<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20141717605611
Title:Classification of fresh and frozen-thawed fish fillets based on information fusion of image and spectrum
Authors:Zhang, Hailiang (1); Zhu, Fengle (1); Liu, Xuemei (1); He, Yong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (2) School of Mechanical Engineering, East China Jiao-Tong University, Nanchang 330013, China
Corresponding author:He, Y.(yhe@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:272-278
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Salmon has always been regarded as a popular gourmet fish that is consumed in large quantities due to its high nutritional value. This study proposes a new rapid and non-destructive method using visible and near infrared (Vis/NIR) hyperspectral imaging for the detection of freshness, storage time, and frozen-thawed times of fillets for turbot flesh. Hyperspectral imaging technology is a rapid, non-destructive, and non-contact technique that integrates spectroscopy and digital imaging to simultaneously obtain spectral and spatial information. Hyperspectral images are made up of hundreds of contiguous wavebands for each spatial position of a sample studied, and each pixel in an image contains the spectrum for that specific position. With hyperspectral imaging, a spectrum for each pixel can be obtained and a gray scale image for each narrow band can be acquired, thereby enabling this system to reflect componential and constructional characteristics, as well as the spatial distributions, of an object. In this study, a hyperspectral imaging system (380-1023 nm) was developed to perform classification of freshness, storage time, and frozen-thawed times of fish fillets based on a gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM). Altogether, 160 fish samples from two different storage days and two different frozen-thawed times were collected for hyperspectral image scanning, and mean spectra were extracted from the region of interest (ROI) inside each image. LS-SVM was applied as a calibration method to correlate the spectral and GLCM data for 110 samples in the calibration set. The LS-SVM model was then used to predict the freshness, storage time, and frozen-thawed times for the 50 prediction samples. Spectra of fish samples were extracted from the region of interest (ROI) and a competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) algorithm was used to select the key variables. Hyperspectral imaging data and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed with the goal of selecting the first principal component (PC) image that could potentially be used for the classification system. Then, 12 texture features (i.e., mean, standard deviation, smoothness, third moment, uniformity, and entropy) based on the statistical moment were extracted from the PC1 image. Finally, 12 gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) variables, combined with 57 characteristic wavelengths for each fish sample, were extracted as the LS-SVM input. Experimental results show that the discriminating rate is 98% in the prediction set. The results indicate that hyperspectral imaging technology combined with chemometrics and image processing allows the classification of freshness, storage time and frozen-thawed times for fish fillets, which builds a foundation for the automatic processing of aquatic products. The fish industry can benefit from adopting hyperspectral imaging technology.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Calibration - Digital storage - Energy storage - Extraction - Fish - Fisheries - Forecasting - Independent component analysis - Nondestructive examination - Pixels  - Principal component analysis - Spectroscopy - Spectrum analysis - Support vector machines - Thawing
Uncontrolled terms:First principal components - Gray level co occurrence matrix(GLCM) - Hyperspectral imaging datum - Hyperspectral imaging systems - Hyperspectral imaging technologies - Least squares support vector machines - The region of interest (ROI) - Visible and near infrared
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 471.5 Sea as Source of Minerals and Food - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 801 Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822 Food Technology - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20141717605606
Title:Land use/cover dynamic change and landscape pattern analysis in Kayrakkum reservoir area during past 40 years
Authors:Tian, Xiwen (1); Wang, Xinjun (1); Kadipov, K.G. (2); Jia, Hongtao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Pratacultural and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (2) Agricultural College of Tajikistan Agrarian University, Dushanbe, 734017, Tajikistan
Corresponding author:Jia, H.(hongtaojia@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:232-241
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:For discussing the change of land use/cover and landscape patterns in Kayrakkum Reservoir during the past 40 years, remote sensing images, i.e., MSS in 1975, TM in 1990, ETM in 2000, and TM in 2011, were used as the data source. The transfer matrix of land use/cover type map superposition was obtained using ENVI software, to study the land use area change, the single type of land use dynamic degree, and the indices of land use dynamic degree model of regional land use. Furthermore, the spatial-temporal characteristics of land use and landscape pattern changes in the KayrakkumReservoir area were systematically analyzed by using the landscape pattern quantity analysis method and by selecting different indices in type and landscape levels. Results showed that tremendous changes had taken place in the past 40 years for the land use/cover in KayrakkumReservoir area. Construction land area showed a sustainable increase; while low coverage grassland and unutilized land area tended a 'V' shape over time. However, water, arable land and middle coverage grassland areas were all with inverted 'V' shapes. Overall, the construction land and arable land expanded largely, while the middle coverage grassland, low coverage grassland and unutilized land decreased. Also, a large number of middle coverage grassland and unused land were changed into cultivated land. At the same time, part of the cultivated land was changed into construction land, which resulted in a significant increase in construction land and farmland. The study area changed with a 'V' shape, with a gradually accelerating trend, The active land use/cover type changed from water at early and middle time to low coverage grassland recently, whereas the stable type of land use/cover changed from middle coverage grassland and arable land at an early time, to unutilized land at the middle time, and then recently to arable land. Landscape pattern analysis indicated that middle coverage grassland and arable land hold dominant positions in the whole landscape. More landscape elements were detected adjacent to aquatic land. Construction land showed more patch numbers and was relatively scattered in the trend of concentration distribution. The patch size tended to be uniform, landscape fragmentation and diversity of landscape types tended to increase, and the landscape aggregation degree tended to decrease under the influence of human activity. Moreover, low coverage grassland and arable land played a controlling role of the whole landscape. Because water is the source of an oasis's life, Kayrakkum reservoir has occupied an important position in the region's ecological system. With the changes in the economic system and the impact of human activities in nearly 40 years, the area of the reservoir and the water level had experienced tremendous changes, which had an important impact on the dynamic change of land cover and landscape pattern. The result could provide a scientific basis for ecological environment protection, as well as sustainable use of water and land resources.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Ecology - Ecosystems - Image reconstruction - Remote sensing - Reservoirs (water) - Transfer matrix method - Water levels
Uncontrolled terms:Concentration distributions - Dynamic changes - Ecological environment protections - Land use dynamic degrees - Landscape fragmentation - Landscape pattern analysis - Landscape pattern changes - Spatial-temporal characteristics
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 441.2 Reservoirs - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 614.2 Steam Power Plant Equipment and Operation - 731.1 Control Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20141717605579
Title:Tractive resistance remote monitor system for no-tillage seeder
Authors:Yin, Yanxin (1); Zheng, Yongjun (1); Cheng, Zhihua (1); Tan, Yu (1); Wang, Shumao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering of China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Zheng, Y.(zyj@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:1-8
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a kind of key equipment for conservation tillage, no-tillage seeder was increasingly hot in agricultural machinery field. The traction of no-tillage seeder, which was mainly transmitted from tractor through three-point hitch mechanism, was important to working performance and safety of no-tillage seeder, and became an important monitor parameter during no-tillage seeder working. In recent years, some research were studied for tractive resistance monitor, such as five-bar dynamometer designed by Yu Yan from Shenyang Agricultural University, and three-pin summing circuit designed by Xun Chunlin from Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, the research mentioned above had achieved much whereas there were still some problems to be studied, which were including inconvenient use of the data acquirement equipment, field monitor only with wire transmission, soil-bin testing without filed testing and so on. This paper, which was aimed at tractive resistance remote monitor, developed a system that could collect signal at real time, transfer message using wireless network, in field mobile monitor, remote simultaneous monitor based on the above issues. The system detected tractive resistance by mounting three shaft bolt type transducers in three-point hitch rods, used wireless sensor network to acquire sensors signal and transmit the result to a Portable Terminal for Data Monitor (PTDM) in short distance, the PTDM based on embedded technology was for receiving data from wireless sensor network and transmitting them to monitor center in long distance. Using windows CE6.0 as the system environment of the terminal, and the software of the terminal developed with Visual C program was used for processing data, showing them on the screen of the terminal. The computer in remote monitor center was for monitoring the seeder tractive resistance and storing data when the no-tillage seeder was working. The flow of remote monitor was that when the long distance wireless data receiver received data from PTDM, the computer software developed with Visual Studio 2005 read data from a special serial port which was connect to the receiver via a serial data interface cable, the data were analyzed, processed, showed, stored by the computer software afterwards. To verify the performance of the system, a serial of tests were taken in China Agricultural University experimental station in city of Zhuozhou in Hebei province. A 2BMZJ-5 typed no-tillage seeder designed by collage of engineering of China Agricultural University was adopted as the testing seeder, and a John Deere 5-750 tractor was selected to supply traction to the seeder. Before testing, three wireless data collectors were absorbed on surface of the seeder body by four magnets, and a PTDM was placed in the tractor cab, the distance of the PTDM between the monitor center was more than 1 kilo meter. The testing results were saved in the computer hard disk after tests. By processing the tests data, the result showed that the tractive resistance remote monitor system for no-tillage seeder could monitor the tractive resistance of no-tillage seeder both in field and long distance monitor center, and the tractive resistance curve factually reflected the working status of the no-tillage seeder.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Monitoring
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Computer software - Cultivation - Data communication equipment - Data handling - Soil conservation - Soil testing - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck) - Transducers  - Wireless sensor networks
Uncontrolled terms:Conservation tillage - Embedded technology - Experimental stations - Long-distance wireless - No-tillage seeders - Portable terminal - System environment - Working performance
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 704 Electric Components and Equipment - 715 Electronic Equipment, General Purpose and Industrial - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 717 Optical Communication - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 732 Control Devices - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20141717605609
Title:Experimental study on ripening stage of bananas based on quartz crystal microbalance sensor detection
Authors:Hou, Juncai (1); Hou, Lixia (1); Hu, Yaohua (1); Guo, Kangquan (1); Satake, Takaaki (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China; (2) Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8702, Japan
Corresponding author:Guo, K.(jdgkq@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:256-262
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The ripeness stage is one of the important factors of banana quality, which will affect the sale price of bananas. To consumers, inadequate ripeness means low quality, and over-ripeness means a short shelf life, and both of them will lead to low income to sellers. In order to obtain optimal quality, keep a long shelf period, and minimize losses, it is necessary to automatically detect banana ripeness nondestructively. One promising strategy is using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) system to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released during banana ripening. The advantages of this method are quick detection, high sensitivity, and low cost. A QCM sensor is a mass sensor, which is a device of an oscillating circuit. When the mass on its surface is changed, the frequency of an oscillating circuit will change simultaneously. When coated by cross-sensitivity materials, which can absorb VOCs. QCM sensors can be used to detect the change of ambient VOCs. Therefore, it is possible to use QCM sensors for recognizing the banana ripeness stage. This research aimed to discriminate the ripeness stage of banana based on QCM sensors. The measurement system was constructed with 9 MHz of gold electrodes quartz crystals, which were modified by sensitive materials of 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phosphor-L-serine] (DOPS), galactosylceramide (GC), cellulose acetate (CA), and ethyl cellulose (EC). The sensitive materials were dissolved in chloroform (CHL) and tetrahydrofuran (THF). The QCM sensors were fabricated by dropping 5 mg/mL DOPS/CHL, GC/CHL, and CA/THF, EC/THF on quartz crystal electrodes, respectively. Bananas were purchased from the Philippines in green condition, and they were ripened in a room with a constant temperature of (22&plusmn;1)&deg;C. During ripening, the bananas were divided into 7 ripening stages according to a Von Loesecke H W chart, the banana VOCs were obtained by static head-space through putting bananas into a 2000 mL teflon chamber for 1 hour at every ripening stage. The measurement was conducted by injecting 50 mL VOCs into a 150 mL measurement chamber. The response of these 4 sensors to VOCs of bananas from the 1 to 7 ripening stage was recorded by LabVIEW software. The experiments were repeated 8 times, and the response value was analyzed by principal-components analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The results showed that the response of a sensor modified by CA was more sensitive to banana VOCs than DOPS, GC, and EC. For the sensor coated by CA, the response tended to increase with the ripening stage from stage 1 to stage 4, the frequency shift reached its peak at ripening stage 4 due to an increase of aldehydes and esters in the banana VOCs. After ripening stage 4, the frequency shift declined with a decrease of acetates and an increase of butyrates and alcohols. The other three sensitive materials modified sensors' response were lower than CA, though their trends were not the same. The frequency shift of 4 sensors coated by 4 sensitive materials to banana VOCs of 7 ripening stages was classified by PCA and LDA, with accuracies of 97% and 100%, respectively. The research showed that it was feasible to classify the ripening stage of banana using four materials as sensitive film, and that the LDA is a potential classification method. Accordingly, this research is helpful for banana automatic grading.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Amino acids - Coated materials - Computer programming languages - Electrodes - Frequency shift keying - Grading - Organic solvents - Principal component analysis - Quartz - Quartz crystal microbalances  - Research - Sensors - Volatile organic compounds
Uncontrolled terms:Banana - Classification methods - Constant temperature - Linear discriminant analysis - Nondestructive detection - Oscillating circuits - Quartz crystal microbalance sensors - Ripening stages
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 482.2 Minerals - 539 Metals Corrosion and Protection; Metal Plating - 704.1 Electric Components - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 717 Optical Communication - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 801 Chemistry - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 813 Coatings and Finishes - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20141717605593
Title:Pigment content measurement for citrus red mite infected leaf using hyper-spectral imaging technology
Authors:Li, Zhen (1); Hong, Tiansheng (1); Ni, Huina (1); Li, Nan (3); Wang, Jian (1); Zheng, Jianbao (2); Lin, Han (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (3) Experiment Teaching Center of Public Infrastructure, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Corresponding author:Hong, T.(tshong@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:124-130
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to solve the high workload and low efficiency problems while measuring the pigment content variation of citrus red mite infested leaves using the traditional physical and chemical methods, a novel pigment content measurement method for citrus red mite infested leaf using the hyper-spectral imaging technology was studied in this paper. In the research, 400 healthy leaves and 400 sick leaves were included as the test samples in which 350 healthy leaves and 350 sick leaves were utilized for model establishment and the other 50 leaves of each type were used for a model test. Each leaf's original spectrum and its first order deviation in its particular healthy and sick area were acquired to investigate the characteristic spectrum bands which could mostly reflect the variation of leaf pigment content. The correlation between characteristic spectrum band ratios and pigment content was analyzed. An univariate linear regression method was applied to analyze the pigment content prediction effect using the common vegetation indexes. A leaf pigment content prediction model was established, using the stepwise regression method, and the model's prediction ability was tested using the F test. Experimental results indicated that it is not satisfactory using the common vegetation indexes to predict leaf pigment content since they are not specially selected for citrus trees. The selected three characteristic spectrum band ratios of 667/522, 667/647, and 522/647 nm, each of which has a high correlation with a leaf's three types of pigment content, were applied in the stepwise regression method to establish pigment content prediction models. Two out of three of the characteristic spectrum band ratios of 667/522 and 667/647 nm, which gave the best performance, were used as independent values for model establishment. The F test results indicated that the established models could preferably predict both healthy and sick leaves chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content. The selected characteristic bands, as well as the established prediction models, could be used as the foundation to further study the citrus red mite infestation fast detection methods and techniques.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Forecasting
Controlled terms:Chlorophyll - Imaging techniques - Linear regression - Mathematical models - Models - Spectrometry - Spectroscopy - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristic bands - Characteristic spectrum - Citrus - Hyperspectral Imaging - Independent values - Linear regression methods - Red mite - Stepwise regression method
Classification code:741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 746 Imaging Techniques - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20141717605599
Title:Production technology of Xanthoceras sorbifolia bunge biodiesel and its physical and chemical properties
Authors:Hao, Yi'nan (1); Wang, Hujun (1); Wang, Ximing (1); Ding, Lijun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Materials Science and Art Design, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (2) College of Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
Corresponding author:Wang, X.(w_ximing@263.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:172-178
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The development of renewable energy resources has attracted much attention due to the depletion of fossil fuels and severe environmental pollution. Biodiesel, an alternative fuel extracted from biological sources such as vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste cooking oils via transesterification, which is biodegradable, non-toxic and renewable energy, with higher flash point, excellent lubrication and a higher cetane number. The exhaust gas from biodiesel contains a small quantity of SOx, CO, and suspended particles. Xanthoceras sorbifolia bunge, a typical oil plant, usually about 2-6 m in height, is mainly distributed around the Inner Mongolia area of China. Its yellow ripe fruit consists of a white seed core and a dark black shell structure. A 10-year-old Xanthoceras sorbifolia bunge tree yields 10-15 kg of fruit and yields up to 1-1.5 tons per hectare. Historically, these Xanthoceras sorbiflia bunge trees were planted in a large scale for obtaining the oil containing unsaturated fatty acids. Xanthoceras sorbifolia bunge is a superior raw material for extracting biodiesel, due to the fact that it contains unsaturated fatty acids and 50 percent oil concentration. Therefore, Xanthoceras sorbiflia bunge has a significant potential of being used as a feedstock for biodiesel production. To meet the requirement for producing large scale yields of biodiesel, the synthesis of biodiesel from Xanthoceras sorbiflia bunge seed oil by transesterification was carried out via biodiesel conversion equipment- fuelpod2. The structure and reaction principle of the fuelpod2 device is introduced first, and then the practical conditions of producing biodiesel by Xanthoceras sorbiflia bunge seeds oil is investigated via transesterification. The optimum preparation conditions are as follows: reaction time is 3 h, reaction temperatures are 60 and 70&deg;C, the amount of catalyst is 1% wt, methanol-to-oil molar is 6:1, and each batch of processing crude oil is 50 L. This study mainly focuses on the synthesis of biodiesel extracted from Xanthoceras sorbiflia bunge, the characteristics of which conform to the national standard. The production strategy is designed to tune the reaction time, reaction temperature, and amount of catalyst. Two categories of biodiesel are obtained via changing the temperature of 60 and 70&deg;C, respectively. The 0# pure diesel oil is mixed into the above two categories of biodiesel, respectively, with a ratio series of (0, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%). The physical and chemical properties (density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, condensation point, and distillation range) are investigated. The results illustrate that the physical and chemical properties of the biodiesel which is produced via the 70&deg;C transition temperature strategy is superior to that of 60&deg;C. When the mixing ratio of the two categories of biodiesel and 0# pure diesel is less than 20%, and the physical and chemical performance of the two categories of biodiesel conform to the national diesel standards for vehicles, it is expected that the Xanthoceras sorbiflia bunge biodiesel can be introduced into the market.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Oils and fats
Controlled terms:Alternative fuels - Biodiesel - Catalysts - Chemical properties - Diesel fuels - Distillation - Forestry - Fruits - Physical properties - Production engineering  - Renewable energy resources - Thermal processing (foods) - Transesterification - Unsaturated fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:Biodiesel production - Conversion equipment - Environmental pollutions - Physical and chemical properties - Preparation conditions - Production process - Production technology - Xanthoceras sorbiflia bunge
Classification code:423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 523 Liquid Fuels - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 801 Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 913.1 Production Engineering - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20141717605587
Title:Effects of polyacrylamide application on rainfall runoff in composite slopes of loessial soil
Authors:L&#252;, Wei (1); Li, Shuqin (1); Lei, Tingwu (1); Li, Fahu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, China Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China
Corresponding author:Li, F.(lifahu@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:71-79
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil and water loss from sloped lands in a loess plateau is the most serious region problem in China, and a composite slope is one of the main slope types in nature. Soil infiltration and runoff studies on composite slopes during rainfall processes and the effects of polyacrylamide (PAM) application rate on them were carried out by simulated rainfall experiments in the laboratory. The experimental treatments included two slope types (concave and convex slopes) with 12 combinations of slope gradients, and four PAM application rates of 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/m² (0, 5, 10, and 20 kg/ha). The concave slopes were composed of upslope gradients of 20 deg and 25 deg and down slope gradients of 5 deg, 10 deg, and 15 deg. The convex slopes were upslope gradients of 5 deg, 10 deg, and 15 deg and down slope gradients of 20 deg and 25 deg, respectively. The total number of experimental treatments was 48. Results indicated that PAM application significantly shortened the time of initial runoff initiation after an average rainfall by 63.7% - 71.6%, as compared with the control treatment. After PAM application, the effects of slope type and the combination of different slope gradients on the time of initial runoff initiation were not obvious. Compared with the control treatment, the slope runoff pattern during the rainfall process was significantly changed after PAM application. Without PAM application, the runoff coefficient on concave slopes increased progressively with the rainfall process and then tended to be steady; the runoff coefficient on convex slopes was similar to that on concave slopes at the slope gradient of 5 deg, but it increased persistently with the rainfall process at the slope gradient greater than 10 deg. After PAM application, the runoff coefficient was generally steady during the majority period of the rainfall process, except for convex slopes when the upslope gradient was equal to or greater than 10 deg under a PAM application rate of 0.5 g/m². Polyacrylamide application increased runoff coefficient as compared with control treatment. Runoff coefficient and total runoff volume increased with the increase of the PAM application rate. When PAM application rates were 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/m², total runoff volume increased by 55.7%, 100.2%, and 147.3% on concave slopes and 16.6%, 69.3%, and 108.9% on convex slopes, respectively. Under experimental conditions, total runoff volume on convex slopes was generally greater than that on concave slopes by 14.7% - 31.8%. Polyacrylamide application at a rate greater than 0.5 g/m² on loessial sloped land may increase runoff rate and total runoff volume significantly, which is favorable to rainfall runoff collection and its reutilization, but is disadvantageous to soil and water loss control. Therefore, a suitable PAM application rate should be determined comprehensively according to soil type, PAM property, and the PAM application purpose in practice.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Runoff
Controlled terms:Rain - Risk management - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Control treatments - Experimental conditions - Initiation time - Polyacrylamide(PAM) - Runoff coefficients - Slope combination - Slope type - Soil and water loss
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 444.1 Surface Water - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20141717605612
Title:Improvement and application of modeling method for food microbial risk assessment
Authors:Liu, Limei (1); Gao, Yongchao (2); Wang, Ding (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China; (2) Shandong Institute of Standardization, Jinan 250014, China
Corresponding author:Liu, L.(liulm@sdis.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:279-286
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Varieties of risk factors such as operating environment, personnel, equipment may bring microbiological hazards into foods. In order to effectively implement risk management, we used the modular process risk modeling framework to improve the quantitative microbiological risk assessment method. In this method, risk factors were abstracted as a hazard transfer modular. Food safety risk factors included the sources of raw materials, storage risk, operational personnel hygiene, and environmental contamination risks. The hazard transfer process described the contamination frequency and the probability distribution of microbial quantity that introduced into a product by environment, operating personnel, equipment and other risk factors. If risk did not exist, the amount of microbial number was zero. If risk existed, the probability distribution of microbial number was defined with discrete or continuous distribution function. The proportion transferred to a product was described by function g(&middot;) with operating time, temperature, contact area and etc. The control process described varieties of control measures such as the use of different disinfection, the implementation of different test frequencies may be taken in the production. The prevention and control impacts of a measure were described by the probability and quantity change of microbial number introduced by risk factors in the model. The utility modular was used to characterize the consumption cost and gain of the control measure. A modular process risk model can be established by Bayesian network by the following three steps: 1) Define processes, materials mixing and partitioning, and processing parameters, select risk factors that may introduce microbes into a product and affect the microbial dynamics; 2) Select the appropriate basic processes, and define the Bayesian network structure of risk model; 3) Collect risk data, and define the conditional probability of each node in the model by analyzing risk data. Combined with predictive microbiology, the number and occurrence probability of microbiological hazards in each process can be estimated using Bayesian inference. This risk model is capable of assessing the risk situation and the impact of risk factors on food safety. It also can trace the source of microbial hazards. Once adding control processes to hazard transfer processes, and modifying the conditional probability of the corresponding hazard transfer processes nodes, the effectiveness of one or several control measures can be verified. In the model, parameters of nodes can be adjusted to make it easy to assess the impact degree of risk factors and control measures on food product safety. Using this improved modeling method, the origin of microbiology hazard can be traced. Through comparing the effectiveness and profit of different control measures preferred one or control combination can be determined.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Process control
Controlled terms:Bayesian networks - Digital storage - Food safety - Hazards - Inference engines - Microorganisms - Models - Probability distributions - Risk assessment - Risk management
Uncontrolled terms:Bayesian network structure - Conditional probabilities - Continuous distribution functions - Environmental contamination - Microbial risk assessment - Modular modeling - Predictive micro-biology - Quantitative microbiological risk assessments
Classification code:461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 461.9 Biology - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.4.1 Expert Systems - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20141717605585
Title:Application of biochar in dryland soil decreasing loss of nitrogen and improving nitrogen using rate
Authors:Gao, Decai (1); Zhang, Lei (1); Liu, Qiang (1); Rong, Xiangmin (1); Zhang, Yuping (1); Tian, Chang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (2) Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Control and Agricultural Resources Use, Changsha 410128, China; (3) Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition in Common University, Changsha 410128, China; (4) National Engineering Laboratory on Soil and Fertilizer Resources Efficient Utilization, Changsha 410128, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Q.(lq8053@hunau.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:54-61
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in agricultural soils is considered as a main cause of ecological problems such as nitrogen leaching, which has become an important limitation to improving nitrogen use efficiency in agricultural production. Because of its physical, chemical, and biological stability, biochar when applied to soils can play a key role in nutrient cycling, potentially affecting nitrogen retention and improving soil fertility. However, experimental results were variable and dependent on the experimental set-up, soil properties, and fertilizer application rates and biochar were set up at the high and low levels, which possess a big blind area. A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of biochar additions on dynamic changes of nitrogen under artificial rainfall conditions by adding 0, 0.5%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% biochar (the biochar was prepared by pyrolyzing corn straw at 500-550&deg;C under oxygen limited condition) into soil columns collected from red dryland of southern China under urea application condition (300 kg/hm²). The results showed that the speed of leaching of NO<inf>3</inf>^- and total nitrogen was delayed by biochar applications. Compared with urea application treatment, the total nitrogen and NH<inf>4</inf> contents in leachate were significantly decreased by 4.02% and 8.93% when &ge;2% biochar was applied into soil, and the NO<inf>3</inf>^- contents of leachate was obviously decreased by 3.23%-11.87% when the biochar ratio reached 4%. But there was no significant effect of adding small amount of biochar (such as 0.5%) on N leaching compared with urea application treatment. Leaching losses of NO<inf>3</inf>^- had been found to be highest because the NO<inf>3</inf>^- was mobile, and may not be taken up by plants. NO<inf>3</inf>^- leaching amount accounted for 84%-90% of the total nitrogen leaching amount, while NH<inf>4</inf> leaching only accounted for 0.4%-2%; The total nitrogen content of different soil layers in each treatment was similar regardless of the fertilization and biochar applications. While the total nitrogen contents in soils were markedly different among the treatments. Compared with urea application treatment, the content of soil total nitrogen was significantly increased by 4.62% to 10.62% when biochar addition was &ge;2%, and the relationship between addition amounts of biochar (x) and the content of soil total nitrogen (y) followed an index equation: y=1.6e^0.0845x (R²=0.99, n=24). The results above suggested that biochar could be used as a potential additive for nutrient retention in order to increase the utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizers. In conclusion, biochar additions could decrease the leaching amount of NH<inf>4</inf>, NO<inf>3</inf>^- and total nitrogen and partly increased the concentration of soil total nitrogen. However, the low biochar addition had no significant effects on reducing nitrogen leaching and increasing soil total nitrogen content. Therefore, the purpose to obviously decrease nitrogen leaching and increase the content of soil total nitrogen could be realized only when biochar addition was above 2% in dryland soil. Nonetheless, the effect of biochar addition on reducing soil nitrogen leaching needs to be further verified before biochar can be applied to agricultural fields on a large scale.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Carbon - Chemical stability - Leachate treatment - Leaching - Metabolism - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Nutrients - Urea
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Ammonium nitrogen - Bio chars - Fertilizer applications - Laboratory experiments - Nitrate nitrogen - Nitrogen-use efficiency - Total nitrogen content
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 533.1 Ore Treatment - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.2 Agricultural Chemicals
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20141717605584
Title:Irrigation performance evaluation model for border irrigation based on dimensional analysis
Authors:Nie, Weibo (1); Ren, Changjiang (1); Fei, Liangjun (1); Ma, Xiaoyi (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water Resources, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; (2) Key Laboratory for Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid Area of Ministry of Education, Yangling 712100, China
Corresponding author:Nie, W.(nwbo2000@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:46-53
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Border irrigation, a method of plant irrigation, is widely used in China because of its low cost and energy consumption. Water scarcity and the high consumption of water resources in agriculture can lead to the low irrigation performance which has strengthened the need to manage and optimize irrigation systems. Moreover, border irrigation performance can be affected by factors such as soil infiltration parameter, Manning roughness and micro topography of field. These factors were spatial variable, which causes difficulties in design and management of the border irrigation system. Based on the field experiments, the objectives of this study were to propose three functions for estimation of border irrigation performance indicators (application efficiency, uniformity distribution and storage efficiency) under the closed-end condition of the border, by employing the method of dimensional analysis and numerical simulation with the WinSRFR software. The independent irrigation variables are inflow charge per width q, cut-off time t, Manning roughness n, infiltration parameter k, infiltration index a, border length L, filed slope S<inf>0</inf> and the required water depth Z<inf>r</inf> effective on the indicators of irrigation application efficiency E<inf>a</inf> and storage efficiency E<inf>s</inf>. While for the uniform distribution DU, the independent irrigation variables of function are inflow charge per width q, cut-off time t, Manning roughness n, infiltration parameter k, infiltration index a, border length L and filed slope S<inf>0</inf>. The proposed functions were used to estimate irrigation performance of the different combinations of border irrigation technique elements, and the results showed that the estimated values of irrigation performance agreed well with the simulated values with the zero inertia. The average absolute errors between the estimated values of irrigation performance and the simulated values were 6.72%, 6.57%, and 4.93%, and the determination coefficient R² were 0.987, 0.969, and 0.990, respectively. The significance test of difference between the estimated values of irrigation performance and the simulated values had been conducted using SPSS software (P=0.05), the significance indexes of the estimated and simulated values of the irrigation application efficiency E<inf>a</inf>, uniform distribution DU and storage efficiency E<inf>s</inf> were 0.226, 0.142, and 0.271, respectively. The results showed no significant difference between the estimated values and the simulated values of irrigation performance. The reliability of the functions proposed here was verified based on basic parameters of border irrigation. The results showed the estimated values of irrigation application efficiency Ea, uniform distribution DU and storage efficiency E<inf>s</inf> with the proposed functions of this paper were in excellent agreement with the measured values, and the average absolute errors between the estimated values and the measured values of irrigation performance were 7.76%, 9.15%, and 7.08%, respectively. Therefore, three functions proposed here for estimation of border irrigation performance indicators were highly reliable and universal.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Application programs - Benchmarking - Efficiency - Energy utilization - Errors - Estimation - Irrigation - Models - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Average absolute error - Border irrigation - Determination coefficients - Dimensional analysis - Infiltration parameters - Irrigation performance - Uniform distribution - Zero-inertia model
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 452.1 Sewage - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20141717605610
Title:Effect of packaging and storage conditions on quality properties of quick-frozen dumpling skin
Authors:Ren, Xin (1); Li, Xiaoting (1); Shen, Qun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Shen, Q.(shenqun@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:263-271
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The quick-frozen dumpling is one of the most common frozen foods in China. It is important to understand the quality variation of dumpling after frozen storage. The objective of this research was to study the effect of different packaging methods (packed, unpacked), storage time (0-180 days), and thaw-freeze cycles (one cycle means that it is frozen for 2 days and then followed by thaw for 2 days) on the quality of quick-frozen dumpling skin. Physicochemical properties, texture profile analysis (TPA), sensory evaluation (evaluated by a trained analytical panel), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis were performed for both fresh and frozen storage dumpling skins in this study. In particular, the physicochemical properties assessed include whiteness (CIE L* values), water lose ratio, freeze-cracking rate, amylase and protein content, gelatinization degree, crystallinity and best cooking time. The results showed that frozen storage at all regimes had a significant effect on all quality parameters. The data from frozen storage time experiments (-18&deg;C for 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days) showed that the longer the frozen storage time, the higher the decreased quick-frozen dumpling skin quality. All the samples was packed with PE-plastic film during frozen storage. The quick-frozen dumpling skin displayed low gelatinization degree compared with fresh samples, declining in contents of amylose, glutelin, and prolamin when storage time was increased. Water lose ratio was increased with increasing storage period. Microstructure measurements showed that the appearance of irregular hole and observed damage on gluten cross-linking may be caused by the ice crystallization during frozen storage. However, freeze-cracking rate and degree of crystallinity of quick-frozen dumpling skin were found similar to those of fresh samples. No significant changes in hardness, springiness, gumminess, chewiness, and sensory attributes were observed during 180 days study period. With increased number of thaw-freeze cycles, the network structure of wheat protein was destroyed gradually and the water lose was significantly increased. Temperature fluctuations during frozen storage significantly reduced the appearance quality and eating quality of quick-frozen dumpling skins. For this reason, the environment temperature should be kept constantly during frozen storage. After three times of thaw-freeze cycles, packaging in PE-plastic film significantly improved the storage stability of quick-frozen dumpling skin compared to the unpackaged one. PE-packed quick-frozen dumpling skin and fresh samples had no significant difference in water lose ratio, degree of crystallinity and sensory evaluation score. The best texture qualities such as hardness, springiness, chewiness were observed in PE-packed dumpling skin instead of fresh samples. However, the unpacked skin's quality was declined significantly after three thaw-freeze cycles, mainly attributed to the damage on the gluten cross-linking. Therefore, our studies suggested that consistent storage temperature and packaging in PE -plastic film should be adopted during frozen storage for extending the shelf-life of dumpling food.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Food storage
Controlled terms:Cracks - Digital storage - Energy storage - Freezing - Gelation - Hardness - Packaging - Plastic films - Scanning electron microscopy - Temperature  - Textures - Thawing - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Degree of crystallinity - Environment temperature - Microstructure measurements - Physicochemical property - Quality attributes - Temperature fluctuation - Texture profile analysis - Thaw-freeze cycles
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 694.1 Packaging, General - 694.4 Storage - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 817.1 Polymer Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20141717605596
Title:Oxygen absorption efficiency of gas/liquid mixing device in closed recirculating aquaculture systems
Authors:Tan, Hongxin (1); Liu, Wenchang (1); Sun, Dachuan (1); Luo, Guozhi (1); Ma, Niannian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (2) Shanghai Aquacultural Engeering Research Center, Shanghai 201306, China; (3) Shanghai Ocean University Aquatic Animal Breeding Center, Shanghai University Knowledge Service Platform, Shanghai 201306, China
Corresponding author:Tan, H.(hxtan@shou.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:147-152
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Control of dissolved gases, especially oxygen and carbon dioxide, is an essential component of closed recirculating aquaculture systems. The use of oxygenation in closed recirculating aquaculture systems increases the mass of fish that can be supported in a given water flow by removing oxygen as a limiting factor to a system's carrying capacity. In general, oxygenation technique in aquaculture is relatively mature with well established operational principles, techniques, and equipment. Since the 1970s, pure oxygen gas has been used as an economical means of providing supersaturated dissolved oxygen and thereby intensifying fish production in recirculating systems. Use of pure oxygen can lower fish production costs by supporting high fish and feed loading rates and reducing water flow requirements, which in turn reduces the size and cost of pumping, culture tanks, and water reuse equipment. Transferring pure oxygen rather than air into water can increase the mol fraction of gaseous oxygen and solubility of dissolved oxygen in water. The maximal dissolved oxygen concentration can be influenced by the ratio of gas to water flow rate within the gas transfer unit. When pure oxygen is in contact with water, the dissolved gases tend to come to equilibrium at saturation. If there is venting of off-gas from an oxygenation system, some of these other gases will be removed from the water. Choosing the appropriate oxygenation technology for recirculating systems depends on oxygen absorption efficiency (AE, mass of oxygen absorbed per mass of oxygen applied), oxygen transfer efficiency (mass of oxygen transferred per power required), ability to strip nitrogen and other gases, ability to treat flows containing suspended solids without plugging, system layout and intended location of the oxygenation process, and whether flow must be pumped through the unit or if gravity flow is adequate. The configuration of a recirculating system determines the appropriate type of oxygenation unit. Regulation of dissolved oxygen concentrations is typically carried out by means of gas transfer processes, and the gas transfer units commonly used to add pure oxygen within large recirculating aquaculture systems include U-tubes, oxygenation cones, and multi-staged low head oxygenators. The gas/liquid mixing device can inject pure oxygen into liquid, especially suited to applications in closed recirculating aquaculture systems with high carrying capacity, and it had recently been successfully used to provide supersaturate water with oxygen for increasing fish production in our pilot scale recirculating aquaculture system. In this study, AE of the gas/liquid mixing device was determined under conditions with different oxygen gas to liquid ratios (G/L) ranging from 0.333% to 3.333% (0.57-5.70 g/min) at different water temperatures from 30.5&deg;C to 19.2&deg;C) in order to assess application of pure oxygen in a closed recirculating aquaculture system. The AE of the gas/liquid mixing device averaged 94.00%-36.05%. Among conditions with different GL values, the AE under the condition with the G/L value of 0.667% (1.141 g/min) was highest with 87.833% at 30.5&deg;C, 90.451% at 26.3&deg;C, 93.606% at 22.9&deg;C, and 94.001% at 19.2&deg;C, respectively. It was obvious that AE value declined with decreasing temperatures at a given G/L value, suggesting that water temperature was a key factor affecting the AE of the gas/liquid mixing device. The highest value of AE (94.001%) was obtained when G/L equaled to 0.667% (1.141 g/min) and water temperature at 19.2&deg;C. Under this condition, the corresponding dissolved oxygen entering fish ponds was 13.36 mg/L.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Dissolved oxygen
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Biochemical oxygen demand - Carbon dioxide - Efficiency - Fish - Fish ponds - Flow of water - Gases - Gravitation - Hydraulics  - Loading - Mixing - Nitrogen - Oxygen - Oxygenation - Temperature - Wastewater reclamation - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Absorption efficiency - Closed recirculating - Dissolved oxygen concentrations - Mixing devices - Operational principles - Oxygen transfer efficiency - Recirculating aquaculture system - Recirculating system
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 445 Water Treatment - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 453 Water Pollution - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 471.5 Sea as Source of Minerals and Food - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 672 Naval Vessels - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 822 Food Technology - 913.1 Production Engineering - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.5 Gravitation, Relativity and String Theory
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20141717605581
Title:Experiment on precision seedling raising and mechanized transplanting of hybrid rice under low sowing rate in double cropping area
Authors:Li, Zehua (1); Ma, Xu (1); Xie, Junfeng (1); Chen, Guorui (1); Zheng, Zhixiong (1); Tan, Yongxin (1); Huang, Yiqiang (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) College of Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (4) Agricultural Research Institute of Zhaoqing, Zhaoqing 526000, China
Corresponding author:Ma, X.(maxu1959@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:17-27
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:According to the agronomic requirements for mechanized transplanting technology for hybrid rice, using Tianyou 998 and Wuyou 308 as test materials, the effects of a seedling tray and sowing rate on entwining effect of seedling roots, seedling quality, and machine-transplanted quality were studied by mechanized precision seedling raising field experiments. The results showed that when the sowing rate of bowl-flat tray nursing seedlings exceeds 65 g/tray, flat tray nursing seedlings exceeds 45 g/tray, and narrow row tray nursing seedlings exceeds 36 g/tray, the entwining effects of seedling roots were suitable for mechanized transplanting by using reliable mechanized precision planting technology, such as the "Field Factory Seedling Precision Sowing Machine for Rice" developed by South China Agricultural University. Variance analysis showed that the effects of seedling tray types on the seedling quality were significant. Among the four seedling raising methods of tray nursing seedling, the seedling quality and the regularity of bowl tray nursing seedlings were the best, bowl-flat tray nursing seedlings took the second place, and flat tray nursing seedlings and narrow row tray nursing seedlings were the worst. Similarly, sowing rates showed significant differences on all seedling quality indicators, especially highly significant differences were showed on plant height, seedling stems width, root length, fresh weight of one hundred plants, dry weight of one hundred plants, root weight of one hundred plants, and height ratio mass. It was concluded that the leaf age, the plant height, the seedling stems width, the root length, the fresh weight of one hundred plants, the dry weight of one hundred plants, the root weight of one hundred plants, and the height ratio mass will decrease with the increase of the sowing rate. The interaction effect on seedling quality between seedling tray and sowing rates was not significant. Considering the quality of mechanized transplanting and the agronomic requirements of hybrid rice, the suitable sowing density for bowl-flat tray nursing seedlings and flat tray nursing seedlings were from 65 g/tray to 80 g/tray, narrow row tray nursing seedlings were from 52 g/tray to 64 g/tray, bowl tray nursing seedlings were from 41 g/tray to 50 g/tray.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agronomy - Crops - Experiments - Hybrid materials - Nursing
Uncontrolled terms:Hybrid rice - Interaction effect - Machine-transplanted rice - Precision sowing - Seedling quality - Seedling raising method - Seedling tray - Variance analysis
Classification code:415 Metals, Plastics, Wood and Other Structural Materials - 461.7 Health Care - 712 Electronic and Thermionic Materials - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20141717605592
Title:Estimation of chlorophyll content of corn canopy based on Hyperion image
Authors:Wu, Jian (1); Hou, Langong (1); Wang, Dong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Geography Information and Tourism College, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China
Corresponding author:Wu, J.(xiangfeidewujian@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:116-123
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The chlorophyll content estimation of corn leaf and canopy scale using hyperspectral satellite data has important significance to the development of modern agriculture technology. First of all, 60 separate 30 m by 30 m sample plots were set up randomly in a research area, and the excellent, good, and bad plants in each sample plot were selected as sample plants based on corn growth conditions. The plant canopy was divided into three layers and 5-10 pieces of fresh leaves samples were collected one layer at a time to test chlorophyll and spectrum. Three sample points (each point between 10 and 15 m apart) in each sample plot were chosen to test the canopy spectrum, and the average of three replicates was taken as the canopy spectral values. The LAI - 2000 canopy analyzer was used to determine the corn leaf area index (LAI). Secondly, the first - order differential (FD (Ref)) and curve remove (CR (Ref)) methods were used to process original reflectivity spectrum (Ref), and 5 Ref variables, 1 CR (Ref) variables, and 7 FD (Ref) variables that had a higher correlation with leaf chlorophyll content, simple ratio index (SR), and normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) were chosen to construct a multiple stepwise regression model. At the 95% significance level, 13 variables were eliminated, and a multiple linear regression model that only contains two variables was established. Variables of R890 and R1070 that were kept by multiple linear regression models were used as the input parameters of Back Propagation neural networks based on a hyperbolic tangent sigmoid function with slope parameters of a (Htsf-BP). So, a remote sensing estimation model by hyperspectral of chlorophyll of leaf scale was built, and when the number of neurons was six, the overall precision of Htsf - BP neural network was the best, with the fitting precision of 88.73%, verification accuracy of 78.68%, and validation RMSE of 0.0704. Sensor observation information, the structure parameters of the plant, background spectrum, and leaf spectral were put into a 4 - scale model to simulate canopy reflectance on the different conditions. According to the data sets simulation of the 4 - scale model, the fitting relationship between P<inf>T</inf>, P<inf>G</inf> and LAI functions could be obtained, and the solving results of factor M and b could be obtained at the same time. To move forward a single step, the conversion of the Hyperion image spectrum of the canopy and the leaf spectrum could be implemented, and the chlorophyll content estimation results of the Leaf blade scale could be achieved. At last, the chlorophyll content estimation of the canopy scale combining with the leaf area index could be accomplished. The results have showed that at the wavelength of 750 and 980 nm, the correlation coefficient R² value between canopy spectra simulated by spectral dimension transformation equation and the measured canopy spectra reached 0.784 and 0.706 respectively. The correlation coefficient R² value between measured leaf dimension chlorophyll content and the simulation results was 0.726. This method has provided a reference for the high precision fast estimation of leaf and canopy scale corn chlorophyll content.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Chlorophyll
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Estimation - Finite difference method - Forestry - Linear regression - Mathematical models - Neural networks - Plants (botany) - Reflection - Regression analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Back propagation neural networks - Correlation coefficient - HyperSpectral - Leaf chlorophyll content - Multiple linear regression models - Multiple stepwise regression - Normalized differential vegetation indices - Remote sensing estimations
Classification code:461.1 Biomedical Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 723.5 Computer Applications - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20141717605608
Title:Non-destructive detecting fructose and glucose content of honey with Raman spectroscopy
Authors:Li, Shuifang (1); Zhang, Xin (2); Li, Jiaojuan (1); Shan, Yang (3); Huang, Zizhi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Science, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 4l0004, China; (2) Longping Branch Graduate School, Central South University, Changsha 410125, China; (3) Hunan Food Test and Analysis Center, Changsha 410125, China
Corresponding author:Shan, Y.(shanyang-jgs@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:249-255
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods was used to rapidly measure the content of fructose and glucose in honey. Seventy-five authentic honey samples from sixteen floral origins were obtained directly from bee-keepers in ten provinces of China from 2008 to 2010. The samples were stored at 6-8&deg;C in the laboratory before their analysis. Honey were liquefied in a water bath at 55&deg;C and manually stirred to ensure homogeneity before spectral measurements. Spectra of honey samples were recorded using an i-Raman spectrometer (BWS 415-785H, B&amp;W TEK Inc., USA), which was equipped with a fiber-optic Raman probe, a thermoelectric cooled CCD detector with 2048 pixels and a 785 nm laser with a maximum output power of 495 mW in the signal range of 175-2600 cm^-1. The instrumental spectral resolution was 3 cm^-1. Integration time was 15 s. Seventy-four samples were divided into 55 calibration sets and 19 validation sets by Kennard-Stone algorithm. AirPLS (adaptive iteratively reweighted penalized least squares) was used to correct the baseline of spectroscopy. CARS (competitive adaptive reweighted sampling) was used to screen variables. Thirty-one and forty-six variables were obtained from 1150 variables by CARS for glucose and fructose, respectively. Quantitative calibration models were developed with linear partial least squares (PLS) regression and non-linear support vector machine (SVM) regression, respectively. These models were used to predict the validation set samples. The prediction accuracies obtained from both glucose and fructose were satisfied by PLS model and SVM model. Correlation coefficient (R)of predicted values versus HPLC measured values and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were 0.902 and 1.401 obtained from SVM model for fructose, respectively, which were higher than the values obtained by PLS model (R=0.892, RMSEP=1.604). PLS model's R and RMSEP were 0.968 and 0.669 for glucose, respectively, which were higher than SVM model's values (R=0.933, RMSEP= 1.410). Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods is a rapid and non-destructive method, which can be applied to measure the content of fructose and glucose in honey.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Raman spectroscopy
Controlled terms:Calibration - Chromatography - Coherent scattering - Food products - Forecasting - Fructose - Glucose - Iterative methods - Least squares approximations - Mean square error  - Nondestructive examination - Spectrometers - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Honey - Partial least-squares regression - PLS - Quantitative calibrations - Root-mean-square error of predictions - Support vector machine regressions - SVM
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801 Chemistry - 822.3 Food Products - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20141717605604
Title:Analysis of influence factors of farmers' willingness to quit right of contractual and management of rural land in progress of urbanization
Authors:Gao, Jia (1); Li, Shiping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Economics and Management, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China
Corresponding author:Li, S.(lishiping68@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:212-220
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:During the rapid progress of urbanization in China, the shortage of land resources have become a serious problem limiting the improvement of social economic development. A recognized better way and a key method to solve the land resource shortage problem, especially for the arable land, is to encourage farmers to quit the right of contract and management of rural land. This paper is based on the study framework of the farmers' willingness to quit the right of contract and management of rural land and the rural survey data of 579 households in Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province. The principal component analysis method and structural equation model are implemented in this the research. Firstly, the principal component analysis method is used to reduce the dimension of indicators. Eight indicators are excluded and eleven indicators are reserved to be utilized as the influence factors in the Structural Equation Model. All the eleven indicators are classified into three kinds of groups. They are household family features, household produce features and household awareness features. Secondly, the Structural Equation Model is applied to analyze the influence factors and the influence direction of farmers' willingness to quit the right of contract and management of rural land. The results are as follows: Four indicators in the group of household family characteristics, household per capita income, the distance from county, the total income of the family, and the education degree of the householder, affect the farmers' willingness to quit the right of contract and management of rural land positively. Three indicators in the group of household production characteristics, total agricultural income, farmland area and the number of labor in family, show a positive influence on farmers' willingness to quit the right of contract and management of rural land. Four indicators in the group of household awareness characteristics, the awareness of property right, the awareness of behavior, the awareness of welfare, and the awareness of nonagricultural skills, have a significant positive impact on farmers' willingness to quit the right of contract and management of rural land. It could be concluded that famers' willingness to quit the right of contract and management of rural land is affected by a variety of factors and that all of the influencing factors have a covariance relationship with each other. The meaning of analyzing the influence factors of farmers' willingness to quit the right of contract and management of rural land could provide a reference for the development of reasonable rural land quitting policies and mechanisms.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Management
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Economic and social effects - Economics - Land use - Models - Natural resources - Principal component analysis - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Analysis of influence factors - Influence factors - Land managements - Per capita income - Principal component analysis method - Production characteristics - Structural equation modeling - Urbanization
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444 Water Resources - 501 Exploration and Prospecting - 512 Petroleum and Related Deposits - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 912.2 Management - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20141717605582
Title:Deformation analysis and control of elastic deformation for spray boom based on finite element model
Authors:He, Yaojie (1); Qiu, Baijing (1); Yang, Yafei (1); Ma, Jing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Corresponding author:Qiu, B.(qbj@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:28-36
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The accelerations of boom sprayer caused by soil unevenness may lead to the spray boom's elastic deformation, which would cause uneven spray deposit. In order to attenuate spray boom's elastic deformation, a finite element model was built based on ANSYS, and then the modal information of the model was obtained by numerical modal analysis. For the simplification of spray boom's finite element model, modal test was used to validate the finite element model and its modal information, the test introduced a way that multi points and multi directions exciting, one point and one direction response to obtain the frequency response functions (FRFs). Exciting signal was generated by a hammer (LC-1) and detected by a force sensor (AD-YD305). Response signal was measured by an acceleration sensor (YD-1). After the exciting and response signals were measured, the FRFs were obtained in SD380 dynamic signal analyzer through fast frourier transform (FFT), and the modal parameters were identified in STAR7. After the test, a comparison was conducted between test and calculation. The result showed that the first 6 modes' resonance frequency difference between finite element model and test modal model were less than 10%, the modal assurance criterion (MAC) between finite element model and test modal model of the first 6 modes were more than 0.8, which indicated that the finite element model and the modal information that the model contained could be used for engineering research. Modal analysis result showed that the first mode frequency of spray boom was 9.16 Hz, while the excitation frequency of spray machine chassis was 0-10 Hz. It was apparent that the first mode frequency of spray boom was between the range of the excitation frequency of spray machine chassis. Since the spray boom was fixed on the chassis's frame, the motions of chassis caused by uneven ground would directly transfer to the spray boom, which may lead to spray boom's elastic deformation. In order to study the elastic deformation of spray boom under different boom motions based on finite element model, the elastic deformation of spray boom's end caused by - - was analyzed using harmonic response method by a frame spray boom model established based on ADAMS. All excitation frequencies were between 0-10 Hz, and amplitudes of jolting, yawing and rolling were 50 mm, 5&deg;, and 5&deg;, respectively. These motions led to the maximal elastic deformation at the end of spray boom on the corresponding plane of about 80, 10, and 10 mm, respectively. The harmonic response analysis showed jolting was the main factor affecting elastic deformation if spray boom, and thus the spray boom's elastic deformation caused by jolting should be reduced primarily. In order to reduce the elastic deformation of spray boom, two symmetrical cables that were defined as elastic bodies were added to the frame spray boom model. An included angle between cable's projection on XOY plane and spray boom length (z direction) was designed to ensure that the cables could effectively reduce spray boom's elastic deformation. Two ends of cable were connected to frame and spray boom respectively through a spherical joint. Obviously, installation position of cables may impact the effect of reducing spray boom's elastic deformation. In order to further investigate the variation of elastic deformation associated with different installation position of cables, 4 different installation positions were selected along reinforce steel pipes of the spray boom according to the structure of spray boom including the position that was 1/4, 2/4, and 3/4 away from the middle point of spray boom and the end of the spray boom. The elastic deformation of spray boom was determined with an excitation frequency between 0-10 Hz when the cables were installed at the 4 different positions. The results showed that the installation position at 3/4 away from the middle point of the spray boom was optimal and the other positions were not good for reducing elastic deformation of spray boom since the elastic deformation of spray boom was minimal with less than 10 mm among the four different treatments, which was lower than that (80 mm) when no cable was installed.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Finite element method
Controlled terms:Cables - Chassis - Elastic deformation - Frequency response - Modal analysis - Models - Sensors - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Dynamic signal analyzers - Excitation frequency - Frequency-response functions - Harmonic response analysis - Installation position - Modal assurance criterion - Resonance frequencies - Spray booms
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 535 Rolling, Forging and Forming - 663.2 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components - 731.1 Control Systems - 801 Chemistry - 818 Rubber and Elastomers - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20141717605601
Title:Assessment on multi-functionality of land use in Tibet
Authors:Zhang, Xiaoping (1); Zhu, Daolin (1); Xu, Zuxue (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Environmental Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (2) Faculty of Geomatics, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China; (3) Institute of Land and Resources Planning and Development of Tibet, Lhasa 850000, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, D.(dlzhu@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:185-194
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Judging from the change of land-use activities and planning formulations, multifunctional land use has been the inevitable trend in Tibet. It is an appropriate way to improve land use efficiency, also necessary for balanced eco-economic development in Tibet. The state of multi-functionality is the fundamental information for multifunctional land use and the aim of researchers. According to the present research and the land use situation of Tibet, the land use functions were divided into three layers: total function layer, single function layer and subfunction layer. There were 4 single functions: production function (PRF), economic function (ENF), ecological function (ELF), and social function (SOF), and 9 subfunctions. This paper established an assessment method on multi-functionality of land use, involving the characterization of land use function type, the establishment of an assessment indicator system, the estimation of weights and threshold values, the measurement of function value, and the indexes for reflecting the state and change of land use function, such as function value, dynamic degree, realization rate, standard deviation and dynamic dominance. The method was applied to measure the state of land use functions in 1990, 2000 &amp; 2010, as well as the change between the 20 years in Tibet. The results show that the dynamic degree of total function was 2.0% and 5.7% during 1990-2000 and 2000-2010, which denoted that the total function of land use had improved slowly to a middle sustainable level. The standard deviations of single function and subfunction decreased gradually, which indicated that the harmony of multifunction was promoted progressively. With the decrease of the dynamic dominance, the direction of land use was changed from single function to multifunction. The function that changed the most was the production function during 1990-2000 and the economic function during 2000-2010. This change means that the centre of land use turned from production in the former period to economy in the latter period. The change characteristics between the functions were different. The sustainability of the production function was promoted from low-level to middle-level. The agricultural production function has undergone a rapid increase during 1990-2000, and a slow decrease during 2000-2010. Contrary to the fluctuation of the agricultural production function, the pastoral production function improved steadily and rapidly. The change of the economic function was on a low rise before 2000, and on a rapid rise after 2000 with the implementation of The Western Development. Though the industry and infrastructure facilities were improved greatly, the economic function was still in a low level. Influenced by the rapidly decreasing function of maintaining the balance of the ecosystem, the sustainability of the environmental function was retrograded from high-level to middle-level. It exhibited a low increase during 1990-2000 and a rapid increase during 2000-2010 for the social function, which was just promoted to the middle-level. The promotion of integral effect and harmony of multifunctional land use is the aim of land use in Tibet. It is suggested to stabilize the production function, step up the pace of improving the economy function, control the degeneration of environmental function emphatically, and promote the social function progressively. The assessment method established in this paper is about quantitative analysis, and is an enrichment of the research on multifunctional land use. The application of the assessment method provides the reference and instruction for land use decisions in Tibet.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Economics
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Ecology - Functions - Land use - Production - Research - Statistics - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Assessment indicator - Economy - Environmental functions - Measurement of functions - Multi- functionality - Society - Tibet
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 901.4 Impact of Technology on Society - 913.2 Production Control - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20141717605600
Title:Pretreatment by extremely low acid hydrolysis combed with enzymolysis improving saccharification efficiency of corn stalk
Authors:Cao, Yanxin (1); Shao, Lijie (1); Zhang, Huan (1); Kou, Wei (1); Wang, Xiaoming (1); Zhang, Dalei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Liaoning Institute of Energy Resources, Yingkou 115003, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, D.(daleizhang@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:179-184
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Corn straw is one of the most abundant agricultural and forest residues containing cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. About 2.24&times;108 tons of corn straw are produced per year in china, most of which is burned or lost in farmland, and only a small part is used as feed for livestock. Because corn straw is abundant in cellulose, it can be used as a substitute for grain to produce fuel-ethanol, which can be a significant contribution for relieving the crisis of resource and foodstuff shortage. The process of producing fuel-ethanol includes pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in corn straw form stable polymers, which hardly dissolve in water, dilute acid, dilute alkali, and most organic solutions. Each component interrelates with all the others. Because of the complex configuration, hemicellulose and lignin will hinder the degradation of cellulose. To utilize the cellulose, corn straw must be pretreated. To improve the reduction of sugar yield in corn straw, the hydrolysis method of using extremely low sulfuric acid followed by enzymolysis is employed to treat corn stalk. To investigate the mechanism of reducing sugar conversion in acid hydrolysis and enzymolysis, the yield of totally reduced sugar, glucose and xylose was analyzed with acid hydrolysis followed by enzymolysis under different acid concentrations, temperatures and reaction times. Acid concentrations 0.1%, 160&deg;C, 55 min, 180 r/min, solid-liquid ratio 1:10 was confirmed by orthogonal experiment. Through acid hydrolysis followed by enzymolysis (enzyme 5.0%, pH 4.6, 24 h, 50&deg;C), the yield of totally reduced sugar, glucose, and xylose was 56.22%, 16.97% and 18.83%, respectively. The concentration of totally reduced sugar, glucose, and xylose was 62.46, 18.85 and 20.92 g/L, respectively. After acid hydrolysis and enzymolysis treatment, the corn stalk component was analyzed by infrared spectral and the Van Soest methods. The conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose was 88.52% and 95.18%, respectively. The conversion of totally reduced sugar, glucose, and xylose was 88.11%, 44.86% and 72.49%, respectively. Extremely low acid pretreatment can hydrolyze hemicellulose into monosaccharides and degrade the crystalline structure of cellulose. The pretreated cellulose with high porosity can be hydrolyzed by cellulose efficiently. This method can avoid degradation of monosaccharides, improve reduced sugar yield and increase the conversion efficiency of corn straw cellulose.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Cellulose
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Distillation - Enzymatic hydrolysis - Ethanol - Glucose - Hydrolysis - Lignin - Organic polymers - Saccharification - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Acid concentrations - Cellulose and hemicellulose - Complex configuration - Crystalline structure - Enzymolysis - Extremely low sulfuric acids - Orthogonal experiment - Pre-Treatment
Classification code:523 Liquid Fuels - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20141717605607
Title:Rapid colormetric detection of pesticide residues based on enzyme inhibition method
Authors:Zhu, Songming (1); Zhou, Chennan (1); He, Jingsong (2); Zhang, Xueyin (1); Guo, Xishan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (2) College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
Corresponding author:Guo, X.(guoxs@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:242-248
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, due to the frequently reported food safety events, people generally care about the food safety. According to former research, the application amount of organophosphorus pesticides and carbamate pesticides possesses about 70% of the total application amount of pesticides. So, it is necessary to develop fast, sensitive and accurate analysis of pesticide residues to assure the quality of agricultural products. However, the existing food quality supervision system is generally based on the instrument analysis technology, which is time-consuming and high-costing, and will delay the actual release of information for the food safety determination. So it cannot provide the rapid response to the consumer queries. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop the rapid detection techniques for food safety. A novel disposable enzyme tablet was developed for rapid colorimetric detection of pesticide residues in agricultural products, which based on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by pesticides and the AChE-catalyzed hydrolysis of chromogenic substrate, indoxyl acetate. As known, indoxyl acetate can be catalyzed to indole with the existence of AChE. Indole was oxidized in air quickly, turning to be blue-green, which could be easily distinguished by the naked eye. Firstly, the AChE was immobilized onto the Hybond N nylon membrane. It was a crucial work to choose a suitable immobilization method. In our study, the physical absorption method seemed more easy-operative and suitable than the cross-linking since it rarely has no inference on the results. Besides, immobilization temperature, time and methods of drying were optimized in the immobilization process. The enzymatic tablets were immobilized under 4&deg;C for 30 min, then freeze-dried in a vacuum chamber, the recovery rate of enzyme activity was as high as 27.3%, which considered to be optimal. The other parameters such as substrate concentration, inhibition time and coloring time were optimized. The results were as follows: the best amount of acetate solution was 10 mmol/L, and the inhibition time and the color develop time were 15 and 10 min, respectively. In the measurement process, the color of the enzyme tablet was blue-green. Through analyzing the changes of color intensity, the limit of detection (LOD) of this assay system were 1 &mu;g/mL for omethoate, 0.05 &mu;g/mL for chlorpyrifos, 1.5 &mu;g/mL for carbaryl, and 0.8 &mu;g/mL for pirimicarb, all of them have attained the requirements of the maximum residue limits in food. Detection results of pesticide residues in real samples of grape and cabbage showed that the enzyme tablet had high sensitivity, high degree of accuracy, and good reproducibility, suggesting its great potential for practical application in rapid qualitative determination of organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CM) pesticide residues in agricultural products. Furthermore, this assay has long storage time at 60 days. In sum, this work provides a feasible way to develop fast, sensitive detection for pesticide residue.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Pesticides
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Catalysis - Color - Enzyme inhibition - Enzymes - Food safety - Hydrolysis - Optimization - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - Quality control
Uncontrolled terms:Acetylcholinesterase - Colorimetric detection - High degree of accuracy - Immobilization process - Indoxyl acetate - Maximum residue limits - Organophos-phorus pesticides - Substrate concentrations
Classification code:461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20141717605590
Title:Identification of solar cell model parameters by combining analytical method with Nelder-Mead simplex method
Authors:Gao, Xiankun (1); Yao, Chuan'an (1); Gao, Xiangchuan (2); Yu, Yongchang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (2) School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
Corresponding author:Yu, Y.(hnyych@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:97-106
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the simulation and design calculations of photovoltaic (PV) systems, it is very crucial to select an accurate mathematical model to closely represent the nonlinear current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of solar cells. In practice, two main equivalent circuit models are used widely: the single and double diode models. The single diode model contains five unknown parameters, while the double diode model has seven unknown parameters, which are not always available in commercial PV datasheets. Hence, parameter extraction of solar cell models is an essential prerequisite for the precise modeling, performance analysis, and optimal control of PV systems. Unfortunately, since the single and double diode models are inherently implicit and transcendental in nature, it is difficult to quickly and accurately identify their unknown parameters just by analytic methods or traditional numerical optimization methods. By combining an approximate analytic method and the Nelder-Mead simplex method (NM), an comprehensively hybrid algorithm named A-bcNM is proposed in this paper to simultaneously determine the precise values of photo-generated current, diode saturation currents, parasitic series and shunt resistances, and diode ideality factors of solar cell models. In the A-bcNM method, the parameter identification problem of solar cell models is formulated as a bounded, multidimensional, nonlinear optimization problem of minimizing a given objective function. The basic idea of the A-bcNM method can be broken up into three phases. First, we make use of several key points on the nonlinear I-V characteristic curve to roughly estimate the synthetic parameters, i.e., the output current and voltage at the maximum power point, short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, and slopes of the I-V characteristic at the axis intersections. Secondly, we substitute the synthetic parameters into our proposed approximate analytical formulas of the single diode model so as to quickly pinpoint the initial search point for the NM method. The third phase of A-bcNM is utilizing the NM method as optimizer to minimize the root mean square error between the experimental data and the simulated data, and restart the NM method at the currently observed points several times. The main intention of restarting the NM method is to escape from the local extreme points and further improve the precision of fitting and the quality of parameter solutions. To evaluate the speed of convergence and accuracy of the A-bcNM method presented here, single and double diode models of two typical solar cells were tested. The identification results indicate that the simulation data with the parameters obtained by A-bcNM method are in very good agreement with the experimental data in all cases. Comparing with the best known methods reported in the literature, such as a genetic algorithm (GA), simulated annealing (SA), pattern search (PS), particle swarm optimization (PSO), harmony search (HS), artificial bee swarm optimization (ABSO), improved adaptive differential evolution (IADE), bird mating optimizer (BMO), and repaired adaptive differential evolution (R<inf>cr</inf>-IJADE), all cases demonstrate that the A-bcNM method is rather simple, straightforward, computationally efficient and sufficiently accurate for parameter identification of solar cell models. In short, simple concept, easy implementation and high performance are the main advantages of the A-bcNM method, and it is useful for PV systems designers to build an efficient and accurate solar cell system simulator.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Numerical methods
Controlled terms:Diodes - Genetic algorithms - Identification (control systems) - Mathematical models - Mean square error - Models - Open circuit voltage - Parameter estimation - Parameter extraction - Parameterization  - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Simulated annealing - Solar cells
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive differential evolutions - Computationally efficient - Equivalent circuit model - Nelder-Mead simplex methods - Non-linear optimization problems - Nonlinear I-V characteristics - Numerical optimizations - Parameter identification problems
Classification code:615.2 Solar Power - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922 Statistical Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20141717605613
Title:Treatment technology of soy milk improving texture characteristics of lactone tofu
Authors:Yu, Bin (1); Wang, Xibo (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food and Bioengeering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China; (2) College of Food Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
Corresponding author:Yu, B.(yubin107@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:287-292
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Tofu is a nutritional, gel-like soy food. Its preparation generally includes soaking and grinding of soybeans in water, filtering, boiling and coagulation of soy milk, molding and pressing in the same basic methods. It is consumed in significant amounts in Asian countries like China and Japan because of their inexpensive, high quality protein. Because of its bland taste, the textural properties markedly influence its food quality and consumer acceptability. The textural properties are governed by soy milk concentration, coagulant type and concentration, gelation pressure and temperature, and gelation time. The textural properties of tofu also varied with the density of the gel network, the size of protein granules in the network from microscopic view. The particle size of soy milk was changed by some treatments to improve the texture characteristics of lactone tofu. Effect of plate gap (10-30 &mu;m), ultrasound power (1-3 W/g) and homogenate speed (1000-5000 r/min) on texture characteristics of lactone tofu were studied in this article. The results showed that treatment with colloid mill significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased elasticity and cohesion of lactone tofu. However, grinding for longer time lowered hardness of lactone tofu under the condition of plate gap of 10 &mu;m. Treatment of soy milk for 2 min under the plate gap of 10 &mu;m effectively improved the quality and texture characteristics of lactone tofu. Hardness and elasticity of lactone tofu all offered upgrade firstly then descending latter tendency under different intensities of ultrasound power. Cohesion of lactone tofu was decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) by ultrasound treatments. Treatment with ultrasound powder of 2 W/g for 3 min exhibited better quality of lactone tofu. All texture characteristics of lactone tofu showed descending following its ascending under homogenate conditions. Soy milk treated by homogenate at 1000 r/min for 8 min was better choice. By multi-index comprehensive evaluation of Topsis, the results showed that homogenate at 1000 r/min for 8 min was more suitable for soy milk as its improvement of texture characteristics of lactone tofu. The size of particle was shifted from 8.6 to 4.2, 1.6, 1.4 &mu;m when soy milk treated by colloid mill, homogenate and ultrasound, respectively. The results of particle size analysis showed that the processing could reduce the particle size of soy milk, which played an improvement role in texture characteristics of lactone tofu. The texture characteristics of lactone tofu were improved by processing technology of soy milk to meet the different requires. The result can provide a reference for the processing technology of lactone tofu.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Esters
Controlled terms:Adhesion - Chemical water treatment - Coagulation - Colloids - Elasticity - Gelation - Grinding (machining) - Hardness - Particle size - Particle size analysis  - Processing - Proteins - Textures - Ultrasonics
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation - Consumer acceptability - Lactone tofu - Pressure and temperature - Processing technologies - Soy milk - Texture characteristics - Treatment technologies
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 606.2 Abrasive Devices and Processes - 753.1 Ultrasonic Waves - 801 Chemistry - 801.3 Colloid Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 913.4 Manufacturing - 933 Solid State Physics - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20141717605591
Title:Online detection for cotton foreign fiber based on fisher score and binary particle swarm optimization
Authors:Zhao, Xuehua (1); Li, Daoliang (3); Yu, Helong (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (2) College of Computer Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (3) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (4) College of Information and Technology Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
Corresponding author:Yu, H.(yuhelong@aliyun.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:107-115
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Foreign fibers in cotton refer to non-cotton fibers and dyed fibers such as hairs, binding ropes, plastic films, candy wrappers, and polypropylene twines. Foreign fibers in cotton even in low content, especially in lint, can seriously affect the quality of the final cotton textile products. Today, online detection systems based on machine vision have been developed for evaluating the quality of the cotton. In such systems, classification of foreign fibers in cotton is the basic and key technology, which is related to the systems' performance. Finding the optimum feature set with the small size and high accuracy is essential due to it can not only simplify the design of classifier, but also reduce the time of feature extraction. It is a feature selection problem in nature. Feature selection plays an important role in online detection of foreign fibers in cotton. This paper proposed a combined feature selection algorithm for foreign fiber data by combining Fisher Score with BPSO (Binary Particle Swarm Optimization). First, Fisher Score was used to filter noisy features. Then, the BPSO used the classifier accuracy as a fitness function to select the highly discriminating features. The proposed method was tested for classification on foreign fiber dataset. The comparisons of the proposed algorithm with Fisher Score approach and BPSO algorithm showed that the proposed algorithm was able to find the subsets with small size that produced the best classification accuracy in cross-validation. The optimal set with 18 features was selected from 75 features by the proposed algorithm, which classification accuracy reached 93.5%. The time cost of the optimal sets involving three stages corresponding to image segmentation, feature extraction and classification throughout the process of online detection was also tested. The time (0.8231 s) of the optimal set obtained by the proposed algorithm was obviously lower than the original set and the other subset selected by Fscore and BPSO. As a result, the optimal sets obtained by the proposed algorithm was more suitable to online detection and could effectively improve the performance of online detection systems.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Fibers
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Classification (of information) - Computer vision - Cotton - Feature extraction - Optimization - Polypropylenes
Uncontrolled terms:Binary particle swarm optimization - Classification accuracy - Design of classifiers - Feature extraction and classification - Feature selection problem - Fisher score - Foreign fiber - On-line detection system
Classification code:716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 812 Ceramics, Refractories and Glass - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 817 Plastics and Other Polymers: Products and Applications - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20141717605605
Title:Intensive using evaluation of rural residential land based on input-output theory
Authors:Qu, Yanbo (1); Jiang, Guanghui (2); Shang, Ran (4); Gao, Yu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Public Management, Shandong University of Finance and Economic, Jinan 250014, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Process and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (3) College of Resources Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (4) Agriculture Science and Engineering Department, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering College, Jinan 250100, China
Corresponding author:Jiang, G.(macrophage@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:221-231
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As seen through history, the construction and development of rural residential land is spontaneous, and unified scientific planning is lacking in China. In the interaction of many factors, the inflation scale of the natural rural residential land is very rapidly, and land use patterns in the rural areas are spontaneous, disorder, hollow, idle, more houses and so on. The results show that much land resources are wasted and the spatial pattern of land is seriously defaced. Consequently, the intensive use of rural residential land is the key to the construction of urban and rural integration patterns, and also is the main way to promote resource conservation and utilization. With further deepening of the regional economic and social reforms and changes of farmers' demands, it was foreknown that rural residents' land would produce further differentiation and and require reconstruction. If appropriate intervention and effective guidance is not provided, the risk of extensive use of rural residential land would be strengthened, and intensive utilization of rural residential land would become an urgent research subject. First, according to the economics input-output theory and new rural construction requirements, this study classified the connotation and manifestation of elements of rural residential land use as two aspects, intensity and efficiency, to construct the index system of rural residential land use intensity measurement using the scale, layout, structure and production, life, and ecology efficiency as the criterion layer. Second, with the help of the decoupling principle and index deviation degree analysis method, the study established the intensity degree index model and its correction model, based on the coefficient of variation and obstruction diagnosis model, for rural residential land intensive use. The study then took the Pinggu district in Beijing, with significant suburban characteristics, as an example, and took 275 administrative villages as the basic assessment unit to assess the intensity level, divided these into different intensity modes, analyzed the intensity disturbance factors, and summed up the intensity control path. The results showed that: 1) On the whole, rural residential land use intensity level is low, the ecological and loss modes of rural residential land occupied the dominant position, the amount of excess type in intensive and extensive modes was not much, but there were significant differences between each village and town. 2) Obstacle factors of rural residential land intensive use were significant, relatively large scale and unreasonable internal structures were the main obstacles to cause higher strength of rural residential land use, and low production efficiency and poor living conditions were the factors to restrict the development of rural settlements. 3) From ecological mode to intensive mode to extensive mode to loss mode, the obstacle factors were increasing gradually. From the point of reducing the intensity of land use and enhancing the efficacy of land use, tapping potential, intensive growth, ecological balance, and sustainable development were the effective paths for different types of rural residential land. Following the complexity and particularity of rural residential land, with the element input-output theory and the decoupling theory, the study took the intensity index and efficiency index as the basis to assess the intensity level and divided the intensity mode of rural residential land. It was more comprehensive than a single index system, such as the area and population index, to reflect the rural land use characteristics. The study made theoretical connotation innovations in the aspect of rural residential land intensive use measurement, and the results were very useful in accelerating the rational use of land resources in rural areas and promoting the coordinated development of social economy and ecological environments in rural areas.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Housing
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Conservation - Diagnosis - Ecology - Economics - Efficiency - Land use - Natural resources - Planning - Regional planning  - Rural areas
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Ecological environments - Intensity - Intensity measurements - New rural constructions - Pinggu districts - Rural residential - Urban and rural integrations
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444 Water Resources - 454 Environmental Engineering - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 501 Exploration and Prospecting - 512 Petroleum and Related Deposits - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20141717605583
Title:Axial compression behavior of square thin-walled steel tube-laminated bamboo composite hollow columns
Authors:Zhao, Weifeng (1); Zhang, Wudong (1); Zhou, Jing (1); Cao, Yonglong (1); Long, Zhilin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
Corresponding author:Long, Z.(longzl@xtu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:37-45
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The development of laminated-bamboo has broadened the application range of bamboo material in the field of structural engineering. A new type of steel/laminated bamboo composite column was developed based on the existing bamboo composite element for constructing multi-story, pre-fabricated, column-supported, and bamboo-framed buildings, and named as square thin-walled steel tube/multi-layered bamboo plywood composite hollow column (SBCC). The core of the SBCC is a square thin-walled steel tube, and the exterior column consists of several high-strength bamboo plywood pieces (such as bamboo mat plywood) that are bonded together using a structural adhesive to form a composite hollow column. SBCCs are a new type of steel/bamboo composite with excellent physical and mechanical properties. Multi-layered high-strength bamboo plywood forms the primary body in the SBCC that is subjected to compressive forces, and the square thin-walled steel tube only serves as a liner. Large numbers of bamboo are used, which reduce the manufacturing cost of the composite columns and result in a relatively high load-bearing capacity. A steel tube section is used in the column core to increase the cross-sectional size of the column, thereby reducing the slenderness ratio and effectively regulating the instability and failure of the columns under pressure. The composite has a simple cross-section, can be manufactured and processed simply, and is suitable for industrial production. This study aimed to study the axial compression performance of SBCCs, and explore its failure mechanism under axial loads in order to provide valuable information for its engineering applications. The influence of factors including bamboo-plywood net sectional dimension area, hollow ratio, and slenderness ratio on the mechanical performance and axial compression properties was investigated using 15 composite column specimens. The failure modes and deformation behavior of specimens were also analyzed in an axial compression test. Results showed that the compressive failure for SBCCs was principally characterized by interior damage of the bamboo plywood material, damage from glue failure at the matrix interface, and global buckling failure due to the large deformation in the middle of the column. The failure mode was mainly determined by the overall adhesive strength between the matrixes. The compressive bearing-capacity of SBCC increased with increasing net sectional dimension area and the hollow ratio of the bamboo, and decreased with increasing slenderness ratio. A calculating model for the axial compressive bearing-capacity of SBCCs, which can serve as a guideline for engineering applications, was obtained by nonlinear regression analysis of the test data, and the maximum error between the estimators based on the formula and the experimental results was about 20%. Another group of test data was utilized to validate the bearing-capacity model, and revealed the maximum error of about 7.2%. The study demonstrated that SBCC is a kind of steel-bamboo composite column with excellent axial compressive performance, and a potential alternative resource to wood as a vertical support element in houses.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Bamboo
Controlled terms:Applications - Axial compression - Columns (structural) - Compression testing - Deformation - Failure modes - Interfaces (materials) - Laminated composites - Laminating - Mechanical properties  - Plywood - Regression analysis - Steel - Thin walled structures - Tubular steel structures - Wood products
Uncontrolled terms:Axial compression behavior - Bamboo plywoods - Capacity - Hollow columns - Non-linear regression analysis - Physical and mechanical properties - Square thin-walled steel tubes - Thin-walled steels
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 415 Metals, Plastics, Wood and Other Structural Materials - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 545.3 Steel - 811.1 Pulp and Paper - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 816.1 Processing of Plastics and Other Polymers - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20141717605580
Title:Optimization experiment of operating parameters on vibration sorting-clip device for vegetable grafting machine
Authors:Tian, Subo (1); Yang, Jifeng (2); Wang, Ruili (2); Xu, Donglei (2); Li, Tianlai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (2) College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
Corresponding author:Li, T.(tianlaili@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:9-16
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Vegetable grafting machines are extensively studied by Japan, South Korea, China and North America, and various types of grafting machines were developed successfully. In China, Zhang Tiezhong, Gu Song, and other researchers carried out ample work on cut-pasting in vegetable grafting machines. However, due to the complexity of grafting technology and the poor applicability of the grafting machine, these machines are not widely used in China. Therefore, it is significant to develop an automatic grafting machine that can be suitable for agricultural production in northeast China. In order to realize automation of a vegetable grafting machine, and solve the difficulties of automatic sorting grafting clips because of their complex shape and structure, a vibration sorting-clip device for vegetable grafting machine was designed, and the working parameters of the device were optimized by using the experimental methods in this study. The circular cylindrical hopper is one of the most important structures in the vibration sorting-clip device. The spiral material passage's inner wall of a circular cylindrical hopper is installed by four fixed guiding mechanisms which are used to sort and direct vegetable grafting clips while conveying them. The first and the second fixed guiding mechanism are both sheet-shaped structures, the third is rod-shaped and the fourth is hole-shaped. A screening dam bar is another key component of the vibration sorting-clip device that is installed on a lateral plate between the end of the spiral material passage and the discharge port. The installing angle and installing length of the screening dam bar can be adjusted and the two major factors will affect the performance of the vibration delivery device. In addition, the input vibration voltage is also another major factor that will affect the performance of the vibration sorting-clip device. The grafting clips for the typical muskmelon were selected as the research objects. Three variables were selected as the experimental factors, i.e. input vibration voltage, installing angle, and the installing length of the screening dam bar. The variation coefficient of sorting clips that represented the performance of sorting grafting clips was determined as the experimental index. Moreover, the single factor experiment and two regression orthogonal experiments were conducted in order to determine the optimal technological parameters of the vibration sorting-clip device. The single factor experiments studied the influence of input vibration voltage, installing angle, and installing length on variation coefficient of sorting clips, respectively. According to the results of single factor experiment, the two regression orthogonal experiments were conducted after selecting two reasonable values within the effective range as two levels. The optimal operating parameters of the vibration sorting-clip device for the vegetable grafting machine were determined by the experiment. The input vibratory voltage of the sorting device was 40V, the installing angle of the screening dam bar was 25.7 degrees, the installing length of the screening dam bar was 45.5 millimeters, and the variation coefficient of the sorting clips was 0.6822. The parameters proved to be the best performance of the sorting grafting clips until the present. The success rate was 100% and the working efficiency was 70 per min by using the above parameters. Under the conditions of the optimal operating parameters, the vibration sorting-clip device of the vegetable grafting machine can meet the requirements of design. Therefore, the vibration sorting clips device can achieve automatic conveying and sorting of vegetable grafting clips successfully, and the experimental results provide important references for developing an automatic vegetable grafting machine.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Vibrations (mechanical)
Controlled terms:Dams - Experiments - Grafting (chemical) - Grafts - Hoppers - Optimization - Regression analysis - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Muskmelon - Operating parameters - Orthogonal experiment - Single-factor experiments - Sorting device - Technological parameters - Variation coefficient
Classification code:441.1 Dams - 462.4 Prosthetics - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20141717605598
Title:Disinfection effects of ultraviolet on supernatants of flocculated digestate from swine farm
Authors:Li, Tong (1); Dong, Hongmin (1); Tao, Xiuping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Corresponding author:Tao, X.(taoxp@ieda.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:165-171
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:There are a large number of microorganisms in the liquid digestate from a swine farm. The liquid digestate should be disinfected prior to discharge or utilization for sanitary and environmental safety, but there is a lack of literature on the disinfection of liquid digestate from animal feeding operations. In view of the high turbidity and chromaticity, the transmittance (T<inf>254</inf>) of liquid digestate from swine farm is nearly zero, and liquid digestate must be treated prior to ultraviolet disinfection. Flocculation was applied to pre-treat liquid digestate in this study in order to obtain supernatants with different transmittances (T<inf>254</inf>) for the following disinfecting trials. In terms of total bacteria count, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms, experiments were conducted to investigate the disinfecting feasibility and the effectiveness of ultraviolet on the supernatants of flocculated digestate under 60 experimental conditions, which were formed by 4&times;3&times;5 factorial combinations of transmittances (T<inf>254</inf>) (0.01%, 0.69%, 3.78% and 8.54%), water depth (WD) (1, 2 and 3 cm), and hydraulic retention times (HRT) (1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min). Results showed that T<inf>254</inf>, WD, and HRT all significantly affected (P&lt;0.01) the disinfection effects of ultraviolet on the supernatants of flocculated digestate, and significant interactions (P&lt;0.01) were also detected among the experimental factors. The disinfection rates of ultraviolet on total bacteria count, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms were (99.99&plusmn;1.20)%, (99.99&plusmn;1.43)%, and (100.00&plusmn;0.01)% respectively, under the condition of 0.69% T<inf>254</inf>, 2 cm WD, and 15 min HRT. In such cases, the fecal coliforms in the supernatant of flocculated digestate decreased from 3.9&times;10⁶ count/L to less than 3 count/L. Therefore, ultraviolet could be applied for the disinfection of the supernatants of flocculated digestate from swine farms, and the disinfected effluent could meet the sanitary requirements of the current national standards. It is recommended that the disinfected supernatant of digestate be reused for floor-flushing in swine farms, if the farms use tap water for production. and have no land in surrounding area for digestate application.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Disinfection
Controlled terms:Coliform bacteria - Effluents - Flocculation - Liquids - Microorganisms
Uncontrolled terms:Animal feeding operations - Digestate - Experimental conditions - Fecal Coliform - Hydraulic retention time - Total bacteria - Ultraviolet - Ultraviolet disinfections
Classification code:452.3 Industrial Wastes - 461.9 Biology - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20141717605594
Title:Method of image detection for ear of corn based on computer vision
Authors:Liu, Changqing (1); Chen, Bingqi (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100020, China; (2) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Chen, B.(fbcbq@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:131-138
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The parameters such as the length, the number of ear rows, and the quantity of kernels in an ear of corn were measured during corn breeding and quality studies. It is usually done mainly manually. This research proposes an efficient image processing algorithm to detect the parameters of an ear of corn based on a machine vision. An experimental device was designed to detect the parameters. It mainly included a computer, a module of data acquisition and control, a stepper motor, a stepper motor driver, a PC camera, and other mechanical components. The computer was used to control the stepper motor to rotate the ear of corn and trigger the PC camera to capture images. The image was segmented after the ear of corn was captured. Its contour was traced. The length and the width of it were obtained by measuring the contour. The horizontal and vertical accumulated pixel values histograms were used in this research. One point in the upper edge and one point in the lower edge of the central ear row were found by first searching for the concaves of the horizontal accumulated pixel values histogram in a specified region. All the points in the upper and the lower edges of the central row were obtained by searching for the concaves of the horizontal accumulated pixel values histograms in a specified moving region which moved following the edge of the central ear row direction. So the image of this central ear row was determined. Each gap between the adjacent kernels could be distinguished by searching for the concaves of the vertical accumulated pixel values histogram in the image area of the central ear row. Then the width of the central ear row and the quantity of kernels in this ear row were recorded. The image of the next adjacent ear row was taken while this ear row was rotated to the location in which the former ear row was imaged. The condition of stopping detection was judged by matching the image of the current ear row with the first. So the number of the ear rows was determined. The quantity of the kernels in this ear of corn could be obtained by accumulating the kernels of all ear rows. In this research, an experimental device was designed to detect the parameters of an ear of corn. And an algorithm was supplied on the base of a machine vision for the same purpose. The image of each ear row in the ear of corn was effectively taken with no repeat. The parameters were detected such as the length and the width of the ear of corn, the width of one ear row, the number of ear rows, and the quantity of kernels in the ear of corn. Experiments showed that the measurement accuracy of the length, the width, and the number of the ear rows of the ear of corn was up to 98%. The measurement accuracy of the width of each ear row and the quantity of kernels was up to 95%. The detection speed was about 102 seconds per ear of corn.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Image matching
Controlled terms:AC motors - Cameras - Computer vision - Data acquisition - Grain (agricultural product) - Graphic methods - Image processing - Pixels - Research - Statistical methods  - Stepping motors
Uncontrolled terms:Ear of corn - Experimental devices - Image processing algorithm - Measurement accuracy - Mechanical components - Parameter detection - Pixel values - Stepper motor drivers
Classification code:705.3 Electric Motors - 705.3.1 AC Motors - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.5 Computer Applications - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20141717605602
Title:Comparison for evaluate methods of potentiality for agricultural land reclamation from waste land in mining area
Authors:Qian, Mingjie (1); Wu, Jing (1); Yuan, Chun (1); Wang, Wei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100035, China
Corresponding author:Qian, M.(qianmingjie@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:195-204
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Waste land reclamation potential in mine areas is an important basis for a Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Plan. The size of potential value calls for the evaluation, so the selection of evaluation methods has a direct impact on the result of the evaluation. In general, the steps of reclamation evaluation are choosing the evaluation objects, screening evaluation indices, grading the evaluation indices, weighted the indices, and evaluating the potential. In the current study, most research uses just one method to evaluate the reclamation potential, or improve the method during the process of reclamation evaluation, like improving the method for obtaining weight, and taking this as the final evaluation result may introduce a kind of randomness. Based on the Shuozhou city in Pinglu area in Shanxi Province, this article will use the Index method, the Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, and the Artificial neural network model to evaluate the reclamation potential, and discuss the similarities, differences, and the lead reasons among the results provided by these three methods. Then, the Analytic Hierarchy Process is used to combine the results from each method, and the comprehensive evaluation result is obtained based on that. The result indicates that under the same index system and weight, because of the different evaluation methods and the different dimensionless methods used during these processes, each potential level is different among the numbers of figure spot, area, and spatial location under the same potential level. Under the theory that both the Index method and Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method are affected by the indicator system and weight, the difference is that before using the Index method, the experimentalist should standardize parameter values, which will be solved during the Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation process. The similarity is that both methods will provide weighted sums of the indicator system to obtain the final value, which will be a numerical value whose size represents the potential level by the Index method, while the result by the Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is a row vector. This paper depends on the weighted average principle to get the potential level. As for the artificial neural network model, after normalizing all parameters, because the value for each node in the hidden layer and output layer, instead of the simple weighted sum, is calculated, the whole process is dependent on its self-learning capability. So, whereas the artificial neural network model is little influenced by subjectivity, the result by the artificial neural network model is more objective. The comparison between the waste land distribution and the comprehensive evaluation result indicates that where the abandoned mining areas and mining consolidation areas are concentrated in the first or second level, the potential is overall high. Where the mined areas stay in the third or fourth level, the potential is relatively low. Research shows that the comprehensive evaluation result is more scientific and has a more objective theoretical value; and for the waste land system, the actual value calculated still needs to include values for the reclamation years, funds, personnel organization, property right relations, and other factors.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Numerical methods
Controlled terms:Grading - Land reclamation - Mines - Neural networks - Reclamation
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial neural network modeling - Comprehensive evaluation - Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation - Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method - Index method - Land consolidations - Reclamation potential - Self-learning capability
Classification code:442.2 Land Reclamation - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 502.1 Mine and Quarry Operations - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20141717605603
Title:Mode design of landscape ecological land consolidation in metropolitan's suburb
Authors:Gu, Xiaokun (1); Liu, Jing (2); Zhang, Zhengfeng (3); Cai, Mengwan (1); Liu, Wei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Tourism and City Management, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (2) Centre for Shanghai Municipal Construction Land and Land Consolidation, Shanghai 200003, China; (3) School of Public Administration, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Z.(zhengfengzh@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:205-211
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the increasing urbanization around the world and the growing emphasis on environmental issues, land consolidation has gradually been considered as an important approach to protect the natural environment and improve the rural landscape. Around 2010, the orientation of China's rural land consolidation was transformed from emphasizing merely quantity into highlighting quantity, quality and ecology. The multi-function development strategy and task of China's future rural land consolidation call for the application of ecological landscape construction theory into project planning and implementation of ecological landscape land consolidation design at different land scales. Taking the Jinze land consolidation project in the Qingpu district of Shanghai as an example, the landscape of the project area was divided into river landscape, agricultural landscape and village categories, using ArcGIS and Fragstats software. By calculating 12 landscape indexes, the results of the evaluation indicated that the overall landscape pattern exhibited a high degree of landscape fragmentation, irregular shapes of patches, poor connectivity between different corridors such as river, road, ditch and so on, imperfect farmland irrigation facilities which are not balanced in the space, lower proportion infrastructure land. The industrial area was dominated by noise pollution, with a high pollution risk area of 25.19 hm². Based on the above analysis, the paper suggests that Jiangnan landscape restoration and reconstruction can be the aim of landscape ecological land consolidation. According to different types of landscape substrate and the needs of the landscape ecology function, the paper designed different modes to adjust and optimize the landscape. In the river system landscape restoration mode, the typical Jiangnan watery area landscape features (incorporating river, lake, fish, embankment, willows, and people) need to be built through river dredging, levee construction, tree planting, and improving the connectivity of lakes rivers and ponds. In the point source pollution-control mode, a buffer zone can be designed using trees, bushes, and grass to improve the function of isolating pollution and protecting the landscape. The consolidation mode in prime farmland protection areas emphasizes merging plots of farmland and constructing modern water conservancy facilities with the aim to enhance the production capabilities of farmland. The village renovation mode focuses on the construction of live and leisure facilities, improvement of the village landscape and its live and leisure functions. The landscape ecological land consolidation mode is distinguished from the traditional farmland consolidation mode in aspects of the substrate, the goal, and the project, as its substrate is the evaluation of landscape patterns; its goal is the adjustment and optimization of the landscape, and it designs land consolidation projects according to the basement of landscape and the inner linkages of different landscape functions. The landscape ecological land consolidation mode will be the trend of the future land consolidation, while its promotion and application are limited by the features of regions and the ecological engineering technology.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Ecology
Controlled terms:Design - Embankments - Environmental management - Farms - Function evaluation - Geographic information systems - Lakes - Land reclamation - Land use - Noise pollution  - Optimization - Reforestation - River pollution - Rivers - Rural areas - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Jiangnan watery area - Land consolidations - Landscape ecological - Mode designing - The metropolitan suburban
Classification code:405 Construction Equipment and Methods; Surveying - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 407.2 Waterways - 408 Structural Design - 441 Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 446 Waterworks - 453 Water Pollution - 454 Environmental Engineering - 461.7 Health Care - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 723.3 Database Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20141717605589
Title:Spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in soils of Jinghui Irrigated Area of Shaanxi, China
Authors:Lei, Lingming (1); Yu, Dasong (1); Chen, Yupeng (1); Song, Weiwei (1); Liang, Dongli (1); Wang, Zhaohui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Natural Resources and Environment of Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China
Corresponding author:Liang, D.(dlliang@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:88-96
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With intense industrialization and urbanization, soil heavy metal pollution in some areas of China has become a serious environmental problem, and draws great attention because of its potential threat to food safety and detrimental effects on the ecosystem. Jinghui irrigated area of Shaanxi (China) is a main grain production area and has a pivotal position in Chinese agricultural development. With the growing development of irrigated area, large numbers of agricultural pollutants, traffic exhaust and industrial wastes are released into the environment, probably leading to heavy metal pollution in soil. The accurate assessment of soil quality in the irrigated area is important for the reasonable use of soil resources, which has important theoretical and practical value for the maintenance of agro-ecosystem productivity. In this study, a total of 104 soil samples at depth 0-20 cm were collected (one sample per 3 km&times;3 km), and the content of eight heavy metals (including mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, copper, zinc and nickel) in samples was analyzed to assess their geo-spatial distribution in soil of Jinghui irrigated area. Multivariate statistics (Correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis) and geostatistics methods (ArcGIS tools) were used to identify possible pollution sources of heavy metals. The results showed that the content of the Hg, As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni in soil of the study area averaged 0.091, 15.4, 0.25, 74.4, 27.2, 28.1, 81.1 and 36.6 mg kg^-1, respectively. All of them were slightly higher than their corresponding natural background values of agricultural surface soil in Shaanxi reported in 1986, but below the threshold values of the National Environment Quality Standard for Soil (GB15618-1995). Geostatistical analysis showed that the spatial variability and structure were good with varying nugget-to-sill ratio. The nugget-to-sill ratio of Hg, Ni and As ranged from 25% to 75%, indicating the moderate spatial dependence among them. The nugget-to-sill ratio of Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu and Cr were all higher than 75%, indicating weak spatial correlations. Spatial distribution maps showed the similar characteristics behavior for Pb-Cu-Zn-Ni, and heavy metal content was high mainly in Jingyang county, Sanyuan county and Yanliang district. Multivariate analyses suggested that the Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, As, Cr and Ni in soils may be mainly derived from anthropogenic activities. Principal component analysis coupled with cluster analysis revealed that the tested 8 heavy metals were mostly from three sources. Pb, Cu, and Zn were associated with transportation, Cr, As, Ni, and Cd came up with agricultural practices, while Hg was closely affected by industrial discharge. Soil environmental quality of Jinghui irrigated area remained good at present, but had a trend of increase towards heavy metal accumulation. Therefore, a comprehensive environmental management strategy should be strengthened in this area.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cluster analysis - Copper - Data handling - Ecosystems - Elementary particle sources - Environmental management - Heavy metals - Lead - Multivariant analysis  - Nickel - Pollution - Principal component analysis - Spatial distribution - Statistics - Zinc
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural development - Agricultural pollutants - Agro-ecosystem productivities - Environmental management strategy - Geostatistical analysis - Heavy metal accumulation - Jinghui irrigated area - Spatial distribution map
Classification code:454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 544.1 Copper - 546.1 Lead and Alloys - 546.3 Zinc and Alloys - 548.1 Nickel - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 932.1.1 Particle Accelerators
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20141717605586
Title:Inhibiting soil respiration and improving yield of spring maize in fields with plastic film mulching
Authors:Gao, Xiang (1); Gong, Daozhi (1); Gu, Fengxue (1); Hao, Weiping (1); Mei, Xurong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Engineering Laboratory of Crops Efficient Water Use and Drought Mitigation, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Corresponding author:Hao, W.(haoweiping@ieda.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:62-70
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:CO<inf>2</inf> flux in farmland is a significant component of the global carbon cycle, which is affected by agricultural management practices. The plastic film mulching is one of the most important measures applied in rain-fed agriculture, however, its effect on CO<inf>2</inf> flux and soil respiration in rain-fed farmland has not been well evaluated. In order to determinate the effect of plastic film mulching on carbon flux and soil respiration in farmland and to understand maize yield as affected by the plastic film mulching from the perspective of carbon flux, an experiment of mulching was conducted since 2011 in Shouyang Dryland Agriculture Comprehensive Experimental Station, Shanxi Province, China. We monitored diurnal changes and seasonal changes of soil respiration, net carbon flux, topsoil temperature and moisture in the spring maize field with plastic mulching and un-mulching treatments by LI-8150 automated soil respiration measurement system and eddy covariance system, respectively. The leaf area index and dry matter of maize were also measured at a sampling interval of 6 to 10 d during the entire growing season. The results indicated that the general trend of seasonal changes of soil respiration in both plastic film mulching and un-mulching spring maize fields were similar. But the plastic film mulching inhibited the soil respiration and decreased the carbon emission significantly as compared to the un-mulching treatment. Soil respiration rates in the plastic film mulching field during the growing season were 0.24 to 3.61 &mu;mol/(m²&middot;s), which were smaller than un-mulching treatment of 0.60 to 5.24 &mu;mol/(m²&middot;s). The total amount of carbon emission from the mulching treatment was 158.95 g/m², which only accounted for 61.7% of that in un-mulching field. At the same time we found that plastic film mulching had a beneficial effect on soil water and temperature regimes of topsoil which promoted the growth and increased final yield of maize. Compared with un-mulching, plastic film mulching treatment increased topsoil moisture by an average 18.7% for all maize growth stages and topsoil temperature by an average 1.6&deg;C at the early maize growth stage. The leaf area index of plastic film mulching treatment was higher than un-mulching treatment by an average 0.81 m²/m² at early and middle stages, but lower by 1.00 m²/m² at the harvest. The final aboveground and below ground dry matter of maize in plastic film mulching treatment was respectively 269.7 and 38.6 g/m², higher than un-mulching treatment. The grain yield was 1348 kg/hm², higher than that of un-mulching treatment. Due to the effects of mulching on soil respiration, maize growth and leaf area index, the daily average net carbon flux of un-mulching treatment was higher than plastic film mulching treatment by an average 0.04 mg/(m²&middot;s) at the early and middle maize growth stages, but only lower by an average of 0.02 mg/(m²&middot;s) at the late growth stage. The final net carbon accumulation of plastic film mulching treatment was 596.0 g/m², which was significantly higher than 505.8 g/m² of un-mulching treatment. This study suggested that plastic film mulching increased topsoil temperature and moisture, promoted spring maize growth and carbon accumulation, inhibited soil respiration, increased farmers' income through high maize yield and also helped for soil carbon management.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Crops - Farms - Films - Forestry - Plastic films - Rain - Soil moisture - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural management practice - Eddy covariance systems - Net carbon flux - Plastic film mulching - Soil respiration - Soil respiration rates - Spring maize - Total amount of carbons
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20141717605595
Title:CFD simulation of airflow distribution in low profile cross ventilated dairy cattle barn
Authors:Deng, Shuhui (1); Shi, Zhengxiang (1); Li, Baoming (1); Zhao, Shumei (1); Ding, Tao (1); Zheng, Wanping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, College of Water Resource and Civil Engineer, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) College of Engineering, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Z.(shizhx@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:139-146
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The first low profile cross ventilated (LPCV) dairy cattle barn was built in fall 2005 in North Dakota. The barn is generally a fully enclosed facility characterized by a low roof pitch of 0.5/12 and a warehouse-type structure. It was introduced to China in 2009 and since that time several barns have been built in large dairy farms in China as a newly-developed dairy cattle barn type. The LPCV barn offers some of the advantages of natural ventilated and tunnel ventilated freestalls and allows producers to have some control over the cow's environment during all seasons of the year. But in China there are technical bottlenecks for environmental control problems in operation, including uneven distribution of indoor airflow, high-temperature and high-humidity in summer, low-temperature and high-humidity in winter et al. The use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques to solve complex fluid problems has greatly increased in recent years. In this study, a full-scale dairy cattle house was modelled to investigate the distribution pattern of airflow in LPCV barn. The simulation of dairy cattle was considered to improve the reliability of the CFD model, as the presence of cows in barns can significantly influence air flow patterns and internal environmental conditions. The evaporative cooling pads on the air intake side of the barn were considered as porous media and the coefficients of the viscous and inertial resistances were determined by laboratory values. The performance curve of the exhaust fans on the air outtake side was measured in laboratory to establish the boundary conditions of the fans. Baffles are located over stalls in LPCV barn to increase air velocity in each freestall area. Simulation results shows that the problem of uneven flow distribution is generally exist in the barn. The wind speed differed greatly between the two sides of the baffle in the bedding area. The wind speed was significantly lower for the windward side compared with the other side. The main reason for the uneven flow distribution in the barn was the parapet below the neck rails. If there is no parapet, the average wind speed could increase by 60.6%, and the air uniformity coefficient could decrease by 68.7%. For the existing LPCV barn, keeping the baffle wall and the parapet unchanged, the air flow could be improved by the installation of a baffle on top of the neck rails of the windward of the feeding alley. The modification has a significant effect on the airflow distribution improvement, with the averaged wind velocity increased by 52.8%, the airflow uniformity coefficient decreased by 41.8%. The CFD model was validated via comparison with the field experimental results at the same locations where the sensors were installed. Comparison between simulations and measurements showed that the average relative error of the test and simulated value for the 28 test points was 17.1%, which indicates that there is a goodness of fit between field measurement and numerical simulation. And this study can provide references for the optimization design and environment regulation of LPCV dairy cattle barn in China.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Air - Computer simulation - Environmental management - Evaporative cooling systems - Farm buildings - Flow fields - Humidity control - Models - Numerical models - Porous materials  - Roofs - Ventilation - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Average relative error - Cross-ventilated - Dairy cattles - Distribution patterns - Environment regulations - Environmental conditions - Evaporative cooling pads - Simulations and measurements
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 454.1 Environmental Engineering, General - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 643.4 Air Conditioning Equipment and Components - 643.5 Ventilation - 723.5 Computer Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20141717605597
Title:Effects of straw biological reactor and microbial agents on physicochemical properties and microbial diversity of tomato soil in solar greenhouse
Authors:Sun, Jing (1); Tian, Yongqiang (1); Gao, Lihong (1); Peng, Xingmin (2); Tong, Erjian (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Growth and Development Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (2) Fangshan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 102446, China
Corresponding author:Gao, L.(gaolh@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:153-164
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Continuous cropping difficulties have caused significant yield decrease in protected vegetable production system in China. It's been reported that the continuous cropping can result in the accumulation of autotoxin, the secondary salinization and acidification of soil in solar greenhouse. A variety of practices including grafting, crop rotation, and microbial agent application, have been used to improve the soil quality and enhance crop growth in protected vegetable production systems. The built-in straw biological reactor and microbial agents have been efficiently and widely used to alleviate the continuous cropping obstacles in China. The built-in straw biological reactor could increase crop production by enhancing the concentration of CO<inf>2</inf> and soil temperature, while the microbial agents generally have positive effects on reducing the continuous cropping obstacles and decreasing soil-borne diseases. Tomato is one of the important vegetable crops in Chinese protected production systems. However, continuous cropping has caused obstacles of crop growth in protected tomato production systems. In this paper we studied the physicochemical properties and microbial diversities of tomato soils affected by four treatments. They are traditional management (CK), microbial agent (T1, 4 kg/667 m²), built-in straw biological reactor (T2, maize straw 4 t/667 m² plus straw fermenting agent 8 kg/667 m² plus composted pig manure 600 kg/667 m²), and the combination of microbial agent and the built-in straw biological reactor (T3, maize straw 4 t/667 m² plus straw fermenting agent 8 kg/667 m² plus microbial agent 4 kg/667 m² plus composted pig manure 600 kg/667 m²). The study was conducted from 2009 to 2013. The over winter tomato was planted in a solar greenhouse in Fangshan, Beijing from October to next July each year. The soil samples of 0~30cm layers were collected at vegetative stage, early fruiting period, vigorous fruiting period and the last fruiting stage. Physicochemical properties including soil moisture content, pH and EC values, the mass fraction of organic matter, available P and K, and the microbial biomass C and N were determined. The functional diversity of microorganisms was analyzed using BIOLOG ECO Plates. The results showed that T2 and T3 treatments have higher soil moisture content and pH but lower EC values compared to control. T1 has low water content but has no effect on pH and EC. The straw biological reactor increased soil organic matter and microbial biomass, and decreased the contents of available P and K. However, a reverse trend was observed under the treatment T1. The treatment T1 improved the ability of utilizing polymers, carbohydrates and amino acids. The built-in straw biological reactor improved the ability of using amino acids, carboxylic acids, phenolic and amines. The combination of microbial agents and built-in straw biological reactor promoted the carbon catabolic ability of microorganism. All of three treatments improved tomato yield. These results indicate that the treatment T3 has the greater effect son soil improvement although has no apparent impacts on the yields. It is deserved to be promoted in greenhouse planting.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Amino acids - Biogeochemistry - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Crops - Cultivation - Ecology - Fruits - Greenhouses - Microorganisms  - Moisture determination - Organic compounds - Production engineering - Soil moisture - Solar heating - Straw - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Biological reactor - Continuous cropping obstacles - Microbial biomass C and N - Microbial carbons - Physicochemical property - Soil nutrients - Soil physico-chemical properties - Traditional management
Classification code:454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.9 Biology - 481.2 Geochemistry - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 643.1 Space Heating - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20141717605588
Title:Comparison of ecological evaluation results on conservation tillage by different methods
Authors:Chen, Yuanquan (1); Sui, Peng (1); Gao, Wangsheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Circular Agriculture Research Center/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Y.(rardc@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:6
Issue date:2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:80-87
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Comprehensive evaluation on agricultural production technologies can provide scientific base for technology application for agriculture production. However, a good comprehensive evaluation on agricultural production system must integrate the economic, ecological and environmental aspects of a production system. Agricultural production should not only focus on the yield increasing, but also should avoid the degradation of ecosystem services and alleviate the negative environmental impacts. Therefore, when selecting an appropriate agricultural technology for a production system, a comprehensive evaluation is needed for decision-make process. In recent decades, many kinds of theories and methods in the ecological economic research have been developed and some are used widely, such as emergy, ecosystem services, ecosystem health, ecological footprint, life cycle assessment, etc. However, each method has its independent theory base and calculation process. In additional, single method is hard to meet the multi-aspect evaluation needs. Therefore, to compare the results of different ecological evaluation methods, three methods including emergy (EM), ecosystem services (ES) and life circle assessment (LCA) were used in this research to evaluate economic, ecological and environmental concerns of an agricultural production technology. Four kinds of conservation tillage (CT) patterns in Jilin province, northeastern of China were taken as case study. The four CT patterns include 'direct-seeding on ridge side and standing-stubble return' (CT1), 'wide/narrow row alternation planting and high stubble mulching' (CT2), 'stubble mulching and direct-seeding on ridge' (CT3) and 'cutting stubble combined ridge with subsoiling' (CT4). The results showed that four kinds of CT methods had a consistent trend of advantage of eco-ecological effects compared to the conventional tillage (CK). Based on evaluation result of EM, the average value of EYR (emergy yield ratio) of the four CT methods was 9.6% higher than that of CK. The ESI (emergy sustainability index) of the four CT methods was 7.0% higher than that of CK. The total average value of ES of the four CT methods was about 2.1 times higher than that of CK. For the results of LCA, as compared to CK, the potential environmental effect of the four CT methods in term of energy consumption, greenhouse gas emission, acidification and eutrophication were lower, which accounted for 14.62%, 82.82%, 15.37% and 15.28% respectively of the CK (100%). The results also showed that the ranking order for the four CT were different for each of the evaluating result of EM, ES and LCA. For the result of emergy, the ranking of the four conservation tillage was: CT3&gt;CT4&gt;CT2&gt;CT1. However, the ranking order was CT2&gt;CT1&gt;CT3&gt;CT4 for ES and CT2&gt;CT3&gt;CT4&gt;CT1 for the LCA method. These results indicated that multiple methods were needed for holistic evaluating the eco-ecological effects of agricultural technology. From our results we found that the EM method was mainly suited for evaluating the energy use efficiency and economic benefit, the ES method was more on the ecologic functions of maintenances, the LCA was suited for assessing the environmental impacts. The three methods were recommended as an integrated evaluation for agricultural technologies. Finally, combining evaluation results from of EM, ES and LCA, the ranking of the four CT methods was CT2&gt;CT3&gt;CT4&gt;CT1. This research provided a comprehensive scientific tool for decision-making processes for agriculture technology selection, adoption and extension.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Ecology - Ecosystems - Energy utilization - Environmental impact - Eutrophication - Greenhouse gases - Life cycle - Research - Seed - Soil conservation  - Sustainable development - Technology
Uncontrolled terms:Conservation tillage - Ecological evaluation - Ecosystem services - Emergy - Life circle assessment
Classification code:454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901 Engineering Profession - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.06.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.