<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20141317512362
Title:Effects of different cold chain logistics situations on quality and microstructure of tuna (Thunnus obesus) fillets
Authors:Tang, Yuanrui (1); Xie, Jing (1); Li, Nianwen (1); Xu, Huiwen (1); Su, Hui (1); Li, Liu (1); Pan, Wenlong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (2) Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
Corresponding author:Xie, J.(jxie@shou.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:285-292
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The process of cold chain logistics including storage, transportation, selling, and other steps, requires the temperature to be kept at an ultra-low degree of -55&deg;C at all times-. However, because there is a current lack of mechanical cryogenic transportation vehicles in China that meet this requirement, ordinary refrigerated trucks with a temperature of only -18&deg;C are widely used for tuna transport. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of variations in storing temperature and selling models on the quality and microstructure of tuna (Thunnus obesus). In this paper, four diverse situations of transportation and storage were performed to simulate: complete ultra-low temperature cold chain (-55&deg;C), normal cold chain (-18&deg;C), and tuna stored at -55&deg;C but transported afterwards at -18&deg;C once and twice. Three different sales models were also designed: ultra-low temperature refrigerator sale (-55&deg;C), refrigerated display case sale (2&deg;C) and freezer sale (-18&deg;C). In these situations and models, changes in sensory evaluation, color value, water holding capacity, and texture were assayed periodically, and the gap between muscle fibers was measured by making paraffin sections at the end of frozen storage. The results showed that the quality of bigeye tuna stored at ultra-low temperature was significantly affected by temperature changes in the logistics process. Whereas the quality of tuna can be kept well under a complete ultra-low temperature cold chain of -55&deg;C during transportation and sale, temperature changes led to a decrease of sensory score, meat color (a^* value), water holding capacity, hardness, and chewiness. The more the frequency and range of temperature changes, the greater the deterioration would be. When stored at -55&deg;C but transported at -18&deg;C twice before being stored at 4&deg;C in domestic refrigerators for 12 hours, sensory score, meat color (a^* value), water holding capacity, hardness and chewiness of tuna were -0.81, 5.2, 53.08%, 1.128N and 58.03, respectively. And, the quality of tuna in the above situation was lower than when it was maintained at -18&deg;C all of the time. For microstructure, tuna which was kept in a complete ultra-low temperature cold chain had a smaller muscle fiber gap, which was only 7.81 &mu;m, and the muscle bundles were relatively tight. However, tuna which was kept under a completely normal cold chain and transported afterwards at -18&deg;C twice, had more loose organizational structures, and the gap between muscle fibers were 10.37 &mu;m and 17.20 &mu;m, respectively. Experimental results showed that the lack of ultra-low temperature refrigerated trucks would result in a lower quality of tuna. All in all, temperature variation in transportation and storage should be avoided. Storage temperature should be appropriately increased when ordinary refrigerated trucks are applied for transportation. As compared with those displayed under -18&deg;C, tuna sales under the condition of 2&deg;C could be favored by the consumers in the first 12 hours due to its color after thawing. However, the quality of the meat color (a^* value), water holding capacity, hardness and chewiness was not better. In general, this study provided references for retaining the freshness of tuna in different stages of storage, transportation and sales.
Number of references:32
Main heading:C (programming language)
Controlled terms:Cold storage - Color - Fibers - Hardness - Logistics - Meats - Muscle - Refrigeration - Refrigerators - Sales  - Sensory perception - Temperature - Textures - Transportation - Trucks - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Cold chain logistics - Domestic refrigerators - Muscle fiber - Organizational structures - Refrigerated display case - Transportation vehicles - Tuna - Water holding capacity
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 431 Air Transportation - 432 Highway Transportation - 433 Railroad Transportation - 434 Waterway Transportation - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 644 Refrigeration and Cryogenics - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 741.1 Light/Optics - 812 Ceramics, Refractories and Glass - 817 Plastics and Other Polymers: Products and Applications - 822.3 Food Products - 911.4 Marketing - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 933 Solid State Physics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20141317512336
Title:Optimal water resources planning based on interval-parameter two-stage stochastic programming
Authors:Fu, Yinhuan (1); Guo, Ping (1); Fang, Shiqi (1); Li, Mo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Guo, P.(guop@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:73-81
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Studies on water resources allocation in irrigation area under uncertainty are important for increasing water use efficiency, reducing agricultural irrigation water amount and establishing water-saving society, especially for the arid and semi-arid areas in China. In this study, two models were established based on uncertainty theory in order to make plans for efficient water resources management. One of the models was an interval-parameter two-stage stochastic optimization model developed for dispatching the underground and surface water systems for irrigation area of Xiying, Qingyuan, Yongchuan (China) under the conditions of uncertainty and complexity. In the model, the minimal system operation cost was regarded as the objective function and the probability distribution and interval parameters were used to express the uncertainty of water supply. The process of water supply from multiple sources was simulated and the allocation of water from various sources was optimized. The model took into account of the random of inflow, assumed that the probability of occurrence for high, middle and low levels were 0.2, 0.6, and 0.2, and introduced the decision variables "z". The multi-variable problem was solved by the method of linear programming, and the optimum range in the model was determined. The other model was developed based on the water production function of crops (spring wheat, spring maize, flax, seed-water melon, and potato) in the whole growth stage. The water resources in different irrigation area were assigned to each of the crops in order to realize the biggest benefit while saving water. The whole-growth-stage distribution of water quantity in representative years with supposed frequency was obtained. The models of optimization configuration and optimized processes based on uncertainty theory could efficiently and accurately identify water source for an unknown inflow, and provide valuable information for decision making in planning management and help with striking a balance between environmental and economic objectives. Meanwhile, it could promote the development of water-saving irrigation agriculture, and further improve the economic value of water resources. In comparison with the other optimization techniques, the method used here had at least three advantages of 1) it could solve the problems of uncertainties in agricultural water resources system, and produce the results in the forms of interval number, providing a more broad decision space for decision makers; 2) the water allocation among multi-water resources, multi-area and multi-crops could enhance water use efficiency and income of farmers; and 3) it could be used for calculation of the crop water requirement in different level years, and resolve the problem of multi-water supply probability.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Water resources
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Crops - Decision making - Economic analysis - Irrigation - Linear programming - Nonlinear programming - Optimization - Probability distributions - Problem solving  - Resource allocation - Stochastic models - Stochastic programming - Uncertainty analysis - Water conservation - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural irrigation water - Increasing water-use efficiencies - Stochastic optimization model - Two-stage stochastic programming - Uncertainty and complexity - Water production functions - Water resources allocations - Water resources management
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 912.2 Management - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20141317512358
Title:Oxygen breathing regularity of eggs in storage period monitoring by non-invasive micro-test technique
Authors:Wang, Qiaohua (1); Zhang, Tao (1); Ma, Meihu (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (2) National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (3) College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Corresponding author:Ma, M.(mameihuhn@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:255-261
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Breathing is an important physiological activity of egg as a living organism, and it has a great influence on its storage, conveyance and incubation. Therefore, it is of great significance to study egg's breathing regularity and respiration intensity in a day and during its storage time in a month. In this paper, non-invasive micro-test technique (NMT) was used to real-time monitor O<inf>2</inf> flux passing in and out the eggs through the eggshell and study the breathing regularity and the respiration intensity of the eggs. With this method, gas exchange (O<inf>2</inf>) was measured and it was confirmed that breathing indeed exists. In order to study egg's respiration in a day, a customized micro-testing examination platform was constructed for the real-time monitoring of the intensity and rate of oxygen exchange between an egg and its external environment at 4 time points (6:00, 12:00, 18:00, and 24:00). On the other hand, egg's O<inf>2</inf> flux was measured at the same time in a day during a month as to seeking for breathing regularity in its storage time. It was indicated that the optimal distance of probe towards the egg surface was 50 &mu;m and the blunt end of the egg was selected as the optimum measurement location via the pre-experiment. The results show that there are three breathing patterns of eggs, consuming O<inf>2</inf>, exhaust O<inf>2</inf>, and both including consuming and exhausting O<inf>2</inf>. After group A testing, it is concluded that both fertilized and non-fertilized eggs breathe strong at dawn and weak at noon regularly in a day and the respiration intensity of the two types of eggs perform difference at different time points. Fertilized eggs have more active physical activity and the process of metabolism than those of non-fertilized ones. Fertilized egg respiration shows significant difference (P&lt;0.05) at noon and dawn in a day, but non-fertilized egg does not. In addition, after group B testing, it is intended that during storage time in a month, there exists two breathing peaks in its storage period in a month, and each peak appears at the eggs quality changing time. The second peak value exceeds the first peak value. It reveals that there's a unique breathing pattern of eggs that O<inf>2</inf> respiration rate is high when life metabolism is active, and low when life metabolism is negative. Eggs laid lately are breathing relatively positive. This study can provide a reference for optimizing storage conditions, improving the hatchability of fertilized eggs and hatching egg embryo in further research.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Oxygen
Controlled terms:Energy storage - Metabolism - Optimization - Physiology
Uncontrolled terms:Egg - Freshness - Non-destruction - Non-invasive micro-test technique (NMT) - Respiration intensity
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20141317512337
Title:Planting hole sealed by sand promoting growth of oil sunflower in saline-alkaline fields mulched with plastic film
Authors:Du, Sheni (1); Bai, Gangshuan (1); Yu, Jian (3); Ren, Zhihong (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China; (3) Institute of Inner Mongolia Hydraulic Research, Huhhot 010020, China
Corresponding author:Bai, G.(gshb@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:82-90
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Oil sunflower is a pioneer crop growing in saline-alkaline soil. However, its germination rate and seedling growth can be inhibited when soil salinity is extremely high and thus its yields can be decreased. In order to improve germination rate and survival rate of oil sunflower, increase its yields and outputs, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of two planting hole sealing methods (sealed by soil and sealed by sand) on rhizosphere soil moisture and soil salinity in severe saline-alkaline soils of Hetao irrigation area, Inner Mongolia, China. Eight rhizosphere soil samples at depth of 0-40 cm were taken with 5 cm as a sampling layer from the plots of planting hole sealed by sand and planting hole sealed by soil at the sowing, germination and seedling stages of oil sunflower to determine the soil moisture and salinity. Meanwhile, soil moisture and soil salinity under the plastic film mulch and in open field between plastic film mulching were also detected. Germination rate, seedling survival rate, seedling growth, yields, and output from the plots of planting hole sealed by sand and planting hole sealed by soil were calculated. The results showed that the soil moisture at depth of 0-15 cm decreased but soil salinity increased from sowing stage to seedling stage, and significant or extremely significant differences were detected between different growth stages. In seedling germination and seedling stage, rhizosphere soil moisture at 0-10 cm depth in the treatment of planting hole sealed by sand decreased by 3.86% and 4.83% than that in the treatment of planting hole sealed by soil, decreased by 4.79% and 9.73% than that in the treatment of plastic film much, while the rhizosphere soil salinity at 0-15 cm depth in the treatment of planting hole sealed by sand decreased by 16.46% and 40.99% than that in the treatment of planting hole sealed by soil, decreased by 30.53% and 33.72% than that in the treatment of open field between plastic film mulch, and increased by 17.86% and 29.89% than that in the treatment of plastic film mulch. At the germination stage, the rhizosphere soil moisture at 0-10 cm depth in the treatment of planting hole sealed by soil was almost same as that in the treatment of plastic film much, increased by 3.44% than that of open field between plastic film mulch, and its rhizosphere soil salinity at 0-15 cm depth decreased by 16.84% than that of open field between plastic film mulch, increased by 41.07% than that of plastic film mulch. At the seedling stage, the rhizosphere soil moisture of planting hole sealed by soil at 0-10.0 cm depth decreased by 5.15% than that of field mulching with plastic film, increased by 4.42% than that of open field between plastic film mulching, and its rhizosphere soil salinity at 0- 15 cm depth increased by 12.32% and 120.11% than that of open field among and in plastic film mulching. The treatment of planting hole sealed by sand significantly shorted the germination days, improved germination rate and seedling survival rate, and promoted seedling growth of oil sunflower. The yields per plant in plots of planting hole sealed by sand were significantly lower than those of planting hole sealed by soil, but its yields per unit increased by 62.00% and output increased by 58.60%. This study indicated that planting hole sealed by sand significantly decreased rhizosphere soil salinity at seedling germination stage and seedling stage of oil sunflower, improved germination rate and survival rate, promoted seedling growth, and increased oil sunflower yields and output value per unit area. Planting hole sealed by sand should be an optimum method for sowing oil sunflower in severe saline-alkali land of Hetao irrigation area.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Crops - Cultivation - Films - Irrigation - Plastic films - Sand - Soil moisture - Sunflower oil
Uncontrolled terms:Different growth stages - Germination rates - Germination stage - Oil sunflower - Planting holes - Plastic film mulching - Saline -Alkaline soils - Soil salinity
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20141317512342
Title:Applied effect of improved open-top chamber on simulation in situ of elevating air temperature and CO<inf>2</inf> concentration in early rice field
Authors:Wan, Yunfan (1); You, Songcai (1); Li, Yu'e (1); Wang, Bin (1); Gao, Qingzhu (1); Qin, Xiaobo (1); Liu, Shuo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (2) The Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
Corresponding author:You, S.(yousc@ieda.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:123-130
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Three kinds of climate change simulation devices are used for study elevated CO<inf>2</inf> concentration and air temperature increase: 1) Open system: Free Air CO<inf>2</inf> Enrichment (FACE) with Infrared Heating (IH); 2) Half-open system: Open-Top Chamber (OTC); 3) Close system: Environment Chamber (EC). But the extremely high hardware and running cost of FACE and IH are the main restricts for their application. EC system cannot represent the really condition with large extent of crop growth environment change. Traditional OTC system with much lower cost has nearly the same growth condition for crop, but it is a passive temperature increasing system and has no CO<inf>2</inf> addition. To well use the advantage of Half-open OTC technique for climate change simulation, we improved the traditional Open-Top Chamber (OTC) device by adding heating module, CO<inf>2</inf> injection module and air exchange module. A hexagonal OTC was designed with 1.2 m side length and 2.5 m height, and the CO<inf>2</inf> tank used for CO<inf>2</inf> injection source and semiconductor sheet sealed for the heating system. Air heating and CO<inf>2</inf> injection were automatically controlled when pumping outside air into OTC by fans to simulate the elevated air temperature and CO<inf>2</inf> concentration scenario. We applied the improved OTC in early rice season, and the OTC was emplaced in the real rice paddy field without obstacle at the bottom for water supply. And air temperature, humidity and CO<inf>2</inf> concentration were measured by every 2 min. The results showed that the difference of daily mean deviation of air temperature of the controlled OTC and the objective simulation temperature can be controlled less than &plusmn;0.2&deg;C with the largest difference of -0.58&deg;C, and the controlled deviation of CO<inf>2</inf> concentration was -39.4~4.8 &mu;L/L. This research indicated that the improved OTC can be applied to simulate the elevated air temperature and CO<inf>2</inf> concentration of the future climate change scenario. Meanwhile, the relative humidity in improved OTC is also showed that relative humidity (RH) nearly has no change without temperature increase, and would increase by 2% if air temperature increased. In a word, this improved OTC device can be used to simulate elevated CO<inf>2</inf> concentration and air temperature of early rice for climate change simulation research.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Carbon dioxide
Controlled terms:Atmospheric composition - Atmospheric temperature - Climate change - Crops - Open systems - Temperature - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Climate change simulations - Elevated CO - Environment change - Growth conditions - Open-top chamber - Simulation in situ - Simulation temperature - Temperature increase
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20141317512335
Title:Comprehensive evaluation method for irrigation-water use efficiency based on circulation-correction
Authors:Li, Haoxin (1); Shao, Dongguo (1); He, Sicong (1); Chen, Shu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Corresponding author:Shao, D.(dgshao@whu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:65-72
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Improving irrigation-water use efficiency plays an important role of the most strict water resource management system. Meanwhile, irrigation-water use efficiency is a significant index for evaluating the development of water-saving irrigation. Currently, the process of evaluating irrigation-water use efficiency is one of the key issues for agricultural water utilization. As a result, there are many single evaluation methods, mainly including subjective weight and objective weight of indexes. But these two methods both have disadvantages and advantages. In our study, the main purpose was to treat the inconsistent evaluation results of irrigation-water use efficiency obtained from different single evaluation methods. And seven indexes were chosen from source of water to fields during water transportation to evaluate irrigation-water use efficiency. Firstly, irrigation-water use efficiencies of 12 irrigation districts were evaluated by three single evaluation methods, including Catastrophe theory evaluation method, Entropy method and Analytic Hierarchy Process method, based on the data collected by field investigation. Then, four combined evaluation methods were used to treat the results from single evaluation methods with Spearman as test criterion. If the results from the four combined methods could pass Spearman test, the ranks of every irrigation district can be determined. These four methods are average method, Board method, Copeland method and fuzzy Borda method. On the other hand, if the results could not pass Spearman test, the combined methods were used again, which was named circulation-correction. Results showed Shuangpai irrigation district in Hunan ranked first and Yindan irrigation district in Hubei ranked last. In the mean time, the indexes of the criterion layer constituted by water transportation and distribution of canal system, water use of field and water productivity, were evaluated with the circulation-correction method. Finally, the irrigation districts were divided into three categories by the connections of the ranks of criterion layer and the ranks of irrigation districts so as to find out the main factors affecting the ranks of the irrigation water use efficiencies of irrigation districts. Dujiangyan irrigation district, Shaoshan irrigation district and Shuangpai irrigation district were in Icategory with the high standard of irrigation-water use efficiency. Dongfengqu irrigation district, Hualiangting irrigation district, Shanxishimen irrigation district and Ganfupingyuan irrigation district were in IIcategory, which should make a great improvement in one aspect of criterion layer. Zhanghe irrigation district, Sanhulianjiang irrigation district, Zekou irrigation district, Yindan irrigation district, Yahekou irrigation district were in III category, which should make all-round effort to build up the irrigation districts. In conclusion, our study provides references for evaluating water-saving implementation and the irrigation water management.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Efficiency - Water conservation - Water management - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Circulation-correction - Comprehensive evaluation - Irrigation districts - Irrigation water management - Irrigation water use efficiency - Water utilization - Water-saving irrigation - Waterresource management
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20141317512359
Title:Experiment of wood vinegar produced from pine nut shell continuous pyrolysis
Authors:Jiang, Enchen (1); Zhao, Chenxi (1); Qin, Liyuan (1); Chen, Aihui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Corresponding author:Qin, L.(qinliyuan2006@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:262-269
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With China's growing energy problems, biomass conversion technologies have attracted considerable attention for converting biomass into energy products. These technologies can be divided into four main categories: direct-combustion processes, thermochemical conversion, biochemistry and liquefaction technology, respectively. Of the variety of technologies, thermochemical conversion and, particularly, pyrolysis have aroused great attention all over the world in recent years. Biomass as a renewable energy source has significant potential to transform into high-value and high-grade charcoal, bio-oil and combustible gas by the pyrolysis process. The wood vinegar refined from pyrolysis bio-oil can be used as insect repellents, plant growth-promoting liquid fertilizer, and as a soil improver after appropriate treatment, which has a very broad market prospects. The use of wood vinegar presents some problems due to its complex ingredients and big quality differences obtained by different materials and process conditions. However, there are very limited studies on the produced conditions and properties of biomass pyrolysis wood vinegar. In this paper, red pine nut shell, which is a specialty in the northeast of China, was pyrolysed as raw material. The characteristics of wood vinegar have been investigated, including proximate analysis, elemental analysis, composition analysis, heating value analysis and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The experiments were conducted on the biomass continuous pyrolysis reaction device with a variable pitch spiral conveyor to obtain wood vinegar at different reaction temperatures (300&deg;C, 400&deg;C, 500&deg;C, 600&deg;C and 700&deg;C) and different reaction times (4min, 6min, 8min, 10min and 12min). The characteristics of wood vinegar consisting of water content, viscosity, pH value, chemical compositions, the antioxidant activity and corrosion properties were determined by the Karl Fischer method, viscometer, acidity meter, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), ultraviolet spectrophotometer, and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively, which provided a scientific basis for the study of the pine nut shell pyrolysis process. The results were as follows: with pyrolysis temperature increasing, the yield of wood vinegar increased gradually until the temperature reached 500&deg;C, which provided the maximum yield, then reduced quickly. The moisture content of wood vinegar gradually decreased from about 94% to 85%; the viscosity decreased gradually; the liquidity became stronger; and the pH showed a slow decreasing trend, from 3.2 down to about 2.6. With increased pyrolysis time, the yield of wood vinegar had no significant change, water content basically appeared as an inconspicuous trend, the viscosity showed almost no obvious trend, the liquidity also almost had no significant change, and the pH ranging of wood vinegar made little change by contrast. In addition, the main ingredients of wood vinegar were phenols, ketones, ethers, esters, aldehydes, acids, alcohols and amines at a pyrolysis temperature of 500&deg;C and a pyrolysis time of 8min, in which the contents of phenols and ketones were 53.88% and 20.93%, respectively. Under the same pyrolysis conditions, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of wood vinegar was 66.63%, equivalent to 3 &mu;mol/L of ascorbic acid. SEM images showed that wood vinegar had a significant role in scavenging hydroxyl free radicals, which had a strong antioxidant activity. Wood vinegar gained under the condition of 500&deg;C and 8min had weak corrosion, despite the low pH value of 3.1. All of the above results provided a theoretical basis for experimental study of wood vinegar prepared from pine nut shell continuous pyrolysis.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Acetic acid
Controlled terms:Bioconversion - Biofuels - Biomass - Charcoal - Chemical analysis - Corrosion - Experiments - Fertilizers - Free radicals - Gas chromatography  - Ketones - Mass spectrometry - pH - Phenols - Pyrolysis - Renewable energy resources - Scanning electron microscopy - Scavenging - Shells (structures) - Soil liquefaction  - Viscosity - Wood
Uncontrolled terms:Anti-oxidant activities - Biomass conversion technologies - Components - Hydroxyl free radicals - Pine nut shells - Renewable energy source - Thermochemical Conversion - Wood vinegars
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 523 Liquid Fuels - 524 Solid Fuels - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 612.1 Internal Combustion Engines, General - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801 Chemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20141317512333
Title:Effects of spraying parameters of unmanned aerial vehicle on droplets deposition distribution of maize canopies
Authors:Qin, Weicai (1); Xue, Xinyu (1); Zhou, Lixin (1); Zhang, Songchao (1); Sun, Zhu (1); Kong, Wei (1); Wang, Baokun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
Corresponding author:Xue, X.(735178312@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:50-56
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to explore the effect of spray droplet deposition and applications of N-3 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) at late maize growth, spray test was done at different working heights and multi-swath lap joint of different spraying swath. Research on fog drop interception by maize canopies during pesticide spraying can provide technical data for the optimum design, performance improvements, and correct use of the sprayer. A solution of Rhodamine-B mixed with water in 0.1% concentration was selected for instead of the pesticide to spray maize fields, monitoring wind speed of flight direction refer to meteorological station monitoring method in spraying test, as well as humidity and temperature. Droplets were collected along the altitude direction of maize growth in four layers using mylar card with a diameter of 90 mm. The deposit of spraying fog drop on maize plant in every layer was measured by means of a fluorescence spectrophotometer to abtain the regularities of distribution of droplet deposition between different layers in maize canopies. The analysis results showed that: the total quantity of droplet deposition at the targets reached minimum when the working height was 5 meters. Meanwhile, dispersion had a largest value of 0.17. The total quantity of droplet deposition at the targets reached maximum when the working height was 7 meters. Meanwhile, dispersion had a smallest value of 0.10. The effects of spray droplet deposition and uniformity were different at the top, upper, ear and bottom of maize canopies when the working height was different, the quantity of droplets deposition in upper and ear of maize canopies was higher than that at the top and bottom of the maize. The deposition percentage of multi-spraying swath was 38.4% and 38.1% respectively, when the spraying swath was 5 meters and 9 meters under the same working height, and CV was 41% and 34.4%, respectively. The deposition on maize canopies was maximum when the height of working flight was 7 m. The connection of the width of spraying swath was the best when the spraying swath was 7 m, which coefficient of variation was 25%. Flight height and spraying swath of unmanned helicopter had a significant impact on the deposition uniformity, the results can provide guidance for the actual production application at late maize growth. Therefore, considering droplet deposition characteristics and the spray effect, 7 meters in the working height and 7 meters in the spraying swath should be chosen as reference of spraying pesticides. The research also has a significance in reasonably spraying pesticide, improving the efficiency of spraying, increasing the pesticide-applying efficiency and prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests outbreaks in large areas.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Pesticides
Controlled terms:Deposition - Dispersions - Drops - Spraying - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Deposition distribution - Fluorescence spectrophotometer - Humidity and temperatures - Maize - Plant diseases and insect pests - Prevention and controls - Spraying uniformity
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 813.1 Coating Techniques - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20141317512327
Title:Effect evaluation on vegetation carbon pool of region agro-ecosystem by coal mining in mining area
Authors:Hou, Huping (1); Xu, Zhanjun (2); Zhang, Shaoliang (1); Yu, Jian (3); Zhang, Jian (4)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China; (2) College of Resource and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (3) College of Territorial Resources and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241003, China; (4) Huaxiazhixin Co. Ltd of Land Science, Beijing 100000, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, S.(slzhang@vip.163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:1-9
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Carbon stocks of the farmland ecosystem are rapidly changing by human mining activity, which not only changes the soil fertility and the crop yield, but also has great influence on the global environment. In fact, it is a primary way to maintain the stability of the carbon pool. This paper takes the Jiuli Mining Area, in the city of Xuzhou, as the research area to study the effect of human mining activity on the regional carbon pool of the farmland ecosystem. Firstly, we studied the evaluation thinking: we studied the difference in storage of the carbon pool of the farmland ecosystem which is in the same agriculture zones (the general affecting factors of the carbon pool are almost the same) under two conditions: the carbon pool of the farmland ecosystem is affected by mining, and it is not affected after several decades of change. Secondly, this research studied the effect of human mining activity through sampling and experiments in the farmland area, model construction and carbon storage estimates of the carbon pool of the farmland ecosystem, the carbon density profile, and carbon storage of the farmland ecosystem in the Jiuli Mining Area. The carbon density profile and carbon storage can then be obtained in a scenario simulation where the regional farmland ecosystem is not disturbed by human mining activity until today. Finally, the effect on the regional carbon pool of the farmland ecosystem by the human mining activity can be obtained by careful contrasting the carbon density profile and carbon storage of the two scenarios mentioned above. We find that the Kriging Interpolation method is the most suitable for spatial interpolation of the vegetation carbon density in the mining subsidence area, and the accuracy evaluation of the spatial interpolation R² is 0.818. Lastly, the conclusion of this paper is that there are 1.3&times;10⁴ tons of carbon lost in the subsidence area, 0.2&times;10⁴ tons of carbon lost in the seasonal water-logged area, 0.4&times;10⁴ tons of carbon lost in the perennial water-logged area, and 0.5&times;10⁴ tons of carbon lost in the subsidence water-logged area. If not affected by mining, the vegetation carbon pool storage of the farmland ecosystem in the subsidence region of the Jiuli Mining Area is 5.8&times;10⁴ tons, and this figure becomes 3.4&times;10⁴ tons after mining. So, there is 2.4&times;10⁴ tons of carbon loss because of human mining activity. Furthermore, on the rising parts of the mining subsidence area, human mining activity has a significant effect on the carbon pool of the farmland ecosystem, and has little effect in the seasonal hydrops areas. In the whole Jiuli Mining Subsidence Area, the carbon effect on the farmland vegetation carbon pool by mining is a carbon loss (carbon source) effect. This research can provide insight into evaluating the effect on the regional carbon pool of the farmland ecosystem by human mining activity.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Forestry
Controlled terms:Carbon - Coal mines - Cutting machines (mining) - Ecosystems - Farms - Interpolation - Research - Subsidence - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Accuracy evaluation - Carbon density - Carbon storage - Coal mining - Kriging interpolation methods - Mining subsidence areas - Scenario simulations - Spatial interpolation
Classification code:405 Construction Equipment and Methods; Surveying - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 503.1 Coal Mines - 504 Mines and Mining, Metal - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20141317512355
Title:Dynamic assessment and prediction on quality of agricultural eco-environment in county area
Authors:Gao, Qi (1); Shi, Xueyi (1); Zhang, Chen (1); Zhang, Meirong (1); Ma, Huawei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Shi, X.(shixueyi63@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:228-237
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the development of society, economy, and human progress, human activities have had increasingly significant effects on the agricultural eco-environment. Evaluating the regional quality of the agricultural eco-environment comprehensively and making a reasonable judgment of its development trends are significant for the maintenance of sustainable agriculture development and ecological balance. The research about agricultural eco-environment has shown widespread concern by scholars at home and abroad, and numerous studying methods and models have been applied to this field. However, most current studies have been focused on fixed times and areas, and are lacking in analysis of the dynamic changes of agricultural eco-environment quality and prediction of its developing trends. The Yaodu District of Linfen City was selected as the study area in this report, where the impact of human activities on the agricultural eco-environment has become increasingly evident with the acceleration of urbanization, indicating that study area is relatively representative in North China. Based on the related data of the quality of the agricultural eco-environment in this area from 2001 to 2010, this study constructed an evaluating index system of agricultural eco-environmental quality from three aspects which were agricultural natural environmental conditions, agricultural production inputs, and agricultural eco-environmental responses. The principal component analysis method was used to filter evaluation indicators, the entropy method was selected to determine the weight of each index, and the GM (1, 1) grey system theory model was applied to predict the evolution trend of agricultural eco-environment. Selecting the township as the basic evaluation unit, spatial and temporal variability of agricultural eco-environment quality were analyzed according to above evaluation methods. The results were as follows: 1) The comprehensive index of agricultural eco-environmental quality generally showed an upward trend in the Yaodu District of Linfen City, and quality level changed from "poor" in 2001 to "excellent" in 2015. 2) The spatial difference of agricultural eco-environmental quality was significant. Because of different socio-economic development, agricultural development modes, agro-ecological protection efforts and other factors in township level, distribution patterns and evolution trends of regional agricultural eco-environmental quality varied significantly. 3) The subsystem of agricultural production inputs had the greatest impact on the change of agricultural eco-environmental quality, which indicated that human activities had a significant influence on agricultural eco-environment. 4) As a precondition for sustainable growth in agriculture, some proposals were put forward to improve agricultural eco-environmental quality in the Yaodu District as well as in the northern region. Contrary to the different strengths of the impact factors of agricultural eco-environment quality, forestation activities should be carried out to improve the woodland index in the Yaodu District. In addition, people in this area should make reasonable efforts to increase water resources development, improve farmland drainage systems, and increase the amount of bio-pesticide application gradually. Research of dynamic assessment and prediction on agricultural eco-environmental quality can effectively reflect the evolution trends of agricultural eco-environment, which can provide certain decision-making references for regional sustainable development of agriculture and agro-ecological environment construction.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Behavioral research - Ecology - Economic and social effects - Forecasting - Models - Principal component analysis - Quality control - Sustainable development - System theory
Uncontrolled terms:Assessment - Eco-environmental quality - Environment constructions - Principal component analysis method - Regional sustainable development - Socio-economic development - Spatial and temporal variability - Water resources development
Classification code:454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 961 Systems Science - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20141317512360
Title:Straw carbon based fertilizer granulation molding optimization and its main properties
Authors:Ma, Huanhuan (1); Zhou, Jianbin (2); Wang, Liujiang (1); Ma, Ye (1); Liu, Bin (1); Gao, Huang (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (2) College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (3) Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330013, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, J.(zhoujianbin@njfu.com.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:270-276
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, the fertility of cultivated land in China has declined significantly due to excessive reclamation. As a result, chemical fertilizer is widely used to increase the fertility of the soil. However, the excessive use of chemical fertilizer results in many side effects such as soil pollution, water pollution and waste of resources. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a kind of environmentally friendly chemical fertilizer and its preparation method. China has a large number of biomass resources. For example, the crop straw produces as many as 700 million tons each year. With the enhancement of environmental protection consciousness and development of biomass thermo-chemical conversion technology, the biomass resources are widely used in the preparation of biomass biochar, bio-oil and gas. Biochar is the solid product of pyrolysis obtained from crop straw and other biomass materials under the restriction or absence of oxygen conditions. Scientific and rational application of biochar in soil is beneficial for increasing the soil fertility, because it can not only compensate for the consumption of soil organic matter, but it also improves the soil pH value and further increases the production of crops. Carbon based fertilizer, which is a new compound fertilizer mixed by biomass carbon and other fertilizers, has been regarded as one of the most effective methods for the application of biochar in soil. With rich pore structure, carbon based fertilizer can increase the soil fertility, improve venting capability, and slow down the release rate of fertilizer, etc. The present studies of carbon based fertilizers focus on the mixture of biochar and a base fertilizer applied into the soil without granulation molding. However, this cannot be industrialized because of the limitation of transportation, storage and other aspects. Moreover, adhesive is required in granulation molding, which will corrode equipment, complicate the production process, increase economic investment, and bring about side effects to the soil such as soil caking, if it is applied over a long term. In this study, a new preparation method for carbon based fertilizer was proposed. Urea, calcium superphosphate, diammonium phosphate and kalium chloratum were used as the basic fertilizer to provide N, P, K. According to the national standard of compound fertilizer material, straw charcoal, urea, calcium superphosphate, diammonium phosphate potassium chloride and a certain amount of water, were mixed together to form granulation without adding any adhesive. The product was granulated with an extruder at room temperature and dried at 50&deg;C for 4 hours. Finally, the performance indicators of the fertilizer were measured according to the corresponding standards, such as nutrients, moisture content, strength, water solubility, and release effects. The results showed that the formed carbon based fertilizer preferred formula was: 16.64% straw carbon, 70.36% based fertilizer, N:P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>:K<inf>2</inf>O=10:8:10. Without adding any adhesives, the performance indicators of molding carbon based fertilizers after drying were as follows: mass fraction of Nitrogen is 10.07%, mass fraction of water soluble phosphorus is 5.47%, mass fraction of phosphorus is 8.38%, water soluble phosphorus accounting for 65.27% of total phosphorus, mass fraction of kalium is 10.45%, water content is 3.24%, strength is 85%, and the pH value is 6.41. These performance results met the relevant national standards. The design of the process is simple and feasible, and provides a reference for the industrial production of carbon based fertilizers.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Benchmarking - Biomass - Calcium - Charcoal - Chlorine compounds - Crops - Fertilizers - Functions - Granulation - Metabolism  - Molding - pH - Phosphorus - Soil pollution - Soils - Straw - Urea - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Bio chars - Calcium superphosphate - Chemical fertilizers - Diammonium phosphates - Industrial production - Performance indicators - Thermochemical Conversion - Water-soluble phosphorus
Classification code:453 Water Pollution - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 524 Solid Fuels - 535.2 Metal Forming - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 801.2 Biochemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20141317512334
Title:Effect in water purification by airlift sand filter in aquaculture system
Authors:Yu, Dongdong (1); Ni, Qi (2); Zhuang, Baolu (2); Zhang, Yulei (2); Shan, Jianjun (2); Guan, Chongwu (2); Zhang, Chenglin (2); Wu, Fan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (2) Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Equipment and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200092, China
Corresponding author:Ni, Q.(niqi@fmiri.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:57-64
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Traditional pressure sand filter after long time working intercepts large amounts of solid particles and leads to difficult backwash. In order to solve these problems, this study developed an airlift sand filter that can backwash itself while operating by optimizing a traditional filter. The airlift sand filter itself had filtration, separation, flotation, and self-cleaning functions, and could replace the traditional sand filters such as filter cell without valve, mechanical air flotation and other physical filtration device in aquaculture workshop. In the airlift sand filter, quartz sand (in diameter of 1-2 mm) was used as the filter medium, and the aquaculture sewage was flowed upward slowly from the bottom, thus quartz sand could intercept the suspended solids. Meanwhile, the fixed flow gas flowed from the bottom pushed dirt and quartz sand upwards simultaneously. During this process, sand and water were sufficiently contacted with each other. The interaction force between the sand and seawater resulted in production of a large number of bubbles. The suspended solids were then wrapped with the bubbles while quartz sand was cleaned by the sand washing device on the top of the system. The cleaned sand fallen back to the filter system by the gravity, and the suspended solids and waste water flowed out of the outfall. The airlift sand filter has the advantages of simple equipment, convenient operation, backwash without stopping the equipment, smooth and continuous system running, low energy consumption and easy to maintain and repair. The efficiency of the airlift sand filter used for marine recirculating aquaculture systems of the suspended solids (SS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was tested. Results showed that removal efficiency of SS and COD by this filter was 41.31% and 34.04%, respectively. Before the filtration, the number of large particles suspended solids (60 &mu;m or higher) was 11.1%, its mass fraction was 71.77% and its mass concentration was 93.53 mg/L. The water processing decreased the number, mass fraction, and mass concentration of the large particles suspended solids to 0.68%, 38.07%, and 15.72 mg/L, respectively. At the beginning of the test, the number of micro particles (60 &mu;m or less) was 88.92%, its mass fraction was 28.23%, and its mass concentration was 36.79 mg/L. After the treatment, the micro particles below 30 &mu;m accounted for 87.45%, its number of mass fraction was 13.61%, and its mass concentration was 5.62 mg/L. These results suggested that the effect of particulate removal treatment was obvious. Meanwhile, the treatment also reduced the content of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite in the system. After filtration, the suspended solids in recirculating aquaculture systems were &le;67.33 mg/L, meeting the requirements of the water treatment in marine recirculating aquaculture workshop by China.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Sand
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Chemical oxygen demand - Energy utilization - Filters (for fluids) - Flotation - Purification - Repair - Sewage - Valves (mechanical) - Water filtration  - Water quality - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Aquaculture systems - Low energy consumption - Particulate removal - Pressure sand filters - Recirculating aquaculture system - Removal efficiencies - Sand filter - Suspended solids
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 445.2 Water Analysis - 453 Water Pollution - 505 Mines and Mining, Nonmetallic - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 601.2 Machine Components - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.5 Maintenance
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20141317512344
Title:Effect of difference between day and night temperature on nutrients and dry mass partitioning of tomato in climate chamber
Authors:Yang, Zaiqiang (1); Wang, Xuelin (1); Peng, Xiaodan (1); Zhao, Xiang (1); Yuan, Xiaokang (1); Han, Xiujun (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (2) Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (3) Shenyang Central Meteorological Center, Shenyang 110016, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Z.(yzq@nuist.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:138-147
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Jinguan5) were grown in a climate chamber to determine the responses of tomato quality attributes to the difference between day and night temperatures (DIF). Six day/night temperature combinations 31/19, 28/22, 25/25, 24/12, 21/15, and 18/18&deg;C with respective DIFS of 12, 6, 0, 12, 6, 0 at 25, and 18&deg;C mean daily temperature were observed. The dynamic change of soluble sugar and sucrose content, dry mass portioning in different organs, free amino acid and soluble protein, and fruit quality of tomatoes were measured. At the daily average temperature of 18&deg;C, the soluble sugar and sucrose content in fruits were highest under 12&deg;C DIF treatment, and lowest under 0 DIF treatment; while at the daily average temperature of 25&deg;C, the soluble sugar and sucrose content in fruits were highest under 6&deg;C DIF treatment. At the daily average temperature of 18&deg;C, the total free amino acids and soluble protein content of leaves were highest under 12&deg;C DIF treatment, and lowest under 0 DIF treatment; while at the daily average temperature of 25&deg;C, the total free amino acids of leaves were highest under 6&deg;C DIF treatment, and soluble proteins were also to be the maximum under 6&deg;C DIF treatment in young fruit and picking time. The dry mass allocation proportions in fruits at the daily average temperature of 18 and 25&deg;C were both the maximum under 6&deg;C DIF treatment, and minimum under 12&deg;C DIF treatment. The organic acid content of fruits at the daily average temperature of 18&deg;C was lowest under 12&deg;C DIF treatment, while at the daily average temperature of 25&deg;C, the content was lowest under 6&deg;C DIF treatment. VC, soluble proteins, and lycopene of fruits have the opposite trend compared with the organic acid content at the daily temperature of 18&deg;C. Studies suggested that under the condition of a daily average temperature of 18&deg;C with DIF from 0-12&deg;C, the greater the DIF was, the more soluble sugar and sucrose were accumulated in the fruits, the larger free amino acids and soluble protein were, and the better fruit quality was. It's good for dry mass transportation to increase DIF appropriately, but too high or too low a DIF was not conducive to the dry mass accumulation in fruits. Under the condition of a daily average temperature of 25&deg;C with DIF from 0-12&deg;C, the interior fruit quality under 6&deg;C DIF was the best. It was concluded that under the different daily temperature within the same DIF treatments, the interior fruit interior quality under 25&deg;C treatment was better than that under 18&deg;C.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Amino acids - Growth (materials) - Plants (botany) - Proteins - Sugar (sucrose) - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Climate chambers - Daily temperatures - Diurnal temperatures - Dry matter partitioning - Quality attributes - Solanum lycopersicum - Soluble proteins - Tomato
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.3 Food Products - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20141317512348
Title:Industrial analysis and determination of calorific value for biomass based on thermogravimetry
Authors:Wang, Ru (1); Tian, Yishui (1); Zhao, Lixin (1); Yao, Zonglu (1); Meng, Haibo (1); Hou, Shulin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agricultural Residues, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; (2) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Tian, Y.(yishuit@yahoo.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:169-177
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The global energy crisis arouses growing interest in the field of renewable energy all over the world. Biomass is a world-recognized environmentally friendly renewable energy because of its lower contents of N and S element and the approximate zero net emissions of CO<inf>2</inf>. How to make full use of biomass energy has been an important direction of studies in the field of renewable energy. Biomass combustion is one of the most important technologies for large-scale efficient and clean utilization of biomass energy. The existing study on biomass combustion characteristics in China mostly focus on a kind of biomass, and little on different kinds of biomass. Thermal analysis curves (TGA-DTG-DTA) are commonly used in combustion characteristic analysis and dynamic analysis, but not in biomass combustion analysis. Therefore, this study investigated the combustion characteristics of biomass - agricultural residues (wheat straw, cotton straw, and cornstalk), forestry residues (sawdust), and industrial waste residues (sweet sorghum slag) at different heating rates (5, 10, 20, and 30&deg;C/min) in air by thermo gravimetric analysis technology. Results showed that all the biomass combustion included four main phases: water evaporation stage, devolatilization and combustion stage, fixed carbon combustion stage, and burnout stage. The comprehensive combustion characteristic index S was ordered in wheat straw (XMJ) &gt; cotton stalk (MHJ) &gt; sweet sorghum slag (GLZ) &gt; cornstalk (YMJ) &gt; sawdust (MX). The rise of heating rate could improve the combustion performance of biomass samples. Based on these results, a TGA-DTG-DTA method was proposed to determine the values of industrial analysis of samples. The weightlessness rate of A-B, B-C, and C-D was equal to moisture content, volatile content, fixed carbon content, respectively. The weightlessness rate of point D was the ash content of the sample. Thermal analysis curves under 20&deg;C/min heating rate were recommended for industrial analysis. Meanwhile, a differential thermal analysis method was also proposed to determine calorific value of samples, which was the heat difference of peak area between RS (the heat discharged) and OP (the heat absorbed). The other heat-related curves could be obtained from TA-60WS data processing software built in the instrument. Overall, the best combustion performance could be obtained at the heating rate of 20&deg;C/min for agricultural residues, 5&deg;C/min for sawdust and 10&deg;C/min for sorghum slag. The differential thermal analysis and thermal analysis curve expanded the application of thermogravimetric analysis technology in studies on biomass combustion characteristic. However, their effectiveness and applicability required further verification of more experiments and data. It hoped that this study would provide valuable information for maturing biomass combustion technology in China.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Combustion
Controlled terms:Biomass - Calorific value - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Cotton - Data processing - Differential thermal analysis - Energy policy - Heating rate - Industry  - Slags - Straw - Technology - Thermogravimetric analysis - Weightlessness
Uncontrolled terms:Biomass combustion - Combustion characteristics - Combustion performance - Data processing software - Industrial Analysis - Industrial waste residue - Renewable energies - Thermal analysis curve
Classification code:406 Highway Engineering - 412 Concrete - 413 Insulating Materials - 461.4 Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering - 521.1 Fuel Combustion - 525.6 Energy Policy - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 801 Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 901 Engineering Profession - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20141317512329
Title:Effect of particle size on precision dosing of screw feeder
Authors:Zhang, Xiliang (1); Ma, Kui (1); Wang, Hui (1); Cui, Shoujuan (1); Shi, Yunfei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, X.(zhangxl@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:19-27
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Screw feeder is a traditional device for particulate materials feeding, and associated with many advantages such as simple structure, environmentally sealed case, controllable output and ease of regulation. But, its application in precision dose feeding is restricted by the cyclical fluctuations and unstable phenomenon commonly found during the feeding. Structure and operation parameters are assumed to be two important factors affecting the feeding stability and accuracy of screw feeders. The possible influence of these two factors on precision dosing has been confirmed by many researchers using numerical and experimental method. However, most of the researches focus on a specified particle size, and do not take into account of the impacts of particle size on precision feeding. In this study, the influence of different particle sizes on feeding was investigated by analyzing feeding stability and accuracy. To achieve this objective, common spherical cereal (millet, soybeans, etc.) in diameter of 3-5 mm was selected, and a screw feeder designed for 3-5 mm particles with lap feeding quantity of about 40 g were utilized. A numerical simulation model was established by discrete element method based on the soft ball with a constant stiffness coefficient and linear elastic constitutive relations. The model had an inner diameter of 40 mm, thread pitch of 40 mm and inlet size of 40 mm &times; 60 mm. The feeding processes of different cereal sizes (3, 4 and 5 mm) were simulated, and force chains, particle group motions and feeding quantity were determined. Furthermore, an experiment of particle group motions and feeding was carried out to verify the effects of particle sizes on feeding stability and accuracy. The PFC3D (Particle Flow Code in 3 Dimensions) software simulation and feeding experiment showed that: 1) When feeding at a fixed speed of 60 rpm and an angle of 60&deg;, the packed number and the average contacts number of 3 mm particles were larger than those of 4 mm and 5 mm particles. As a result, the force chain network in 3 mm particles was distributed more evenly than that in 4-5 mm particles; 2) As the particle sizes decreased, the distribution of force chain was more uniform, the movement between 3 mm particles was more consistent, and the trend of the mixed movement was weaker. Accordingly, the 3 mm particles could keep the shape better than the 4 mm and 5 mm particles during transportation, while the stability in 5 mm particles was worst and the mixing phenomenon in 5 mm particles was most obvious; and 3) The average feeding quantity of 3 mm particles was higher than that of 4 mm and 5 mm particles. With decreasing particle sizes, the standard deviation and the maximum relative error of feeding quantity decreased and the stability and accuracy of feeding were improved. When feeding at angle of 60&deg;, the average feeding quantity, the standard deviation and maximum relative error of 3 mm particles were 6.477 g, 0.537 and &plusmn;0.153%, respectively.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Feeding
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Chains - Computer software - Experiments - Finite difference method - Models - Numerical methods - Particle size - Screws - Stability  - Statistics
Uncontrolled terms:Constitutive relations - Different particle sizes - Maximum relative errors - Numerical and experimental methods - Precision dosing - Screw feeders - Spherical particle - Stiffness coefficients
Classification code:602.1 Mechanical Drives - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 801 Chemistry - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 901.3 Engineering Research - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20141317512343
Title:Improved multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for optimization control in greenhouse environment
Authors:Wang, Lishu (1); Hou, Tao (1); Jiang, Miao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Electrical and Information, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Corresponding author:Wang, L.(wanglishu@neau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:131-137
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A greenhouse environment control system plays a decisive role in greenhouse production processes and is a complex system to control. This paper provides an overview of a greenhouse control system and control technologies. We investigated the issue of a greenhouse climate control system based on temperature and humidity, and formulated a greenhouse climate dynamic model. The control strategy was presented for the dynamic model made use of conventional Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) control algorithms in which it combined with an modified multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MNSEA-II) based on NSGA-II. In MNSEA-II, mixed mutation strategy and local search strategy were utilized to tune two PID controller parameters, and the integrated time square error (ITSE) was considered as one of performance criteria. The mixed mutation strategy based on game theory could utilize adaptively the advantages of a different mutation operator to maintain the globe search capacity of population for a diversity of Pareto solutions, and the local search strategy could speed the convergence of algorithms to achieve more precise solutions. The mixed mutation strategy and the local search strategy could obtain an equilibrium between the diversity and precision of Pareto solutions. An evolutionary optimization process was employed to approximate the set of Pareto solutions, which was used to tune PID controller parameters to achieve good control performance. The tuning scheme has been tested for greenhouse climate control by minimizing ITSE and control increment or rate in a simulation system. Simulation results showed the effectiveness and usability of the proposed method for step responses. The obtained gains were applied in PID controllers and could achieve good control performance such as small overshoot, fast settling time, and less rise time and steady state error. The proposed optimization method offers an effective way to implement simple but robust solutions providing a good reference tracking performance in a closed loop, and the non-dominated Pareto optimal solutions have better distribution and faster convergence at the same time.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Greenhouses
Controlled terms:Dynamic models - Electric control equipment - Environmental engineering - Evolutionary algorithms - Multiobjective optimization - Optimal systems - Optimization - Pareto principle - Proportional control systems - Three term control systems
Uncontrolled terms:Conventional proportional integrals - Evolutionary optimizations - Greenhouse climate control - Greenhouse environment - Multi objective evolutionary algorithms - Pareto optimal solutions - Performance criterion - Temperature and humidities
Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 454 Environmental Engineering - 731.1 Control Systems - 732.1 Control Equipment - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20141317512345
Title:Energy saving and insulation effect of renovation for existing swine houses in Beijing
Authors:Wang, Meizhi (1); Liu, Jijun (1); Tian, Jianhui (1); Li, Qin (1); Wu, Zhonghong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Z.(wuzhh@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:148-154
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China's energy production and consumption will have considerable impacts on both China and global environment in the future. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the Chinese government issued a building energy conservation target that the primary energy consumption per unit of GDP should be decreased by 16% from 2011 to 2015. To achieve this goal, building energy efficiency is a key focus of the project. The Beijing government launched the total energy consumption control plan during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan". Beijing introduced a technical specification (DB11/381-2006) for renovating existing residential buildings to improve their energy efficiencies in 2006. One year later, Beijing introduced and enforced the design standard for energy efficiency of residential buildings (DBJ11-602-2006). The objective of these standards was to reduce energy utilization in residential buildings. Swine farms in Beijing China have caused many environmental concerns including energy utilization and CO<inf>2</inf> emissions. Reducing the fossil fuels must be a top priority so that Beijing swine production remain sustainable. Few new swine farms will be constructed and existing swine farms will be renovated according to the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan of Animal Husbandry in Beijing". To discover, develop and evaluate energy efficient measures for existing swine houses in Beijing China, we conducted the following studies 1) investigating the insulation characteristics of the outer envelopes of existing swine houses, 2) evaluating the potential heating energy savings by renovating a typical existing swine house with 370-mm thick clay brick walls and clay tile roof by covering the wall exteriors with 70 mm thick extruded foam board and the roof with color steel laminboard containing 80 mm of mineral wool, 3) estimating the investment payback periods for the renovations, and 4) measuring the inside and outside temperatures of the renovated and control swine houses during the winter of 2012. The results showed that the insulation levels of the existing swine house in Beijing was poor compared with the technical specifications for renovating existing residential buildings to improve energy efficiency (DB11/381-2006). The walls of the existing house were either 240 mm or 370 mm thick clay bricks, the roof consisted of clay tiles, asbestos tiles or colored steel laminboard, and the window consisted of either single pane of glass or single film of plastic. Based on inside temperature setpoint of 20&deg;C and heating period of 125 days, the energy consumption per unit area of renovated and controlled swine houses were 22 and 72 kg/m², respectively. Energy conservation renovations of this type of swine house could reduce energy by 69% with investment payback period of 7.4 years. Compared with the controlled swine house, the daily average temperature in the renovated house was 1-3&deg;C higher when the daily average outdoor temperature was 2.6-9.3&deg;C. Temperature differences between renovated and controlled swine houses were higher at lower outdoor temperatures. The inside temperature of the renovated house was 3.6&deg;C higher than the controlled swine house at the coldest recorded outdoor temperature of -2.3&deg;C.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Houses
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Brick - Building codes - Building materials - Buildings - Carbon dioxide - Energy conservation - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Farm buildings  - Foam control - Investments - Mineral wool - Roofs - Space heating - Specifications - Temperature - Walls (structural partitions)
Uncontrolled terms:Beijing - Building energy conservation - Building energy efficiency - Existing residential buildings - Insulation characteristics - Primary energy consumption - Swine house heated in winter - Technical specifications
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 411 Bituminous Materials - 412 Concrete - 413 Insulating Materials - 413.2 Heat Insulating Materials - 414 Masonry Materials - 414.2 Brick Materials - 415 Metals, Plastics, Wood and Other Structural Materials - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 643.1 Space Heating - 802 Chemical Apparatus and Plants; Unit Operations; Unit Processes - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 902.2 Codes and Standards - 911.2 Industrial Economics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20141317512330
Title:Analysis on picking plant sequence and route of transplanting robotic for column cultivation
Authors:Liu, Jizhan (1); Liu, Wei (1); Mao, Hanping (1); Li, Pingping (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (2) College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
Corresponding author:Liu, J.(liujizhan@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:28-35
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Column cultivation is a promising high-yield mode in protected agriculture which has been studied and developed for several years. However, its extreme difficulty of manual management has hindered its popularization and application. As a result, an automatic operation of seedling transplanting to column was put forward. A new-type spiral cultivation column and matched seedling transplanting robot that was composed of rail-mounted autonomous vehicle, slide-arm type manipulator, double-needle electromagnet-driven end-effector, and a turning seedling supply device was developed. In view of the frequently repetitive operation of robotic seedling transplanting with changing starting and ending points of routes, the optimal design of a pick-plant sequence and non-collision shortest routing are essential to improving the success rate and efficiency. In robotic seedling transplanting, the route of a manipulator's ending is usually composed of picking an up-down route, a plant up-down route, and a transport route from pick top-point to plant top-point. For column cultivation, the transport route is quite different with regular robotic transplanting in view of its three-dimensional feature. So in this paper, a design of the shortest non-collision route was performed first for robotic seedling transplanting to spiral cultivation columns. In optimal route design, different principles were adopted for different relationships between the height of the plug position and height of the plant position in a column, together with the issue of seedling avoidance since a pick up-down route had to be extended to avoid a collision with other seedlings. And then the shortest non-collision route length of thirty-two different sequential pick-plant plans and a plan by a nearest neighbor algorithm were compared. Sequential pick plans were divided into S-shape and equidirectional seedling pick sequences that had different starting points, while sequential plant plans were divided into bottom-to-top and top-to-bottom sequences. The study indicated that the difference between the maximal and the minimal accumulated route length was more than 25% when seedlings of a total plug were transplanted to several one-meter-high columns. The pick sequence had an important effect on route length, which may mainly be attributed to the necessary of seedling avoidance. The computed results indicated that thirty-two plans were distributed in three areas, and each area had similar seedling avoidance times and accumulated route lengths. The plan by the nearest neighbor algorithm and equidirectional sequential pick with bottom-to-top plant had a stable value of route length when one plug of seedlings was transplanted to multiple columns. The effect of plant sequence on route length obviously rose with the increase of column height, and the average accumulated route length of 16 pick sequences when transplanting to three-meter-high column from top to bottom was 9.83% higher than transplanting from bottom to top. We found that the steady optimal schemes were pick-plant sequence searched by nearest neighbor algorithm and equidirectional sequential pick with bottom-to-top plant. To apply in control of robotic seedling transplanting, a plan of equidirectional sequential pick with bottom-to-top plant may be selected in priority in view of its obvious advantage of real-time rapid execution.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Algorithms - Cultivation - Manipulators - Robotics - Robots - Transplants - Transportation routes
Uncontrolled terms:Autonomous Vehicles - Manual management - Nearest neighbor algorithm - Pick-plant sequence - Protected agricultures - Repetitive operations - Route - Seedling transplanting
Classification code:431 Air Transportation - 432 Highway Transportation - 433 Railroad Transportation - 434 Waterway Transportation - 462.4 Prosthetics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.5 Robotics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20141317512356
Title:Ecosystem service value analysis and trend prediction in Chang-Zhu-Tan region
Authors:Guo, Rongzhong (1); Yang, Minhua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Info-Physics and Geomatics Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (2) Changsha Environmental Protection Occupation Technical College, Changsha 410004, China
Corresponding author:Guo, R.(gyun91@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:238-246
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ecosystem service value is life support products and services directly or indirectly obtained by ecosystem structures, processes, and functions. Land use/land cover change plays a decisive role in the maintenance of the ecosystem services function by altering the structure and function of ecosystems. By the assessment of LUCC on the ecosystem service value, the combined effects of regional land-use changes on ecosystems can be quantitatively and comparatively studied, providing significant insights into practical applications. In the present study, the effects of land use change are detailed and discussed to obtain the values of ecosystem services in the Chang-Zhu-Tan region from 1996 to 2008. Land use change trend is predicted by using the method proposed by Costanza (ESV) wherein the values of ecosystem services are calculated with regard to the value coefficients of ecosystem services per unit area in the Chinese terrestrial ecosystem, as well as being combined with sensitivity analysis and Gray Model (1, 1). The process of the research is as follows: 1) The regional ecosystem service value equivalence factor and the amendment of benchmark unit price are studied based on Costanza's calculation method of ecosystem service value, as well as referring to the farmland ecosystem biomass factor table of our country's different provinces established by Xie Gaodi, etc.; 2) The studied regional ecosystem service values are assessed on the basis of the amended Chang-Zhu-Tan region ecosystem's unit area ecological service value table and the corresponding area of every land-using type of the studied region; 3) The spatial variability of ecosystem service value is analyzed for every county in the Chang-Zhu-Tan region; and 4) The area changes of each land use type in the studied region during 2011-2020 is predicted by use of the GM (1, 1) model, and the total value of regional ecosystem services in that period is also evaluated. The conclusion from these studies is that, in the studied time period, the total value of ecosystem services decreased from 405.03&times;10⁸ Yuan in 1996 to 399.83&times;10⁸ Yuan in 2008. Likewise, the value of ecosystem services, as predicted in various land use changes from 2011 to 2020, will reduce to 392.61&times;10⁸ Yuan in 2020. The reason for the reduction of the regional value is that agricultural land with high value coefficient of ecosystem services shifts to the non-value construction land. Enormous pressure is, therefore, exerted on ecological safety, resulting from rapid urbanization in the studied area in pursuit of high GDP development and growth. Local government and relevant departments should pay extensive attention to the continuing degradation of the regional ecological environment, and should take effective measures such as; working on the comprehensive plan for land ecology and land use, establishing and improving the regional eco-compensation mechanism, choosing a reasonable price for regional eco-compensation, economizing the intensively-utilized cultivated land, realizing dynamic equilibrium of the total cultivated land, strengthening the protection of cultivated land in quantity and quality, and improving the environment around them. As such, it is possible for the Chinese Chang-Zhu-Tan region to become a comprehensive reform pilot area, as well as a national resource-saving and environment-friendly society.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Ecosystems
Controlled terms:Land use - Models - Number theory - Sensitivity analysis - System theory
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological environments - Ecological service values - Ecosystem service values - GM (1 , 1) - Improving the environments - Land use/land cover change - Terrestrial ecosystems - Value of ecosystem services
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20141317512341
Title:Cow body measurement based on Xtion
Authors:Guo, Hao (1); Zhang, Shengli (2); Ma, Qin (1); Wang, Peng (2); Su, Wei (1); Zhu, Dehai (1); Qi, Bing (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) College Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (3) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, D.(zhudehai@263.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:116-122
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Since the numbers and capacities of dairy cattle farms are increasing with every passing day, computer aided studies for the management of these farms become more important and are widely used in daily life. In this study, we assessed the potential of Xtion as a point cloud data acquisition system for the body measurements of Holstein cows in the context of dairy cow conformation. For this purpose, we selected Xtion for point cloud data acquisition and chose a dairy cow model and a dairy cow as the experimental subjects. In an indoor environment, three dimensional laser scanners with high precision were employed to get point cloud data of the cow model as comparison data, and Xtion was used for acquiring point cloud data at different distances away from the cow model as test data. After aligning the comparison data and test data by using commercial point cloud processing software, statistical errors between comparison data and test data including positive maximum distance, negative maximum distance, positive average distance, negative average distance, standard deviation, and RMS error were calculated by the professional point cloud software in order to quantitatively analyze the precision and density of point cloud data from Xtion at different distances. The test results indicate that the errors almost increased linearly with increasing of the distance between Xtion and subject. The average errors were less than &plusmn;5 mm on the condition that the distance from Xtion to the subject were between 0.6 m and 1.2 m. The average errors were less than &plusmn;10 mm on the condition that the distance between Xtion and the subject were between 1.2 m and 1.8 m. Maximum errors were always less than &plusmn;20 mm. The density of point clouds decreased exponentially with increasing of the distance from Xtion to the subject to such an extent that body measurements were impossible to get on account of missing the mark points on the body. These results imply that the appropriate distance between Xtion and a cow is between 0.6 m and 1.2 m. Under the dairy cow breeding environment, body measurements including chest width, thurl width, rear leg side view, front nipple length, rear udder width, and rear udder height of cows were first determined manually, by direct measurement. Then we used Xtion to acquire point cloud data at a distance of less than 1.2 meters from the cow. Visualization of the point cloud data and interactive measurement of the cow body based on point cloud data from Xtion were performed by Meshlab so as to qualitatively analyze the sunlight and surface materials' influence on the quality of point cloud data acquired from Xtion under dairy farm conditions. The results indicate that Xtion failed to give normal operation under the sunlight due to the presence of the IR rays in the sunlight. Point cloud acquisition from Xtion may have some small holes due to the material and appearance of a live cow body. The relative errors of comparing the body measurements obtained by Meshlab with the manual measurements were less than 10%, which indicates that Xtion is appropriate for body measurements of Holstein cows.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Measurements
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Automation - Data visualization - Errors
Uncontrolled terms:Appropriate distances - Body measurements - Breeding environments - Dairy cow - Experimental subjects - Information acquisitions - Point cloud - Three-dimensional laser scanners
Classification code:731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732 Control Devices - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921 Mathematics - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20141317512346
Title:Characteristics of phosphorus removal microorganisms in denitrifying phosphorus removal and induced crystallization phosphorus recovery process for waste water treatment
Authors:Zou, Haiming (1); L&#252;, Xiwu (1); Li, Ting (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (2) Department of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
Corresponding author:L&#252;, X.(xiwulu@seu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:155-161
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A novel wastewater treatment process in our previous research can perform denitrifying simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal and phosphorus recovery via induced crystallization (thereafter called BNR-IC process). Generally, removal efficiencies of contaminants including carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus through wastewater biological treatment process may be attributed to characteristics of predominant microorganisms in activated sludge. In this BNR-IC process, microorganism enriched in the anoxic tank is one of key factors influencing the removal of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of activated sludge from the anoxic tank in the BNR-IC process, including the performances of anaerobic phosphorus release, aerobic or anoxic phosphorus uptake, and the characteristics of microorganisms responsible for denitrifying simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal. In this study, two batch tests were conducted to analyze the capacity of release phosphorus in anaerobic condition and uptake phosphorus under aerobic or anoxic conditions. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), scanning electron micrograph (SEM) and chemical staining were also utilized to investigate the amount of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAO) in activated sludge and its morphologies. FISH results showed that the ratio of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAO) to total bacteria was 69.7% higher than that of single-sludge system. A variety of bacilli were found in the activated sludge samples by SEM. The amount of phosphorus taken up per MLSS, i.e. PO43-P/MLSS, in anaerobic-aerobic environment was 22.84 mg/g. It was 18.60 mg/g in anaerobic-anoxic condition, the ratio of DPAO to PAO in anoxic tank was 81.44%. The results also indicated that DPAO can be effectively enriched in a long-term operation under anaerobic-anoxic environment. PAO can be divided into two types: one uses nitrate or oxygen as an electron acceptor, and the other can only use oxygen as the electron acceptor. Moreover, better understanding of the biochemical processes in wastewater biological treatment process can be obtained by monitoring the value of pH or ORP, providing the benefit for controlling the process. These results showed that the combination of chemical analysis with microorganism investigation may serves as a new indicator for stable operation or application of the novel BNR-IC process. It may become a new trend in the future development of wastewater biological treatment and phosphorus recovery process.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Bacteria
Controlled terms:Bioactivity - Biochemical engineering - Carbon - Denitrification - Fish - Fluorescence microscopy - Microbiology - Nitrogen - Nitrogen removal - Oxygen  - Phosphorus - Recovery - Scanning electron microscopy - Sludge digestion - Tanks (containers) - Wastewater treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Denitrifying phosphorus removal - Denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms - Fluorescence in situ hybridization - Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms - Scanning electron micrographs - Simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removals - Wastewater biological treatment - Wastewater treatment process
Classification code:452.2 Sewage Treatment - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 619.2 Tanks - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 805.1.1 Biochemical Engineering - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822 Food Technology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20141317512347
Title:Analysis of direct combustion characteristics of pig manure based on thermogravimetry
Authors:Xu, Daojun (1); Wen, Lixin (1); Xue, Liqun (1); Jiang, Zhengyun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (2) Hunan Changsha L&#252;ye Bio-Technology Co. Ltd., Changsha 410125, China
Corresponding author:Xu, D.(xudaojun@hunau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:162-168
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pig manure causes severe environmental pollution due to inappropriate treatment. Utilization of energy from pig manure could reduce the environmental pollution, and provide large amounts of energy. At present, the energy utilized from pig manure is limited to anaerobic fermentation, which needs large investment and causes secondary pollution. Direct combustion technology is a new technology to generate energy by utilizing pig manure. To investigate the feasibility of this technology, piglets, fattening pig and sows were fed on corn-soybean meal diets and their fresh manure was collected in this study. The content of moisture and calorific value were measured. Lignocellulose including cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were estimated through Van-Soest detergent analysis. The flammability index C<inf>b</inf>, combustion stability index G and comprehensive combustion index S<inf>N</inf> of pig manure were investigated using a thermogravimetric method analysis. Because the fresh manure has higher moisture content, and honeycomb briquette type of manure could be easily dried by air, the compressive strength and combustion characteristics of the manure burned in boiler were also studied. The results showed that the moisture content from the piglets manure (76.85%) was higher than those from fattening pig (74.76%) and sows (74.28%). The highest and lowest calorific values of the fresh pig manure were 16.72-17.65 MJ/kg and 14.24-15.34 MJ/kg, respectively. The amounts of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in sow manure were the highest, and values from the piglets manure were lower than the other two groups. The values of C<inf>b</inf>, G and S<inf>N</inf> of three fresh manure were (1.552-1.652)&times;10^-5 mg/(min&middot;&deg;C²), (1.393-1.466)&times;10^-6 mg/(min&middot;&deg;C²) and (6.480-7.305)&times;10^-9 mg²/(min²&middot;&deg;C³) respectively. The values of C<inf>b</inf>, G and S<inf>N</inf> under the coal control were 0.092&times;10^-5 mg/(min&middot;&deg;C²), 0.798&times;10^-6 mg/(min&middot;&deg;C²) and 0.118&times;10^-9 mg²/(min²&middot;&deg;C³) respectively, they were lower than those from the fresh manure. Our study also indicated that the fresh pig manure could be molded easily and had good formability. The compressive strength of the end face of pig manure pressed into honeycomb briquette type was 475 N per block. The combustion experiments showed that fresh pig manure had a good combustion performance with a volatile combustion state in boiler. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the amount of energy from the fresh pig manure is slightly lower than that from the coal, but the pig manure had better combustion characteristics than coal. This study could provide a basis and reference to use pig manure as an ideal biomass energy through direct combustion. With this technology, pig manure could be eliminated on the spot and large amount of energy could be provided for heating pig farms. In order to improve the feasibility of pig manure burning for energy, it is necessary to further develop new equipments for pig manure processing and new boiler according to combustion characteristics of pig manure, and study the effects of the combustion exhaust components on environment.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Coal combustion
Controlled terms:Biomass - Boilers - Briquets - Calorific value - Cellulose - Coal - Combustion - Compressive strength - Honeycomb structures - Investments  - Lignin - Manures - Metal cladding - Moisture determination - Thermogravimetric analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Bio-mass energy - Combustion characteristics - Combustion experiments - Combustion performance - Environmental pollutions - Pig manures - Thermogravimetric method
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 521.1 Fuel Combustion - 524 Solid Fuels - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 538.2 Welding - 614 Steam Power Plants - 801 Chemistry - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20141317512361
Title:Lignin removal law during bamboo prehydrolysis with oxalic acid
Authors:Cao, Shilin (1); Ma, Xiaojuan (1); Lin, Ling (1); Huang, Liulian (1); Chen, Lihui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
Corresponding author:Cao, S.(scutcsl@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:277-284
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Dissolved pulp refers to pulp of high cellulose content which is used to manufacture various cellulose-derived products such as regenerated fibers or films (e.g., Viscose, Lyocell), cellulose esters (acetates, propionates, butyrates, nitrates) and cellulose ethers (carboxymethyl-, ethyl-, methyl-celluloses). With the rapid development of the global economy and a constant increase in population, the overall demand for dissolved pulp is rising. Dissolved pulp is generally made by the prehydrolysis kraft and acid sulfite processes comprising additional purification stages such as hot and cold caustic extraction. Dilute sulfuric acid is the most commonly used solvent for prehydrolysis of biomass to produce the dissolved pulp. However, cellulose is seriously degraded and the equipment is corroded while the prehydrolysis with sulfuric acid is performed. Oxalic acid, as an organic acid, has a better prehydrolysis selectivity than some mineral acids such as sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid. The purpose of this paper is to clarify bamboo lignin removal during the bamboo prehydrolysis with oxalic acid to improve the prehydrolysis process for dissolved pulp. The acid-insoluble lignin contents were determined with 72% H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> according to the TAPPI standard test method (T 222 om-06) at different prehydrolysis periods. The distribution of pseudo-lignin on the surface of bamboo fibers was observed by FE-SEM. The chemical structural changes of bamboo lignin were studied by means of CP/MAS 13C-NMR. The results show that the yield decreased with the extension of prehydrolysis time as most of the hemicellulose and a little of the lignin and cellulose were degraded under the acid prehydrolysis conditions. As an increased amount of oxalic acid was applied for prehydrolysis, an increased drop of the yield was obtained. The lignin content based on the prehydrolysed bamboo chips increased with the extension of prehydrolysis time due to a predominant degradation of hemicellulose, the increased amount of oxalic acid and the higher lignin content. However, the lignin content based on the bamboo chips increased dramatically after an initial decline with the extension of prehydrolysis time due to the condensation between the lignin degradation products and carbohydrates, and the formation of pseudo-lignin. As an increased amount of oxalic acid was used for prehydrolysis of bamboo, a greater increase in the rate of lignin content was obtained. The bamboo lignin has more phenolic hydroxyls due to the breakdown of aryl-ether bonds (&beta;-O-4) during the oxalic acid prehydrolysis of bamboo. The pseudo-lignin originating from carbohydrates including cellulose and hemicellulose could attach to the surface of bamboo fibers in the form of microspheres.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Lignin
Controlled terms:Bamboo - Carbohydrates - Cellulose - Cellulose films - Cellulosic resins - Degradation - Dissolution - Esters - Ethers - Hydrolysis  - Organic acids - Oxalic acid - Sulfuric acid - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Acid prehydrolysis - Acid-insoluble lignins - Cellulose and hemicellulose - Chemical structural changes - Dilute sulfuric acid - Lignin degradation products - Prehydrolysis kraft - Standard test method
Classification code:423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 811.1 Pulp and Paper - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20141317512351
Title:Development of evaluation model and determination of its construction sequence for well-facilitied capital farmland
Authors:Xue, Jian (1); Han, Juan (4); Zhang, Fengrong (2); Yun, Wenju (1); Liu, Yu (5)
Author affiliation:(1) Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100035, China; (2) Department of Land Resources Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100035, China; (4) Geological Publishing House, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100083, China; (5) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, F.(frzhang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:193-203
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the material basis for the development of modern agriculture, well-facilitated capital farmland is the key to ensuring food safety in China By improving the comprehensive productivity of cultivated land and agricultural production conditions, the construction of well-facilitated capital farmland and its effective management and efficient utilization has great significance for food security and the development of modern agriculture. Taking Fujin city of Heilongjiang Province as an example, the paper conducted a study on the well-facilitated capital farmland construction sequence. The main conclusions of the study were as follows: It introduces the Four Quadrant model by a feasibility and spatial stability analysis on a well-facilitated capital farmland construction sequence. It comprehensively determined a well-facilitated capital farmland construction sequence combined with the construction scale and goal orientation. Evaluation of the construction feasibility is mainly used to reflect the feasibility of a well-facilitated capital farmland construction sequence. The evaluation index was selected from three aspects including natural quality, engineering construction, and economic society. It mainly included thickness of effective soil, field area, and the later maintenance funding levels. Spatial stability evaluation is mainly used to reflect the spatial stability after well-facilitated capital farmland is constructed. It selected the distance to the county seat, the distance to the township, the distance to the main roads, the distance to potential geological hazards, population density, local finance income, and other indicators from three aspects including location, ecology, and the construction land expansion force. The cultivated land to be evaluated was divided into three levels including high feasibility, medium feasibility, and low-grade feasibility based on the well-facilitated capital farmland construction feasibility evaluation model. The area of the highly feasible region was 13.18&times;10⁴hm² (22.69% of the total evaluation area), it was mainly in the state farms especially in the Qixing Farm and the Daxing Farm. The moderate feasible area was 22.72&times;10⁴ hm² (39.13% of the total evaluation area). It was distributed in the state farm and local government areas and the area was equal. It was mainly distributed in the Daxing Farm and the Qixing Farm of the state farms and Jinshan town of the local government; The low feasible area was 22.18&times;10⁴hm² (38.18% of the total evaluation area), all are located in the local government's area except for a little distribution in Qianjin Farm. On the issue of space stability, the area of highly stability, area of moderate stability, and area of low stability of well-facilitated capital farmland construction in Fujin City was 7.58&times;10⁴hm², 27.73&times;10⁴hm² and 22.77&times;10⁴hm². It occupied respectively 13.06%, 47.73%, and 39.21% of the evaluation area. Highly stable areas were mainly distributed in the farm on the east of Fujin city; moderate stability areas were mainly distributed in the local towns in the south and west of Fujin city; and low stability areas were mainly distributed in the township in the western northern and central areas of Fujin city. The unstable areas were mainly distributed in the Songhua River, Sanhuanpao Nature Reserve, and some important areas of the rivers and city construction expansion area. It was coupled to the feasibility and spatial stability of well-facilitated capital farmland construction by the Four Quadrant model. It determined the well-facilitated capital farmland construction sequence based on the goal orientation of spatial stability priority. Qixing Farm, Hongwei Farm, Qianjin Farm, and Qinglongshan Farm are priority areas of well-facilitated capital farmland construction.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Convergence of numerical methods - Food supply - Land use - Population statistics - Prestressed beams and girders - Quality control - Stability - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Construction feasibility - Construction sequence - Engineering constructions - Fujin city - Local government areas - Population densities - Well-facilitiedcapital farmland
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 404.2 Civil Defense - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 801 Chemistry - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20141317512339
Title:Hilly farmland extraction from high resolution remote sensing imagery based on optimal scale selection
Authors:Chen, Jie (1); Chen, Tieqiao (1); Mei, Xiaoming (1); Shao, Quanbin (1); Deng, Min (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Geo-Informatics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Corresponding author:Deng, M.(dengmin028@yahoo.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:99-107
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The growing population and accelerating urbanization have caused much illegal occupation of farmland, which seriously threat to national food security, social stability and economic development of our country. Farmland information extraction has become a hot issue in agricultural research field in the world. In addition, farmland mapping is closely related to the food security and is one of the most concerned issues of government departments. However, traditional technology of surveying and mapping is time consuming and labor costing, which is unable to adapt to the precise and effective information acquisition of farmland. The high resolution remote sensing imagery can provide more details of ground truth than low resolution imagery. However, the information mining in high resolution remote sensing imagery faces a big challenge caused by the complex ground environment. Farmland blocks in high resolution remote sensing imagery have various shapes, complicated texture and heterogeneous spectrum. The shape information is one of the most important content of farmland mapping. In this study, high resolution remote sensing imagery from QuickBird was used to precisely extract farmland in hilly area. And the method of farmland extraction combining multi-scale segmentation and optimal scale selection was put forward. Firstly, gradient image is generated by using Sobel gradient operator. In order to enhance the edge information and reduce the irrelevant information for farmland extraction, the multi-scale gradient images are filtered with anisotropic diffusion operator. Secondly, effective scale range of multi-scale gradient images is determined through the entropy difference analysis, which can reduce the amount of calculation of the multi-scale analysis in next stage. Thirdly, a marker driven watershed transform based on minima extension and minima imposition is applied to segment the multi-scale gradient images to produce multi-scale shape information of farmland with precious boundaries. Finally, the optimal scale identification for multi-scale segmentation is obtained by unsupervised segmentation evaluation method based on the global Moran'I and variance to automatically get the farmland block without manual intervention. The experimental results show that the multi-scale segmentation and optimal scale identification approach can be used to accurately discriminate farmland in hilly area. Farmland extraction accuracy of the proposed method is 73.06% which is 22.40% higher than the Mean-shift segmentation method with a better performance in farmland extraction in hilly area. The results can basically meet the requirements of drawing and revision for the large scale thematic mapping of farmland, showing that the proposed method can provide a technical assistance for the surveying and mapping of farmland.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Data mining - Food supply - Image recognition - Image segmentation - Information filtering - Optical anisotropy - Optimization - Photomapping - Remote sensing - Surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Anisotropic Diffusion - Farmland - High resolution remote sensing imagery - Information acquisitions - Mean-shift segmentation - Multiscale segmentation - Optimal scale - Unsupervised segmentation
Classification code:404.2 Civil Defense - 405.3 Surveying - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723.3 Database Systems - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 933.1 Crystalline Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20141317512350
Title:Optimization of anaerobic fermentation with mixed materials of corn straw and pig manure
Authors:Li, Yi (1); Liu, Yuqiu (1); Zhang, Zhen (1); Yi, Weiming (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Engineering College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (2) Department of Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 250012, China
Corresponding author:Yi, W.(yiweiming@sdut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:185-192
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rural household biogas fermentation materials are mainly manure in China. Biogas plants cannot run steadily due to shortage of manure. Straw are rich in China, and anaerobic fermentation with mixed materials of corn straw and pig manure can be used to supplement fermentation materials. Thus it is important to study on optimization of mixed material of corn straw and pig manure. In this study, we conducted the experiments through the earlier single factor test. Quadratic regression orthogonal rotating combination design was adopted and the whole gas production was taken as the response value. Effects of four factors on anaerobic fermentation were analyzed. These four factors included ratio of corn straw and pig manure, temperature, pH, and ratio of inoculum and quality of raw fermentation material. The mathematical model for mixed fermentation of corn straw and pig manure was developed. The regression equation was optimized and analyzed when the optimum conditions and interactive effects were exposed. The optimum conditions for mixed-fermentation were determined as follows: the ratio of corn straw to pig manure was 1, pH value was 7.5, the ratio of inoculum volume and quality of raw fermentation material was 50%, the temperature was 30&deg;C, and biogas production obtained is 18.51 L. The order of the influence of four factors on mixed-fermentation of corn straw and pig manure was: ratio of corn straw and pig manure, temperature, ratio of corn straw and pig manure, and pH value. Comparing with interactive effects of corn straw and pig manure raw material ratio, pH, raw material ratio and temperature on biogas yield including corn straw and pig manure raw material ratio and inoculum volume, pH and inoculum volume, pH and temperature, the effect of inoculum volume and temperature was not significant. During the optimum biogas production process in this experiment, the relative error of gas production between model prediction and experiment measurement was less than 5%. This study is expected to provide references for improving biogas production and fermentation efficiency of mixed material of corn straw and pig manure.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Fermentation
Controlled terms:Biogas - Experiments - Fertilizers - Manures - Materials - Mathematical models - Optimization - pH - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Combination design - Fermentation efficiency - Interactive effect - Optimum conditions - Quadratic regression - Regression equation - Rural household biogas
Classification code:801.1 Chemistry, General - 801.2 Biochemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20141317512340
Title:Locust induced trapping experiment based on coupling effect of air disturbance stimulation and spectrum light source
Authors:Wang, Lixin (1); Niu, Huli (1); Zhou, Qiang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; (2) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Wang, L.(ck_021@tom.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:108-115
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Control for locusts traditionally replies on chemical insecticide. However, the chemical insecticide has lead to serious environment pollution. A growing awareness of the environmental issues associated with insecticide control has expanded the demand for technologies that can not only control the plague locusts but also avoid the pollution. One of the recently proposed technologies is photoelectric inducing-trapping plague locust based on the phototaxis property of locusts. For the application of this technology, to obtain a light source that can induce high phototaxis efficiency for locusts is a key to high efficiency of locust trap. Therefore, this study compared phototaxis behaviors of locusts with respect to different wavelengths (465 nm, 520 nm, 630 nm, and 395-720 nm) using Light Emitting Diode (LED) arrays as light sources and the photoelectric inducing-trapping plague locust machine designed by ourselves in a locust phototactic behavior experiment and a locust inducing-trapping experiment in order to provide optimized parameters for design of light source. The experiments were carried out at 20:00-21:00 pm (60 min) in a locust (Locusta migratoria manilensis) breeding area of Shijiazhuang, China. During the test of locust phototactic behaviors, an air disturbance stimulation source (air blower) was utilized as supplementary of the light sources. Phototactic moving displacement, average phototactic moving velocity, inducing ratio, inducing efficiency and capturing ratio were determined to evaluate the phototactic property of locust and the trapping efficiency of photoelectric inducing-trapping plague locust machine with stimulations of different-spectra light source and air disturbance source. Results showed that compared with the other light sources, blue (465 nm) and white (395-720 nm) light had induced locust movement in a clearer direction and at a higher velocity, and hence more locusts gathered around the light sources. Air disturbance stimulation could activate the physiology activity of locusts, and result in strong phototaxis behaviors of locusts and high phototactic movement velocity. Combined with air disturbance stimulation, the white and blue light source could induce phototactic movement of locusts at an average moving velocity of 2.79 and 3.18 m/min, and had the inducing ratio of 50.9% and 54.3%, respectively. Moreover, the capturing ratio of locusts using the photoelectric inducing-trapping plague locust machine reached as high as 40.6% and 43.5%, respectively. The coupling effect of air disturbance stimulation and light source could induce the locusts' phototactic behaviors of clear directional selection and strong movement continuity, which could not only improve the phototaxis efficiency of light source, but also enhance the locust capturing efficiency and locust capturing amount of photoelectric inducing-trapping machine. The results here provided valuable information for optimizing design of light source in the technology of photoelectric inducing-trapping plague locust, and provided an idea of developing equipments for control of the other agricultural insects.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Light emitting diodes
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Couplings - Efficiency - Experiments - Insecticides - Light sources - Optimization - Pest control - Photoelectricity - Pollution control  - Spectroscopy - Technology - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Air disturbance - Chemical insecticides - Directional selection - Environment pollution - Lightemitting diode(LED) array - Locust - Phototactic behaviors - Trapping efficiencies
Classification code:454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 602 Mechanical Drives and Transmissions - 741.1 Light/Optics - 744 Lasers - 801 Chemistry - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 901 Engineering Profession - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20141317512338
Title:Impact of slope length on soil erosion of sloping farmland with crop in red soil hilly region
Authors:Fu, Xingtao (1); Zhang, Liping (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Polluted Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, L.(lpzhang@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:91-98
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Slope length is one of the important landform factors causing slope erosion. A better understanding of the impact of slope length on the water erosion process would provide theoretical evidence for the prediction of soil loss and improve the use of controlling measures for soil and water conservation. Based on field simulated rainfall events, this study investigated the impact of slope length on soil erosion of sloping farmland with crop cover under different rainfall intensities to determine the critical rainfall intensity and the reasonable slope length for soil conservation in a red soil hilly region. Combined with natural rainfall events of the study region, rainfall intensity in this research varied from 30 to 150 mm/h, which could be adjusted by varying nozzle sizes and water pressure. The simulated rainfall had uniformity of above 85%, similar to natural rainfall in raindrop distribution and size. Calibrations of rainfall intensities were conducted at the beginning of each experiment. The runoff/erosion catchment plots of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 m (length) by 2 m (width) were established before a crop was planted in Anji County, northwest of Zhejiang province. The soil type at this site is red soil and the slope gradient is 20 deg. The initial water content of the soil was determined to ensure that the soil water content was identical for all simulated experiments. Each rainfall event was replicated two times. The period from rainfall beginning to runoff occurrence was recorded as "runoff occurrence time" during each rainfall event, and the duration of each rainfall simulation was 30 min from the appearance of runoff. All runoff water and sediment samples were collected in the polyethylene bottles (with volume 1 L) at the bottom end of the plot in 3 min intervals. The sloping farmland was dominated by Chili pepper, which was premature, 40 cm in height, covered approximately 65% of the surface of the plots and had high production as a kind of economic crop. The soil was bare under the Chili pepper. Data were analyzed using SPSS to determine if slope length and rainfall intensity had any effect on sediment yield. When there were significant correlations between rainfall intensity (slope length) and sediment yield, statistical processing of the results was further performed using regression techniques. Results indicated that both rainfall intensity and slope length played important roles on runoff formation and soil erosion in the surface runoff. Sediment yield increased as a whole with increasing slope length under the same rainfall intensity, so the relationship between them could be described by using a power function (Determination coefficient R²&gt;0.84). However, the increment of sediment mass was not proportional to the same slope length increase and it even decreased in 4 m intervals. Furthermore, the sediments contained mainly silt particles (47.1%) with diameters less than 0.02 mm and clay particles (40.9%) with diameters less than 0.002 mm. This result further proved that erosion on sloping farmland could reinforce the soil coarsening and decrease the soil fertility. Therefore, this study suggests that engineering measures of soil and water conservation could be constructed or hedgerows could be planted at 4 m intervals to truncate the slope length and decrease soil and water loss, improve soil fertility and prevent farmland from further degradation. Sediment yield increased with increasing rainfall intensity and it could be estimated with a power function of rainfall intensity (Determination coefficient R²&gt;0.76). A quicker increase of runoff velocity as measured during the experiment required a longer slope length. 60 mm/h rainfall intensity was the critical value that resulted in a sudden increase in erosion for red soil hilly region. As a consequence, soil and water conservation measures should be strengthened when rainfall intensity is greater than 60 mm/h. There was positive correlation between sediment yield and rainfall intensity (slope length); moreover, rainfall intensity rather than the slope length played a more notable impact on sediment yield. Research on the impact of slope length on sloping farmland erosion under different rainfall intensities will serve to control soil and water loss on sloping farmland in red soil hilly region.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Soil conservation
Controlled terms:Catchments - Crops - Erosion - Experiments - Farms - Rain - Runoff - Sediments - Soil moisture - Soils  - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Critical rainfall intensities - Determination coefficients - Initial water contents - Rainfall intensity - Slope length - Soil and water conservation - Soil and water conservation measures - Statistical processing
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20141317512353
Title:Physical and chemical properties and distribution characteristics of heavy metals in reclaimed land filled with coal gangue
Authors:Xu, Liangji (1); Huang, Can (1); Zhang, Ruqin (1); Liu, Huiping (1); Yan, Jiaping (1); Meuser, Helmut (2); Makowsky, Lutz (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Surveying and Mapping, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; (2) University of Applied Sciences Osnabr&#252;ck, Oldenburger Landstrasse 24D-49090, Osnabr&#252;ck, Germany
Corresponding author:Xu, L.(ljxu@aust.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:211-219
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Coal gangue is a solid waste with the largest emissions during the process of coal mining, processing, and utilization in Huainan mining areas. Many coal emissions have caused worsening situations dealing with land occupation and the problem of ecological environment damage in mining areas. The utilization of coal gangue for filling and land reclamation is not only able to recover the value of mining subsidence land, but it can handle coal gangue, which has significant economic and environmental benefits. The key problems for land reclamation based on using coal gangue as the main substrate are designing the best and economical depth of top soil for meeting the needs of crop growth and the possibility that the utilization of coal gangue for land reclamation will cause soil pollution. For studying the depth of top soil when optimum crop yields can be achieved and the possibilities of pollution to the environment caused by the filling reclaimed soil, this paper introduced the establishment of outside field plots, regarded as Xin Zhuangzi coal gangue reclaimed land, as the research object. The winter wheat had been planted on both control plots and four test plots, which were designated A, B, C, and D, with the top-soil depth of 50-60 cm, 60-70 cm, 70-80 cm and 80-90 cm, respectively. Soil, coal gangue and wheat samples had been collected. The analysis of indicators were as follows: the pH values of soil and coal gangue samples, the content of organic matter, the contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium, natural water content of soil, particle density; the root density, height and production of winter wheat; and the content of these elements: Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cr. All the indicators had been analyzed by using statistical methods. The experimental results showed that reclaimed land has notable differences of each indicator compared with the control plots. The physical-chemical properties of the soil, the root density, height of crops, and production of winter wheat are poorer than those of the control plots. The substrate made of coal gangue has more inferior physical-chemical properties. Considering the indicators, the conclusion is that several indicators of B test plot are better than the others, so a soil depth of 70-80 cm is a more economical and rational top-soil depth for reclaimed land when using coal gangue as a filler. The elements in coal gangue substrate for filling, such as Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cr, has a trend of migrating to the upper surface. At a safe level, the contents of Pb, Zn, Cr in reclaimed soil and coal gangue matrix are below the background values of the soil in Huainan (30.5 mg/kg, 80.8 mg/kg, 64.9 mg/kg). In a significant cumulative effect, the contents of Cu, Ni, Cd elements in reclamation soil are above the background values of Huainan soil but lower than the primary standard of the soil environmental quality standards in China (35 mg/kg). Though these elements would not pollute the soil singly, this situation constitutes a potential threat on reclaimed soil and more attention to the threat should be paid. The contents of Cu, Ni in the coal gangue matrix of test A plot are below the background values of Huainan soil (24.2 mg/kg) and at a safe level. The content of Cd is higher than the background value of Huainan soil (0.06 mg/kg) and lower than the minor standard of Chinese soil environmental quality (0.6 mg/kg), and deserves more attention because of the cumulative effect in coal gangue matrix.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Land reclamation
Controlled terms:Chemical properties - Coal - Coal tailings - Crops - Cutting machines (mining) - Filling - Heavy metals - Lead - Nickel - Physical properties  - Soil pollution - Soils - Substrates - Zinc
Uncontrolled terms:Coal gangues - Distribution characteristics - Ecological environments - Economic and environmental benefits - Environmental quality - Environmental quality standards - Physical and chemical properties - Physical-chemical properties
Classification code:423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 504 Mines and Mining, Metal - 524 Solid Fuels - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 546.1 Lead and Alloys - 546.3 Zinc and Alloys - 548.1 Nickel - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 801 Chemistry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20141317512352
Title:Evaluation method and model analysis for productivity of cultivated land
Authors:Yan, Yifan (1); Liu, Jianli (1); Zhang, Jiabao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Corresponding author:Liu, J.(jlliu@issas.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:204-210
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Quantitative evaluation, classification and gradation of cultivated land productivity are important for implementing formula fertilization, guiding the oriented soil fertility cultivation and precision farming. In this paper, the definition and main processes of cultivated land productivity were introduced ranging from indexes selection, evaluation unit division and assignment, index weight determination and gradation. Different evaluation methods of land productivity using machine learning technique confirmed with good results were summarized such as China's ministry of agriculture recommended method, Delphi-analytical hierarchy process, soil productivity index, support vector machine, artificial neural network, and decision tree. Their use methods, advantages and disadvantages were analyzed. In general, these machine learning techniques are objective and can easily overcome Delphi's subjective effect. Farmland soil fertility survey and quality evaluation are popular. However, some potential problems occurred, for example that evaluation index system is lack of universality, results of evaluation cannot be compared for different city, even county if the evaluation methods are different, and work is hard to be done in some remote mountainous areas where the economy and science fall far behind other regions. These problems were discussed and some possible solutions were proposed such as applying classification and regression trees in remote mountainous areas to enhance coefficient of utilization of data set based on mechanism for handling missing values. Finally, the paper analyzed if average annual yields used as target variables of these new machine learning techniques are feasible and reasonable. If the answer was yes, how to integrate these new techniques into traditional evaluation and classification methods of cultivated land productivity may become the possible direction for study. It hoped that this article would provide valuable information on methodology for evaluation, classification, and gradation of cultivated land productivity.
Number of references:44
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Classification (of information) - Decision trees - Economics - Fracturing (oil wells) - Land use - Learning systems - Mathematical models - Neural networks - Productivity  - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Assessment indicator - Assessment method - Classification and regression tree - Coefficient of utilizations - Cultivated lands - Evaluation and classifications - Machine learning techniques - Weight coefficients
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 511.1 Oil Field Production Operations - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 731.5 Robotics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics - 922 Statistical Methods - 961 Systems Science - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20141317512354
Title:Land use/cover changes and main-factor driving force in Heihe middle reaches
Authors:Cao, Qi (1); Chen, Xingpeng (1); Shi, Manjiang (1); Yao, Yong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resource and Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730040, China; (2) College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (3) Gansu Institute of Surveying-Mapping and Reconnaissance of Geology and Mineral Resources, Lanzhou 730060, China
Corresponding author:Chen, X.(chenxp@lzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:220-227
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC) is a core program supported by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) and the International Human Dimensions Program on Global Environmental Change (IHDP). Analyzing anthropogenic influence impacting on LUCC is one of key frontier domains supported by IGBP and IHDP, which requires differentiating and analyzing impact by anthropogenic factors on LUCC, and tightly combining LUCC with social, political, and economic issues. LUCC reflects the most direct and most close relationship between humanity and nature in the interaction. It is a process of adjusting all kinds of land use constantly in order to meet the need of social and economic development, and give expression to the development tendency that humans utilize land to be working and living. Due to the effect of the restriction of the special natural conditions, resources and the environment system in a continental river basin in an arid zone are especially affected by anthropogenic influences. Some scholars pointed out that, if the effective strength of human activities exceeds 37%, the river surface runoff process shits from its natural state to giving priority to an anthropogenic disturbance, Therefore, affecting the middle and lower reaches of the oasis area size would directly impact on the process of the middle reaches of land -use and land-cover change. In order to understand the current problem of the land, we needed to identify the key human influencing factors, discuss its regulatory mechanism, and evaluate its effect on land -use and land-cover change, on basis of which we sought countermeasures to solve the problem. There are many attempts at related research on an anthropogenic driving effect on land -use and land-cover change by quantitative analysis. However, the anthropogenic influence during the course of basin scale land change has not been extensively researched. In order to investigate the driving effect by anthropogenic influence on land use and land cover change in the Heihe Middle Reaches, this paper took Ganzhou District as an example. First, this article analyzed the velocity and amplitude of various land use types and a comprehensive index of LUCC in the study area under anthropogenic influence from the year 2002 to 2011. Secondly, based on specifying the trend of various types of land use change, this article established a humanistic factors index system, and simulated multiple linear relationships between humanities factors and LUCC. Finally, it extracted key humanity factors that affected different land use types through Grey Relational Analysis. The results of the analysis were as follows: 1) In the overall structure of land use/cover of the Ganzhou area from 2002 to 2011, construction land expanded at an accelerating pace, agricultural land resources were being reduced, and the non-agricultural trend of land use structure was evident. 2) Population, poverty and wealth conditions, social economy, technology, policy and cultural concepts resulted in resultant forces to promote regional land use/cover change. The contribution rates of different anthropogenic influences were different in the process of land use change of different types. 3) Using a grey correlation analysis method in the evaluation index system, we found that the agricultural population declined, agricultural science and technology personnel rose, and the amount of motor-pumped well electricity continuing to grow were the dominant cultural factors index respectively to the change of urban and rural construction land, transportation and water conservancy, construction land and cultivated land in 2002-2011.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Arid regions - Economics - Regression analysis - Structure (composition) - Transportation personnel - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural science and technologies - Anthropogenic disturbance - Driving forces - Global environmental change - Grey correlation analysis methods - Human dimensions - Land use and land cover change - Social and economic development
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 431 Air Transportation - 432 Highway Transportation - 433 Railroad Transportation - 434 Waterway Transportation - 443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 446 Waterworks - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20141317512349
Title:Influence of techniques for desorption of carbon dioxide on in situ methane enrichment during biogas fermentation
Authors:Yang, Shiguan (1); Li, Jihong (1); Zhao, Yuanfang (1); Xiao, Ting (1); Dong, Changqing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, School of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
Corresponding author:Yang, S.(higuanyang@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:178-184
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In situ methane enrichment method can increase the methane content in biogas, which is a cost-effective technology used for producing bio-methane compared with conventional biogas upgrading technologies. During the in situ methane enrichment process, liquid stream from the anaerobic digester is circulated through a CO<inf>2</inf>-desorption unit and then returned back to the digester. The most important step in this process is CO<inf>2</inf> desorption. In this study we evaluated the effects of different CO<inf>2</inf> desorption techniques. Three CO<inf>2</inf> desorption methods including air stripping, vacuum extraction and ultrasonic-auxiliary air stripping were studied through experiments. The experiments were conducted under mesophilic (38&deg;C) anaerobic digestion by using synthetic wastewater with glucose and supplemental nutrients. The experimental apparatus included one anaerobic digester with volume of 1500 mL and two CO<inf>2</inf>-desorption bottles with volume of 500 mL used for air stripping and vacuum extraction respectively. The results showed that the average volume fraction of methane in biogas reached 76.4% and 78.3% for the air stripping groups (aeration fluxes of 205 mL/min and daily stripping time of 30 min), and increased by 17% and 20% compared to the control (65.4%) with the daily recycle rates of liquid stream (DRR) at 0.2 L/(L&middot;d) and 0.4 L/(L&middot;d), respectively. The cumulative methane production is similar to controlled one for the group with DRR of 0.2 L/(L&middot;d). But the cumulative methane production decreased by 15% compared with control one for the group with DRR of 0.4 L/(L&middot;d). In situ methane enrichment effect of the group of CO<inf>2</inf> vacuum extraction with 0.1 MPa vacuum maintaining 5 min was slightly lower than that of the air stripping group with aeration flux at 205 mL/min, daily stripping time 20min and DDR 0.2 L/(L&middot;d). The methane volume fraction of biogas in the first group was decreased by 4.6% compared to that of the second group. However, the difference is not significant (P&gt;0.05). The results of experiment of ultrasonic-auxiliary air stripping, with aeration flux of 100 mL/min, daily stripping time of 21 min and ultrasonic frequency of 40 kHz, show that ultrasonic wave can accelerate CO<inf>2</inf> air stripping, especially when the concentration of CO<inf>2</inf> in the liquid was high. During the initial 3 min of stripping the CO<inf>2</inf> removing rate of ultrasonic-auxiliary air stripping group was advanced by 32% compared to air stripping group. The total free CO<inf>2</inf> removal amount from the liquid stream was increased by 29.8% compared to air stripping group during the whole stripping time of 21 min. Furthermore, ultrasonic wave has potential advantages on CO<inf>2</inf> removing by lowering pH of liquid and increasing anaerobic digestion efficiency through decomposing many complex organic compounds. Therefore, the effect of air stripping and vacuum extraction on methane enrichment has no significance difference, but vacuum extraction has no problem of oxygen inhibition, the control of which is vital for successful running of in situ methane enrichment process of air stripping. Ultrasonic-auxiliary air stripping method has advantages for CO<inf>2</inf> desorption due to its unique characteristics of lowering pH, degrading complex compounds and increasing CO<inf>2</inf> removal.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Carbon dioxide
Controlled terms:Anaerobic digestion - Biogas - Desorption - Experiments - Fermentation - Liquid methane - Liquids - Methane - Stress corrosion cracking - Stripping (removal)  - Ultrasonic waves - Ultrasonics - Volume fraction
Uncontrolled terms:Air stripping - Air-stripping methods - Complex organic compounds - Cost-effective technology - Experimental apparatus - Synthetic waste water - Ultrasonic frequency - Vacuum extraction
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 522 Gas Fuels - 523 Liquid Fuels - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 753.1 Ultrasonic Waves - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20141317512357
Title:Detection of pork backfat thickness based on nearest neighbor clustering and improved Hough algorithm
Authors:Zhou, Tong (1); Peng, Yankun (1); Liu, Yuanyuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Research and Development Center for Agro-Processing Equipment, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) College of Mechanic and Electrical Engineering, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
Corresponding author:Peng, Y.(ypeng@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:247-254
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The backfat thickness of pig carcasses refers to the fat thickness between the sixth rib and seventh rib, and the fat thickness is uniform, and is the thickest in this position. Backfat thickness is one of the most important indexes to assess pork quality. However detection of backfat thickness in most of the pork slaughtering houses and enterprises depends on trainees using measuring tools or making judgments directly by eye in China. This manual detecting method demands not only great labor but also lacks objectivity and accuracy. Additionally, hand contact can cause great adulteration to the pig samples. The objective of this research was to investigate a method for detecting backfat thickness based on computer vision and image processing technologies. The pig carcass images were collected by a machine vision image acquisition system on the slaughter line. The system consisted of an image acquisition device, light, a single chip microcomputer, a detection control button, and a computer and image processing algorithm equipped into the self developed system software. A black background plate was placed behind the pig carcass in order to adapt to the complexity of the environment. When a half carcass reached the camera view, the operator pressed the control button to acquire images of the carcass. And these collected images were automatically stored in the computer for further image processing. The algorithm consisted of two parts: the detection of the backfat part and the location. Some methods such as image segmentation, feature point detection, and flood fill were adapted to extract the backfat part. The method of determining the measurement position was as follows. First, the region of interest (ROI) was obtained. In this step, the rib area was extracted from the pig carcass. Then the floating window was used to scan the whole ROI image. The size of the scanning window was 20&times;1 and the direction of scanning was from top to bottom in each line of image. The average gray values in each scanning widow were calculated to obtain the distribution of the average gray value in each column. The feature points of the ribs were extracted by the characteristics of the average gray level line on each column of the ROI image. Next, points on the sixth and seventh ribs were clustered based on a nearest neighbor clustering algorithm. The points of each column were averaged, and they became new feature points between the sixth and seventh ribs. The horizontal and vertical coordinates of the known point were the average of new feature points. At last, we extracted the measuring line based on Passing a Known Point Hough Transform (PKPHT). The slope between two points, which belonged to the same line, was calculated and the slope accumulator was voted. The peak of the slope accumulator corresponded to the slope of the line to detect. Backfat thickness can be measured accurately by mapping the line to the backfat part. The results showed that this method can nondestructively determine the measurement position and measure the backfat thickness of pig carcasses after validation on multiple samples. And this method is of great significance for the development of an automatic classification system.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Clustering algorithms
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Computer control systems - Computer vision - Hough transforms - Image acquisition - Image processing - Image segmentation - Mammals - Meats - Nondestructive examination
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic classification systems - Backfat thickness - Image processing technology - Known point Hough transforms - Nearest neighbor algorithm - Nearest neighbor clustering - Nearest neighbor-clustering algorithm - The region of interest (ROI)
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.3 Food Products - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20141317512331
Title:Measurement and analysis on reducing adhesion and resistance of bionic ripple opener
Authors:Ma, Yunhai (1); Ma, Shengsheng (1); Jia, Honglei (1); Liu, Yucheng (1); Peng, Jie (1); Gao, Zhihui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
Corresponding author:Jia, H.(jiahl@vip.163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:36-41
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Traditional furrow openers are lack of the ability of reducing resistance and clay adhesion. Hence, a kind of new bionic opener was designed and manufactured here based on characteristics of adhesion and resistance reduction of soil animals and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. Its tractive resistance was tested and compared with that of a traditional opener in an orthogonal (three factor and four level) designed field experiment in order to study the viscosity drag reduction mechanism of the bionic opener with non-smooth surface. Experimental results showed that clay adhesion on the traditional opener was not found when soil humidity was less than 16.3%, but obvious when soil humidity was more than 20.8%, while the adhesion on the bionic opener was little regardless of soil humidity. The tractive resistance of the bionic opener increased with increasing soil humidity when soil humidity was in a certain range. It was apparent that the traction resistance was mainly affected by the trenching depth, the soil humidity, and the forward velocity. Based on the related theory, the only velocity magnitude changes and the tractive resistance should be unaffected when the tractor is in a state of uniform motion. The impact of forward velocity on traction resistance and clay adhesion might because a number of conditions could not be completely controlled during the field test. In conclusion, the bionic opener was better in reducing adhesion and resistance than the traditional openers probably because: 1) the contact area with soil was smaller in the former than in the latter; 2) the former had corrugated non-smooth shape, which could form a cavity when contacting with the soil, result in a higher normal adhesion than tangential adhesion, destroying the adhesion interface and reducing the resistance; and 3) the former could cause larger stress fluctuation than the latter, and the fluctuation could partly destroy the continuity of the soil so that the barricade blocking and compaction were not easily formed. Furthermore, the bionic opener could work best in an optimal condition with soil moisture of 16.3%, the trenching depth of 6 cm and the forward velocity of 1.8 km/h.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Adhesion
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Bionics - Compressive strength - Experiments - Soil moisture - Trenching - Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylenes - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Adhesion interfaces - Drag reduction mechanism - Measurement and analysis - Non-smooth surface - Opener - Reducing adhesion and resistances - Resistance reduction - Traction resistance
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 731.1 Control Systems - 801 Chemistry - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 901.3 Engineering Research - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20141317512328
Title:Design and experiment of pneumatic maize precision seed-metering device with combined holes
Authors:Shi, Song (1); Zhang, Dongxing (1); Yang, Li (1); Cui, Tao (1); Zhang, Rui (1); Yin, Xiaowei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, D.(zhangdx@edu.cau.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:10-18
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Vacuum-type pneumatic metering device has gradually replaced traditional mechanical seeder and been widely used for corn precision planter in China because of its low damage to seeds and high planting speeds. However, it shows poor adaptability to non-oval seeds such as maize, and requires demanding operating parameters in seed-filling process. Its poor performance of seed-filling often causes high missing rate in field operations. To improve fluidity of seed and performance of seed-filling, many devices that can increase air turbulence, electromagnetic vibration and mechanical agitation have been developed, all of which can complicate the structure of metering device and lead to its performance instability. In this study, a pneumatic maize precision seed-metering device with combined holes was designed by integrating stirring device into the hole to improve performance of seed-filling while remaining the structure and performance stability of metering device. In the device, several curved guide grooves on the seed plate along the circumferential direction formed the combined holes in contact with the annular paries of lower case. With the combine action of guide grooves and positive pressure air flow, seeds were continually rolled down to filling zone area, which could reduce the internal friction among seeds, decrease miss index caused by seed overhead and improve the performance of seed-filling. The equation of guide curve and the structure parameter of the combined holes were determined. The performance of the device was assessed based on multiple index; missing index and seed allocation eligible rates by comparison with traditional vacuum seed-metering device in a field test and a contrast test. A 2BYJMFQC-4 type maize no-tillage precision seeder was used for the field test with a constant pressure of 3.0 kPa and four different forward speeds (3 replicates for each speed test). More than 220 seeds were measured in each test. The PS-12-type pneumatic maize precision seed-metering device with combined holes and the vacuum seed-metering device (Monosem) with a fixed forward speed (10 km/l) were utilized under the same condition in the contrast test. The test was repeated for three times, and 250 seeds were measured in each test. Results showed that the flow of seeds in the pneumatic maize precision seed-metering device was more obvious, and the miss index was only 1.74%, lower than that (3.42%) using the traditional vacuum seed-metering device. The other indexes from the pneumatic maize precision seed-metering device were better than the traditional vacuum seed-metering device at the same working speed. The field test revealed that the qualified index of the pneumatic maize precision seed-metering device had steadily up to 97%. With increasing the forward speed, the missing index and coefficient of variation increased while the multiple index decreased. However, all of the changes in the indexes were small and each index determined from the pneumatic maize precision seed-metering device was better than the national standards of China.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Experiments - Filling - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Pneumatics - Testing - Vacuum - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture machinery - Circumferential direction - Coefficient of variation - Combined hole - Electromagnetic vibrations - Guide groove - Precision seed-metering devices - Structure and performance
Classification code:423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 632.3 Pneumatics - 632.4 Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 633 Vacuum Technology - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20141317512332
Title:Transmission loss measurement method for car dash panel based on beamforming
Authors:Yang, Yang (1); Chu, Zhigang (2); Shen, Linbang (2); Zhou, Yanan (2); Duan, Yunyang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing 401120, China; (2) College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
Corresponding author:Chu, Z.(zgchu@cqu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:42-49
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Conventional methods for transmission loss measurement have drawbacks such as failing to identify poor sound insulation positions or time-consuming. In order to overcome these shortages, an innovative method was proposed, which is based on beamforming noise source identification technology and estimation of partial area sound power with beamforming scaled sound intensity. Its effectiveness was validated by comparing the transmission loss of a car dash panel before and after parts of dash panel were installed using the proposed method and the conventional sound intensity method. The experiment was conducted in a specialized laboratory consisting of a reverberation room and an anechoic room. In the reverberation room, an omnidirectional sound source (Bru&die;el&amp;Kjaer Type 4292) was excited by white noise emitted from PULSE front end and was amplified by a power amplifier (Bru&die;el&amp;Kjaer Type 2716), and a microphone (Bru&die;el&amp;Kjaer Type 4187) was utilized to measure sound pressure signals. In the anechoic room, different instruments were used for sound signal collection. For the test with the conventional method, a dual-microphone sound intensity probe (Bru&die;el&amp;Kjaer Type 3599) was used to scan and measure sound intensity from the surface of the car dash panel, while for the test with the beamforming method, a 36-channel sector wheel array with a diameter of 0.65 m (Bru&die;el&amp;Kjaer) was utilized to collect sound pressure signals. After signal processing based on the principles of the two methods, contour maps and transmission loss curves of the car dash panel were drawn. Results showed that compared with the conventional method, the proposed method could not only accurately locate the position where sound insulation was poor in the dash panel, but also evaluate the transmission loss of the dash panel at frequencies up to 2000 Hz. Although the proposed method underestimated the transmission loss at frequencies more than 2000 Hz because of influence of side lobes, the underestimated value could be used for assessing effects of different conditions and improvement technologies. Overall, the proposed method was an effective and fast measurement method of transmission loss. The test after parts of the dash panel were installed showed that the switch valve for inside cycle and outside cycle located in the air inlet of the air conditioner was the primary acoustic weak link because of its poor fit with the valve port. In order to fix this problem, sealing material was pasted on the valve body. The corresponding transmission loss curve acquired by the proposed method indicated modification dramatic improvement in the transmission loss of the car dash panel with a minimum increment of about 1.4 dB and a maximum one of about 6.2 dB. Furthermore, since acoustical material inside the car dash panel is an important factor affecting sound insulation performance, the original sound absorbing material composed of EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) rubber sheet and low-melting felt was replaced by a new one composed of EVA rubber sheet, low-melting felt and bi-component fiber. The corresponding transmission loss curve acquired by the proposed method revealed that transmission loss of the dash panel was significantly improved at frequencies less than 2000 Hz, but unchanged at frequencies more than 2000 Hz. In general, frequencies of the engine noise and the interior noise of a car are less than 2000 Hz. Hence, the new sound absorbing material was superior to the original one in reducing interior noise of the car. By pasting sealing material on valve body and using a new sound absorption material, the transmission loss of the car dash panel increased by about 4.2 dB on average at frequencies of 500-5000 Hz, suggesting that the both methods could greatly improve interior acoustical environment of cars.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Wave transmission
Controlled terms:Acoustic intensity - Acoustic noise - Acoustic noise measurement - Acoustic wave absorption - Acoustic wave propagation - Architectural acoustics - Automobile bodies - Beamforming - Felt - Measurements  - Melting - Microphones - Power amplifiers - Reverberation - Rubber - Sealants - Sound insulation - Ultrasonics - Vehicles - White noise
Uncontrolled terms:Acoustical environments - Ethylene vinyl acetates - Improvement - Noise source identification - Sound absorbing materials - Sound insulation performance - Sound pressure signals - Transmission loss
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 411 Bituminous Materials - 432 Highway Transportation - 531.1 Metallurgy - 663.2 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 713 Electronic Circuits - 713.1 Amplifiers - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732 Control Devices - 751 Acoustics, Noise. Sound - 752.1 Acoustic Devices - 753.1 Ultrasonic Waves - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 817 Plastics and Other Polymers: Products and Applications - 818 Rubber and Elastomers - 818.1 Natural Rubber - 819.4 Fiber Products - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.05.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.