2014年2月第30卷第3期

2014年2月第30卷第3期

Accession number:20141017431133

Title:Optimized technology of Pleurotus eryngii by microwave-vacuum drying based on quality and energy consumption

Authors:Chen, Jiankai (1); Lin, Hetong (1); Lin, Yifen (1); Li, Hui (1); Wang, Zhiyan (1)

Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (2) Department of Food and Bioengineering, Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou 363000, China; (3) Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (4) Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China

Corresponding author:Lin, H.(hetonglin@163.com)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:277-284

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Microwave-vacuum experiments of Pleurotus eryngii were conducted in order to improve the quality of products and decrease the drying energy consumption. The effects of microwave power density (X<inf>1</inf>), material thickness (X<inf>2</inf>), absolute pressure chamber (X<inf>3</inf>) and the interaction of these three factors on color (Y<inf>1</inf>), rehydration ratio (Y<inf>2</inf>), amino acids (Y<inf>3</inf>) and unit energy consumption (Y<inf>4</inf>) were investigated in this study. The process parameters were optimized through the quadratic orthogonal rotary combination design with three factors and three levels. Linear weighting method was used to analyze comprehensive multi-objective optimization. The regression equations of four indexes were developed based on the experimental data and the optimal combination in process were obtained. The results showed that there were significant impacts of color, rehydration ratio, amino acids of Pleurotus eryngii and unit energy consumption from power density, material thickness and absolute pressure chamber. The major factor affecting on the color of Pleurotus eryngii was material thickness. The color of Pleurotus eryngii was poor when material thickness was less than 2 cm. The major factor affecting on rehydration ratio and amino acid of Pleurotus eryngii was absolute pressure chamber. The smaller absolute pressure chamber was beneficial to rehydration of dried Pleurotus eryngii and reduced the loss of amino acid of Pleurotus eryngii during drying. Microwave power density was the major factor affecting on the unit energy consumption. The energy consumption was high when Pleurotus eryngii was dried at high microwave power density. The combination of high microwave power density and small absolute pressure chamber could cause even higher energy consumption. The microwave power density of 12.5 kW/kg, material thickness of 2.4 cm and absolute pressure chamber of 18 kPa were the optimized parameters of microwave-vacuum dried Pleurotus eryngii with high-quality and low-energy consumption. Their product quality was excellent, the color was white (the value of color difference was 78), rehydration ratio (1.58) was appropriate, amino acids (473.1 mg/100 g) was less damaged, and unit energy consumption (9.3 kJ/kg) was lower.

Number of references:30

Main heading:Energy utilization

Controlled terms:Amino acids - Color - Drying - Fungi - Image quality - Materials - Microwave generation - Microwave power transmission - Multiobjective optimization - Optimization - Quality control - Vacuum

Uncontrolled terms:Drying energy consumption - Microwave power density - Microwave-vacuum drying - Optimal combination - Optimized parameter - Parameter - Pleurotus eryngii - Regression equation

Classification code:921.5 Optimization Techniques - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 951 Materials Science - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 633 Vacuum Technology - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 461.9 Biology - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 642.1 Process Heating

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.037

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431101

Title:Parameters optimization of separating-planting mechanism in transplanter based on kinematics objective function

Authors:Dai, Li (1); Sun, Liang (2); Zhao, Xiong (2); Zhao, Yun (2)

Author affiliation:(1) Department of Management Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (2) Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (3) Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Transplanting Equipment and Technology, Hangzhou 310018, China

Corresponding author:Zhao, X.(zhaoxiong@zstu.edu.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:35-42

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Transplanting mechanism optimization is a strong coupling, fuzziness, and nonlinearity optimization problem which involves multi-objectives and multi-parameters. The optimization results are pareto. For these feasible solutions, how to look for the best optimization result is the key issue to improving the transplanting mechanism optimization design. At present, only some agricultural experts can identify which one is the best through the motion trajectory shape. However, sometimes this only has subtle differences between some results, and the experts cannot judge which one is more optimal. There are eleven optimization goals for the transplanting mechanism on the high-speed-type rice transplanter. They are as follows: 1) When the transplanting mechanism is operating, the two transplanting arms cannot be crashed by each other; 2 If the transplanting arm is fetching the seedlings, the supporting part of the seedling needle cannot crash into the seedling gate; 3) The fetched seedling block is oblong and the trace of fetching seedlings at the seedling box is vertical; 4) The transplanting arms shaft should not contact with the lower part of the transplanted seedlings; 5) The angular difference between the angle of pushing the seedling and that of fetching the seedling should remain between 55° and 60°; 6) The distance between the seedling-separating needle tip and the seedling-pushing needle tip was more than 260 mm; 7) The length of the ground socket, along the direction of transplanter travel, formed by the absolute motion trajectory, must be less than 30 mm; 8) To ensure the uprightness of the seedlings after transplanting, the included angle between the seedling needle and horizontal line should remain between -10° and 20° when fetching the seedlings; 9 The included angle between the seedling needle and horizontal should remain between 65° and 85° when the pushing of the seedlings is beginning; 10) The gear modulus is more than 2.5 mm; 11) The distance is more than 20 mm between the bottom of the disk and the ground. The importance of all target sequence of numbers is based on the above objectives. In the above objectives, the first two goals are the movement interference judgment of the transplanter, and can obtain accurate decision results, and the rest of the nine goals have a certain fuzziness, namely: the target decomposition to each goal function value is not the only value, but a range, and the values of the range all can satisfy the kinematic movement requirement. Therefore, based on the modern design optimization method and mathematical modeling, this article was mainly for digital design and analysis of the kinematics constraints of the transplanting mechanism, According to the working principle of the transplanting mechanism, combined with high-speed photography and the results of field work requirements, it established eleven kinematics objective functions. According to each objective function parameters and the trajectory of the transplanting mechanism required, researchers obtained all the ranges of the eleven objective functions. The functions were then applied to the aided analysis and design optimization platform, and objective functions parameter optimization design requirements for institutions were combined, to simplify the process of transplanting mechanism parameter optimization to improve transplanting mechanism parameter optimization efficiency purposes. In this paper, other agricultural machinery parameter optimization problem had a certain significance.

Number of references:25

Main heading:Optimization

Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Design - Functions - Fuzzy set theory - Fuzzy systems - High speed photography - Kinematics - Needles - Trajectories

Uncontrolled terms:Movement interference - Objective functions - Optimization problems - Parameter optimization - Parameter optimization problems - Parameters optimization - Target decomposition - Transplanting mechanisms

Classification code:931.1 Mechanics - 921 Mathematics - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 819.6 Textile Mills, Machinery and Equipment - 742.1 Photography - 408 Structural Design - 404.1 Military Engineering

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.005

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431116

Title:Adjusting effect of jet flotation machine on water quality in Litopenaeus vannamei culturing pond

Authors:Zhu, Lin (1); Che, Xuan (1); Liu, Huang (1); Guan, Chongwu (1); Tian, Changfeng (1)

Author affiliation:(1) Ministry of Agriculture, Fisher Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China

Corresponding author:Che, X.(chexuan@fmiri.ac.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:149-154

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:An important factor in Litopenaeus vannamei culturing process is water quality, whose stability for shrimp pond has close relationship to the community structure of microplankton. How to control water color is the key to Litopenaeus vannamei breeding, especially to the controlling of the species and amount of microplankton, The dominant species accounted for 49%~99% of the total in most cases, and the amount of microplankton depends on the amount of dominant species. To explore a new biological control system, environment control technology based on the jet flotation machine in Litopenaeus vannamei culturing process was studied in this paper. Two Litopenaeus vannamei culturing ponds with the same 667 m2, in which we put the same number of shrimp seed at the same time, were used, one for biological control test, the other for contrast. The new biological control system, in which we added a loopback for the water treatment, was composed of a 7.5-kilowatt motor, a 7.5-kilowatt water pump and a 1.5-kilowatt jet flotation machine. The jet flotation machine, which ran 24 hours a day during experiment, was placed in a glass fiber reinforced plastically (size: 2 m×1.5 m×1 m). The level of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen was tested by sodium hypobromous acid oxidation and diazo-azo at 9:00 am, while the species and amount of microplankton were recorded by a nikon AZ100 microscope at 14:00 pm. The dissolved oxygen, temperature, potential of hydrogen and salinity of two ponds were measured by YSI ProODO and YSI Proplus three times a day regularly. Number of vibrio was recorded every day. The length and weight of shrimps were measured by electronic balance and vernier caliper every 20 days. Experimental group and control group were labelled as A and B groups, respectively. Research results showed that there was no significant difference in the potential of hydrogen between A and B groups based on the same amount of feeding, and the potentials of hydrogen of the two groups did not exceed the expected range of Litopenaeus vannamei. Besides, the level of ammonia nitrogen of A group was lower than that of B group significantly. The same is true for the level nitrate nitrogen. For the first and second weeks the species of microplankton in A group and B group were both diatoms and green algae. This was not changed in A group for the third, fourth and fifth weeks, but a large number of green algae and a small amount of cyanobacteria were found in A group for the sixth week. The species of microplankton in B group was a large number of green algae and a small amount of cyanobacteria in the third week and green algae and cyanobacteria in the other time. Level of total bacteria of A group was significantly lower than that of B group except for the fifth week. The level of fluorescent bacteria of A group was significantly lower than that of B group except for the third week. There was no significant difference in the length and weight of shrimp between A and B groups in twenty days. In forty days, however, the shrimps of A group were significantly longer and heavier than those of B group. In conclusion the new biological control system has certain effect in Litopenaeus vannamei culturing process.

Number of references:28

Main heading:Bacteria

Controlled terms:Algae - Ammonia - Aquaculture - Biological systems - Cybernetics - Electronic scales - Flotation - Hydrogen - Lakes - Nitrates - Nitrogen - Shellfish - Water quality

Uncontrolled terms:Biological control systems - Biological controls - Community structures - Environment control - Experimental groups - Flotation machines - Litopenaeus vannamei - Microorgnisms

Classification code:821.3 Agricultural Methods - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 715 Electronic Equipment, General Purpose and Industrial - 533.1 Ore Treatment - 461.9 Biology - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.020

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431115

Title:Application effect of seawater source heat pump for water heating and waste heat recovery in flatfish culture system

Authors:Li, Xiuchen (1); Mu, Gang (1); Zhang, Guochen (1); Sun, Cailing (1); Zhang, Ye (1); Wang, Yaohua (1)

Author affiliation:(1) R and D Center of Fisheries Equipment and Engineering of Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China

Corresponding author:Li, X.(lxc@dlou.edu.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:142-148

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:A bench scale seawater source heat pump was developed, which consisting of a piston compressor and three plate heat exchangers (namely pre-heater, evaporator and condenser). The experiments were carried out on culturing water heating by the heat pump using wastewater as heat source in a lab flatfish culturing system. The performance, water heating and waste heat recovery effects of the heat pump were studied at different temperatures and flow rates of the heat source. The heating costs of culturing water by seawater source heat pump, coal (oil, gas)-fired boilers and electricity heating, etc were compared and analyzed as well. The results showed that it could obviously improve the performance of the heat pump by increasing the temperature and flow rate of the wastewater. When the temperature of wastewater was 8.0~9.0°C and the flow rate was kept at 200~700 L/h, the coefficient of performance (COP) of seawater source heat pump was 2.61~3.85; while with wastewater temperature of 10.5~14.6°C and flow rate of 200~700 L/h, the COP value of the heat pump reached to 3.19~5.12. Additionally, the water heating and waste heat recovery effects of the heat pump were closely related to the temperature and flow rate of wastewater. With relatively higher temperature and lower flow rate of wastewater as the heat source, the temperature increment of culturing water from the heat pump would increase correspondingly. Concerning the desirable water temperature (10~15°C) for flatfish culturing, the temperature of culturing water from the heat pump could rise from 7°C to 10.0~12.8°C if the temperature of wastewater was below 10°C and the flow rate was under 400 L/h. Comparatively, the temperature of culturing water from the heat pump could reach to 10.4~13.4°C by employing wastewater of 10.5~14.6°C with 700 L/h flow rate as the heat source of heat pump. Meanwhile, maximum temperature drop of wastewater from the heat pump was 9.2°C when the temperature of wastewater was above 10°C. Further more, with wastewater of 10.5~14.6°C as the heat source, the heating cost of culturing water from 7°C to 10~15°C by heat pump was 0.36, 2.91, 5.86 and 5.68 Yuan/t, which less than that of heating by coal (oil, gas)-fired boilers and electricity, respectively. Meanwhile, the heating of culturing water by heat pump from 7°C to 10~15°C can also decrease CO<inf>2</inf> emission of about 2.7~7.3 t annually than coal-fired boiler.

Number of references:31

Main heading:Heat pump systems

Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Carbon dioxide - Coal fired boilers - Flow rate - Gas fired boilers - Heating - Reciprocating compressors - Recovery - Seawater effects - Waste heat - Waste heat utilization - Wastewater

Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of Performance - Evaporator and condensers - Flatfish - Maximum temperature - Plate heat exchangers - Seawater source heat pump - Temperature increment - Wastewater temperature

Classification code:804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 643.1 Space Heating - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 631 Fluid Flow - 618.1 Compressors - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 524 Solid Fuels - 522 Gas Fuels - 521 Fuel Combustion and Flame Research - 471.5 Sea as Source of Minerals and Food - 471.4 Seawater, Tides and Waves - 452.3 Industrial Wastes

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.019

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431125

Title:Disinfection effect and kinetics of slightly acidic electrolyzed water for white shrimp

Authors:Ye, Zhangying (1); Qi, Fanyu (1); Pei, Luowei (1); Yang, Nan (1); He, Jinsong (2); Wei, Xiaoming (3); Zhu, Songming (1)

Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (2) College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (3) Institute of Facility Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China

Corresponding author:He, J.(hejinsong@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:223-230

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) with pH 5.0-6.5 is produced by electrolysis of dilute hydrochloric acid or salt solution in a chamber without a membrane. SAEW can effectively kill various pathogenic bacteria as one of the most potential green disinfectants. However, SAEW is susceptible to being exposed to time, air, and illumination etc. The influence of SAEW for inactivation of Escherichia coli on white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) under different washing conditions was investigated. At room temperature, the effectiveness of SAEW (with available chlorine concentration (ACC) of 20 mg/L, pH value of 6.1 and ORP of 812 mV) to inactivate Escherichia coli with different dipping times (2, 5 and 10 min), weight ratio of shrimp to SAEW (1:4, 1:10 and 1:20) was evaluated, and changes of ACC were also measured. For inoculation, each shrimp was determined to be intact, and then exposed to a 90°C water bath boiling for 20 min. to inactivate bacteria on the surface of shrimps. Each sample was inoculated with E. coli by spreading 0.5 mL onto each surface respectively and then placed in a clean bench for 20 min. to allow for the attached E. coli. The level of E. coli on the shrimp surface was ensured to be of approximately 6.0-7.0 lgCFU/mL, and bacterial cells on surfaces of shrimp or in residual solution after treatment were counted using a dilution plate count at 37°C for 24 h onto nutrient agar, and shrimp that were not washed were used as a control. Moreover, the decay kinetics models of ACC in SAEW during disinfection were established. The effect of SAEW on meat quality was also evaluated, respectively from color, pH value, hardness, and the moisture distribution. The results showed that SAEW has a strong bactericidal activity against E coli. on white shrimp, while distilled water has a relative weaker role. As the action time prolonged, and the amount of SAEW increased, the bactericidal effect of SAEW was intensified. Meanwhile, the residue bacteria colony in SAEW was also reduced and expenses of active chlorine was increased as the action time was prolonged, and the amount of SAEW increased during the disinfection process. The effective order of time on the bactericidal activity of SAEW was 10 min > 5 min > 2 min under the same ratio of shrimp to SAEW, dipping in SAEW (weight ratio of shrimp to SAEW was 1:4) for 10 min reduced E. coli population from 6.6 to 3.9 lgCFU/mL, which better than the control treatment. E. coli counts in a residual solution can reduce by 1-2 lgCFU/mL. Increasing the amount of SAEW enhanced the bactericidal effect obviously. The decay of ACC and bactericidal kinetic followed first-order kinetics during the disinfection process, and the model had good predicted results. In addition, there was no significant differences between the treated meat quality by SAEW and the controls, respectively from color, pH, hardness, and the moisture distribution of white shrimp meat. Therefore, SAEW has a strong bactericidal activity, and does not affect the meat quality of white shrimp, and has a great potential for application compared with the traditional thermal treatment.

Number of references:32

Main heading:Quality control

Controlled terms:Bacteria - Bactericides - Chlorine - Disinfection - Enzyme kinetics - Escherichia coli - Hardness - Kinetics - Meats - Moisture meters - pH - Shellfish

Uncontrolled terms:Available chlorine concentrations - Bactericidal activity - Disinfection process - First order kinetics - Litopenaeus vannamei - Moisture distribution - Pathogenic bacterium - Slightly acidic electrolyzed waters

Classification code:951 Materials Science - 944.1 Moisture Measuring Instruments - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 822.3 Food Products - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 801.2 Biochemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 462 Biomedical Equipment - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.029

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431119

Title:Optimization of enzyme-production conditions of Penicillium oxalicum and its ability for decomposition of stalks

Authors:Geng, Liping (1); Lu, Xiujun (2); Zhao, Quanli (1); Gao, Ningda (1); Liu, Wenju (1)

Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China; (2) College of Plant Protection, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China; (3) Research Center of Country North Mountain Engineering, Baoding 071001, China

Corresponding author:Liu, W.(liuwj@hebau.edu.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:170-179

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:The decomposition of corn stalks returning to soil is very difficult. It has been the hot topic as to how to accelerate the decomposition of corn stalks in soil around the world. Isolation of cellulose-decomposing bacteria or fungi was conducted using the method of cellulose-Congo red stain in soil with straw returning which was collected from wheat-corn rotation farmland in Hebei province. The ITS genetic sequence of the strain determined by PCR was of 99% homology with that of Penicillium oxalicum when compared with the known sequence in the NCBI database using pairwise BLAST. The isolated strain was identified as Penicillium oxalicum on the basis of its morphological characteristics and ITS genetic sequence analysis and preserved in the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC) with the preserved number of CGMCC NO.4842. The ability to decompose corn stalks and the conditions to produce enzymes by this strain were studied further. The results showed that the enzymatic activities of CMC and FPA were 672.8, 282.9 and 774.6, 618.3U when the strain was growing in the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) medium and corn stalks in the medium at 30°C for 72h, respectively. The total activity of cellulose on a corn stalks medium reached to 376.1U. Moreover, the optimum conditions for enzyme production were 3% beef extract peptone as the nitrogen source, 5% of inoculated level, 28-35°C, pH =4-7 and cultured for 48-96 h. The best combination of pH value, temperature, solid-liquid ratio, and incubation time was pH value=6.5, 30°C, solid-liquid ratio at 1:10, and incubation for 48h. When the strain was cultured with powder of corn stalks in a growth medium for 10 days, 87.3% of the corn stalks were decomposed and 1.90 times higher than that in the control. When the strain was incubated in soil with corn stalks for 30 days, the decomposition rate was 83.5% and 1.62 times higher than that in the control. Finally, the wheat pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of this strain on corn stalks decomposition in soil when the plant was grown for 50 days. The result showed that the straw decomposition rate was 70.8% and 15.1% higher than that in the control. In conclusion, the strain of Penicillium oxalicum isolated from the soil with straw returning could decompose the corn stalks efficiently.

Number of references:26

Main heading:Decomposition

Controlled terms:Azo dyes - Cellulose - Dyes - Enzymes - pH - Soils - Straw

Uncontrolled terms:Decomposition rate - Enzymatic activities - Microbiological cultures - Morphological characteristic - Optimum conditions - Penicillium oxalicum - Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose - Solid-liquid ratio

Classification code:821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 801.2 Biochemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.023

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431117

Title:Online prediction for dissolved oxygen of water quality based on support vector machine with time series similar data

Authors:Liu, Shuangyin (1); Xu, Longqin (1); Li, Daoliang (2); Zeng, Lihua (3)

Author affiliation:(1) College of Information, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China; (3) Beijing ERC for Internet of Things in Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (4) Beijing ERC for Advanced Sensor Technology in Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (5) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China

Corresponding author:Li, D.(dliangl@cau.edu.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:155-162

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Water quality regulation is one of the most important tasks in intensive aquaculture management. Grasping the trend of the dissolved oxygen concentration timely and accurately and regulating water quality dynamics are the key for healthy growth in the non-stress environment of aquatic products in order to solve the low prediction accuracy, inferior capability of dynamic learning, online updates, and high computational complexity of the traditional online forecasting methods for water quality in intensive aquaculture. The online prediction model of dissolved oxygen content in intensive aquaculture eriocheir sinensis cultures was introduced, which was based on the least squares support vector machine (LSSVR) with time series similar data. The time series data collected online was segmented clustered using a feature points segmented time warping distance algorithm. The subsequence data sets reduced the size and optimized the LSSVR models training process, achieving multiple LSSVR models online modeling, and segmented memory and storage. According to the forecast data sequence and LSSVR sub-model similarity, it adaptively chose the optimal sub-model to get the predicted output. The online model was used for the prediction of the dissolved oxygen changing in high-density eriocheir sinensis culture ponds during July 21, 2012 to July 31, 2012 in Yixing City, Jiangsu Province, China. Experimental results showed that the proposed prediction model of FPSTWD-LSSVR had a better prediction effect than the FPSTWD-LSSVR, ILSSVR, SONB-LSSVR, or off-line LSSVR algorithms. Under the same experimental conditions, the relative mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), maximum relative error (E<inf>max</inf>), relative root mean square error (RRMSE), and the running time differences between the FPSTWD-LSSVR and ILSSVR models were 47.93%, 43.47%%, 30.91%, and 5.16 s in the test period respectively. The relative MAPE, E<inf>max</inf>, RRMSE, and the running time differences between the FPSTWD-LSSVR and SONB-LSSVR models were 39.99%, 33.43%, 22.40%, and 2.74 s in the test period respectively. It is obvious that FPSTWD-LSSVR is more accurate than ILSSVR and SONB-LSSVR. The relative MAPE, E<inf>max</inf>, RRMSE and the running time differences between the FPSTWD-LSSVR and off-line LSSVR models were 16.14%, 9.03%, 8.41%, and 11.36 s in the test period respectively. The lower sample number, which cannot cover all types of characteristic in time series data, probably caused the prediction performance of FPSTWD-LSSVR to be slightly lower than the off-line LSSVR model. Overall, the online prediction model has a low computational complexity, fast convergence rate, high online prediction accuracy, and strong generalization ability. It is an effective online prediction method for the dissolved oxygen controlling in the high density eriocheir sinensis culture, and provides the basis of decisions for controlling water quality, setting the aquaculture water plan, and reducing the risk of cultivation.

Number of references:24

Main heading:Forecasting

Controlled terms:Algorithms - Aquaculture - Computational complexity - Digital storage - Mathematical models - Mean square error - Models - Optimization - Support vector machines - Time series - Water quality

Uncontrolled terms:Dissolved oxygen concentrations - Dissolved oxygen contents - Least squares support vector machines - Low computational complexity - Mean absolute percentage error - Online prediction - Similar datum - Time warping

Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 453.2 Water Pollution Control

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.021

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431109

Title:Effect of antecedent soil moisture on aggregate stability and splash erosion of krasnozem

Authors:Ma, Renming (1); Cai, Chongfa (1); Li, Zhaoxia (1); Wang, Junguang (1); Feng, Junyuan (1); Wu, Xinliang (1); Zhu, Huirong (3)

Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation, Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China; (2) Research Center of Water and Soil Conservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (3) Administrative Office of Landscape Greening, Zigui 443600, China

Corresponding author:Li, Z.(zxli@mail.hzau.edu.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:95-103

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Rainfall splash erosion, usually the first step in soil loss and sediment transport, is a critical process in hillslope water erosion. It is recognized that antecedent moisture content influences the re-aggregation of soil particles and their subsequent enhanced ability to resist exogenic soil erosional forces. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of antecedent moisture on aggregate stability and splash for Utisols in subtropical China. Four soil samples derived from Shale and Quaternary red soil and five antecedent moisture contents (3%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) were tested in this study. Effects of antecedent moisture on aggregate stability and splash erosion were discussed based on the analysis of aggregate water stability using wet-sieving method and rainfall simulation with an intensity of 60 mm/h for 45 minutes in laboratory. Mean weight diameter of aggregate water stability (MWD<inf>wa</inf>) was used as the aggregate stability index. The fragments splashed out were measured by wet sieving with sieves of 2.0 mm, 1.0 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.25 mm, respectively. And fragments less than 0.25 mm in size were then measured by a laser diffraction sizer in five classes (0.2-0.25 mm, 0.15-0.2 mm, 0.10-0.15 mm, 0.05-0.10 mm, and < 0.05 mm). The results showed that aggregate water stability significantly increased with increasing antecedent moisture content and slaking was the most efficient breakdown mechanism. With the increase of antecedent moisture content, MWD<inf>wa</inf> values of the soils derived from Shale significantly increased. However, the MWD<inf>wa</inf> values of soils derived from Quaternary red clay increased initially then decreased, with the most stable value at the moisture of 15%. With antecedent moisture content increasing, the total mass of splash for soils derived from Shale decreased, but decreased first then increased for soils derived from Quaternary red clay, with a minimum value at the moisture of 15%. The size-selectivity was determined by the size distribution and surface structure at different antecedent moisture contents. For more stable soils, size distribution of the splashed fragments is bimodal with a major peak at 1-0.5 mm and < 0.05 mm. For less stable soils, size distribution of splashed is unimodal with a large peak at 1-0.25 mm except the ones at the moisture of 20%. The results can provide a reference for agricultural water-soil engineering and water erosion mechanisms of Utisols, which has great significance for improving soil erosion models.

Number of references:38

Main heading:Aggregates

Controlled terms:Agglomeration - Erosion - Moisture - Moisture determination - Rain - Sediment transport - Shale - Size distribution - Soil mechanics - Soil moisture - Soils - Stability - Well drilling

Uncontrolled terms:Aggregate stability - Aggregate stability indices - Antecedent moisture - Antecedent soil moisture - Breakdown mechanism - Mean weight diameter - Rainfall simulations - Splash erosion

Classification code:801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 406 Highway Engineering - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 443.3 Precipitation - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.013

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431129

Title:Technology optimization of melatonin liposome using supercritical CO<inf>2</inf>

Authors:Zhao, Shaojie (1); Ye, Shengying (1); Ou, Chunfeng (1); Zheng, Senhong (1)

Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China

Corresponding author:Ye, S.(yesy@scau.edu.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:251-258

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Melatonin is an indole hormone produced by the pineal gland of mammals and humans. It can improve sleep, immune regulation, anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging, anti-tumor, lower blood pressure, regulate heart rate, protection of cardiovascular cells, kidneys, liver and other effects. Melatonin nutrient application in the food industry is greatly limited due to low solubility in water. When melatonin is made into liposomes, it's solubility in polar solvent is increased. However, the current preparing methods of melatonin liposomes are complicated, result in the low entrapment rate, high cost, and use too much organic solvent. From 1970s, supercritical fluids technology has been used in liposomal preparation because of its friendliness, nontoxicity to the environment and its solvent-free liposomes and industrial-scale of liposome production. Phospholipid, cholesterol and melatonin can be solvated by supercritical carbon dioxide concurrently with a certain proportion of ethanol under higher pressure. The liposomes can be obtained when the pressure is reduced to release CO<inf>2</inf>. The homogeneous super-critical solution is expanded and simultaneously mixed with the aqueous phase to yield liposomes encapsulating the lipid soluble drugs under the lower pressure. The experiment was conducted to enhance the bioavailability of melatonin by improving entrapment rate in this study. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the technical conditions of supercritical carbon dioxide method for the preparation of melatonin liposome. The entrapment rate of melatonin liposome as a major index was optimized based on the ethanol concentration, supercritical temperature and time by response surface methodology using single factor experiments. The applicability of the quadratic-multinomial-mathematical model developed based on the response surface methodology was verified. The results indicated that the highest entrapment rate of melatonin liposome was reached to 83.2% with the supercritical time of 35 min, the supercritical temperature of 50°C, ethanol concentration of 7.5%. Preparing melatonin liposome using supercritical CO<inf>2</inf> method was able to be controlled in laboratory. This method is encouraged for promotion in industrial production due to its high entrapment rate, small particle and great stability.

Number of references:27

Main heading:Optimization

Controlled terms:Biochemistry - Blood pressure - Carbon dioxide - Effluent treatment - Ethanol - Experiments - Hormones - Liposomes - Mathematical models - Phospholipids - Solubility - Supercritical fluid extraction - Supercritical fluids - Surface properties

Uncontrolled terms:Ethanol concentrations - Free radical scavenging - Melatonin - Response surface methodology - Single-factor experiments - Supercritical carbon dioxides - Supercritical temperatures - Technology optimization

Classification code:931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921 Mathematics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 461.9 Biology - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.033

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431111

Title:Information acquisition method of potted-seedling transplanting fitness using monocular vision

Authors:Yang, Zhenyu (1); Zhang, Wenqiang (1); Li, Wei (1); Chen, Ying (1); Song, Peng (1)

Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China

Corresponding author:Li, W.(liww@cau.edu.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:112-119

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:The potted-seedling growth state varies in the tray. Transplanting is the key in the nursery seedling process. In order to improve the survival rate of a transplanted potted-seedling, and solve the emergence problems such as seedlings growth, or irregular or broken seedlings, the fitness information of the perpendicularity and height of transplanted potted seedlings was comprehensively evaluated, and filtered out potted seedlings meeting the transplanting requirements. The potted-seedling jacked up by the push rod of the image acquisition system can be rotated 90°. A camera captured two images of the potted-seedling before and after it was rotated 90°. The gray-value probabilities histogram of the grayscale images RGB channels existing concentrated areas. At first, the image was pre-processed by 24-bit RGB source image converting to 8 bit grayscale algorithm, median filtering algorithm and gray stretching algorithm. Then, the trunk features of the potted-seedling were extracted by the image processing algorithms of thinning, horizontal expansion, and vertical erosion. Finally, the key points of every potted-seedling trunk were extracted by a Harris corner detection algorithm of 3×3 Gauss templates of the standard deviation was 0.65, and the fitting line was obtained by the weighted least-squares linear fitting with the key points, and the converted line slope was used as the identification parameter of the potted-seedling upright, and found out the maximum y-coordinate difference of all corners coordinates in each strain of potted-seedling, 110% of the difference was used as the identification parameters of the potted-seedling height. The perpendicularity and height of potted-seedlings had to meet evaluation requirements before being considered suitable for transplant. The perpendicularity and height of 30 strains of a pepper potted-seedling in twelve images were distinguished by machine vision technology at the 0 and 90°position, and the average time consuming of each image being processed was 0.35 s. According to evaluating indicators of the perpendicularity (45°<α<135°) and height (H>105 mm), it was determined that five potted-seedlings were suitable for transplanting, and wherein the measurement results of two potted-seedlings were converse using the vision measurement method or the manual measuring method. The error rate was 6.67% between the machine vision recognition results and the manual measurement results. The main reason for the deviation was that the manual measuring accuracy was affected by the leaves of the potted-seedlings obscuring the stems and the vibrations of the transplanting machine causing location changes during the process of rotating 90°.

Number of references:28

Main heading:Computer vision

Controlled terms:Algorithms - Identification (control systems) - Image processing - Image recognition - Information filtering - Strain

Uncontrolled terms:Corner detection - Height - Image acquisition systems - Image processing algorithm - Machine vision technologies - Median filtering algorithm - Perpendicularity - Potted-seedling transplanting

Classification code:951 Materials Science - 921 Mathematics - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 741.2 Vision - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 731.6 Robot Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 723.5 Computer Applications - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.015

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431127

Title:Adulteration detection of soymilk based on near-infrared spectroscopy

Authors:Li, Donghua (1); Pan, Yuanyuan (1); Zhang, Hui (1)

Author affiliation:(1) Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China

Corresponding author:Zhang, H.(zhhui-99@163.com)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:238-242

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:In order to rapidly detect the internal nutritive index and discriminate adulteration soymilk, the near infrared transmission spectrometer such as Purespect was used to obtain spectrums for 83 unadulterated and adulterated soymilk samples. The spectral scanning procedure was conducted in dark room, 643.26-954.15 nm wavelength range was chosen, scanning wavelength interval was 1.29 nm. Each soymilk sample was scanned three times. Pure soymilks were made according to the regulations in soymilk products industry standard SB/T 10633-2011. A lot of water, essence, thickening agent, food sunset yellow pigment were added to unadulterated soymilk samples in order to obtain adulterated soymilk samples. In this study, 31 adulteration samples and 62 unadulterated samples were prepared in the processing laboratories. 14 soymilk samples were gathered from the market. All samples were used to scan the spectrum and determining chemical composition. The experimental results indicated that smooth lines and clear spectrogram were obtained using Savitzky-Golay and the second derivative method. Chemometrics method of partial least squares (PLS) was used to the model calibration for protein and total solid content in samples. The correlation coefficient of predicted value and measured value of protein and total solid content for soymilk calibration samples were 0.9756 and 0.9489 respectively. The correction of root mean square error for soymilk calibration samples were 0.186 and 0.175 respectively. 12 and 14 was selected for principal component number respectively. 24 prediction samples were prepared for analyzing predictive capability. The results indicated that the residual values of predicted value and measured value for soymilk prediction samples were small and close to zero. The distribution of residual was uniform for both sides of zero line. The residual sums between predicted and measured protein and total solid content values were-0.074 and-1.191 respectively. The results verified that the calibration models could accurately predict the protein and total solid content for soymilk samples. According to the standard of soymilk industry, the internal nutrition of sample was satisfied and the sample was disqualified when the protein mass fraction in soymilk samples was less than 2%, the total solids mass fraction in soymilk samples was less than 6%. Through comparing the predicted values of prediction samples with the regulation values by soymilk industry standard, No. 6-22 samples were disqualified. The resolution of individually adulterated soymilk from all prediction samples was 100% based on the practical sample collection conditions and measured value by chemical methods. The results verified that the protein and total solid content calibration models were capable of discriminating the adulteration soymilk. This experiment indicated that rapidly detect the major quality index and discriminate adulteration soymilk were achieved based on NIR spectra. This detection method can be used to support for the healthy and abidingly development of soymilk industry.

Number of references:22

Main heading:Proteins

Controlled terms:Calibration - Forecasting - Industry - Infrared devices - Least squares approximations - Mean square error - Near infrared spectroscopy - Nondestructive examination - Principal component analysis

Uncontrolled terms:Chemical compositions - Correlation coefficient - Partial least square (PLS) - Predictive capabilities - Root mean square errors - Soy milk - Total solids contents - Transmission spectrometers

Classification code:943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.031

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431098

Title:Improved design and test of 4UFD-1400 type potato combine harvester

Authors:Wei, Hongan (1); Zhang, Junlian (2); Yang, Xiaoping (1); Huang, Xiaopeng (1); Dai, Lixun (1); Sun, Guanghui (1); Liu, Xing (1)

Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (2) College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

Corresponding author:Zhang, J.(zhangjunlian99@yahoo.com.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:12-17

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Aimed at the existing problems revealed in a field test of 4UFD-1400 potato combine harvester, such as higher transmission speed, easy bruising on potato tuber epidermis, and blockade in potato conveying and grading bagging process, the transmission system, potato tuber conveying system, and stalk separating device of the machine were improved, and potato harvest experiments were conducted on parallel sowing dry land and double ridge sowing fully-mulching dry land. The results of field harvest contrast tests showed that the devices for soil separation, stalk separation, potato tuber conveying, grading and bagging of the improved machine work more stably and reliably compared to the original one. The improved machine exhibits good quality and adaptability to the potato harvest both in the parallel sowing dry land and double ridge sowing fully-mulching dry land, and also good ability for the separation of potato seedlings, weeds, and mulch films. It can work effectively in the conditions without clearing mulch films, potato seedlings, and weeds. The improved design of the potato vertical lifting device and additional design of a chain rod type horizontal conveying device for graded tubers effectively prevents potato tubers from stacking and being in the conveying process, and enhances the soil separation. The potato harvester enables a one-stop achievement of potato digging, soil-potato separating, stalks, weeds, and mulch films removing, potato conveying, grading, collecting, and bagging procedures. The tuber size grading can be adjusted according to the user's requirements. The potato harvesting operation requires only one tractor driver and two auxiliary workers, which effectively decreases the labor cost, simplifies the commodity potato processing links, and enhances the production efficiency. When the harvester is matched with a John Deal JDT654 type tractor with the rated power of 48 kW, its working productivity achieves 0.46 hm2/h. Meanwhile, the potato loss rate, injury rate, skin-broken rate, and impurity rate are less than 0.8%, 1.8%, 2.9%, and 1.2%, respectively. These four indicators decrease significantly compared with the original machine, which meet the requirements of the national agricultural industrial standard as NY/T 1130-2006 potato harvesting machinery. The whole structure is more compact, and beautiful, and the assembling unit mobility is better. It is suitable for harvesting the potatoes planted in the dry land and the film covering dry land with soft soil and no hardening.

Number of references:24

Main heading:Grading

Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Combines - Design - Electric power transmission - Harvesters - Harvesting - Separation - Soils - Testing - Tractors (truck) - Wages

Uncontrolled terms:Combine harvesters - Harvesting operations - Improvement - Industrial standards - Potato - Production efficiency - Transmission systems - Vertical lifting device

Classification code:911.1 Cost Accounting - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 408 Structural Design - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.002

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431122

Title:Evaluation of regional land use sustainability and its spatial-temporal pattern among provinces in China

Authors:Zhao, Xingguo (1); Pan, Yujun (2); Ding, Sheng (3); Liu, Shufen (1); Duan, Ruting (1); Wei, Qun (1); Su, Hua (1)

Author affiliation:(1) College of Resource and Environment, Baoshan University, Baoshan 678000, China; (2) Department of Tourism and Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China; (3) College of Business, Honghe University, Mengzi 661100, China

Corresponding author:Pan, Y.(13888346995@139.com)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:196-204

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Land sustainable use is the core content and important basis of regional sustainable development. We made a quantitative evaluation of regional land use sustainability, and the research results can provide a scientific basis for making strategies, policies, and countermeasures of land sustainable use. In order to explore the degree of land sustainable use and its spatial-temporal pattern in Chinese provinces, with the ecological footprint model based on an improved "national hectare," this study constructed a land use sustainability coefficient, and evaluated the state of sustainable land use of Chinese provinces, with a time span from 1998 to 2008. We adjusted the unit of measurement of yield factor and equivalence factor of ecological footprint model, that is, we adjusted a global hectare to a national hectare, and further calculated a per capita ecological footprint and a per capita ecological capacity. We finally stated a land use sustainability coefficient for using a per capita ecological capacity divided by the sum of a per capita ecological footprint and a per capita ecological capacity. Using the evaluation results as the basis, with a ArcGIS 10.0 software platform, this paper drew a spatial-temporal pattern map of the degree of land sustainable use in Chinese provinces, and analyzed the spatial data. The results showed that: From the temporal variation characteristics, the degree of land sustainable use was generally relatively low in Chinese provinces, and there appeared to be a land-use deficit phenomenon in different degrees, the degree of land sustainable use showed a rising trend for nearly 71% of Chinese provinces, but their growth was not balanced, and some of them showed larger changes. From the spatial pattern and its evolution characteristics, the degree of land sustainable use in the eastern coastal regions, northeast regions, central regions, and western regions showed a progressively declining trend. Although the local provinces of China had some changes, the overall spatial pattern showed minor changes. Those provinces in which the degree of land was in IIb, IIIc and IIIb were decreased by 4, 6, and 13 percentage points. On the contrary, in these provinces in which the degree of land was in IIIa, were increased by 23 percentage points, and were mostly in the central and western regions. The spatial pattern of the land use sustainability coefficient presented a continuous optimization and showed a benign development trend. However, the cardinal number of a per capita ecological footprint was higher, and the rate of change of a per capita ecological footprint and a per capita ecological capacity had a smaller gap. These two reasons became a major factor of a land use deficit, and a rapid growth of population was also an important factor. Trade and regional complementarities can solve this problem. This study provides a scientific basis and decision-making reference for creating strategies, policies, and measures of land development and sustainable use in Chinese provinces.

Number of references:29

Main heading:Land use

Controlled terms:Ecology - Environmental protection - Geographic information systems - Models - Planning - Population statistics - Sustainable development

Uncontrolled terms:Continuous optimization - Ecological footprint - Evolution characteristics - Quantitative evaluation - Regional sustainable development - Spatial temporals - Sustainable assessment - Sustainable land use

Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 723.3 Database Systems - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.026

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431120

Title:Ethanol fermentation characteristics of thermotolerant Issatchenkia orientalis

Authors:Wang, Fengqin (1); Wang, Yuanyuan (1); Tao, Xi (1); Zhang, Rui (1); Xie, Hui (1); Song, Andong (1)

Author affiliation:(1) Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China

Corresponding author:Song, A.(song1666@126.com)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:180-187

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:As a renewable and clean energy, bio-ethanol has been received widespread attention in recent years. Ethanol fermentation at high temperature can reduce the consumption of cooling water and energy in the process of fermentation, it also solve the problems caused by saccharification and uncontrolled fermentation temperature, resulting in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulosic ethanol. Therefore, the fermentation period can be shorten and the production cost be reduced. A thermotolerant yeast strain HN-1 isolated from rotting tobacco leaves was identified and its ethanol fermentation characteristics was investigated in this study. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that phylogenetic phylogenetistrain HN-1 behaved like Issatchenkia orientalis. This strain useed glucose and D-fructose but could not use xylose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, starch and cellobiose as sole carbon source to produce ethanol. When HN-1 was cultivated in 50 g/L glucose liquid medium, the highest biomass was obtained at 35 and 38°C. Increasing the cultivation temperature to 42 and 45°C decreased the biomass growth and intensified the cell death. There was no major difference between ethanol productions (21.43~23.12 g/L) fermented at 35~45°C from 50 g/L glucose. When increasing the fermentation temperature, the ethanol productivity was increased from 0.31 g/(L·h) at 35°C to 0.65 g/(L·h) at 45°C after 24h fermentation. The fermentation time was shortened. When the fermentation was conducted at 38°C, 28.77, 43.21, 58.19 and 59.53 g/L ethanol were produced from 60, 90, 120 and 150 g/L glucose with yields of 0.457, 0.468, 0.460 and 0.386 g/g and productivities of 0.38, 0.39, 0.48 and 0.40 g/(L·h) The results also indicated that fed batch fermentation could not enhance the ethanol production. Strain HN-1 could utilize corn straw hydrolysate with 43.08 g/L glucose and 27.13 g/L xylose to produce 20.74 g/L ethanol. The glucose conversion rate was 0.468 g/g, which was 91.6% of the theoretical yield. Noxylose was utilized during the fermentation. This research provides a valuable thermotolerant strain. It is expected that it will be beneficial for industrialized production of bio-ethanol with high temperature fermentation.

Number of references:30

Main heading:Fermentation

Controlled terms:Bioethanol - Cell death - Cellulosic ethanol - Ethanol - Glucose - Saccharification - Straw

Uncontrolled terms:Fed-batch fermentation - Fermentation temperature - Industrialized production - Issatchenkia orientalis - Phylogenetic analysis - Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation - Strain identification - Thermotolerant yeasts

Classification code:461.8 Biotechnology - 461.9 Biology - 523 Liquid Fuels - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.024

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431107

Title:Studying soil pore structure by using image filtering technology based on partial differential equation model

Authors:Hua, Shan (1); Chen, Yan (1); Liang, Lutao (1); Ren, Tusheng (1)

Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

Corresponding author:Chen, Y.(chenyan@cau.edu.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:78-85

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:In this paper, we applied an original image filter called BMO (bounded mean oscillation) and two other common image filters, the PM filter (Perona-Malik PDE model), and the median filter, to remove the noise and estimate the porosity and pore size distribution of digital images of a soil thin section obtained from three contrasting tillage systems (conventional tillage, rotary tillage, and zero tillage) and soil layers. The BMO filter uses a new derivative format to detect the boundary characteristics of images, and eliminates the influence of image noise using the mathematical method of integral average. The results showed that the BMO filter performed better than the other two filters in detecting image edges and detail characteristics. Compared with the other two techniques, the BMO filter gave a significantly higher porosity for the soil pore with aperture < 5 μm, and the soil porosity obtained from the BMO filter was the closest to the experimental data. The PM filter produced higher porosities for the pores with aperture 5 to 50 μm and > 50 μm than the other two filters, but no significant differences were observed among them. It followed that the PM filter was a little better than the other two filters in analyzing pores with aperture >5 μm. There were no remarkable differences between the soil porosities with aperture > 50 μm obtained from the three image filters and experimental data. However, for soil pores with aperture < 50 μm, porosities obtained from the image filters and experimental data were significantly different. The main reason for that was that the two-dimensional soil slice could not completely represent a three-dimensional structure of undisturbed soil samples. Image resolution may also impact on identifying small soil pores. The advantage of a BMO filter on identifying small soil pores to some extent compensated the loss of small soil pores caused by a preparation of soil section and image resolution. Our results also indicated that the conventional and rotary tillage systems improved soil porosity and the ratio of transmission pores (pores with aperture &gt; 50 μm) in a surface soil layer. Zero tillage decreased soil porosity due to the reduction of mechanical disturbance on a surface soil layer, and showed beneficial effects on increasing the ratio of storage pores (with apertures of 5 to 50 μm).

Number of references:25

Main heading:Soils

Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Cultivation - Digital storage - Harmonic analysis - Image processing - Image resolution - Models - Partial differential equations - Pore size

Uncontrolled terms:Boundary characteristics - Bounded mean oscillations - Image filters - Mechanical disturbance - Partial differential equation models - Porosity and pore size - Soil Porosity - Three-dimensional structure

Classification code:921.6 Numerical Methods - 921.2 Calculus - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 951 Materials Science - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 742 Cameras and Photography

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.011

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431108

Title:Interactive effect of salinity and nitrogen application on sunflower growth

Authors:Zeng, Wenzhi (1); Xu, Chi (1); Huang, Jiesheng (1); Wu, Jingwei (1); Gao, Zhen (1)

Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China

Corresponding author:Huang, J.(jshuanga@public.wh.hb.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:86-94

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:For understanding the interaction effect of salinity and nitrogen on sunflower growth, complete block design experiments were conducted in Hetao Irrigation District of China, and the observation index included sunflower emergency rate, plant height, leaf area, above-ground dry weights, nitrogen uptake, and yield. To be more specific, 14 days after sowing, we observed the number of sunflower seedlings daily, and their emergence rate was calculated by dividing the number of seedlings 14 days after sowing by the total seeds of sunflowers. Furthermore, the leaf area was measured by a portable leaf area meter (YMJ-C, TuoPu, China), and plant height was measured by tape. After the sunflowers were harvested, sunflower seeds were weighed after air-drying (moisture &lt;8%), and then sieved to remove debris; two uniform plants from each lysimeter were manually uprooted at maturity for nitrogen uptake analysis and determination of biological yield. These plants were partitioned into flower disks, stems, leaves, seeds, and roots, were weighed after drying at 70°C to a constant weight, and the biological yield of each component was recorded. In order to determine nitrogen uptake, samples of each plant part were grinded and screened through a 0.5 mm sieve. Total nitrogen concentration was determined by the micro-Kjeldahl method, and the ratio between seed yield and nitrogen application was selected as the evaluation indictor for nitrogen use efficiency of each micro-plot. The experimental results indicated that soil salinity significantly affects sunflower growth, and that the soil salinity level of S<inf>4</inf>(&gt;1%) could reduce 72.0% emergency rate, 40.0% plant height, 58.5% leaf area, and 76.4% yield related to the S<inf>1</inf>(0-0.25%) salinity level. Furthermore, sunflower emergence has a negative linear relationship with soil salinity in different nitrogen application rates. A nitrogen fertilizer application could alleviate the adverse effects of salinity on sunflower growth to some extent. To be more specific, at the S<inf>3</inf> salinity level (0.5%-1.0%), increasing the nitrogen application rate from N<inf>1</inf>(90 kg/hm2) to N<inf>3</inf>(180 kg/hm2) could increase the emergence rate, plant height, leaf area, dry matter amount, and seed yield to 16.7%, 35.6%, 39.1%, 69.9%, and 80.0% respectively. Furthermore, when the salinity level was above 1.0%, these 5 indicators increased 45.4%, 20.5%, 47.4%, 42.7%, and 76.2% respectively. However, this relationship was not obvious when the soil salt content was smaller than 0.5%. In addition, although sunflower nitrogen uptake increased with nitrogen application, the nitrogen use efficiency (NU<inf>a</inf>E) was also affected by the soil salinity level. More exactly, when the soil salt content was smaller than 0.5%, the NU<inf>a</inf>E decreased with the nitrogen application, and the opposite phenomenon occurred when the soil salt content was larger than 0.5%. Moreover, taking economic profits, environment production, and irrigation schedule into consideration, we suggested the optimal nitrogen application rate for sunflower growth in the Hetao Irrigation District was 135 kg/hm2.

Number of references:37

Main heading:Nitrogen

Controlled terms:Forestry - Irrigation - Moisture determination - Nitrogen fertilizers - Plants (botany) - Salts - Seed - Soils - Water management

Uncontrolled terms:Fertilizer applications - Hetao irrigation districts - Interaction - Interaction effect - Irrigation schedule - Linear relationships - Nitrogen application rates - Nitrogen-use efficiency

Classification code:944.2 Moisture Measurements - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 461.9 Biology - 446 Waterworks - 444 Water Resources

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.012

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431106

Title:Retrieving soil moisture by using spaceborne advanced scattorometer

Authors:Wan, Youchuan (1); Chen, Jing (1); Yu, Fan (2); Jia, Yi (2)

Author affiliation:(1) School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; (2) Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China

Corresponding author:Chen, J.(jechin@163.com)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:70-77

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Traditionally, a monitoring network is set up to collect soil moisture information for a large area. The construction of monitoring networks is rather expensive in terms of both time and materials. However, the monitoring result is only point representativeness, and cannot satisfy a large area soil moisture mapping demand. Compared to traditional in-situ monitoring network results, information retrieved from spaceborne or airborne instruments is area representative. Moreover, the remote sensing method is much more timely and low cost. ERS (European remote sensing satellites) series satellites and METOP (meteorological operational satellite) series satellites provide global coverage, continuous, long-term, high revisit rate (2-5 days, determined by different latitudes) datasets. SCAT (scatterometer) and ASCAT (advanced catterometer) are the main scatterometer instruments onboard them respectively. Finding a practical retrieving method tailored for SCAT and ASCAT is very urgent. Referring to the TU-WIEN presented by Wolfgang in 1999, a practical method base on multi-angle long-term series change detection was developed in this paper. TU-WIEN takes full advantages of the multi-viewing capabilities of the sensor, the availability of several years of backscatter data, and a high temporal sampling rate. Taking the roughness, inhomogeneity, and vegetation cover of the land surface into account, soil moisture is retrieved by analyzing long time mass data with statistical techniques. However, there is still some weakness in the algorithm. An improvement was proposed in this paper, in which two key model parameters σ'(θ, t) and σ″(θ, t) are generated by adaption learning functions by changing a time moving window in sequence, instead of experience functions as used in the prior version. The proposed method can perform more stably and can be transplanted to different areas more easily. Besides, abnormal observations are removed from the long-term huge amounts of data to avoid fatal damage for the final output. In the experiment in the Iberian peninsula, the new function of σ'(θ, t) which were generated by a new adapting time moving window, represented the seasonal variation of σ'(θ). In addition, the experiment showed that the new adaption learning function could successfully take the place of the old experience one. Furthermore, the improved method was applied in Tibet Plateau area, where soil moisture is urgent needed. To validate the proposed algorithm, the result retrieved from remote sensing method was compared with in-situ observations which were collected in Maqu monitoring network in the Tibet-Obs plan. A good consistent relationship was found between the retrieval results and in-situ observations. The RMSE (root mean square error) was 0.0155, and the related coefficient R2 was 0.8361. The applicability of the algorithm was validated preliminarily. The algorithm is worthy of being applied to more needed areas to help take the advantages of satellite monitoring into practical use.

Number of references:40

Main heading:Soil moisture

Controlled terms:Algorithms - Experiments - Mean square error - Meteorological instruments - Remote sensing - Satellites - Vegetation

Uncontrolled terms:ERS - European remote sensing satellites - METOP - Related coefficients - RMSE (root mean square error) - Scatterometers - Soil moisture mapping - Statistical techniques

Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 731.1 Control Systems - 921 Mathematics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 443.2 Meteorological Instrumentation - 655.2 Satellites

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.010

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431114

Title:Shadow removal method of apples based on fuzzy set theory

Authors:Song, Huaibo (1); Zhang, Weiyuan (1); Zhang, Xinxin (1); Zou, Ruizhi (1)

Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China

Corresponding author:Song, H.(songyangfeifei@163.com)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:135-141

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Illumination changes and shadows are the problems that must be considered in the recognition of fruits in nature scenes. In order to improve the accuracy of apple extraction under the influence of shadows, an apple surface shadow removal algorithm based on a fuzzy set was presented. In this algorithm, the image including shadows could be seen as a fuzzy matrix. The membership function was used for image de-blurring processing so as to enhance the image and then weaken the shadow's influence on apple segmentation. After the usage of a fuzzy set theory, the saturation of each pixel should be enhanced so as to reduce the difference of the adjacent pixel points. In order to verify the validity of the algorithm, a gray threshold algorithm and k-means color clustering algorithm were adapted to segment targets before and after shadow removal. In addition, the gray threshold method used in this paper was an Otsu adaptive threshold which could be objective for the judgment of segmentation results. For the k-means method used in this paper, the parameter k was selected as k=3, which means that all the images were clustered into leaves, branches, and apples. In this paper, four criteria such as A<inf>f</inf> (Segmentation error), FPR (False Positive Rate), FNR (False Negative Rate), and OI (Overlap Index) were used to evaluate the segmentations results. The results showed that after shadow removal, the target extraction area using the two segmentation algorithms were larger than that before shadow removal. The average segmentation error was 3.08% and 3.46% of the two segmentation algorithms, and it decreased 20.53% and 25.92% respectively when compared with the result before shadow removal. The FPR and FNR decreased 29.79%, 28.98%, 21.25%, and 29.83%, and OI increased 30.96% and 24.55%. In order to further verify the validity of this algorithm, the proposed algorithm was compared with a gray scale transform method and histogram equalization method. The experimental results showed that under the method proposed in this paper, the average segmentation error was reduced by 29.23% compared with the result obtained by the gray scale transform method, FPR and FNR was reduced by 30.97% and 20.40%, while OI increased by 26.60%. Then the method proposed by this paper was compared with the histogram equalization method, resulting in the segmentation errors being reduced by 25.59%, and FPR and FNR was reduced by 22.74% and 27.56%, while OI increased by 27.43%. This series of data showed that the presented algorithm could get better shadow removal effects. All these results showed that the presented shadow removal algorithm proposed by this paper could improve the target segmentation performance and are feasible and effective to remove the shadows of apples. This method has very broad further significance.

Number of references:21

Main heading:Image segmentation

Controlled terms:Clustering algorithms - Extraction - Fruits - Fuzzy set theory - Fuzzy sets - Graphic methods - Image processing - Pixels - Robots

Uncontrolled terms:Apples - False positive rates - Histogram equalizations - Illumination changes - Segmentation algorithms - Segmentation results - Shadow removal - Threshold algorithms

Classification code:921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 741.1 Light/Optics - 731.5 Robotics - 723.5 Computer Applications - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.018

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431105

Title:Simulation of transient performance of vehicle turbocharged diesel engine during acceleration process

Authors:Huang, Fenlian (1); Ji, Wei (1); Zhou, Wei (2); Zhang, Lu (1)

Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineer, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Institute of Road Research, Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100088, China

Corresponding author:Ji, W.(jiwei21st@163.com)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:63-69

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Currently, the transient response and emission performance of turbocharged direct injection (DI) diesel engines under transient conditions become the research focus. To predict the performance and nitrogen oxides (NO) emission of vehicle turbocharged DI diesel engines during acceleration process, firstly, a zero-dimensional thermodynamic real time simulation model was developed to describe the working process in cylinder, which based on energy and mass conservation within the engine cycle and the filling and emptying method. The thermodynamic model takes all the engine subsystems into account, namely turbocharger, intercooler, fuel pump and speed governor. In order to simulate the accelerating operation more accurately, the two-vibe curve model was adopted to simulate the actual heat release rate and fuel burning speed. In addition, the incomplete combustion was taken into consideration. Furthermore, the convective heat transfer rate to the combustion chamber walls was simulated through the Woschni's heat-transfer coefficient with transient correction. Secondly, According to crankshaft torque balance based on the conservation of angular momentum principle, the instantaneous values for engine speed and angular acceleration were calculated. Specifically, the engine indicated torque that includes the contribution of gas and reciprocating inertia forces of all cylinders was calculated according to the instantaneous cylinder pressure and engine dynamics. The friction torque of diesel engine was assumed to be a function of the mean friction pressure, working volume of cylinder and instantaneous engine speed. Moreover, the load torque was determined via the torque balance of power-train system. Subsequently, both thermal and prompt NO mechanism were applied to predict NO emissions, and the extended-Zeldovich mechanism and overall reaction rate theory were adopted to simulate the net formation rate of NO. Finally, all above models were integrated and a simulation platform of the entire vehicle system was established based on the Matlab/Simulink. Using a step input signal as the step throttle (fuel pump rack position) change, and the model can be run to mimic vehicle real acceleration process under various (vehicle) speeds and gear. The model was validated through comparison of the simulation results with measured values. Fortunately, the simulation results are quite in line with the actual situation, and showed that the design of model was reasonable and accurate. Particularly, the prompt NO mechanism contribute about 5.26~11.36 percent to the production of total NO under the steady-state operating conditions. During the early cycles of the acceleration transient conditions, the turbocharger lags behind about 0.14 seconds. Additionally, both thermal and prompt NO emissions increase considerably owing to the initially low air-fuel ratio. The results of this study can be greatly helpful to predict and analysis the transient performance and NO emission of turbocharged diesel engines.

Number of references:29

Main heading:Diesel engines

Controlled terms:Acceleration - Combustion chambers - Computer simulation - Engine cylinders - Engines - Forecasting - Friction - Fuel pumps - Nitric oxide - Nitrogen oxides - Speed - Superchargers - Torque - Turbomachinery - Vehicles

Uncontrolled terms:Acceleration process - Convective heat transfer rates - Direct injection diesel engines - Instantaneous engine speed - Real-time simulation models - Steady-state operating conditions - Transient performance - Turbocharged diesel engine

Classification code:921 Mathematics - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 723.5 Computer Applications - 654.2 Rocket Engines - 618 Compressors and Pumps - 931.1 Mechanics - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 523 Liquid Fuels - 522 Gas Fuels - 432 Highway Transportation - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine Components

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.009

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431099

Title:Monitoring method and sensor for grain separation loss on axial flow combine harvester

Authors:Liang, Zhenwei (1); Li, Yaoming (1); Zhao, Zhan (1)

Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China

Corresponding author:Li, Y.(ymli@ujs.edu.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:18-26

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:The ratio of the separation loss was an important indicator to measure the operating performance of a combine harvester, and it also was an important criterion to adjust the relevant operating parameters. It was hard to monitor the separation loss directly for a combine harvester when harvesting high-yielding rice. To monitor the separation loss in real time, this paper promoted a new method to monitor the separation loss. The method mainly included the following steps: draw distribution functions of separated grain in an axial direction of a threshing rotor in a laboratory test-rig and select a proper detecting area under the separating concave; then establish a mathematical model among relevant variables; develop a grain detecting sensor which could discriminate free grains from MOG; and fix the sensor on a combine harvester, based on the detecting mathematical model to calculate grain separation loss in real time. To achieve this purpose, a threshing-separation experiment was carried out in an axial threshing-separating-cleaning test-bed, which selected Wu "2645" rice as test materials. In addition, the vertical and horizontal distribution of the mixed material under the longitudinal-axial drum was studied with different feeding quantity. More detailed comparative analysis and research was carried out on different feeding quantity, deriving the separation probability model along the radial and axial direction of the longitudinal axial of the flow threshing drum, and establishing an indirectly monitoring mathematical model of separation loss. The accuracy of the grain loss monitoring sensor was the key to accurately measuring the grain flow in the monitoring area. To obtain the grain detecting signal effectively, high-sensitivity receiver material piezoelectric ceramic YT-5 and PVDF films were selected as sensitive components, and a signal process circuit which was composed of voltage amplifier, band-pass filter, precision full-wave rectification, envelope detector to measure the grain impact signal and a secondary instrument which used AT89C52 microcontroller as the core chip were developed to acquire the grain impact signal, a collision signal that had been studied according to comparative collision test; an ellipsoid particle model was established according to the physical properties of rice grain and used the discrete element method, which used Hertz-Mindlin to model as a contact mechanics model, to simulate the impact process of a grain with a detection sensor, which provided a basic reference for selecting the sensitive plate, and one-degree freedom vibration isolation was incorporated in the sensor to eliminate the influence of the combine harvester's vibration. The grain loss monitoring sensor was installed on the combine harvester utilizing the indirect monitoring method which was promoted in this paper to detect separation loss in the field working process. Field test results showed that the separation loss monitoring method was feasible, and the performance of the grain loss monitor sensor was stable. The biggest measurement relative error of the separation losses was 3.03% when harvesting rice. The study of this paper realized real-time monitoring grain separation loss, which laid a good foundation for a practical engineering application.

Number of references:30

Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)

Controlled terms:Agricultural engineering - Agriculture - Bandpass filters - Combines - Deformation - Detector circuits - Experiments - Finite difference method - Harvesters - Mathematical models - Mindlin plates - Monitoring - Piezoelectric ceramics - Sensors - Signal detection - Signal receivers - Vibrations (mechanical) - Voltage regulators

Uncontrolled terms:At89c52 microcontrollers - Grain detecting sensors - Grain separations - High-sensitivity receivers - Horizontal distribution - Longitudinal-axial drums - Performance experiment - Practical engineering applications

Classification code:821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 812.1 Ceramics - 931.1 Mechanics - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 801 Chemistry - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 703.2 Electric Filters - 713.3 Modulators, Demodulators, Limiters, Discriminators, Mixers - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 717 Optical Communication - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.003

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431112

Title:Yield estimation of winter wheat in early growth periods by vehicle-borne ground-based remote sensing system

Authors:Li, Shuqiang (1); Li, Minzan (2)

Author affiliation:(1) College of Agricultural Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China

Corresponding author:Li, M.(limz@cau.edu.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:120-127

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:The index of crop growth monitoring has a close relationship with crop yield. It could forecast a large-scale food state that indicates a possibility of either a missing or surplus yield as early as possible, and it is therefore important for the macro control of food. Using near-ground remote sensing is significant to understanding the growth of crops and providing accurate and scientific data for precision agriculture. For the small area growers, the vehicle-borne system shows the good prospects and has gradually become the first choice method. This paper discusses a method that is one of the most important tools for yield prediction for winter wheat in the jointing stage. It is an efficient, flexible, and economical operation for a small region. Usually the vehicle-borne growth monitoring system cannot maintain steady operations due to the row spacing of winter wheat in the jointing stage. The background interference on the reflectance will not be suppressed effectively, which will result in a deviation in the growth monitoring and yield prediction. In order to overcome this problem, a new vegetation index named MPRI (mobile photochemical reflectance index) was applied for the yield prediction in this paper. The MPRI derives from the PRI (photochemical reflectance index), which is defined as a normalized difference index using two narrow reflectance bands at 531 and 570 nm that are closely related to xanthophyll cycle pigment content. It has been successfully used to estimate leaf photosynthetic light use efficiency (LUE) across species which vary in water content and nitrogen concentration. Previous research studies demonstrated that a consistent relationship could be established between PRI and LUE calculated from gas exchange measurements at the leaf, small canopy, and full forestor crop canopy scales. It also showed some relationship between the PRI, LUE and wheat yield. The MPRI, which is proposed by this article, was constructed from the two reflectance bands which is a similar principle to PRI, and is constantly obtained by the vehicle-borne system sensors. The tests were carried out by the vehicle-borne system on the winter wheat field. The vehicle-borne system collected the reflectance data of the wheat canopy with the sensors at a sampling rate of 1 point per second. The GPS receiver obtained the location information at the same rate. The indexes of NDVI, TCARI, and MPRI were separately used for the diagnosis and analysis of the yield of wheat canopy, and finally their diagnosis results were contrasted. The results indicated that: It has satisfactory forecasting accuracy on the wheat yield by using the MPRI on the moving monitoring, and the R2 was about 0.76, which was same effect as much higher as by using NDVI. However, the MPRI has a better effect on removing the background interference. This is mainly because the canopy and the soil show the significant difference color. The MPRI of soil and winter wheat canopy are easily distinguishable by the threshold. By focusing on the yield spatial distribution, it was proposed that wheat yields, which were predicted by MPRI, were proven to be transformed with inverse distance weighted (IDW). It was proved that this method showed a positive effect on the yield prediction with the canopy reflectance in the jointing stage of wheat.

Number of references:25

Main heading:Crops

Controlled terms:Estimation - Forecasting - Geographic information systems - Global positioning system - Interference suppression - Models - Reflection - Remote sensing - Vehicles

Uncontrolled terms:Early growth - Gas exchange measurements - Ground-based remote sensing - Inverse distance weighted - MPRI - Normalized difference indices - Photochemical reflectance index - Yield estimation

Classification code:902.1 Engineering Graphics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 731.1 Control Systems - 921 Mathematics - 723.3 Database Systems - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 432 Highway Transportation - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.016

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431131

Title:Physicochemical properties changes of sea buckthorn cloudy juice during cold crushing, concentrating and storage

Authors:Song, Zijuan (1); Xu, Huaide (1); Gao, Jinming (2); Zhang, Minglan (3); Xiao, Rui (1); Li, Wenjuan (1)

Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China; (2) College of Science, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China; (3) Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lasa 850032, China

Corresponding author:Xu, H.(xuhuaide@yahoo.com.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:264-270

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Sea buckthorn berries were used as raw materials to study the process of concentrating sea buckthorn cloudy juice and their quality. Physicochemical properties including vitamin C, total flavonoids, total polyphenols, polysaccharides, pH value, total acidity, and browning index changed. Cold crushing sea buckthorn berries, concentrating production and the storage of concentrated cloudy juices were investigated systematically. The results showed that the quality of sea buckthorn juice obtained by cold crushing process technology was excellent. The contents of soluble solids and total acidity reached to 18.0% and 4.24% of sea buckthorn juice obtained respectively. It contained vitamin C 729.69 mg/100 mL, flavonoids 445.17 mg/100 mL, total polyphenols 924.67 mg/100 mL and polysaccharides 25.22 mg/100 mL. Disc milk separator removed the impurities and oil in sea buckthorn juice due to horizontal screw centrifuge. Whole cold crushing was fast with low temperature. Nutrient and health components in sea buckthorn juice lost less, they had been effectively enriched. Then, different concentrations for multiple sea buckthorn juices were processed at 45°C by evaporation in the vacuum of 0.095~0.1 MPa. With the increase of the concentration, the loss rate of nutrients and browning index became larger, the total acidity and 5-HMF content were increased and pH value was decreased. Different concentratedn juices were placed at room temperature (10 to 25°C) and refrigerated conditions (5 to 8°C) for 60 days, their physicochemical properties were changed as follows. Vitamin C, flavonoids, total polyphenols and polysaccharide contents decreased gradually, pH and total acidity did not change significantly, browning index and 5-HMF content increased. Furthermore, refrigerated conditions were conducive to the preservation of the sea buckthorn juice compared with the room temperature condition. The nutrient and health components in preserving rate of same multiple sea buckthorn cloudy juices placed at refrigerated conditions were higher than that placed at natural room temperature. The nutrient and health components in preserving rate of 2-fold concentrated cloudy juice at refrigerated conditions was highest. Its vitamin C, total flavonoids, total polyphenols, polysaccharides preservation rate were 11.46%, 20.44%, 18.37%, 9.83% higher than that of 2-fold concentrated cloudy juice placed at room temperature. Moreover, the browning index and 5-HMF content of concentrated sea buckthorn cloudy juice placed at refrigeration conditions was lower. 2-fold sea buckthorn cloudy juice stored at room temperature conditions was not stabile, but the stability of 2-fold concentrated cloudy juice at refrigerated conditions was better than that of 3 times and 4 times concentrated cloudy juice.

Number of references:28

Main heading:Nutrients

Controlled terms:Chemical properties - Concentration (process) - Crushing - Energy storage - Flavonoids - Fruits - Health - pH - Physical properties - Polysaccharides - Processing - Vacuum evaporation

Uncontrolled terms:Low temperatures - Physicochemical property - Polysaccharide contents - Process Technologies - Room-temperature conditions - Sea buckthorn - Total flavonoids - Total polyphenols

Classification code:914.3 Industrial Hygiene - 913.4 Manufacturing - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.2 Agricultural Chemicals - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 801 Chemistry - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 802.3 Chemical Operations

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.035

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431124

Title:Research on governance path of rural settlements reconstruction patterns

Authors:Xia, Fangzhou (1); Yan, Jinming (1); Liu, Jiansheng (2)

Author affiliation:(1) Department of Land Management, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China; (2) Department of Land Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (3) College of Public Administration, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China

Corresponding author:Yan, J.(yanjinming@263.net)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:215-222

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:At present, rural settlement reconstruction has already become an important way to balance urban and rural development, and an inevitable trend of modern rural development, shouldering the historical mission of ecological civilization construction. Promoting rural settlement reconstruction has become a social consensus. However, the performance of different patterns of rural settlement reconstruction is still subpar in practice. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to enrich the domestic study on the theory of the governance path of rural settlements reconstruction, and to explore choices and directions for the governance path on the basis of the recognition of different rural settlements reconstruction patterns, and to promote governance performance of rural settlement reconstruction. Established in the background of the transformation of government governance, promotion of market governance, and innovation of social governance proposed in the third plenary session of the eighteenth Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), this article follows a logical thread of 'pattern recognition, theoretical research, and empirical comparison'. 1)Based on an existing literature review, this article points out that different reconstruction patterns should be chosen based on the demand of different shapes and layout of the rural residential areas. Three kinds of typical patterns of the current rural settlements reconstruction, 'demolition', 'constructive', and 'reserved' types are recognized distinctively by the comparative analysis on the differences between the characteristics of the rural settlement reconstruction. 2) In a brief review of Williamson's governance structure of spectrums, and Ladder's model of public participation, a new analysis framework of spectrum-the Ladder governance model has been built by introducing the farmer collective as another subject in terms of the reality of China's rural settlement reconstruction, which elicits that the governance paths of rural settlement reconstruction mainly includes three paths: the market-oriented path, the government-leading path, and the farmer collective-leading path. 3) In accordance with the different reconstruction pattern, three typical examples which were not completed and have outstanding characteristics in the Liuzhou city were chosen for comparative study focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of performance in the different governance paths on account of the recognition of different patterns and identification of the optimal governance path under the correction expectation of the optimal governance path. The conclusion of this article was that different reconstruction patterns are relatively suitable for the specific governance paths, and should take the matching degree of subjective and objective conditions into consideration, reflecting polycentric governance by the government, the market, and individuals. In addition, based on the condition of the current reality of China, promotion of the government market, the allocation market, and the farmers' willingness should all be causes of concern and policy support. Government guidance and supervision should be strengthened in order to improve the utility of rural settlement reconstruction. Only in this way, can farmers really become the main body and beneficiary in refactoring activities, making the governance effect of rural settlement reconstruction optimal, realizing large-scale and intensive land use, and laying a solid foundation to promote agricultural production, increase farmers' income, and facilitate rural prosperity.

Number of references:32

Main heading:Agriculture

Controlled terms:Commerce - Consolidation - Ladders - Land use - Models - Optimization - Pattern recognition - Regional planning - Rural areas

Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Comparative analysis - Empirical - comparisons - Governance structures - Public participation - Reconstruction patterns - Rural residential areas - Theoretical research

Classification code:921.5 Optimization Techniques - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 405.1 Construction Equipment - 403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.028

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431121

Title:Land consolidation information organization mode based on Hall three-dimension structure theory

Authors:Hu, Jing (1); Jin, Xiaobin (1); Li, Hongju (3); Yao, Yan (3); Zhou, Yinkang (1)

Author affiliation:(1) School of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; (2) Chongqing Rural Land Arrangement Center, Chongqing 404100, China; (3) Centre of Land Consolidation, Ministry of Land and Resource, Beijing 100029, China

Corresponding author:Jin, X.(jinxb@nju.edu.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:188-195

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Land consolidation in China has developed into a system with more and more complete and systematic characteristics in recent years, which will continue to expand with the practice of land consolidation. As a fundamental study for revealing the characteristics of land consolidation, improving the discipline, construction, and instructing the scientific research and technique extension, technological classification is indeed needed of the methodology and practice study to guide land consolidation information classification. Due to a lack of uniform standards, there are some difficulties in information exchange and sharing, data definition, and categories in the utilization of land consolidation information. Meanwhile, academic research on the classification of land consolidation information is still a blank, and the related research studies are centralized at the administrative department, which are used in specific projects and result in a vague understanding of the information classification system and a one-sided understanding of land consolidation information resources. To promote a managerial innovation development model transformation of land consolidation, it is necessary to establish a scientific classification of land consolidation information, which can also guide statistics, analysis, management, and utilization of land consolidation information. Therefore, based on the generalized concepts and elements, especially the complexity and multi-source nature of the land consolidation system, the paper develops a new framework called a multi-dimension classification system with three dimensions as attributes, information, and space-time to organize the land consolidation information, through the analysis of the content and organizational model of land consolidation information from the perspectives of Hall A. D., project management theory, and ecological information theory, by following the rules of stability, systematic, openness, and practicability. Compared with traditional classification, a multi-dimension classification has some advantages. By separating information characteristics from physical information, it can reduce the degree of coincidence and improve the clarity of the classification structure effectively. With a strong expansion space, it can add new dimensions according to the actual needs without affecting the original classification system framework. In addition, it can achieve self-correlation between dimensions, which can be freely combined according to the users, rather than be limited on a set of fixed information. The land consolidation project was taken as an example to validate the classification method. The results showed that the method could comparatively reflect the information panorama of land consolidation and reveal the structure and characteristics of the land consolidation information. This research provides reference and theoretical support for technological development and managerial innovation, as well as improving information sharing and utilization.

Number of references:36

Main heading:Information management

Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Consolidation - Information science - Land use - Managers - Project management - Research

Uncontrolled terms:Classification structure - Information classification - Information exchange and sharing - Information organization - Multi-dimensional structure - Project management theory - Technological classifications - Technological development

Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 901.3 Engineering Research - 903 Information Science - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 912.2 Management

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.025

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431128

Title:Technology optimization of nanosized α-Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> and beeswax modified polyvinyl alcohol based composite packaging material

Authors:Li, Can (1); Wang, Jiamei (1); Long, Men (1); Liu, Yao (1); Liu, Guichao (1); Gu, Fenglan (1); Zhang, Jianhao (1)

Author affiliation:(1) Food Safety and Nutrition Collaborative Innovation Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China

Corresponding author:Zhang, J.(nau_zjh@njau.edu.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:243-250

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Polyvinyl alcohol has been widely used as a packaging substrate, but its water resistance is poor. Improving the water resistance of polyvinyl alcohol is critical. In this study the major modification methods were to add nano-materials, fats or oil substances and crosslinking agents. Functional nanomaterials have small size, large surface area that combine the hydroxyl group with polyvinyl alcohol to reduce the hydrophilic. Beeswax is a composition material by fats and oils. It has higher melting point, acid corrosion, water-blocking performance characteristics. Furthermore it can form a stable emulsion, resulting in long shelf life, high solid content, good dispersion and other fine features. Beeswax is widely used in fruit and vegetable preservation, fruits and vegetables can reduce the water loss rate and respiration. In this experiment a stable emulsion with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was formed from hydrophobic of beeswax and the small surface area, high activity of nanosized α-Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> to reduce film water vapor transmission rate of packing material of polyvinyl alcohol efficiently. By adding beeswax and nanosized α-Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> to polyvinyl alcohol based composite coating material, the impacts of film-forming water vapor transmission rate and its interaction was studied through analyzing the response surface between the two experimental factors. The result showed that the increasing amount of beeswax and then nosized α-Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> could reduce the water vapor transmission rate of polyvinyl alcohol composite material effectively. Therefore two materials have mutual impacts (P<0.05). The beeswax dosage was 0.739 g/100 mL, and nanosized α-Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> was 0.04 g/100 mL based on the regression optimization. The water vapor transmission rate reached the lowest point, which was lower than the former Liquid paraffin-polyvinyl alcohol film 73.76% (P<0.05). Meanwhile, nanosized α-Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> could be used as a new nano-material. Its narrow band gap generally was 2.2 eV, the maximum absorption wavelength was 560 nm that increases photocatalytic reaction in the utilization of light. The nanosized α-Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> was able to produce ·OH under the visible reaction which has strong oxidation ability to react with most organic degradation and bacterial until it was converted to CO<inf>2</inf> and H<inf>2</inf>O. The optimized films have obvious antibiotic effect. In photocatalytic conditions, the total number of E. coli colonies can drop an order of magnitude. This study could be beneficial for developing better quality of preservation, and packaging film materials.

Number of references:27

Main heading:Polyvinyl alcohols

Controlled terms:Bacteria - Carbon dioxide - Composite coatings - Dispersions - Emulsification - Escherichia coli - Films - Fruits - Nanocomposite films - Oils and fats - Optimization - Packaging materials - Vegetables - Water vapor - Waxes

Uncontrolled terms:Beeswax - Functional Nano materials - Nano sized - Performance characteristics - Photo-catalytic - Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) - Polyvinyl alcohol composite - Water vapor transmission rate

Classification code:921.5 Optimization Techniques - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 813.2 Coating Materials - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 951 Materials Science - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 712.1 Semiconducting Materials - 694.2 Packaging Materials - 641 Heat and Mass Transfer; Thermodynamics - 461.9 Biology - 802.3 Chemical Operations

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.032

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431126

Title:Numerical simulation of ice crystal growth of liquid food freeze concentration based on phase-field method

Authors:Chen, Meiying (1); Feng, Li (2); Ou, Zhonghui (3); Lin, Hetong (4); Zhuo, Yanyun (4); Chen, Jinquan (4)

Author affiliation:(1) Management College and Tourism College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (2) College of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China; (3) School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (4) College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China

Corresponding author:Chen, J.(chenjq6613@163.com)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:231-237

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:The quality of products produced through freeze concentration is better than that produced through evaporation concentration and has lower energy consumed. But freeze concentration has been limited for industrial production because of the loss of soluble solids caused by ice crystal entrainment. Reducing the ice crystal entrainment and losses is critical for industrial production of freeze concentration. The breakthrough is to control ice crystal growth behavior. In order to develop a freeze concentration process mathematical model for simulating the evolution of ice crystal growth from the microscopic structure, through regarding liquid food as water and solute in binary system, the phase-field model theory was applied, liquid food system was treated as water and solute in binary system. The effects of ice crystal growth and solute concentration distribution over crystallized time were studied. Results showed that the crystallized time could affect the growth of lateral branch. Ice crystal growed gradually when the main branch become thinner and the secondary dendritic arms were well-developed. Solute field and phase field profiles were consistent. The solute concentration of ice crystals contained was greater, and the regional solute concentration distribution also changed. The precipitatied solute by crystallization was not completely dissoluted into the liquid phase since the solute diffusion velocity was much less than the ice crystal growth rate. The solute concentrated on the ice front of solid liquid interface. The solute concentration distribution was different in different parts of the solid-liquid interface. The solute concentration between crystal branches was the highest since the well-developed lateral dendritic branch captured the partion of the solute. The solute of lateral interface of ice crystals was enriched. The speed in the lateral ice crystals was slower than in the tip of ice crystals, which caused not sufficiently diffusion of the solute in lateral crystals. The solute concentration of ice crystals on cutting-edge solid-liquid interface showed the peaks and troughs by the solute redistribution. The solute concentration peak was formed because the growth rate of ice crystal tips was quickly enough to fully diffuse the solute. The trough corresponded to the ice crystal's solid phase. The simulation results were consistent with the experiment observation. The entrainment rate of ice crystals increased when the freeze concentrated time reached at a certain time. The entrainment rate of ice crystal could be reduced with properly controlling the crystallized time during freeze concentration process. In this study, we ignored the latent heat released and used an isothermal simulation. The simulation system was treated as dual components with water and solute. The influencing factors such as cooling rate, convection, super-cooling degree need to be further investigated. The non-isothermal algorithm and multiple structure of liquid food also need to be considered in the future research.

Number of references:32

Main heading:Ice

Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Concentration (process) - Crystal growth - Freezing - Ice control - Isotherms - Liquids - Mathematical models - Microchannels - Numerical methods - Phase interfaces - Phase transitions - Systems (metallurgical) - Water treatment

Uncontrolled terms:Industrial production - Isothermal simulations - Microscopic structures - Phase field methods - Phase-field modeling - Solid-liquid interfaces - Solute concentrations - Solute redistribution

Classification code:933.1.2 Crystal Growth - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 921 Mathematics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 723.5 Computer Applications - 631 Fluid Flow - 604 Metal Cutting and Machining - 531.1 Metallurgy - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 443.3 Precipitation - 443 Meteorology

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.030

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431104

Title:Optimum configuration and performance experiment of sprinkler-drip dual-purpose irrigation machine

Authors:Yuan, Shouqi (1); Hu, Bin (1); Wang, Xinkun (1); Zhu, Xingye (1); Tu, Qin (1)

Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China

Corresponding author:Yuan, S.(shouqiy@ujs.edu.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:56-62

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:As the water shortage is becoming more and more serious, water-saving irrigation has become an important part of agriculture modernization. Raising the level of agricultural mechanization and improving the utility ratio of water are necessary ways to access agriculture modernization. Light weight and small size movable sprinkler irrigation machines have been widely used as new important agricultural equipment. However, most studies have focused on the light and small sprinkler machine which worked under a single loading case or a large-scale fixed sprinkler-drip dual-purpose irrigation machine. In order to realize a reasonable configuration and low energy consumption, a new light small-moving type of machine with a dual purpose of sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation was introduced, which made the changes of irrigation mode available in accordance with the growth status of different crops or various terrains. The dual-operation irrigation pump 50ZB-25C was used, which was designed by a DOE experiment design and factorial analysis by Jiangsu University. And the 15PY2 impact-drive sprinkler with double nozzles and drip irrigation tube with the rated flow of 2.7 L/h were selected. The running parameters and the water distribution uniformity of the machine were studied by both theoretical analysis and outdoor experiments. In theoretical analysis, the reasonable configuration and optimization design of the system could use the advantages in reducing the energy consumption and maximizing the efficiency of the machine. Finally, the best configuration was determined by using the genetic algorithm for the objective function of minimal energy consumption and high efficiency, the number of the sprinklers was 7, and the number of the drip irrigation tubes was 34. Compared with the rated condition which the machine works under, the energy consumption was reduced by 9.4% under the best configuration. The outdoor experiments were carried out under this configuration. The he experimental results of the operation parameters were consistent with the theoretical values, the relative error of which was 1.08%-2.40%, mainly affected by the wind and terrain slope. It showed that the genetic algorithm had both theoretical and practical significance in the design of the sprinkler irrigation machine. The water distribution uniformity of the machine was also studied by the experiments and the uniformity coefficient of both the sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation were tested out. The sprinkler uniformity coefficient was 80.0%, and drip irrigation uniformity coefficient reached 93.6%, which were higher than those of the official standard. The data indicated that the machine has superior performance and can help to raise the level of agricultural mechanization in China.

Number of references:23

Main heading:Sprinkler systems (irrigation)

Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Design - Digital storage - Energy utilization - Experiments - Genetic algorithms - Hose - Mechanization - Optimization - Tubes (components) - Water supply systems

Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural mechanization - Configuration and optimizations - Drip irrigation - Light weight and small sizes - Optimum configurations - Uniformity coefficient - Water distribution uniformities - Water-saving irrigation

Classification code:921 Mathematics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 601 Mechanical Design - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 408 Structural Design - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.008

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431100

Title:Numerical simulation and experiment of gas-solid two-phase flow in cross-flow grain cleaning device

Authors:Du, Xiaoqiang (1); Xiao, Menghua (1); Hu, Xiaoqin (1); Chen, Jianneng (1); Zhao, Yun (1)

Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (2) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China

Corresponding author:Du, X.(xqiangdu@zstu.edu.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:27-34

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:The airflow pressure field in the cleaning chamber of the traditional grain winnowing device is irregular, and is not applicable on occasions where high cleaning efficiency is required. Meanwhile, the centrifugal blower is hard to use to obtain a wide and steady wind source. Therefore, a cross-flow grain cleaning device was designed by employing the cross flow blower that is theoretically distributed evenly in the direction parallel to the blower shaft no matter how wide the blower is. And a horn-shaped airflow expansion channel was designed to increase the height of the blowing area. A feeding hopper and two feeding rollers were installed above the cleaning chamber to extrude the materials into a thin layer and accelerate the material layer to a certain speed. Based on the standard K-Ε turbulent model and particle dispersed phase model, the characteristics of a gas-solid two-phase flow in the developed cleaning chamber were numerically simulated. The airflow model was developed by setting the inlet of the airflow expansion channel as the velocity inlet boundary, the outlet of the cleaning chamber as the outflow boundary, and the others as wall boundaries. The unstructured tetrahedral grid was applied to mesh the cleaning chamber model in Gambit. And by making the assumptions on the grain components which mainly consisted of gravel, whole grain, immature grain, and short stems: 1) All particles were modeled as equivalent spheres; 2) There was no interaction between particles; 3) There was neither heat nor mass transmission between particles and the gas phase, and the bidirectional coupling Lagrangian scheme was utilized to trace the particles' movement. Finaly, the distribution of airflow velocity and the particle trajectory was simulated after setting the airflow velocity at the blower outlet and the material parameters. The simulation results indicated that the airflow in the cleaning chamber presented a certain delamination where the airflow near the top and bottom walls had lower velocity than that passing through the mid-chamber and the airflow distribution in each layer was stable without an obvious vortex. Each grain component had respective particle trajectory and was distributed at the bottom of the cleaning chamber in different arc-shaped areas which should be due to the high airflow velocity near the front and back sides and low airflow velocity in the middle of the cleaning chamber caused by the inward-incline of the front and back side boards of the airflow expansion channel. A test rig of the cross-flow grain cleaning device was built to verify the numerical simulation results of the gas-solid two-phase flow in the cross-flow grain cleaning device. A high-speed photographing system was used to record the motion graphics of the whole grains, short stems, and immature grains at a rate of 250 fps respectively. Then the trajectory of each component was identified by the graphic processing. The experiment results showed that the distribution area of the whole grain in the cleaning chamber did not overlap with that of the impurities. The trajectories of the short stems and immature grain were found to partly overlap in the experiment that was different from the simulation. The main reason for this phenomenon was that the short stems were modeled as an equivalent sphere in the gas-solid two-phase flow model. However both simulation and experiment results demonstrate that the whole grain could be separated from the impurities effectively in the developed cross-flow grain-cleaning device.

Number of references:28

Main heading:Air

Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Blowers - Cleaning - Computer simulation - Expansion - Experiments - Grain (agricultural product) - High speed photography - Numerical models - Trajectories - Two phase flow - Velocity - Walls (structural partitions)

Uncontrolled terms:Airflow distribution - Bidirectional coupling - Cleaning efficiency - Cross flows - Dispersed phase models - Gas solid two phase flow - Material parameter - Particle trajectories

Classification code:951 Materials Science - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 723.5 Computer Applications - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 618.3 Blowers and Fans - 404.1 Military Engineering - 402 Buildings and Towers - 742.1 Photography

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.004

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431103

Title:Performance experiment of rotary hydraulic atomizing nozzle for aerial spraying application

Authors:Ru, Yu (1); Jin, Lan (1); Zhou, Hongping (1); Jia, Zhicheng (1)

Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China

Corresponding author:Ru, Y.(superchry@163.com)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:50-55

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Pests and plant diseases cause damage at different levels to China's grain production and economic crops every year. The annual area damaged by pests and diseases is about 470000000 hm2, resulting in significant yield losses-about 20% of the total grain yield. A small-size unmanned helicopter has the advantages of flexible operation, strong automatic control ability, and less droplet drift. In addition, pesticides it sprays can penetrate a crop canopy assisted by rotor airflow. Hence, the agricultural chemical control for pests and diseases in medium and small sized fields using a small-size unmanned helicopter is an important means to guarantee grain production. It is one of effective methods for Chinese pesticide-spraying mechanization. In order to realize the low-altitude, low-volume, and high-efficiency spraying demand of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), its spray system, which is the key UAV part, must meet the requirements of lightweight, low-volume spraying and uniform spray. Based on the domestic and foreign UAV nebulization technology of agricultural chemical spray nozzles, we tested the performance of rotary hydraulic atomizers, which combined the advantages of both centrifuge atomization and liquid atomization, in this study. A comprehensive performance test system of nozzle atomization was applied to detect the effect of important factors including structure parameters (nozzle diameter), spray parameters (spray flow rate and pressure), and operating parameters (rotational speed) on nozzle atomization efficiency (droplet size), deposition distribution, and spray span. We analyzed the correlation between spray parameters and pump power consumption. Combined with the effect of motor voltage on motor power, the optimum nozzle working parameters were selected. The results showed that the voltage of a nozzle rotary motor had a more significant effect on droplet diameter than nozzle diameter and spray pressure parameters did. Along with the increase of motor voltage, droplets became smaller, giving a better atomization effect. Motor voltage also notably influenced spray span. The more the voltage was, the bigger the spray angle was, and the larger the span became. Droplet deposition presented normal distribution in the spray range. The best working parameters (10 V of motor voltage; 0.35 MPa of spray pressure; 0.7 mm of nozzle diameter) for UAV rotary hydraulic atomizers were determined by the comprehensive test results. When these parameters were applied, the pump power consumption rate was lowest, the average droplet size was 112.35 μm, the spray span was 3.88 m, and the motor power consumption was 8.6 W. The nozzle atomization performance test system adopted in the present study has been calibrated and analyzed for error in other literature. Its experimental system error displayed was less than 1%, so the test results obtained through this platform are reliable. The results shown here provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the mounting of this novel UAV spray device-the rotary hydraulic atomizing nozzle-onto an UAV to perform relative experiments to improve UAV operating quality and spraying efficiency in the future.

Number of references:16

Main heading:Spray nozzles

Controlled terms:Agricultural chemicals - Atomization - Atomizers - Automation - Control - Crops - Deposition - Disease control - Drops - Efficiency - Experiments - Helicopters - Machinery - Normal distribution - Nozzle design - Nozzles - Pest control - Pesticides - Pressure effects - Spraying - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)

Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive performance - Deposition distribution - Nozzle atomizations - Operating parameters - Optimum parameters - Performance experiment - Structure parameter - Unmanned helicopter

Classification code:931.1 Mechanics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 813.1 Coating Techniques - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.1 Production Engineering - 922.1 Probability Theory - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 461.7 Health Care - 601 Mechanical Design - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 732 Control Devices - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 652.4 Helicopters - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 652.1 Aircraft, General

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.007

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431134

Title:Quality grading method of shiitake based on texture analysis

Authors:Chen, Hong (1); Xia, Qing (1); Zuo, Ting (1); Tan, Hequn (1); Bian, Yinbing (2)

Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (2) College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China

Corresponding author:Chen, H.(chenhong@mail.hzau.edu.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:285-292

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:To achieve the design of an automatic shiitake grading system, the images of four varieties such as Tian pai-hua Shiitake, Pai-hua Shiitake, Tsa-hua Shiitake, and Smooth Cap Shiitake were taken as research objects. Shiitake texture is a vital indicator of shiitake quality. The more white texture of the shiitake pileus, the higher its price. Shiitake grading was mainly processed by a manual operation for a long time. The grading operation was heavy workload, inefficient, and not conducive to automatic production. So the shiitake market was eager for shiitake grading equipment. This study designed an automatic shiitake grading system based on machine vision. The grading system was divided into three subsystems, including a mechanical system, a single chip microcomputer system and a machine vision system. The mechanical system played an important role in the shiitake feeding and grading process. The single chip microcomputer system was responsible for the entire system control and coordination. The machine vision system performed the operation of image acquisition and processing. Texture was a significant image feature. Many experts researched texture across the world, and various texture models had been developed in recent years. This study selected three models to describe pileus texture. The first texture model was derived from a gray histogram and grey level co-occurrence matrix. The second model was called a Gauss Makov Random Field. The third model was defined by fractal dimention. The shiitake grading process was described as follows. First, the texture analysis region was intercepted from shiitake pileus by an appropriate rectangle. Five texture feature parameters were extracted from the texture analysis region according to the gray histogram; another five texture feature parameters were extracted according to grey level co-occurrence matrix; twelve texture feature parameters were extracted according to a Gauss Makov Random Field; the fractal dimension extracted from the fractal model was the last of the texture feature parameters. Three texture models could describe texture information from different perspectives. Each texture feature expressed specific physical meanings. However, it was relevant among texture features in most cases. This study chose a sequential feature selection algorithm to eliminate the defect. An sequential features selection algorithm could remove the correlation among features, and six effective features were selected after the correlation-removal operation. Finally, the K-nearest neighbor's classifier was constructed as the shiitake species classifier, and then the test shiitake samples could be classified with the six effective features mentioned above by the K-nearest neighbor's classifier. Experimental results showed that the final accuracy reached to 93.57%, which could meet the requirements of production.

Number of references:30

Main heading:Grading

Controlled terms:Algorithms - Computer vision - Computers - Fractal dimension - Graphic methods - Mechanical engineering - Mechanics - Microcomputers - Quality control - Textures

Uncontrolled terms:Automatic production - Grey level co-occurrence matrixes - K-nearest neighbors - Machine vision systems - Sequential feature selections - Shiitake - Single chip microcomputers - Texture information

Classification code:933 Solid State Physics - 931.1 Mechanics - 921 Mathematics - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 723.5 Computer Applications - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 608 Mechanical Engineering, General

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.038

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431102

Title:Determination of insertion angle of hole-insertion grafting method by grafting machine

Authors:Ma, Zhiyu (1); Wei, Hongyu (1); Mu, Yinghui (2); Gu, Song (3)

Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Mechanica and Electrical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (2) College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China

Corresponding author:Gu, S.(sug666@sina.com)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:43-49

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Hole-insertion grafting method is widely used for cucurbit crops. The method establishes a very strong graft union without grafting clips. The key of successful grafting is to make hole at an optimal angle in the removed bud region so that the edge where the tool comes out through hypocotyls was below the opposite cotyledon. So during the hole-insertion grafting, the insertion angle is an important factor for the quality and survival of grafting plants, and mechanical stability. This study aimed to assess common rootstock and scion grafting cultivation in pumpkin, cucumber and watermelon, and investigated the effect of the insertion angle on the grafting mechanize. To achieve the objectives, structure parameters of rootstock and scion were measured, internal structure of hypocotyl growing point was analyzed by image analysis technique. The model was developed. The maximal insertion angle (75°) was determined by the grafting requirement that the insertion should avoid damaging cotyledon and entering hypocotyl cavity. The results showed that the insertion angle of perforate stick was not more than 75° for avoiding the insertion into the hypocotyls cavity. The aim of this study was to develop the semi-automatic grafting mechanism for grafted seedling on the basis of the hole-insertion grafting method and the insertion angle, which the grafting mechanism was adjustable in the range of 45°-75°. The experiment was carried out for researching the insertion angle of pumpkin and cucumber seedling using the grafting mechanism. In this experiment, the insertion angles were respectively set at 45°, 50°, 55°, 60°, 62°, 65°, 70°. In this grafting processing, the rootstock seedling and scion seedling were placed respectively in the rootstock clamping device and scion clamping device by operator, the grafting mechanism automatically completed clamping, punching, cutting and inserting. This report investigated shaping position and matching between the scion and the rootstock base on the structure for grafted seedlings by using image analysis technique. In this grafting method, grafted cuttings will be rooted and inserted in a new tray containing well watered medium, and healed at the same time inside a healing chamber. It is important to keep grafting seedling in a high moisture environment during the formation of the grafting union and healing period. In this experiment, grafted seedlings were placed in 95% humidity, temperature 26-28°C during day and 19-21°C during night, and complete darkness for initial 3 days. After 3 days of darkness, light was added. The experiment results showed that the rate of scion inserted into the rootstock cavity was low with the insertion angle of 60°, the successful ratio of grafting mechanism was high, and grafting survival rate was 91%. This method was effective in the view of punching, cutting and grafting process.

Number of references:35

Main heading:Grafting (chemical)

Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Clamping devices - Cultivation - Cutting - Experiments - Grafts - Image analysis - Vegetables

Uncontrolled terms:Grafting method - Grafting process - Grafting seedlings - Image analysis techniques - Insertion angles - Internal structure - Semi-automatics - Structure parameter

Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 604.1 Metal Cutting - 462.4 Prosthetics

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.006

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431132

Title:Dried characteristics of cherry tomatoes using temperature and humidity by stages changed hot-air drying method

Authors:Wang, Qinghui (1); Li, Zhongxin (2); Yang, Jinsong (1); Xie, Long (1); Zhang, Shixiang (1); Gao, Zhenjiang (1)

Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Agricultural Mechanization Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China

Corresponding author:Gao, Z.(zjgao@cau.edu.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:271-276

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Cherry tomato decays easily. Generally, it can be preserved only for 5-7days under normal pressure and temperature. The dehydration of cherry tomatoes into dried or preserved fruits can prolong their shelf life and enrich the market of the fruit. Currently, cherry tomatoes is dehydrated through natural drying. The advantage of this method is simple, and low cost. But the drying time is long and is affected by the climate and sanitary conditions. The product quality is difficult to control. In order to shorten the drying time and prevent mildew, cherry tomatoes are often soaked or sprayed with the alkaline solution. These chemicals are bad for our health. Multi-stage temperature-and-humidity drying is conducted through the material drying characteristics. This method can speed up the drying rate, improve drying quality, and reduce energy consumption. It has been successfully applied for apricot, lyceum barbarum, grapes and other materials. In this study, internal recycling hot-air drying technology was employed for the drying of cherry tomatoes. The effects of drying temperatures, humidity, drying stages and slicing forms on the drying characteristics and the appearance quality of the cherry tomatoes were investigated. Each experiment was composed of four drying stages. The drying temperatures were fixed, the humidity of the environment was changed in process I, II and III. The drying temperature was low, the humidity was high at the beginning of process IV. Gradually, the temperature was raised, the humidity was reduced. At the end of the process, the drying temperature was higher, the humidity was lower compared with their values at the beginning. The experimental results indicated that pre-heated and falling rate periods exist during the drying of cherry tomato. Previous studies only shown falling rate period. The increase in temperature and humidity has bad effects on the nutrition, color and the appearance quality of cherry tomato. Even though cherry tomato can be heated quickly by increasing the enthalpy. This paper presents a multi-stage temperature-and-humidity drying process as process IV. This process included four drying stages, each lasted 0.5, 2.5, 2 h. The end temperatures were 50, 60, 65 and 70°C, the humidity were 70%, 50%, 30% and 10%, respectively. This method not only effectively reduces losses of the nutrition in cherry tomato and changes its color, but also shorten the drying time. However, further researches on multi-stage temperature-and-humidity drying methods and optimistic process parameters for different drying materials are necessary. In this study, some of the cherry tomatoes were cut along their axes, some were obliquely cut, and others were radically cut. Under the same drying conditions, the drying rates of the above ranked in descending order as follows: the axes-directionally, obliquely and radically cut cherry tomatoes. It is expected that this research will add knowledge for the cherry tomato drying theory of hot-air drying technology and support for the industrial development of cherry tomato.

Number of references:24

Main heading:Drying

Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Energy utilization - Fruits - Hot air heating - Industrial research - Nutrition - Recycling

Uncontrolled terms:Cherry tomatoes - Drying characteristics - Hot air drying - Industrial development - Reduce energy consumption - Slicing - Temperature and humidities - Temperature-and-humidity changed

Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 643.1 Space Heating - 642.1 Process Heating - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 461.7 Health Care - 452.3 Industrial Wastes

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.036

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431113

Title:Water chlorophyll-a retrieval index based on hyperspectral data

Authors:Wang, Jinliang (1); Qin, Qiming (1); Li, Jun (1); Lin, Cong (1); Xu, Ruofeng (1); Gao, Zhongling (1)

Author affiliation:(1) Institutes of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

Corresponding author:Qin, Q.(qmqinpku@163.com)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:128-134

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Water chlorophyll-a is one of the most important indices for water quality monitoring. Remote sensing technology has strong advantages in monitoring both water and vegetation chlorophyll-a concentrations. Most of the current study on water chlorophyll-a monitoring chose the sensitive band based on the water chlorophyll-a spectral characteristics, and then established the inversion model. Some researchers established the water parameters inversion model based on an analytical physical mechanism, which are more complex and difficult to use in practice. And we also noticed that a vertical comparative analysis was needed for all these different inversion methods in the same area, and a few researchers used the water chlorophyll-a absorption similarity with leaf to build the water chlorophyll-a retrieval model. In this paper, a new water chlorophyll-a retrival index WCI (Water Chlorophyll-a Index) was built from the land surface vegetation chlorophyll retrieval index MTCI (MERIS terrestrial chlorophyll index), based on the in-situ water hyperspectral data and water chlorophyll-a content results in the laboratory in July 2012 in the Lijiang River, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The MTCI was based on the fast climbing vegetation reflectance in 680-750 nm also called the "red edge." The MTCI was easy to calculate, and had a strong correlation with leaf chlorophyll-a content. From the beginning of 2004, the MTCI has became the core algorithm of the land chlorophyll-a product on ESA Envisat satellite's MERIS sensor. This index is now widely used in land leaf chlorophyll-a retrival and net primary productivity (NPP) estimation. The WCI index also uses the different ratio of characteristic bands to represent the water chlorophyll-a content. The WCI index uses hyperspectral water reflectance at 650, 685, and 696 nm. We used the traditional method at the same location to verify all these models's effect. The traditional methods consist of the reflectance model, reflectance ratio model, and the semi-analytical model (three bands model). The three traditional methods directly selected the water spectral reflectance at certain bands. Spectral smoothing can reduce the band noise at certain extent, but is easy to select the wrong band for the measured hyperspectral data because the absorption and reflection peak of water spectrum has big differences in different water spectrum curves. Our research also moticed that the change information of water spectrum was more useful compared with the water spectrum itself. Our results indicated that the new WCI index showed the best coefficient of determination 0.58 and the least RMSE 0.24 compared with the reflectance model, reflectance ratio model, and semi-analytical model. The test results also showed that the WCI model can retrieve the water chlorophyll-a content effectively at Tianjin City Haihe River. This method extended the idea of water chlorophyll-a content modeling from the view of the terrestrial vegetation chlorophyll-a monitoring, and has certain instructive effect on water chlorophyll-a content monitoring. More situ data of different water bodies is needed to verify the new model's robustness and effectiveness.

Number of references:22

Main heading:Water absorption

Controlled terms:Absorption spectroscopy - Analytical models - Chlorophyll - Curve fitting - Ecosystems - Geodetic satellites - Models - Reflection - Remote sensing - Research - Rivers - Spectrum analysis - Vegetation - Water quality

Uncontrolled terms:Absorption and reflections - Chlorophyll a - Chlorophyll-a concentration - Coefficient of determination - Hyperspectral Data - Remote sensing technology - Spectral characteristics - Water quality monitoring

Classification code:921 Mathematics - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 407.2 Waterways - 405.3 Surveying - 731.1 Control Systems

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.017

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431130

Title:Influence of micronization on physicochemical properties of dried moso-bamboo shoots

Authors:Li, Zhuang (1); Zhu, Deming (2); Li, Jihua (2); Lin, Lijing (2); Huang, Xiaobing (2); Zhu, Yiting (1)

Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (2) Agricultural Product Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Zhanjiang 524001, China

Corresponding author:Lin, L.(linlijing3@yahoo.com)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:259-263

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Bamboo shoots are widely used in food processing. Many ageing bamboo shoots, which are rich in dietary fiber and protein, contain crude fiber and are of bad taste. In recent years, the micronization technology has been applied in food industries. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of micronization on the physicochemical properties of dried bamboo shoots. In this study, the coarse powder was processed by vibrational micronization (with cooling system) after coarse grinding. The new technology, which is more efficient than ball grinding, was applied to obtain micronized power. By strong-and high-frequency vibration from an eccentric motor, the samples in the grinding chamber were fluidized under the combined effects of high intensity hit, cut and grind from grinder's rod and wall. Huge mechanical force was produced between grinding media and materials, while the cooling system controlled the grinding temperature. The micronized powders were obtained, their particle sizes, powder flowability, water holding capacity, and swelling were studied. The results indicated that the particle sizes of coarse powders become 18.67 μm and 10.35 μm after micronizing for 30 min and 60 min, respectively. The lightness index (L*) changed from 79 to 90, the yellow depth index (b*) was reduced from 23 to 11, and the red depth index (a*) reduced from 4 to 1. Thereby the colour of the micronized powder looked more uniform and brighter, which improves the appearance quality of bamboo shoots powder. The angles of repose of two kinds of ultrafine powders increased from 36.3° to 49.8° and 51.2°, respectively. The sliding angle increased from 50.8° to more than 69.6°. Both were significantly higher than those of coarse powders (P<0.05). The bulk density reduced from 0.37 to 0.26 g/mL, but no significant change was found for the rap density. This made the compressibility nearly doubled, which changed from 22.8 to 46.9 and 48.5, It is showed that the flow properties of powders were poor after micronization. Compared to coarse powder, water holding capacity of micronized powders was reduced from 5.75 to 3.71 g/g after micronized for 30 min, it further decreased to 3.35 g/g after 60 min micronization. The effect of micronization on oil holding capacity was smaller than water holding capacity. The oil holding capacity reduced significantly (P<0.05) from 2.2 to 1.75 g/g only after 60 min micronization. Micronization decreased the final swelling degree from 8.65 to 6.57 and 7.20 mL/g, but the swelling speed was significantly improved. The micronized powder (particle size of 10.35 μm) can reach to 3.63 mL/g in 15 min, while the shoot's coarse powder (particle size of 298 μm) was only 0.97 mL/g. The above properties suggest that the vibrational micronization is an effective technology. The micronized powder with many characteristic changes can be applied usefully in food industries.

Number of references:20

Main heading:Bamboo

Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Cooling systems - Fluidization - Food processing - Grinding (machining) - Oils and fats - Particle size - Powders - Processing - Thermoelectric equipment

Uncontrolled terms:Appearance qualities - Bamboo shoots - Grinding temperatures - High-frequency vibrations - Micronizations - Oil holding capacities - Physicochemical property - Water holding capacity

Classification code:913.4 Manufacturing - 822.3 Food Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 615.4 Thermoelectric Energy - 606.2 Abrasive Devices and Processes - 536 Powder Metallurgy - 802.3 Chemical Operations

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.034

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431110

Title:Prediction of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents of Leymus Chinensis based on soil chemical properties using artificial neural networks

Authors:Li, Yuefen (1); Wang, Dongyan (1); Lasoukanh, Viengsouk (1); Yang, Xiaolin (1); Li, Wenbo (1); Zhao, Yiying (1); Sun, Chao (1)

Author affiliation:(1) College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China

Corresponding author:Li, Y.(yfli@jlu.edu.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:104-111

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Ecological stoichiometry is an emerging discipline started in China in recent years. It is the science of studying the balance of energy and elements (i.e. carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus) in ecological processes and ecological interaction, providing an integrative approach to investigate the stoichiometric relationships and rules in the biogeochemical cycling and ecological processes. It has been one of the hotly-discussed issues in ecological research. The contents of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus is a core issue in ecological stoichiometry studies. It is necessary to choose a method that can simulate and accurately predict the contents of plant carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in order to avoid destructive sampling. There is a complex nonlinear relationship between plant carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and soil physical and chemical properties. It is difficult to accurately predict plant carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus by using traditional methods and models such as linear regression and a BP neural network. As a new artificial neural network model, a RBF (radial basis function) neural network has some advantages of fast learning, getting in the local minimum, and approximating any arbitrary accuracy of the global nonlinear relationship. Therefore, a RBF neural network can show an ability to handle a complex nonlinear relationship. Currently, a RBF neural network is one of the most accepted prediction methods. Taking the prediction of 38 samples as a research sample, this paper established a prediction model based on a RBF Neural network from seven impact indexes including pH, the total soluble salt, total carton, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus. Taking the prediction of five samples as a test sample, the results indicated that the relative errors of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus contents were only 1.39%, 4.69%, and 7.65%, respectively, and the correlation coefficients were 0.5, 0.93, and 0.94 respectively. Therefore, a RBF neural network had higher prediction accuracy. The statistical results showed that the average contents of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in Leymus chinensis (103 samples) were 411.46, 18.25, and 1.11 mg/g, respectively. They are all lower than the global average contents of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in a terrestrial plant. The values of C/N, C/P, and N/P were 24.70, 429.24, and 17.92, respectively in Leymus chinensis. They were all higher than those in a global terrestrial plant. The N/P was 17.92 in Leymus chinensis. The growth of Leymus chinensis in the research area was limited by phosphorus.

Number of references:24

Main heading:Nitrogen

Controlled terms:Carbon - Ecology - Forecasting - Forestry - Models - Neural networks - Phosphorus - Radial basis function networks - Research - Soils - Stoichiometry

Uncontrolled terms:Artificial neural network modeling - Ecological stoichiometry - Jilin Province - Leymus chinensis - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Non-linear relationships - RBF(radial basis function) - Soil physical and chemical properties

Classification code:921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.014

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431118

Title:Effects of loading conditions on cracks of corn stalk and power consumption of machine

Authors:Liu, Liyi (1); Bing, Yuanyuan (1); Dong, Xin (1); Ai, Qingmu (1); Yang, Xitong (1)

Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China

Corresponding author:Liu, L.(lyliu2468@163.com)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:163-169

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Because high moisture content of the new-harvested corn stalks in northern China, drying process is long under natural conditions in which limit instantaneous harvesting and bundling. Fracturing and laceration on corn stalks need to be adjusted for rapid drying of corn stalks and to overcome bundle below. In order to design corn stalk adjusting material device, two single factor experiments were designed according to loading forms including single-point direct pressure and three-point bending in this study. Each experiment included four levels as: internode and short axis, internode and long axis, node and short axis and node and long axis. Impacts of loading forms (single-point direct pressure and three-point bending), loading positions (internode and node) and loading directions (long axis and short axis) on the cracks, load and power consumption of corn stalks with the same moisture content were investigated based on single factor experiment design scheme during compression process. The results indicated that four main cracks were produced on the rind of corn stalks under two loading forms on the axial during the compression process. Four main cracks of each corn stalks showed up, down, left and right symmetrical distribution, a number of small cracks were also produced. The main cracks gradually extended with the increasing of the displacements. When the displacements reached 18 mm for the internode compression samples, the main cracks extended to the vicinity of the node, and continuously reached to compression. The main cracks then stopped expanding due to the constraints of the node. The main cracks extended to the entire length of the sample for the node compression samples, the depth of all cracks were equal to the epidermis thickness of the sample. This study showed that length and depth of the main cracks of two loading forms were the same, so the best adjusting ending displacement was set to 18 mm. With the same loading positions and loading directions, the displacements of main cracks produced by three-point bending and single-point direct pressure were similar, but the load and power consumption of two loading forms were different. Load and power consumption of three-point bending were lower than single-point direct pressure. With the same loading positions, loading directions and the displacements, load and power consumption of two loading forms from big to small were node and short axis, node and long axis, internode and short axis and internode and long axis. Load and power consumption of three-point bending were lower than single-point direct pressure. In the initial stage of compression, there was no significant difference in the average value of load and power consumption between single-point direct pressure and three-point bending. With increasing the displacements, the difference of load and power consumption between single-point direct pressure and three-point bending was gradually expanded. When the displacement reached the best adjusting ending point (18 mm), the average value of load of three-point bending significantly reduced about 55.5% more than single-point direct pressure (α=0.05). The average value of power consumption of three-point bending was reduced about 25.5% more than single-point direct pressure (α=0.05). These results provided the basis for designing corn stalk harvesting and adjusting device.

Number of references:25

Main heading:Loading

Controlled terms:Cracks - Electric power utilization - Experiments - Harvesting - Moisture determination - Straw

Uncontrolled terms:Adjusting - Compression process - High moisture contents - Loading condition - Loading direction - Natural conditions - Single-factor experiments - Three point bending

Classification code:944.2 Moisture Measurements - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 672 Naval Vessels - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.022

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431123

Title:Rural settlement space reconstruction strategy and implementation based on symbiosis theory on village scale

Authors:Wang, Cheng (1); Fei, Zhihui (1); Ye, Qinli (1); Zhang, Yuying (1)

Author affiliation:(1) School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China

Corresponding author:Wang, C.(wchorange@163.com)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:205-214

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:Rural residential areas are an extensive dispersion with localized concentrations, and the area of land utilization per capita is large in Dazhu village in Hechuan of Chongqing. Inefficient utilization of rural residential areas is an adverse process all over China during the urban-rural transitional period, especially in traditional agricultural areas. The space reconstruction of a rural residential area could be a breakthrough in the rational utilization of land resources, advancing new countryside construction, restructuring village space, and promoting urban-rural integration and development. This paper used the symbiotic theory to establish a rural residential restructuring symbiotic system. The system included rural residential areas as a symbiotic unit, and the policy environment and the village-domain environment as symbiotic environment. Due to the mutual functional differences of symbiotic units, village spatial reconstruction should consider a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship between the units, namely the mutualism mode. The research analyzed a rural residential restructuring symbiotic system, and made clear the restructuring principles and procedure needed to build the space reconstruction strategy of a rural settlement. The thesis selected the demonstration village of the whole village advancement-Dazhu village in Hechuan of Chongqing as the object of empirical study. It built three kinds of functional groups-productivity-oriented, service-oriented, and living-oriented groups, a space representation of which was already presented in the village, and formed the layout of 'one axis and three groups' at the the village scale. The results showed that: first, adopting the rural residential restructuring symbiotic system analysis accords with the reality of Dazhu village to restructure village space. It further showed that the symbiotic theory has strong applicability to space reconstruction of a rural settlement. Secondly, the results of the empirical study showed that the space reconstruction of a rural settlement, which is based on the symbiotic strategy, can both ensure the inter-operability of a rural settlement and respect the principal position of farmers. It realizes 'shared resources, co-constructed environment' and exploits environmental advantages in the village domain. It can also improve the utilization efficiency of rural residential areas. Through the study of the demonstration village, the paper provides a scientific basis for formulating village space reconstruction and a new approach to the whole village advancement in a hilly area and the beautiful village construction. Due to the fact that the factors which influence rural residential restructuring are very complex, the regional social, economic, and environmental development strategies and resource endowment conditions which are expected to be considered comprehensively, need to be studied further. Different types of household willingness and future livelihoods also require deeper study.

Number of references:32

Main heading:Rural areas

Controlled terms:Agriculture - Consolidation - Demonstrations - Economics - Functional groups - Housing - Land use

Uncontrolled terms:Environmental development - New countryside constructions - Rural residential areas - Space reconstruction - Strategy - Symbiosis theory - The demonstration village of the whole village advancement - Urban-rural integrations

Classification code:971 Social Sciences - 901.2 Education - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.027

Database:Compendex

Accession number:20141017431097

Title:Analysis of Chinese cultivated land's spatial-temporal changes and causes in recent 30 years

Authors:Zhao, Xiaoli (1); Zhang, Zengxiang (1); Wang, Xiao (1); Zuo, Lijun (1); Liu, Bin (1); Yi, Ling (1); Xu, Jinyong (1); Wen, Qingke (1)

Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

Corresponding author:Wang, X.(wangxiao@irsa.ac.cn)

Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume:30

Issue:3

Issue date:February 1, 2014

Publication year:2014

Pages:1-11

Language:Chinese

ISSN:10026819

CODEN:NGOXEO

Document type:Journal article (JA)

Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China

Abstract:With the rapid development of the economy and population since the adoption of an open and reform policy, cultivated land is continually reduced in China under the multiple impact of occupation for construction and the implementation of an ecological restoration and environmental protection project. Understanding the temporal variation of cultivated land and grasping the spatial distribution trends have become an important research topic. This has an important guiding significance for the study of food security and sustainable development. With the support of a long temporal land use dynamic database, this paper analyzed the change process of cultivated land from the end of 1987 to 2010 in China, revealed the spatial-temporal characteristics of cultivated land changes, and analyzed the main causes in the last 30 years. The national dynamic database has was 6 sets of land use data (1987, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2008 and 2010) and 5 sets of dynamic data (1987-2000, 1995-2000, 2000-2005, 2005-2008, and 2008-2010). Remote sensing images with 20-30 m spatial resolution (TM/ETM , CBERS and HJ-1A), visual interpretation, field surveys, and much auxiliary information were applied during construction of the database. We extracted the cultivated land information from the land use database, and analyzed the spatial-temporal change of cultivated land after data statistics and dynamic transfer matrix calculation. The results show that: In the most recent 30 years, the total area amount of Chinese cultivated land was relatively stable. The original cultivated land kept reducing since the end of the 1980s in the whole nation. On the other hand, the newly reclaimed land distributed mainly in northern China kept increasing. The new reclaimed land partly offset the original cultivated land loss, so that the center of new reclaimed land gravity was gradually moving from northeast to northwest. The moving of new reclaimed land gravity caused the productivity of new reclaimed land to be reduced. The year of 2000 was the turning point of the change process, because the total area of cultivated land was increased slightly from the end of 1987 to 2000, but reduced from 2000 to 2010. Because the speed of cultivated land increase was obviously higher than the reduction, the total area of cultivated land was increased from the end of 1987 to 2010. The spatial pattern of the cultivated land change process showed that cultivated land distributed in north China was increased, but those in south China were decreased. The Yangtze River delta and Pearl River delta were the fastest decreased regions in which cultivated land was distributed, and Xinjiang, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia were the fastest increased regions. The situation of land use type change showed that construction land occupation was the main reason that cultivated land decreased, and the trend of occupation is still rising. Ecological construction occupied cultivated land was the main reason in the ecologically vulnerable area. Reclaimation of grassland and forest was the primary source of cultivated land increase. In recent years, more and more unused land was reclaimed to cultivated land, such as saline-alkali land, swampland, and even sandy land and Gobi. Because a series of problems of water resources and the environment will become prominent during the process, unused land reclamation should be carried out particularly carefully.

Number of references:32

Main heading:Land use

Controlled terms:Database systems - Ecology - Economics - Employment - Environmental protection - Food supply - Geographic information systems - Image reconstruction - Land reclamation - Remote sensing - Soils - Spatial distribution - Transfer matrix method - Water resources

Uncontrolled terms:Cultivated lands - Ecological construction - Ecological restoration - Ecologically vulnerable areas - Guiding significances - Spatial-temporal changes - Spatial-temporal characteristics - Transfer-matrix calculations

Classification code:971 Social Sciences - 921 Mathematics - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 731.1 Control Systems - 723.3 Database Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 444 Water Resources - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 404.2 Civil Defense

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.03.001

Database:Compendex

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