<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20135017075651
Title:Bamboo flour modifying by grafted improves mechanical property of bamboo-plastic composites
Authors:Yu, Fangbing (1); Song, Jianbin (1); Wu, Qiuning (1); Chen, Lihong (1); Yang, Wenbin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
Corresponding author:Yang, W.(fafuywb@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:79-85
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to improve the interfacial bonding strength of bamboo flour and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) matrix and broaden the application fields of bamboo flour filled PETG composites, in this study, we applied the method of AGET (activators generated by electron transfer) ATRP (atom transfer radical polymerization), and straightforwardly grafted methyl methacrylate (MMA) from the bamboo flour surface using the 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide (BIBB) functionalized bamboo flour as a macro-initiator, FeCl<inf>3</inf>&middot6H<inf>2</inf>O as the catalyst, triphenylphosphine (PPh<inf>3</inf>) as the ligand, and ascorbic acid as the reducing agent. And then Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to examine the changes of surface groups before and after modification. Simultaneously, the bamboo flour filled PETG composites were prepared by a melt blending and compression molding process. The flexural properties of bamboo flour/PETG composites were investigated, and the impact fractured surfaces of unmodified and modified bamboo flour filled PETG composites were observed by an environmental scanning electronic microscopy micrograph (ESEM) in succession. In addition, the effect of the grafted bamboo flour on the dynamic thermal mechanical properties (storage modulus E', glass transition temperature T<inf>g</inf>, and loss tangent tan&delta;) of bamboo flour/PETG composites was also investigated. The results showed that the obvious variety of FTIR of the bamboo flour after grafting modification (the intensities of the bands at 1732 cm^-1 strengthened and the peak at 3000 and 2954 cm^-1 appeared in the spectra of grafted substrates) confirmed that the grafting reaction had taken place; and PMMA was successfully grafted onto the bamboo flour surfaces. The flexural tests showed that the flexural properties of the grafted bamboo flour filled PETG composites were better than those of unmodified ones. When the grafted bamboo flour content was 30%, the flexural strength of the composite increased 16%, compared to bamboo flour/PETG composites of an equal amount of unmodified bamboo flour. This fact shows that the grafting modification of bamboo flour by coating a layer of PMMA is an effective method to improve internal bond strength between bamboo flour and PETG matrix. Furthermore, a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and morphology observations well substantiated the above-mentioned mechanical results. The results of a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed that the peak value of tan&delta; decreased and the glass transition temperature (the position of the maximum in tan&delta;) decreased after grafting modification. Comparing with the corresponding tan&delta; curves of the composites, it was also found that the curves of the grafted bamboo flour filled PETG composites appeared to exhibit only one peak during the heating process. This result suggests that PMMA could act as a compatibilizer to enhance the interfacial compatibility between bamboo flour and a PETG matrix. From the impact fracture morphologies of ESEM, it can be concluded that the bamboo flour exhibits good dispersion in a PETG matrix after grafting modification, i.e., the grafted bamboo flour had better interfacial compatibility with a PETG matrix than unmodified ones, and interface bonding between grafted bamboo flour and a PETG matrix was good. The research results in this paper have great practical significance on improving the properties of bamboo flour/PETG bamboo-plastic composites by a bamboo flour surface treatment.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Bamboo
Controlled terms:Atom transfer radical polymerization - Bending strength - Blending - Composite materials - Esters - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Glass - Grafting (chemical) - Macros - Mechanical properties  - Morphology
Uncontrolled terms:AGET ATRP - Compression molding process - Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) - Interfacial bonding strength - PETG - Polyethylene terephthalate glycols - Properties - Thermal mechanical properties
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 815.2 Polymerization - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 812.3 Glass - 811.1 Pulp and Paper - 811 Cellulose, Paper and Wood Products - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 801 Chemistry - 723.1 Computer Programming - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 415 Metals, Plastics, Wood and Other Structural Materials
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20135017075662
Title:Citrus fruits diseases and insect pest recognition based on multifractal analysis of Fourier transform spectra
Authors:Wen, Zhiyuan (1); Cao, Leping (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (2) Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha 410127, China
Corresponding author:Cao, L.(clp4218@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:159-165
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Plant pests and diseases image recognition is one of the key technologies of digital agricultural information collection and processing. Usually, based on pest infestation-like plant, it is carried out according to the size, shape, color, texture, etc., or a combination of several parameters. Machine recognition of diseases and insect pests needs to use digitalized characteristics without overlapping. Multi-fractal analysis of Fourier transform spectra was adopted to investigate the possibility of extraction of damage pattern characteristics for Citrus reticulata Blanco var. Ponkan. First, images of the boundary of a damaged pattern are extracted with an improved watershed algorithm and region merging. Secondly, a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) was applied to the damaged fruit image. With reference to the boundary of a damaged pattern, a fruit image magnitude spectrum was extracted. Thirdly, a fruit image magnitude spectrum was multi-fractiously analyzed and the multi-fractal spectrum of DFT magnitude spectrum was quadratic fitted. Height, width, and centroid coordinate of a fitting parabolic section were chosen feature values to identify the diseases and insect damage of fruits, with these three feature values as inputs of a BP neural network identifying diseases and insect damage of Ponkan, and the accuracy was up to 92.67%. Finally, the amplitude spectrum of the Fourier transform was adopted for multifractal analysis and multi-fractal spectrum of a quadratic fit; fit parabola segment height, width, and centroid coordinates were regarded as pests' Eigen values, and then used as input variables to establish a BP citrus pest identification neural network model for pest identification. Among 5 classes of pests, in 30 groups of test samples, such as Pezothrips Kellyanus, Oxycetonia Jucunda, Oraesia Emarginata, Polyphagotarsonemus Latus, Colletotrichum Gloeoporioides Penz, the highest recognition rate was for Oraesia Emarginata, that is 96.67%, Polyphagotarsonemus Latus was the lowest at 86.67%, and the average correct recognition rate was 92.67%. The test came to the conclusion that the height, width, and centroid of a multi-fractal spectrum of a Fourier transform spectrum of damaged fruit image better illustrates the features of the disease and insect damage of fruits, such as a complicated biological entity. This method is possibly applicable to automatic recognition of disease and insect damage of Citrus reticulata Blanco var. Ponkan, and it's able to be applied to disease and insect damage recognition for other plants.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Design for testability - Discrete Fourier transforms - Diseases - Fractals - Fruits - Image recognition - Neural networks - Spectrum analysis - Speech recognition  - Value engineering
Uncontrolled terms:2-D FFT - Agricultural informations - Citrus reticulata Blanco - Fourier transform spectra - Identification neural networks - Insect pest - Magnitude spectrum - Multi fractals
Classification code:921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 921 Mathematics - 911.5 Value Engineering - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 723.5 Computer Applications - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 461.7 Health Care
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20135017075663
Title:Optimization of operating parameters for vertical ring mold straw briquetting machine
Authors:Pang, Lisha (1); Meng, Haibo (1); Zhao, Lixin (1); Yao, Zonglu (1); Tian, Yishui (1); Hou, Shulin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Energy Utilization of Agricultural Waste, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; (2) College of Engineer, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Yao, Z.(yaozonglu@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:166-172
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Corn straw was used as raw material based on the low productivity, low quality of briquette and high energy consumption due to the operating parameters in the straw briquette production process,, We identified raw material particle size, moisture content, molding machine clearances between die and rollsas three factors for the corn straw The impacts of each factor were divided into three levels. Different combinations of the three process parameters on the productivity, briquetting fuel molding rate, density, mechanical durability and energy consumption per ton of product were studied in accordance with the biomass solid fuel test method. The test results were analyzed with variance analysis of orthogonal test. To ensure the test results can be used for real world production guidance, the orthogonal test results were verified. The results showed that the optimal combination of process parameters is the raw material particle size of 20-30 mm, the moisture content of 15% and the clearances between die and rolls of 2 mm for the briquette quality. To increase productivity and reduce energy consumption per ton of product, the best combinations of process parameters was the raw material particle size of 20-30 mm, the moisture content of 20% and the clearances between die and rolls of 2 mm. Appropriate combination of process parameters depend on the environment. When forming fuel needs long-range transport, it requires high mechanical durability. The process parameter combinations were achieved as raw material particle size of 10-20 mm, moisture content of 15% and clearances between die and rolls of 2 mm. When there are no special requirements, the process parameter combinations were treated with particle size of 10-20 mm, moisture content of 20% and clearances between die and rolls of 2 mm. According to quality requirements of briquetting fuel molding rate, density and mechanical durability, the moisture content of 10% to 20% range, an appropriate increase in moisture content, were required to improve productivity and reduce energy consumption per ton of product.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Durability
Controlled terms:Briquets - Briquetting - Dies - Energy utilization - Fueling - Fuels - Moisture - Moisture determination - Molding - Optimization  - Particle size - Productivity - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Granularity - High energy consumption - Long range transport - Mechanical durability - Operating parameters - Optimal combination - Quality requirements - Reduce energy consumption
Classification code:944.2 Moisture Measurements - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 913.1 Production Engineering - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 603.2 Machine Tool Accessories - 535.2 Metal Forming - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 524 Solid Fuels - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20135017075671
Title:Modeling of total volatile basic nitrogen and thiobarbituric acid of silver carp dried in cold-air dryer with heat pump
Authors:Gao, Ruichang (1); Yuan, Li (1); Liu, Weimin (1); Yu, Maoshuai (1); Zhou, Cunshan (1); Ma, Haile (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Corresponding author:Liu, W.(liuwmwu@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:227-232
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The quality and flavor of dried fish products tend to be affected by dry conditions. A high drying temperature will lead to the propagation of microorganisms, the oxidation of fat, and the increase of the content of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) in fish. A cold-air dryer with a heat pump can be used to keep the quality and flavor of dried fish stable, and to reduce drying energy consumption, in which the lower temperature source is used to heat the drying air with the help of a compressor. The drying medium of air in this technique is not in contact with the outside environment, so that the oxidation of nutrients and propagation of microorganisms are effectively avoided To realize the characteristics of fish products dried by cold air in a dryer with a heat pump, and determine the effects of the cold wind drying process parameters on the dried fish quality, silver carp was used as the drying material and tested by a uniform design of experiments of U<inf>10</inf>*(10³). TVB-N and the value of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) for oxidation of fat was investigated as the criteria of quality of dried silver carp in the conditions of different cold air drying process parameters. The drying air temperature (x<inf>1</inf>) was 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, and 35&deg;C, the by-pass air ratio (x<inf>2</inf>) was 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0, and the air velocity (x<inf>3</inf>) was 0.3, 0.45, 0.6, 0.75, 0.9, 1.05, 1.2, 1.35, 1.5, and 1.65 m/s, respectively. The value of TVB-N of 10 experiments was 36.12, 34.72, 34.44, 31.64, 47.04, 35.28, 42.00, 52.92, 97.44, and 85.40 mg/100 g, and the value of TBA was 4.32, 4.65, 3.68, 3.36, 4.74, 3.59, 6.67, 6.53, 7.96, and 10.58 mg/kg respectively. By SPSS analysis, the regression equations of TVB-N (mg/100 g) and TBA value (mg/kg) was Y<inf>1</inf>=80.364-4.629x<inf>1</inf> 0.150x<inf>1</inf>²-11.813x<inf>3</inf>, Y<inf>2</inf>=7.854-0.535x<inf>1</inf> 0.017 x<inf>1</inf>², respectively. The results show that the fit of the regression equations are good. The drying temperature was the main factor that had an effect on TVB-N and TBA. However, the effects of the by-pass air ratio and air velocity were not significant. The optimal parameters of the silver carp drying process were determined as temperature 15.5&deg;C, air velocity 1.65m/s, and by-pass air ratio 0.6. The results can provide references for the industrial production of silver carp dried in a cold-air dryer with a heat pump.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Air
Controlled terms:Design of experiments - Dryers (equipment) - Drying - Energy utilization - Fish products - Heat pump systems - Microorganisms - Models - Nitrogen - Oxidation  - Quality control - Silver
Uncontrolled terms:Drying air temperatures - Drying energy consumption - Heat pumps - Silver carp - TBA - Total volatile basic nitrogens - TVB-N - Uniform design of experiments
Classification code:902.1 Engineering Graphics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 822.3 Food Products - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 802 Chemical Apparatus and Plants; Unit Operations; Unit Processes - 547.1 Precious Metals - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 461.9 Biology - 641.2 Heat Transfer
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20135017075646
Title:Analysis of vibration isolation performance for nolinear inerter-spring-damper suspension
Authors:Sun, Xiaoqiang (1); Chen, Long (1); Wang, Shaohua (1); Yuan, Chaochun (1); Zhang, Xiaoliang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Corresponding author:Chen, L.(chenlong@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:38-45
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Many studies have shown that the impacts of nonlinear factors on the actual mechanical properties of an inerter can't be ignored. In order to investigate the inerter nonlinearities and their influence on ISD (inerter-spring-damper) suspension performance, the ball-screw inerter was chosen as the study object. A nonlinear mechanics model with friction in a ball-screw pair and an elastic effect of screw was built based on the mechanism of nonlinear factors on the force flow process of the inerter. The mechanical property testing of the inerter was carried out using a CNC hydraulic servo exciting test-platform, and the test results truly reflected the impact of friction on the mechanical properties of the inerter. At the same time, it could be determined by the test results that the amplitude of friction didn't vary with the change of inertance, and that the amplitude of friction could be determined to be 60N. On this basis, the friction was removed from the output force of the inerter and the output force model of an inerter without friction was built. The transfer function between the output force of the inerter and the relative acceleration between the two ends of the inerter was established. After discretization of the transfer function and derivation of the least squares format of the system, the parameters of the model were identified through the recursive least squares algorithm. The inertance obtained by the identification was very close to the actual value, which fully vindicated the identification results. According to the identification results, the equivalent stiffness and damping of the screw were respectively determined to be 1270 and 4100 Ns/m. The mathematical model of ISD suspension with a nonlinear inerter was built and the performance of four different structures of ISD suspension was analyzed and compared by Matlab/Simulink and vehicle vibration models with two axles. It was shown from the simulated results that the RMS of body vertical acceleration and body pitch acceleration of a three-element parallel ISD suspension were respectively increased by 9.03% and 9.33%, the RMS of body vertical acceleration and body pitch acceleration of a two-stage series ISD suspension were respectively increased by 3.81% and 4.68%. In addition, compared with a three-element parallel ISD suspension, a two-stage series ISD suspension had better performance, the RMS of body vertical acceleration, body pitch acceleration and tire dynamic load were respectively reduced by 36.2%, 40.7% and 33.5%. In summary, the vibration isolation performance of an ISD suspension was degraded to some extent by considering inerter nonlinearities, but the maximum degradation was no more than 10%, and the impact of inerter nonlinearities on the performance of a two-stage series ISD suspension was less than that of a three-element parallel ISD suspension. The conclusion provides an important reference for the influence evaluation of inerter nonlinearity on an ISD suspension performance and the structure selection of an ISD suspension.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Suspensions (components)
Controlled terms:Acceleration - Automobile bodies - Automobile seats - Dynamic loads - Force control - Friction - Identification (control systems) - Mathematical models - Mechanical properties - Models  - Screws - Suspensions (fluids) - Transfer functions - Tribology - Vehicles - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Inerter - Mechanical property testing - Nonlinearity - Recursive least squares algorithms - Relative acceleration - Ride comforts - Suspension performance - Vertical accelerations
Classification code:931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 931.1 Mechanics - 731.1 Control Systems - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 601.2 Machine Components - 432 Highway Transportation - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 663.2 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20135017075678
Title:Technology of separation and purification and its efficiency of adzuki bean polyphenols with macroporous adsorption resins
Authors:Tao, Sha (1); Huang, Ying (1); Kang, Yufan (2); Eizo, Tatsumi (3); Zhang, Hui (1); Xue, Wentong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (3) Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8686, Japan
Corresponding author:Xue, W.(xwt315@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:276-285
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In the process of adzuki bean paste production, lots of wastewater isproduced. The cost of traditional anaerobic wastewater treatment is high, and the materials rich in adzuki bean water can't be fully used, such as polyphenols. It is also not good for enterprises to increase product added value. This paper focuses on the separation and purification technology of adzuki bean polyphenols. The adzuki bean polyphenols were purified using a macroporous adsorption resins method. By comparing the adzuki bean polyphenols separation effect of five different types (S-8, NKA-9, AB-8, D4020, and HPD 600) of macroporous resin, HPD 600 was selected as the ideal adsorbent as it had a strong adsorption ability and a high desorption rate. The adsorption isotherm of HPD 600 resin was studied, and the results showed that with the increase of polyphenols equilibrium concentration, the adsorptive amount of HPD 600 increased gradually. After the polyphenols concentration increased to a certain degree, the adsorption amount growth trend gradually smoothed. Through a nonlinear curve fitting with the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models, it was found that the fitting degree of adsorption isotherm and Langmuir and Freundlich function curve was very high, and the correlation coefficient R² was greater than 0.99. The fitting effect of the Langmuir model (R²=0.9986) was slightly better than the Freundlich model (R² = 0.9943). Static and dynamic adsorption, and desorption experiment results indicated that sample concentration, temperature, pH value, ethanol concentration, sample flow velocity, and desorption flow velocity had great influence on macroporous resin in the process of adsorbing and separating adzuki bean polyphenols. The ideal technological parameters were keeping the temperature for 30&deg;C, the original concentration and pH value of hot water extracts of adzuki beans, sample volume 200 mL, flow velocity 1.0 mL/min until reaching adsorption balance, dynamically elute with 50 mL 60% ethanol, and the desorption flow velocity was 1.5 mL/min. After being separated and purified by HPD 600 resin, the total phenol content and total antioxidant capacity significantly was improved about 2.2 times. This showed that HPD 600 resin had better adsorption and enrichment impact for the polyphenols in adzuki bean, and was more suitable for the separation and purification of the polyphenols in adzuki bean wastewater. The materials in this experiment were water samples made from simulated industrial production of adzuki bean paste; the species and content of polyphenols in these samples were similar to the actual production. Therefore, the polyphenols adsorption condition optimized in this test can meet the requirement for wastewater treatment in adzuki bean paste production. The research provides a theoretical reference for the industrial production and further utilization of adzuki bean polyphenols. Extraction and purification of polyphenols from adzuki bean wastewater can not only ease the burden of wastewater treatment for a bean paste enterprise, but can also increase added economic value and benefit.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Resins
Controlled terms:Adsorption - Adsorption isotherms - Curve fitting - Desorption - Ethanol - Experiments - Flow velocity - Industrial research - Industry - pH  - Purification - Reclamation - Separation - Technology - Wastewater treatment - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Adzuki beans - Anaerobic waste water treatment - Extraction and purifications - Langmuir and freundlich adsorption - Macroporous adsorption resins - Polyphones - Separation and purification technologies - Static and dynamic adsorptions
Classification code:921.6 Numerical Methods - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 901 Engineering Profession - 901.3 Engineering Research - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 631 Fluid Flow - 523 Liquid Fuels - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 444 Water Resources - 801.4 Physical Chemistry
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20135017075652
Title:Study on vortex flow characteristics of hydrodynamic coupling based on particle image velocimetry technique
Authors:Chai, Bosen (1); Liu, Chunbao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
Corresponding author:Liu, C.(liuanbc@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:86-92
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:It is very important to study internal flow characteristics of hydrodynamic coupling for its high efficient energy transmission. Consequently, it has great significance for us to study the internal flow mechanism and flow distribution of hydrodynamic coupling deeply. Based on this theoretical analysis, the cavity structure of hydrodynamic coupling can be further optimized, and it has great significance to enhance the performance of hydrodynamic coupling. A variety of flow structures and many physical effects will coexist in the internal flow field of hydrodynamic coupling, and there are many complex flow phenomena. Especially on braking condition, internal flow of turbine is a special kind of vortex flow. In order to study the generation and movement of vortex flow in the independent flow channel, flow images of radial cross-section in turbine was captured based on particle image velocimetry (PIV) technology. The large-scale vortices were identified by image processing techniques, including gray enhancement, threshold segmentation, edge detection and image sharpening. Based on this, the direction of flow velocity was identified and extracted clearly. The distributions of flow field were qualitative analyzed. The flow field and vorticity field were extracted through successive frames of image cross-correlation algorithm, and the small-scale vortices were discussed. The reasons of vortices generation and their impacts on energy transmission were analyzed. The development process of different scale vortices was discussed. The energy dissipation of flow was studied through distribution results of vorticity field. On the near-wall flow region of turbine, vortex flow was analyzed. Based on this, relative vorticity on the wall boundary region might have an important impact on the energy dissipation. The flow visualization of vortices and quantitative extraction of flow parameters were achieved by PIV technology and a valuable reference for the internal flow mechanism of hydrodynamic coupling was provided by PIV experimental results.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Flow visualization
Controlled terms:Edge detection - Energy dissipation - Flow fields - Fluid mechanics - Hydrodynamics - Image segmentation - Turbines - Velocimeters - Velocity measurement - Vortex flow  - Vorticity
Uncontrolled terms:Hydrodynamic coupling - Image cross-correlation - Image processing technique - Internal flow characteristics - Particle image velocimetries - Particle image velocimetry technique - Quantitative extraction - Vorticity field
Classification code:525.4 Energy Losses (industrial and residential) - 612.3 Gas Turbines and Engines - 631 Fluid Flow - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 741.1 Light/Optics - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20135017075679
Title:Parameter optimization for quickly salted egg by using ultrasonic-pulsed pressure technology
Authors:Wang, Shiquan (1); Wang, Shucai (1); Zhang, Yipeng (1); Zhang, Rong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Corresponding author:Wang, S.(wsc01@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:286-292
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The pickled cycle of salted duck eggs is a very long time. It usually takes twenty days to thirty days (in spring and summer) and forty days to fifty days (in autumn and winter) to make the salted duck eggs. Therefore, reducing the time of making salted eggs became the issue which domestic scholars were concerned about. The quality of salted duck eggs has the characteristics of moderate salinity, deliciousness, pure protein, delicate, crispy yolk, and the flow of yolk oil. Ultrasonic technology and pulsed pressure technology was applied to accelerate the process of salting duck eggs. We fabricated a rapid salted experimental apparatus of a duck's egg, which mainly contained the pressure vessel, the air compressor, the circulating system, heating devices, and control systems. The effects of the pulse pressure amplitude, the high pressure holding time/atmospheric pressure holding time ratio, and the ultrasonic acting time on the salt contents of egg white (EWSC) and salt contents of egg yolk (EYSC) were studied by single factor methods: the efficiency of water cycle pulse ratio on the salted eggs, the efficiency of water cycle time on salted eggs, the efficiency of high pressure value on salted eggs, the efficiency of high pressure pulsation ration on salted eggs, the efficiency of salting time on eggs, and an orthogonal array design methods. The experiment based on a single factor showed that: the various water cycles it played a significant role in increasing salt content of a egg yolk with the time point 1 d, which showed the best efficiency; pulsating pressure has a great promotion effect on the salt content in the egg white and yolk with the range of 120-160 kPa. Under the same condition of salted time, the increase of pressure pulsating will reduce the effect of pulsating pressure. The orthogonal experimental results showed that during the three day salting with a 24% salt solution under 30&deg;C. To obtain optimal quality of salted eggs and the optimum mass transfer rate, a solution was obtained under the following conditions: pulse pressure amplitude was 140 kPa, and high pressure holding time/ atmospheric pressure holding time ratio was 4 min: 16 min, the ultrasonic acting time point was the first day's, Ultrasonic pulsation ratio was 2 min: 10 min, and the ultrasonic acting time was 132 min. The protein content was 4.61%, the egg yolk salt content was 2.12%, and the difference of salt was only 2.49%. Delicate protein, moderate salty; crispy yolk and the flow yolk oil were evaluated by a sensory method. The production cycle of the traditional salted eggs method was shortened by 90%, and it was conducive to the industrial production of salted duck egg. Because the applied pressure vessel volume is limited, it cannot be used for large quantities of salted duck egg tests. In the future, the egg-salting device can be scaled into the mechanization and automation of production of efficient Chinese egg products processing equipment that can quickly salt duck egg without pollution.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Efficiency
Controlled terms:Atmospheric pressure - High pressure effects - High pressure turbomachinery - Machinery - Optimization - Pressure vessels - Proteins - Salts - Technology - Ultrasonic applications
Uncontrolled terms:Duck egg - Experimental apparatus - Fast salted - Industrial production - Orthogonal array designs - Parameter optimization - Processing equipment - Ultrasonic technology
Classification code:921.5 Optimization Techniques - 913.1 Production Engineering - 901 Engineering Profession - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 753.3 Ultrasonic Applications - 617 Turbines and Steam Turbines - 601 Mechanical Design - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 619.2 Tanks
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20135017075658
Title:Effect of different water and fertilizer coupling on soil nematode community structure and diversity in banana plantation
Authors:Zhong, Shuang (1); Zang, Xiaoping (1); Zeng, Huicai (1); Jin, Zhiqiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 570102, China; (2) Hainan Key Laboratory of Banana Genetic Improvement, Haikou 570102, China
Corresponding author:Zang, X.(xpzang@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:130-139
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Soil nematodes are the most abundant group of soil animals that rapidly react to environmental changes. In the farmland ecosystem, fertilizer and irrigation are two important factors influence the composition and diversity of soil nematode community. The effect of various water and fertilizer usages under a fertigation regime on the soil nematode community structure was investigated in a banana plantation of Hainan Province in this study. Four treatments were designed: A (low amount of water and fertilizer), B (low amount of fertilizer and high amount of water), C (high amount of fertilizer and low amount of water), and D (high amount of water and fertilizer). Soil samples were extracted using a soil corer (3.0 cm diameter) at a depth of 0-30 cm below the soil surface from July 2011 to June 2012 within the plant rows of banana plants, 50 cm from the base of the banana plant. The nematodes were extracted through the shallow basin method, and were identified to the genus level with the aid of a microscope. Results showed that significant treatment effects (P&lt;0.01) were observed in the abundance of total nematodes, bacterivores, fungivores, plant parasites, omnivore-predators, the values of diversity (H'), maturity index (MI), channel ratio (NCR), the wasilewska index (WI), and the enrichment index (EI) during the four sampling stages. Thirty-four nematode genera belonging to twenty-two families were identified during the sampling stages, of which Basiria and Paratylenchus were the dominant genera. The abundance of plant parasites and omnivore-predators in the C treatment and the abundance of total nematodes, bacterivores, and fungivores in the D treatment were significantly higher than in the other treatments. The values of MI and WI in the A treatment, the values of structure index (SI) and EI in the B treatment, the values of H' and NCR in the C treatment, and the values of thheplant parasite index (PPI) in the D treatment were significantly higher than in the other treatments. Significant sampling time effects (P &lt; 0.01) were observed in the abundance of total nematodes, bacterivores, fungivores, plant parasites, the values of H', dominance (&lambda;), PPI, NCR, WI, SI, and EI. The abundance of bacterivores, fungivores, and plant parasites at the booting and ripening stages were significantly higher than at the other stages. The values of H', NCR, SI, and EI at the seedling stage, the values of MI and WI at the jointing stage, the values of &lambda; at the booting stage, and the values of PPI at the ripening stage were significantly higher than at the other stages. The analysis of NCR showed that bacterial decomposition was the major decomposition pathway in the soil organic substance decomposition system. The data from MI, PPI, SI, and EI demonstrated that the nematode community structure was more stable in the A and B treatments than in the C and D treatments. The excessive application of water and fertilizer increased the level of disturbance of the soil ecosystem and posed a significant threat to the soil environment. Nematodes could be used as bio-indicators for assessing soil quality under irrigation and fertilization.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Biodiversity - Ecosystems - Fertilizers - Fruits - Irrigation - Social sciences
Uncontrolled terms:Bacterial decomposition - Banana - Community structures - Decomposition pathway - Fertigations - Sampling time effects - Soil nematode - Soil nematode community structure
Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 971 Social Sciences - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 454 Environmental Engineering - 461 Bioengineering and Biology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20135017075676
Title:Maintaining quality of not from concentrate peach juice by high pressure carbon dioxide treatment
Authors:Zhou, Linyan (1); Wang, Yongtao (1); Liu, Fengxia (1); Bi, Xiufang (1); Liao, Xiaojun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China
Corresponding author:Liao, X.(liaoxjun@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:262-267
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In the juice industry, thermal treatment is the most common and least expensive technology for pasteurization or sterilization. Unfortunately, the method easily leads to degradation of some product qualities as well. HPCD (high pressure carbon dioxide) has been reported as an alternative cold pasteurization technique for foods, since it could effectively inactivate microorganisms and enzymes in liquid food. Some detrimental effects of HPCD on food quality have been reported. But compared to traditional techniques, HPCD avoids drawbacks such as lack of retention of flavor, denaturation of nutrients, of production of side toxic reactions, as well as changes in physical, mechanical, and optical properties of the material involved in the treatment. In this study, the effects of HPCD on NFC (Not from concentrate) peach juice quality were investigated, and temperature, pressure, and time were proposed as the main parameters. The pH value and the total soluble content of untreated NFC peach juice were 3.82 and 10.3&deg;Brix, respectively. HPCD had no effect on the pH values and total soluble contents. This was possibly attributed to a lower pH (3.82) in the original juices. At this pH the carbonic acid formed by CO<inf>2</inf> dissolution into juices with difficultly dissociated into free hydrogen ions, because the dissociation constants of carbonic acid and bicarbonate were pKa=6.57 and pKa=10.62, respectively. The L, a, b values of color parameters was decreased while browning degrees were increased in HPCD-treated juice, possibly due to the non-enzyme browning during HPCD. Thereafter, it was found that the polyphenol oxidase was susceptible to HPCD. The main phenolic compounds in the NFC juice were ( )-catechin, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, and ferulic acid measured by HPLC, and the results showed that HPCD had no effect on the phenolic compounds. Moreover, the antioxidant capacities of NFC juice after HPCD were enhanced with increasing treatment time measured by FRAP and DHHP, possibly due to the extraction of antioxidant substances and inhibited oxidation of phenolic compounds in NFC peach juice. HPCD was expected to be an alternative technology for NFC juice processing, which could better maintain the quality of NFC juice.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Carbon dioxide
Controlled terms:Antioxidants - Dissociation - Enzymes - Fruits - High pressure effects - Organic acids - Pasteurization - pH - Processing - Quality control
Uncontrolled terms:Alternative technologies - Antioxidant capacity - Dissociation constant - High pressure CO - High-pressure carbon dioxide - NFC peach juice - Polyphenol oxidase - Traditional techniques
Classification code:931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 913.4 Manufacturing - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 801.1 Chemistry, General
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20135017075674
Title:Inspection of soluble solid content for tomatoes in different positions based on hyperspectral diffuse transmittance imaging
Authors:Zhang, Ruoyu (1); Rao, Xiuqin (1); Gao, Yingwang (1); Hu, Dong (1); Ying, Yibin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (2) Machinery and Electricity Engineering College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (3) Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
Corresponding author:Ying, Y.(yingyb@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:247-252
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Soluble solid content (SSC) is one of the most important indexes for quality evaluation of tomato products. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and hyperspectral reflectance imaging have been widely used in quality evaluation of fruits and vegetables including tomatoes. But they have many disadvantages for inspection of SSC in tomato. For example, NIR spectroscopic assessments cannot get the spatial variability of sample materials. Although hyperspectral reflectance imaging can obtain both spatial and spectral information of tomatoes, it's almost impossible to avoid a serious influence of high specula patches on tomatoes. Diffuse transmittance is one kind of transmittance mode. Compared with transmittance, the influence of shape, size, and core of fruit can be reduced through adjusting the lighting angle in diffuse transmittance systems. So diffuse transmittance is more suitable to assess the components of fruits and vegetables. Hyperspectral imaging technique in a diffuse transmittance mode was used to measure the SSC of tomato. First, a hyperspectral imaging platform with diffuse transmittance illumination was set up, and then hyperspectral diffuse transmittance images of tomatoes were captured in different positions including BS, C1, C2, and C3. All images were resized to eliminate boundary noise. The position C1C2C3 was achieved through mosaicing images of position C1, C2, and C3. Then background segmentation on a single wavelength was operated on the images to extract regions of interest (ROIs). Afterwards, the mean diffuse transmittance spectra of tomatoes in each position were calculated and preprocessed using normalization, standard normal variate (SNV), and a quadratic linear removed baseline. Finally, partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to establish predicting models among the SSC of tomatoes and mean diffuse transmittance spectra in different positions on three different wavebands (450~720 nm, 720~990 nm, and 450~990 nm). The results indicated that the prediction precision of integrated position C1C2C3 was much better than that of the other positions on the above three wavebands. RMSEP of the C1C2C3 model on the three wavebands were 0.299%, 0.133% and 0.151%, and the correlation coefficients (rp) were 0.42, 0.89 and 0.90 respectively.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Imaging techniques - Infrared devices - Least squares approximations - Quality control - Reflection - Spectroscopy - Spectrum analysis - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:HyperSpectral - Hyperspectral imaging techniques - Hyperspectral reflectance - Imaging positions - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR) - Soluble solid content - Standard normal variates - Tomato
Classification code:944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 921 Mathematics - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 801 Chemistry - 746 Imaging Techniques - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 711 Electromagnetic Waves
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20135017075665
Title:Promotion of biogas production of wheat straw by controling composting pretreatment temperature
Authors:Chen, Guangyin (1); Ma, Huijuan (1); Chang, Zhizhou (1); Ye, Xiaomei (1); Du, Jing (1); Xu, Yueding (1); Zhang, Jianying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
Corresponding author:Chang, Z.(czhizhou@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:179-185
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Composting pretreatment has been widely used in biogas plant of agricultural straw for improving biotransformation rate of lignocellulosic materials. However, the mechanisms on composting pretreatment of agricultural straw for biogas production need more research. In this study, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the impacts of composting pretreatment on biogas production of wheat straw. In the first experiment, the wheat straw was directly used for composting and then composted straw was used in the biomethane potential (BMP) test. For the second one, wheat straw was sterilized by gamma ray radiation pretreatment and treated under different temperature with different time. Then the treated straw was used for the BMP test. The results of experiments indicated that large percentage of organic matter in wheat straw was degraded during composting process. The total solid (TS) loss rate of wheat straw was only 4.06% when composting pile temperature was less than 55&deg;C. When composting pile temperature was set up at 55&deg;C, the TS loss rate of wheat straw increased 22.45% after 10 days' composting treatment. Gas data showed that biogas production rate of wheat straw was not improved obviously. The TS biogas yield of wheat straw increased with composting pile temperature and then decreased. The highest TS biogas yield of wheat straw of 349.92 mL/g was observed at 55&deg;C of composting pile temperature, which is 7.56% higher than that of uncomposted wheat straw. There was no significantly improvement in biogas production between composted and uncomposted wheat straw during composting process for organic matter loss of wheat straw. However, longer composting time led to lower biogas yield of wheat straw. When composting pile temperature was kept at 55&deg;C for 9 days, The TS biogas yield of composted wheat straw was only 66.58%. When the content of organic matter and material composition of wheat straw were changed, content of hemicellulose of wheat straw was decreased by 28.10%. Results of gas data of simulated composting experiment showed the same trend as the first experiment. The highest TS biogas yield of wheat straw of 342.36 mL/g was obtained at 55&deg;C with 8.35%, which is higher than that of control. Therefore the high temperature from composting process is an important factor of destruction of lignocellulose structure and improving biotransformation rate of wheat straw. When the composting pile temperature was set up at 55&deg;C, anaerobic digested inoculums was added into straw pile and can be used for biogas production.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Straw
Controlled terms:Anaerobic digestion - Biogas - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Cellulose - Experiments - Gamma rays - Organic compounds - Piles - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Biogas production rates - Biomethane potential (BMP) - Gamma ray radiation - Lignocellulosic material - Material compositions - Pre-Treatment - Pretreatment temperature - Wheat straws
Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 932.1 High Energy Physics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 461.9 Biology - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 481.2 Geochemistry
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20135017075649
Title:Relativity analysis between characteristic parameters of apricot's ripeness and its fruit removal force
Authors:San, Yunlong (1); Liu, Xuanfeng (2); Niu, Changhe (2); Sun, Xiaoli (2); Guo, Zhaofeng (2); Qiao, Yuanyuan (2); Liu, Xiangdong (2); Wang, Xuenong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Mechanical and Traffic College of Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (2) Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China; (3) Sci. Observing and Exp. Station of Forest Fruit, Cotton and Facility Agric. Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture, Urumqi 830091, China; (4) Xinjiang Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Wood's Fruit, Urumqi 830091, China
Corresponding author:Wang, X.(xjwxn2010@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:62-68
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The purpose of this project was to make clear how strong the harvesting power is for the apricot harvest in order to provide a theoretical basis for developing its harvesting machinery. The effect of each kind of physiological characteristic parameter of various varieties of apricots on fruit removal force was studied and analyzed. Physiological characteristic parameters and fruit removal force of two varieties of apricots were measured by means of testing instruments and correlation, and fitting analyses were conducted about the relevant testing data through SPSS software. The discovery from the correlation analyses showed that the characteristic parameters related to the degree of the ripeness were highly correlated to its fruit removal force. Among them, correlation coefficients of fruit removal force to contents of soluble solids of Kumaiti Apricot and Luntai Apricot were -0.957 and -0.976, respectively. a^* value of the fruit surface red-green color aberration was -0.955 and -0.942, respectively, and correlation coefficients of hardness were 0.957 and 0.904, respectively. Through the curve fitting analysis of the fruit removal force and physiological characteristic parameters, a curve regression equation was set up. The equation established from the experiments of the two varieties was y=-0.09x² 1.853x 5.356; y=-0.016x²-0.23x 18.573, and the R² of the fitting coefficients were 0.947and 0.954, respectively. The equation of a^* value of the fruit surface red-green color aberration was y=-0.043x²-0.751x 11.194; y=-0.036x²-0.587x 9.617, and the R2 of the fitting coefficients were 0.952 and 0.910, respectively. The equation of the fruit surface hardness was y=-0.014x² 1.021x-4.115; y=-0.0203x² 1.039x-2.229; and the R² of the fitting coefficients were 0.965 and 0.925, respectively. The varying range between them was 2-8 N, and the range between the hardness was 4.0-8.9 kg/cm². The grade could be marked 'soft.' a^* value of the fruit surface red-green color aberration was from 1 to 5. The analyses demonstrated that the fruit removal force became weakened with the increase of the soluble solids, and decreased with the rising value of the fruit surface red-green color aberration; the lower the separating force, the weaker of the fruit surface hardness, that is to say, the separating force became weaker with the increasing fruit maturity.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Aberrations - Agricultural machinery - Force control - Hardness - Instrument testing - Physiological models - Physiology
Uncontrolled terms:Apricot - Chromatic aberration - Correlation analysis - Correlation coefficient - Maturity - Physiological characteristics - Relativity-analysis - Total soluble solids
Classification code:944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 951 Materials Science - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 461.9 Biology - 461.1 Biomedical Engineering - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20135017075648
Title:Construction and evaluation of mechanized production engineering mode for major food crops
Authors:Huang, Huang (1); Yang, Minli (1); Huang, Guangqun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) China Research Center for Agricultural Mechanization Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Yang, M.(qyang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:53-61
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Mechanized production engineering mode for major food crops has the similar features as agricultural engineering mode. It is a comprehensive integration of technical factors and non-technical factors, which needs matching and synergy of each element to achieve goals effectively. Mechanized production for major food crops in China has stepped into a critical stage of full mechanization from seed treatment to grain drying, a variety of engineering modes have been formed in the long developing process. With the systems engineering theory, a six-dimensional analytical framework was established, of which the second dimension "mode construction" is the basis of other researches. The mode structure composes of subject (major planter, family farm, cooperative, leading enterprise and ordinary farmers), object (corn, wheat and rice), demand, objectives, technical route and agricultural machines, which include the full processes of tillage, planting, weeding, fertilizing, plant protection, harvesting, straw treatment and grain drying. An evaluation index system was set up to measure the effect of the mode, and promote the mode to meet the modern agriculture's requirement of high-yield, high-quality, high-efficiency, ecology and safety as well. Based on the principles of scientificity, practicability, guiding, comparability and feasibility, the index system consists of 10 evaluation indices and 4 analysis indices. The advancement, completeness, matching degrees and economic features are taken as the evaluation criteria while the ecological characteristics, integration, policy and organizational features are taken as the analytical indices. The indices are measured from the aspects of mechanized farming rate, operational efficiency, fuel consumption, the implement, farm power, land size, purchasing power of farmers, effect on increasing yield and income, influence to ecological environment, integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy, support policy and organization development. Three rounds of expert anonymous scoring method were used to get index weight. Meanwhile, the combination methods of "modern agricultural development objectives and requirements statistical data analysis experience of developed countries and regions field investigation expert consultation" were used to get the standard value of each index. In order to test the scientific level of the index system, researchers collected data from different regions in China. And four typical modes of paddy mechanized production in Guangxi, which are "engineering mode of paddy field key processes mechanized production by ordinary farmers", "engineering mode of paddy field key processes mechanized production by small cooperatives", "engineering mode of paddy field key processes mechanized production by medium cooperatives" and "engineering mode of paddy field key processes and post treatment mechanized production by large cooperatives", were selected as the evaluation cases among the various modes. The evaluation results show that the "engineering mode of paddy field key processes and post treatment mechanized production by large cooperatives" has obvious advantages. But at present, the cooperatives set up by farmers can hardly form this mode naturally without government supports in policy, funding, machinery, knowledge and technology because of the deficiency of fund. So to some extent, some measures should be taken by government to guide the appropriate organizations' development and formation of optimization mode, and furthermore to fully play the optimization mode's demonstration and leading roles. The mode construction method and index system are practical and can be improved in practice.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Construction - Crops - Ecology - Engineering - Integration - Mechanization - Optimization - Production engineering - Thermal processing (foods)
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural development - Comprehensive integrations - Ecological characteristics - Evaluation - Mode - Operational efficiencies - Organization development - Statistical data analysis
Classification code:921.2 Calculus - 913.1 Production Engineering - 901 Engineering Profession - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 601 Mechanical Design - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 405 Construction Equipment and Methods; Surveying - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20135017075653
Title:2D-particle image velocimetry measurement for internal flow field of axial flow pump
Authors:Zhang, Hua (1); Shi, Weidong (1); Chen, Bin (2); Zhang, Desheng (1); Hu, Qixiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (2) Research Institute of Chemical Machinery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
Corresponding author:Shi, W.(wdsh@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:93-98
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To investigate the flow field distribution at the regions of the impeller and guide vane inlet and outlet under condition of 0.8Q<inf>opt</inf>, the axial flow pump with n<inf>s</inf>=700 was selected for model scaling and structural modification, from which we could get a test bed suitable for a 2D-PIV internal flow field test. Structural modifications included: the conventional metal material was replaced with transparent organic glass material to achieve the purpose of internal visualization; the conventional conical diffuser vane was designed into cylindrical shape to reduce the complexity of optical refraction; the runner chamber was merged with a guide vane casing to form as a whole to eliminate the occlusion of the flange to an internal flow field between the region of impeller and diffuser vane; the bearing within the diffuser vane was moved backward and rib plates were installed to make the load transfer to foundation smoothly. Based on the above methods, an experiment pump section was modified successfully, and the efficiency of the experimental pump reached 73.79%, which was close to that of the prototype pump. It was indicated that less damage occurred to the original flow field with structural modification. During the PIV measurement, the shaft encoder and synchronizer were used for better synchronous effect. Meanwhile, an ideal experimental result was obtained by using organic glass hollow spheres as tracer particles, and a new calibration method. As shown in the original PIV images, the particle distribution was homogeneous with most particles appearing to be micro-exposure, which meant an ideal experiment effect. From the analysis of the experimental result, it was indicated that, owing to the effect of the tip leakage flow at the 0.8Q<inf>opt</inf> operating point, the inflow at the rim of an impeller leading edge deflects to the hub side, but the whole flow field is evenly distributed on the front section of an impeller; a clockwise vortex with an outer diameter larger than the hub between the hubs of an impeller and the guide vane causes a great impact on the flow field near the root of the impeller's trailing edge, and the flow field in the axial clearance of the impeller trailing edge and the guide vane leading edge tends to deflect to the outer rim integrally; the streamline direction after the guide vane outlet shifts towards the hub side, which leads to a local high-speed zone at the rim of trailing edge. Moveover, the velocity of the high-speed zone is about double as much as the average velocity of the flow field downstream from the guide vane.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Flow fields
Controlled terms:Axial flow - Diffusers (optical) - Equipment testing - Experiments - Glass - Impellers - Leakage (fluid) - Pumps - Velocity measurement - Vortex flow
Uncontrolled terms:Axial flow pump - Low flow condition - PIV - Tip leakage - Transformation of pump section
Classification code:943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 901.3 Engineering Research - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 812.3 Glass - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 618.2 Pumps - 601.2 Machine Components - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20135017075642
Title:Deep mechanized application of super rice special fertilizer increasing soil fertility and yield of super rice
Authors:Shu, Shifu (1); Tang, Xiangru (1); Luo, Xiweng (3); Zhang, Guozhong (3); Li, Guoxi (1); Duan, Meiyang (1); Li, Yanda (2); Chen, Licai (2); Liao, Yu (2); Yao, Lintao (2); Ye, Chun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China; (3) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (5) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
Corresponding author:Tang, X.(tangxr@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:9-14
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In China, the fertilizer use rate of planting rice is 30%, and the application of large amounts of chemical fertilizer not only increases the cost, but also makes the soil physical and chemical characteristics and soil fertility decline, and causes serious environmental pollution. Increasing the utilization rate of chemical fertilizer mainly has two methods, one is to change the method of application of fertilization, through deep fertilizer application that reduces fertilizer volatilization and loss, the second is the application of organic fertilizer, rice special fertilizer, and slow-release fertilizer that can improve the utilization rate of fertilizer and soil physicochemical properties and rice yield. Super rice specialized fertilizer based on super rice growth characteristics, can provide the necessary nutrients and increase the content of organic matter in soil. The rice precision dry direct seeding machine with synchronous ditching ridging fertilizer application can complete the ditching, ridging, fertilization, mulching, and sowing work synchronously, which solved the problem of the deep application of fertilizer in rice cultivation. In order to investigate the function on increasing soil fertility and super rice yield of deep mechanized application of the super rice specialized fertilizer, the effects of deep mechanized application of super rice specialized fertilizer of 900 kg/hm², deep mechanized application of super rice specialized fertilizer of 1200 kg/hm² and manual broadcast application of the super rice specialized fertilizer of 1200 kg/hm² on soil nutrients and soil physicochemical properties and super rice yield were studied by using field experiments. The results showed that the contents of soil nutrients and macro-aggregate of two deep mechanized application of super rice specialized fertilizer were increased, and the activity of the soil enzyme and yield of super rice were raised significantly comparing with a manual broadcast application of the super rice specialized fertilizer (P&lt;0.05). Organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, total potassium, and available potassium ware increased by 5.11%-6.34%, 4.45%-5.13%, 5.37%-5.95%, 3.82%-4.51%, 5.34%-6.12%, 3.18%-4.20% and 6.14%-7.12% on average, respectively. Furthermore, the content of soil macro-aggregate with the diameter over 0.25 mm was increased by 13.12%-17.36% on average. On top of that, the activity of urease, catalase, and sucrase was promoted after a deep mechanized application of super rice specialized fertilizer treatments by 5.16%-6.21%, 8.64%-9.25% and 10.13%-11.04%, respectively. Yield of two super rice varieties ware increased by 3.8%-5.6% and 8.4%-10.0% on average, respectively, their effective panicles, grains per panicle, and seed setting rate ware increased by 5.0%-12.4%, 2.8%-8.8%, and 1.8%-4.7%, respectively. Improving functions on the physical and chemical properties of soil and super rice yield were not significantly different between two deep mechanized applications of super rice specialized fertilizer (P&gt;0.05). The amount of fertilizer of the deep mechanized application of super rice specialized fertilizer of 900 kg/hm² was reduced by 25% under that of a deep mechanized application of super rice specialized fertilizer of 1200 kg/hm², the former had obvious advantages, low input but high output and was more suitable for application in super rice production.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Aggregates - Agricultural machinery - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Enzyme activity - Macros - Nutrients - Organic compounds - Potassium - Soils  - Synchronous machinery
Uncontrolled terms:Application of fertilizers - Environmental pollutions - Fertilizer applications - Physical and chemical characteristics - Physical and chemical properties - Slow release fertilizers - Soil physico-chemical properties - Super rice
Classification code:821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 723.1 Computer Programming - 705.1 Electric Machinery, General - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 481.2 Geochemistry - 461.9 Biology - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 406 Highway Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20135017075645
Title:Cotton-gin automation by using adaptive fuzzy immune PID controller
Authors:Dong, Quancheng (1); Feng, Xianying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250061, China; (2) School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Jinan, Ji'nan, 250022, China
Corresponding author:Feng, X.(fxying@sdu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:30-37
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The cotton-gin automation is an important component in the cotton production process and also can affect cotton production quality, output, and profit etc. If keeping a constant seed cotton feed rate, a jam would appeared likely between the rotary knife and ribs of the cotton-gin stand when the moisture regain or seed cotton grade changed. In this paper, the automatic control system was designed that monitored and adjusted the seed cotton feed rate to produce a pre-selected load level on the cotton-gin stand rotary knife while automatically compensating for differences in the seed cotton such as trash and moisture regain content. In this automatic control system, an electrical transducer that is part of the automatic control system measured the input signal from a motor driving the rotary knife, and then proportionately converted and sent this signal as a direct current to the PLC by the AD module. Then the PLC sent the numerical signal to the upper computer. The intelligent controller in upper computer output the signal to the frequency changer that operated the rotational speed of feeding-cotton-rollers when the load changed on the cotton-gin stand rotary knife. According to the ginning characteristic, the adaptive fuzzy immune PID controller had been designed as the intelligent controller. And it was used to control the rotational speed of feeding-cotton-rollers with the purpose of suitable seed cotton feed rate. It was composed of the fuzzy controller, immune controller, and the traditional PID controller, and attempted to keep the system stable by adjusting the PID parameter in real time. So in this paper, three intelligent controllers (adaptive fuzzy PID controller, immune fuzzy controller, and adaptive fuzzy immune PID controller) were designed and analyzed respectively to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the three controllers. The modeling and simulation analysis in the Matlab were carried on, as well as the operational data was analyzed in actually using the process of the cotton-gin stand. The simulation results showed that the adaptive fuzzy immune PID controller was effective, feasible, and was superior to the other two intelligent controllers in stability, robustness, and especially in system response. The results of analyzing the operational data showed that the adaptive fuzzy immune PID controller could properly control the seed cotton feed rate to keep the cotton-gin stand working continuously without jam. In sum, by the use of the automatic control system with the adaptive fuzzy immune PID controller, the seed cotton feed rate could be controlled in real time to keep a suitable seed-cotton-roll density for the cotton-gin automation objective, when the moisture regain and seed cotton grade changed.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Cotton
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Automation - Computer simulation - Controllers - Electric control equipment - Fuzzy control - Intelligent agents - Intelligent control - MATLAB - Processing  - Proportional control systems - Regain
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive fuzzy pid controllers - Cotton-gin - Immune control - Immune controllers - Intelligent controllers - Model and simulation - Numerical signals - PID
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 913.4 Manufacturing - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 819.3 Fiber Chemistry and Processing - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 732.1 Control Equipment - 732 Control Devices - 731.1 Control Systems - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20135017075677
Title:Optimized conditions for clarification of chitosan on ponkan juice
Authors:Xu, Jian (1); Cai, Huinong (1); Ni, Hui (1); Du, Xiping (1); Huang, Gaoling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (2) Research Center of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Fujian Province University, Xiamen, 361021, China; (3) Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China
Corresponding author:Huang, G.(hgaol@jmu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:268-275
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Clarity of juice is an important factor regarding the quality of the juice as it fetches consumer attention for the product in the market. Clarification is a key step in the processing of fruit juice and is most often achieved through micro filtration, enzymatic treatment, or by using common clarifying aids like chitosan, gelatin, bentonite, silica sol, polyvinyl pyrrolidine, or a combination of these compounds. Chitosan (poly-b(1-4)N-acetyl-glucosamine) being poly-cationic in nature, nontoxic, and biodegradable, has been found to be an effective coagulating agent in aiding the removing pectin and other carbohydrates which are present in the juice. The clarification of ponkan juice by means of chitosan was studied in this paper. In order to obtain the optimal reaction conditions of clarification of ponkan juice by commercially inexpensive chitosan, the process conditions of clarification with chitosan on ponkan juice were optimized by a Box-Behnken center-united experiment design. Taking juice clarification as a dependent variable, the models were obtained by using a response surface analysis of the three factors of chitosan concentration, chitosan treated temperature, and the chitosan treated time based on a single factor experiments. The results indicated that the interaction effect of chitosan concentration and chitosan treated temperature, chitosan concentration, and chitosan treated time on the juice clarification achieved a very significant level. The influencing factors had a complicated relationship with each other. Among these factors, chitosan treated time, chitosan concentration, and the chitosan treated temperature ranked in order. The results from the Box-Behnken center-united experiment showed that the optimum technological condition for clarification of ponkan juice was adding 0.8 g/L chitosan at 59&deg;C for 71 min and its clarification of the ponkan juice was up to 97.8%. The experiment indicated that there was a good fit between the predicted and the experimental values. The mathematical model was also very accurate. Comparing with the original ponkan juice, the contents of soluble solids, vitamin C, and titratable acidity were almost the same after clarification. Removing the pectin, total phenolics, and proteins improved the non-biological stability of the ponkan juice, because of the phenomenon of flocculating with chitosan. According to the non-biological stability tests, the results of stability tests of protein, potassium hydrogen tartaric acid, iron, copper, and oxidation showed negative, and indicated that the non-biological stability of ponkan juice were strengthened by chitosan to a certain extent. This article could provide a theoretical basis for clarifying ponkan juice in manufacture. According to the optimal technological condition of the experiment, clarification of 1 L juice only costs 0.15 yuan. The popularization and application of this technology will bring great economic benefits for the industrial production of juice.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Chitosan
Controlled terms:Clarification - Clarifiers - Experiments - Fruit juices - Mathematical models - Optimization - Processing - Proteins - Quality control - Sols  - Stability - Surface analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Chitosan concentration - Optimal reaction condition - Optimum technological conditions - Ponkan juice - Response surface analysis - Response surface methodology - Single-factor experiments - Technological conditions
Classification code:961 Systems Science - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 913.4 Manufacturing - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951 Materials Science - 901.3 Engineering Research - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 801 Chemistry - 423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 822.3 Food Products
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20135017075661
Title:Detection of white foreign fibers based on improved particle swarm algorithm
Authors:Wang, Haopeng (1); Feng, Xianying (1); Wang, Na (2); Shi, Jing (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China; (2) Department of Computer, Shandong Economic Management Institute, Ji'nan 250014, China
Corresponding author:Feng, X.(fxying@sdu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:153-158
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to improve the recognition accuracy of white foreign fibers in cotton, a detection algorithm of white foreign fibers based on improved chaos particle swarm optimization was proposed in this paper. In this algorithm, the image was divided into different classes according to the grey value of image pixels. The variances between adjacent classes were thought of as a particle. All of these particles constituted a particle swarm. The maximum variances between classes were thought of as a fitness function. Therefore, the chaotic particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was applied to image segmentation. The standard particle swarm optimization was easy to fall into a local optimum. Given this problem, this algorithm took the sliding window technology to determine if it falls into a local optimum. This algorithm contrasted the average population fitness in the sliding window with the current population fitness in the sliding window. If the current population fitness was similar to the average population fitness, the algorithm was thought not to fall into the local optimum, continued to evolve, and the sliding window starting position was moved to the current location, the size was set to 1, or it was thought to fall into a local optimum. If the algorithm fell into a local optimum, it used a chaotic mechanism to initialize the population to jump out of the local optimum. The starting position and size of the sliding window dynamic changed according to the judgment result. This method effectively solved the problems of the standard particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm that it fell well into a local optimum. In order to test the algorithm, this paper also set up a detection device, including an acA1300-30 gc type color plane array CCD camera, M0814 type lens, HLV-24-1220 type LED light source, and PCI-8ADPF type data acquisition card, then it selected five kinds of common white foreign fibers such as the pieces of plastic bags, white hair, feathers, threads, and synthetic fibers. Each kind had 100 samples. These samples were mixed in the cotton and were photographed. The test identified 500 pictures which contained white foreign fibers. The results showed that the rate of detecting pieces of plastic bags, white hair, feathers, threads, and synthetic fibers could reach 98%, 97%, 100%, 100%, and 98%, and the average rate was 98.6%. By comparison with the standard two-dimensional Otsu algorithm segmentation test found in the fine segmentation of different fibers and fiber and cotton overlap, the algorithm had a higher degree of precision segmentation than the standard two-dimensional Otsu algorithm.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Algorithms
Controlled terms:Cotton - Cotton fibers - Health - Image segmentation - Light emitting diodes - Light sources - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Plastic containers - Synthetic fibers - Two dimensional
Uncontrolled terms:Chaos particle swarm optimizations - Chaotic particle swarm optimization algorithms (PSO) - Data acquisition cards - Foreign fiber - Particle swarm algorithm - Particle swarm optimization algorithm - Sliding Window - Two-dimensional otsu algorithms
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 914.3 Industrial Hygiene - 819.2 Synthetic Fibers - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 744 Lasers - 741.1 Light/Optics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 694 Packaging - 691 Bulk Handling and Unit Loads
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20135017075644
Title:Study on auto-control method and experiment for tractor depth based on fuzzy control
Authors:Lu, Zhixiong (1); Guo, Bing (1); Gao, Qiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China; (2) Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Equipment, Nanjing 210031, China
Corresponding author:Lu, Z.(luzx@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:23-29
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:There are many ways to control depth of tractor's electro-hydraulic lift hitch at home, however, force control or position control takes the main place and force-position combined control was studied less. The force-position combined control based on fuzzy control was brought forward in this article, and it can achieve the goal of depth's multi parameters control. Firstly, the structure of tractor's electro-hydraulic lift hitch and principle of the system are introduced. Then, the introduction of force-position combined control based on fuzzy control was proposed, the comprehensive coefficient was defined as the proportion of position control in force-position combined control. Actual value was calculated in advantage of depth value and resistance. The actual value was compared with the target value and then fuzzy control algorithm works. The essence of this control was that system transforms force-position combined control to depth fuzzy control in use of comprehensive coefficient. Besides, the depth fuzzy controller was designed. At last, the effect of resistance on depth in different comprehensive coefficient was studied through experiments. The results showed that the response of depth from 0 to 20 cm was less than 1.7 s. When comprehensive coefficients were 0.7, 0.5, 0.3, the depth's decrease showed as 3.2, 3.8 and 5.6 cm respectively. Meanwhile, the adjusting time showed as 0.79, 0.93 and 1.21 s respectively. It met the requirement of quick response of hydraulic lift hitch. When the comprehensive coefficient gets bigger, the effect of resistance to depth is less conversely. When the comprehensive coefficient is not zero, the system can keep depth and engine load stable at the same time. Driver can set the value of comprehensive coefficient to make electro-hydraulic lift hitch system adjust to many kinds of soils. Compared with the force control or position control, force-position combined control has more advantages. In the article, force-position combined control based on fuzzy control was presented and studied. The results reflect the dynamic characteristics of the electronically controlled hydraulic hitch system for ploughing depths control; and provide a theoretical basis for the controller design of the tractor's electro-hydraulic lift hitch system according to force-position combined control.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Position control
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Controllers - Experiments - Force control - Fuzzy control - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck)
Uncontrolled terms:Combined control - Comprehensive coefficient - Controller designs - Dynamic characteristics - Electro-hydraulics - Fuzzy controllers - Hydraulic hitch - Multiparameters
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 732.1 Control Equipment - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20135017075650
Title:Relationship between root tensile mechanical properties and its main chemical components of tipical tree species in North China
Authors:L&#252;, Chunjuan (1); Chen, Lihua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating, College of Water and Soil Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) College of Resources and Environmental Science, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu 030801, China
Corresponding author:Chen, L.(c_lihua@bjfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:69-78
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to understand the effect of root chemical components on its mechanical properties, root tensile tests were conducted on 473 roots with diameters of 0.75-7.65 mm from two conifers and three broadleaf, namely Pinus tabulaeformis Carr., Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr., Betula platyphylla Suk., Quercus mongolicus Fisch. ex Ledeb. and Ulmus pumila Linn, which were very common species in North China. All tested roots were devided into 7 diameter classes to measure the cellulose content, lignin content, hemicellulose content and holocellulose content. The results showed that the root tensile force varied from 8 to 954 N and tensile strength was in the range of 6-53 MPa. There was significant difference in tensile force and tensile strength among roots of five species, with a clear following ranking order: Ulmus pumila Linn. has the largest tensile force and tensile strength, followed by Betula platyphylla Suk, Quercus mongolicus Fisch. ex Ledeb, Pinus tabulaeformis Carr, and Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr. The tensile force increased with the increasing root diameter at the level of power function, and at the same time, the tensile strength decreased with the decrease in root diameter at the level of power function and inverse function. The range of root ultimate elongation was from 6.95% to 15.50% with significant difference among different tree species. The cellulose contents were from 20.09% to 37.67%, the lignin contents from 18.03% to 41.67%, the hemicellulose contents from 1.29% to 14.90%, the holocellulose contents from 26.20% to 52.09%, and the content ratio of lignin to cellulose was from 0.53 to 1.81. The root tensile force was positively correlated with cellulose content, hemicellulose content and holocellulose content, and was negatively correlated with lignin content and the content ratio of lignin to cellulose. The root tensile strength was negatively correlated with cellulose content, hemicellulose content and holocellulose content, but was positively correlated with lignin content and the content ratio of lignin to cellulose. For different tree species, the root chemical components effecting on the tensile force and tensile strength were different. Therefore, the size effect of root diameter on tensile strength can not be totally explained by the changes in root chemical components. Maybe the other inner factors of the root, such as its microstructure, also make the important contribution to it.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Tensile strength
Controlled terms:Biomechanics - Cellulose - Forestry - Lignin - Mechanical properties - Plants (botany) - Reinforcement - Tensile testing
Uncontrolled terms:Chemical compositions - Pinus tabulaeformis carr - Root tensile strength - Soil reinforcement - Tensile mechanical properties - Tree root - Trees - Ultimate elongation
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 461.9 Biology - 461.3 Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics - 422.2 Strength of Building Materials : Test Methods - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 415 Metals, Plastics, Wood and Other Structural Materials
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20135017075655
Title:Reducing evaporation from phreatic water and soil resalinization by using straw interlayer and plastic mulch
Authors:Zhao, Yonggan (1); Wang, Jing (1); Li, Yuyi (1); Pang, Huancheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resource and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Corresponding author:Pang, H.(panghuancheng@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:109-117
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Soil salinization severely restricts sustainable agricultural development in the Hetao Irrigation Distract in Inner Mongolia of China. Furthermore, insufficient drainage and over irrigation have aggravated the development of salinization of soil in this area. As such, people are forced to use better and more effective approaches for soil and water management in saline fields to increase crop productivity. The positive effect of both burial of straw interlayer and plastic mulch on the soil infiltration and/or evaporation has been reported, but there is a paucity of information on the effect of combined straw interlayer with plastic mulch, particularly its influence mechanism. With the aim of revealing the beneficial effects of straw interlayer and plastic mulch on water storage and salt control, a laboratory simulation experiment was conducted to study the processes of soil water infiltration and evaporation with the shallow groundwater table, as well as the distribution and transportation of soil water and salt. In the infiltration process, two treatments were designed, including homogenous soil as a control and straw interlayer buried at 40 cm depth. In the consequent process of water evaporation, plastic mulch and non-mulch practices were added respectively based on the previous treatments. The results showed that the straw interlayer buried treatments not only reduced the water infiltration rate and advanced the wetting velocity, but also induced the instability of the wetting front, i.e., the appearance of the preferential flow in the infiltration process. On the other hand, the straw interlayer buried treatments dramatically reduced the groundwater evaporation, and decreased the cumulative evaporation by 75.07%~95.42% during the successive evaporation of 30 days, when compared with the levels of control. In addition, the burial of straw interlayer altered the distribution and transportation of soil water and salt in soil profile. The soil water content in the straw interlayer imposed treatments at the top soil layers was increased while salt content was decreased in the infiltration process, compared to the corresponding ones without the straw interlayer treatments due mainly to the promoted solute leaching efficiency. Primarily, the soil capillary being cut off by the straw interlayer thereby salts up in the straw interlayer buried treatments was controlled, and blocked in the deeper soil layers during the evaporation process. Throughout the experiment, plastic mulch also had an effect of retaining soil moisture and preventing salt accumulating to the surface soil layer. However, the potential effect of mulched with plastic film only on controlling salt accumulation was not as significant as the straw interlayer buried only did. Moreover, the combination of straw interlayer and plastic mulch treatment performed better to prevent water evaporation and salts built-up in the soil than either non-mulch, or the individual use of straw interlayer or plastic mulch. Therefore, a combined straw interlayer and plastic mulch would provide a better edaphic environment for crop growth in agricultural production. The results of this study provide a reference for salt control and water conversation, as well as field management practices in an arid area and saline field.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Crops - Evaporation - Experiments - Groundwater - Groundwater flow - Irrigation - Saline water - Salts - Soil moisture  - Straw - Water management - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Effective approaches - Infiltration process - Laboratory simulation - Plastic mulch - Shallow groundwater tables - Sustainable agricultural development - Water and salts
Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 444.2 Groundwater - 444 Water Resources
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20135017075668
Title:Effects of different treatment and utilization types after land leaving unused on soil microbial properties in Karst region
Authors:Liu, Yan (1); Song, Tongqing (2); Cai, Desuo (1); Zeng, Fuping (2); Peng, Wanxia (2); Du, Hu (2); Liu, Yang (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (3) Huanjiang Observation and Research Station of Karst Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang, 547100, China; (4) Water Resources Bureau of Guangxi, Nanning 530023, China
Corresponding author:Song, T.(songtongq@isa.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:202-210
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Soil microbial properties are the reserve for soil nutrients, while soil nutrients would in reverse influence soil microbial activities. Therefore, gaining some knowledge of the interaction between them is urgent to help with land utilization and management. Depression between Karst hills is a typical landscape, which is located in the slope of the Karst region in southwest China, with a small environmental capacity resulting in a low ability in recovery. However, the related research studies under different land use types in the depression between Karst hills are rare. Based on the dynamic monitoring and investigation of six common land use types (i.e., burning, cutting, cutting plus with root removal, enclosure, maize plantation, and pasture of Guimu No.1 (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Guimu-1) plantation) on a slope in a Karst region, this paper analyzed soil microbial properties, as well as the interactions between microbial properties and soil nutrients. The results showed that the status of soil nutrients differed among six land use types, and contents of soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and available nitrogen (AN) reduced along the conversion from enclosure, burning, cutting, cutting plus with root removal, pasture plantation, to maize plantation. Soil microbial biomass varied in the six land use types, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) ranging from 244.98 to 1 246.89 mg/kg, microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) from 35.44 to 274.69 mg/kg, and microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) from 30.88 to 64.72 mg/kg. Among them, soil microbial biomass was lowest under maize plantation and when it was indicated that the soil was in a severe degradation status. Soil microbial population and composition varied in the six land use types: bacterium were predominant under planting maize and pasture of Guimu No. 1, which may be due to fertilization making some improvement in soil physical properties and microbial zone; actinomycetes were predominant under burning, cutting, cutting plus with root removal, and enclosure, which suggests that under these four land use types, actinomycetes had stronger fertility, competition, and consumption over soil nutrients other than microbial populations; while fungi accounted for a small proportion in all the six land use types. The interaction between soil microorganisms and soil nutrients diversified in the different land use types. The interactions between soil TP and MBP, total potassium (TK) and MBC, TN and actinomycetes under burning, TN and MBC under cutting, available phosphorus (AP) and MBN under cutting plus with root removal, pH values and actinomycetes under pasture plantation were positively strongest. While the interaction between pH values and MBC and fungus under enclosure, TN, TK, and MBP under maize plantation, pH values and fungi under planting pasture of Guimu No.1 were negatively strongest. The six land use types in the Karst region could be clustered into four categories, and enclosure and burning were best. This would provide some basis for land utilization and management in the depression between Karst hills and even for the whole Karst region in the southwest of China.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Bacteria - Biomass - Enclosures - Fungi - Land use - Landforms - Microorganisms - Nitrogen - Nitrogen removal  - Nutrients - pH
Uncontrolled terms:Different land use types - Environmental capacity - Karst regions - Microbial biomass carbon - Soil microbial activities - Soil microbial biomass - Soil microbial population - Soil nutrients
Classification code:914 Safety Engineering - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 801.2 Biochemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 481.1 Geology - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20135017075660
Title:Quickly selection for cotton seed based on seed identification software
Authors:Peng, Jiangnan (1); Xie, Zongming (2); Yang, Liming (3); Sun, Baoqi (1); Wang, Jianhua (1); Sun, Qun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100193, China; (2) Center for Molecular Agrobiotechnology and Breeding, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi 832000, China; (3) College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (4) Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Q.(sqcau@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:147-152
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In this paper, the correlation between the physical traits and seed vigor of delinted cotton seed (Lu Mian 28) was analyzed. The PNG format images of 400 cotton seeds were acquired with falatbed scanner, and the color features of cotton seed such as RGB, HSB, Lab, gray scale, and width, length and projected area were extracted automatically and quickly using seed identification software developed by our lab. Our seed identification software can identify the image and record related seed physical information, and then output all the information into an Excel file automatically. The identifying results were achieved in 1 second, very quickly, with errors lower than 2%. The germination experiment was performed to get seedling fresh weight as seed vigor. Data analysis showed that R, H, S, B (HSB), b, width, length, and projected area had a relatively high coefficient of variation (more than 0.1) during the sample. Correlation analysis showed that R, S, B (HSB), b, width, length, and projected area were all significantly correlated with a seedling's fresh weight. The correlation coefficients (R) were -0.128, -0.143, -0.121, -0.151, 0.283, 0.173, and 0.346 respectively. Cotton seeds of R&lt;90, S&le18, B(HSB)&le36, b&le4, width &gt; 4 mm, length &gt;7.2 mm, seed projected area &ge;25 mm² were selected respectively, and the seed germination rate was improved from 89% to 96.1%, 95.1%, 95.1%, 95.3%, 93.1%, 93.5% and 94.4%, and the selected rates of high quality seeds were 96.6%, 99.2%, 98.9%, 97.8%, 98.6%, 97%, and 94.7%, respectively. The verification test selected cotton seeds based on the physical traits and selected parameters described above, and the germination rate of seeds with R&lt;90, S&le18, B(HSB)&le36, b&le4, width &gt; 4 mm, length &gt; 7.2 mm, seed projected area&ge;25 mm² reached 95.1%, 95.1%, 94.8%, 94.8%, 94.4%, 94.4% and 94.8%, respectively. Therefore, we could deduce that this seed identification software could be applied to the selection of seed processing technology and the parameter determination of single delinted cotton seed according to seed vigor. The result has great importance for improving the seed processing level of China. In addition, our experiment confirmed that the seed projected area had a higher correlation with seed vigor compared to seed width and length. The reason may be that the projected area combined the information of seed width and seed length. But until now, there have been no related seed processing machines which could select seeds according to the seed projected area. This kind of seed machine is suggested to be developed as soon as possible.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Cotton - Cultivation - Experiments - Identification (control systems) - Image processing - Separation
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Correlation analysis - Correlation coefficient - Parameter determination - Physical information - Processing machines - Processing technologies - Seed identifications
Classification code:731.1 Control Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20135017075670
Title:Combined mid-infrared and hot air drying reduces energy-consumption and improves quality of jerky
Authors:Xie, Xiaolei (1); Li, Xia (1); Zhang, Chunhui (1); Jia, Wei (1); Li, Yin (1); Sun, Hongmei (1); Wang, Zhaojin (2); Mu, Guofeng (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (2) Tai Zhou Sheng Tai-ke Infrared Technology Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, China; (3) Inner Mongolia Meng Du Sheep Food Co. Ltd., Chifeng 024000, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, C.(18910165989@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:217-226
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Drying was the key procedure of jerky processing, different drying methods had different economic benefits and impacts on the quality of jerky. For traditional hot air (HA) drying method has some defects in thermal efficiency, new drying method that combined mid-infrared and hot air (CMIHA) drying was investigated in this paper. CMIHA drying machine was heated directly by mid-infrared without media and convective mode, which significantly increased the rate of energy conversion and energy utilization. The thermal efficiency of CMIHA machine was 70%-80%, and the temperature drift range could be controlled under &plusmn;1&deg;C. The structure composition, operational principle and technical characteristics of CMIHA drying machine were introduced in this study. Taking fresh beef as test material, the parameters of CMIHA drying process of jerky was optimized with range analysis, variance analysis and synthesis score analysis. Based on the heat transfer equation of combined radiation and convection, the orthogonal experiments of three factors including drying temperature (50, 60, 70&deg;C), radiation distance (8, 12, 16 cm) and radiation intensity (0.48, 0.64, 0.80 W/cm²) were carried out with the fixed wind velocity (1 m/s) and jerky size. The indices including drying performance and benefit, shear force and color of jerky were measured. According to the range analysis, radiation distance B<inf>1</inf> (8 cm) was preliminarily considered as the optimum dryer parameter, but drying temperature (A) and radiation intensity (C) could not be determined. According to the variance analysis, A had significant difference (p&lt;0.1) in drying time, drying energy and b^* value and C had no significant difference (p&gt;0.1) in all indices, but compared with drying time, L^*value and a^*value, C had more important impacts on shear force, drying energy and b^*value. So as for the low shear force and drying energy-consuming, A<inf>3</inf>C<inf>1</inf> (70&deg;C, 0.48 W/cm²) was preliminarily considered as the optimum drying parameter. Comprehensive analysis of the drying performance and benefit, quality of jerky, the appropriate drying parameter of CMIHA drying machine was A<inf>3</inf>B<inf>1</inf>C<inf>1</inf>. Through synthesis score analysis, A<inf>3</inf>B<inf>1</inf>C<inf>1</inf> had the highest score among the ten drying parameters. Then the best CMIHA drying process was compared with mid-infrared (MI) drying (drying temperature 70&deg;C, radiation distance 8 cm, radiation intensity 0.48 W/cm²) and HA drying (drying temperature 70&deg;C, heat distance 8 cm, wind velocity 1 m/s), the indices including drying performance and benefit, shear force, texture profiles analysis (TPA), shrinkage rate, acid value and color were measured. The results showed that compared with MI drying and HA drying, CMIHA drying significantly reduced (p&lt;0.05) the drying time and energy, its time-consuming and energy-consuming were only 70% and 90% of that with MI drying, 40% and 22% of that with HA drying. Besides, compared with HA drying, CMIHA drying could significantly increase (p&lt;0.05) springiness, gumminess, chewiness, L^* value, a^* value, b^* value and decrease (p&lt;0.05) shear force and shrinkage rate. Compared with MI drying, CMIHA drying could significantly increase (p&lt;0.05) gumminess, chewiness, L^* value and decrease shear force and shrinkage rate, but there were no significant (p&gt;0.05) differences in springiness, a^* value and b^* value. Based on the sensory quality, jerky with CMIHA drying could be easier accepted than that dried by MI drying and HA drying. So, compared with the traditional hot air drying, CMIHA drying could significantly increase economic benefit and quality of jerky. This study can provide a reference for the new drying method of jerky.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Energy conversion - Energy utilization - Infrared devices - Optimization - Quality control - Radiation - Shear flow - Shearing machines - Shrinkage
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive analysis - Heat transfer equations - Hot air - Midinfrared - Operational principles - Orthogonal experiment - Performance and benefit - Radiation intensity
Classification code:921.5 Optimization Techniques - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 951 Materials Science - 642.1 Process Heating - 525.5 Energy Conversion Issues - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 535.1 Metal Rolling
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20135017075673
Title:Development of system on data acquisition and analysis of heat transfer and kinetics for Chinese cuisine
Authors:Zhou, Jie (1); Deng, Li (1); Yan, Yong (1); Li, Huichao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Liquor Making and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
Corresponding author:Deng, L.(denglifood@foxmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:241-246
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The process characteristics of typical Chinese cuisine were analyzed into heat transfer, mass transfer, relative motion, and quality changes of fluid-particulate system in an open container, which showed that a temperature change of the heat transfer process played a crucial role in food quality. The current research object is to study the relationship between heat transfer and food quality of a fluid-particulate system by kinetics that is the bond of them. Based on aforementioned analysis, the primary purpose of cuisine is to make food materials mature and control heating which is the key to minimize food quality degradation while materials of cuisine are heated until done. In order to exactly express the degree of maturing in variations of temperature, Chinese cuisine maturity theory puts forward the novel kinetics functions in which maturity value (M value) and overheated value (O value) quantitatively expresses the degree of maturing and quality deterioration of foods respectively. Each of them was physically defined based on the equivalent heating time to reference temperature for respective quality factors. Validation and analysis of Chinese cuisine maturity theory, experiments of heat transfer and kinetics research on cuisine, and numerical simulation of the cuisine process all require basic test equipments to acquire data of heat transfer and kinetics of experiment. The existing instruments for validation of thermal process don't meet the requirements of the research of Chinese cuisine. Consequently, a system of data acquisition and analysis of heat transfer and kinetics for Chinese cuisine which automatically acquires temperature data in the process of heat transfer by multi-channels temperature acquisition module and simultaneously displays time-temperature profile, M value and O value of the integral computation of Simpson method that was programmed by Visual Basic software on the computer was developed. In the process of typical Chinese cuisine such as stir-frying, mixtures of fluid-particulate system are heated intensively in an extremely short time, and their temperatures change rapidly in a great range. Therefore, it is necessary that the temperature sensors of the system have high sensitivity and short response time. Eventually, superfine armored thermocouples with high precision and good stabilization were taken as the temperature sensors that verified that the measurement accuracy of temperature reached to &plusmn;0.05&deg;C and the response time was within 0.029 s. The numerical integration method affects the accuracy of the M/O value. The Simpson's integration method can meet the requirements of the accuracy of M/O value acquisition when the sampling interval is less than 1 sec. The system was applied to practical Chinese cuisine for the research on kinetics data of heat transfer and food qualities changes, which the sampling interval and kinetic parameters Z<inf>M</inf>/Z<inf>O</inf> were set at 0.5 s, 10 and 20&deg;C respectively, the errors of the Simpson method that was used in numerical integration of kinetics functions were &plusmn;1.16% (M value) and &plusmn;0.58% (O value). All of the data of the acquisition and integral operation could be displayed on screen in real time, intelligently recorded, and saved on the computer. The result of the acquisition and numerical integration data proved that the system was applicable to data acquisition and analysis of the heat transfer and kinetics for Chinese cuisine. Further on, it could be used for validation and analysis of the theory of maturity value, applied to numerical simulation of the process of cooking and research on the principal Chinese cuisine techniques until it finds the optimization points for the heat transfer and kinetics of Chinese cuisine.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Kinetics
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Data acquisition - Enzyme kinetics - Experiments - Heat transfer - Numerical models - Temperature sensors - Thermal processing (foods) - Thermocouples - Visual BASIC
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese cuisine - Heat transfer process - Numerical integration methods - Numerical integrations - Process characteristics - Quality deteriorations - Reference temperature - Time-temperature profile
Classification code:931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 921 Mathematics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 944.5 Temperature Measuring Instruments - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 802.2 Chemical Reactions
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20135017075654
Title:Using computed tomography scanning to study soil pores under different soil structure improvement measures
Authors:Yang, Yonghui (1); Wu, Jicheng (1); Mao, Yongping (3); Han, Qingyuan (4); He, Fang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resource Environment, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (2) Yuanyang Experimental Station of Crop Water Use, Ministry of Agriculture, Yuanyang 453514, China; (3) General Hospital of Jinshui District of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (4) Corps Hospital of Armed Police in Henan, Zhengzhou 450052, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Y.(yangyongh@mails.ucas.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:99-108
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Soil pore structure plays an important role in the ways of soil water movement in both topsoil and subsoil, and has a close relationship with soil surface runoff and permeability. Soil pore structure has evident spatial characteristics which includes soil porosity, pore number, pore radius, spore size distribution, circularity, morphological and quantitative characteristics, and the distribution of pore space, correlations between connectivity, and spatial pore distribution. In recent years, CT scanning has been introduced to study the characteristics of soil pores. CT image is applied to research the soil pore distribution, the density of soil spatial distribution and size, soil porosity, pore surface fractal dimension, the spatial distribution of soil moisture, and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of soil properties. Meanwhile, CT scanning has accurately revealed the number, size, and location of macro pores (&gt;1 mm in diameter). No-tillage, straw mulching, application of organic fertilizer and superabsorbent polymers (SAP) can increase soil organic matter content, improve soil structure, increase soil fertility and soil porosity, and thus decrease soil bulk density and promote crop growth. However, further study will be needed to study the impact of different measures on the soil pore number, size, and distribution of soil pores in the soil profile. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of different improvement measures for soil structure, such as straw mulching, no-tillage, application of organic fertilizer and super absorbent polymers, on the characteristics of soil pores and its distribution in different soil layer, CT scanning was used to quantitatively analyze soil pore numbers, soil porosity, and distribution of soil pores in different soil profiles. The results showed that the numbers of soil total pores, macro pores, and 0.13-1.0 mm pores were significantly increased in different soil improving treatments in contrast to CK treatment, and the porosity and circularity were improved. The optimal soil improvement measures occurred in treatments that applied organic fertilizer and no-tillage, and then were followed by the treatments of applying SAP and straw mulching, CK treatment was the lowest. In addition, soil field capacity and the amount of water stable aggregate of &gt;0.25 mm were significantly improved in different soil structure improvement measures, however, soil bulk density was decreased in each treatment. The optimal soil improvement measures were also found in treatments that applied organic fertilizer and no-tillage, compared with treatment CK, soil water capacity was increased by 15.9% and 16.4% in treatment applications of organic fertilizer and no-tillage, respectively. In addition, corresponding soil bulk density was decreased by 6.8% and 8.8%, respectively. The correlation analysis among different soil pore indexes showed that these significantly or extremely significantly positive correlations were found between the field soil water capacity, and soil bulk density and the amount of water-stable aggregate of &gt;0.25 mm and soil total porosity and macro porosity. However, soil bulk density and soil total porosity and macro porosity and pore cycle rate were submitted to a significantly negative correlation.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Computerized tomography
Controlled terms:Aggregates - Chemical analysis - Fertilizers - Fractal dimension - Information dissemination - Optimization - Polymers - Pore structure - Porosity - Scanning  - Size distribution - Soil moisture - Soil testing - Soils - Spatial distribution - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:CT (computed tomography) - Quantitative characteristics - Soil improvement - Soil organic matter contents - Soil pores - Spatial characteristics - Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity - Water stable aggregates
Classification code:921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921 Mathematics - 903.2 Information Dissemination - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 406 Highway Engineering - 801 Chemistry
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20135017075659
Title:Recognition of kiwifruit in field based on Adaboost algorithm
Authors:Zhan, Wentian (1); He, Dongjian (1); Shi, Shilian (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China; (2) School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Corresponding author:He, D.(hdj168@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:140-146
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The segmentation and localization of kiwi fruit in the field under nature scenes are the key technology for realizing automatic kiwi fruit-picking. Recently, the research studies about fruit recognition have been limited to a single color space and considered less about complex backgrounds in a field, resulting in a low recognition rate. In order to improve the recognition effect of kiwifruit in the field, a method based on an Adaboost algorithm was developed for segmentation between kiwi fruit and its background. First, it needs to extract and optimize the effective features. For ascertaining the color features between kiwi fruit and its background, three commonly used color spaces such as RGB, HSV and La^*b^* were chosen, and the 100 points of kiwi fruit and 200 sample points of background in the collected images were analyzed. It was concluded that the G-R channel in RGB color space, the horizontal distance index, the a^*-b^* channel and a^* channel in La^*b^* color space, H-S channel and H channel in HSV color space can separate kiwi and its background correctly. The study then expounded the principle of an Adaboost algorithm, and used these six channels to build six different weak classifiers. Next, 300 kiwi fruit and background sample points were used for training, selecting a weak classifier automatically in training, and finally a stage classifier was generated after four iterations. After that, 655 sample points containing 208 points of kiwi fruit and 477 sample points of background selected as test samples were tested for precision validation. Both the classification precision of stage classifier being 94.20% and the coefficient of Kappa being 0.88 were higher than any of the weak classifiers'. The recognition experiment was conducted to test the algorithm with 215 kiwifruit taken from 80 sample images. The rate of fault recognition was 7.0%, the rate of missed recognition was only 3.7%, and the rate of successful recognition reached 96.7%. The rate of successful recognition being 92.1% and 88.9% were lower than this paper method when the R-G channel and horizontal distance index were used. The test results showed a R-G channel could not get a correct segmentation between soil and kiwifruit, and twigs and stalks easily resulted in false segmentation. The horizontal distance index could remove the trunks accurately, but leaves easily resulted in false segmentation. Both these two methods had their identification advantages, but they sometimes wrongly segmented the background. The Adaboost algorithm compromised the identifying strengths of the two methods to make up for its shortcomings, and it achieved an ideal effect for the segmentation between kiwifruit and trunk, soil and branches. Finally, the kiwifruit recognition based Adaboost algorithm had preferable performance because of its restraining the influence of a complex background such as the sky and the earth's surface effectively. This method was feasible and valid for kiwi fruit recognition in a field and with high recognition accuracy. This paper provided a technical basis for the development of a kiwifruit picking robot.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Adaptive boosting - Algorithms - Birds - Classifiers - Color - Color image processing - Image recognition
Uncontrolled terms:AdaBoost algorithm - Classification precision - Complex background - Fault recognition - Fruit recognition - HSV color spaces - Kiwifruits - Recognition accuracy
Classification code:822 Food Technology - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 741.1 Light/Optics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 461 Bioengineering and Biology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20135017075647
Title:Wheat straw moisture meter based on alterative current impedance method
Authors:Guo, Wenchuan (1); Yang, Jun (1); Liu, Chi (1); Zhu, Xinhua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China
Corresponding author:Guo, W.(guowenchuan69@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:46-52
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Wheat straw is a main kind of straws in China. Since it contains a large amount of fiber, wheat straw is used to make paper and produce particleboards in different densities. Moreover, high energy content in wheat straw provides an opportunity to convert straw's heat energy to electric power. Since the unit price of wheat straw is based on weight and straw decays when kept in a high moisture state, moisture content is listed as a main criterion in wheat straw consuming market. It is also an important factor in straw's application. Therefore, moisture content detection is very important during wheat straw marketing, storing and processing. Since the traditional oven drying method has the major disadvantages for long time measurement and unsuitable for on-site detection in collection fields, developing the new kinds of wheat straw moisture meters with advantages of convenience, rapid measurement and high precision is needed in wheat straw industry. In this study, based on alterative current (AC) impedance method, a straw moisture meter, which can detect impedance, temperature and pressure, was designed with an 8-bit single-chip microcomputer as controller. Experiment was conducted at five moisture content levels from 10.4% to 19.7% at wet basis, temperature range from 5 to 40&deg;C at 5&deg;C interval, and three bulk density levels (75.3-101.3 kg/m³) at each moisture content to study the effect of moisture content, temperature and bulk density on impedance. A cubic equation on impedance as functions of moisture content, temperature and bulk density was established. The significance effect of each variable on the regressed equation was analyzed. The results indicate that bulk density has no significant effect on the equation at the significance level of 0.05. Therefore, a cubic equation of impedance with two variables of moisture content and temperature was regressed. The test results showed that the regressed cubic model with two variables can describe the relationship between impedance and moisture content and temperature exactly. Based on the obtained impedance and temperature, Newton iteration algorithm was used to calculate the moisture content of wheat straw. The experiment indicated that the absolute error between calculated moisture content with the developed straw moisture meter and actual value obtained by drying method was within -2.0%-0.9%, and the response time for predicting moisture content was within 3 s. The study can provide a reference for developing convenient and rapid moisture meters of wheat straw.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Straw
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Commerce - Computers - Drying - Electric impedance - Experiments - Microcomputers - Moisture - Moisture determination - Moisture meters  - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Bulk density - Different densities - Long time measurements - Oven drying method - Rapid measurement - Significance levels - Single chip microcomputers - Temperature and pressures
Classification code:944.2 Moisture Measurements - 944.1 Moisture Measuring Instruments - 921 Mathematics - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 642.1 Process Heating - 641.1 Thermodynamics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20135017075643
Title:Seeding monitor system for planter based on polyvinylidence fluoride piezoelectric film
Authors:Huang, Dongyan (1); Jia, Honglei (1); Qi, Yue (2); Zhu, Longtu (2); Li, Honggang (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Bionics Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130025, China; (2) College of Information, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (3) Jilin Province Agricultural Machinery Research Institute, Changchun 130025, China
Corresponding author:Jia, H.(jiahl@vip.163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:15-22
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:During the process of seeding, once the fault cannot be identified, there will be a large area of missed planting and loss of agricultural production. It is very important to improve the reliability of the seed monitoring system. In this paper, a seed monitoring system was developed based on a PVDF piezoelectric film sensor. The system is simple, with strong applicability. The sensor with the cantilever structure has little effect on the seed coefficient of variation. The system can work in harsh environments. According to the sensor output signal and the forward speed of the machine, the amount of seeding, the speed of seeding, seeding acreage, leakage rate, and other performance indicators can be gained. An alarm will be given once there is the phenomenon of a missing seed or blocking. According to the alarm signal, the tractor driver stops to check the planter. A PVDF piezoelectric film sensor is installed in the seeding tube under the seed-metering device. During the process of seeding, seeds sideswipe the PVDF piezoelectric film one by one. The stricks of seeds make deformations of the piezoelectric film. At the same time, the piezoelectric polarization is generated inside the film. Positive and negative charges are gathered on the upper and lower surfaces of the piezoelectric film respectively. The charges generate a voltage signal. When the seed-metering device fails, the piezoelectric sensor will not be subject to stricks of seeds, and the voltage signal disappears. Therefore, the voltage signals generated by the piezoelectric sensor can be used to determine whether there is a missed planting phenomenon. In order to avoid rebounds of the seed on the sensor, the sensor is installed in a 30&deg; angle with the vertical direction. The piezoelectric film sensor is soft, thin, and highly sensitive. The sensor is near to the seed-metering device, the collision of seed and the sensor is rapid, so the phenomenon of blocking is prevented at the installation position for the sensor. The system hardware is composed of a monitor and an alarm circuit. The central processors of the monitor and alarm are two single-chip microcomputers, and the type is STC89C52. The signals of the PVDF sensor and the hall sensor are collected by the monitor circuit. The alarm circuit is mainly used for processing the human-computer interaction. Two single-chip microcomputers communicate by a wireless data transmission module NRF24L012. The information of seeding performance gathered by the monitor is transmitted to the alarm through the wireless transmission. The alarm circuit displays the alarm signals. The system was applied for both a bench test and a field test. When the amounts of seeding are 5, 8.75 and 10 seeds per second, the system accuracy for amount of seeding is 95.3%, 96%, and 92.5% respectively, the system accuracy for missed planting is 90.4%, 91%, and 90.2% respectively. A large amount of seeds does not affect the system's accuracy. When the planter forward speed is 3, 4 and 5 km/h, the system accuracy for the amount of seeding is 95.2%, 93.8%, and 90.4% respectively, the system accuracy for missed planting is 93.3%, 93.1%, and 89.7% respectively. The system has a strong ability of anti-interference. Equipment vibrations do not affect the accuracy of the system. This system can effectively monitor seeding performance, and help to improve sowing quality.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Alarm systems - Computers - Electric sensing devices - Hall effect transducers - Microcomputers - Monitoring - Piezoelectric transducers - Piezoelectricity - Pneumatic materials handling equipment  - Sensors - Voltage measurement
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Coefficient of variation - Piezoelectric film - Piezoelectric polarizations - Planter - PVDF piezoelectric film sensors - Single chip microcomputers - Wireless data transmission
Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 914.2 Fires and Fire Protection - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 942.2 Electric Variables Measurements - 801 Chemistry - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 704 Electric Components and Equipment - 714 Electronic Components and Tubes - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 732 Control Devices - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20135017075669
Title:Simulation on reliefing negative influence of damage roots on growth of maize by application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors:Li, Shaopeng (1); Bi, Yinli (1); Yu, Haiyang (1); Kong, Weiping (1); Feng, Yanbo (1); Qin, Yafei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Bi, Y.(ylbi88@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:211-216
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Reliefing affection of damage roots on growth of maize by application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Abstract: With the first coal output and larger subsidence area in China, the Shendong mining area is the largest coal field in China and one of the seven major coalfields in the world now. Underground mining would cause ground subsidence damage and large amounts of cracks, which would result a loss of surface moisture and nutrient and intensifying drought. There are a few reports about damage to plant roots caused by coal mining at home and abroad. The main reasons are that plant roots in soil would form a "black box" which is difficult to observe. In addition, the irregular distribution of plant roots in soil and the different forces generated in process of surface subsidence are difficult to study comprehensively. The technologies to repair damaged plant roots have not been completely perfected yet. Although the physical methods and chemical methods would alleviate the adverse effects of coal mining to some extent, they can not fundamentally solve the environmental degradation caused by root damage in coal mining. Moreover they are difficult to spread and apply in mining area as their treatment cost is high. The bioremediation method is one of the most popular and advocated methods at home and abroad. As a good function of biological "fertilizer" arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has greater value and potential in an ecological environment treatment. In the process of coal mining, surface subsidence leads to plant root injury. For this problem, in this study, the mitigation effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus inoculation on the growth of root injured maize were investigated by soil pot experiments, which artificially simulated root damage caused by coal mining, with corn as the host plant and mining area degraded soils as the test matrix. The results indicated that AMF inoculation alleviated the adverse effects caused by root harm, and contributed to the growth of maize. The average dry weight per plant of the inoculation group was higher than that of the control group by 9.74 g. In addition, AMF inoculation significantly promoted the maize to take up mineral elements from the soil, and increased the content of glomalin and organic matter which existed in the rhizosphere soil of the injured maize. The contents of total glomalin and organic matter in the maize rhizosphere soil of the inoculation group were higher than that of the control group by 48.1% and 24.5% respectively. AMF inoculation improved the micro-environment of rhizosphere and made a contribution to the amelioration and fertilization of degraded soil in the mining area. It will provide technical support for land reclamation and ecological reconstruction by studying the effects of AMF on the growth of damaged plants.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Bioremediation - Coal deposits - Coal mines - Ecology - Fungi - Land reclamation - Minerals - Organic compounds  - Repair - Subsidence
Uncontrolled terms:Arbuscular mycorrhizas - Coal mining area - Glomalin - Maize - Root harm
Classification code:804.1 Organic Compounds - 503.1 Coal Mines - 503 Mines and Mining, Coal - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 482.2 Minerals - 913.5 Maintenance - 482 Mineralogy - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 481.2 Geochemistry
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20135017075675
Title:Effect of bacillus amyloliquefaciens fermentation liquid on different types of peppers for biological control of postharvest A. alternate
Authors:Cai, Wentao (1); Xia, Bo (1); Xia, Yanbin (1); Yi, Youjin (1); Wang, Yuting (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
Corresponding author:Xia, Y.
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:253-261
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to understand the fresh-keeping effect of bacillus amylo-liquefaciens strain-L fermented liquid on the postharvest pepper, the different pepper varieties (the green pepper and red chilli) were treated with fermented filtrated liquor of bacillus amylo-liquefaciens isolated from chilli bell peppers pulp to study the preserve effects of peppers. The results indicated that the strain-L fermentation medium over a certain concentration had a good antibacterial effect on pepper pathogenic fungi (A.alternate) with the invitro tests. The invivo test results showed that even though the fresh-keeping effect of fermentation liquid was not as good as fresh-keeping effect of preservative liquid, but significantly better than the sterile water group. Comparing the different varieties of peppers, fresh-keeping effect of fermentation liquid on red chilli was better than that of green pepper, and the inhibition effect of invivo decreased compared with invitro inhibition effect. For the damage inoculation, strain-L fermentation medium has obvious antibacterial effect on the green pepper and red chilli, the decay rate of green pepper declined by 51.87% compared with sterile water treatment. The decay rate of the red chilli declined by 58.54% compared with sterile water. The preservation effect of strain-L fermentation medium on different varieties of pepper had significant difference during 24 d storage period by noninvasive inoculation. The results showed that the strain-L fermented liquid treatment can obviously decrease the decay rate of postharvest chili in the storage period, which was obviously superior to the sterile water group. After 24 d storage, the decay rates of green peppers treated with fermentation medium and preservation liquid were 37.5%, 32.50% respectively, decreased by 35% and 40% respectively compared to sterile water group. The decay rate of red chilli treated with fermentation medium and preservation liquid were 29.63%, 24.14% respectively, decreased by 34.19%, 28.70% respectively compared to sterile water group. The levels of decay rates were different for different varieties with fermentation medium treatment group and preservation liquid treatment. The decay rate of red chilli was lower than the green pepper by about 7.87% and 8.36% respectively. It showed no significant change among the different treatments. In the whole storage period, the strain-L reduced the decay rates; delayed the reduction of reducing sugar content; inhibited the loss of soluble solid content, soluble protein and the content of VC; maintained the stable color and quality structure. Strain-L fermentation liquor obtained the good storage effect in keeping the chili good commodity value, sensory quality and nutritional value. The research can provide a theoretical basis for biological prevention and technical methods for fresh-keeping of postharvest vegetables.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Liquids
Controlled terms:Bacteriology - Biocontrol - Decay (organic) - Energy storage - Fermentation - Quality control
Uncontrolled terms:Alternaria - Antagonist - Bacillus amyloliquefaciens - Chilli - Postharvest
Classification code:931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 731.1 Control Systems - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 461.9 Biology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20135017075672
Title:Improving paddy seed vigor by corona discharge field processing and dielectric separatio
Authors:Xu, Jiang (1); Tan, Min (2); Zhang, Chunqing (2); Li, Fade (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; (2) Agricultural College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
Corresponding author:Li, F.(lifade@sdau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:233-240
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to research the effects of corona discharge field processing and dielectric separation on the vigor of paddy seeds, a corona discharge field processing test was conducted with an arc-shaped electrode at a processing voltage of 15000, 17500, 20000, and 22500 V(DC) for 4 min. The results showed that the vigor of the paddy seeds were significantly improved, and increased initially and then decreased with the processing voltage. The four indexes (the germination potential, the germination rate, the germination index, and the vigor index) got the maximum value at the processing voltage at 17500 V, and increased by 88.5%, 22.2%, 26.9%, and 30.8% in comparison with that of CK. Through the analysis with ANOVA, it was found that the effect of the arc-shaped electrodes on the four indexes of the seeds was significantly (p&lt;0.01) higher than that of the CK at a processing voltage of 17500 V. In addition, a dielectric separation was performed with a dielectric separator at the different separating voltages of 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 V(DC) when the rotating speed of the separating roller was 25 r/min, and the results also showed that the vigor of each class was significantly different. The vigor of the class I paddy seeds was highest, and the vigor of the class III paddy seeds was lowest. The vigor of the class I paddy seeds was significantly (p&lt;0.01) higher than that of the CK. The vigor of the class III paddy seeds was lower than that of the CK. That was to say that the separation effect was obvious. The vigor of the class I paddy seeds was significantly increased when the rotating speed of the separating roller was 25 r/min and the selecting voltage was 4000 V (DC). The four indexes of paddy seeds with that treatment were increased by 59.4%, 20.6%, 33.3% and 45.2% in comparison with that of CK. Through the analysis with ANOVA, it was found that the effects on the four indexes of the seeds were significantly (p&lt;0.01) higher than that of the CK. On the other hand, it was also found that the vigor of class II and class III paddy seeds which were firstly processed with the corona discharge field and then separated with the dielectric separator under the above optimum conditions (17500 V and 4 min for the corona discharge field processing, 4000 V and 25 r/min for the dielectric separator) were significantly higher than that of the paddy seeds which were solely processed with the dielectric separator. The vigor of the class II paddy seeds was significantly (p&lt;0.01 or p&lt;0.05) higher than that of the CK. The vigor of the class III paddy seeds was higher than that of the CK. These results will provide a foundation for developing a new processing and separating device. It has a great significance for agricultural production. The number of the generation of the paddy seeds was recorded from the 5th day to the 10th day as well. It was found that a corona discharge field and dielectric separation increased the speed of germination of paddy seeds. It also suggested that the dielectric separation electric field treatment was also a process of electric field treatment.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Analysis of variance (ANOVA) - Cultivation - Dielectric properties - Electric corona - Electric fields - Rotating machinery - Separation - Separators
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Corona discharges - Electric field treatment - Germination index - Germination potential - Germination rates - Optimum conditions - Paddy
Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 922 Statistical Methods - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 701 Electricity and Magnetism - 601.1 Mechanical Devices - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20135017075664
Title:Nitrogen fixation additive reducing emission of NH<inf>3</inf> and H<inf>2</inf>S during composting of kitchen waste and cornstalk
Authors:Zhang, Hongyu (1); Li, Guoxue (2); Yuan, Jing (2); Zang, Bing (2); Yang, Qingyuan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Building Materials Academy of Science Research, Solid Waste Resources Utilization and Energy Saving Building Materials State Key Laboratory, Beijing 100041, China; (2) China College of Resource and Environment Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Corresponding author:Li, G.(ligx@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:173-178
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to reduce odor emissions such as NH<inf>3</inf> and H<inf>2</inf>S, this study designed experiments to investigate the effects of H<inf>3</inf>PO<inf>4</inf> Mg(OH)<inf>2</inf>, Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>, FeCl<inf>3, </inf>and &beta; cyclodextrin on producing and releasing NH<inf>3</inf> and H<inf>2</inf>S during kitchen waste composting. The composting treatment without adding chemical materials was used as control. The kitchen waste consisted of 53% vegetation waste, 24% fruit wall, 19% meat, and 4% leaves. For all treatments, cornstalks as an additive using the wet weight ration of 1:5.7 were added to the kitchen waste composting. All treatments were analyzed using 60 L heat insulated composting vessels with forced aeration systems. The vessels were controlled by the C-LGX program, which enables aeration to be controlled automatically by time or inside temperature. Aeration consisted of pumping ambient air into the reactor continuously at a rate of 0.2 L/(kg&middotmin) dry matter. The TKN and TOC were determined according to the Chinese national standard (NY 525-2002). The pH, EC, and GI were determined in water extracts (20 g of dry weight compost were extracted with 200 ml of distilled water, stirred for 1 h, and then centrifuged at 4000 rpm). pH value was measured with a pH meter, electrical conductivity (EC) was measured by a DDS-12A conductivity meter. The moisture content was determined by drying the samples at 105&deg;C, until the weight was unvarying. The boric acid titration method was used to determine ammonia emission. The H<inf>2</inf>S content was analyzed daily using a portable biogas analyzer. Composting gas samples were extracted using a suction pump (built-in biogas analyzer, gas flow: 550 mL/min), and then transferred to the inlet port of the biogas analyzer via a Teflon hose that contained a filter element (2.0 &mu;m PTFE) installed in the middle of the pipe. The measurement was taken for about 90 seconds, and the measured value of H<inf>2</inf>S was read directly from the screen. The results showed that adding nitrogen control material reduced the pH of the composting systems, and the loss rate of the composting materials obviously decreased compared with CK. The analysis of phytotoxicity indexes of EC and GI showed that all treatments reached the compost maturity requirements. Four kinds of control materials could all decrease NH<inf>3</inf> and H<inf>2</inf>S emissions, but the reduction mechanism are not the same. Compared with treatment CK, the cumulative emissions of NH<inf>3</inf> were reduced by 49.5%, 38.5%, 64.2%, and 62.7%, and the cumulative emissions of H<inf>2</inf>S were reduced by 39.2%, 5.9%, 52.0% and 47.8% for the treatments of P M, CaP, FC, and CD, respectively. After integrating the reduction of NH<inf>3</inf> and H<inf>2</inf>S emission and the phytotoxicity of compost, FeCl<inf>3</inf> was the best nitrogen and sulfur conservation material during kitchen waste composting in this work. This study can provide a reference for the screening of odor control materials in a kitchen waste composting process.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Waste treatment
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Biogas - C (programming language) - Composting - Extraction - Hydrogen sulfide - Kitchens - Materials - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fixation  - Odor control - Titration - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese national standard - Composting systems - Conductivity meters - Cumulative emissions - Designed experiments - Electrical conductivity - Reducing emissions - Reduction mechanisms
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 801.2 Biochemistry - 801 Chemistry - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 522 Gas Fuels - 452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 402 Buildings and Towers
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20135017075657
Title:Simulating yield gap of winter wheat in response to nitrogen management in North China Plain based on DSSAT model
Authors:Liu, Jiangang (1); Chu, Qingquan (1); Wang, Guangyao (2); Chen, Fu (1); Zhang, Yaoyao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (2) Desert Research and Extension Center, University of California, El Centro 92243, United States
Corresponding author:Chu, Q.(cauchu@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:124-129
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Yield gap analysis is important to reveal factors that limit crop production and identify management practices that can potentially increase crop yield. Although nitrogen (N) fertilizer played an important role in wheat yield increase in the past 30 years in China, excessive nitrogen application became a common practice in some farms, which increased input by farmers, reduced farm profitability, and caused significant environmental issues in recent years. Due to the complexity of the system, crop growth models such as the DSSAT model (Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer) have been widely used by many researchers across the world to analyze crop yield gap and determine the impact of N fertilizer on yield gap. In this study, the DSSAT model was coupled with data from experiments and a farm survey was employed to assess the impact of N fertilizer management on the yield gap of winter wheat in the North China Plain, to determine the average yields and yield gaps under distinct N fertilizer management scenarios over the years, and to identify the distribution of yield gaps and the agronomic efficiency of applied N fertilizer (AE<inf>N</inf>) among different fields. The field experiments were conducted in Wuqiao, China from 2008 to 2011. Yield and management data were collected from the experiments to calibrate and validate the DSSAT model and the analysis of AE<inf>N</inf> in the experiment. The simulated yields of the DSSAT model were closely correlated to the actual yield in the field experiments with different application levels of N fertilizer, indicating that the model was adequate for analyzing the yield gap of winter wheat in the region. Results from a farm survey, conducted in Wuqiao in 2010, indicated that there were remarkable differences among winter wheat yields in different fields, ranging from 5250 to 8630 kg/hm² with a relatively lower coefficient of variation. The N fertilizer rates ranged from 30 to 495 kg/hm² with significant variations among different fields, indicating a wide range of N fertilizer application rates among farmers in the region and room for improvement in management practices. Based upon the simulation results, the optimum N application rate was 222 kg/hm² with the corresponding maximum attainable yield (AY<inf>max</inf>) of 7618 kg/hm². There were considerable differences between AY<inf>max</inf> and crop yields from the survey, ranging from -1007 to 2368 kg/hm². The gap narrowed gradually as the N fertilizer rate increased and plateaued at a 222 kg/hm² N fertilizer rate. The N application rates in farmers' fields were commonly higher than the optimum rate with low AE<inf>N</inf>. Almost 75% of the fields in the survey were in the range of relatively high N rates, indicating excessive N fertilizer applications in the wheat crop in the region. The results indicated that winter wheat yield could be significantly improved with better management practices. Possible optimization strategies to achieve both high yields and high N use efficiency in winter wheat in North China Plain should focus on adjusting N fertilizer application rates to an optimal range, improving N fertilizer application timing, and adjusting the practices according to local soil conditions and climates. Greater efforts in education and on-farm demonstration are needed to help farmers in improving N fertilizer management practices.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Artificial intelligence - Computer simulation - Crops - Cultivation - Decision support systems - Experiments - Fertilizers - Grain (agricultural product) - Management - Nitrogen  - Optimization - Plants (botany) - Surveys - Technology transfer
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Dssat models - Environmental issues - Management practices - Nitrogen management - Optimization strategy - Wheat - Yield gap
Classification code:921.5 Optimization Techniques - 912.2 Management - 901.4 Impact of Technology on Society - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 723.5 Computer Applications - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 461.9 Biology - 405.3 Surveying
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20135017075667
Title:Patterns of topsoil stripping for planting use in foreign countries and its enlightenment for China
Authors:Tan, Yongzhong (1); Han, Chunli (1); Wu, Cifang (1); Chen, Zheng (2); Zhao, Zheyuan (3); Wang, Qingri (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Land Resources Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (2) Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center of Ministry of Land and Resource, Beijing 100035, China; (3) Zhejiang Land Surveying and Planning Institute, Hangzhou 310007, China; (4) China Land Surveying and Planning Institute, Beijing 100035, China
Corresponding author:Tan, Y.(tanyz@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:194-201
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Topsoil stripping is helpful to improve land productivity, protect high-quality land resources, and most importantly, preserve the environment and ecosystem from destruction. In the U.S.A., Canada, Japan, and Australia, topsoil stripping is typically effective and efficient, based on the law, policy, technical standards, and availability of sufficient funds. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the circumstances, organizational patterns and applied patterns, and characteristics of topsoil stripping in these representative countries by using the methods of literature consultation and comparative analysis. Moreover, the circumstances, patterns, and dilemma of topsoil stripping in China are also studied. Based on that, our final purpose is to give some recommendations to make topsoil stripping more reasonable and scientific in China. It is concluded that there exists three main patterns of organization and administration, to be specific, government-centered patterns, joint-management patterns, and planning-centered patterns. They are all useful to ensure that the topsoil stripping could be carried out smoothly in spite of their different operating processes and other details. In terms of the appliance of topsoil: one is bringing topsoil back to the original land, the most important procedure here is topsoil storage; another is bringing topsoil to new land, besides topsoil storage, another key procedure here is topsoil transportation. Moreover, in these countries, it is shown that topsoil stripping has six main characteristics: one is comprehensive goals, i.e. improving land productivity, protecting land resources and environment, preserving the culture and so on; the second is multiple subjects, government, the third is that sector, enterprises and individuals actively participate in stripping topsoil; the third is sufficient funds, and they come from an Insurance Fund, Land Rehabilitation Fund, government allocated funds and charitable contribution; the fourth is formal technology, as these countries establish specific programs, technology and acceptance standards for topsoil stripping to give guidance on various projects, soil types, and each process of topsoil stripping; the fifth is legislative appliance, that is, topsoil stripping is legislatively based on laws, acts, regulations, and relative standards; the sixth is spatial variance, i.e., spatial distinctions and relations which stem from the spatial characteristics of land. Correspondingly, in China, there have been three patterns of topsoil stripping: administration-centered patterns, market-oriented patterns, and administration-market patterns. However, it is still unclear that which pattern is the most reasonable one, because they were successfully used in various programs of different regions in China. According to the current practice of topsoil stripping, there are a variety of factors which limit the development of topsoil stripping but lack of effective basic laws, a powerful system guarantee, an appropriate technical standard, and the active participation of subjects are the major obstacles to stripping and applying topsoil. To make one final point, learning from the successful experience of topsoil stripping in these countries, legislating laws and regulations, using various administrative methods, making refined technical standards, and defining a functional division of relative sectors are the strategies which can be used to improve topsoil stripping in China.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Laws and legislation
Controlled terms:Commerce - Environmental regulations - Land reclamation - Natural resources - Productivity - Soils - Standards
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristics - Comparative analysis - Land rehabilitation - Laws and regulations - Organizational pattern - Patterns - Spatial characteristics - Technical standards
Classification code:913.1 Production Engineering - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 902.2 Codes and Standards - 512 Petroleum and Related Deposits - 971 Social Sciences - 501 Exploration and Prospecting - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 444 Water Resources - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20135017075656
Title:Prediction model of winter wheat yield based on soil parameters
Authors:Yang, Wei (1); Sun, Hong (1); Zheng, Lihua (2); Li, Minzan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Li, M.(limz@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:118-123
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to realize precision management of winter wheat, two prediction models of winter wheat yield based on soil parameters were proposed and compared. The field tests were carried out in 2008 and 2009. The variety of the experimental winter wheat was Jingdong 12, and the test area was divided into 60 zones with 5 m&times;5 m grids. The sampling point was put in the middle of the zone, and the depth of the sampling point was 5cm. Soil EC was measured by a DDB-307 EC meter, and the winter wheat yield data were provided by a CASE2366 grain harvester with GPS receiver. Gray theory were used to analyze the gray relation between soil EC value and each of other soil parameters, total nitrogen content, K, NO<inf>3</inf>^- and pH of soil. Results showed that there were high gray relation between soil EC and total nitrogen content, K, pH of soil. Since soil organic horizons had high correlation with soil negative charge capacity, when soil had more organic horizons, there would be more soil negative ions, and the soil EC would be higher. Hence, the gray relation between K and EC was high. Using nitrogen fertilizer could removal caption from soil, and increase the content of K, Na, Ca² and Mg², so that there were also high correlation between total nitrogen content and EC. The reason of high correlation between EC and soil pH was attributed to that the change of pH had influence on negative charge. After analyzing the correlation between winter wheat yield and soil EC, total nitrogen content, K, NO<inf>3</inf>^-, pH of soil in different growth period, two yield prediction algorithms of back propagation neural network (BPNN) and fuzzy least square-support vector machine (FLSSVM)were proposed. BPNN prediction model took soil EC, total nitrogen content and K as input and winter wheat yield as output. While FLSSVM prediction model took soil EC, nitrogen content, K and gray relation as input and also winter wheat yield as output. Results showed that the prediction and validation R² of BPNN model were 0.8237 and 0.7367, respectively. Prediction R² of FLSSVM was 0.8625, and validation R² of FLSSVM model was 0.8003. The advantage of BPNN was fast training speed, while the disadvantage was weak generalization ability of network. FLSSVM used fuzz similar extent to fuzz input samples so that it could avoid training too much. Also because it was based on membership function, it could have several advantages such as simple structure, efficient convergence, precise forecasting, and etc. Both BPNN and FLSSVM had high accuracy prediction result and could be used in estimating yield and providing theory and technical support for precision management of crops. But the default of the FLSSVM is the portability of the model is bad, so it is still need to be improved in practical applications.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Crops - Error analysis - Forecasting - Global positioning system - Mathematical models - Models - Neural networks - Nitrogen fertilizers
Uncontrolled terms:Back-propagation neural networks - BPNN - Generalization ability - Gray theories - Least square-support vector machines - Soil EC - Total nitrogen content - Yield
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20135017075666
Title:Regional applicability evaluation of technical integration for straw feed utilization
Authors:Yang, Zengling (1); Chu, Tianshu (1); Han, Lujia (1); Li, Xiaohong (2); Liu, Xian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) College of Economics and Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Han, L.(hanlj@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:186-193
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Straw is an important biomass resource. The comprehensive utilization of straw not only acts to protect the environment of producing areas and to increase farmers' income, but also is an important guarantee of agricultural sustainable development. In order to prompt straw feed utilization, this paper investigates the method of regional applicability evaluation for the technical integration of straw feed utilization. Technical classification and technical integration are studied based on the technical processes, such as the collection, storage, transportation, and feed utilization of straw. The technical classification of feed utilization of straw lays a foundation on the different corn stalk types, which includes the green corn stalk, dried corn stalk, rich stalk, and wheat stalk. It is divided in three ways, silage, ammonization, and yellow corn silage. The technical classification of collection, storage, and transportation lays a foundation on two types of stalk collection, which includes the harvest-shred and collection. Then, with an appropriate organization form, ten types of the technical integration of straw feed utilization were summarized. Furthermore, an evaluation index system was established, and the weighting factors of an evaluation index were calculated by a combination weighting method. The evaluation indices were formed by functional indices, economical beneficial indices, social and environment beneficial indices, and applicability indices. The functional indices were formed by the maturity of engineering and the transformation effective of straw feed utilization. The economical beneficial indices were formed by the total investment of crop straw per ton, and the reduced cost of feed per unit investment. The social and environment beneficial indices were formed by the amount of straw feed utilization per unit of investment, the increased number of jobs per unit of investment and per ton, and the degree of secondary pollution per ton. The applicability indices were formed by the coordination degree of regional crop straw variety and density, the coordination degree of regional livestock farms' type, each farm's scale, and the coordination degree of organization form. Based on the entropy and G1 method, the combination weights method was used to obtain the weights of evaluation index. Finally, taking Yuhong district, Shenyang province as an example, the regional applicability of technical integration for the straw feed utilization was evaluated. The result showed that the highest score is the first model, which uses the silage harvester to harvest and shred green corn stalk, and uses the trench silo to ensile stalk. The technical integration that is optimized and suitable for local development is chosen, based on a development scheme of animal husbandry, creating recommendations to improve the current situation.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Integration
Controlled terms:Crops - Investments - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Applicability evaluation - Combination weighting method - Comprehensive utilizations - Evaluation index system - Regional applicability - Secondary pollution - Technical classification - Technical integration
Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 921.2 Calculus
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20135017075641
Title:Investigating contribution factors to China's grain output increase in period of 2003 to 2011
Authors:Liu, Zhong (1); Huang, Feng (1); Li, Baoguo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resource and Environment, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China
Corresponding author:Huang, F.(fhuang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:1-8
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:China's grain output has continued to increase since 2003. Identifying contributing and driving factors and quantifying their contribution rates to the increase of grain output (IGO) will help to make a correct agriculture policy to maintain or improve the grain production capacity. Using the statistics of outputs, sown areas, and yield (output of per unit sown area) of grain production and its composition crops (i.e. rice, maize, wheat, soybeans, tubers, and minor cereals according to National Bureau of Statistics of China), this paper analyzed the contributors and their contribution rates to IGO from crops and regional aspects. Furthermore, an algorithm was constructed to divide driving factors into sown area, yield, and adjustment of grain structure. The driving types of IGO were delineated according to the contribution rate of sown areas and yield for regions and crops. The results showed that the IGO were all from rice, wheat, and maize, which were considered as high yield crops compared to other grain crops. The largest crop contributor was maize, with a contribution rate of more than 50%. The output of minor cereals, soybeans, and tubers all declined during the period of 2003-2011, with the reduction rate of 25.7%, 17.4%, and 8.2% on sown areas for minor cereals, soybeans, and tubers respectively. Heilongjiang and Henan were the largest region contributors, whose cumulative contribution rate reached up to 35%. The top 13 provinces with the cumulative contribution rate more than 90% were mostly the major grain-producing provinces, except for Xinjiang. As a traditional major grain producing province, the contribution rate of IGO in Sichuan was just 1.6%. This value was roughly in line with the values of Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu, which were all non-major grain producing provinces. At the national scale, the sown area of grain was the strongest driving factor, with a contribution rate of 46.3%, followed by yield, contributing 44.2% to IGO. Adjustment of grain structure contributed the remaining 9.5%, more than half of it coming from conversion of sown areas from soybeans to maize and rice. With respect to crops, the IGO in rice, maize, and spring wheat were mainly driven by the sown areas. The driving factors of the IGO in winter wheat were sown areas and yield, with yield slightly larger than sown area. At the regional scale, the sown area was the dominant factor to drive IGO in most of the main contribution provinces. Yield per unit sown area became the major driving factor only in Henan and Anhui. The contribution of sown area and yield were almost equal in Jilin and Hebei. Overall, China's IGO in the period of 2003-2011 belonged to the type of sown-area dominance. Henceforth, the potential of sown areas adjustment from low-yield crops to high-yield crops is limited by the consumption patterns of grains and the capacity of the international trade in grain. Therefore, in addition to stabilizing the sown areas of grain crops, improving grain yield is another important strategy to further stabilize and increase grain production capacity. The results will be able to provide a decision-making basis for China's agricultural policy adjustments.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Crops - Crystal microstructure - Grain size and shape - International trade - Production - Supply chains
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural policies - Consumption patterns - Contribution factors - Contribution rate - Grain production - Increase of grain output - Sown areas - Yield
Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 902.3 Legal Aspects - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 933.1.1 Crystal Lattice
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.