2013年11月第29卷第21期

2013年11月第29卷第21期

Accession number:20135017075584
Title:Geostatistical approaches to bias calibration of rice identification using remote sensing
Authors:You, Jiong (1); Pei, Zhiyuan (1); Xu, Zhenyu (2); Lou, Jing (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Agricultural Remote Sensing Monitoring Station, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; (2) Auhui Institute of Economic Research, Hefei 230001, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Z.(ahgisxzy@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:126-136
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Crop identification with high resolution satellite imagery relates to four key factors: 1) crop phenologies, which lead to the similarity of plant reflectance of different crops; 2) the high resolution, which leads to field-to-field variability of plant reflectance of the same crops; 3) performances of various classifiers, which directly restrict crop identification accuracy; 4) feature variables, which reflect spatial and spectral variability within fields. Considering restrictions by these factors, a geostatistical approach to bias calibration of crop identification is proposed, in order to make full use of spatial structure information in high resolution satellite imagery to further improve classification accuracy of some stable crops like single-cropping rice and late rice. Taking into account spectral characteristics and the spatial structure information of crops, the proposal method is based on the techniques of variogram and Kriging algorithms from geostatistics. First, the differences between indicator vectors and posterior category probability vectors for the training samples were calculated to quantify the biases of category memberships before and after the spectral classification. Then, the generated biases were regarded as regionalized variables, and some kind of experimental variogram models were selected to biases modeling, and the method of simple Kriging with local means was used to predict the biases for all pixels. Finally, the predicted biases were added to the posterior category probabilities derived from the initial spectral classification to obtain the calibration results, and the process of bias calibration of crop identification was then found. A SPOT 5 image acquired in September 2012 with four spectral bands and 10-m pixel size covering intensively cropped areas in south Anhui province was used for crop identification. Two subset images that covered Congyang county and Guichi county with the same area of 100 km2 were also generated from the original image as the study area and verification area, respectively. A support vector machine classifier was used to get the spectral classification and posterior category probabilities. Ground truth data were collected and used to evaluate the calibration effects, and the transformations between category memberships before and after calibration were analyzed, with respect to the two major crops. Comparing with the direct spectral classification results generated from methods of maximum likelihood classification, fuzzy classification and support vector machine classification, the overall accuracy of the calibration method increased by nearly 14%, and was always able to achieve above 90%. Moreover, there were some substantial increases in the producer's accuracy and the user's accuracy of single-cropping rice and late rice, with the precision of increase more than 30%, effectively improved the identification accuracy of rice in the research region. Therefore, it is illustrated that the proposal method overcomes the limitations due to spectrum characteristics and a similar operation can usually be implemented for crop identification. Based on the direct spectral classification, the proposal method focused on biases of the category memberships of several major crops, and considered the structural and the random characteristics of the posterior category probabilities due to the spatial distribution of categories in the local regions, and thus is independent of the limitation of spectral similarities of some crops. With regard to the operation processes, further improvement upon the calculation of parameters of variogram models will be a future concern, and the optimal sampling strategy will be studied more, considering the spatial distribution of the samples.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Calibration
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Classifiers - Crops - Identification (control systems) - Image classification - Interpolation - Membership functions - Pixels - Probability - Remote sensing - Spatial distribution - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:High resolution satellite imagery - Kriging - Maximum likelihood classifications - Membership degrees - Rice - Support vector machine classification - Support vector machine classifiers - Variograms
Classification code:944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 922.1 Probability Theory - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 921 Mathematics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 731.1 Control Systems - 723.5 Computer Applications - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075578
Title:Design and experiment of electromechanical control system of automatic feeder for gestation sow
Authors:Yang, Liang (1); Xiong, Benhai (1); Cao, Pei (2); Wang, Haifeng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) State key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (2) Zhengzhou Jiuchuan Automation Equipment Co. Ltd., Zhengzhou 453500, China
Corresponding author:Xiong, B.(Bhxiong@iascaas.net.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:66-71
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Precise feeding technology not only provides adequate nutrients for gestating sows, but also saves manpower and reduces feed wastage for breeding farms. In China, due to the expensive imported feeding equipment, most of the small and medium-scale farms with breeding swine rely on a manual feeding mode which makes it difficult to achieve precise feeding of sows. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to develop an electronic sow automatic feeding (ESAF) system, ultimately achieving independent feeding and residual feed control for individual pregnant sows. In the system of ESAF, individual pregnant sows were identified and the information of the pregnant sows was exchanged automatically by the technologies of low frequency (134.2 KHz) RFID and a wireless local network. Since the electric door could easily result in an error due to power failure, the system of ESAF used a whole mechanical passageway to control the entry and exit of the individual pregnant sow. The whole mechanical passageway and the mechanical automatic interlock was composed of the device of a pre-passageway for the opening, the door of the passageway, the device of a pullback spring, the driving device of the pre-passageway, the fixed hurdle of the pre-passageway, the feeding controller, the device of the post-passageway for exiting, and the interlock trolley line. For example, when a pregnant sow entered into the mechanical passageway, the first nut on the top of the access door was fixed. This pregnant sow couldn't go back, and other sows could not enter. When this sow left, the first nut on the top of the front doors was lifted, and automatically shut down after another pregnant sow entered. The whole mechanical passageway and the mechanical automatic interlock were to strictly ensure that only an individual sow entered into the automatic feeder, achieving accurate identification and feeding. The feeding controller was composed of accept and transmit antenna, a display LED screen, the main control panel, the outer shell, and the cable pipes. The feeding controller which was equipped with a module of embedded chips (ARM LPC1766) could collaborate to work with the feeding electric motor and the proximity sensor, finally realizing the forward control of accurate feeding and minimum residual rationing according to a pre-set value with the cooperation of the feeder. The results of an actual test on the ESAF system showed that there were no significant effects on the number of pregnant sows' daily intake with different breeding farms and days (p>0.5). The daily feeding amount could be divided into two feedings, and the residual proportion of the feed was limited to about 2.1% no matter how strong the environment stress and body stress were. This meant that the control of the residual ration had reached the practical acceptable level. Further tests showed that, based on actual feeding twice a day, the feed intake between sows at the different stages of pregnancy were significant (p<0.05), but the actual feed intake of sows at the different stages of pregnancy were basically consistent with the default values. Therefore, it was necessary for sows at the different stage of pregnancy to be provided with a continuously incremented amount of feedstuff. In summary, the ESAF system was simple for operation, easy for maintenance, achieved high visualization, had strong adaptability, and was low cost. Therefore, it was suitable for the small and medium-scale farms with breeding swine in China.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Feeding
Controlled terms:Animals - Antenna feeders - Control systems - Controllers - Light emitting diodes - Obstetrics - Radio frequency identification (RFID)
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic feeders - Automatic feeding - Electro-mechanical control - Feeding equipment - Feeding technology - Gestation sow - Mechanical channel - Wireless local network
Classification code:822 Food Technology - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 814 Leather and Tanning - 741.1 Light/Optics - 732.1 Control Equipment - 731.1 Control Systems - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 461 Bioengineering and Biology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075579
Title:Mathematical simulation of soil evaporation from wheat/maize intercropping field
Authors:Wang, Zikui (1); Wu, Pute (1); Zhao, Xining (1); Wang, Yubao (1); Gao, Ying (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China; (2) Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Yangling 712100, China; (3) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China
Corresponding author:Wu, P.(Gjzwpt@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:72-81
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Soil evaporation is one of the most important components of crop field water balances, especially in arid and semiarid environments where soil evaporation can be prominent due to incomplete cover. Understanding and reducing this part of water consumption is important, since it can not be used by a crop. The effects of a crop and of crop management on this water loss from the soil have been estimated in the past using combinations of field measurement and simple models, but few works have been done for the wheat/maize intercropping system, which is a commonly practiced planting pattern in arid and semiarid areas of China due to its high productivity. The primary objects of this were to develop a mathematic model that was suitable for the intercropping system and then use this model for analyzing the soil evaporation from a wheat/maize intercropping field. The Ritchie model has been successfully applied to simulate soil evaporation from different kinds of sole crop fields. In this study, the Ritchie model and specific light transmission models were combined together to simulate the soil evaporation from an intercropping system. The performance of the models was evaluated with micro-lysimeter measured values. Soil evaporation data from two dry circles of bare soil after rain and irrigation were used to calculate the parameter α of the Ritchie model and a value of 4.62 was derived. The parameter U was set as 9 mm according to the soil hydraulic properties. Results showed that during the 2012 growing season, the estimated soil evaporation with the new model showed almost the same trend as the measured values, and they had a correlation coefficient of 0.705 with the measured ones. During the 88 days that had measured soil evaporation, the total measured value was 107.2 mm, while the total simulated value was 100.5 mm, which revealed that the models only underestimated the measured values by 6.7%. The root mean square error and mean absolute error of the modeled values from the measured ones were 0.447 mm/d and 0.331 mm/d respectively. If the original Richie model was used, the root mean square error and mean absolute error of the modeled values from the measured ones would be 0.537 mm/d and 0.418 mm/d, which were 16.8% and 20.8% higher than the refined model. During the 2013 growing season, the total measured value was 83.1 mm, while the total simulated value was 73.7 mm, which revealed that the models underestimated the measured values by 11.3%. The root mean square error and mean absolute error of the modeled values from the measured ones were 0.465 mm/d and 0.333 mm/d, which are slightly higher than that of 2012. These results demonstrated the superiority of the model developed here. Analysis of the soil root zone water balance showed that total actual evapotranspiration of the intercropping system was 485.9 mm. The soil evaporation calculated from the new model throughout the growing season was 199.7 mm, which accounted for as much as 41.1% of the actual evapotranspiration across the whole intercropping season. This value was very significant and could cause a large waste of water. The results of this study implied that some evaporation reducing actions should be applied to improve water use efficiency of this intercropping system. The results of this paper will provide some theoretical basis for the water management of a wheat/maize intercropping field and the methods provided here can also be applied to other intercropping systems.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Computer simulation
Controlled terms:Crops - Evaporation - Evapotranspiration - Irrigation - Mean square error - Soils - Water management - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Actual evapotranspiration - Arid and semi-arid areas - Correlation coefficient - Hetao irrigation districts - Mathematical simulations - Ritchie - Soil hydraulic properties - Wheat/maize intercropping
Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 731.1 Control Systems - 723.5 Computer Applications - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 446 Waterworks - 444 Water Resources
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075571
Title:Development and experiment of rape windrower transportation device with poke finger conveyor chain
Authors:Jin, Chengqian (1); Yin, Wenqing (1); Wu, Chongyou (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China; (2) Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
Corresponding author:Yin, W.
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:11-18
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The rape plant area is the largest in oil-bearing crops in China, and accounts for a quarter of the total rape plant population in the world. However, the uneven maturity of this rape limits the development of rape harvest mechanization. Rape partition harvest technology is composed of windrowing technology and collecting threshing technology. The rape plant is cut in the first stage, maturity. Maturity consistency and plant type are not important in the rape windrowing operation. It has the advantage of strong adaptability and a long harvest time. So rape partition harvest technology has an extensive market foreground and utility value. Windrowing technology is a difficulty in rape partition harvest technology. How to solve the problems of windrowing and transportation are the main and most difficult points in the process of designing a windrower. Focusing on the problem of windrowing and transporting in rape windrowing, a rape windrower with a vertical cutter, level cutter, machine frame, poke finger conveyor chain, driveline component, interface component, and reel device was designed. This machine was hitched with a combine chassis with functions of cutting, transporting, and windrowing. A transportation device was composed of 4 strips on a rotation poke finger conveyor chain; the poke finger conveyor chain was installed in chains. The poke finger was articulated on the chain, so it could stick out and retract while controlled by a guide in locked position. Rape plant on the transportation device was transported to an outlet by the exsertion poke finger, It was windrowed in the field when the poke finger was retracted in the outlet. The requirements of the outlet structure design were given in this paper. Based on analysis of the action process of reel and rape plants, parameters of expression of level and vertical distance between reel and cutter were established, and correlation between the installation angle of the transportation part and push angle of the reel was given. The level distance between the reel and cutter was determined by the rape growth density. As the value of 500 mm for reel radius, 1-1.2 for λ, level distance between reel and cutter could be adjusted from 0 to 276 mm. In this machine, the distance was 140 mm, and it could be adjusted to 120 mm or 160 mm. The level distance between the transportation device's front end and the cutter was determined by the rape plant height. It was generally less than 300 mm. The height of the reel center was more than 1100 mm. It could be adjusted by a hydraulic mechanism. The vertical distance between the transportation device's front end and the cutter was less than 125 mm, otherwise the accumulation rape plant on the cutter would be transported. The assemble angle of the transportation device was from 10° to 20°. The angle which was too large or too small was unfavorable to rape plant windrowing. The poke finger movement locus equation, force analysis of rape plants on the conveyor chain, and structure design requirements of the outlet were given. The correlation between windrow quality and speed, the transporting device parameter, and windrow factor was given. The ratio of the reel pad peripheral speed and machine moving speed should be chosen in the range of 1.1-1.5. The ratio of the conveyor belt speed and the machine moving speed should be chosen in the range of 3.2-5.0. The results of a field test showed that the rape windrower worked stably and well. Rape characteristics in the experiment were listed as follows: plant height 172.1 cm, main stem diameter 14.7 mm, first branch number 10, first branch height 20.7 cm, the largest canopy diameter 121.1 cm, the largest canopy height 130.2 cm, productivity per plant 50.98g, yield 2170 kg/hm2, stem moisture content 65.8%, and grain moisture content 21.3%.The checked indexes were listed as follows: cutting width 1.80 m, cutting height 0.19 m, windrowing height 0.86 m, windrowing width 1.83 m, windrowing angle &le32°, windrowing angle difference &le25°, loss percent &le0.8%, working speed 0.65 m/s, and productivity 0.5 hm2/h. All the checking indexes reached or exceeded the design technical requirements.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Transportation
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Belt conveyors - Chains - Design - Experiments - Harvesting - Mechanisms - Productivity - Reels - Speed - Technology
Uncontrolled terms:Device parameters - Grain moisture content - Hydraulic mechanism - Installation angle - Rape - Technical requirement - Windrower - Windrowing
Classification code:742.2 Photographic Equipment - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 901 Engineering Profession - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.1 Production Engineering - 931.1 Mechanics - 692.1 Conveyors - 408 Structural Design - 431 Air Transportation - 432 Highway Transportation - 433 Railroad Transportation - 434 Waterway Transportation - 601.3 Mechanisms - 602.1 Mechanical Drives
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075604
Title:Enzymatic cell wall disruption process improves antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of camellia pollen extracts
Authors:Dong, Yating (1); Yang, Yuanfan (1); Ni, Hui (1); Peng, Wenjun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (2) Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (3) Food Bio-engineering Research Center of Xiamen, Xiamen 361021, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Y.(yuanfan@jmu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:288-294
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Bee pollen is used as a dietary supplement which contains nearly all nutrients required by humans. It has been used as a folk medicine for centuries to alleviate or cure conditions such as colds, flu, ulcers, premature ageing etc. Related researches have indicated that pollen has stronger antioxidant activity home and abroad. It has been pointed out that polyphenols have unique effect on human health and are the most widespread biodiversity natural material, which is widely recognized in the scientific community. Bee pollen is rich in polyphenol compounds, which can be used as potential antioxidant. Because of the solid pollen wall, some biological active ingredients and nutrients are not effectively absorbed by human body, thus the cell wall disruption is essential. Although research has manifested that the enzymatic cell wall disruption can increase the extracts antioxidant, few studies have conducted on the basic active ingredients and the extraction progress. In order to establish the extraction progress of pollen antioxidants and explore the relative correlation between the polyphenol contents and its antioxidant activity, a series experiments were conducted on the influence of antioxidant ability and the polyphenol contents with different factors which were cell wall disruption enzyme, extraction solvent, and ultrasonication. The results showed that compared with the alkalase, the supernates from celluase progress showed higher free-radical scavenging ability of DPPH and reducing power; compared with warm water and pH3.7 citric acid-phosphate buffer, ethanol extracts from the sediments of the celluase showed higher polyphenol contents and free-radical scavenging ability. It showed some correlation coefficient between total phenols and two antioxidant indices in camellia pollen was 0.8685 and 0.7600 respectively (p>0.05). In terms of ethanol and water extract, cell wall disruption with celluase and ethanol extract increased the polyphenol contents reducing power and the scavenging ability of DPPH by 1.82, 2.17, 1.4 times and 1.56, 1.38, 11 times respectively. The contribution to the reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging ability and the polyphenol content of the mixture were 1.6:1, 3:1, 1.08:1. The results provide some reference to the development and the utilization of the pollen resource.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Cytology
Controlled terms:Alcohols - Antioxidants - Biodiversity - Cells - Cellulose - Ethanol - Extraction - Nutrients
Uncontrolled terms:Anti-oxidant activities - Camellia pollen - Cell walls - Correlation coefficient - DPPH radical-scavenging abilities - Free radical scavenging - Polyphenols - Scientific community
Classification code:454 Environmental Engineering - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075576
Title:Advantages of yield formation and main characteristics of physiological and ecological in rice with nutrition bowl mechanical transplanting
Authors:Zhang, Hongcheng (1); Zhu, Congcong (1); Huo, Zhongyang (1); Xu, Ke (1); Jiang, Xiaohong (3); Chen, Houcun (4); Gao, Shangqin (5); Li, Dejian (2); Zhao, Chenmei (6); Dai, Qigen (1); Wei, Haiyan (1); Guo, Baowei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (2) Jiangsu Engineering Technology Center for Hybrid Japonica Rice, Yangzhou 225009, China; (3) Changzhou AMEC Machinery and Equipment Co. Ltd., Changzhou 213023, China; (4) Crop Cultural Station, Hai'an 226600, China; (5) Extending Station of Agriculture Machinery of Anhui Fengtai, Fengtai 232100, China; (6) Prison Adininistration Bureau of Jiangsu, Nanjing 210036, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, H.(hczhang@yzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:50-59
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In different ecological regions of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, representative cultivars which were widely planted in the local areas were used as the materials by setting the high-yield demonstration field and special plot comparison test of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting, with conventional blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting for CK. The yield and its structure, various indicators of population growth, and development dynamic under two kinds of mechanical-transplanting methods were compared systematically, in order to study the advantages of yield formation and physiological and ecological characteristics of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice. The results showed that, comparing with blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting, bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting stopped growing in the first week after transplanting. The averaged daily increment of the height of a seedling, leaf area, dry matter, and root traits of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting in the second week after transplanting were all significantly better than the CK from beginning to end. The procedure of establishment and sprouting of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice came earlier, of which the maximum number of stems and tillers were less and the dynamic change of stems and tills presented the characteristics of rising steadily and dropping slowly, as well as the ratio of productive tillers to total tillers being 9.3% higher than that of CK. The leaf area of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting rice degraded more slowly after heading, of which the effective leaf area index and the efficient leaf area index were 2.0%, 2.5% higher respectively. In addition, the photosynthetic potential and net assimilation rate were relatively higher than that of CK. The growth rate of population and the amount of accumulation of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting rice were both significantly higher than that of blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice from heading to maturity stage. The bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice still not only kept the root activity rather higher in the late period of rice growth, but also the lodging index of basal internodes was slightly lower so its lodging resistant capability was stronger, compared with the blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice. The comparison test from 2011 to 2012 under different ecological regions show that bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice had an approximately 6.0 to 12.6 percent higher yield than blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice, possessing a significant advantage of increasing yield. The average percentage of increased output at all the experimental sites was significantly improved by 9.0%. The main advantage of yield formation for it was large panicles with more grains: There exists no significant difference among the two mechanical-transplanting methods in terms of filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight. While the bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice had slightly lower number of panicle, it had more spikelets per panicle. Consequently, due to the above factors, they commonly promoted increased yield.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Dynamics
Controlled terms:Crops - Cultivation - Ecology - Grain (agricultural product) - Nutrition - Physiology - Plants (botany) - Population statistics
Uncontrolled terms:Development dynamics - Ecological characteristics - Ecological regions - Middle and lower reaches of the yangtze rivers - Net assimilation rates - Population growth - Rice - Yield increase
Classification code:931.1 Mechanics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 461.9 Biology - 461.7 Health Care - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075599
Title:Location choice for integrated land consolidation project in Fogang county
Authors:Zhu, Xuexin (1); Wang, Hongmei (2); Ding, Yi (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Management, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao 266520, China; (2) College of Public Management, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (3) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
Corresponding author:Wang, H.(hmwang6404@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:249-256
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The integrated land consolidation (LC) is a major engineering project, which requires huge financial support. In order to take advantage of limited funds, scientific and effective LC planning should be undertaken. However, selection of a LC project is the premise and foundation of LC planning; therefore the rational selection of the LC project zone directly affects the practical LC effect. Under the urban and rural harmonious development background, the integrated LC project zone system of a county should be structured as an organic whole in which LC projects are selected in relation to each other by the different levels and types. Taking Fogang County as an example, the paper discussed the issue that LC projects were systematically chosen within the scope of the county. First, the paper elaborated the objectives and types of the county-wide integrated LC, and proposed the dominant function of the LC. Second, the paper which combined the relevant national and local policies and regulations of the LC determined the types and integrated LC potential rank of the land block (LC project site) based on the LC functions, and formed the LC potential rank map using the function of spatial analysis of GIS. Finally, according to the selective principles and requirements of the LC project zone, a system of the integrated LC project zone in Fogang was established by the LC potential rank map. The results showed that the system of the integrated LC project zone was composed of three different levels and types of watershed remediation, multi-function LC, and single-function LC in Fogang County. That is, the Pajiang river basin I district, the Pajiang river basin II district, and the Yanling river basin district. Jitian village, Fengcheng village and Dabei village are the key region of urban and rural construction land hook. Hetian village, Lianhe village, Xintang village and Wangtian village are the key region of the integrated LC for urban and rural construction land. The key region of the rural integrated LC is Chebu village, Tangtang village, Weizhen village, Jiangao village and Sheping village. Guitian village and Jiangao village is the key region of the rural integrated LC of based rural residential LC. Liangtang Village is the key region of the integrated LC of the based environmental governance and agricultural LC. This paper argues that the integrated LC project system of the county should be built on the basis of a view of a whole region. The integrated LC general planning should be conducted based on the integrated watershed remediation project zones. The compilation of special planning can be selected according to the single and integrated LC project zones. In addition, the key LC project zones were implemented preferentially which bound together the local economy and the potential of the LC project zones. The method can both improve the systematic nature of the LC planning, and ensure the prioritized completion of key LC projects. The research can provide a reference for the systematic choice of the regional LC projects.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Construction - Economics - Geographic information systems - Image reconstruction - Land use - Planning - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:County - Engineering project - Environmental governances - Financial support - Harmonious development - Land consolidations - Location choice - Remediation projects
Classification code:971 Social Sciences - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 723.3 Database Systems - 444.1 Surface Water - 405 Construction Equipment and Methods; Surveying - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075572
Title:Optimization and experiment of assessment method for pod shatter resistance in Brassica napus L.
Authors:Peng, Pengfei (1); Li, Yunchang (1); Mei, Desheng (1); Liu, Daoming (3); Fu, Li (1); Wang, Hui (1); Sang, Shifei (1); Chen, Yufeng (1); Hu, Qiong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Center for Oil Crops Improvement, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (2) Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (3) Agricultural Sciences Institute of Liuan Municipal, Liuan 237400, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Q.(huqiong01@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:19-25
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Pod shattering is a serious problem for the production of rapeseed. Due to the lack of reliable and effective assessment methods, there has been little study on pod shattering. Therefore, it is very important to establish an accurate and readily available method to assess pod shattering for the development of pod shatter resistant lines. In order to establish a reliable assessment method, different methods for determining pod shatter resistance have been attempted. For example, a random impact test (RIT), rupture test, baking dry method, dropping seeds counting, filed observations, and so on. None of the methods, however, was proven efficient and easy for use at a wide range. Pod shattering occurs when dehydrated pods are stimulated by an exoteric force, and it is influenced by many factors. The key factor contributing to pod shattering is the moisture content of the pods and the force orientation. To make a random impact test more accurate and advantage, the effects of the moisture content of pods, impacting conditions on determination accuracy were analyzed. Measures such as using pods stored in an airproof bag overnight after being baked at 80°C for 30 minutes to equilibrate moisture, recording cracked pods after every two minutes shaking rather than every one minute, as well as reducing the number of impact steel balls from 10 to 8 could increase the accuracy and efficiency of the assessment, and resulted in a more reliable distribution of the pod shatter resistance index (SRI) within a certain amount of materials. To verify the advantage of the modified parameters, forty-eight lines were assessed by RIT before or after modification. Results showed that the average value of pod SRI was 0.270, ranging from 0.032~0.767, and with a standard error of 0.0348 assessed using RIT before modification, whereas when assessed using RIT after modification, the figures were 0.272, 0~0.820, and 0.0248, respectively. The distribution of pod SRI in ranges of 0~0.1, >0.1~0.2, >0.2~0.3, >0.3~0.4, >0.4~0.5, >0.5~0.6, >0.6~0.7, >0.7~0.8, and >0.8 were 8, 11, 10, 9, 3, 2, 1, 2, and 0 assessed using RIT before modification, whereas assessed using RIT after modification, the figures were 10, 10, 9, 4, 6, 5, 1, 0, and 1, respectively. The pod SRI determined by the two procedures was significantly correlated with a correlation coefficient of 0.8844 (P=3.705×10-16). In conclusion, the modified version of the random impact test method possesses advantages to the same method before being improved in terms of repeatability, accuracy, and efficiency, so it can discriminate the levels of pod shatter resistance among exiting rapeseed varieties, and is very suitable for use in selection of pod shatter resistant lines in rapeseed breeding programs and quantification of pod shattering of lines involved in genetic and molecular studies.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Optimization
Controlled terms:Crops - Impact testing - Moisture determination - Oilseeds - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Breeding program - Correlation coefficient - Modified parameters - Pod dehiscence - Random impacts - Rape - Reliable assessment - Shatter-resistant
Classification code:422.2 Strength of Building Materials : Test Methods - 444 Water Resources - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075586
Title:Development and experiment on system for tray-seedling on-line measurement based on line structured-light vision
Authors:Feng, Qingchun (1); Liu, Xinnan (2); Jiang, Kai (1); Fan, Pengfei (1); Wang, Xiu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China; (2) Engineering College of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100085, China
Corresponding author:Wang, X.(wangx@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:143-149
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The tray-seedlings used for mechanical grafting and transplanting should be as uniform as possible, and the tray holes with either nothing or a bad seedling should be rejected. However, it is hard and costly work to pick seedlings from the tray by human choice. In order to meet the need for the tray-seedling's automatic grading before the mechanical transplanting and grafting, a new system for measuring the seedling feature was designed based on the structured-light vision technology, which could get the leaf size and the height of the seedling through on-line detection. The system was supposed to serve the seedling grading machine. Two color images of each seedling line in the tray were taken by a camera, and the one without linear light was used for identifying leaf size, with the other with linear light used for measuring seedling height. As the major background in the seedling color image, the gray of the soil was varied from its different moisture and mixing-ratio. So the calculation 2G-R-B of the chromatic component was used to distinguish the seedling leaf from the substrate, and the Otsu dynamic threshold was adopted to extract the leaf area. The huge amounts of noise pixels were still left in the binary image, because of the roseite particles appearing outstandingly bright in the soil, In order to clean the noise from the roseite, the white area in every tray hole was labeled sequentially, and counted separately. The area containing more than 4,000 pixels was considered as the seedling leaf, and if not, the area was considered as the noise, bad seedling, or non-seedling. The pixel numbers represented the seedling leaf size, according to which the tray holes with the smaller leaf or non-leaf were identified. The calibration for the linear vision system was completed through processing 20 images of the chess-shaped checkboard. The images without linear-light were used to calibrate the internal parameter, and those with linear light were used to get the external parameter of the structured-light vision unit. According to the linear structured-light vision principle, the 3D coordinate of the light-line on the seedling leaves could be obtained, when the image pixels of the light line were extracted. Besides, the XY plane of the coordinate system was built on the seedling tray, so that the seedling height was same with the coordinate value Z. The pixels of the linear light of 650 nm wavelength lying in the leaf area were acquired through the threshold of Cr (97,137) and Cb (82,132), a center line of the light pixels was drawn, and then the coordinate Z of three points in the center line were measured, among which the maximal one represented the seedling height. As the result showed, this method can exactly evaluate the leaf size and the seedling height to satisfy the demand on the automatic seedling classification, and the height measure error is less than 5mm for the normally straight seedling.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Pixels
Controlled terms:Computer vision - Feature extraction - Grafting (chemical) - Robots - Three dimensional - Vision
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic grading - Co-ordinate system - Internal parameters - Measuring systems - On-line measurement - Structured-light - Structured-light vision - Tray-seedling
Classification code:461.4 Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731.5 Robotics - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 902.1 Engineering Graphics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075593
Title:Optimization of ammonium volumetric loading in two-sludge denitrifying phosphorus removal process
Authors:Liu, Qingsong (1); Peng, Yongzhen (1); Hou, Feng (2); Zhang, Weitang (1); Liu, Ye (1); Wang, Shuying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environmental Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (2) Beijing Beihuaqingchuang Environmental Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing 100124, China
Corresponding author:Peng, Y.(pyz@bjut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:194-200
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The universal features of rural domestic wastewater were small quantity, scattered distribution, and great diurnal variation, etc. So it was difficult to centralize, treat, and reuse such wastewater. However, discharging such untreated rural domestic sewage with the characteristics of comparatively high nitrogen and phosphorus concentration to the environment brought about seriously eutrophication. Therefore, it was necessary to research and develop a treatment process which has the advantages of relatively high efficiency, less land occupied, investigated savings, and also easy management and maintenance for nutrient removal from the rural sewage. On the basis of these considerations above, an enhanced denitrifying phosphorus removal system, that is, a two-sludge process integrating anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (AAO) reactor with biological aerated filter (BAF)(AAO-BAF for short), was developed to treat domestic sewage, especially the decentralized sewage in rural areas. In this innovation system, the AAO unit, consisting of nine compartments in sequence, was used mainly for the removal of organic compounds and nutrients without ammonium oxidation, while the BAF unit was mainly responsible for nitrification. The BAF unit, an important component of the two-sludge system, was 1.8 m in height and 10 cm in diameter, with a light-weight ceramic filled in it. Nine sampling ports were placed along the BAF, marked as B1 to B9 from bottom to top in turn. In this study, a series of experiments were carried out to research the effect of the ammonium volumetric loading on nitrifying characteristics and effluent SS of the BAF. The ammonium volumetric loading, by changing the hydraulic loading (marked as mode 1) and adjusting the effective volume of the BAF unit (marked as mode 2), was varied from 0.43 kg/(m3&middotd) to 1.2 kg/(m3&middotd). Mode 1 lasted for 90 d, during which hydraulic loading soared from 1.53 m3/(m2&middoth) to 4.37 m3/(m2&middoth). Mode 2 ran for 60 d, and during that period BAF effective volume decreased from 9.8 L to 2.7 L, while hydraulic load maintained 1.53 m3/(m2&middoth). Throughout the total experimental period, the sludge reflux ratio was 100% maintained, with a nitrification reflux ratio of 300%, and the air-water ratio of BAF unit was set at 3:1~4:1. The results showed that, with the increase of ammonium volumetric loading, the ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency showed a tendency of slowly decreasing first and sharply dropping later during two operating modes. Effluent SS was more sensitive to changes in mode 1 than that in mode 2, which was the most significant difference between the two operating modes. When ammonia volumetric loading varied from 0.43 kg/m3&middotd to 1.12 kg/(m3&middotd), the nitrogen removal efficiency was over 81%; and when ammonia volumetric loading increased to 1.21 kg/(m3&middotd), ammonia removal efficiency decreased sharply to 65% and 68%, respectively. When the ammonia volumetric loading was below 0.74 kg/(m3&middotd), both effluent SS were lower than 10mg/L; and when ammonia volumetric loading varied from 0.74 kg/(m3&middotd) to 1.21 kg/(m3&middotd), effluent SS soared much more sharply during mode 1, at the ammonia volumetric loading of 1.21 kg/(m3&middotd), effluent SS was 21.8 mg/L and 14.2 mg/L respectively. These findings determined that, to meet the first class of A standard, namely, the standard of ammonia nitrogen concentration less than 5 mg/L, and effluent SS lower than 10 mg/L, BAF unit should be operated at the condition of ammonium volumetric loading below 0.74 kg/(m3d).
Number of references:30
Main heading:Loading
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Barium compounds - Denitrification - Effluents - Eutrophication - Nitrification - Nitrogen - Nitrogen removal - Nutrients - Phosphorus - Rural areas - Sewage - Sewage treatment - Turbines - Wastewater reclamation - Wastewater treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Ammonia nitrogen removal - Biological aerated filters (BAF) - Denitrifying phosphorus removal - Hydraulic load - Light-weight ceramics - Nitrogen removal efficiency - Rural domestic sewages - Volumetric loading
Classification code:821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 821.2 Agricultural Chemicals - 672 Naval Vessels - 453.1 Water Pollution Sources - 453 Water Pollution - 452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 612.3 Gas Turbines and Engines
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075605
Title:Comparison of resistance of biofilm and planktonic Bacillus cereus against organic acids and ethanol
Authors:Li, Nanwei (1); Du, Bing (1); Yang, Gongming (1); Yu, Ming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) College of Light Industry and Food Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
Corresponding author:Yang, G.(ygm@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:295-300
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To compare the resistance of biofilm and planktonic cells of B. cereus to the environmental stresses, the effects of four organic acids (namely, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, and malic acid), and ethanol on the cell survival were investigated in this paper. Upon 8% acetic acid treatment for 30 min, the survival of the cells in biofilms which were incubated for 24 h was found to be much higher than that of the planktonic bacteria cultured for the same period; besides, the planktonic bacteria in the stationary phase (incubation of 24 h) showed greater resistance to acetic acid treatment than those in the logarithmic phase (incubation of 4-12 h). The scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed that upon acetic acid treatment, the surfaces of the planktonic cells were markedly damaged, whereas those of the biofilm cells were only slightly damaged. Likewise, the biofilm cells were found to be more resistant than the planktonic cells in the presence of citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, and ethanol; especially at higher concentrations (16%-20% for organic acids, and 50%-60% for ethanol), this phenomenon appeared to be more significant. Moreover, the planktonic cells in the stationary phase were more resistant to the environmental stresses tested than those in the logarithmic phase. Among the four organic acids and ethanol, malic acid showed the highest inhibitory activity against planktonic cells of B. cereus, while acetic acid was found to be the best for inhibition of biofilm cells. These findings suggested the risk of food spoilage by B. cereus biofilms, and demonstrated the importance of controlling its biofilms in the food industry. The results provided theoretic guidance for controlling the formation of biofilms and planktonic cells of B. cereus in the food industry.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Biofilms
Controlled terms:Acetic acid - Bacillus cereus - Cells - Citric acid - Cytology - Electric resistance - Ethanol - Lactic acid - Organic acids - pH - Scanning electron microscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Acetic acid treatment - Environmental stress - Inhibitory activity - Planktonic - Planktonic bacteria - Planktonic cells - Scanning electron microscopic - Stationary phase
Classification code:804.1 Organic Compounds - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 741.1 Light/Optics - 462.5 Biomaterials (including synthetics) - 461.9 Biology - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075570
Title:Influencing factor decomposition of grain production at county level in Huang-Huai-Hai region based on LMDI
Authors:Liu, Yu (1); Gao, Bingbo (1); Pan, Yuchun (1); Ren, Xuhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
Corresponding author:Pan, Y.(panyc@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:1-10
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Sustained and stable growth of grain production is very important for national food security in China. As one of the most important production bases and commodity grain bases in China, Huang-Huai-Hai Region plays an important role in ensuring national grain security. It is of positive significance to enhance food production by decomposing the impact of each factor on grain production and identifying the dominant factors. Taking 347 counties as sampling units in Huang-Huai-Hai region, and adopting the logarithmic mean weight divisive method (LMDI), the grain production was decomposed into four effects, i.e., cultivated land area, multiple cropping index, grain farming index, and grain yield per hectare. On the basis of the LMDI model, effect and accumulated effect of each factor were explored. First, the grain production increased by 1.01 ×108 t from 1980 to 2010 in Huang-Huai-Hai Region, accounting for nearly 45% of the increased grain yield in China, and the pattern "high in the southern while low in the northern and central" of grain yield is very evident. The counties with higher grain yield are gathered in North Jiangsu, North Anhui, Eastern Henan, and Western Shandong. Secondly, the accumulated effects of cultivated land area, multiple cropping index, grain farming index, and grain yield per hectare are 57×104 t, 1457×104 t, -991×104 t, and 9 626×104 t, respectively. Among the four factors, grain yield per hectare was confirmed as the dominant contributor to the growth in grain production, and the increase of grain production by the effect of grain yield per hectare was more than 45.0×104 in most of counties in North Jiangsu, North Anhui, Eastern Henan, and Western Shandong; the multiple cropping index was the second important contributor to the growth in grain production, and the positive accumulated effect of multiple cropping index was more obvious in North Anhui, Eastern Henan, and Western Shandong. The grain farming index played an important role in the decline in grain production, and the accumulated effects of the grain farming index in 233 counties were negative. The accumulated effect of the cultivated land area was non-significant, but with obviously spatial difference, and the negative effect was more obvious in counties with a superior location and an abundant economic basis. Thirdly, there are obvious differences among the four factor effects at the county level in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. Overall, multiple cropping index and grain yield per hectare prompted a significant increase of grain production in northern Jiangsu, northern Anhui, and eastern Henan; superposition of the grain farming index, multiple cropping index, and grain yield per hectare showed a significant increase of total grain production in western Shandong. In view of the spatio-temporal variation of grain production and regional difference of the four factors, some work such as technological progress, cultivated land balance, and the optimization of regional planting structure should be enhanced to maintain the growth trend of grain production in the Huang-Huai-Hai region.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Grain growth
Controlled terms:Decomposition - Food supply - Grain (agricultural product) - Land use - Models - Production
Uncontrolled terms:Factor decompositions - Huang-Huai-Hai region - Logarithmic mean - Multiple cropping index - Regional differences - Spatial differences - Spatio-temporal variation - Technological progress
Classification code:913.2 Production Control - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 404.2 Civil Defense - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075587
Title:Power transmission performance for ultra high frequency embedded RFID system in tire
Authors:Hu, Shengbo (1); Si, Bing (3); Shu, Heng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Intelligent Information Processing, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (2) Center for RFID and WSN Engineering, Department of Guizhou Education, Guiyang 550001, China; (3) Institute of New Technology, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550001, China
Corresponding author:Hu, S.(hsb@nssc.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:150-158
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Acting as sensors, passive radio frequency identification devices (RFID) tags can avoid sensor nodes bulky and realize battery-powered. So, ultra high frequency (UHF) passive RFID tags embedded in tires have a deep impact on tire life cycle management and tire monitoring, and have been used widely in the USA and the European Union. However, the transmission range is one of the hardest challenges in UHF passive RFID embedded in tires, because the rubber makes it harder to read the tag. The main difference between the common RFID and RFID embedded in tires is the communication medium, which attenuates RF power from the reader in RFID embedded in tires. To improve the transmission range and reliability of RFID embedded in tires, it is of great concern to study power transmission of wave propagation for UHF passive embedded RFID in tires, because the tags do not contain any battery and rely on the electromagnetic field for both power and communication. In this work, we studied the power transmissions for UHF passive embedded RFID in tires. In UHF passive embedded RFID systems in tires, the bidirectional radio link between reader and tags goes through air and tires. The total path loss is caused by several factors: reflection loss due to reflected power at tire-air boundaries, attenuation loss in the tires, and spreading loss which is simply due to the radiation properties of antenna. Each of these factors can be analyzed using the permittivity of tires and tire-air boundary conditions. So, the power transmissions are based on the permittivity of tires and tire-air boundary conditions. We use the OCP (open-ended coaxial probe) method to measure the permittivity of tires. By analyzing the radio link for UHF passive RFID, we establish a model of power transmissions of UHF embedded RFID in tires and make numerical analyses. Numerical analyses show that the error of the OCP methods for measuring the permittivity of tires is small, and the absolute error between the measured reflection coefficients and the simulated reflection coefficients is less than 0.04. It is suggested that the parallel polarization and normal incidence of wave should be chosen for improving the performance of the UHF embedded RFID in tires, and the depth embedded in tires should be chosen reasonably to avoid power transmission function locating valley also. In addition, it is necessary to optimize and design the antenna of tag for the impedance matching of tag antenna and chip. The research can provide a reference for the design of UHF passive RFID tags embedded in tires and TPMS (tire pressure monitoring system).
Number of references:30
Main heading:Tires
Controlled terms:Antennas - Boundary conditions - Communication - Electric power transmission - Electromagnetic fields - Embedded systems - Numerical analysis - Partial discharges - Permittivity - Power transmission - Radio frequency identification (RFID) - Radio links - Rectifying circuits - Reflection - Sensor nodes - Wave propagation
Uncontrolled terms:Open-ended coaxial probe - Parallel polarization - Passive radio frequency identification devices - Radiation properties - Tire-pressure monitoring systems - Transmission function - Transmission performance - Ultra-high frequency
Classification code:921.6 Numerical Methods - 921 Mathematics - 818.5 Rubber Products - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 703.1 Electric Networks - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 701 Electricity and Magnetism - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075594
Title:Driving factors of cultivated land use change in city and countryside integration process and region comparisons
Authors:Huan, Hongyan (1); Tan, Qingmei (1); Zhu, Ping (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China; (2) School of Economics and Management, Fuyang Normal College, Fuyang 236041, China; (3) Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
Corresponding author:Tan, Q.(tanchangchina@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:201-213
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Cultivated land use change has close relations with the economic development. Clarifying driving factors of cultivated land resource change of different economic developing stages is beneficial to buffering the contradiction between cultivated land protection and economic developments. First, it analyzes driving factors of cultivated land use change in the city and countryside integration process, selects 14 indexes to form the driving force index system of cultivated land change from five aspects of population and urbanization level, economic developing level, economic structure situation, citizen life level, investment and external level, collects statistics data of social economic developments of 30 cities of Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces of 2008, applies factor analysis method to extract main driving factors influencing cultivated land resource change, calculates factor scores and inspects its functional mechanism of cultivated land resource change; Besides, it conducts clustering analysis on these cities, explores regional differences of cultivated land change of driving characteristics of Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces. Research results show that the driving force of cultivated land use change can be attributed to economic developing, population and agriculture and system and policy factors, as the "N style" change of cultivated area brought by economic developments; population and agriculture factor and cultivated land number have highly positive linear relations and their correlation coefficient reaches 0.979; political factors adjust protection force of cultivated lands at opportune moments. According to cultivated land use change driving factors, cities of Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces can be divided into five types, which are economic strong driving type, coordinated driving type, agricultural weak developing type, agricultural strong developing type and economic weak driving type. Classified types are not only influenced by the economic developing stages, but also by the conditions of cities. By conclusion, it finds that industrial high-level cities are mainly driven by economic developments and structural adjustments; in the industrial preliminary stage, civil population and agricultural factors buffer the loss of cultivated lands; industrial cities of medium level are more complicated. For factoring differences of economic structure, resource gifting condition and city functional positioning, the driving force of cultivated land use change appears differentiation. Research conclusions help establishing and executing government cultivated land protective measures and providing scientific reference evidences. Each city should make reasonable decisions, transfer economic increasing patterns, keep in the most strict cultivated land protective systems, treasure, use properly and intensify economically lands and improve land productive efficiencies.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cluster analysis - Economic analysis - Economics - Natural resources - Population statistics
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Cultivated lands - Driving characteristics - Driving factors - Factor analysis method - Functional mechanisms - Productive efficiencies - Region comparison
Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 922 Statistical Methods - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 512 Petroleum and Related Deposits - 501 Exploration and Prospecting - 444 Water Resources - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075577
Title:Experiment of emissions characteristics for double swirl combustion system in diesel engine
Authors:Su, Liwang (1); Li, Xiangrong (1); Li, Jie (2); Zhao, Luming (1); Zhang, Changling (3); Liu, Fushui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Machine and Vehicle, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (2) Hebei Huabei Diesel Engine Co. Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050081, China; (3) Beijing Bitec Co. Ltd., Beijing 100081, China
Corresponding author:Li, X.(lixr@bit.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:60-65
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Due to the growing importance of future emission restrictions, diesel engines are continuously forced to improve the combustion processes in order to reduce the raw emissions, especially for the emitted particulate matters (PM) and nitrogen oxidants (NO<inf>x</inf>). For the combustion formation and emission characteristics of diesel, fuel-air mixing plays a controlling role and one of the factors that affect the fuel-air mixing is the design of the combustion chamber. Therefore, a serious of investigations concerned on the geometric shape of combustion chamber have been carried out and some of them have shown well emission characteristics. Double Swirl Combustion System (DSCS) has been reported to have a well performance on fuel conservation and combustion reaction in past literatures, but its performance on emission has not studied yet. It can be hypothesized that fuel spray can collide with the circular ridge, splits into two parts, and then forms double swirls (inner-swirl and outer-swirl), which makes the core of the single spray to meet air directly. Hence, the fuel will be distributed more evenly and the fuel-air mixing and burning progress can be improved for achieving better usage of the air in the whole chamber, It is hypothesized that the generation of soot (main section of PM) can be reduced effectively duo to this progress. To verify the hypothesis, the emission characteristics of diesel engine adopted DS chamber and the original chamber were tested in present paper. The engine tests were based on a 132-mm single-cylinders diesel engine, the corresponding stroke length is 145 mm, connecting rod length is 262 mm, and the maximum engine speed is 2500 r/min. The PM level in the exhaust gas was measured with a MAHA MPM-4 PM analyzer, the readings of which are provided as PM concentration in mg/m3, whose accuracy within ±0.01 mg/m3. The NO<inf>x</inf> concentration in ppm (parts per million, by vol.) in the exhaust was measured with a HORIBA MEXA-720 NO<inf>x</inf> analyzer with the accuracy within ±1×10-6. The test was conducted at 1300 r/min (full load), 1600 r/min (25% load, 50% load, 75% load, full load), 1900 r/min (full load) and 2100 r/min (rated speed, full load). The 1300 r/min, 1600 r/min, 1900 r/min correspond to the engine speed A, B, C ruled in the European Stationary Cycle (ESC) test. The weight of each engine speed (A, B, C) in the ESC test are 23, 39, 23, so different loads of engine speed B (1600/min) were tested in our research to study the emission characteristic of the test engine. The emitted PM, NO<inf>x</inf>, brake specific fuel consumption and cylinder pressure had been measured. Meanwhile, the rate of heat release and mean cylinder temperature had been analyzed in both original diesel engine and the diesel engine matched with DSCS. The test results (full load) show that the PM emitted by the engine matched with DSCS is significantly lower than the original, with the reduction being higher at high engine speed in the range of 7%~47%. While the emitted NO<inf>x</inf> of the engine matched with DSCS is higher than the original. The test results (25% load, 50% load, 75% load, full load at 1600 r/min) indicated that the emitted PM and NO<inf>x</inf> differ slightly at lower load, and the reason can be explained as: the penetration of the fuel spray is short due to the reductive fuel supply and the fuel can hardly touch the ridge of the DS chamber, so the fuel were combusted unrestrained in both DS chamber and the original chamber which result a similar combustion process and emission characteristic. Besides, the penetration would become longer with the increase of fuel supply as the load increased and the fuel spray can collide with the ridge adequately via which the emitted PM can be significantly reduced.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Diesel engines
Controlled terms:Combustion chambers - Combustion equipment - Emission control - Engine cylinders - Engines - Experiments - Fuel systems - Fuels - Mixing - Speed - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Brake specific fuel consumption - Combustion pro-cess - Combustion reactions - Combustion systems - Cylinder temperatures - Emission characteristics - Emissions characteristics - Rate of heat release
Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 654.2 Rocket Engines - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine Components - 931.1 Mechanics - 524 Solid Fuels - 522 Gas Fuels - 521.2 Combustors - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 523 Liquid Fuels
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075591
Title:Application of pattern search algorithm for determining heat resistance of ground heat exchanger
Authors:Zhang, Changxing (1); Guo, Zhanjun (2); Liu, Yufeng (1); Cong, Xiaochun (1); Peng, Donggen (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation in Civil Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (2) Institute of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450011, China; (3) School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, C.(zcx952@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:182-187
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Ground-coupled heat pump systems (GCHPs) have been recognized as being among the most energy efficient systems for space heating and cooling in residential and commercial buildings. GCHPs consist of a conventional heat pump coupled with a ground heat exchanger (GHE), and the knowledge of underground thermal properties is a prerequisite for the correct design of a GHE. For a GHE, the two important parameters are ground thermal conductivity and borehole thermal resistance, which is decided by borehole diameter, pipe size and configuration, pipe material, and the filling inside the borehole, so that a larger ground thermal conductivity and a small borehole thermal resistance allow the heat to be exchanged at a larger rate for a given borehole. Because of the two important parameters, a ground thermal response test (TRT) experiment is often performed on a test borehole for larger commercial installations, and it has been required in the GCHPs project whose building area is more than 5000 m2 according to the technical code for GCHPs in China. Based on the relative TRT experimental data, how to calculate the true value of the two important parameters is necessary for GHE design, and the mathematical algorithm becomes one of the important impact factors when the experimental data from a TRT are analyzed and applied. Combining TRT experiments, this paper presents the pattern search algorithm (PSA) for determining ground thermal conductivity and heat resistance of a GHE based on a line source model. As an undetermined parameter, the heat resistance of a GHE is calculated without considering the physical parameters of the GHE, which decreases the calculating workload. In a calculating sample, the conclusion of applying PSA shows the relative errors of ground thermal conductivity and heat resistance of the GHE are respectively 1.42% and 1.73%, and the relative differences of the two parameters calculated by PSA are less, which proves the high precision of PSA. Finally, PSA were applied to calculate ground thermal conductivity and heat resistance of a GHE base on in-suit TRT test data. The two parameters based on the PSA algorithm make the square of difference between the calculated average water temperature and experiment data less than 0.8 after 10 hours, so the reliability of PSA was validated. In general, the PSA coupled with an advanced parameter estimation procedure was proven to result in a significant enhancement in the predictive capability of the ground thermal conductivity and heat resistance of a GHE by maximizing the amount of information that can be extracted from the raw in-suit TRT test data. This study is helpful for the design and application of GCHPs.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Thermal conductivity
Controlled terms:Design - Experiments - Heat exchangers - Heat pump systems - Heat resistance - Learning algorithms - Office buildings - Parameter estimation - Soils - Specific heat
Uncontrolled terms:Energy efficient systems - Ground thermal conductivity - Ground-coupled heat pump systems - Mathematical algorithms - Pattern search algorithm - Predictive capabilities - Thermal response test - Underground pipes
Classification code:931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 901.3 Engineering Research - 731.1 Control Systems - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 408 Structural Design - 402.2 Public Buildings
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075597
Title:Dynamic changes of land use fractal characteristic in mining area
Authors:Li, Baojie (1); Gu, Hehe (1); Ji, Yazhou (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Lab. for Land Environ. and Disaster Monitoring of Natl. Admin. of Surveying Mapping and Geoinfo., China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (2) School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (3) College of Urban and Environmental Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
Corresponding author:Li, B.(liboje@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:233-240
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:With the rapid development of economy and society, a series of ecological and environmental problems (e.g., land damage, surface subsidence, stagnant water and soil pollution) became increasingly serious in some mining area such as Xuzhou, Jiangsu province. In addition, resources shortage also becomes more and more severely. The land reclamation and ecological reconstruction might act as an important resolution in solving human-land conflict and improving ecological environment. However, the land use structures, and hence the fractal feature of land, are becoming more and more affected due to coal mining, land reclamation and urbanization. In order to reveal the spatial behavior and the dynamics of land use in the northern coal mining area in Xuzhou, three scenes of Landsat images were collected in the years of 1987, 2000 and 2011. Four fractal exponents (the patch shape fractal dimension, box-counting dimension, radius dimension and ramification dimension) were analyzed from several aspects. The complexity, stability, space occupation ratio, attenuation and mutual penetration were investigated by using GIS. The analysis results indicate that fractal features of land use are obviously in the coral mining area in Xuzhou city. On the other hand, the fractal features of different kinds of land use type have changed in the process of coal mining, land reclamation and urbanization. To be specific, both the patch shape, fractal dimension and the ramification dimension show the increasing trend firstly, and then decreasing, which is influenced by coal exploitation and land reclamation. The patch shape fractal dimension has been increasing and tends to be unstable, which is affected by the urban land development in the urban and mining areas; The box-counting dimension and the radius dimension in farmlands showed an increasing trend owing to fragmented landform and sporadic subside seeper area due to the coal exploitation. Additionally, the box-counting dimension and the radius dimension of the water area showed an increasing trend because of the increasing of the water patches' area in the process of the land reclamation in coral mining area; In summary, the land reclamation and urbanization are the main driving factors of both the fractal features changing and structure stability in northern coal mining area in Xuzhou. It is therefore necessary to strengthen the reconstruction of ecological environment, improve the technical regulation for mine reclamation and establish ecological restoration strategy for achieving the sustainable development in some traditional coal mining areas.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Fractal dimension
Controlled terms:Coal mines - Ecology - Economics - Geographic information systems - Land reclamation - Land use - Soil pollution - Structure (composition) - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Box-counting dimension - Ecological environments - Ecological reconstruction - Ecological restoration - Environmental problems - Fractal characteristics - Geography information systems - Xuzhou city
Classification code:971 Social Sciences - 951 Materials Science - 921 Mathematics - 723.3 Database Systems - 503.1 Coal Mines - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 453 Water Pollution - 442.2 Land Reclamation
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075600
Title:Engineering technology classification of processing and storage for agricultural product producing area
Authors:Wang, Danyang (1); Shen, Jin (2); Sun, Jie (2); Liu, Qing (2); Liu, Li (3); Zhao, Liang (4); Chen, Qinyang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Engineering College of Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (2) Institute of Agro-Products Processing Engineering, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; (3) Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China; (4) Food Science and Nutritional Engineering College of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Q.(qinyangch@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:257-263
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Processing and storage of agricultural producing area is an important link in the chain of China agricultural production chain and technical short-board, which is in urgent need to be developed into a supporting technology of the pre-treating industry of agricultural producing area. Technical classification is a frame work to reveal the structural framework and organization relationship of the engineering technical system of processing and storage of agricultural producing area, to orderly guide the technology constitute innovation, development and reserve, and to promote technology integration and promotion, the subject development and industrial upgrade, which is in urgent need of breakthrough in the theoretical methods and classification pragmatic to better guide the engineering technology of processing and storage for the agricultural production area to have a comprehensive and sustainable development. in the base of a grasp on the law of motion and the different technologies constitute special contradiction.The research is based on the broader category of contemporary agricultural produce processing and storage engineering technology, following the principle of reality, hierarchy, stability and openness. Through the analysis of the technical content and technical classification of the processing and storage engineering technology for agricultural producing area, four level line classification method have been determined, which could reflect the professional sequence, technical functions, technical means and technology form of the processing and storage engineering technology for agricultural producing area. According to the complete function of agricultural production area as the basic foundation of classification, the results of horizontal and vertical technology classification have been obtained respectively. The complete function of industrial chain of agricultural production area is to obtain the optimal and comprehensive using for resources, while to obtain high quality and high yield agricultural product efficiently. Realization of the function depends on the technology application and effective operation of every link in the industrial chain. So, horizontally the technology chain is classified into four professional technology categories: primary processing, transportation in producing area, storage in producing area and comprehensive category, while, each technology category includes six professional sequences: comprehensive technology, product processing, management, service, equipment and resource utilization. Through the concrete contents of each technology category are different, the contents of each technology category has been associated with each other to express the classification results simply and conveniently. Moreover, in the longitudinal direction, the technology chain is classified into four levels: large class, middle class, small class and subclass, each level reflects professional sequence, technology infection, realization methods of theology and technology manifestation. The classification results show that the method can accurately reflect the whole picture of the processing and storage engineering technology for agricultural producing area and reveal the technology systems structure and functional characteristics. It has a high reference value to the subject development, industrial upgrading and technology innovation for the processing and storage in agriculture production area.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Economic and social effects
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Chains - Classification (of information) - Computer systems - Energy storage - Engineering research - Engineering technology - Industry - Processing - Professional aspects - Technology - Virtual storage
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Agriculture productions - Comprehensive technology - Functional characteristics - Production area - Technical classification - Technology classifications - Technology Integration
Classification code:971 Social Sciences - 913.4 Manufacturing - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 901 Engineering Profession - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 602.1 Mechanical Drives
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075589
Title:Analysis of heat transfer properties of three-layer wall with phase-change heat storage in solar greenhouse
Authors:Guan, Yong (1); Chen, Chao (1); Ling, Haoshu (1); Han, Yunquan (1); Yan, Quanying (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (2) School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (3) Beijing Key Lab. of Heating, Gas Supply Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
Corresponding author:Chen, C.(chenchao@bjut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:166-173
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:At present, the wall structures of a Chinese solar greenhouse puts more emphasis upon wall thermal insulation than on heat storage of the wall, such as, brick wall / air layer / brick wall (indoor), brick wall / polystyrene board / brick wall (indoor), rammed earth wall / brick wall (indoor), and so on. In order to solve the problems which existed in the thermal performance design method of the wall structure in a solar greenhouse, the construction method of a three-layer wall with phase-change thermal storage, that is, the inner wall built with the phase change material (PCM) wallboard, the outer insulating layer built with polystyrene board and the middle layer built with block bricks, was proposed in this paper. To quantitatively evaluate the heat transfer performances and heat storage/release characteristics of the three-layer wall, an experimental device used for the heat performance of the three-layer wall was constructed at a vegetable planting base located in Beijing. Combined with the experimental results, the analysis method of heat transfer performances of solar greenhouse wall and its evaluation indexes were put forward. The analysis results showed that: 1) The three-layer wall had better heat storage/release performance than the traditional brick wall of the reference greenhouse. The PCM wallboard can significantly improve the utilization rate of solar energy and increase the indoor air temperature. The effective heat storage capacity of the three-layer wall was increased by 26.6% more than the north wall of the reference greenhouse in which the daily accumulation of solar radiation was 9.32 MJ/m2. At night, the cumulative heating capacity of the three-layer wall was increased by 16.2% over the capacity of the brick wall of the reference greenhouse during the time when the heat preservation quilt was closed. Moreover, the effective heat storage capacity of the per unit volume PCM wallboard was 80.0 MJ/m3 and it was about 10 times that of the block brick in the middle layer of the three-layer wall. 2) The depth of the solar greenhouse north wall that the temperature variation caused by the solar transmitted radiation through the front sloping roof surface could affect was limited, and the depth accounted for about 33.3% of the 0.90 m-thick three-layer wall. Furthermore, there was the temperature stable zone in the three-layer wall and its thickness accounted for about 61.1% of the 0.90 m-thick three-layer wall. Obviously, the method that only increased the three-layer wall thickness to improve the sensible heat storage efficiency was very limited. These results can provide references for the construction method of the solar greenhouse wall, the application of phase-change thermal storage technology, and the analysis of the phase change heat transfer problem in a solar greenhouse.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Walls (structural partitions)
Controlled terms:Brick - Building materials - Greenhouses - Heat storage - Heat transfer - Models - Phase change materials - Polystyrenes - Solar energy - Solar heating - Sun
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese solar greenhouse - Heat transfer performance - Heat transfer properties - Phase change heat transfer - Phase-change thermal storages - Solar greenhouse - Three-layer - Walls
Classification code:616 Heat Exchangers - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 615.2 Solar Power - 657.2 Extraterrestrial Physics and Stellar Phenomena - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 933 Solid State Physics - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 615 Thermoelectric, Magnetohydrodynamic and Other Power Generators - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 411 Bituminous Materials - 412 Concrete - 402 Buildings and Towers - 413 Insulating Materials - 414.2 Brick Materials - 415 Metals, Plastics, Wood and Other Structural Materials - 414 Masonry Materials
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075602
Title:Quality changes and mechanism of frozen non-fermented dough upon consecutive freeze-thaw cycles
Authors:Ye, Xiaofeng (1); Han, Yongbin (1); Zhao, Liping (1); Cao, Rong (2); Tang, Gensheng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (2) Liuhe District Agricultural Bureau, Nanjing 211500, China
Corresponding author:Han, Y.(hanyongbin@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:271-278
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to investigate the effect of consecutive freeze-thaw (FT) cycles on the qualities of frozen non-fermented dough during the process of the storage, transportation and sale, the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), a texture analyzer and a rheometer were used to observe changes of frozen non-fermented dough in quality during five consecutive freeze-thaw cycles. The water loss rate, water distribution and mobility, protein fraction content, textural and rheological properties of the dough samples were evaluated in our experiment. The results showed that: upon five consecutive FT cycles, the water loss rate significantly increased to 3.14% (P<0.05), while the ratio of semi-bound water to the total water declined in general, indicating that the water losing was mainly resulted by the semi-bound water release. The gliadin content significantly decreased (P<0.05) at the fifth FT cycles; the glutenin and glutenin macropolymer (GMP) content experienced an obvious drop after the forth FT cycles and down to 2.26% and 0.70%, respectively. For uncooked samples, firmness obviously increased and toughness was on the contrary; for cooked samples, hardness increased at first and then decreased, adhesiveness presented ascendant trend basically and springiness declined. The storage moduli and loss moduli (G' and G″) both showed a downward trend, and at the forth FT cycles, tan δ (tan δ = G'/G″) was up to the maximum, which indicated that G' showed a more dramatic drop than G″. From these results, it was thus clear that the consecutive FT cycles led to the decrease in the quality of frozen non-fermented dough. Overall, the consecutive freeze-thaw cycles had certain negative effect on the qualities of frozen non-fermented dough.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Freezing
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Drops - Thawing - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Cycles - Freeze-thaw cycles - Non-fermented dough - Protein fractions - Quality change - Rheological property - Texture analyzers - Water distributions
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075574
Title:Dynamic analysis on dropping processing of precision sowing device for seedling-growing tray made of paddy-straw in rice
Authors:Tao, Guixiang (1); Yi, Shujuan (1); Mao, Xin (1); Liu, Haiyan (1); Wang, Ruihan (1); Feng, Jinlong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
Corresponding author:Yi, S.(yishujiuan_2005@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:33-39
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Based on the combination of agricultural machinery and agronomic requirements, bowl dish precision seeder for rice must guarantee 3~5 rice seeds dropped into a hole. For this reason, researching on motion law and revealing the investment mechanism of bowl dish precision seeder for rice in dropping process can help improve the dropping rate and reduce the damage rate of bowl dish precision seeder for rice. The second Lagrange multiplier can be used to describe the dynamics of mechanical systems with highly uniform rules in the theory, methods, forms and application. The second Lagrange multiplier provides the programming method for solving the dynamic problems of a unified system. The method not only has important theoretical significance and practical value in mechanics, but also provides the physical idea and mathematical skills necessary for the study of modern physics. As a consequence in this paper, based on the dynamics analysis, the dynamics model of bowl dish precision seeder for rice in the dropping process was established by the second Lagrange multiplier. To obtain relationship between resultant velocity and displacement of bowl dish precision seeder for rice in dropping process, the dynamics model was simulated by Matlab with the parameters that the cylindrical hole diameter is 10 mm, the shaped hole thickness of 4 mm, the material of the flap is polycarbonate, the length of the flap is 14 mm, the heavy of the flap is 0.82 g, varieties of rice is Kongyu 131, and kilo-grain weight is 39 g. The results show that characteristics of rice motion on dropping process are affected by certain factors such as flap length, shutter quality, and rice quality. The rice velocity presents nonlinearly increase with the displacement. At the beginning, the rice moving more slowly, rate of increase becomes large with the displacement increases. When the actual displacement is 27 mm, rice velocity is 0.54, 0.45, 0.34, 0.29 and 0.18 m/s respectively. In the same conditions, the process of dropping of bowl dish precision seeder for rice was photographed on line by the high-speed photography, and the relationship between resultant velocity and displacement of bowl dish precision seeder for rice in dropping process was obtained. Compared with the theoretical results, it shows that the general trends of rice are the same. In the first place, rice moving more slowly, rate of increase becomes large with the displacement increases. When the actual displacement is 27 mm, rice velocity is slightly different, which is 0.5, 0.42, 0.32, 0.26 and 0.17 m/s respectively. The similarity degree is greater than 90% with a gentle curve of speed, no fluctuation by simulation, nonetheless the fluctuation by the high-speed photography. The results show that rice seeds in the actual dropping process can be affected by many inevitable factors, such as rice attitude change, data collection error in the dropping process and so on. The results can provide a theoretical foundation for improving the dropping rate of precision sowing device in rice seeding bowl.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Velocity
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Computer simulation - Dynamic analysis - Dynamics - High speed photography - Investments - Lagrange multipliers - MATLAB
Uncontrolled terms:Bowl - Cylindrical holes - Mechanical systems - Precision sowing - Resultant velocities - Rice - Similarity degree - Theoretical foundations
Classification code:931.1 Mechanics - 921 Mathematics - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 742.1 Photography - 723.5 Computer Applications - 422.2 Strength of Building Materials : Test Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075603
Title:Nondestructive classification of internal quality of apple based on dielectric feature selection
Authors:Cai, Cheng (1); Li, Yongchao (1); Ma, Huiling (2); Li, Xiaolong (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China; (2) College of Life Sciences, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China; (3) Germplasm Resources Institute of Ningxia Academy of Agricultural Science, Yinchuan 750021, China
Corresponding author:Ma, H.(ma_huiling65@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:279-287
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to reduce the cost of the application of dielectric signals in nondestructive detection of fruits and crops, it is important to find effective methods to select the key features from all other dielectric features. In this paper, we propose a two stage framework to achieve a low cost effective apple internal quality estimation system. In the first stage, we search a compact discriminative dielectric feature sub set. And in the second stage, based on the dielectric features selected by the first stage, we propose a nondestructive apple internal quality estimation system by evaluating several classifiers. In our experiments, the internal quality of Fuji apples is graded into 5 grades according to a compact set of dielectric features which are selected from the 108 dielectric features obtained from 12 dielectric parameters under 9 frequency points ranging from 158 Hz~3.98 MHz, and all the dielectric features are measured with HIOKI 3532-50 LCR tester and labeled with a number ranging from 1 to 108. Meanwhile, 100 randomly selected apples of each grade, i.e. a total of 500 apples, are used as the experimental samples, and each apple sample is assigned a 5-grade quality label by its weight loss rate (WLR): the fresh apple is classified as Grade One whose WLR is 0, those with WLR is equal to 5%, 10%, 15%, are labeled as Grade Two, Three, and Four respectively, and the apple with brown stain is grouped into Grade Five. During our whole experiments, 80% samples selected randomly from the dataset are used to train the classifier and the other 20% are used to test the classification accuracy. In the dielectric feature selection stage, greedy feature selection, fast clustering-based feature subset selection (FAST), sparse principal component analysis (SPCA), and attribute ranker method with the attribute evaluator of information gain are employed. With the dielectric feature dataset, FAST can only select a fixed number of discriminative dielectric features, while SPCA, greedy selector, and attribute ranker method can adjust the algorithm parameters to control the number of the key dielectric features. The compact set of dielectric features are the most discriminative for apple internal quality estimation. In the internal quality estimation stage, three classifiers are evaluated. They are sparse representation classification (SRC), artificial neural network (ANN), and support vector machine (SVM). According to the experimental results, FAST only selects four dielectric features and the classification rate is about 80%. SPCA tends to select the dielectric features with the same dielectric parameter, and its classification accuracy compared with the other three classifiers is mediocre; the performance of greedy selector is significantly outstanding. When the classification rate is higher than 90%, the number of the selected features of greedy selector is generally, lower than 10. With the greedy selector, the best classification rates are 91.22% and 95.95% when the number of the selected dielectric features is 4 and 10 respectively. The results show the dielectric features are highly relevant to the apple internal quality, and apple internal quality can be estimated with a compact set of dielectric features. The experimental results provide a reference for quick and nondestructive detection of the quality and insect pests to fruits and crops.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Feature extraction
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Crops - Dielectric properties - Estimation - Experiments - Fire fighting equipment - Fruits - Grading - Neural networks - Nondestructive examination - Principal component analysis - Quality control - Statistical tests - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Apples - Classification accuracy - Dielectric parameters - Feature subset selection - Internal quality - Nondestructive detection - Sparse principal component analysis - Sparse representation
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 914.2 Fires and Fire Protection - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 701 Electricity and Magnetism - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075592
Title:Urea solution absorbency and release properties of phytic acid-modified corn stalk composite superabsorbents
Authors:Qin, Lili (1); Wan, Tao (1); Xiong, Lei (1); Wu, Daqing (2); Sun, Mengmeng (1); Hu, Junyan (1); Tan, Xuemei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Mineral Resources Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Higher Education Institutions, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; (2) Sichuan Petrochemical Co. Ltd., PetroChina, Chengdu 611930, China
Corresponding author:Wan, T.(wantaos@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:188-193
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The growth of plants and vegetables is mainly a function of the quantity of fertilizer and water. It is very important to improve the utilization of water resources and fertilizer nutrients. However, about 40-70% of the nitrogen of the applied normal fertilizers is lost to the environment, and cannot be absorbed by plants and vegetables, causing not only large economic and resource losses, but also very serious environmental pollution. It has been reported that about 1/3 of nitrogen fertilizers enter into the atmosphere, where N<inf>2</inf>O destroys the ozone layer, and about 1/3 of nitrogen fertilizers leach into the water, leading to eutrophication of water resources. As a by-product of corn crops, corn stalk is an abundant biodegradable resource whose main components are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Up to now, most of the crop residues have been focused on burying them back to improve the fertility of the soil, using them as the materials for the paper industry and producing protein feed, alcohol, and methane by microbial fermentation. Corn stalk can be used as a bioabsorbent, due to its large surface area and a number of hydrophilic hydroxyl groups on the macromolecular chains. However, its fertilizer adsorption capacity is still very low. Therefore, modification of corn stalk is needed to enhance its fertilizer adsorption capacity. Up to now, straw was either gelatinized, or modified by acid or/and base treatment and then grafted with some monomers to prepare straw composite superabsorbents. But there are no reports on the phytic acid-modified corn stalk composite superabsorbents. The present work aims to investigate the urea absorbency, urea retention, and urea release properties of phytic acid-modified corn stalk composite superabsorbents (PCS-SA) prepared by graft copolymerization of acrylamide (AM), vinyl pyrrolidone (VP), and itaconic acid (IA) with phytic acid-modified corn stalk (PCS) in an aqueous solution, using ammonium persulfate and sodium bisulfite as a redox initiator. The effect of the mass ratio of IA to VP on the urea absorbency, urea retention, and urea release rate of PCS-SA was investigated. The structure and morphology of PCS-SA were characterized by FTIR and SEM, respectively. The results showed that with an increasing IA and NVP mass ratio, the urea solution absorption rate, urea solution retention, and urea release rate of PCS-SA are improved. However, when the IA and NVP mass ratio was greater than 70:30, the urea solution absorption rate, urea solution retention, and urea release rate of PCS-SA decreased. PCS-SA, synthesized with an IA and VP mass ratio of 70:30, had a urea absorption capacity of 3.81 g/g, urea absorbency of 360 g/g within 40 min, urea release ratio of 66.14% in distilled water after 3 d, and urea release ratio of 47.6% in soil after 5 d, resulting in a significantly decreased urea release rate and an increasing urea retention of soil. FTIR spectrum of PCS-SA appeared as characteristics of absorption peaks which might be ascribed to a PCS structural unit, VP unit, IA unit and AM unit, respectively, as indicative of the target structure for the prepared PCS-SA. SEM showed that PCS-SA had an irregular and rugged surface, accompanied by many small and large pores, which can facilitate the permeation of urea solution into the polymeric network.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Urea fertilizers
Controlled terms:Absorption spectroscopy - Agricultural wastes - Cellulose - Eutrophication - Fertilizers - Grafting (chemical) - Metabolism - Methane - Ozone layer - Paper and pulp industry - Soils - Straw - Urea - Vegetables - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Adsorption capacities - Environmental pollutions - Graft co polymerizations - Microbial fermentation - Phytic acids - Slow release - Structure and morphology - Super absorbent
Classification code:821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 811.1 Pulp and Paper - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 801.2 Biochemistry - 801 Chemistry - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 522 Gas Fuels - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 453 Water Pollution - 444 Water Resources
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075595
Title:Analysis and evaluation of cultivated land decrease in eastern part of Qinghai Plateau
Authors:Zeng, Yongnian (1); Jin, Wenping (1); Wang, Huimin (1); Tan, Liuxia (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Center for Geomatics and Regional Sustainable Development Research, School of Geosciences and Info-physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Corresponding author:Zeng, Y.(ynzeng@mail.csu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:214-222
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Western development and a series of ecological environmental regulation projects have been carried out in West China since 1999. In order to solve the contradictions among economic construction, ecological environment construction, and the protection of cultivated land, it is important to understand and master where and the reason why cultivated land changed. Taking Haidong, which is located in the eastern part of Qinghai Plateau, as the study area, this paper applied a comprehensive remote sensing classification method which is based on the geographical division of land use to classify the 1999 and 2009 remote sensing data. The areas of cultivated land that changed and remained were extracted respectively from the results of their classification in 1999 and 2009 to analyze the main direction and spatial distribution of the cultivated land conversion. Then combined with the terrain data, as well as economic and social development data, this paper analyzed the main factors that affected cultivated land conversion quantitatively by a Logistic method. The results showed that from 1999 to 2009, the area of cultivated land in the eastern agricultural area of the Qinghai Plateau decreased by 1393.25 km2, and 1811.78 km2 of cultivated land converted to constructive land and forests/grass. This includes 157.05 km2 of cultivated land that converted to land for construction, which was mainly distributed in cultivated land with a gradient below 2° and altitude below 2600 m, and 1695.73 km2 of cultivated land with steep and high altitudes between 2600 m and 3200 m returned to forests or pasture. That 78.82% of the cultivated land with a gradient over 25° returned cultivated land to forests or grass, indicates that projects of returning farmland to forests or grass have resulted in the noticeable achievements in Eastern agricultural region of the Qinghai Plateau. The result of cultivated land change indicated that the decrease of cultivated land can be divided into two parts: one is occupied by constructive land, and the other is the ecological conversion of the arable land. Therefore, we can turn the problem of why cultivated land decreased into the problem of which factors are the main ones that affect the expansion of land for construction and returning farmland to forests respectively. Given the availability of data, the related factors in this article included altitude, slope, aspect, distance to stream, distance to river or lake, distance to straightway, distance to highway, distance to administrative station, and population density. Logistic is a good tool to analyze these factors. The analysis of these factors showed that the contribution of altitude is-66.46% for the expansion of land for construction, namely a higher altitude equaling less land for construction. The contribution of the slope for returning farmland to forest (grassland) is as high as 91.25%, which indicates that the land conversion project in eastern part of Qinghai Plateau was effectively implemented according to policy. Finally, this paper reached the conclusion that the occupation of land for construction purposes and ecological restoration from farmlands are working in a rational and powerful manner in the eastern agricultural area of the Qinghai Plateau. This study helped to reconcile the conflicts among ecological construction, economic development, and the protection of cultivated land, and provides the basis for further sustainable development of the regional economy.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Construction - Ecology - Economics - Environmental regulations - Expansion - Farms - Forestry - Population statistics - Regional planning - Remote sensing
Uncontrolled terms:Analysis and evaluation - Cultivated lands - Eastern part of qinghai plateaux - Ecological construction - Ecological environment constructions - Economic and social development - Remote sensing classification - Return farmland to forests
Classification code:971 Social Sciences - 951 Materials Science - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 731.1 Control Systems - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 405 Construction Equipment and Methods; Surveying - 403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075581
Title:Long-term heavy fertilization increases leaching risk of soil soluble organic nitrogen in vegetable greenhouse
Authors:Zhang, Hongwei (1); Kang, Lingyun (2); Liang, Bin (1); Chen, Qing (2); Li, Junliang (1); Yan, Zhengjuan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Science, Qingdao Agriculture University, Qingdao 266109, China; (2) College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100091, China
Corresponding author:Li, J.(jlli1962@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:99-107
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Soil soluble organic nitrogen (SSON) is labile and plays an important role in the nitrogen transformation. Along-term experiment started in Shouguang, Shandong Province in 2004. Since 2011 we have begun the study about soil soluble organic nitrogen. The optional solar greenhouse built in 1999 hadfive years continuous tomato planting prior to the trial, with double tomato cropping system (Winter-spring: February-June, Autumn-Winter: August-January next year). Tomato varieties were chosen by farmers with a planting density about 35000 plants/hm2. There four treatment groups for the test: none nitrogen (NN), organic manure nitrogen (MN), traditional nitrogen (CN), traditional nitrogen wheat straw (CN S), optimization nitrogen (SN), optimization nitrogen wheat straw (SN S).Alkaline persulfate oxidation-UV spectrophotometric method was selected to determine the soluble organic nitrogen in the soil and conventional method to soil inorganic nitrogen and otherindicators.The0-30 cm soil samples were taken at the end of each month and 0-180 cm of soil samples were taken at the end of every season after harvest. The results show that the surface soil soluble organic nitrogen ranges from 8.2 to 24.0 mg/kg, 15.0 to 55.3 mg/kg, 20.0 to 86.5 mg/kg, 40.7 to 101.9 mg/kg for NN, MN, CN S and SN S, respectively. The average soluble nitrogen levels for the four test groups are 16.4, 34.2, 47.4, 62.7 mg/kg The soluble nitrogen level in no nitrogen treatment group was significantly lower than the other three treatments. Compare to the no fertilization treatment, application of manure alone or combined with mineral nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased soil soluble organic nitrogen content, and a corresponding with the increase of mineral nitrogen fertilizer inputs. Organic fertilizer treatment increased SSON in the 0-180 cm by 1132 kg/hm2 than non-fertilizer treatments. The 0-180 cm soil layer SSON contents are in a order of CN>SN>MN>NN. With the traditional nitrogen treatments, the 0-180 cm soil layer SSON contents 69.0 mg/kg, 44% higher than NN. The 0-180 cm soluble organic nitrogen content in the range of 29.1 to 88.9 mg/kg comprises 27% to 50% of the total soluble total nitrogen. Compared with no fertilizer, organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased soil soluble organic nitrogen content and a corresponding with the increase in soluble organic nitrogen content of fertilizer nitrogen inputs. The accumulated SSON in the CN treatment significantly increased by 1505 kg/hm2. There is no significant difference for soil inorganic nitrogen accumulation from 0-90 cm and 90-180 cm. The cumulative amount SSON in90-180 cm soil layer reached 371, 1062, 1031 and 1121 kg/hm2 for the four test group accounting for 44%, 42%, 45% and 43% of SSON in 0-180 cm soil layer. Straw application significantly reduced the cumulative amount of soil inorganic nitrogen, but has no effect on soluble organic nitrogen. In general, soluble organic nitrogen content ranged between 7.8 to 88.9 mg/kg and for fertilization treatments in 90-180 cm soil layer SSON was up to 962.8 kg/hm2. Thus the soluble organic nitrogen is a major path of nitrogen loss in greenhouse. More attention is needed in the study of nitrogen fate.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Fruits - Grain (agricultural product) - Greenhouses - Leaching - Manures - Nitrogen - Optimization - Soil surveys - Soils - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Conventional methods - Inorganic nitrogen - Nitrogen transformations - Organic fertilizers - Soil soluble organic nitrogens - Spectro-photometric method - Tomato - Vegetable greenhouse
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 533.1 Ore Treatment - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075601
Title:Mixing effects and noodle quality of differential horizontal mixers with double shafts
Authors:Liu, Rui (1); Lu, Yangyang (1); Xing, Ya'nan (1); Zhang, Yingquan (1); Zhang, Bo (1); Wei, Yimin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
Corresponding author:Wei, Y.(weiyimin36@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:264-270
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Horizontal mixers with double shafts are commonly used in the noodle industry. They can be divided into constant speed and adjustable speed according to the mixing speed, and rod-shaped blades and blade-shaped blades with certain angles on the basis of mixing blades configuration. Two kinds of horizontal mixers with double shafts and three kinds of wheat flours were selected to analyze the mixing effects and noodle quality, aiming to understand the mixing effects of horizontal mixers with double shafts with different mixing speed and blade configuration. The two mixers were a model 550 mixer with rod-shaped blades and constant mixing speed (80 r/min) and a model 765 mixer with angular blade-shaped blades and adjustable mixing speed (low-speed-70 r/min and high-speed-105 r/min). The total time of each mixing experiment was 13 minutes and the moisture of the dough crumbs were 32%~33%. Mixing was carried out in duplicate. The moisture uniformity and particle size distribution of dough crumbs, color uniformity of sheets, tension properties (maximum tensile resistance and extensibility) of fresh noodles, cooking properties (dry matter loss and water uptaken during cooking) of dried noodles and texture profiles of cooked noodles were measured, and the effects of mixing modes on these quality indicators were analyzed. Results showed that three mixing modes had significant effects on the qualities of dough crumbs, dough sheet, and noodles. The model 765 mixer had better mixing effects compared to the model 550 mixer, with a better moisture uniformity of dough crumbs, medium dough crumbs particles size, lower percentage in large particles (particle diameter ≥4000 μm), and better uniformity of dough sheet color. Fresh noodles made of the dough from a model 765 mixer also had higher maximum tensile resistance and extensibility, and cooked noodles were firmer and had higher gumminess and chewiness. The model 765 mixer with different combinations among the high speed and low speed mixing times had different mixing effects and noodles quality. When it was under the condition of parameters I, namely low-speed 300 s and high-speed 480 s, it could produce relatively smaller dough crumb particles, and thicker and whiter sheet. However, the resilience of cooked noodles were lower than those produced by the mixer under parameters-low-speed 500 s and high-speed 280 s. Different wheat flours required different mixing modes. The model 765 mixer with parameters was more suitable for Gaojin flour with a larger particle size and higher gluten quality, having higher maximum tensile resistance of fresh noodles, higher hardness, gumminess, chewiness and resilience of TPA parameters of cooked noodles. For Shangbai flour with relatively smaller particle size and weaker gluten quality, parameters with lower intensity mixing were more suitable.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Mixers (machinery)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Mixing - Moisture - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Processing - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Adjustable speed - Blade configurations - Cooking properties - Horizontal mixers with double shafts - Larger particle sizes - Mixing blades - Particle diameters - Tensile resistance
Classification code:931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.1 Mechanics - 913.4 Manufacturing - 951 Materials Science - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075580
Title:Suitable water and nitrogen treatment improves soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and enzyme activities of paddy field
Authors:Xiao, Xin (1); Zhu, Wei (1); Xiao, Liang (1); Deng, Yanping (1); Zhao, Yanwen (2); Wang, Jianfei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Urban Construction and Environmental Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (2) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Corresponding author:Xiao, X.(xiaoxin8088@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:91-98
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The soil microbial biomass, enzyme activities and microbial community structure have always been at the core of soil ecosystems, because they are the indicators for soil fertility thus play significant role in sustainability of cropping systems. As a result, much research has focused on the impact of different soil types, management measures and cropping systems on soil microbial biomass and enzymatic activities. However, few reports have focused on effect of water and nitrogen on soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and enzyme activities of paddy field. Distribution of precipitation is inconsistent and asynchronous with evaporation, creating conditions for severe summer and autumn droughts in the hilly region of southern China. Jianghuai hilly region is a part of hilly region of southern China, where seasonal drought regions are widely distributed. High temperatures have caused severe drought during the past 60 years. Seasonal drought often seriously affects rice production due to water stress. As a result, it is necessary to set up new water-saving and fertilizer-saving rice cultivation systems to increase water use efficiency and fertilizer use efficiency thus reduce yield loss caused by drought. This study was designed to investigate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilization on soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and enzyme activities of paddy field. The experiments were conducted in pools within rain-proof shelter at the Agricultural Science Research Institute of Anhui Science and Technology University in Fucheng Town, Fengyang Country, Anhui Province. Samples were collected from treatments under control and conventional irrigation receiving N application of 90 kg/hm2, 180 kg/hm2, and 270 kg/hm2. Conclusion: Results showed that irrigation and nitrogen fertilization significantly influenced on soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) and enzyme activities of paddy field. With the increment of N application rates, soil urease activity and SMBN increased, while soil catalase activity, phosphatase activity, and invertase activity, SMBC, SMBC/SMBN and soil microbial quotient were highest at 180 kg/hm2 of N applied. Compared with conventional irrigation, soil urease activity, soil catalase activity, phosphatase activity, invertase activity, SMBN, SMBC and soil microbial quotient increased, and while SMBC/SMBN decreased under control irrigation. We concluded that control irrigation combined with suitable N application rate (180 kg/hm2) could benefit for soil biological environment establishing under the experiment. This study revealed that the soil biological health could be enhanced due to the rational application of water and fertilizer. The reasonable amount of soil water and nutrition can provide the suitable environment to the soil biota, and then the soil biota can provide the essential nutrient to the rice growth and development. In the hilly region of southern China, the increasing scarcity of water resources seriously restricts agricultural development. Adopting water-saving and fertilizer-saving rice cultivation patterns can reduce irrigation water, decrease water consumption, and relieve the stress of water application. This research aids in the sustainable development and effective production of rice cultivation and optimal use of water and fertilizer during seasonal droughts hilly region of southern China.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Nitrogen
Controlled terms:Biomass - Carbon - Cultivation - Drought - Enzyme activity - Enzymes - Experiments - Fertilizers - Irrigation - Phosphatases - Soil moisture - Soils - Sustainable development - Water conservation - Water resources - Water supply - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural development - Biological environments - Microbial biomass - Microbial biomass carbon - Microbial community structures - Nitrogen rate - Science and Technology - Soil microbial biomass carbons
Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 901.4 Impact of Technology on Society - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 444 Water Resources - 461.9 Biology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075590
Title:Comparative study on calculation of wind loads on greenhouse structures between codes of China and Europe
Authors:Tong, Lewei (1); Jin, Jian (1); Zhou, Feng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Building Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
Corresponding author:Tong, L.(tonglw@tongji.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:174-181
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Among all the bearing loads for greenhouse structures, wind load plays a leading role and this is especially true for a modern greenhouse structure due to its large-span and lightweight characteristics. As a result, to ensure reliability and a reasonable cost for the design work of greenhouses, wind load becomes a key factor. Since the modern greenhouse started late in China, there was no domestic load specifications for greenhouse structures until 2002 when the national code "Greenhouse Structure Design Load" was published. This code filled in the blanks of this area in China, but its shortcomings are still obvious, as it cannot fully take into consideration all the particularities of a greenhouse structure. Therefore, it is necessary to take advantage of the experiences of advanced countries in greenhouse design and have some research on greenhouse design load codes. In combination with the Chinese Load Code and Eurocode1: Part1-4, this paper conducted a comparative study on the calculation of wind loads on greenhouse structures between the codes of China and Europe. In the first part of this paper, the definitions and calculation methods of wind load were compared briefly between Chinese and European Codes for Greenhouse Structures. Then, more specific discussions were carried out on three main factors: basic wind pressure, wind profile, and wind pressure coefficient. The comparison results showed that the calculation methods of wind load for a greenhouse structure are similar between Chinese and European Codes, but the definition and selection of some parameters are too simplified to be reasonable in the Chinese Codes. Specifically, the comparison study on basic wind pressure shows that the definition of this variable is almost the same in these two codes except that when under certain circumstance, the European greenhouse code takes into consideration its importance and the design working life of the greenhouse. As a result, the basic wind pressure return periods have different choices, while the Chinese Greenhouse Code Unified used the 50-year return period, which does not reflect the characteristics of the greenhouse structure. The result of a comparison study on the wind profile shows that the value of wind profiles in the European codes is greater than that in Chinese codes in that the wind turbulence factor is taken into consideration in the European codes. The comparison study on the wind pressure coefficient shows that the coefficients in European codes are larger than the ones in Chinese codes for the same multi-span greenhouses. In summary, the specifications in the European codes are much more comprehensive than the specifications in Chinese codes. A detailed example is presented to illustrate the overall comparison. According to the different requirements of Chinese and European codes, the wind load effects of a typical Venlo-type greenhouse structure were analyzed using the structural analysis software SAP2000. The results showed that the calculated internal forces are higher when the European greenhouse specifications were applied, though their distribution in the structure is almost the same. At the end of this paper, some suggestions are put forward for the further amendment of the Chinese greenhouse design code in the future.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Structural design
Controlled terms:Aerodynamic loads - Boundary layer flow - Greenhouses - Loading - Loads (forces) - Specifications - Structure (composition) - Wind - Wind stress
Uncontrolled terms:Codes - Comparative studies - Comparison - Greenhouse design - Greenhouse structure - Structural analysis softwares - Wind pressure coefficient - Wind-load effects
Classification code:931.1 Mechanics - 902.2 Codes and Standards - 672 Naval Vessels - 651.1 Aerodynamics, General - 951 Materials Science - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 408 Structural Design - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075598
Title:Analysis of driving mechanism of cultivated land resources security of black soil region in Songnen high plain
Authors:Song, Ge (1); Wang, Yue (1); Lei, Guoping (2); Wang, Panpan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (2) Institute of Land Management, Northeast University, Shenyang 110819, China
Corresponding author:Song, G.(songgelaoshi@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:241-248
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:For profoundly anatomizing the effect mechanism of driving factors which affecting cultivated land resources security in study area, studying the driving mechanism of cultivated land resources security in study area, providing scientific basis to ensure the health of cultivated land and to protect the national food security. This paper takes black soil region of Bayan county in Songnen high plain as study area, using Matlab programming, adopting Genetic Algorithm to improve Neural Networks and combining correlation analysis, recognizing the prime factors and getting the related to the sensitive influential factors of cultivated land resources security, clarifying the effect mechanism and driving synergistic of influential factors and revealing the driving mechanism of the cultivated land resources security through multiple regression analysis and complete quadratic regression analysis. It turns out: The synergistic effect relations of cultivated land resources security in study area. The factors play a significant impact to the cultivated land resources security, and they have different synergistic effects in different influential factors. The synergistic effects get positive and negative interactions and have variants strength of different influential factors. The natural factors play a catalytic role in the security of cultivated land resources in study area. The socio-economic factors and ecological factors play an inhibition role in the security of cultivated land resources in study area, and socio-economic factors play inhibition strongest, followed by ecological factors. Effects of socio-economic factors play the most remarkable role on cultivated land resources security, natural factors secondly, the role of ecological factors not obvious. Among the main factors, soil texture plays the strongest role in promoting cultivated land resources security, the strength is 0.5654, next is pH value, the strength is 0.2563, while black soil thickness plays the weakest role, the strength is 0.0662. Altitude plays the strongest role in inhibiting cultivated land resources security, the strength is 0.3721, next is water and soil erosion, the strength is 0.3580, while fluorine plays the weakest role, the strength is 0.0131. The results provide a reference to protect cultivated land resources of black soil area and to rational use cultivated land resources.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Ecology - Economics - Food supply - Genetic algorithms - Models - Natural resources - Regression analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Black soil regions - Correlation analysis - Cultivated lands - Dimensionality-reduction models - Multiple regression analysis - Quadratic regression - Socio-economic factor - Synergistic effect
Classification code:971 Social Sciences - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 512 Petroleum and Related Deposits - 501 Exploration and Prospecting - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 444 Water Resources - 404.2 Civil Defense - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075573
Title:Optimized test of running parameter on rind-pith separation equipment for corn stalk
Authors:Wang, Defu (1); Yu, Keqiang (2); Chen, Zhengguang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (2) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Corresponding author:Wang, D.(dfwang640203@sohu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:26-32
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:With the development of agriculture in China, the total annual production of straw is over 700 million tons, including more than 200 million tons of corn stalk. In general, corn stalk was utilized as the common domestic fuel and livestock feed, and the remaining straw was burned in fields in the past, which led to waste of resources and pollution of environment. With economic development, technological progress, and the growing demand for resources (including energy resources), valuable utilization of corn stalk is emphasized at home and abroad, such as separately using rind, pith and leaves to achieve maximum value according to their different chemical compositions. Therefore, rind-pith separation equipment for corn stalk has been developed in China. So far, the separating quality, adaptability, operational reliability and productive efficiency of rind-pith separation equipment for corn stalk are still low. Further research is needed, including deeply researching and developing the key mechanisms for rind-pith separation equipment. For effective separation of the rind and pith of a variety of corn stalk (especially corn stalk with a high moisture content obtained in the corn harvesting season) and determination of the operation parameters of rind-pith separation equipment, a leaf-stripping mechanism and pith-stripping mechanism of rind-pith separation equipment for corn stalk had been experimented on. By preliminary experiments and analysis, two stages of leaf-stripping technology of blasting, stripping and rubbing had been used and conformed. Key parameters of leaf-stripping mechanism and the pith-stripping mechanism had been determined by multi-factor orthogonal rotation combination experiments. By an analysis of the experiments for the leaf-stripping mechanism, the significant factor was the bottom width of the U groove plate and the feeding speed for corn stalk with the third significant factor being, the rotation speed of the leaf-stripping roll. For the pith-stripping mechanism, the most significant factor was the feeding speed for the corn stalk, the second significant factor was the rotation speed of the pith-stripping roll, and the third significant factor was the clearance between the pith-stripping blade and supporting plate. By a comprehensive analysis of the existing experimental results, the main movement parameters of rind-pith separation equipment for corn stalk were as following: feeding speed for corn stalk 1.2~1.3 m/s, rotation linear speed of leaf-stripping roll more than 5 m/s, rotation linear speed of the pith-stripping roll more than 5.8 m/s. Based on the optimization parameters of the above experiments, the four-pass rind-pith separation equipment for corn stalk was designed. The separation equipment was mainly composed of a feeding mechanism (including a feeding table and feeding roll), two leaf-stripping mechanisms, an opening and flattening mechanism (mainly cutting, opening and flattening corn stalk), a pith-stripping mechanism, and an output mechanism (mainly transportation rind out of the equipment). By experiments, the separation equipment was found to be practical to separate corn stalk from about ten percent moisture content to about seventy percent moisture content. Then, the separation equipment was examined and tested, and overall productivity was more than 0.5 t/h according to corn stalk with about twelve percent moisture content, the leaf-stripping percent was more than ninety-seven point six percent, and the pith-stripping percent was more than ninety-five point seven percent. The above results could be served as a guide for the designing and optimizing of rind-pith separation equipment for corn stalk.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Separation
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Briquetting - Cutting equipment - Energy resources - Equipment - Experiments - Feeding - Moisture determination - Optimization - Processing - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive analysis - Corn stalk - High moisture contents - Operational reliability - Optimization parameter - Productive efficiencies - Rind and pith - Technological progress
Classification code:944.2 Moisture Measurements - 931.1 Mechanics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 913.4 Manufacturing - 901.3 Engineering Research - 901 Engineering Profession - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 604.1 Metal Cutting - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017076369
Title:Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and causes analysis of seasonal drought in hilly area of central Sichuan
Authors:Zhan, Cun (1); Liang, Chuan (1); Zhao, Lu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
Corresponding author:Liang, C.(lchester@sohu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:82-90
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to reduce the influence of seasonal drought on agricultural production in Sichuan Province, the standard precipitation index (SPI) was selected to describe drought characteristics based on monthly precipitation data from eight sites in the hilly area of central Sichuan during 1960-201. Mann Kendall rank correlation and the morlet wavelet method were applied to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of seasonal drought, and the correlation analysis method was used to explore the causes of drought and propose drought prevention measures in the hilly area of central Sichuan. Results indicate that: moderate drought, severe drought, and extreme drought in the hilly area of central Sichuan, which influence this area seriously, mainly concentrated in winter and spring; Moderate drought mainly occurred in Spring (moderate drought frequency-17.3%), while severe and extreme drought mainly occurred in winter (severe and extreme drought frequency-11.5%). During the last 52 years, the SPI of each site increased in June and decreased from September to November, especially in Yibin, SPI were decreased significantly (α=0.05) in August and September, which may aggravate drought frequency and the category of hot-drought and autumn drought. Hurst of Spring SPI changes between 0.51 (Suining) to 0.72 (Bazhong); Summer Hurst changes from 0.44 (Luzhou) to 0.72 (Daxian); Autumn Hurst varies from 0.49 (Neijiang) to 0.74 (Langzhong); Winter Hurst varies from 0.65 (Luzhou) to 0.81 (Langzhong); Almost all Hurst indexes of seasonal SPI in the region are greater than 0.5, which refers to good persistence on seasonal SPI, thus SPI features during nearly 52 years can be a reference for further drought research in this region. June scales (winter and spring) SPI value shows a cycle of 5, 11, and 28a, in which the strongest shock (11a) was the first cycle, 28a was the second cycle, and 5a was the third cycle. Actual drought conditions were consistent with change process of 11a scale wavelet real part. Drought frequency of drought category differs from regions; Moderate drought in spring and summer are mainly distributed in the central and northeastern sections of the hilly area of central Sichuan, such as Daxian and Gaoping. Otherwise, moderate drought in autumn and winter is mainly distributed in the southwestern part of the region, such as Neijiang. Severe and extreme seasonal drought always occurs in Suining and Yibin. Therefore, Suining and Yibin are the most important region for drought prevention. Correlation analysis was used to analyze relevance between monthly scale SPI and each meteorological factor (precipitation concentration degree was described by the ratio of daily maximum precipitation and monthly rainfall; temperature change with extreme maximum temperature and the average temperature difference to describe), which indicates that SPI was significant negatively correlated with precipitation concentration and sunshine hours (α=0.01), so precipitation concentration and sunshine hours are main factors affecting the drought of the hilly area of central Sichuan. Rainwater harvesting and utilization technology is an effective measure for improving rainwater use efficiency and preventing seasonal drought. This paper provides a reference for Sichuan drought mitigation.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Drought
Controlled terms:Correlation methods - Precipitation (chemical) - Rain - Spatial distribution - Stream flow - Wavelet transforms
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Contributing factor - Drought characteristics - Sichuan - Spatial and temporal distribution - Standard precipitation indices - Temperature differences - Temporal and spatial distribution
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 921 Mathematics - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075585
Title:A measuring method of soil surface roughness using infrared structured light 3D technology
Authors:Li, Zongnan (1); Chen, Zhongxin (1); Wang, Limin (1); Jiang, Zhiwei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China; (2) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Z.(zxchen@mail.caas.net.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:137-142
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Soil surface roughness (SSR) is a very important parameter for describing soil physical characteristics. It is widely used in wind and water erosion studies, and for retrieving soil moisture using passive or active microwave sensing data. There are several methods to quantify SSR. The techniques of quantifying soil surface roughness mainly include the pin meter and profile meter, photography, and laser scanning. However, these methods respectively have some limitations. The main disadvantage of the pin meter and profile meter is the potentially destructive effect while using these methods. Laser scanning equipment is expensive, bulky, and therefore, it is hard to work in field conditions. Photography only acquires 2D information not real 3D information of the soil surface. In recent years, structured light measurement and range image technology has been developed very well, and the main equipment of this technology became cheaper and more portable. It has been widely used in many aspects for 3D surface reconstruction. In this study, a system based on an infrared structured light 3-dimensional technique was designed for a more portable and efficient measuring of SSR. The system mainly contains an infrared structured light scanner, a tripod with a beam, a portable computer, and a level board. The scanner contains two main parts, a structured light projector and a sensor which receives the reflected structured light. The computer with installed special software was used to control the scanner and store the data. A measurement experiment was conducted. A plain board and two different soil surfaces were measured. In a practical measuring, the scanner was fixed on one end of the beam of a tripod, and directed the front of scanner towards the soil surface, and was about 100 cm high from the soil surface. The spatial resolution depended on the distance between the object and the scanner. A range image of a level board was treated as the horizontal reference for correct those range images of the soil surface. With a practical measuring process, it was found that the portability and capability of acquiring data of a structured light 3D sensor was excellent. But the measuring results had some errors because of the limitation of the spatial resolution of the system. The precision of the system needs to improve. From the analysis of the errors of the plain board measuring, we can draw some conclusions as follow. (1) The errors of the range images and surface information included inherent error and random noise, and had a specific distribution. The errors in the middle of the image were lower than in the other parts. (2) Compared with the accurate results with a higher resolution, the soil surface elevation and the roughness that was acquired by this system had less precision, and the precision was determined by the performance of the structured light scanner. (3) Due to the random noise, the correction of the soil surface elevation using the measurements of the plain board had uncertainty. The performance of this system was tested by a practical measuring experiment. It is believed that this method would be popular in SSR measuring after doing some improvements in next investigation according some findings in this study.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Experiments - Image resolution - Laser applications - Microcomputers - Photography - Random errors - Roughness measurement - Scanning - Sensors - Soil moisture - Soils - Surface properties - Surface roughness - Three dimensional - Two dimensional - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms:3D surface reconstruction - Measurement experiments - Measuring method - Physical characteristics - Soil surface roughnesses (SSR) - Structured Light - Structured-light measurement - Three-dimensional scanning
Classification code:931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 746 Imaging Techniques - 801 Chemistry - 901.3 Engineering Research - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.1 Probability Theory - 744.9 Laser Applications - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 406 Highway Engineering - 742 Cameras and Photography
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075583
Title:Determination of key factors of soil loss equation of red-soil slop land in northern Jiangxi province
Authors:Qin, Wei (1); Zuo, Changqing (1); Zheng, Haijin (2); Ma, Liang (3); Du, Pengfei (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Sedimentation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100044, China; (2) Jiangxi Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Nanchang 330029, China; (3) Water Resources Research Institute of Shandong Province, Ji'nan 250013, China; (4) International Research and Traning Center on Erosion and Sedimentation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100044, China
Corresponding author:Qin, W.(qinwei_office@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:115-125
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:A soil loss equation is an important technique for monitoring and preventing soil erosion. Based on field observation data from runoff plots, standards on erosive rainfall in red-soil slop land located in northern Jiangxi province were defined by using the method of 80% experience frequency. Results showed that the rainfall amount, average rainfall intensity, and break point intensity of 30 minutes of erosive rainfall standards were 10.0 mm, 1.3 mm/h, and 5.0 mm/h, respectively. The best result of individual rainfall erosion was calculated through the product of the total rainfall energy and the break point intensity of 30 minutes. The soil loss equation of the red-soil slop land in northern Jiangxi province was established based on building annual rainfall erosion regression models, selecting the topographic factor algorithm, measuring the value of the soil erodibility factor, and calculating the factor values of six biological measures and five engineering measures factors. The mean relative error (MRE), linear regression coefficient (R2), and the Nash-Suttclife efficiency coefficient (E<inf>ns</inf>), were used in the simulation results evaluation. Upon testing, when preventing annual average erosion intensity, the MRE, R2 and E<inf>ns</inf> were 5.48%, 0.99, and 0.99 for the simulation values of the soil loss equation and the observed values. When preventing inter-annual average erosion intensity, the R2 and E<inf>ns</inf> were 0.95 and 0.89. The results suggested that the equation can be used to predict annual average and inter-annual average soil erosion intensity precisely. However, its predicting accuracy is reduced while rainfall significantly deviates from multi-year mean level or gully erosion and other types occur on slope land. All of these can provide technological support for the monitoring and planning of water and soil conservation in the southern red-soil area.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Erosion - Loss prevention - Rain - Regression analysis - Soil conservation - Soil testing
Uncontrolled terms:Biological measures factor - Engineering measures - Rainfall erosivity - Soil erodibility - Soil loss equations
Classification code:407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 443.3 Precipitation - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802 Chemical Apparatus and Plants; Unit Operations; Unit Processes - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075582
Title:Estimation on farmland wind-erosion and dust emission amount in Bashang of Hebei province by grain composition contrast
Authors:Wang, Rende (1); Chang, Chunping (2); Peng, Shuai (2); Wang, Le (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Geographical Sciences at Hebei Science College, Shijiazhuang 050011, China; (2) Hebei Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, College of Resource and Environment Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
Corresponding author:Wang, R.(wangrende10@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:108-114
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:There are many ways to estimate soil wind-erosion, but no way can accurately estimate the wind erosion amount in the current year. In this study, taking advantage of the feature in the plow layer of farmland that the size composition is uniform, and the erodible particles decreasing and non-erodible particles increasing relatively by erosion in soil surface, we proposed a new method of estimating soil erosion and dust emission amount by comparing the relative change in the content of non-erodible and erodible particles between the surface and lower layers after a wind-erosion season, and giving the calculating formulas. There are four assumptions in this method: (1) there are both erodible and non-erodible particles in the plow layer of farmland. (2) The soil size composition in the plow layer is uniform, and its vertical variation can be negligible before a wind erosion season begins. (3) The farmland wind-erosion occurs from the crop harvesting of last year to the crop planting of the next year. (4) Other factors that cause changes in the size composition of surface soil can be negligible except for wind-erosion. The four assumptions are established for long plowed farmland located in arid or semi-arid regions. The size range of non-erodible particles was identified as > 1.0 mm in this study. The soil erosion and dust emission amount of the main farmland types in Bashang of Hebei province in the current year was estimated by this method. The results showed that the farmland wind-erosion amount in 2013 was 960~5700 g/(m2&middota), with an average of 2852.14 g/(m2&middota), and the average erosion depth was 0.21 cm/a, which amounted to severe wind erosion. The average dust emission amount was 768.16 g/(m2&middota), and accounted for about 29.00% of the average wind-erosion amount. There was a significant linear correlation between the dust emission and wind erosion, and the correlation coefficient(r) was 0.95. The wind-erosion and dust emission amount for different sample points were different and that was related closely to the desertification degree of the farmland. The wind erosion and dust emission amount in plowed and raked land was significantly greater than in the stubble's. The results of the farmland erosion amount obtained by this method were basically consistent with previous results obtained by other methods and our observation results indicated that this method had good feasibility. This method is simple, convenient and quick to operate, doesn't need to consider a variety of wind-erosion factors, and doesn't require long field observation. It has application in the evaluation of soil erosion, the desertification evolution of farmland, soil dust emission, sand disaster prevention, and so on.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Arid regions - Climatology - Crops - Disaster prevention - Dust - Erosion - Estimation - Neutron emission - Soils - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Farmland - Field observations - Grain composition - Hebei Province - Linear correlation - Semi-arid region - Vertical variation
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 932.1 High Energy Physics - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 443 Meteorology - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075596
Title:Succession law of reclaimed soil and vegetation on opencast coal mine dump of loess area
Authors:Wang, Jinman (1); Guo, Lingli (1); Bai, Zhongke (1); Yang, Ruixuan (1); Zhang, Meng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100035, China
Corresponding author:Bai, Z.(baizk@cugb.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:223-232
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Loess Plateau is one of the typical opencast coal mining areas in China with its broken topography, loose soil structure, and destroyed natural vegetation, and the ecological environment is fragile in this area. Coal mining has formed a large waste dump, which had imposed great damage on the surface of the landscape. It not only occupied a large amount of land, but also influenced the animal and plant development; it is a serious threat to the ecological environment. Reconstruction of the damaged soil and vegetation is the key to ecological restoration in the mining area, and the process of vegetation restoration actually is an interaction process of a complex ecosystem between vegetation and soil. The typical plot survey method was used to analyze the dynamic succession law of soil environmental factors and vegetation biomass with reclamation years (3, 5, 10, 12 and 17a) in the Shanxi Antaibao opencast coal mine dump. A logistic succession model of reclaimed soil environmental factors and vegetation biomass land arbor forest in the Loess area opencast mine dump were constructed in this study, and the interactions of partial differential equations between soil and vegetation were built. The results indicated as follows: (1) soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available P, and available K had an S-shaped (logistic curve) increasing with reclamation years and soil bulk density gradually decreased. (2) Using SPSS software to fit the equation model, the correlation coefficients of the models were high and the significance tests were less than 0.05, the soil environment factor models and the arbor vegetation biomass model in the reclaimed land was effective, and the dynamic character of the soil factor and vegetation biomass could be well reflected. (3) All reclaimed soil environmental factors (organic matter, total nitrogen, available P, available K, and soil bulk density) gradually closed to those of the original landscape and gradually become stable with reclamation years. Soil environmental factors play a key role in the restoration process of vegetation, and the stabilizing process of soil environmental factors also was the process of vegetation growth which tended to stabilize. The vegetation volume gradually increased with reclamation years under the influence of the soil environmental factors, and which also had a logistic growth trend. The logistic model of arbor vegetation biomass fit well and can reflect the dynamic succession law of arbor vegetation biomass. The organic matter and total nitrogen are the main factors to influence the biomass of vegetation. (4) Interaction between soil and vegetation was significant, and it fitted the Kolmogorov predator-prey model. The relationship between them can be expressed by a partial differential equations model. This research can provide theoretical basis for land reclamation and ecological restoration in the loess area of an opencast coal mine.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Vegetation
Controlled terms:Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Biomass - Coal mines - Ecology - Environmental regulations - Land reclamation - Organic compounds - Partial differential equations - Reclamation - Restoration - Sediments - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Dump - Ecological environments - Ecological restoration - Interaction - Loess area - Predator-prey modeling - Vegetation restoration
Classification code:483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 503.1 Coal Mines - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 921.2 Calculus - 481.2 Geochemistry - 402 Buildings and Towers - 409 Civil Engineering, General - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075575
Title:Optimization of steam drying conditions for seedling-growing tray made of paddy-straw
Authors:Yu, Haiming (1); Wang, Chun (1); Han, Zhixue (2); Sun, Yong (3); Zhang, Wei (1); Hu, Jun (1); Liu, Tianxiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (2) Office of Human Resources, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China; (3) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Corresponding author:Wang, C.(wangchun1963@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:40-49
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The seedling-growing tray was produced by mixing such materials as straw powder, biological glue, and fertilizer soil with nutrient media, and shaping it by pressing and drying. The drying process is one of the important parts of the production. Which drying method and process to be used is a key factor to ensure the drying quality of the seedling tray. The seedling tray drying quality includes such aspects as warpage, crack, wet strength, and corrosion. The warpage and cracks not only affect the tray modeling rate and agronomic requirements of mechanized cultivation, but also increase the cost of the production. The corrosion of the seedling tray determines the seedling quality and its shelf life. The wet strength determines the shape of the seedling tray as it is steeped in water and the mechanized planting agronomic requirements. The seedling tray drying methods include natural environmental ventilation drying, hot air drying, and steam drying. On an experimental basis, the three kinds of drying methods effects on the quality of seedling tray drying and the advantages of steam drying were considered in this paper. Then the steam drying method was determined to be the major way of drying the seedling tray. The wet strength is also an important indicator of steam drying quality, which is one of the key factors meeting the demands of seedling-growing tray molding and mechanized cultivating to ensure that the wet strength of a seedling-growing tray could fulfill the demands above. In this paper, a seedling-growing tray made of paddy-straw was taken as the research object, and the steam drying technology was used, with the wet strength after steam drying taken as experimental indicators. Through single-factor tests, we analyzed some elements which could affect the wet strength of a seedling-growing tray, such as natural environment pretreatment time, drying time, drying temperature, and drying time in a dryer after stopping steam supplying of a tray, and ascertained the influencing factors and the range of these factors. Based on single-factor tests, we utilized a quadratic orthogonal rotation combination test to establish a seedling-growing tray steam drying mathematics modeling, and analyzed the relationship between each factor and evaluation indicators based on a two-factor analysis method, and prioritized factors in mathematics modeling. Experiments showed the optimum process conditions of a seedling-growing tray made of paddy-straw drying we obtained: seedling tray pretreatment time was 10 h, drying time was 21 h, drying temperature was at 130°C. In this condition, the predicted wet strength of a seedling-growing tray was 0.4 MPa. And the actual wet strength was 0.395 MPa in validation tests. By comparing the theoretical predictions and the actual results, the relative error was 1.25%. The research result could provide certain theory directions for the industrial production of a seedling-growing tray made of paddy-straw.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Agronomy - Biological materials - Corrosion - Cracks - Cultivation - Industrial research - Optimization - Processing - Steam - Vapors
Uncontrolled terms:Drying temperature - Evaluation indicators - Industrial production - Natural environments - Optimum process conditions - Parameters - Quadratic orthogonal rotation - Seedling-growing tray made of paddy-straw
Classification code:913.4 Manufacturing - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 642.1 Process Heating - 539.1 Metals Corrosion - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 614 Steam Power Plants
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20135017075588
Title:Design and experiment of closed culture system for solar greenhouse
Authors:Yuan, Hongbo (1); Wang, Haihua (1); Pang, Shujie (3); Li, Li (1); Sigrimis, Nick (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory on Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research of Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China; (3) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (4) Department of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens 11855, Greece
Corresponding author:Li, L.(lily@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:159-165
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The traditional cultivation of a solar greenhouse is to use the soil, but soil-borne diseases lead to continuous cropping obstacles, and with the fertilizer going into the soil along with water, often the environment and groundwater has been polluted, so that it is impossible to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, these problems must be solved, not only as to saving water and fertilizer, but also for protecting the environment, while improving the level of automation in the solar greenhouse. So a closed cultivation system was presented. The traditional cultivation methods are with soil or substrate piled in a ridge on the ground, and crops have been planted on the ridge. In this system of digging a ditch on the ground from south to north, the width of the ditch was 35 cm, the depth of the ditch was 25 cm, and the fall of ditch from south to north was about 5~10 cm. Substrate was bagged up or completely wrapped by plastic film, and then it was placed in the ditch, so the substrate was isolated from the outside world, the incidence of soil-borne diseases was avoided, and the same heat energy saved by the soil can also be used. The system designed was a wireless sensor network using the 433 MHz frequency, and it developed the environment monitoring node, the microcontroller of node was PIC16F876A, and it connected sensors of SHT15, ISL29010, FDS100, and MF52. Traditional irrigation in the solar greenhouse was conducted in the following method: water irrigation first, then fertilizers were added for a period of time, and finally irrigation with water was again carried out. An integrated water and fertilizer irrigation mode was applied in this system, with the function of irrigation by controller implementation, the core of the irrigation controller was a ARM7 processor, the operating voltage was provided by the power supply module, the processor was connected with an EC measuring module, a pH measurement module, and a relay control module through the I2C bus module. The EC measurement module and pH module were respectively connected to the EC and pH measuring instrument, with measurement of the solution in a mixing fertilizer tank. The values of EC and pH detected by the electrode, were transmitted to the processor through the I2C bus. The switch of the solenoid valve was controlled by a processor based on the PID control method, and the nutrient solution was automatically mixed and adjusted according to the set value of the program. An already adjusted nutrient solution was supplied to the water lines by a pump, and every irrigation line for a greenhouse, with the irrigation lines starting and stopping regulated by a solenoid valve. The solenoid valves were controlled by a relay control module worked through the program. Any excess nutrient solution was recycled. When the water level of the recycle tank reached a certain height, the nutrient solution in the recycle tank would be pumped into the mixing tank, and then recycling was implemented. Experimental results showed that the yield of a closed culture system increased by 11.7% more than the traditional soil planting, along with saving 2% of the water and fertilizers. If the same kind of substrate case was used to achieve recycling of the nutrient solution, then 17.2% of the water and fertilizers of the closed culture system were saved. It was able to effectively enhance the degree of automation in greenhouse production, conserve resources, protect the environment, and promote sustainable development of the greenhouse industry.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Water recycling
Controlled terms:ARM processors - Controllers - Environmental protection - Environmental testing - Fertilizers - Greenhouses - Groundwater - Groundwater pollution - Integration - Irrigation - Mixing - Nutrients - Planning - Potentiometric sensors - Program processors - Sensor nodes - Soils - Solar heating - Solenoid valves - Solution mining - Substrates - Sustainable development - Tanks (containers) - Three term control systems - Water - Water levels - Water piping systems - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Closed culture systems - Continuous cropping obstacles - Controller implementation - Environment monitoring - Irrigation controllers - Saving water and fertilizers - Solar greenhouse - Traditional irrigation
Classification code:722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723.1 Computer Programming - 731.1 Control Systems - 732.1 Control Equipment - 801 Chemistry - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 921.2 Calculus - 942.1 Electric and Electronic Instruments - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 643.1 Space Heating - 444 Water Resources - 444.2 Groundwater - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 454 Environmental Engineering - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 461.9 Biology - 502.1 Mine and Quarry Operations - 614.2 Steam Power Plant Equipment and Operation - 619 Pipes, Tanks and Accessories; Plant Engineering Generally - 619.2 Tanks - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.21.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

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