cm<sup>3 </sup> salt concentration, i.e. MaV3 treatment. The soil salt was accumulated at 60-90 cm soil depth for all the irrigation treatments, and the depth for soil salt accumulation was related to irrigation water quantity and quality. The highest salt concentration was 8.94 mg/cm<sup>3</sup> occurred at 85 cm soil depth for M3V3 treatment. Even so, the soil still was considered as non-salinized soil based on the saline soil classification standard for coastal regions in China. The degree of soil salinity was not increased after the brackish water irrigation and the main outflow of soil salt was through deep percolation. Finally, the validated model was used to predict the soil salt concentration distribution characteristics under optimal irrigation treatment for long-term brackish water irrigation. Ten-year simulation showed that the with 1.5 mg/cm<sup>3</sup> salt concentration, the water irrigation would not result in soil secondary salinization for 0-100 cm soil depth. The study provided useful information for utilization of local slight saline water.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Coastal zones - Computer simulation - Cultivation - Dynamics - Economic geology - Efficiency - Experiments - Grain (agricultural product) - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Irrigation - Runoff - Saline water - Salts - Soil moisture - Soils - Solvents - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Brackish water - Rice - Root mean squared errors - Saline water irrigations - Shallow groundwater tables - Soil secondary salinizations - SWAP model - Water use efficiency
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 723.5 Computer Applications - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.1 Production Engineering - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20141717605624
Title:Measuring and modeling of soil evaporation for winter wheat with drip irrigation
Authors:Zhang, Yanqun (1); Wang, Jiandong (1); Gong, Shihong (1); Wu, Zhongdong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Irrigation and Drainage Department, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China; (2) Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
Corresponding author:Wang, J.(wangjd@iwhr.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:91-98
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Winter wheat is one of the main grain crops in North China Plain. The characteristics of field evapotranspiration (ET<inf>a</inf>) and partitioning the components of ET<inf>a</inf> serve as the accordance for agricultural water use and management. For a better understand of regulating crop water loss with drip irrigation techniques, field experiments were carried out at Daxing Experiment Base of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research. Micro-lysimeters (MLS) were selected to measure soil evaporation (E<inf>s</inf>) of winter wheat with and without straw mulching and treated with three different drip irrigation scheduling. Two positions, under the drip lines (wet zone) and between two drip lines (dry zone), were selected to install the MLS and total 24 MLS was installed in the 12 plots. The MLS was weighed daily and the difference of the two weights was transferred to E<inf>s</inf>. The accuracy of the MLS was evaluated by comparing the soil water content of inside the MLS to that in the field. Based on the evaluation, the seasonal dynamics of E<inf>s</inf> over the field was determined and the ratio of E<inf>s</inf> to ET<inf>a</inf> was quantified. A semi- experiential model was established to give accuracy estimates of E<inf>s</inf>. The results showed that MLS with an inner diameter of 10 cm, and a height of 15cm, with changing soil inside MLS every other 5 days, was feasible to give relatively accuracy E<inf>s</inf> measurements (error<5%) under drip irrigation in the field. After rainfalls (>5 mm), the MLS had to be reinstalled to keep the same of the soil water content inside and outside MLS. Different irrigation amount and mulching treatments affected the E<inf>s</inf> and E<inf>s</inf>/ET<inf>a</inf> significantly. E<inf>s</inf> and E<inf>s</inf>/ET<inf>a </inf>of<inf> </inf>plots covering plant residuals were significantly lower than those without mulching and, E<inf>s</inf> and E<inf>s</inf>/ET<inf>a </inf>of<inf> </inf>plots with low irrigation water were significantly lower than those with high and middle irrigation water (Plt;0.001). The seasonal averages E<inf>s</inf> were 0.98, 1.13, 1.10, 1.30, 1.02 and 1.22 mm/d for low irrigation water (I<inf>low</inf>) and mulching (M1), I<inf>low</inf> and non-mulching (M0), middle irrigation water (I<inf>mid</inf>) and M1, I<inf>mid</inf> and M0, high irrigation water (I<inf>hig</inf>) and M1 and I<inf>hig</inf>M0 treatments, respectively. The seasonal average of E<inf>s</inf>/ET<inf>a</inf> were 38.5%, 44.2%, 40.7%, 44.5%, 33.0% and 36.4% for I<inf>low</inf> M1, I<inf>low</inf> M0, I<inf>mid</inf> M1, I<inf>mid</inf> M0, I<inf>hig</inf>M1 and I<inf>hig</inf>M0 treatments, respectively. E<inf>s</inf>/ET<inf>a</inf> of this research were a little higher than some of the ratios from publications, which is partially because of the broader row distance and the lower leaf area index (LAI) of the field. Thus, the drip irrigation needs to be applied together with right agricultural water managements, such as mulching, proper sowing amount and row spaces, to maintain the advantage of this efficient irrigation method. In addition, an easy and feasible model of E<inf>s</inf> was established by selecting days after irrigation (D<inf>ai</inf>) as the independent variable. First, to eliminate the effects from the meteorological variables and LAI to E<inf>s</inf>, we standardized the E<inf>s</inf> with the potential soil evaporation (E<inf>s0</inf>), which was calculated with those meteorological variables and LAI by assuming saturate soil water content. In such case, the remaining variable that would influence E<inf>s</inf>/E<inf>s0</inf> (evaporation coefficient, K<inf>es</inf>) was soil water content. Then, D<inf>ai</inf> was selected as an alternative variable of soil water content to make the model more feasible, and an exponential decay to a constant equation was selected to fit the relationship between E<inf>s</inf> and D<inf>ai</inf>. Data from I<inf>mid</inf> treatment was selected to parameterize the model and data from I<inf>low</inf> and I<inf>hig</inf> were used to validate the model. Good agreements between the E<inf>s</inf> estimates and measurements were found in this research, with an average MAE of 0.18 mm/d. With this model, one could get relatively precise estimates of E<inf>s</inf> under drip irrigation, without measuring soil water content. The results of this research are valuable practically and of scientific significance for selecting high-efficient water-saving irrigation regimes and agricultural water managements for grain croplands in North China Plain and revealing the intrinsic advantages of that regime.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Crops - Estimation - Evaporation - Evapotranspiration - Grain (agricultural product) - Models - Rain - Research - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils - Water management - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural water management - Drip irrigation - Evaporation coefficients - Field evapotranspiration - Meteorological variables - Straw mulching - Water-saving irrigation - Winter wheat
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 446 Waterworks - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20141717605629
Title:Design of WSN node with adaptive transmitting power for rice field
Authors:Li, Xiaomin (1); Zang, Ying (1); Luo, Xiwen (1); Wang, Zaiman (1); Hu, Lian (1); Li, Teng (1); Liu, Yongxin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) Key Lab. of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment (South China Agricultural Univ.), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
Corresponding author:Zang, Y.(yingzang@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:140-146
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The environmental factors during the rice growing process have wide changes and most of the energy consumption of the sensor node is used for transmitting data. Meantime, wireless sensor networks on the basis of reliable communication consuming the lowest energy, has been a hot research topic. In order to establish a long time, stable and highly reliable wireless sensor network, a node for working on the rice fields was designed. The basis experiments study the relationship between plant height, leaf area, and the growth days and the impact on the radio channel. The basis results showed that the relationship of the plant height of the rice and the growth days caused attenuation to exist according to a logarithmic model, and the regression coefficient R<sup>2</sup> was in the range of 0.9604 and 0.9485. Plant height and leaf area increase reduced the radio signal strength and communication success rate. The experimental results also showed that increasing the transmitting power could improve communication quality because of the rice growth factor for adverse wireless channel impact. First, sensor nodes use sleeping waking up as a working mechanism to reduce power consumption. Second, to extend the working time and improve communication quality, the node uses under rice growth cycle, the communication distance, the received signal strength, the average packet loss rate and other factors, automatically adjusts the transmitting power of the energy adaptive mechanisms. The experiments demonstrated that the larger transmitting power had the effective communication distance farther and rice density and height had important impact on the wireless communication. Finally, the verification experiments results proved that if the transmitting power was less than 5 dBm, the transmitting power changes had little effect on the working current of the node. Meantime, the verification experiments showed the node operating current was less than 40 mA. Moreover, with increasing transmit power the communication success rate improved dramatically. The node reducing the transmitting power in the allowable range still resulted in a high communication success rate. With this power adaptive strategy, the wireless node working in rice tiller and heading time, the impact of transmitting power changing on the communication quality was finished. The results showed that the average packet loss rate was 5% or less, and that the received signal strength stayed within acceptable range. In short, the node designing achieved the desired purpose.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Sensor nodes
Controlled terms:Communication - Design - Electric power distribution - Energy utilization - Experiments - Wireless sensor networks - Wireless telecommunication systems
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive power - Communication distance - Effective communication - Received signal strength - Reliable communication - Rice - Transmitting power - Wireless communications
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 706.1.2 Electric Power Distribution - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 732 Control Devices - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20141717605628
Title:Simulation of winter wheat yield influenced by potential drought in China during 1962-2010
Authors:Cao, Yang (1); Yang, Jie (2); Xiong, Wei (1); Wu, Yongfeng (1); Feng, Lingzhi (1); Yang, Xiaoguang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development for Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (2) College of Resources and Environment Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
Corresponding author:Yang, J.(yj4739@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:128-139
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Frequency of extreme weathers is projected to increase under the scenario of climate change, which can cause extensive damages on crop production. Wheat is one of the most important staple crops in China, and drought is the main climate disaster affecting its yield, particularly in northern parts of the country. The temporal and spatial changes of drought impacts under climate change on wheat are therefore a great concern. Most previous studies investigated the drought impacts through the use of climate indices, such as SPI. The climate indices usually neglect the diverse responses of different crop growth stages to a certain degree of drought shock, and they also disregard the contrasting characteristics in terms of the drought resistance between crop genotypes. This study assessed the potential yield impacts of past drought anomaly (1962-2010) on winter wheat, by using a process-based crop model CERES-Wheat. The model was driven by daily weather data and soil data at a grid scale of 50 km ×50 km. The output of rainfed and fully irrigated yields were retrieved for further analysis. We used the difference between simulated irrigated and rainfed wheat yields to define a potential yield loss caused by drought. The anomaly percentage of the potential yield loss was employed to reflect the interannual and interdecadal variation of estimated impact of drought on winter wheat. We investigated the moving of drought susceptible regions by calculating a geographically drought-affecting center for each 10-year period from 1962 to 2010 (1960s: 1962-1970, 1970s: 1971-1980, 1980s: 1981-1990, 1990s: 1991-2000, 2000s: 2001-2010). Finally, the relationships between estimated yield impacts and recorded indices of atmosphere circulation was examined to understand the underlying mechanisms of past drought risks. The indices were averaged over the prior to winter wheat growing-season (June-Sept.) and the whole growing-season (Oct.-May), respectively. Our results demonstrated that simulated winter wheat yield exhibited a fast decreasing rate under the rainfied environment than that under the full irrigated condition, resulting in a slight increase of estimated potential yield loss from 1962 to 2010. These suggest that overall past climate change has caused increased drought risks for winter wheat production in China. Northwest China, especially the Loess Plain and Hexi Corridor showed the fastest increase of the drought risks among all winter wheat growing regions of China. However, the potential yield loss experienced a decrease in a few simulated time periods, such as the1960s and the 1980s, suggesting obvious temporal fluctuation and variability of the drought risks under climate change. Furthermore, the inferred primary drought susceptible areas moved toward northwest during the past 50 years, indicated by the drift of the geographically drought-affecting centers. This moving is interpreted by the increased yield loss due to drought in northwest China, especially in the Loess Plain and Hexi Corridor. The moving of the drought susceptible areas was fast in the periods of 1960s-1970s and 1980s-1990s, probably caused by the associated changes in precipitation and temperature patterns. In addition, the estimated yield loss and the moving of the drought-affecting center demonstrated significant (P<0.05) correlations to a number of atmosphere indices (i.e. North Pole Vortex, subtropical high system). A stronger subtropical high system during the winter wheat growing season associated with a west moving of the drought-affecting center. A stronger North Pole Vortex before or during the winter wheat growing season associated with a south moving of the drought-effecting center.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Drought
Controlled terms:Climate change - Crops - Cultivation - Models - Poles - Risk perception - Sediments - Tropics - Vortex flow
Uncontrolled terms:Inter-decadal variations - North Pole - Subtropical high system - Temperature patterns - Temporal and spatial changes - Temporal fluctuation - Winter wheat - Winter wheat yields
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 451 Air Pollution - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20141717605627
Title:Construction of comprehensive nutritional quality index for tomato and its response to water and fertilizer supply
Authors:Wu, Xue (1); Wang, Kunyuan (2); Niu, Xiaoli (1); Hu, Tiantian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China; (2) College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China
Corresponding author:Hu, T.(hutiantian@tom.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:119-127
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, the nutritional quality of vegetables has been increasingly concerned by people and investigated by researchers. However, the decline in vegetable internal quality is common due to excessive irrigation and irrational fertilization. Although tomatoes have been grown successfully for many years, there is no accurate formula or recipe on amount of irrigation or fertilizer levels to get tomato fruit with high quality. For tomato fruits, the nutritional quality largely depends on the content of soluble solids, soluble sugar, titratible acid, Vitamine C and lycopene, some of which are correlated with each other. Therefore, tomato nutritional quality could not be assessed according to any one of these attributes. But the comprehensive evaluation of vegetable nutritional quality has not been well studied yet. To construct a comprehensive nutritional quality index of tomato fruits and investigate its response to irrigation amount and fertilizer rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, a composite quadratic orthogonal regressive rotation design of four factors and five levels was used in a pot experiment. The contents of soluble solids, soluble sugar, titratable acid, lycopene, Vitamin C and sugar-acid ratio were determined for tomato fruits. By using entropy weighting method, the objective weights of six single quality attributes were calculated based on measurements of these attributes. The subjective weights of these six attributes were calculated based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) from survey data from both consumers and horticulture experts. Based on these, the comprehensive weighting method of game theory was used to determine the balanced weight of single tomato quality attributes. Results indicated that the attributes were ranked based on their importance by lycopene>sugar-acid ratio>Vitamin C>soluble sugar>soluble solid>titratable acid. The comprehensive nutritional quality index was constructed according to the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). Moreover, a regression model on the amount of irrigation water and fertilizers and tomato comprehensive nutritional quality index was established. Based on the regression equation, the single, interactive and coupling effects of these four experimental factors on the comprehensive nutritional quality index were analyzed. The results showed that the main effects of four experimental factors on the comprehensive nutritional quality were ordered by P rate>N rate>irrigation amount>K rate. If codes of other three factors were zero, the comprehensive nutritional quality showed a downward quadratic parabola in response to the increase of irrigation amount, as it did in the case of N rate. It is interesting that an upward quadratic parabola occurred with the increase of K rate. The comprehensive nutritional quality increased linearly with P rate. Interaction between amount of irrigation and N, P and K fertilizers significantly affected comprehensive quality of tomato fruits. It indicated that comprehensive tomato nutritional quality decreased with excess input of irrigation amount and N fertilizer, and could be improved by appropriate supply of P and K fertilizers. The findings from this study also allowed us to optimize comprehensive evaluation of vegetable quality that could be used to study the management of water and fertilizers in the future.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Analytic hierarchy process - Fertilizers - Fruits - Irrigation - Nitrogen fertilizers - Quality assurance - Regression analysis - Vegetables - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:A composite quadratic orthogonal regressive rotation design with four factors - Analytic hierarchy process (ahp) - Comprehensive evaluation - Entropy weighting method - Irrigation amounts - Nutritional qualities - Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solutions - Tomato
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 446 Waterworks - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20141717605616
Title:Design on key parts of cable-driven hanging transportation system for orchard
Authors:Yang, Zhou (1); Li, Xueping (1); Li, Jun (1); Ding, Lianghui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Corresponding author:Li, J.(autojunli@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:18-24
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The majority of domestic orchards have poor site conditions. It is difficult for the traditional wheeled or crawler transport machinery to carry out operations in hilly orchards. The cargo transportation is mainly done by manpower, which is labor-intensive, has low efficiency, easy damage of the fruit and high cost. In order to solve these problems in hilly orchards, a cable-driven hanging transportation system for orchards was designed. Based on the technical requirements of two-way traction, turning during climbing and derailment prevention, the structure of the key parts of the system was designed. This mainly included the cable hoist, a pulley-hook group, a cable frame, a double rail, supporting and turning mechanism, a tension mechanism and a limit switch. The stability and security of this system has been tested through measuring the braking distance after the head pulley group collided with the limit switch installed on the supporting pipe. The results indicate that the braking distance is unrelated to the load weight. The mathematical model of the rope tension under the complicated condition is proposed, along with considering the climbing angle, number of supporting and turning mechanisms, turning angle, load weight, initial tension and friction coefficients. The experiments were conducted on the system built at South China Agricultural University. The mathematical model for the cable tension of the experimental system is F=11.4m 587. By detecting the force on the guiding mechanism and the turning angle with sensors, the tension force will be obtained. The linear regression equation calculated from the experimental data is F=11.95m 554. The coefficients of the regression equation obtained from the single-factor experiment are close to those of the mathematical model, which illustrates that the proposed model can reflect the variations of the rope tension. The results of this paper can provide a reference for the power selection and the structure parameter matching of the system. The 7YGQX-5.5 type cable-driven hanging transportation system for orchards has been applied in the Dongguan Agricultural Science Research Center, which has proven to be easily manufactured and constructed, economical and highly efficient. The system can realize both remote control and convey bananas or other fruits without damage.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Wire rope
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cableways - Design - Experiments - Fruits - Machinery - Mathematical models - Orchards - Pulleys - Transportation
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural science - Cargo transportation - Friction coefficients - Hanging - Linear regression equation - Single-factor experiments - Technical requirement - Transportation system
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 431 Air Transportation - 432 Highway Transportation - 433 Railroad Transportation - 434 Waterway Transportation - 535.2 Metal Forming - 601 Mechanical Design - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 692.2 Elevators - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20141717605640
Title:Distribution characteristics and representative test of national standard farmland in Western China
Authors:Zhang, Bangbang (1); Kong, Xiangbin (1); Xiang, Hui (1); Zhang, Qingpu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (2) Key Laboratory for Farmland Quality, Monitoring and Control, The National Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100193, China
Corresponding author:Kong, X.(kxb@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:227-235
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To deeply understand the quantity, quality, spatial distribution characteristics and the representative of cultivated land of national standard farmland in western China at macro scale, it is very important to set up and improve the monitoring system of cultivated land quality in the whole country. This paper, based on the database of farmland classification and national standard farmland in western China (12 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions), gives a analysis of the quantitative distribution characteristic of national standard farmland of the western region in gradation (quality) and on a secondary zone of the standard farming system. The paper then analyzes the spatial distribution features of standard farmland based on GIS and conducts inspection, definition and statistical tests for the representative of national standard farmland. Results show that: (1) In the view of quantitative distribution characteristics, national standard farmlands of the western China were distributed across all the gradations 4-15, but exhibited great differences in each gradation, such as more than half of them concentrated in 8-12 gradation. The distribution of national standard farmland in the 4, 5, 14, and 15 grades was less. Furthermore, national standard farmlands of the western China are unevenly distributed in the secondary zone and have not covered 28 secondary zones of the standard farming system. Therefore, there exists cultivated land but no national standard farmland in five secondary zones such as Daxing'an Mountains region and so on. (2) From the spatial distribution characteristics, national standard farmland is uniformly distributed on the whole, but there is a significant spatial difference and there exist excessive concentration phenomena in six secondary zones. Thus, the data presented suggest that we should adjust and optimize the monitoring sample plot layout of national standard farmland in western China, according to a comprehensive analysis of the testing results and the distribution characteristics.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Geographic information systems - Land use - Optimization - Quality control - Spatial distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive analysis - Concentration phenomena - Cultivated land qualities - Distribution characteristics - Distribution features - National standard - Spatial differences - Western China
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.3 Database Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20141717605633
Title:Canopy spectral characteristics of crops and prediction on main nutrients uptake in long-term fertilization experiment
Authors:Zhang, Junhua (1); Zhang, Jiabao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) The Applied Research and Development Center for New Technology of Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (2) Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Experimental Station of Agro-Ecosystem in Fengqiu, Nanjing 210008, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, J.(zhangjunhua728@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:173-181
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are the necessary nutrients for the plant growth. To save the cost and minimize ecological impact of fertilizer application, it is important to use variable rate of fertilizer management to address differences in plant nutrients requirements. The objective of this study was to develop a model to predict winter wheat and maize N, P, and K uptake based on canopy spectral reflectance from a long-term fertilizer experiment in Huang-Huai-Hai area. The relationship between total N, P, and K uptake at harvesting stage and canopy spectral reflectance of winter wheat and summer maize at four typical growth stages were established so that plant nutrient uptake can be predicted based on the spectral reflectance. The results showed that the reflectance value of summer maize were similar to the value of winter wheat in visible light at the corresponding stages, but its average was 8.42% higher than winter wheat in near-infrared region. There were significant negative correlations between main nutrients uptake of crops and canopy spectral reflectance, in contrast, there were significant positive correlations between those at near-infrared region. The average correlation coefficients between the reflectance of summer maize and N uptake were similar to winter wheat at visible light at whole stage, but it was 0.4125 higher than winter wheat in near-infrared region. The average correlation coefficients between the reflectance of summer maize and P uptake were 0.3621 and 0.2072 lower than winter wheat at visible light and near-infrared region, respectively. The average correlation coefficients between the reflectance of summer maize and K uptake were 0.1270 lower than winter wheat at visible light, and it was 0.0341 higher than wheat winter in near-infrared region. Then, the stepwise regression was used to generate equations for the estimation of major nutrients requirement of winter wheat and summer maize from the canopy reflectance. The results showed that except for P uptake of summer maize, other major nutrients uptake of two crops could be predict at four different growth stages. The results can provide a tool for nutrient management of winter wheat and summer maize in Huang-Huai-Hai region of China.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Nutrients
Controlled terms:Crops - Experiments - Fertilizers - Forecasting - Infrared devices - Reflection - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Canopy spectral reflectance - Long-term experiments - Nutrient uptake - Summer maize - Winter wheat
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.2 Agricultural Chemicals - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20141717605642
Title:Design of portable device for rapid nondestructive detection of fresh meat quality
Authors:Lin, Wan (1); Peng, Yankun (1); Wang, Caiping (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, National R and D Center for Agro-processing Equipment, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Xinjiang Yurun Company, Shihezi 832014, China
Corresponding author:Peng, Y.(ypeng@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:243-249
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Quality of fresh meat affects the health of consumers and also receives much attention from government and industry. Recent years' study shows that visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (VIS-NIRS) was applied to fast and non-invasively detect meat's quality factors which include water content, tenderness, pH value, TVB-N and color. Inspection departments have created the need for a cost-effective and nondestructive quality-control analysis system. But the traditional detection system consist of spectrographs, illuminant, optical fiber, computer and dark box which cannot be moved and operated easily, so it has not been widely used.. Portable detection devices are powerful instruments offering several advantages for nondestructive, online analysis: small size, low cost, robustness, sample user interface, portability, and ergonomic design. Domestic and abroad scholars have developed portable spectrometers to detect internal and external parameters of fruits and vegetables, but characterization of meat parameters is still needed. In order to meet the demand of inspection departments for portable devices, a rapid and nondestructive detection device for fresh meat quality based on ARM (advanced RISC machines) processor was designed. Working principal, hardware composition, software system and functional test were introduced. The hardware system consisted of ARM processing unit, light source and detection unit, spectral data acquisition unit, LCD (liquid crystal display) touch screen display unit and the cooling unit. Linux operating system and quality parameters acquisition processing application were designed. In this paper, ARM processor was applied to collect spectrum data, to control the serial port, to process data, and to export results on LCD. ARM processor received spectral data via the serial port from Micro spectrometer. A halogen lamp was used as a light source because of its wide spectrum range. USB4000 spectrograph was selected as the collecting spectrum unit due to its small size and high-performance. In order to transmit optical signals, there was a coupling lens fixed in front of the USB4000's slit. As the object of detection is meat, it is easy to contaminate the probe by blood, so an optical window was set between the meat and the probe. As to software, the C language was used to compile to achieve offering a friendly user interface. Users can get values of the meat's parameter from the LCD. This system has realized collecting spectral signal, storing, displaying and processing as integration with the weight of 3.5 kg and volume of 184 mm×127 mm×114 mm. 76 pieces of meat were used in the experiment to validate the stability and reliability. The experimental results show that this device can be used for portable detection of meat quality with small volume and the advantage of being portable, with no damage and being fast.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:ARM processors - Computer hardware - Computer operating systems - Cost benefit analysis - Damage detection - Hardware - Light sources - Liquid crystal displays - Meats - Nondestructive examination - Optical fibers - Portable equipment - Probes - Spectrographs - Spectrometers - Spectrum analysis - User interfaces - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:ARM - Linux systems - LINUX- operating system - Nondestructive detection - Portable device - Quality parameters - Stability and reliabilities - Visible and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 444 Water Resources - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 704.2 Electric Equipment - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 741.1.2 Fiber Optics - 744 Lasers - 801 Chemistry - 822.3 Food Products - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20141717605637
Title:Crystallization behavior of biodiesel based on differential scanning calorimetry and thermodynamic model
Authors:Mei, Deqing (1); Tan, Wenbing (1); Zhang, Yongtao (1); Yuan, Yinnan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
Corresponding author:Mei, D.(meideqing@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:206-211
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biodiesel, as a renewable alternative fuel, is easily crystallized at low temperature, which limits the application of engines fueled with biodiesel. Biodiesel is mainly composed of methyl palmitate (C16:0), methyl stearate (C18:0) and methyl oleate (C18:1). The properties of fuel are closely related to the properties of its compositions, and the fuel properties will change with different mole fraction ratios of some composition. So, it is very important to research the thermal parameters of different compositions. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermo analytical technique by which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of temperature. The result of a DSC experiment is a curve of heat flux related to temperature or time. Through this curve, it is easy to determine transition temperatures and enthalpies, which makes DSC a valuable tool in producing phase diagrams for various chemical systems. Based on the differential scanning calorimeter, thermal parameters of the three methyl esters have been analyzed. The melting point and fusion enthalpy of saturated fatty acid esters (C16:0 and C18:0) are much higher than the ones of unsaturated fatty acid ester (C18:1), the melting points of C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1 are 301.57, 310.92 and 255.01 K, respectively. The binary solution of fatty acid methyl esters has also been scanned, where each curve exhibits two distinct exothermic peaks. These phenomena can be explained in that the high melting point saturated ester precipitated first and the low melting point unsaturated ester precipitated later. Moreover, the crystallization temperature of these solutions is lower than the melting point temperature of the pure saturated fatty acid esters, which precipitated earliest in the solution. It is also clear that the solution crystallization temperature rises accordingly, because the increase of the mass fraction of saturated fatty acid esters. Supposing that biodiesel is a solution combined with different fatty acid methyl esters, the saturated fatty acid esters C16:0 and C18:0 are treated as solutes and the unsaturated fatty acid ester C18:1 is played as solvent, thus the thermodynamic model for calculating the crystallization temperature of the solution has been established. While predicting the crystallization temperature, the solution of fatty acid esters has been dealt with further as an ideal solution; because it just looks at liquid composition as the ideal solution and solid phase composition as not mutually soluble, the model has been simplified. The crystallization temperature of the four different kinds of biodiesel has been calculated by this simplified model, and also has acquired effective verification as compared with the experimental data.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Esters
Controlled terms:Alternative fuels - Biodiesel - Crystallization - Differential scanning calorimetry - Enthalpy - Esterification - Heat flux - Melting point - Models - Saturated fatty acids - Thermodynamics - Unsaturated fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:Crystallization behavior - Crystallization temperature - Differential scanning calorimeters - DSC - Fatty acid methyl ester - Melting point temperature - Solid phase composition - Solution crystallization
Classification code:523 Liquid Fuels - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20141717605623
Title:Appling dyeing tracer to investigate patterns of soil water flow and quantify preferential flow in soil columns
Authors:Wu, Qinghua (1); Zhang, Jiafa (1); Lin, Wenjing (2); Wang, Guiling (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430010, China; (2) Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, CAGS, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
Corresponding author:Wang, G.(Guilingw@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:82-90
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Preferential flow is a main type of soil water movement in the structured soil. Although previous researches have made a great progress in preferential flow, how to compare the level of preferential flow based on the dyed pattern of soil profile by dyeing tracers is not reported yet. Therefore, in this paper, the Brilliant Blue FCF (C.I. 42090) dye tracer experiment was designed to investigate and quantify the preferential flow in five intact and five disturbed soil columns sampled at the depth of 0-100 cm from the Experimental Station of the Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Engineer, Chinese Academy of Geological Science (Hebei, China) and from Luancheng Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Science (Hebei, China). Soil water movement patterns of the intact and disturbed soil columns were compared. The results showed that the preferential flow was developed in the intact soil columns, while the piston flow in the disturbed soil columns. The characters of preferential flow in the soil profiles varied along both horizontal and vertical directions. The coefficients of variation (C.V) of the dyed area percentages in the whole profiles of soil columns were proposed to quantify preferential flow in the undisturbed columns and the capacity of soil water movement in the disturbed columns as long as 1) the irrigation conditions were same for all columns; 2) the area of preferential flow was larger than that of uniform flow in intact columns; and 3) the mass-transfer coefficients of soil water flowing horizontally from the preferential path to the matrix were same. Small C.V value represented the high levels of preferential flow in the intact columns. The C.V≥0.5% indicated the low levels of preferential flow, while C.V of >0.25%~<0.5% and ≤0.25% suggested the medium and high levels, respectively. However, the estimated principle may be not suitable for intact soil columns with different kinds of preferential path, i.e., soil cracks and plants' root and earthworm burrows. The preferential levels of the soil columns assessed by the C.V of the dyed area percentages were verified successfully by the irrigation test of undistributed and distributed columns designed to quantify the percentage of preferential flow. However, the results of preferential flow levels estimated by the C.V may be affected by size of columns, because the characters of preferential flow varied with study scales. Therefore, more studies were needed to verify the feasibility of C.V in estimating the preferential flow level. The study here proposed a quantitative method to assess the preferential flow level directly from the dyed pattern of the soil profile, and to evaluate the groundwater recharge, saving water and soil polluting in agriculture.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Groundwater flow
Controlled terms:Dyeing - Hydrogeology - Infiltration - Irrigation - Recharging (underground waters) - Soil moisture - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Brilliant blue FCF - Coefficient of variation - Preferential flows - Tracing - Undisturbed soils
Classification code:444.2 Groundwater - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802 Chemical Apparatus and Plants; Unit Operations; Unit Processes - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20141717605626
Title:Effects of drip fertigation on growth, yield and quality of watermelon in plastic greenhouse
Authors:Yang, Xiaozhen (1); Zhang, Xian (1); Ma, Jianxiang (1); Zhang, Yong (1); Zhang, Ning (1); Wang, Yongqi (1); Zheng, Junxian (1); Liu, Xiaohui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Horticulture, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China; (2) Technology Promotion Center of Agriculture in Hanzhong City, Hanzhong 723000, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, X.(zhangxian098@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:7
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:109-118
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This study was to set up a new model for good quality and high yield evaluation of water-saving watermelon cultivation in the arid regions of northwest China. The coupling effects of water and fertilizers on plant growth, yield and fruit quality of watermelon under plastic film mulch using drip irrigation were studied in a field experiment. Nine treatments were designed including three irrigation amount levels (W1, 450 m<sup>3</sup>/hm<sup>2</sup>; W2, 900 m<sup>3</sup>/hm<sup>2</sup>; and W3, 1350 m<sup>3</sup>/hm<sup>2</sup>) and three fertilizer levels (F1, N 81.53 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf> 33.43 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> K<inf>2</inf>O 101.09 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>; F2, N 163.05 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf> 66.85 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> K<inf>2</inf>O 202.18 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>; and F3, N 244.58 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf> 100.28 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> K<inf>2</inf>O 303.27 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>). The results indicated that at the same fertilizer level, plant height increased but stem diameter decreased with increasing irrigation quantity. Compared with the other treatments, F2W2 showed much higher chlorophyll content in each growth stage. In the seedling stage, treatments with increased supplying of water and fertilizer gave rise to increases in leaf net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate, and the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate in leaf were not significantly different between F2W2 and the other treatments. After the flowering stage, F2W2 treatment revealed a relatively high photosynthesis (with no significant difference with F3W3) in leaves, leading to the highest fruit yield (which was 3.6% higher than F3W3) and the highest water use efficiency (35.73% higher than F3W3) at the end of the experiment. For the fruit quality, F2W1 treatment and F3W2 treatment showed the highest soluble sugar content and total vitamin C content (but no significant difference with F2W2), respectively. The F2W2 treatment revealed the best performance with high content of total soluble solids (TSS), soluble protein and lycopene in fruits as well as good sugar acid ratio and excellent taste. The supply of water and fertilizer in the F2W2 treatment could meet needs for the watermelon growth, making plant grow strongly (with high photosynthesis capability in leaves and good quality as well as high yield in fruits) by economical irrigation water use efficiency. So, the F2W2 treatment was recommended as the best combination of water and fertilizer for the production of watermelon under drip irrigation and plastic film mulch in the arid area of northwest China.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Fruits - Greenhouses - Irrigation - Photosynthesis - Plants (botany) - Plastic films - Quality control - Subirrigation - Transpiration - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Chlorophyll contents - Irrigation water use efficiency - Net photosynthetic rate - Plastic greenhouse - Soluble sugar contents - Total soluble solids - Watermelon - Yield
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 461.9 Biology - 741.1 Light/Optics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
期刊信息
- 主管单位 中国科学技术协会
- 主办单位 中国农业工程学会
- 主编 朱明
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