<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20141317512312
Title:Analysis on influencing factors of carbon and nitrogen fixation rates in sludge hydrothermal carbonization
Authors:Wang, Dingmei (1); Yuan, Haoran (2); Wang, Yueqiang (1); Yu, Zhen (1); Zhou, Shungui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (2) Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
Corresponding author:Yu, Z.(yuzhen@soil.gd.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:168-175
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Carbon and nitrogen emissions during sewage sludge treatment are important sources of greenhouse gases and environmental pollutants. The fixation degrees of carbon and nitrogen have been an issue deserving significant attention and consideration when choosing a treatment process for sewage sludge. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an emerging technology to treat wet biomasses aimed at producing biochar materials. Studies have demonstrated that HTC of wet biomasses including sewage sludge results in the formation of biochar in a relatively cheap and sustainable way. However, the data necessary to understand how multiple processing conditions influence carbon and nitrogen fixed in sludge biochar from HTC are currently lacking. In the present study, the influences of hydrothermal temperature (150-250&deg;C), solid content (5%-15%), and reaction time (2-6 h) on the fixations of carbon and nitrogen in sludge biochar were investigated using a 3-level, 3-factor Box-Behnken experimental design. The results showed that the relationships between the carbon and nitrogen fixation and tested factors can be quantitatively described by multivariate quadratic equations with R² of 0.9925 and 0.9903, respectively. Carbon and nitrogen fixation rates of 36.6%-52.9%, and 20.4%-42.5%, respectively were obtained under the tested hydrothermal carbonization conditions. Both the maximum carbon and nitrogen fixation rates were achieved at a hydrothermal temperature of 150&deg;C, solid content of 10%, and reaction time of 2 h. The carbon fixation rate was negatively correlated with hydrothermal temperature and reaction time, but positively correlated with solid content. The significant effects (p&lt;0.05) of hydrothermal temperature, solid content, and reaction time on carbon fixation rate were in a decreasing order. Yet, the nitrogen fixation rate was only significantly (p&lt;0.05) and negatively related to hydrothermal temperature. The interaction between hydrothermal temperature and solid content had a significant effect (p&lt;0.05) on carbon fixation, and the coupling of low hydrothermal temperature (&le;169&deg;C) and high solid content (&ge;7%) could maintain a fairly high carbon fixation rate (&ge;50%). The interactions between hydrothermal temperature and reaction time, and between hydrothermal temperature and solid content significantly (p&lt;0.05) influenced nitrogen fixation. Compared with raising solid content and shorten reaction time, decreasing hydrothermal temperature had a more evident enhancing effect on increasing the nitrogen fixation rate. A low hydrothermal temperature was the key factor in bringing in a higher nitrogen fixation rate. The results from this study can help quantitatively monitor carbon and nitrogen emissions during sludge hydrothermal carbonization.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Nitrogen fixation
Controlled terms:Carbon - Carbonization - Greenhouse gases - Nitrogen - Sewage sludge - Sludge disposal - Temperature - Thermochemistry
Uncontrolled terms:Box-Behnken experimental design - Carbon fixation - Environmental pollutants - Hydrothermal carbonization - Hydrothermal temperature - Multivariate quadratic equations - Response surface - Sewage sludge treatment
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 452.2 Sewage Treatment - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20141317512299
Title:Numerical simulation and test on two-phase flow inside shell of transfer case based on fluid-structure interaction
Authors:Chen, Liqing (1); Zhang, Dong (1); Chen, Wuwei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (2) School of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
Corresponding author:Chen, L.(clq79111@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:54-61
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to investigate the characteristics of air-oil two-phase turbulent flow inside the shell of transfer case, the research method to combine test and numerical simulation is proposed to take analysis. The fluid-structure interaction theory (FSI) is a science to research the interaction and influence between fluid and structure fields, and is applied to research single-direction influencing characteristic from gears rotation to air-oil field flow. The gears of the transfer case transfer power via meshing and rotating, their movement is imitated by dynamic mesh technology is fluent. Fluent UDF definition is used to define the parameters of dynamic mesh control. The fluid field inside the shell of the transfer case has two phases: air and oil. It starts to move and show its fluid characteristics in close relationship with the motion trail of gears. The air-oil fluid field belongs to a two-phase model. It is simulated by the VOF model is fluent. The interface of gas and liquid is defined by fluent UDF definition. High speed photography is the application of advanced photographic technology for high-speed motion characteristics of a clear picture. It is used to observe high-speed motion characteristics. With a transparent shell, the transfer case assembly is installed on the test bench for the observation test. The movement of air-oil fluid field has been observed after high speed photography. The results show that, during 0-0.5T moment, driven gear to rotate with oil plays a main role in the meshing zone lubrication; at 0.25T moment, gears start to mesh and rotate, oil fluid field wave; at 0.375T moment, the gear meshing area is filled with lubricating oil; at 0.5T moment, the continuous oil inflow meshing zone above, and cover the gear meshing area of tooth surface, achieve initial lubrication. The vortex phenomenon appears near the meshing zone in the velocity streamline. The speed near the wall is higher than the other zone. The velocity streamlines into and out of the meshing zone more effectively. After the pressure field stabilizes, the flow field pressure maximum value appeared in the gear meshing area; two phases of flow field in the shell are uniform, the middle of the fluid pressure is relatively small; negative pressure appears below the driven gear part. The numerical simulation results coincide with the test. The analysis results are true and valuable.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Computer simulation
Controlled terms:Air - Flow fields - Fluid structure interaction - Gears - High speed photography - Lubrication - Models - Numerical models - Oil fields - Phase interfaces  - Research - Shells (structures) - Testing - Transfer cases (vehicles) - Two phase flow
Uncontrolled terms:Dynamic mesh - Fluid pressures - High-speed motion - Negative pressures - Pressure field - research methods - Tooth surface - Two-phase model
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 511 Oil Field Equipment and Production Operations - 601.2 Machine Components - 607.2 Lubrication - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 723.5 Computer Applications - 742.1 Photography - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 901.3 Engineering Research - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20141317512305
Title:Effects of tillage mode on chestnut soil's physical characters and naked oats growth in Northwest Hebei province
Authors:Wang, Yan (1); Liu, Yuhua (1); Zhang, Lifeng (1); Dou, Tieling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Zhangbei Agricultural Resource and Ecological Environment Key Field Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Zhangbei 076450, China; (2) College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Y.(hblyh@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:109-117
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Taking a ten-year naked oats field experiment site in Zhangbei county of Hebei province as the test object, this paper studied the effects of different tillage modes (no tillage, subsoiling tillage, and conventional tillage) on the soil physical characteristics and naked oats growth in chestnut soil. The no tillage treatment soil was undisturbed from last year's harvesting to sowing, with 15-22 cm stubbles; broad-spectrum herbicide was used in soil treatment before planting and sprayed in seedling. The subsoiling tillage treatment plowed the soil after the previous year's harvest, used the self-developed 'Parallel rod without wall subsoiling plow' (Patent No.: 2011202468728) with a plowed depth of 15-22 cm, and was sowed and fertilized in the same manner as the no tillage treatment. The conventional tillage treatment plowed with a conventional spade plow after the previous year's harvest, with a plowed depth of about 18 cm; this treatment was also rotary tilled to a depth of 10 cm before sowing and sowed with ordinary seeder. The sowing rate and fertilization were the same as the no tillage treatment. The results showed that the subsoiling tillage and conventional tillage can significantly reduce the soil bulk density from the sowing to jointing stage; in the sowing stage, no-tillage soil bulk density was 1.49 g/cm³, subsoiling tillage and conventional tillage bulk densities were 1.31 and 1.30 g/cm³, respectively. The impact of tillage methods was similar on soil water content. No tillage significantly increased soil hardness. In the jointing stage, no tillage soil hardness was 58.51 kg/cm², 1.74 times higher than with subsoiling tillage, and 2.53 times higher than with conventional tillage. The test data were analyzed with SAS software, and a model representing the relationship among soil hardness, soil bulk density, and soil water content was proposed. The model showed that under the condition of high soil bulk density (1.53 g/cm³), soil hardness is more sensitive to soil water content, decreasing with soil water content (3.44%-11.94%) from 79.06 kg/cm² to 28.06 kg/cm². Under the condition of low soil water content (3.44%), soil hardness is more sensitive to soil bulk density, rising with soil bulk density (1.23-1.53 g/cm³) from 12.46 kg/cm² to 79.06 kg/cm². No tillage decreased naked oats' height and leaf area index, and grain number per ear and ears per hectare were significantly reduced, with 413.79 kg/hm² economic yield, 62.27% and 51.64% of the economic yields of subsoiling tillage and conventional tillage, respectively. Compared with subsoiling tillage and conventional tillage, no tillage was higher in soil bulk density, higher in soil hardness, and significantly reduced in the yield of naked oats. Among the three kinds of tillage, subsoiling tillage provides both ecological and economic benefits.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Fruits - Hardness - Harvesting - Soil moisture - Soils - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Bulk density - Conventional tillage - Ecological and economic - Naked oats - Physical characteristics - Soil bulk density - Soil water content - Tillage patterns
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20141317512308
Title:Design of high throughput conveyor system of potted rice based on automated guided vehicle system
Authors:Pan, Haibing (1); Wan, Peng (1); Li, Xuan (1); Chen, Hong (1); Zong, Li (1); Gao, Yun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Corresponding author:Wan, P.(wanpeng09@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:136-143
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:On the basis of the automated guided vehicle (AGV) system, a set of high throughput conveyor system of potted rice was designed in this study to solve the problem that the potted rice should be moved frequently in the cultivation area. The high throughput conveyor system of potted rice can not only realize the automatic conveying in the whole period of cultivation of potted rice, but also provide a feasible implementation scheme to the conveying of the other greenhouse potted plants. The system mainly consists of the AGV system, the unpowered plantation trough, the transport line preparing for testing, the transport line for operation, the entrance-exit machine, the communication system, the control system, and so on. The potted rice can be moved by aid of the AGV and the transport line. In the cultivation area, all the unpowered plantation troughs are placed in rows and there are twenty-four pots of rice placed in each unpowered plantation trough. According to the instruction, the AGV can firstly pick up the unpowered plantation trough, and put it on the entrance-exit machine. And all the twenty-four pots of rice then enter the transport line at the same time. After that, all the pots of rice are moved to the designed test or operation positions in sequence. When all the tests or operations on the twenty-four pots of rice are completed, all the twenty-four pots of rice are moved to leave the transport line at the same time through the unpowered plantation trough, and then placed to their original position by using the AGV. The AGV is located accurately by the laser bar code with the positional accuracy of (&plusmn;5) mm, and the maximum velocity of AGV is set at 60 m/min. The AGV moves smoothly and steadily when the AGV picking, placing or moving the unpowered plantation trough, so the trough can not fall easily. In this paper, 240 pots of rice were chosen randomly for the experiment on the transport of the potted rice. The results showed that the high throughput conveyor system of potted rice could meet the velocity requirement of the test for all the pots of rice, and the AGV could pick and place the troughs accurately. In addition, all the troughs were not dumped and had no collision with other objects. Furthermore, all the pots of rice were stable all the time when moving, and all the rice was intact. The equipment in the greenhouse can also be in regionalized management.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Conveyors
Controlled terms:Bar codes - Control equipment - Control system analysis - Greenhouses - Mobile robots - Plants (botany) - Throughput
Uncontrolled terms:Automated guided vehicle system - Automated guided vehicles - Conveyor systems - Implementation scheme - Maximum velocity - Positional accuracy - Potted rice - Unpowered plantation trough
Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 461.9 Biology - 692.1 Conveyors - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20141317512311
Title:Design of regulation system of light environment in greenhouse based on wireless sensor network
Authors:Hu, Jin (1); Fan, Hongpan (2); Zhang, Haihui (1); Zhou, Qingzhen (1); Liang, Yan (1); Liu, Zhengdao (1); Liu, Xiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China; (2) College of Information Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, H.(zhanghh@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:160-167
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In China, the monitoring methods and regulation systems of precision agriculture have some deficiencies, especially in light environment regulation. Recently, light environment regulation has become a significant research focus in the precision agriculture development of our country. Important factors in light environment regulation consist of expandability, energy consumption, deployment and maintenance, and dynamic regulation of light illumination, which directly affects crop production, quality, and efficiency. First, studies on the biological mechanisms of photosynthesis have provided a theoretical basis for accurate and quantitative regulating of the light of crops. Secondly, with the rapid development of semiconductor and opto-electronics technology, specific-band, single-wavelength and narrow-band light emitting diodes have been produced. And wireless sensor network technology has been applied to more and more fields, such as environmental monitoring and controlling. Based on the above analysis, using a wireless sensor network, an intelligent light environment regulation system was designed, which was described from the overall architecture, hardware, software features, and experimental verification. The system adopted a tree topology and took CC2530 as the core processor, which could realize a self-organized network and information transmission by ZigBee. It was comprised of three kinds of nodes: the central control node, environmental monitoring node, and light regulation node. The environmental monitoring node adapted a 6450 vantage pro-solar radiation sensor and a DS18B20 temperature sensor to gather internal environment information in a greenhouse. Using the proportional relationship of a solar elevation angle and a red-blue light, the current photo flux density (PFD) of the red-blue light was calculated, which was combined with the temperature information in the greenhouse and was transmitted to the central control node periodically. At the same time, the monitoring node realized routing forward as the ZigBee routing node. The light regulation node, as a ZigBee leaf node, received regulating control parameters of the red-blue light. Through controlling the light emitting diodes output intensity by pulse width modulation (PWM), the light regulation node implemented real-time, wireless, and quantitative supplemental light control. The central control node, as the ZigBee root node, had functions of network coordination and intelligent controlling. According to the monitoring information and threshold value of temperature and photo flux density of the red-blue light, the supplement light value of crops were calculated, and then was converted to a PWM control signal which was transmitted to the light regulation nodes. Based on the characteristics of the actual system and light requirements of crop growth, the actual deployment scheme of the regulation system was optimized, which could effectively improve the utilization rate of light intensity. From October 2012, the system has been deployed in the modern agriculture exhibition area of Wuquan in Yangling. Compared to the results tested by spectrometer, the relative error of PFD values of red-blue light monitored was within 6%. Field test results showed less than 3% relative tolerance in outputting light value. Experiments proved the system could realize real-time, on-demand, quantitative regulated under the condition of temperature constraint and dynamically adjusted energy output under the condition of meeting the demand of crops. So it has the advantages of highly reliable, easy to expand, low-power.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Sensor nodes
Controlled terms:Crops - Cultivation - Energy utilization - Environmental engineering - Feedback control - Greenhouses - Light - Light emitting diodes - Monitoring - Plants (botany)  - Pulse width modulation - Query processing - Sun - Verification - Wireless sensor networks - Zigbee
Uncontrolled terms:DS18B20 temperature sensors - Environment regulations - Environmental Monitoring - Experimental verification - Information transmission - Photon flux densities - Proportional relationships - Temperature information
Classification code:454 Environmental Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 657.2 Extraterrestrial Physics and Stellar Phenomena - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 722.3 Data Communication, Equipment and Techniques - 723.1 Computer Programming - 723.3 Database Systems - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20141317512301
Title:Soil infiltration characteristics of winter wheat field during freezing in Hetao Irrigation District
Authors:Zheng, Hexiang (1); Li, Heping (1); Guo, Kezhen (1); Zhang, Jiancheng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Inst. of Water Resources for Pastoral Area of China Inst. of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Huhhot 010020, China; (2) Bayannaoer Academy of Agricultural and Animal Sciences, Bayannaoer 015400, China
Corresponding author:Zheng, H.(zhenghexiang.29@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:70-78
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to reveal infiltration characteristics of the field during freezing based on a winter wheat soil infiltration experiment of the three testing points in the Hetao Irrigation District and by comparing it with the infiltration characteristics of non freezing soil, the infiltration process and characteristics of the field during freezing were discussed. The results showed that the frozen layer thickness was significantly lower than those without mulching under a tectorial membrane and straw mulch in the same freezing period, and that a tectorial membrane plays a significant role in keeping the soil temperature of that frozen layer thickness six centimeters lower than non mulch, however the impact of retaining the soil temperature is poor under straw mulch. Mulching and straw mulch can decrease the speed of frozen soil water, but the impact of the soil frozen layer thickness is slow under a tectorial membrane and straw mulch with the advance of the freezing, and the impact was best in the early freezing of the tectorial membrane and straw mulch. The non-frozen soil water content of it was gradually reduced with the advance of the freezing under total soil water content in little change from non-freezing stage to stable freezing stage, and the speed process was from slower to quicker and to slower of non frozen soil water content translate into the frozen soil water content. Straw mulch can slow down the conversion of non-frozen soil water and the impact is better in the initial freezing stage and mid freezing stage, but the impact is significantly reduced in the stable freezing stage, and the impact of tectorial membrane mulching is better than straw mulch in all freezing stages. The infiltration rate of freezing soil water is far less than the non-freezing soil and the soil infiltration rate is reduced with the frozen layer increased; with the freeze stability of soil water the stable infiltration rate decreased eighty-five percent or more and it was gradually reduced with the advance of the freezing period; the effect of the tectorial membrane was significant and better mitigation soil freezing, and the infiltration rate was reduced respectively about nine point eleven percent and thirteen point fifty percent compared with no coverage in early and mid- freezing soil, and the straw mulch is worse than tectorial membrane with reduced infiltration rates that were four point ten percent and seven percent compared with no coverage in the early and mid- freezing soil. The cumulative infiltration quantity of the frozen soil was much less than that of the non-frozen soil, and the cumulative infiltration quantity was increased under the tectorial membrane and straw mulch in the initial freezing stage and the mid-freezing stage, but the effect for the cumulative infiltration quantity was very poor for the tectorial membrane and straw mulch in the stable freezing stage. The infiltration process of the field during freezing can be expressed by a Kostiakov model and a Kostiakov-Lewis model in that no significant differences used the data to simulate the infiltration process of freezing soil. However, the Philip infiltration model was not suitable to simulate it. The result was of definite significance for the designed an irrigation schedule of winter wheat in autumn irrigation in the Hetao Irrigation District and to establish a foundation for the study of transport coupled with water, heat, and salt during the freezing period.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Crops - Freezing - Frozen soils - Irrigation - Membranes - Soil moisture - Soil testing - Soils - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Cumulative infiltrations - Hetao irrigation districts - Infiltration characteristic - Infiltration modeling - Infiltration process - Irrigation schedule - Soil water content - Tectorial membranes
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20141317512296
Title:Wear mechanism of ring die for straw briquetting machine
Authors:Xia, Xianfei (1); Sun, Yu (1); Wu, Kai (1); Jiang, Qinghai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Y.(sunyu@njust.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:32-39
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As one of the important biomass resources in China, straw plays an important role in energy utilization. While straw solidifying technology provides an effective utilization route which has been widely used. After densification, both density and intensity of the straw fuel were improved, making it easier to transport, store and use. And this efficient utilization is also crucial for providing bio-energy, releasing the risk of environmental pollution caused by crop straw burning. But there are still some problems, such as easy wear of ring die, which will shorten its service life. In this paper, the wear behavior of ring die has been studied based on experimental test and theoretical analysis. After the shape of the worn ring die was tested, the microscopy morphology was obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and then the wear mechanism was analyzed. By testing it is found that abrasion mainly occurs in the middle part and lower side of the die, and abrasion gradually weakens along the feed direction. Hard abrasive wear plays a leading role in the wear process; the material loss of the die surface is caused by the cutting fracture mechanism. According to conclusions above, the calculation model of this abrasive wear was deduced based on fractal theory. It shows that the wear rate of the ring die is related to the particle size silhouette coefficient G, contact area Ar, forming speed v and material properties. Then the effect of the forming speed and the hardness of the ring die to this abrasive wear was investigated by using finite element analysis software DEFORM. The forming speed was set as 7, 8, 9 and 10 mm/s four levels, and the die hardness was set as 42.5, 45, 47.5 and 50 HRC four levels. The forming temperature was 110&deg;C while the extruded material length was 45 mm. Simulation results show that the wear depth of the ring die increases with increasing forming speed and decreases with increasing die hardness. Range analysis results of the above two factors are RHRC=2.846, RV=1.822, RHRC &gt; RV, which means that die hardness plays a more important role than forming speed to the die wear. To verify these conclusions, 45 steel dies were divided into four groups for heat treatment to obtain different hardness (36.2 HRC, 42.8 HRC, 47.9 HRC and 52.6 HRC). The heat treatment method was tempering after whole quenching, different hardness was achieved by controlling the tempering temperature. Then these ring dies were installed into the machine for production testing after being weighed and the forming speed was set as 9 mm/s. The experiment results indicate that the wear resistance of the ring die increases with increasing hardness, while the die hardness is between 36.2 and 47.9 HRC. Because it is more difficult for the abrasive to press into the metal with a higher die hardness. Its brittleness will be enhanced if the surface hardness is too high for the same material, this may lead to die failure directly under the high pressure working environment. The die with a hardness of 52.6 HRC was broken shortly after the experimental test started. While the forming speed is 9 mm/s, the interior of the fuel combines relatively close, and the product density is 0.96 g/cm³ with a better ignition performance. In addition, the fractal dimension of the worn working surface decreases with increasing die hardness.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Dies
Controlled terms:Abrasion - Briquetting - Energy utilization - Fractal dimension - Fractals - Fracture mechanics - Hardness - High pressure engineering - Molding - Molds  - Scanning electron microscopy - Speed - Straw - Tempering - Tribology
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental pollutions - Extruded materials - Finite element analysis software - Forming speed - Forming temperature - Fracture mechanisms - Tempering temperature - Working environment
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 524 Solid Fuels - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 535.2 Metal Forming - 537.1 Heat Treatment Processes - 603.2 Machine Tool Accessories - 816.2 Plants and Machinery for Plastics and Other Polymers - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 901 Engineering Profession - 921 Mathematics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20141317512321
Title:Characteristics of isolate soy protein films incorporated with clove essential oil
Authors:Zhang, Huiyun (1); Guo, Xinyu (1); Kang, Huaibin (1); Duan, Xu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Food and Bioengineering Department, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, H.(zhanghuiyun21@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:247-254
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this study, clove essential oil (CEO) concentrations ranging from 0 to 2.0%, incorporated in a soy protein isolate (SPI) film were used. Antibacterial activity, physical, mechanical, barrier, and antioxidant properties of SPI films were evaluated. The addition of clove essential oil to the film-forming emulsion led to an increase in the thickness of the films, which ranged between 47.37 &mu;m and 49.59 &mu;m. However, this effect was only significant at the highest level of CEO used (2%). Thus, clove essential oil might contribute to the formation of a loose film matrix with increased thickness. In general, the moisture content value increased as CEO was incorporated into the SPI film, which is attributed to the breakup of the film network. The addition of CEO at a level of 2% (v/v) decreased the moisture content value significantly (P&lt;0.05), which is attributed to an increase in the hydrophobicity of films. The incorporation of clove essential oil decreased the water solubility of SPI films with respect to control. The addition of CEO at a level of 2% (v/v) decreased the water solubility value significantly (P&lt;0.05). In our study, a lower moisture content with minimum solubility was achieved for films formulated with 2% clove essential oil. The water vapor permeability (WVP) of CEO incorporated films were slightly increased from 13.5 to 19.07 g.mm/(m²&middot;d&middot;kPa) as the concentrations of CEO (P&lt;0.05). Film without clove essential oil had a tensile strength of 22.48MPa. Tensile strengths were weaker for films containing CEO than for the control film, significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreasing as the oil concentration increased. Conversely, the elongation at break of SPI films increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) from 25.50% to 36.68%. Additionally, CEO incorporated films became darker and showed a higher green value. The antioxidant activity of SPI films with and without incorporated clove essential oil was determined. The results showed that 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging activity and reducing power of the SPI films was significantly increased (P&lt;0.05) with an increasing CEO concentration. The antibacterial activities of SPI films incorporated with clove essential oil against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were determined. This method is based on the measurement of the clear zone caused by the growth inhibition produced by a film disk containing the antimicrobial agent when put in direct contact with a bacterial culture. Films containing 1% of CEO were effective against all test microorganisms, and exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Lactobacillus sake, as evidenced by minimal growth around the film cuts. Inhibition was increased with an increasing concentration of essential oil. As expected, the films containing the highest oil content (2%) presented the greatest zone of inhibition (P&lt;0.05). SPI films with CEO were significantly more effective against gram-positive bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes and Lactobacillus sake) than against gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens). The lower antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens could be due to the higher resistance of gram-negative microorganisms to these compounds. Our results pointed out that the incorporation of clove essential oil as a natural antibacterial agent has potential for using the developed film as an active packaging.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Essential oils
Controlled terms:Bacteria - Emulsification - Escherichia coli - Film growth - Films - Microbiology - Moisture determination - Packaging - Proteins - Solubility  - Tensile strength
Uncontrolled terms:1 ,1Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals - Anti-bacterial activity - Anti-oxidant activities - Gram-positive bacterium - Moisture content values - Physical characteristics - Pseudomonas fluorescens - Water vapor permeability
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 694.1 Packaging, General - 712.1 Semiconducting Materials - 801.2 Biochemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 933 Solid State Physics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20141317512314
Title:Simulation of land-use changes and landscape ecological assessment in eastern part of Qinghai Plateau
Authors:Zeng, Yongnian (1); Jin, Wenping (1); Wang, Huimin (1); Zhang, Honghui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Center for Geomatics and Regional Sustainable Development Research, School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (2) School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
Corresponding author:Zeng, Y.(ynzeng@mail.csu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:185-194
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:West Development and a series of ecological environmental regulation projects have been carried out in West China since 1999. In order to study the effects of West Development and ecological projects on future land use change, this paper combines Gray-Markov model and CLUE-S model to simulate land use/cover change in 2020 in the Eastern part of Qinghai Plateau. The validation of the CLUE-S model is verified by comparing the predictive model to a null model, and the former is higher in agreement due to the quantity and location of the latter, while they have the same agreement due to chance. According to actual conditions in the Eastern part of Qinghai Plateau three scenarios (natural scenario, farmland protection scenario and planning scenario) are designed, then it analyzes the changes of land use and land cover in these scenarios and assesses them by landscape pattern index and landscape ecological risk index. The forecast of land structure based on Gray-Markov model show that construction land and forest increase greatly due to West Development and a series of ecological environmental regulation projects, especially in the planning scenario, while irrigation farmland and dry farmland descend in the study period from 2009 to 2020. The development mode of the natural scenario is the same as that from 1999 to 2009, and there will be 633.98 km² farmland returning to forest and grassland and 117.66 km² unused land turning into forest and grassland by 2020; the farmland protection scenario strictly protects arable land, with 142.00 km² farmland returning to forest and grassland and 130.71 km² unused land turning into forest and grassland; the planning scenario which integrates development of economic and environmental protection, will have 444.18 km² farmland returning to forest and grassland while 333.75 km² unused land for afforestation. The predictive results are assessed by four class-level indexes including number of patches (NP), percent of landscape (PLAND), largest patch index (LPI), landscape shape index (LSI), and eight landscape-level indexes comprised by NP, patch density (PD), edge density (ED), LSI, contagion (CONTAG), Shannon's diversity index (SHDI), Shannon's evenness index (SHEI), and aggregation index (AI). Class-level indexes indicate that woodland has the least landscape fragmentation in the planning scenario. Five of eight landscape-level indexes, containing ED, LSI, SHDI, SHEI and AI, indicate that the planning scenario is the best scenario of the three in intensive use of land. In conclusion, landscape evaluation and landscape ecological risk index show that the simulation results of the land planning scenario is reasonable. The planning scenario comprehensively coordinates the superior index, the goal of regional economic development and ecological protection, paying attention to the development of economic construction as well as the ecological environment construction, and improving or restoring the damaged ecosystem function to improve the overall productivity and stability of the landscape ecological system. Although new construction land expands strongly, strengthening ecological protection can still guarantee the regional landscape ecological security. Therefore, to 2020 the Eastern part of Qinghai plateau should continue to carry out the conversion of farmland to forest, but slightly lower than the strength during the period of 1999 to 2009. This study can provide evidence for the planning and land use policy formulation in the Western part of China.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Risk perception
Controlled terms:Economics - Ecosystems - Environmental regulations - Farms - Land use - Markov processes - Reforestation - Regional planning - Risk assessment
Uncontrolled terms:Eastern part of qinghai plateaux - Ecological environment constructions - Land use and land cover - Landscape - Landscape fragmentation - Landscape pattern indices - Regional economic development - Scenarios simulations
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 922.1 Probability Theory - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20141317512292
Title:Analysis and forecast on prospect about influence of urbanization gradual progress on cultivated land in China based on Logistic model
Authors:Zhang, Leqin (1); Chen, Fakui (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Resource Environment and Tourism Department, Chizhou College, Chizhou 247000, China; (2) Economic and Trade Department, Chizhou College, Chizhou 247000, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, L.(zhangleqing@sohu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:1-11
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Accelerating urbanization is a major development strategy proposed by the 18th Communist Party of China (CPC) National Congress. The prospect for the influence of China's future urbanization evolution on cultivated land relates to the realization of a red line target of cultivated land protection and food safety. To reveal the evolution of China's urbanization impact on cultivated land, the author explores the problem based on a logistic model. Using SPSS software and China's urbanization level data from 1978 to 2011, the goodness-of-fit maximum estimation method of regression curve was employed to estimate the saturation value of China's urbanization level and the Logistic model of describing China's urbanization evolution was structured. Accordingly, the development level of China's future urbanization was predicted. Based on a STRIPAT model and relevant data of China 's eco-social development from 1996 to 2011, SPSS software was combined with a partial least squares regression method to reveal the marginal contributions of urbanization process, population, economic development level, and technical factors on cultivated land change. According to China's future urbanization evolutionary trend and the marginal influence of urbanization on cultivated land, the influence of China's future urbanization on cultivated land was measured. The results are shown as the followings: 1) The saturation value of China's urbanization level is 83%. 2) China's urbanization level will reach 57.68% and 65.73% in 2020 and 2030 respectively. Before 2020, the annual average growth rate of urbanization will be 0.97 percent point, and from 2020 to 2030, that will be 0.81percent point. 3) The marginal elasticity coefficient of urbanization, population, economic development level, and technological factors on cultivated land change will be -0.007391, -0.007133, -0.009343, and -0.002952 respectively. 4) From 2012 to 2020, urbanization evolution will lead to a net area reduction of cultivated land of 13.81&times;10⁴ hm² with an annual average reduction of 1.53&times;10⁴ hm². From 2020 to 2030, that will be 10.87&times;10⁴ hm² with an annual average reduction of 1.09&times;10⁴ hm². Based on the results of the above, several measures should be implemented including focusing on the quality of urbanization with a moderate grasp on the speed of urbanization, scientifically preparing the annual land supply planning, adopting a differentiated land supply strategy, abandoning the wrong philosophy of land finance, strictly implementing national protection policies foe cultivated land, rigorously controlling real estate land and low-level or repeated production land; severely punishing violations of land use, and strengthening the policy recommendations on land supervision. The results can provide a reference for management to grasp the moderate urbanization pace and rhythm, scientifically prepare a land supply plan, and formulate cultivated land protection policies, as well as offer a method of reference for similar studies on a provincial scale.
Number of references:41
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Economics - Elasticity - Forecasting - Least squares approximations - Mathematical models - Population statistics - Quality control - Regression analysis
Uncontrolled terms:China - Cultivated lands - Development strategies - Elasticity coefficients - Logistic models - Partial least squares regression - Quality of urbanizations - Urbanization
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20141317512315
Title:Spatial disparity pattern of land consolidation projects in Hubei province
Authors:Wei, Xiaojian (1); Liu, Yaolin (1); Wang, Na (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Y.(yaolin610@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:195-203
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Analyzing and evaluating spatial pattern and the spatial disparity of land consolidation projects scientifically is of great theoretical and practical value for improving land consolidation scientific decision-making. Based on the data of the land consolidation projects from 1999 to 2010 at the district or county-level in Hubei Province, this article explores empirically land consolidation differences in time, space, and autocorrelation with four indexes: land consolidation investment scale, land consolidation construction scale, the newly-added cultivated land area, and the number of land consolidation projects. The spatial disparity of land consolidation projects was studied with the methods of the standard deviation index, the coefficient of variation, and a spatial autocorrelation analysis. The conclusions can be summarized as following: (1) Utilizing the data of land consolidation projects every year in Hubei Province, we find that land consolidation projects grow rapidly in Hubei Province and land consolidation investment scale and land consolidation construction scale showed a rising trend in the wave-like characteristics. The scale of the newly-added cultivated land area increased from 1999 to 2008 and started to fall since 2008. The number of land consolidation projects increased year by year. Utilizing the data of land consolidation projects data in each space unit, we found that land consolidation investment scale and land consolidation construction scale were present in large scale in the middle of Hubei Province, and in small scale in the east and west ends. The scale of the newly-added cultivated land area also showed a high value in the middle area. The spatial pattern of the number of land consolidation projects was scattered and ruleless. (2) By calculating the standard deviation index and the coefficient of variation of land consolidation projects by year, we found that the absolute difference of land consolidation projects among each district or county showed an expansion trend from 1999 to 2010, and that the absolute scale of land consolidation projects among each district or county showed a pronounced increasing tendency, and the relative difference showed a decreasing tendency, which indicated a balanced development trend among each district or county. (3) With the of calculating Moran's I and local Moran's I in three time periods (1999-2010, 1999-2005 and 2006-2010), we found that the spatial patterns of land consolidation projects showed strong spatial autocorrelation characteristics and that spatial autocorrelation was becoming stronger. We also found that the spatial patterns of the LISA maps showed similar characteristics as the distribution of cultivated lands and fit in with the key construction direction of important land consolidation projects in Hubei Province. The patterns of the LISA maps of land consolidation investment scale and land consolidation construction scale were developing and becoming steady. The patterns of the LISA maps of the newly-added cultivated land area and the number of land consolidation projects were changing greatly. (4) Based on the previous analysis, we suggested that Hubei should continue to insist on focusing on farmland rearrangement in the future 5-10 a. The central plain area of Hubei Province should continue to insist on focusing on the high criterion basic farmland construction, that the east and southeast area of Hubei Province should advance the low-hilly land construction, that western Hubei Province should promote a slope cropland renovation project, and that north Hubei Province should put particular emphasis on the mid-low yield land construction and the low-hilly land construction.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Autocorrelation
Controlled terms:Consolidation - Economics - Farms - Investments - Land use - Statistics
Uncontrolled terms:Absolute difference - Coefficient of variation - Hubei Province - Land consolidations - Spatial autocorrelation analysis - Spatial autocorrelations - Spatial disparity - Standard deviation
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 921 Mathematics - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20141317512323
Title:Accurate recognition of hairs in canned mushroom under different kinds of lighting conditions
Authors:Wang, Xiuping (1); He, Zhongjiao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Information and Electron Engineering College, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
Corresponding author:He, Z.(he335577@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:264-271
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to achieve automatic recognition of hair impurities in the canned mushroom production process, an image recognition method based on the hair centerline feature is proposed in this paper. The proposed approach recognizes the hair centerline based on the Hessian matrices with Gaussian filtering. Under ideal lighting conditions and general lighting conditions, Hessian matrices are obtained after the original image is filtered 6 times using one-dimensional Gaussian derivative filters. The centerline pixels of the hairs and the shadows are obtained by calculating the eigenvalues of every pixel's Hessian matrix. After employing non-maximum suppression, 8-neighbour linkage, and parallel edge analysis, the hairs' centerlines are recognized, and the confusing shadow centerlines are eliminated at the same time. Lighting conditions have a great impact on recognizing hairs in canned mushrooms because (a) the canned mushroom contains water and (b) its surface is not flat. Ideal lighting can eliminate the reflection caused by water and reduce the shadow caused by the shape of the mushroom. Under general lighting conditions, reflection and shadow interference are severe. Therefore it is very difficult to recognize hairs on canned mushroom under general lighting conditions. Unfortunately, general lighting conditions are most widely used in industrial applications. In our experiment, the ideal lighting condition is realized using a HDL-160W-type diffuse light source. The general lighting source consists of two 36W/840 fluorescent strip lamps, which form low-angle, fluorescent strip-light illumination. The hardware of the experimental system mainly consists of a computer, a digital monochrome CCD camera, and a 1394 interface card. The monochrome CCD camera is HD-SV2000FM with a resolution of 2 million pixels (1628 pixel&times;1236 pixel). The lens is a 12-36 mm, 1:2.8, 2/3&Prime; Computar lens. The vertical distance between the lens and the subject is 12 cm and the FOV is 5.50 cm&times;4.15 cm. Under 2 different lighting conditions, we extract 4 images with representative hair shapes to be the original images in this paper, viz. common hair (black, 70 um in diameter) under ideal lighting conditions, common hair under general lighting conditions, special hair (yellow, 50 um in diameter) under ideal lighting conditions, and special hair under general lighting conditions. There are hairs of simple shape and complex shape in each original image. Simple shapes consist of a straight line and a circular curve. Complex shapes consist of two cross laps and two cross hyperbolic characteristics. Under the ideal lighting condition and the general lighting condition, this paper compares the hair centerline feature extraction effects of 5 methods. The recognition results of the 5 methods are also compared. The 5 methods are parallel edges, steerable quadrature filter pair, optimized 4-order steerable filter, linear combination of shifted Gaussian kernels, and the Hessian matrices with Gaussian filtering proposed in this paper. From the feature extraction effects and the recognition results, it can be concluded that under general lighting conditions, the former 4 methods are infeasible and only the proposed method is feasible. Under general lighting conditions, using different characteristic thresholds, we obtain the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for each of the five methods' hair-recognition results. By comparing the five methods' ROC curves, it can be easily seen that: 1) our method far outperforms the other four methods; 2) using the same method, common hairs are easier to recognize, and special hairs are difficult to recognize. Under general lighting conditions, the accuracy rates of our recognition results for complex-shaped common hairs and complex-shaped special hairs are 0.98673 and 0.97007 respectively. These results show that the proposed method also performs well in recognizing complex special hairs under poor lighting conditions. The proposed approach is able to recognize accurately hairs of various types and various shapes in canned mushrooms in either ideal or general lighting conditions. This suggests that the proposed approach can be applied in automatic impurity image recognition for industrial canned mushroom production.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Pixels
Controlled terms:Algorithms - CCD cameras - Computer hardware - Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions - Feature extraction - Fluorescence - Fungi - Image recognition - Impurities - Industrial applications  - Light sources - Lighting
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic recognition - Centerlines - Foreign bodies - Gaussian derivative filter - Hairs - Mushroom production - Non-maximum suppression - Receiver operating characteristic curves
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 707 Illuminating Engineering - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 741.1 Light/Optics - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 921 Mathematics - 921.1 Algebra - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20141317512300
Title:Analysis of hydraulic performance for vertical axial-flow pumping system with cube-type inlet passage
Authors:Yang, Fan (1); Liu, Chao (1); Tang, Fangping (1); Zhou, Jiren (1); Luo, Can (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Hydraulic, Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
Corresponding author:Yang, F.(fanyang@yzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:62-69
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to better understand the effect of a submerged vortex on the hydraulic performance of a vertical axial-flow pumping system and the trajectory characteristics of a submerged vortex, a vertical axial-flow pumping system with a cube-type inlet passage was chosen as the research object, and CFD (computational fluid dynamic) technology and high-speed photography technology were used. The flow patterns in the cube-type inlet passage, calculated by a numerical simulation of CFD, can be classified into three types: the straight line adjustment stage, a flare tube contraction, and a flare tube adjustment pattern. The second and third stages of the flow pattern are especially important in the cube-type inlet passage. A submerged vortex occurs in the flare tube contraction stage under different conditions. A submerged vortex trajectory of an inlet passage was captured successfully based on a numerical simulation in different operating conditions, which was basically the same as the experimental results. A submerged vortex occurs first in the bottom of inlet passage, and then it flows into the flare tube. When a submerged vortex flows from the bottom of an inlet passage into the inlet of a flare tube, the position of maximum vorticity is closer to the center point of the bell-mouth than the initial position. A submerged vortex trajectory is oscillating. If it flows into the impeller chamber, it will affect the safe operation stability of the pumping system and the hydraulic efficiency of the pumping system. With the increase of flow coefficient K<inf>Q</inf>, the maximum vorticity magnitude of every measuring line increases gradually, and the increased amplitude of maximum vorticity magnitude decreases gradually. In the flow coefficient K<inf>Q</inf> range from 0.30-0.62, the hydraulic loss of an inlet passage with an anti-submerged vortex device (AVD) decreases, the maximum difference is 0.50 cm, the minimum difference is 0.34 cm. The uniformity of axial velocity distribution improves by 0.77%, the velocity-weighted average swirl angle improves by 0.22&deg; for the outlet section of inlet passage, compared with the inlet passage without AVD. There is a little difference between the hydraulic performance of inlet passage with and without ADV, except for hydraulic loss. The variation range of the relative ratio value of the axial force is 0-7.0%, and the axial force decreases gradually with the increase of flow coefficient K<inf>Q</inf>. The variation range of the relative ratio value of radial force is 5.0%-110.0%, and the submerged vortex has a great influence on the radial force of the impeller. The submerged vortex should be suppressed by AVD installation on the bottom of an inlet passage for a pumping system.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Inlet flow
Controlled terms:Axial flow - Computational fluid dynamics - Computer simulation - Flow fields - Flow patterns - Geometry - High speed photography - Impellers - Numerical analysis - Numerical models  - Pumping plants - Pumps - Testing - Trajectories - Tubes (components) - Vortex flow - Vorticity
Uncontrolled terms:Anti-submerged vortex devices - Axial flow pump - Axial-velocity distribution - Different operating conditions - Hydraulic efficiency - Hydraulic performance - Passage - Vorticity magnitudes
Classification code:404.1 Military Engineering - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 446 Waterworks - 601.2 Machine Components - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 723.5 Computer Applications - 742.1 Photography - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20141317512326
Title:Diffusion fractal model of fruit moisture in hot air drying
Authors:Zhang, Sai (1); Chen, Junruo (1); Liu, Xianxi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
Corresponding author:Chen, J.(chenjunruo@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:286-292
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to understand the change of food microstructure impact on moisture diffusion and drying rate during the process of hot air drying, using a tortuosity fractal dimension to describe the interconnectivity of banana pore distribution, and using areal fractal dimension to describe the internal non-uniformity of pore sizes and shapes, considering the area shrinkage of the material and the pore shrinkage during the hot air drying, a two-dimensional diffusion model was built based on Crank's equation, and the coefficient of diffusion was determined. The experiment was carried out for hot air drying banana in order to validate the model. The results showed that the simulation was in good agreement with the results, so the model was found to describe the variation of the effective diffusion coefficient very satisfactorily. It can be observed that the plot of the effective diffusion coefficient (D<inf>eff</inf>) versus the square of thickness of banana needed to be a straight line with the axial diffusion coefficient (D<inf>r</inf>) as the intercept in the Y axis and the radial diffusion coefficient (D<inf>z</inf>) as the gradient. The value of D<inf>z</inf> was higher than the value of D<inf>r</inf>, the difference from the longitudinal direction of moisture diffusion compared with the lateral direction of water diffusion for the tested material indicated isotropic and random behavior in the physical structure of banana. The thicknesses of banana varying from 0.0075 to 0.012 in the experiment, the effective diffusion coefficients had been found to increase with the thicknesses and the drying time, which indicated that the hot air drying had a greater impact on the thick material. The value of drying time (t) decreased and the value of D<inf>eff</inf> increased with the increasing of the areal fractal dimension in the same porosity, which showed that the bigger areal fractal dimension made the moisture transfer more difficult. The t decreased and the D<inf>eff</inf> increased with the increasing of porosity and pore diameter rate in conformity with the areal fractal dimension, which showed that big pores diffuse easier. The t increased and the D<inf>eff</inf> decreased with the tortuosity fractal dimension increased in the same porosity, which indicated that the tortuosity resisted the moisture diffusion process. A logarithmic increase can be presented from the plot of the D<inf>eff</inf> versus the volume change rate, which showed that shrinkage leads to more tortuous pore and increased resistance. The research can provide a reference for the study of the drying technology of dehydrated fruits and vegetables.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Diffusion
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Drying - Experiments - Fractal dimension - Fractals - Fruits - Models - Moisture - Moisture control - Porosity  - Shrinkage
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of diffusion - Effective diffusion coefficients - Food microstructures - Fruits and vegetables - Lateral directions - Longitudinal direction - Physical structures - Tortuosity fractal dimensions
Classification code:642.1 Process Heating - 723.5 Computer Applications - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20141317512316
Title:Land reserve prediction using different kernel based support vector regression
Authors:Wang, Xia (1); Wang, Zhanqi (2); Jin, Gui (2); Yang, Jun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) The Faculty of Resources, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China; (2) School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Z.(wzqwgp@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:204-211
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Scientific prediction of cultivated land reserved quantity is important for cultivated land protection. Moreover, it provides guiding significance for relieving the contradictions of land use and ensuring food security. The purpose of this paper is to compare the prediction accuracy of different kernel based support vector regression (SVR), and provide a guideline for cultivated land area prediction. Taking Huizhou city for example, we apply different kernel based SVR to simulate the relationships between cultivated land area and impact factors of land use change. Seven impact factors, including population, socio-economics, industrial structure, living level, agricultural technique and policy, were selected by using the grey correlation method. With the socio-economic statistics of Huizhou city from the statistical yearbook and the policies which have been enacted during 1991 to 2010, corresponding cultivated land areas and influence factors were generated. Using data from 1991 to 2005 as training, SVR based on different kernel functions were employed to build the prediction model for cultivated land areas from 2006-2010. Finally, we apply multiple regressions, BP neural network and SVR based on different kernel functions to predict the cultivated land areas of 2006-2010. According to the predicted values and corresponding actual values, the average relative error and correlation coefficient and the root mean square error were used to validate the performance of different models. The analysis of prediction accuracies showed that the correlation coefficient of multiple regressions stayed at a high level, which reached to 0.970. But the average relative error (13.17%) and the root mean square error (0.173) were biggest. The accuracy of SVR based on polynomial kernel was greatly improved, especially for the average relative error and the root mean square error by comparison with that of multiple regressions. The accuracy of BP neural networks is between that of SVR based on polynomial kernel and SVR based on sigmoid kernel. However, for the BP neural networks based cultivated land area prediction model, the predicted value is difficult to ascertain and is prone to over fitting. The average relative error, the root mean square error and the correlation coefficient of SVR based on RBF kernel is 0.54%, 0.963 and 0.007, respectively. Therefore, it is obvious to find that the model of SVR based on RBF kernel can obtain best accuracy in predicting the cultivated land area, the predicting model of SVR based on sigmoid kernel follows. It is concluded that, in the existing three widely used kernel based SVR models, SVR based on RBF kernel is most suitable to be applied to predict the cultivated land areas, and SVR based on sigmoid kernel follows, while SVR based on polynomial kernels is worst.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Economics - Food supply - Forecasting - Mathematical models - Mean square error - Neural networks - Polynomials - Radial basis function networks - Regression analysis - Speech recognition  - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural techniques - Correlation coefficient - Cultivated lands - Grey correlation methods - Huizhou cities - Kernel function - Root mean square errors - Support vector regression (SVR)
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 404.2 Civil Defense - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 921 Mathematics - 921.1 Algebra - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20141317512317
Title:Security pattern and spatial evolution of cultivated land use system in black soil region, Songnen high plain
Authors:Song, Ge (1); Li, Dan (1); Wang, Yue (1); Lei, Guoping (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (2) College of Surveying and Mapping Engineering, Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, Harbin 150050, China; (3) Institute of Land Management, Northeast University, Shenyang 110819, China
Corresponding author:Song, G.(songgelaoshi@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:212-221
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To protect cultivated land earnestly and realize its sustainable utilization, this paper took Bayan county as a study area, dividing it into five cultivated land zones: a plains cultivated land area in the northwest area (region I), a plains of diffuse hillock gentle slope cultivated land area in the central area (region II), a low mountain slope cultivated land area in the east area (region III), a plains cultivated land area in the south area (region IV), and an alluvial plain cultivated land area in the south (region V). From the system point of view, taking a driving factors analysis, which impacts on the cultivated land use system security from the natural, economic, social, and ecological perspectives as the breakthrough, by employing "3S" technology, the study used the factor analysis and weighted comprehensive evaluation methods to calculate security value, and the Kriging interpolation method to divide it into five levels: level I (safest), level II (safer), level III (basic safety), level IV (critical safety), and level V(unsafe), and used the spatial analysis function of raster data to analyze security pattern changes and the spatial evolution of the cultivated land use system during the years 1991-2009 in the study area. The results showed that: in 1991 and 2009, the proportion of each of the security levels in the study area gave priority to level I, II, III, and for level V it was low, but from the changing trend of 1991-2009, level Iand II showed a decreasing trend, levels III, IV, V were an increasing trend, and the security degree of the cultivated land use system was reducing; For the spatial distribution, the security levels of the cultivated land use system were showed imbalance in 1991 and 2009, the northwest was high, the southeast was low, and this trend was higher in 2009 than in 1991. The spatial distribution pattern in each security level showed significantly differences in different cultivated land zones, security level I, II concentrated in region I, II and III, level IV and V were mainly distributed in region IV and region V, level I as the highest safety rating were mostly in region II. The security pattern spatial evolution characteristics were obvious during the past 20 years (1991-2009), and level I was focused on the performance of transfers to region I, the changes of level II were more dispersed, the distribution ratio was decreased in region Iand IV, and increased in the other three regions, level III was transferred from region IV to region V, level IV was spread around the original region, and level V was transferred from the region V to region IV. In order to guarantee the cultivated land use system security of the study area, what was needed was to optimize the land utilization structure, change the traditional mode of agricultural production, strict control of non-agricultural occupation farmland, and exploitation of the reserve resources of the cultivated land reasonably should be used.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Interpolation - Rural areas - Spatial distribution - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Cultivated lands - Driving factors analysis - Kriging interpolation methods - Security patterns - Songnen high plain - Spatial distribution patterns - Spatial evolution
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20141317512295
Title:Air suction clamp structure of rootstock cotyledons for inclined inserted grafting machine and its optimized experiment of operation parameters
Authors:Yang, Yanli (1); Li, Kai (1); Chu, Qi (1); Zhong, L&#252;xiang (1); Jia, Dongdong (3); Gu, Song (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (3) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Corresponding author:Gu, S.(sgu666@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:25-31
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The inclined inserted grafting machine is mainly used for melon and vegetable grafting, and the grafting operations include rootstock clamping, rootstock punching, scion clamping, scion cutting, and scion inserting to the rootstock. The seedling pressing mechanism has been commonly used to flat rootstock cotyledons and expose the growing point to make sure the normal operation of rootstock punching and scion inserting inclined during the grafting operation of vegetable grafting machine. Due to the structure of the seedling pressing mechanism being complex and flatting operation being time-consuming, an air suction clamp of rootstock cotyledons has been developed to simplify the structure of the rootstock clamping mechanism, and the productivity of grafting could be improved. The cotyledons are being pressed into the suction holes of the air suction clamp while the rootstock was placed into the air suction clamp, and then are adsorbed to the upper surface of the air suction clamp through negative pressure. Using standard seedlings of fig-leaf gourd rootstock seedlings and cucumber scion seedlings which were normally used in grafting production as experimental material, determination tests on rootstock cotyledons flatting property and optimization tests of structure and the operation parameters on air suction clamp of rootstock cotyledons were conducted to determine the optimized structure and operation parameters of the air suction clamp, and a performance comparison test between the rootstock clamp with seedling pressing mechanism and air suction clamp of rootstock cotyledons based on 2JC-600B inclined inserted into the vegetable grafting machine was conducted. To discuss the effects on the success rate of rootstock cotyledons flatting and success rate of grafting by rootstock types, skilled degree of the grafting operator, and time of placing rootstock. Results indicated that, with 0.25 MPa of working pressure of the pneumatic system, 4 mm of diameter of suction hole, and 30 mm of distance from suction hole to growing point, flatting effect of air suction clamp of rootstock cotyledons was optimal, with 100% success rate of cotyledons flatting. Comparing to rootstock clamp with seedling pressing mechanism, using the air suction clamp of rootstock cotyledons could lighten the effects of the operator level on the operating performance of the grafting machine and improve the success rate of rootstock cotyledons flatting and grafting significantly. For skilled operator, using the air suction clamp for grafting could reduce the time of placing rootstock under the grafting requirement, and the productivity of grafting could be increased from 514 plants/h to 600 plants/h, by 16.7%. With 3.5s of time of placing rootstock, the combination of air suction clamp and skilled operators, success rate of rootstock cotyledons flatting was at 95%, the success rate of grafting was 94%, the productivity of grafting was at 600 plants/h. These results could fulfill the production requirements of grafting and be used for a reference to design an inclined inserted grafting machine.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Grafting (chemical)
Controlled terms:Experiments - Grafts - Optimization - Productivity - Structural optimization - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Air suction - Experimental materials - Operating performance - Operation parameters - Optimized structures - Performance comparison - Production requirements - Rootstock cotyledons
Classification code:462.4 Prosthetics - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20141317512298
Title:Characteristics of emissions for tri-wheel vehicle under national road and rural road conditions
Authors:Xu, Zhenxian (1); Hao, Lijun (1); Ding, Yan (2); Yin, Hang (2); Ge, Yunshan (1); Fu, Mingliang (1); Wang, Xin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Lab of Auto Performance and Emission Test, School of Mechanical and Vehicular Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (2) Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
Corresponding author:Hao, L.(haolijun@bit.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:47-53
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With considerable population and high emission rates, tri-wheel vehicles contribute to significant pollution throughout China. The first-phase and second-phase emission standards for rural vehicles were introduced in 2006 and 2007. However, the effectiveness of the standards is unknown due to the lack of relevant research. In this study, a Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS), which is comprised of a regulated gaseous emission analyzer (SEMTECH-DS) and an electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI), was introduced to characterize the emissions of tri-wheel vehicles in real-world operating conditions. Carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), NO<inf>x</inf> and PM emissions of 10 tri-wheel vehicles were measured on planned routes, which contained both national roads and rural roads. The results showed that on national roads, there were fewer acceleration and deceleration circumstances than on rural roads. Most of the emission peaks appeared in the acceleration mode. Among the three driving modes (acceleration mode, deceleration mode and cruising mode), distance-based emission factors of CO, HC, NO<inf>x</inf> and PM for acceleration mode were the highest on national roads and rural roads. For the acceleration mode on national roads, the average distance-based emission factor of CO was 0.7 times greater than in cruising mode and 1.7 times greater than in deceleration mode. Average emission factors of CO, HC, NO<inf>x</inf> and PM for each driving mode on rural roads were higher than that on national roads. By drawing contour maps of speed, acceleration and pollutant-emission rates, we found that pollutant emission peaks of CO, HC and PM increased at low speed and under high acceleration conditions on both national roads and rural roads. Emission rates of NO<inf>x</inf> on rural roads were higher than those on national roads. The number-weighted distributions of particles on national roads and rural roads were similar. Most of the particles were in the nuclei mode and the accumulation mode. Number concentrations of coarse-mode particles on rural roads were higher than on national roads. This paper could provide some reference for future emission controls for tri-wheel vehicles.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Air pollution control equipment
Controlled terms:Acceleration - Carbon monoxide - Diesel engines - Emission control - Measurements - Particulate emissions - Pollution - Rural roads - Vehicle wheels - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Acceleration and deceleration - Different roads - Distance-based emission factors - Driving conditions - Electrical low-pressure impactor - Emission measurement systems - Number concentration - Operating condition
Classification code:432 Highway Transportation - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 601.2 Machine Components - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.1 Mechanics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20141317512307
Title:Spatio-temporal characteristics of crop drought in southern China based on drought index of continuous days without available precipitation
Authors:Huang, Wanhua (1); Sui, Yue (2); Yang, Xiaoguang (2); Dai, Shuwei (2); Qu, Huihui (2); Li, Maosong (6)
Author affiliation:(1) Hunan Meteorological Research Institute, Changsha 410118, China; (2) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (3) Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (4) School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE68583, United States; (5) Heilongjiang Meteorological Research Institute, Harbin 150030, China; (6) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Corresponding author:Yang, X.(yangxg@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:125-135
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This study was based on daily precipitation data from standard meteorological stations in the 15 provinces (municipalities, or autonomous regions) in southern China. We adopted continuous days without available precipitation (Dnp) as drought index, also improved the critical values of available precipitation and drought classification standard during the data process, then calculated drought index values for crop (spring sowing-summer harvesting crop, spring sowing-autumn harvesting crop, summer sowing-autumn harvesting crop, and overwintering crop) during the most recent 50 years (from 1959 to 2009) in southern China. We analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics and inter-annual variation of crop drought frequency and crop drought duration days. In addition, we introduced daily drought frequency to study dynamic change of crop drought during the growing period. The results showed: spring sowing-summer harvesting crop drought occurred sometimes in the west of Southwest China and part of Huaibei Area during spring; spring sowing-autumn harvesting crop drought often affected the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, as well as the northeast of South China and the east of Southwest China during summer and autumn; summer sowing-autumn harvesting crop drought often occurred in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River during autumn, as well as the east and north of South China; overwintering crop drought took place in the north of Yangtze River and South China during autumn and spring, especially drought occurred frequently in the west of Southwest China during autumn to next spring. Generally, the distribution of drought duration days without available precipitation was basically consistent with the distribution of drought frequency, which meant drought lasted relatively longer in drought-prone area. The characteristics of drought change trend in southern China showed that: spring sowing-summer harvesting crop drought showed a decreasing trend in covering area as well as a reducing trend in intensity; spring sowing-autumn harvesting crop drought showed a slightly increasing trend in covering area yet a slightly reducing trend in intensity; summer sowing-autumn harvesting crop drought showed a significantly increasing trend in covering area and a slightly increasing trend in intensity with an exception of the Southwest China showing a reducing trend in intensity; overwintering crop drought showed a relatively more significantly increasing trend in covering area and an reducing trend in intensity with an exception of South China showing a increasing trend in intensity. From the perspective of daily drought frequency, early spring in the south and west of South China as well as the north of Yangtze River, together with spring in the west of Southwest China, showed a relatively higher drought frequency, hence affected spring sowing crops; midsummer drought in July and August in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, autumn drought in September and October in South China, together with midsummer and autumn drought in the east of Southwest China mainly affected autumn harvesting crops; overwintering crop showed a relatively higher drought frequency in the whole study area, and the main drought period was in autumn and wintering period, however, early spring in the north of Yangtze River, as well as the south of South China, and Southwest China showed a relatively higher drought frequency.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Drought
Controlled terms:Crops - Harvesting - Precipitation (chemical)
Uncontrolled terms:Continuous days without available precipitation (Dnp) - Daily drought frequency - Distribution characteristics - Drought classifications - Meteorological station - Middle and lower reaches of yangtze rivers - Southern China - Spatiotemporal characteristics
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20141317512297
Title:Development and spray test of micro index low-frequency ultrasonic nozzle
Authors:Gao, Jianmin (1); Lu, Daipeng (1); Liu, Changjian (1); Li, Junyi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Corresponding author:Gao, J.(1000001903@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:40-46
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Because the present low-frequency ultrasonic nozzles have such existing disadvantages as follows: high driving voltage, low working efficiency, serious heating of the driving circuit and nozzle, a large volume of low-frequency ultrasonic atomizers, a novel micro index ultrasonic nozzle whose working frequency was 60kHz was designed. According to the frequency equations, the basic sizes of the nozzle were determined. A finite element model of this nozzle was established too. Based on this nozzle's finite element model, a modal analysis, and a harmonious response analysis of this nozzle were conducted. The analysis and calculation results showed that the resonance frequency of the nozzle was 61550Hz and the amplitude of the atomization surface was 8 microns with a 36V driving voltage. Based on ARM9.0, a driving circuit of this nozzle was developed. This nozzle's working frequency as measured by Pvc70A and the atomization surface's amplitude that was generated by 36V driving voltage and measured by CD5-L25 were 59699Hz and 8.63 microns respectively. Compared with this nozzle's working frequency, this nozzle's frequency errors of design and as calculated by FEM were less than 0.5% and 3.0% respectively. The actual amplitude of the atomizing surface of this nozzle was 7.8% less than the harmonic response amplitude calculated by the finite element model. Winner 318B was applied to measure the sizes of the droplets generated by this nozzle driven by 36V and 30V voltage respectively, and the results showed that the voltage had no significant influence on the distribution of the droplets' sizes but on the maxim atomization quantity. Compared with a 28 kHz ultrasonic atomizer, the maxim atomization quantity of the atomizer was nearly identical, but the size and weight were 5.54% and 9.81% of the 28 kHz ultrasonic nozzle's respectively. Droplets generated by this nozzle were finer than those generated by a 28 kHz ultrasonic nozzle.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Atomization - Atomizers - Drops - Finite element method - Modal analysis - Nozzle design - Nozzles - Spraying
Uncontrolled terms:Analysis and calculations - Driving circuits - Harmonious response - Low-frequency ultrasonic - Resonance frequencies - Ultrasonic atomization - Ultrasonic atomizers - Working efficiency
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 813.1 Coating Techniques - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20141317512294
Title:Simulation and experiment of virtual prototype braking system of combine harvester
Authors:Xie, Bin (1); Li, Jingjing (1); Lu, Qianqian (1); Mao, Enrong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Xie, B.(xiebincau@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:18-24
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The brake system performance of an agricultural vehicle shall meet the technical safety standards. At present, the performance and reliability of the combine brake system in our country cannot fully meet the work requirements, and the studies about the braking performance of the combine are scarce. Virtual prototyping technology is an important process of Rapid Product Design (RPD), which has been gradually applied in the agricultural machinery industry. This paper presents a research method of the brake system performance based on virtual prototype technology. The front wheel hydraulic caliper disc brake system is debated, which was widely used in the self-propelled grain combine harvester. Firstly, the three-dimensional models of the vehicle and brake are established using Pro/E. The configuration setting of models come from a certain type of domestic combine harvester parameters. Then, the virtual prototypes of the vehicle and brake system are established in ADAMS/View. The configure parameters include the Fiala tire model, hard pavement, IMPACT function, and STEP input function, etc. The Kulun model was adopted by IMPACT function, and the pedal force data which comes from the experimental values was put into STEP function. Two typical working conditions of vehicle speed, II shift 10 km/h, III shift 20 km/h, are selected to simulate braking performance of the virtual prototype and real vehicle experiment. Simulated when III shift with the two kinds of pedal force, 100 and 200 N, the maximum contact force between brake disc and pad are 4827 and 9200 N. In the process of braking at the same speed, the contact force between the brake disc and the pad increases as the pedal force increases, and the increased tendency is accordant. By simulating the vehicle brake system, the maximum braking decelerations are 4.6 and 5.8 m/s², braking distances are 2.3 and 1.49 m, when the pedal forces are 100 and 200 N with II shift speed. The maximum braking decelerations are 4.6 and 7.23 m/s², braking distances are 7.398 and 7.004 m, when the pedal forces are 100 N and 200 N with III shift speed. In a certain gear speed, the greater the pedal force, the shorter the braking distance and braking time. At a certain pedal force, the higher the vehicle speed, the longer the braking distance and braking time. Mounted with a sensor and acquired by a measurement system, the data from the braking experiment which is composed of the displacement of the pedal, pressing of the left and right wheel cylinders, deceleration, and braking distance are analyzed with II shift and III shift speeds. The contact force between brake disc and pad is 4272 N and the braking distance is 7.83 m when test with pedal force is 95.6 N, which is similar with results of simulation. Compared with simulation and a real vehicle test, both of the braking performance parameters are consistent. Between left and right braking are good synchronization; the response time is less than 0.6 s, the braking distance is less than 7.83 m, and the maximum braking deceleration is 2.43 m/s² when pedal force is less than 100 N, which are in line with national standards on braking performance. The performance results verified the correctness of the virtual prototype simulation model of the combine brake system, providing an effective method for design and performance evaluation of agricultural machinery chassis braking systems.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Braking performance
Controlled terms:Brakes - Braking - Combines - Computer simulation - Experiments - Harvesters - Product design - Speed - Telecommunication links - Vehicles  - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Performance and reliabilities - Performance parameters - Rapid product design - Three-dimensional model - Virtual prototype - Virtual prototype simulation - Virtual Prototype Technology - Virtual prototyping technologies
Classification code:432 Highway Transportation - 601.2 Machine Components - 602 Mechanical Drives and Transmissions - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 717 Optical Communication - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.1 Production Engineering - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20141317512320
Title:Light transmittance and gas permeability of alkaline lignin-poly vinyl alcohol film with formaldehyde crosslinker
Authors:Su, Ling (1); Fang, Guizhen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
Corresponding author:Fang, G.(fanggz_0@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:239-246
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the utilization value of an industrial alkaline lignin and expand the application range of alkali lignin, with alkaline lignin and poly (vinyl alcohol) as the primary materials, and formaldehyde as a crosslinker, alkaline lignin/poly (vinyl alcohol) cross-linked film was prepared by casting. The effects of the dosage of alkaline lignin, formaldehyde, and the pH values on the light transmittance and gas permeability of the films were investigated one at a time for different variables. The light transmittance and gas permeability properties were measured using a double-beam UV-Vis spectrophotometer and a VAC-VBS pressure difference gas permeameter respectively. The surface morphology and chemical structure of the films were characterized by SEM and FT-IR. The results were as follows. (1) Influence of different conditions on the optical properties of the films: Alkaline lignin had a great influence on the absorbance and transmittance of films. The UV absorbance of the reaction films was nearly 100% among 200-400 nm and the transmittance decreased during 400-800 nm in the visible area. When the mass ratio of the alkaline lignin and PVA was 1:4, the transmittance was 16.12% at 600 nm. The more formaldehyde, the higher the transmittance of the reaction films in the visible area. Besides, when the pH value was 9, the film transmittance was better. (2) Influence of different conditions on the gas permeability properties of the films: Both the carbon dioxide and oxygen transmittances were reduced after adding alkaline lignin, but increased with the formaldehyde added and first increased then decreased with the pH value changing from 5 to 11. (3) FT-IR showed that the ether linkage was formed and the cross-linking reaction was occurring between the alkaline lignin and PVA. The surface of the reaction films was smooth. The water contact angle of the reaction film was bigger than the blend, although the water contact angle of the composites both increased with the alkaline lignin added, which showed that the water resistance of the film increased. When formaldehyde as cross-linking agent was compared with glutaraldehyde, the crosslinking reaction between alkali lignin and PVA was greater and the transmittance in the visible area was better. Alkaline lignin-PVA reaction film may be applied as a good UV absorption material in the mulching film.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Lignin
Controlled terms:Blending - Carbon dioxide - Contact angle - Crosslinking - Films - Formaldehyde - Gas permeability - pH - Polyvinyl alcohols - Surface reactions
Uncontrolled terms:Cross linking agents - Cross-linked films - Crosslinking reaction - Light transmittance - Permeability properties - Pressure differences - UV-Vis spectrophotometers - Water contact angle
Classification code:421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20141317512302
Title:Establishment and application of comprehensive evaluation model for water-saving development level of irrigation management in Sichuan province
Authors:Lou, Yuhong (1); Kang, Shaozhong (1); Cui, Ningbo (3); Yang, Haoxiang (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Sichuan Rural Irrigation and Water Conservancy Bureau, Chengdu 610015, China; (3) State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (4) Provincial Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture in Hill Areas of Southern China, Chengdu 610066, China; (5) Sichuan Water Conservancy Vocational College, Chengdu 611231, China
Corresponding author:Cui, N.(cuiningbo@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:79-89
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The evaluation of the water-saving development level of irrigation management is an important foundation to make water-saving irrigation development plan in a region. This paper established a comprehensive evaluation system for the development level of water-saving irrigation management, including 4 levels and 16 indicators of water use management, engineering management, organization management and business management, and built a comprehensive evaluation model of the water-saving development level of irrigation management at the basis of approaching the ideal solution. Furthermore, the entropy method and analytic hierarchy process were introduced to calculate the weight of each evaluation index, which improved science and objectivity to determine the weights. Taking 21 regions in Sichuan Province as the research object, the weights were determined and the weighted decision matrix was established by forming a decision matrix using the model, and the relative similarity degree of each evaluation object and the ideal solution were calculated, then the water-saving development level of irrigation management of different regions in Sichuan Province was obtained by using the relative similarity degree. The result shows Sichuan Province's water-saving development level of irrigation management evaluation is "normal", and water-saving development level of irrigation management in each region is consistent with its situation of economic development, participation of water users, and intensity of reform promotion. So, the most developed regions, such as Chengdu, Deyang are "good"; Panzhihua, Mianyang, Ziyang and Leishan in a "relatively good" level; Zigong etc. in "normal" level; Guangyuan and Neijiang in a "relative poor" level, and the least developed regions: Ganzi, Aba and Liangshan in a "very poor" level. The results are accord with Sichuan Province's actual situation of the water-saving development of irrigation management. Therefore, the model has a strong practicality to evaluate the water-saving development of irrigation management in different regions in Sichuan province. Finally some policies are put forward to according to the evaluation results. This research can optimize allocation of agricultural water resources and provide references for water saving irrigation management.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Research and development management
Controlled terms:Irrigation - Management - Models - Water conservation - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation model - Comprehensive evaluation system - Organization management - Relative similarity degrees - Sichuan province - Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solutions - Water-saving - Water-saving irrigation
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 912.2 Management
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20141317512306
Title:Analysis of fractal magnitude of soil particles in loamy Chao soils in North China Plain
Authors:Li, Xiaopeng (1); Liu, Jianli (1); Zhang, Jiabao (2); Wang, Weipeng (1); Xin, Wenwen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Soil Physics and Saline Soils, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (2) Fengqiu Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (3) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Corresponding author:Liu, J.(jlliu@issas.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:118-124
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is widely accepted that soils have fractal characteristics in certain spatial scales. However, the exact magnitude of this spatial self-similarity is often neglected when doing fractal related researches. In this study, 43 sets of soil particle size distribution data of the Chao soil in North China Alluvial Plain were collected, and their particle size distributions with 93 levels were determined by laser diffraction analysis method (Beckman Coulter LS 13-320). The spatial magnitude orders of soils can be taken as fractal objectives and their affecting factors were analyzed based on the particle size distribution data. For determining the fractal magnitude of the soils, we used a typical scale method: 1) calculate the differential fractal dimensions in all the 93 particle size levels (D<inf>i</inf>, i=1, 2, &mellip;, 93) according to the definition fractal; 2) choose a typical scale which is supposed to follow self-similarity (however, the measured D<inf>i</inf> values may still fluctuate in a certain range); 3) suppose D<inf>i</inf> in the typical scale is normally distributed, and calculate the corresponding distribution characteristics; 4) use the distribution characteristics to find out the lower and upper limits of D<inf>i</inf> which follows the same normal distribution in the whole range from the lower to upper limit (in the study, 0.5% and 99.5% of the accumulation curve were taken as the lower and upper limits, respectively); 5) fit D<inf>i</inf> in the entire fractal magnitude, and the slope is supposed to be the fractal dimension of the soil. The results showed that the Chao soils in the study area mostly had good gradations, and they only had rigorous fractal structure at small to medium particle sizes (large clay to fine silt), but didn't show spatial self-similarity in coarse sand scale. Soils with more clay particles usually had larger fractal dimensions, and the extents of fractal reduced with the increasing of clay fraction. Soils with good graduations usually had wider fractal extents. The fractal dimension values were significantly affected by soil gradation uniformity coefficient, the small particle fractions (&lt;50 &mu;m except for 5-20 &mu;m) and effective particle size (p&lt;0.01). However, fractal dimension was not significantly correlated with bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity. The reason could be that soil bulk density and saturated conductivity are greatly impacted by the soil characters in coarse particle scale; however, the Chao soils are not self-similar and the fractal dimension cannot reflect the soil characters in this scale. Therefore, it is recommended that the fractal magnitude orders of soil particles should be firstly analyzed before applying it to solve soil structure and hydraulic related problems.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Diffraction - Fractal dimension - Normal distribution - Particle size - Particle size analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Analysis of fractals - Distribution characteristics - Effective particle size - Fractal characteristics - Fractal-dimension value - Laser diffractions - Saturated conductivity - Saturated hydraulic conductivity
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 711.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media - 921 Mathematics - 922.1 Probability Theory - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20141317512324
Title:Hyperspectral signal correction algorithm for water content of cold fresh pork with considering difference between varieties
Authors:Liu, Shanmei (1); Li, Xiaoyu (2); Zhong, Xiongbin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Basic Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (2) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Corresponding author:Li, X.(lixiaoyu@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:272-278
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the generality of the water content hyperspectral calibration model for different varieties of cold fresh pork, a new hyperspectral signal correction algorithm called a variety sensitive wavelength selection combining with piecewise direct standardization (VSWS-PDS) is proposed. The variety sensitive wavelengths were first selected, based on a regression coefficient of the partial least square regression (PLSR) model, then the piecewise direct standardization (PDS) algorithm was utilized to correct the selected wavelengths and to eliminate the impact of variety difference on model prediction results. The detailed process of the VSWS-PDS algorithm is illustrated as follows: (1) The samples of the "master" variety were divided into calibration set ^mC and prediction set ^mP by utilizing the Kennard and Stone (KS) algorithms. (2) A PLSR model named PLSR1 was built with a calibration set ^mC. (3) A small quantity of representative "slave" variety samples selected from "slave" variety samples by utilizing sample set partitioning based on a joint X-Y distances (SPXY) algorithm were added to ^mC, and then a new PLSR model named PLSR2 was built. (4) The variety sensitive wavelengths were selected on the basis of the relative difference between the regression coefficients of model PLSR1 and PLSR2. (5) The standardization samples ^mTC were selected among the calibration samples ^mC by utilizing the KS algorithm, then the Euclidean distances between the physical or chemical reference values of the sample set ^mTC and all of the "slave" variety samples were calculated one by one, the "slave" variety samples with the minimum distance from ^mTC were chosen as standardization samples, yielding ^sTC, and the rest, yielding ^sP. (6) The average spectrum of ^mTC and ^sTC was calculated, yielding mTmean and sTmean. If wavelength i was variety sensitive, a new spectrum matrix Z<inf>i</inf> was reconstructed from sTmean in a small window from i-k to i k, a multiple linear regression (MLR) model was built between the spectral intensity mTmean<inf>i</inf> and the corresponding spectrum matrix Z<inf>i</inf>, then the regression coefficient vector b<inf>i</inf> was obtained. If wavelength i was not variety sensitive, then b<inf>i</inf> was equal to 1. (7) The regression coefficient vectors were placed in a banded diagonal transfer matrix F. (8) The "slave" variety samples ^sP are chosen to evaluate the correction effect of the VSWS-PDS algorithm. First of all, spectrum matrix was obtained from ^sP, yielding XS<inf>test</inf>. Subsequently, matrix XS<inf>test</inf> was multiplied by the transfer matrix F, yielding XS<inf>testtrans</inf>, and then the "master" variety calibration model PLSR1 was utilized to predict the physical or chemical values corresponding to XS<inf>testtrans</inf> directly. The prediction results of PLSR1 were used to evaluate the correction effect of the VSWS-PDS algorithm. The No. 0 indigenous pork was selected as the "master" variety and the Enshi mountain pork was selected as the "slave" variety. The spectra of the "slave" variety samples ^sP were corrected by the VSWS-PDS algorithm, water content was then predicted by the "master" variety calibration model PLSR1 with the cross validation determination coefficients (R<inf>cv</inf>²) of 0.91, cross validation root mean square error (RMSECV) of 0.29%, and cross validation residual prediction deviation (RPD) of 3.3, with prediction determination coefficients (R<inf>p</inf>²) of 0.84, prediction root mean square error(RMSEP) of 0.50%, and prediction RPD of 2.58. Meanwhile, the experimental results without the VSWS-PDS correction process were R<inf>p</inf>² of 0.20, RMSEP of 1.42%, and prediction RPD of 0.91. Obviously, the VSWS-PDS algorithm can significantly improve the prediction ability of the model built with No. 0 indigenous pork samples to predict water content of the Enshi mountain pork samples. Finally, a comparative study between direct standardization (DS), PDS, and the VSWS-PDS is conducted. It is shown that the transfer results obtained with the proposed method VSWS-PDS were better than those obtained by DS or PDS.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Algorithms
Controlled terms:Calibration - Fluorine - Forecasting - Linear regression - Mean square error - Meats - Spectrum analysis - Transfer matrix method - Water content - Wavelength  - X-Y model
Uncontrolled terms:Determination coefficients - Multiple linear regression models - Partial least square regression - Piece-wise - Piecewise direct standardization - Regression coefficient vector - Sensitive wavelengths - Variety differences
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 822.3 Food Products - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20141317512309
Title:Improved reactive power sharing strategy in islanded low-voltage microgrid
Authors:Gu, Jun (1); Zhang, Xing (1); Zhu, Yunguo (1); Liu, Fang (1); Xu, Haizhen (1); Shi, Rongliang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (2) College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, X.(honglf@ustc.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:144-151
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nowadays, more and more DG (distributed generation) and renewable energy sources, e.g. solar, wind, are promoted in vast rural areas. Several DG units can form an islanded microgrid together with storage units and common loads, which can achieve optimal management of electric energy and then better solve the power shortage problem in remote rural areas without electricity. The droop control is always used to realize power sharing in islanded microgrid because of no external communication and high reliability. Though the traditional frequency/voltage droop control technique shares common active loads, its reactive power sharing strategy is plant parameter dependent and does not realize reasonable reactive power sharing. Additionally, PCC (point of common coupling) voltage amplitude drop is serious because of reactive load increasing and inherent characteristics of the traditional droop control. In order to solve the problem of unreasonable reactive power sharing of islanded low-voltage microgrid and serious PCC voltage amplitude drop, a detailed analysis of reactive power sharing mechanism of the traditional droop control is carried out. By the analysis, the inherent limitation of the traditional droop control strategy is revealed and it is proved that the fundamental reason of unreasonable reactive power sharing is a transfer impendence mismatch. Based on the analysis, an improved reactive power sharing strategy is proposed for the microgrid working in islanded mode. Firstly, the proposed reactive power sharing strategy uses a control loop to introduce a virtual inductance at the output end of the DG unit in order to make a transfer impendence of low-voltage microgrid become inductive, which has only the active power and the reactive power decoupled and then meets the condition of realizing the proposed reactive power sharing strategy. Next the difference between the DG unit voltage amplitude at no load and PCC voltage amplitude is fed back to the traditional droop control in a certain way. The proposed reactive power sharing strategy can not only achieve reasonable reactive power sharing under the condition of transfer impendence mismatch, but also greatly improve serious PCC voltage amplitude drop which is caused by increasing reactive loads and the inherent characteristics of the traditional droop control. Through the small signal stability analysis of the proposed strategy, the stability conditions are revealed that are easy to meet in practice. Because the distance from the DG unit to the PCC is far, the acquisition of PCC voltage amplitude need communication, which undermines the advantage of local control of the traditional droop control. In order to keep the advantage of local control, the PCC voltage amplitude is replaced by the access point voltage amplitude of the DG unit, which leads to a reactive power sharing error. Quantitative analysis of the error in reactive power sharing has been carried out thoroughly. By the analysis, it is found that the error is acceptable in the project as long as certain conditions are satisfied. A simulation platform is made up of two parallel connected inverters and a common load. Various simulation results show that the proposed reactive power sharing strategy is very effective and does not interfere with active power sharing.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Reactive power
Controlled terms:Communication - Distributed power generation - Drops - Electric fault currents - Renewable energy resources - Rural areas - Voltage control
Uncontrolled terms:Droop control - Droop control strategies - Frequency/voltage droops - Inherent characteristics - Micro grid - Point of common coupling - Renewable energy source - Small signal stability analysis
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 615 Thermoelectric, Magnetohydrodynamic and Other Power Generators - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 706 Electric Transmission and Distribution - 706.2 Electric Power Lines and Equipment - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20141317512293
Title:Revised design and experiment on small-sized whole-stalk sugarcane harvester
Authors:Cheng, Shaoming (1); Wang, Jun (1); Lu, Zhile (2); Xu, Taiyou (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Bio-Systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (2) Zhejiang Sanjia Agricultural Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd., Taizhou 318500, China
Corresponding author:Wang, J.(jwang@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:12-17
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to reduce the inclusions in raw material and meet the sugar refinery requirements for the quality of raw material, based on the analysis of SL-1600 type whole stalk sugarcane harvester, the sugarcane mechanized harvesting system was revised depending its harvest procedure, such as the installation of cutting, detrashing, crushed leaves and docking. The new type of sugarcane mechanized harvesting system is 4ZL-1, which was optimized on the installation of cutting and leaf peeling, also increased the installation of crushed leaves and docking. According to experiments before (SL-1600) and after the improvement (4ZL-1), the qualification rate of cutting height increased by about 5.9 percent point, the broken head rate decreased by about 6.3 percent point, the qualification rate of stem increased by about 3.2 percent point, the qualification rate of docking increased by about 5.1 percent point, the total loss rate decreased by about 2.6 percent point, and un-detrashing rate increased by about 3.0 percent point. The results showed that the type of 4ZL-1 can reduce broken head rate, stubble loss rate, header loss rate, total loss rate, and can enhance the efficiency of detrashing and adapt to different heights of sugarcane.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Harvesters
Controlled terms:Design - Experiments - Optimization - Sugar cane - Sugar factories
Uncontrolled terms:Cutting heights - Different heights - Loss rates - Mechanized harvesting - Total loss - Whole-stalk sugarcane harvesters
Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 408 Structural Design - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20141317512325
Title:Preparation technology of low molecular weight fucoidan by enzyme hydrolytic from Laminaria japonica
Authors:Yan, Xiangyong (1); Liu, Yixiang (1); Ling, Shaomei (1); Li, Bin (1); Wu, Yongpei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Bioscience Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Y.(wuypei@jmu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:279-285
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to obtain fuco-oligosaccharides which possessed centralized molecular weight and remarkable bioactivity, an enzymic degradation method, due to its mild reaction conditions and no destructive effect on the structure of fucoidan, was adopted in this work. So the fucoidan lyases, derived from hepatopancreas of abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta), were isolated and partially purified to hydrolyze fucoidans which were derived from Laminaria japonica. According to the electric properties of protein, an organic solvent method, an ammonium sulfate precipitation method and an isoelectric precipitation method were employed to isolate and purify the fucoidan lyases, and their purification effects were compared. First, for the isoelectric precipitation, the enzymic activity of precipitates at pH value 3.0 to 9.0 were measured with the viscometric method, aiming to shrink the isoelectric range of fucoidan lyases. The results showed that the precipitate at pH value 5.0 condition exhibited observably (p&lt;0.05) higher enzymic activity than the other ones. It was indicated that the isoelectric point of fucoidan lyases ranged from pH value 4.0 to 6.0. Then the enzyme activity of precipitates which were obtained by the methods of isoelectric precipitation at pH value 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and organic solvent, were measured with the DNS method. Finally, the results indicated that the crude fucoidan lyases had the highest enzymic activity at pH value 4.5 and 5.0, and that the enzyme activity recovery rates of the fucoidan lyases were 44.4% and 42.5%, respectively. Meanwhile, the content of sulfate groups of the hydrolyzed products (fuco-oligosaccharides) at pH value 4.0 to 6.0 were measured. The results showed that there were no significantly (P&gt;0.05) decrease of sulfate groups for the fuco-oligosaccharides compared with that of the original fucoidans, which implied that no sulfatase existed in the crude fucoidan layses at pH value 4.5 and 5.0. Due to the better enzymic activity of the crude fucoidan layses precipitated at pH value 4.5 and 5.0, their enzymology characteristics were further discussed. The results displayed that the optimum hydrolysis reaction conditions were 2 g/mL of substrate concentration for 60 min at 38&deg;C. Then the crude fucoidan layses were further isolated and purified with an ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. The results showed that when the saturation of ammonium sulfate reached 30% and 40%, the crude fucoidanase and &alpha;-L-fucosidase were obtained, respectively. In the end, the results indicated that the enzyme activity of fucoidanase was 0.43 U and &alpha;-L-fucosidase was 0.27 U after gel filtation. The enzyme activity recovery rate of the two fucoidan lyases were both 16%, which manifested that the enzymic activity of fucoidan lyases had a loss in the process of isolation and purification. The experimental results showed that two kinds of fucoidan lyases could effectively degrade fucoidans whose degration rates were 8%-15%, and that the sulfate groups of fucoidans were not obviously destroyed. Consequently, low molecular weight oligosaccharides (Fuco-Oligosaccharides) were produced, and the relative binding rate of sulfate groups were maintained at over 85%. Therefore, the fucoidan lyases from hepatopancreas of abalone might be used as a tool enzyme to hydrolyze high molecular weight fucoidans, and can have an important application value in the market in the future.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Purification
Controlled terms:Electric properties - Enzyme activity - Enzymes - Gel permeation chromatography - Hydrolysis - Molecular weight - Oligosaccharides - Organic solvents - pH - Precipitates  - Precipitation (chemical) - Processing - Shellfish - Sulfur compounds
Uncontrolled terms:Ammonium sulfate precipitation - Fucoidans - Gel-filtration chromatography - Haliotis - Isoelectric precipitation - Isolation and purification - Mild reaction conditions - Substrate concentrations
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 913.4 Manufacturing
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20141317512313
Title:Regional land use structure optimization under uncertain theory
Authors:Li, Xin (1); Ou, Minghao (2); Liu, Jiansheng (3); Yan, Siqi (4)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (2) College of Land Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (3) Collage of Public Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (4) Faculty of Design, Architecture and Building, University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney NSW2007, Australia
Corresponding author:Ou, M.(mhou@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:176-184
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to restore the uncertain environment for the optimization of regional land use structure, obtain better results in the optimization of land use structure, and create a new perspective for the optimization of land use structure, this paper examined the optimization of land use structure based on uncertainty. In this study, the optimization of land use structure based on uncertainty was classified into two categories: the optimization when the uncertainty factors are most likely to occur and the optimization when the uncertainty factors occur with a certain probability. The result of the first type of optimization was a specific land use structure, and the result of the second type of optimization was an elastic range of the land use structure. In this study, we first estimated the optimal land use structure when the uncertainty factors are most likely to occur using the expectation-model approach, and then calculated the elastic range of optimal land use structure when the uncertainty factors occur with a certain probability using the random simulation method based on the multi-objective genetic algorithm. When the uncertainty factors were most likely to occur, the economic benefit and ecological benefit for the optimal land use structure in Yangzhou city in 2020 was 10.0&times;10¹¹ Yuan and 8.98&times;10¹¹ Yuan, respectively, which was larger than the economic benefit and ecological benefit for the current land use structure and lager than the economic benefit and ecological benefit for the land use structure in Yangzhou land use overall planning. In the elastic range for the optimization of land use structure in 2020 in Yangzhou when the likelihood that the uncertainty factors will occur is 80%, the land use types which bear the largest uncertainty are cultivated land, urban construction and mining land and garden land, and the land use types which are most sensitive to the uncertainty are woodland, garden land, and transportation land. This paper restored the uncertainty environment for the optimization of land use structure, proposed a method for the optimization of land use structure based on uncertainty, and provided a theoretical basis and scientific method for the calculation of the elastic range of an optimal land use structure and the change in land use structure.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Structural optimization
Controlled terms:Ecology - Genetic algorithms - Land use - Restoration - Shape optimization - Uncertainty analysis - Urban transportation
Uncontrolled terms:Elastic interval - Expectation values - Land use structure optimizations - Land-use structures - Multi-objective genetic algorithm - Random simulation methods - Uncertain environments - Uncertainty environment
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 409 Civil Engineering, General - 432 Highway Transportation - 433 Railroad Transportation - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20141317512304
Title:Soil anti-erodibility and analysis of its influencing factors during growing stages of maize
Authors:Zheng, Zicheng (1); Zhang, Xizhou (1); Li, Tingxuan (1); Jin, Wei (1); Lin, Chaowen (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (2) Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, Chengdu 610006, China
Corresponding author:Li, T.(litinx@263.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:100-108
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil anti-erodibility is an important parameter to evaluate the soil resistance to erosion ability. Severe soil erosion on sloping farmland in hilly areas of Sichuan has resulted in deterioration of soil quality= and therefore has an adverse impact on the sustainable agricultural development. To clarify the nature of soil anti-erodibility, a field experiment was conducted to study the characteristic of soil anti-erodibility and the factors that influence it during the growing stages of maize. Soil anti-erodibility index was selected to evaluate the soil resistance to erosion in different growing stages of maize in purple soil areas. At the same time, based on soil physico-chemical properties and maize root parameters, the influencing factors of soil anti-erodibility were analyzed. The results indicated that the soil anti-erodibility index decreased with increasing soaking time during the growth period of maize. The soil anti-erodibility indices of the 0-20 cm soil layer were higher than those of the &gt;20-40 cm soil layer. The soil anti-erodibility index varied greatly during the growth period of maize. The soil anti-erodibility index increased slightly from seedling to small flare stage, increased significantly from small flare stage to anthesis stage, and decreased gradually from anthesis stage to maturity stage. Soil anti-erodibility showed a rising-and-falling trend with the development stages of maize, such as tasseling stage, mature stage, big flare stage, small flare stage and seedling stage. Enhancing effect of maize on soil anti-erodibility was stronger from the big flare stage to mature stage, and the enhanced effect of soil anti-erodibility in the 0-20 cm layer was better than that of &gt;20-40 cm layer. There was a significant, positive correlation between soil anti-erodibility and soil bulk density and &gt;2 mm water-stable aggregates. Maize roots played a key role in soil and water conservation. Therefore, it has aroused the attention of the domestic and overseas scholars. There were very significant positive correlations between soil anti-erodibility and soil organic matter, root number amount, root surface area, and root volume. So the maize roots played an important part in soil reinforcement in the different growing stages. However, there was very significant negative correlation between soil anti-erodibility and &lt; 0.25 mm water-stable aggregates. The results suggested that soil anti-erodibility was poor in the seedling stage and small flare stage, and soil anti-erodibility was greatest in the anthesis stage. It is possible to enhance soil anti-erodibility of sloping farmland by rational intercropping in the seedling stage and small flare stage in hilly areas of Sichuan. At the same time, some measures would be conducive to increase soil anti-erodibility, including the improvement of soil physico-chemical properties and cultivation of maize varieties with strong root systems. This study provides a reliable theoretical basis for optimizing the configuration of soil conservation measures and the prediction of soil erosion.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Aggregates - Chemical properties - Corrosion resistance - Crops - Cultivation - Erosion - Farms - Forestry - Plants (botany) - Soil conservation  - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Anti-erodibility - Conservation measures - Maize - Root parameters - Sloping farmlands - Soil and water conservation - Soil physico-chemical properties - Sustainable agricultural development
Classification code:406 Highway Engineering - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 444 Water Resources - 461.9 Biology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 539.1 Metals Corrosion - 801 Chemistry - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20141317512303
Title:Soil salinity changes of root zone and arable in cotton field with drip irrigation under mulch for different years
Authors:Wang, Zhenhua (1); Yang, Peiling (1); Zheng, Xurong (2); He, Xinlin (2); Zhang, Jinzhu (2); Li, Wenhao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) College of Water and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Modern Water-Saving Irrigation, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi 832000, China
Corresponding author:Yang, P.(yangpeiling@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:90-99
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the arid area after long-term drip irrigation, the accumulation of soil salinity in the crop root zone and its farming availability have attracted a lot of attentions and concerns from researchers, which was also an important factor to limit the agricultural production and affect the oasis ecological stability and the sustainable application of drip irrigation. In this paper, we try to reveal the trend of soil salinity evolution in the root zone with the long-term drip irrigation based on a four-year (2009-2012) sentinel surveillance in five typical farmlands of Xinjiang drip irrigation district (Paotai County, Shihezi City, Xinjiang) where the drip irrigation under mulch was applied. The drip irrigation under plastic film in these five cotton fields has been respectively started from 2008, 2006, 2004, 2002, and 1998. And the conditions of these five cotton fields including the soil texture, structure, irrigation and fertilizer regime, cotton variety and planting pattern were basically the same, except their drip irrigation history (2-5, 4-7, 6-9, 8-11 and 12-15 years). Since 2009, the drip irrigation has been carried out and continually run until 2012. Na, Ca², K, SO<inf>4</inf>^2-, Cl^-, HCO<inf>3</inf>^- and Mg² were the major ions in these fields, and changes of their contents in the root zone inside the film with years of drip irrigation were analyzed. The results indicated that the salt content of the root zone soil (0-60 cm) under the plastic film in the drip irrigation cotton fields decreased along with the increasing year of drip irrigation in Xinjiang arid oasis region under the current irrigation regime. The decrease of total salt content was notable for the 1st-4th years irrigation, while it became slowly during the 5th-7th years with an average salt content less than 5 g/kg in the root zone. The salt content became stable during the 8th-15th years of irrigation and the average salt and Cl^- content were respectively less than 3 g/kg and 0.12 g/kg in the root zone. Relative to the uncultivated lands, the desalinization rate of total salts was more than 94%, and Na and Cl^- contents in the root zone significantly decreased after many years of irrigation. Similar to the total salt content, the Cl^- content tended to decrease exponentially as a whole. Na and Cl^- were the major decreasing ions after long-term drip irrigation as well as Ca², SO<inf>4</inf>^2- and Mg², while other ions (e.g. HCO<inf>3</inf>^-) showed no obvious change with different irrigation histories. The duration of drip irrigation under plastic film had a significant effect on the survival rate and yield of cotton in arid regions, which were 7.1% and 1279.2 kg/hm² for 2-years drip irrigation, 60% and 5250 kg/hm² for 5-years irrigation, and &gt;90% and 6500 kg/hm² for &gt; -years irrigation, respectively. The survival rate could reach more than 80% after 6-years irrigation. Finally, it is found the local irrigation regime is the main reason inducing the decrease of salt content in the root zone, so it is favorable to maintain the existing irrigation regime for the long-term sustainable application of drip irrigation under plastic film. However, the irrigation should be properly reduced to save water during the late flowering, boll setting and boll opening stages.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Calcium - Cotton - Ions - Plastic films - Salts - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Arid zones - Drip irrigation under mulches - Drip irrigation under plastic films - Ecological stability - Irrigation and fertilizers - Irrigation regimes - Saline-alkali soils
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 801 Chemistry - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20141317512319
Title:Multi-fractal characteristics of reconstructed soil particle in opencast coal mine dump in loess area
Authors:Wang, Jinman (1); Zhang, Meng (1); Bai, Zhongke (1); Yang, Ruixuan (1); Guo, Lingli (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100035, China
Corresponding author:Bai, Z.(baizk@cugb.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:230-238
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Reconstructed soil from an opencast mine dump in a loess area was a complex unity that was made up by humans using different reconstruction technology. It is composed by different soil particles with irregular shapes, and has a self-similar structure. The good soil structure for vegetation growth as reconstructed is the core work of land reclamation. In order to better quantify the soil structure reconstructed in a dump, the soil particle size distribution from four kinds of soil reconstruction modes in the Shanxi Pingshuo ATB Opencast Coal Mine dump was analyzed using the soil multi-fractal theory. Soil reconstruction modes included soil ccovered using loess with gravel, soil covered using loess with coal gangue, covering the whole soil with loess material, and soil covered using loess with Liao Jiangtu. Generalized dimension spectrum D(q), multi-fractal singularity exponent &alpha;(q), multi-fractal spectrum function f(&alpha;(q)) and other multi-fractal parameters were calculated, and the relationships among the different fractal parameters were analyzed in this paper. The results indicated the following conclusions. (1) The particle distribution of reconstructed soil had significant multi-fractal characteristics in an opencast coal mine dump in the study area. D(0), D(1), D(1)/D(0), &Delta;&alpha; and &Delta;f can reflect the non-uniform particle size distribution characteristics from different perspectives. (2) There was a smaller range of soil particle size distribution, a higher degree of measurement concentration, discrete to a lesser discretization extent, a lower non-uniformity of soil particle size distribution in the soil reconstruction mode of covering the whole loess material, and the function of the mode in changing soil particle size distribution was superior to the modes containing gangue and gravel. (3) The small probability subset of soil particles composition predominated and the soil contained more large particles in the reconstructed soil in the opencast coal mine dump of the loess area. (4) There were good correlations among the multi-fractal parameters of the reconstructed soil particles distribution. D(0), D(1)/D(0) and &Delta;&alpha; (or D(0), D(1) and &Delta;f) can be simplified as three parameters to quantitatively express multi-fractal characterization of the reconstructed soil particle distribution in the study area. (5) The soil multi-fractal parameters in the reconstruction loess section 0-90 cm changed significantly, and the soil thickness covering loess should be more than 90 cm. Gangue and gravel have a certain impact on the dispersion degree of reconstruction soil particles distribution, and should be abandoned in the soil layers below 90 cm to reduce its effect on soil particles composition and to improve vegetation restoration. This study can provides a theoretical basis for land reclamation and a quantitative expression of reconstruction soil quality in an opencast coal mine dump of a loess area.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Coal mines - Dispersions - Fractal dimension - Gravel - Image reconstruction - Land reclamation - Particle size analysis - Sediments - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Distribution characteristics - Generalized dimension - Loess area - Multi fractals - Multi-fractal spectrum - Opencast Coal Mine - Particle distributions - Vegetation restoration
Classification code:442.2 Land Reclamation - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 503.1 Coal Mines - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20141317512310
Title:Distributed photovoltaic short-term power output forecasting based on extreme learning machine with kernel
Authors:Liu, Nian (1); Zhang, Qingxin (1); Li, Xiaofang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
Corresponding author:Liu, N.(nian_liu@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:152-159
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Along with the rapid development of rural power network in our country, the power demand increases and creates the environment for distributed energy access to the agricultural power network. Taking integration application program with the distributed photovoltaic power output systems through the rural power network and other application forms is a realization and effective method for the new clean energy can be absorbed at local, reducing carbon emissions and environmental pollution. In our country, the national government had developed and introduced relevant policies, and making plans toward to the rapid and healthy development of distributed photovoltaic power output systems for a period of time in the near future. In addition to the national planning, the State Grid Corporation of China also proposed their policies about macro planning and access technologies, that making convenience to the legal proceedings for the personal property distributed photovoltaic access, and offering the related technical support for the distributed photovoltaic power output system access. In order to make sure the operation stability and economy of micro-grid and distribution network with the distributed photovoltaic power output systems access at rural power network, the distributed photovoltaic power output forecasting technology need to be deeply researched combining with the forecasting system application environment characteristics of the rural power network. For the distributed photovoltaic power output system at user side, a short-term PV power output forecasting method based on the algorithm that extreme learning machine with kernel (ELM_k) is proposed. This method considers the operation cost constraints of short-term power output forecasting system, such as does not depending on the high cost of numerical weather prediction. This forecasting system also considers the application characteristics of rural power network, such as the lack of professional maintenance for the distributed photovoltaic panels and related inverter equipment. For the distributed photovoltaic systems with different capacities, the PV power output short-term forecasting model was built based on ELM_k algorithm. Taking the training samples filtration based on attributes weight to improve the computational efficiency of the PV power output forecasting model. The parameters of the forecasting model that relevant with ELM_k algorithm and samples filtration method is optimized through the particle swarm optimization algorithm. The forecasting model uses the low-cost samples with non-numerical weather prediction. For the distributed photovoltaic power output systems at tens of kilowatt, the mean absolute relative error was only 16-18%, and can complete a single power output forecasting within 10 milliseconds, when it implemented on the lower power processor, furthermore, this forecasting method can basically maintain the original accuracy when the low weight attributes were simplified. At the same time, under the distribution photovoltaic operation circumstance of random dust overlying and inverter partial failure, the prediction error remains largely unchanged, which proves the high adaptability of this forecasting model.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Thermoelectric power
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Costs - Distributed power generation - Dust - Electric network analysis - Environmental impact - Forecasting - Knowledge acquisition - Learning systems - Particle swarm optimization (PSO)  - Photovoltaic cells - Solar cells - Weather forecasting
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental pollutions - Extreme learning machine - Integration application - Numerical weather prediction - Particle swarm optimization algorithm - Photovoltaic - Power out put - User side
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 615 Thermoelectric, Magnetohydrodynamic and Other Power Generators - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 702.3 Solar Cells - 703.1.1 Electric Network Analysis - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20141317512322
Title:Effects and mechanism of aloe vera extracts on control of botrytis in postharvest apples
Authors:Yuan, Zhongyu (1); Zhou, Huiling (1); Tian, Rong (1); Zhang, Xiaoxiao (1); Pan, Yuxue (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Horticulture, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, H.(zhouhuiling@nwsuf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:255-263
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Currently, there is an increasing interest in the use of Aloe Vera in the food industry, with it being used as a source of functional foods in drinks, beverages, and ice creams. In addition, there are several reports about the antifungal activity of Aloe Vera on human mycological diseases. However, little evidence exists on the effect of Aloe extracts on fruit postharvest diseases caused by fungi, either ex-vivo or in vitro. In recent years, there have been some reports on the effect of Aloe extracts applied at postharvest in controlling fruit spoilage by fungi. However, no in-depth information has been reported on the role of Aloe extracts in decay development in fruits previously inoculated with fungi responsible for postharvest diseases or defense-related enzyme activities and modulation of antioxidant system activities. Thus, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the protective effects of Aloe extracts on Red Fuji apple fruit decay caused by Botrytis cinerea, as well as the effect of Aloe extracts on the disease resistance ability in Red Fuji apple fruit. In order to search for an alternative to synthetic fungicides for the control of the postharvest decay of Red Fuji apple fruits, the potential of using Aloe extract flavonoid for the control of postharvest gray mold incidence of Red Fuji apple fruits was investigated. Red Fuji apple fruits were disinfected with 75% (v/v) ethanol for 2 min., rinsed with tap water, air-dried, and then divided randomly into four treatment groups, with 140 fruit in each group. Three groups were dipped into 0.020, 0.035 and 0.050 g/mL Aloe extract flavonoid solutions for 5 min. at room temperature (23&plusmn;1)&deg;C. Another group (the control) was treated with distilled water. A uniform wound (4 mm deep&times;3 mm wide) was made at the equator of each fruit using a sterile dissecting needle, followed by the inoculation of a20 &mu;L conidial suspension of B.cinerea (1&times;10⁸spores/mL) into each wound site. Inoculated fruit were placed in covered plastic boxes with small holes, and stored at (23&plusmn;1)&deg;C and RH 85%-90%. The diameters of lesions caused by B.cinerea in the apple fruit were recorded each day after inoculation, and each treatment had three replicates. The remaining fruit with inoculations were used for determination of physio-biochemical parameters. The results showed that Aloe extract flavonoid significantly decreased the incidence of gray mold rot in Red Fuji apple fruits, and effectively suppressed the expansion of lesions in vivo. After four-day storage, the gray mold rot incidence of Red Fuji apple fruits that were treated with the concentration of Aloe extract flavonoid (0.035 g/L, 0.050 mg/L) was 73% and 53% respectively, which was significantly lower than that of the control (93%). Concurrently, Aloe extract flavonoid increased the activity of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia enzyme (PAL), chitinase (CHT), and &beta;-1, 3-glucanase (GLU). Phenolics content also increased significantly. These results indicated that increased disease resistance of Red Fuji apple fruit after Aloe extract flavonoid treatment during storage might be attributed to an elicitation of defense response involving the enhancement of defense-related enzyme activities and the modulation of antioxidant system activities.
Number of references:41
Main heading:Spoilage
Controlled terms:Amino acids - Antioxidants - Beverages - Disease control - Enzyme activity - Fruits - Fungi - Mechanisms - Modulation - Molds  - Plastic containers
Uncontrolled terms:Aloe vera - Anti-fungal activity - Antioxidant systems - Disease resistance - Fuji apple - Gray molds - Postharvest disease - Protective effects
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 601.3 Mechanisms - 691 Bulk Handling and Unit Loads - 694 Packaging - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 717 Optical Communication - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 816.2 Plants and Machinery for Plastics and Other Polymers - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.3 Food Products
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20141317512318
Title:Determination of reclamation sequence for mining wasteland based on comprehensive evaluation
Authors:Cheng, Linlin (1); Li, Jixin (1); Xu, Yinghui (1); Lou, Shang (1); Wang, Linlin (2); Sun, Siyuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; (2) College of Urban Economics and Public Administration, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing 100070, China
Corresponding author:Cheng, L.(chll@cumtb.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:30
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2014
Publication year:2014
Pages:222-229
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Determining a reasonable reclamation sequence of the large volume of mining wasteland can protect the ecological environment and support the land demand of economic development and industrial transformation in mineral resource cities. Taking the Mentougou district of Beijing city as the study area, a method of constructing an index system based on the factors influencing the reclamation sequence for comprehensive evaluation is presented in this paper. The evaluation index system, which includes four levels of ecological conditions, reclamation cost, geographical conditions, and economic and social factors, is built to determine the reclamation sequence of mining wasteland. Eight specific indexes are included: extent of damage, the grades of ecological risk, reclamation cost, traffic accessibility, distances from towns, regional population density, regional per capita GDP, and planning guide. A sequence-evaluation model based on GIS is established based on the above index system. Considering the needs of administrative management, the boundary map of administrative villages in Mentougou district and the distribution map of coal mining wasteland were superimposed, taking the village as the specific evaluation unit. The weight of each index is determined by an analytic hierarchy process. Quantification of each index is then made, followed by determination of the reclamation sequence of coal mining wasteland in the Mentougou district. The result shows that there are total of 45 villages in which coal mining wasteland need reclamation. Among them, sixteen villages need reclamation in the near future, where the area of coal mining wasteland is 121.94 hm². These villages are mainly located in the southern mountains of the Mentougou district such as Datai, Yongding and Zhaitang town. These regions have a long history of coal mining, and the ecological system is severely damaged. In addition, they lie at or adjacent to the Mentougou new town. The population density is high. Nineteen villages need reclamation in the medium term, where the area of coal mining wasteland is 105.41 hm². These villages are mainly located northwest of Qingshui town and south of Zhaitang, Tanzhe Temple and Wangping town. Coal-mining wastelands in these areas are scattered, and ecological damage is relatively light. Ten villages need reclamation in the long term, where the area of coal mining wasteland is 54.27 hm². These areas mainly located in the mountainous areas. Coal mining activities are relatively small, and population density is low. By investigation, the result is consistent with the actual situation, which can provide theoretical support for the determination of the reclamation sequence of coal mining wasteland in the study area.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Reclamation
Controlled terms:Coal mines - Ecology - Geographic information systems - Land reclamation - Mineral resources - Population distribution - Population dynamics - Population statistics - Rural areas - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation - Ecological environments - Evaluation - Evaluation index system - Geographical conditions - Industrial transformations - Time sequences - Traffic accessibilities
Classification code:403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 405.3 Surveying - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 501 Exploration and Prospecting - 503.1 Coal Mines - 723.3 Database Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.