<RECORD 1>

Accession number:  20134616980357
 
  Title:  Grading method of rice leaf blast using hyperspectral imaging technology
  Authors:  Zheng, Zhixiong1 Email author yujian.8612@163.com; Qi, Long1, 2; Ma, Xu1, 2; Zhu, Xiaoyuan3; Wang, Wenjuan3 
  Author affiliation:  1 College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China 
   2 Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 501642, China 
   3 The Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science, Guangzhou 510640, China 
  Corresponding author:  Qi, L. 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  138-144
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  Rice blast is one of the important diseases in rice production. Identification and classification of rice blast is mainly completed by visual observation according to image contrast or literal description currently, however, these methods are subjective and inefficient, besides requiring workers with high professional knowledge. In order to quickly and accurately evaluate the disease level of rice leaf blast, a grading method of rice leaf blast based on hyperspectral imaging technology was proposed. Hyperspectral images of leaf blast at different levels were captured with a HyperSIS hyperspectral system. The logical AND operation was conducted by using the original image and mask image (single leaf image) to remove the background information and a hyperspectral image of a single leaf was obtained. Based on a whole leaf scale, the principal component analysis (PCA) method was used, but the operation results showed that principal component images (PCI) cannot significantly reflect the difference between brown disease spots and gray disease spots. To solve the above problem, a 2-D scatter chart analysis with two sensitive bands (550 nm and 680 nm) was used to extract hyperspectral images which contained only disease spots (brown disease spots and gray disease spots) through analyzing spectral features of leaf blast areas and normal areas. Based on a disease spots scale, the second principal component image was obtained to identify brown disease spots and gray disease spots by using a PCA method. On this basis, gray disease spots were efficiently identified using an Otsu method. And disease levels of grade 1 or 2 and above grade 3 were classified based on whether there existed gray disease spots. Combined with two parameters (elongation and infestation rate), the disease level above grade 3 of rice leaf blast was classified. Through calculating the elongation of a set of 30 spindle disease spots, the elongation of 0.3 was selected as the threshold to distinguish grade 3 and 4. If elongation≥0.3, the disease level was grade 3. If 0<elongation<0.3, it was above grade 3. A disease level more than grade 4 was classified according to the area occupied by the infestation area on a whole leaf. The testing result showed that 160 samples could be accurately classified in the 166 test samples at different levels of rice leaf blast and the overall classification accuracy was 96.39%. Classification as Grades 0, 1 or 2 and grade 3 are based on discrete characteristic data, while above grade 4 is based on continuous characteristic data. Utilizing infection rate as an evaluation criteria to artificially classify into grade 4~9, the result of the classification was affected by the characteristics of the test samples and the distribution of data. The linear regression methods were developed to analyze the correction between the measured and predicted values of the infestation rates within the disease levels of 4~9. The validation results showed good performance with the determination coefficient (R2) between actual measured and predictive value in the model being 0.934 and the root mean square error (RMSE) determined to be 0.26. The result is able to satisfy the precision demand of the quantitative calculation. This research result provided a foundation to evaluate the field disease level of rice blast and a new idea for resistance identification method of rice blast.
  Number of references:  23
  Main heading:  Principal component analysis 
  Controlled terms:  Diseases  -  Elongation  -  Grading  -  Imaging techniques  -  Independent component analysis  -  Mean square error  -  Regression analysis  -  Spectroscopy 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Classification accuracy  -  Determination coefficients  -  Hyperspectral Imaging  -  Hyperspectral imaging technologies  -  Linear regression methods  -  Otsu method  -  Quantitative calculation  -  Rice leaf 
  Classification code:  922.2 Mathematical Statistics -  913.3 Quality Assurance and Control -  801 Chemistry -  746 Imaging Techniques -  741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices -  723.4 Artificial Intelligence -  461.7 Health Care -  422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods -  421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.017
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:  20134616980360
 
  Title:  Light and temperature performance of energy-saving solar greenhouse assembled with color plate
  Authors:  Sun, Zhouping1, 2, 3 Email author suner116@126.com; Huang, Wenyong4; Li, Tianlai1, 2, 3 Email author tianlaili@126.com; Tong, Xuejiao1, 2, 3; Bai, Yikui1, 2, 5; Ma, Jian1, 2, 3 
  Author affiliation:  1 Key Lab. of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China 
   2 College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China 
   3 Key Lab. of Protected Horticulture of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, China 
   4 Lingyuan Hongyuan Protected Agricultural Service Co., Ltd., Chaoyang 122500, China 
   5 College of Water Resourse, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China 
  Corresponding author:  Li, T. (tianlaili@126.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  159-167
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  The Chinese energy-saving solar greenhouse (CESG) is a special type of greenhouse without heating system, originated in Anshan, Liaoning province. In China, during the mid-1980s, the CESG was composed of the front house roof (for lighting), north wall, east-west gable, back roof (for heat storage and heat preservation), and outside heat preservation covering materials. The applied area of CESG in China reached 928 thousand hm2 by 2012, which has completely resolved the problem on the year-round vegetable supply, especially in winter in north China. However, the CESG also faces many problems such as uneven distribution of light and temperature in greenhouse, difficulties to achieve automatic control of outside heat preservation covering materials, poor ability of rainproof, snow-proof, wind-proof and fire-proof, and destruction of lots of arable land for greenhouse construction of earth wall and brick wall. To resolve the above problems, a new type of energy-saving solar greenhouse assembled with heat preservation color plate (CPSG) was developed in Lingyuan (latitude 41°20'N, longitude 119°31'E), Liaoning province, China from 2010 to 2012. The light and temperature performances were studied from January to March, 2013.The CPSG was the large scale arched structure with a span of 12 m, a ridge height of 5.5 m, a length of 65m, a front roof lighting angle of 41.5°, a front roof covering materials of polyolefin film. The skeleton structure was semi-circular arc, which slide to opening or closing the heat preservation covering materials of rock wool color plate outside, and to move the opening or closing of the rock wool color plate east gable (in the morning) and west gable (in the afternoon) respectively. As a result, the CPSG not only resolved the problem of rain-proof, snow-proof, wind-proof and fire-proof for Chinese traditional solar greenhouse, but also brought about the accurate operation of outside heat preservation color plate. Furthermore, this type of greenhouse adopted water-recycle heat storage-release system (WHSS) and air-underground heat exchange storage-release system (AHESS). WHSS is running 5.5h/d on sunny day and the solar energy storage capacity is 1200 kJ/m2 (greenhouse area), which made the greenhouse temperature increase 7-8°C in winter night. At the same time, solar energy accumulation for AHESS is 221 kJ/m2, which shows that two heat storage-release systems may replace the heat storage-release function of earth wall and brick wall, and then to lay the foundation for assembled construction of the CESG. Compared with the traditional Liaoshen III type solar greenhouse, CPSG increases 5.3% of the lighting quantity by enhancing 16.3° in the front roof lighting angle. When the outside nighttime air temperature was -25.8°C, the nighttime air temperature in the CPSG reaches more than 13°C with an increase of 2.3-3.5°C, the temperature difference between inside and outside reaches 39.1°C. In addition, the CPSG has larger cultivation space, better lighting quantity, more rapid warming up, and more even distribution of light and temperature in the north-south direction or the east-west direction, resulting in a unanimous plant growth. In summary, the study shows that new type of CPSG integrates the advantages of the large multi-span greenhouse and Chinese traditional solar greenhouse, heightens the efficiency of light energy utilization, reduces the labor intensity, realizes the accurate control of heat preservation covering materials, will provide a new effective way for automation and modernization of solar greenhouse in China.
  Number of references:  29
  Main heading:  Greenhouses 
  Controlled terms:  Atmospheric temperature  -  Automation  -  Construction  -  Control  -  Energy conservation  -  Energy utilization  -  Heat storage  -  Heating  -  Light  -  Lighting  -  Materials  -  Mineral wool  -  Roofs  -  Snow  -  Solar energy  -  Solar heating  -  Temperature 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Efficiency of light energy utilizations  -  Energy accumulation  -  Greenhouse temperature  -  Heat preservation  -  Sliding covering assembly type  -  Storage-release system  -  Temperature differences  -  Temperature performance 
  Classification code:  641.2 Heat Transfer -  643.1 Space Heating -  707 Illuminating Engineering -  951 Materials Science -  731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications -  741.1 Light/Optics -  819.2 Synthetic Fibers -  732 Control Devices -  641.1 Thermodynamics -  615.2 Solar Power -  402 Buildings and Towers -  402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings -  405 Construction Equipment and Methods; Surveying -  443.1 Atmospheric Properties -  443.3 Precipitation -  525 Energy Management and Conversion
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.020
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:  20134616980361
 
  Title:  Application of heating system with active heat storage-release and heat pump in solar greenhouse
  Authors:  Sun, Weituo1, 2 Email author swt0226@163.com; Yang, Qichang1, 2 Email author yangq@ieda.org.cn; Fang, Hui1, 2; Zhang, Yi1, 2; Guan, Daoping3; Lu, Wei1, 2 
  Author affiliation:  1 Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China 
   2 Key Lab. of Energy Conservation and Waster Treatment of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China 
   3 Beijing Changping National Agricultural Science Park, Beijing 102211, China 
  Corresponding author:  Yang, Q. (yangq@ieda.org.cn) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  168-177
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  The Chinese solar greenhouse has a unique greenhouse structure that regards solar energy as the main energy source, and has characteristics such as high efficiency, energy saving, and low cost. During a cold winter night, air temperature inside a solar greenhouse is low for crop growth, which would affect crop yield and quality, due to the heat-transfer characteristics and heat capacity limit of the north wall. In recent years, in trying to promote the heat storage capacity of the solar greenhouse, the thought of active heat storage-release came forward. Solar energy is a kind of clean renewable energy, but has intermittent and unstable performance when used for greenhouse heating. Meanwhile, the heat collecting efficiency of the solar thermal collector decreases with an increase in operating temperature. Thus, an active heat storage-release system (AHSRS) is difficult to use to ensure an appropriate temperature for a solar greenhouse in a frigid region or when it encounters weather conditions with weak solar radiation. As an efficient means of raising low-grade energy, the heat pump has been more and more applied to greenhouse heating which can reduce the operating temperature of the AHSRS when used in combination. In order to promote heating performance and stability of the AHSRS and improve air temperature inside a solar greenhouse at night, based on the concept of active heat storage-release, an active heat storage-release associated with heat pump heating system (AHSRHPS) applicable to solar greenhouse heating was designed in the present study. During the day, the solar energy reaching the north wall surface was absorbed by the circulating water and stored in reservoirs when the AHSRS was running. Running the heat pump unit was intended to promote low-grade heat energy and reduce the circulating water temperature which contributes to increasing the heat collecting efficiency of the AHSRS and maximum water temperature of the reservoir. When air temperature inside the solar greenhouse was low at night, the heat energy was released through the AHSRS. Tests for the AHSRHPS were carried on from 5 Dec. 2012 to 5 Feb. 2013. The results showed that when there was a sunny and cloudy day in winter, the air temperature inside the experimental greenhouse with the AHSRHPS was higher than that in comparative greenhouse both in the day and at night and the air temperature difference ranged from 5.26 to 6.64°C. In addition, the heating effect was more obvious when solar radiation was stronger during the day and the outdoor air temperature was lower at night. The coefficient of performance of the heat pump unit reached 4.38~5.17. The heat source temperature of the heat pump unit was ideal because of the sufficient heat supplied by the AHSRS and the outlet water temperature of the evaporator became the dominant factor influencing the COPHp of the heat pump unit, meanwhile, the COPHp value decreased with an increase in outlet water temperature of the evaporator. Under the specific thermal environment of the solar greenhouse, with running the heat pump unit for 1.5~3 hours per day, the heat collecting efficiency of the AHSRS increased to 72.32%~83.62%, and the heat collecting power was 156.26~258.05 W/m2. The COPSys of the overall system reached 5.59, and the energy-saving effect was obvious. Made from cheap materials, the active heat storage-release devices were much cheaper than traditional solar energy collectors. Compared with ground and water source heat pump units, the AHSRHPS doesn't need fan coil units or other heat dissipation facilities. Meanwhile, deep wells or buried pipes used as heat sources were never needed either. The high performance and low cost make AHSRHPS present a good application prospect.
  Number of references:  31
  Main heading:  Energy efficiency 
  Controlled terms:  Atmospheric temperature  -  Collector efficiency  -  Evaporators  -  Greenhouses  -  Heat pump systems  -  Heat storage  -  Heating  -  Heating equipment  -  Reservoirs (water)  -  Solar energy  -  Solar heating  -  Solar radiation  -  Sun 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Chinese solar greenhouse  -  Coefficient of Performance  -  Heat release  -  Heat source temperatures  -  Heat-transfer characteristics  -  Outlet-water temperatures  -  Solar energy collectors  -  Solar greenhouse 
  Classification code:  702.3 Solar Cells -  657.2 Extraterrestrial Physics and Stellar Phenomena -  657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena -  643.1 Space Heating -  642.2 Industrial Furnaces and Components -  802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment -  641.2 Heat Transfer -  525.2 Energy Conservation -  443.1 Atmospheric Properties -  441.2 Reservoirs -  402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings -  525.7 Energy Storage
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.021
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:  20134616980375
 
  Title:  Application of full spectral matching algorithm in apple classification
  Authors:  Zhou, Wanhuai1 Email author zhouwanhuai@yahoo.com.cn; Xie, Lijuan1, 2; Ying, Yibin1, 2 Email author yingyb@zju.edu.cn 
  Author affiliation:  1 School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China 
   2 Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China 
  Corresponding author:  Ying, Y. (yingyb@zju.edu.cn) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  285-292
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  A spectral database system (SDBS) can improve the usage efficiency and expand the application scope of spectra and their feature information, mainly referring to spectral peak information. The spectral matching algorithm (SMA) plays a decisive role in SDBS for the SMA which determines the similarity between the sample spectrum and reference spectrum, and further, decides the accuracy of database query. Traditional full spectral matching algorithms compute the distance or similarity among different spectra with spectral absorbance or reflectance directly, so they are vulnerable to noise. For a higher accuracy of a full spectral matching algorithm, this paper presents a full spectral matching algorithm based on a Jaccard similarity coefficient (JSC). JSC is a useful measure of the overlap that A and B have the same attributes which should either be 0 or 1. In order to satisfy the requirement of JSC, the first derivate of raw spectra should be computed, and a transformation process would transform negative values (of the first-order derivate) to 0 and positive values to 1, where 0 means the raw spectrum is descending in the according small region while 1 means the raw spectrum is ascending in the according small region. Different from common full spectral matching algorithms, the new proposed one calculates the similarity between different spectra with a spectral waveform but not with the absorbance or reflectance directly. Therefore, the influence of absolute absorbance or reflectance intensity was reduced and the influence of the similarity of the spectral waveform was enhanced. This mean that what substances are contained in the sample is more important than the contents of these substances. In this way, the influence of noise and the differences caused by different spectral collecting areas of solid samples was reduced to a quite low level. Comparisons among common full spectral matching algorithms and our new proposed algorithm have been carried out, and the results showed that 94.5% of the samples were correctly classified by our new proposed algorithm (4 varieties of apples, each number was 100) and the second highest classification accuracy was 73% obtained with a Euclidean distance (ED) method. This conclusion indicated that the proposed algorithm was more suitable for the classification of different kinds of samples and it would be helpful to reduce the database query scope, shorten the time consuming, and improve the accuracy of the data query. From the principle of this algorithm, it was obvious that it must be affected by the interval among the data points of the spectra. Thus, the effect of spectral resolution on the proposed algorithm was studied. In total, seven different resolutions (2~128 cm-1) were tested. It is a pity that our new proposed algorithm is sensitive to spectral resolution and the optimal resolution for this algorithm approximately is 8 or 16 cm-1 for apples' near infrared spectra. Therefore, the optimal resolution of this algorithm should be determined at first when it is used for the spectral matching of new objects. In short, our proposed spectral matching algorithm can classify NIR spectra of solid samples with higher accuracy and the application of this algorithm will be helpful in improving the accuracy of a spectral database query.
  Number of references:  31
  Main heading:  Algorithms 
  Controlled terms:  Classification (of information)  -  Database systems  -  Fruits  -  Near infrared spectroscopy  -  Optimization  -  Reflection  -  Spectral resolution  -  Spectrum analysis 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Classification accuracy  -  Different resolutions  -  Jaccard similarity coefficients  -  Matching algorithm  -  Near infrared spectra  -  Spectral absorbance  -  Spectral matching algorithms  -  Transformation process 
  Classification code:  943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments -  942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments -  941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments -  921.5 Optimization Techniques -  921 Mathematics -  944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments -  821.4 Agricultural Products -  741.1 Light/Optics -  723.3 Database Systems -  723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications -  716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing -  801 Chemistry
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.035
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:  20134616980342
 
  Title:  Development and test of no-tillage fertilization planter with embedded spoon disc helm wheel
  Authors:  Li, Fuhui1 Email author lifuhui163@163.com; Diao, Peisong1 Email author dps2003@163.com; Du, Ruicheng1; Cui, Qiang1; Zhang, Yinping1; Li, Teng1 
  Author affiliation:  1 School of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China 
  Corresponding author:  Diao, P. (dps2003@163.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  16-23
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  Conservation tillage technology, which originated in Western developed countries, is an advanced agricultural production technology. Development of the precision no-till maize planter was the key to extend conservation tillage technology. The seed-metering device was an important part of the planter and was a core determinant of seeder characteristics and working performance. At present in China, precision seed-metering devices can be divided into mechanical devices and pneumatic devices. With the development of technology, China also gave birth to a number of new seed-metering devices. But the Western developed countries augmented the precision seeder with new agricultural high technologies including satellite positioning systems, geographic information systems, expert intelligence systems, and remote-sensing technology. Those advances moved seeding technology toward higher precision, variable-rate capabilities, high efficiency, and intelligent controls. But in view of China's national conditions, intelligent planters have not been widely popularized or adopted. During the process of seeding, the seeds collided with the seeds tube and opener. Due to the combined effect of the collision and the machine moving forward, seed deposition was random, reducing seeding uniformity. To solve this problem, a no-tillage fertilization planter with embedded spoon disc helm wheel was developed. It was mainly composed of a rotary blade type seeding mechanism with a trimming device and an embedded spoon disc helm wheel dibbler. The rotary blade type seeding mechanism with trimming device was composed of a rotor and a rotary tillage straight cutter. The rotary cutter was arranged in front of the seeding and fertilizing rows, each row corresponding to two rotary cutters, and the rotation speed was 380 r/min. The embedded spoon disc helm wheel dibbler was integrated by the steering wheel of the dibble and the dipper disk seeding device, which has the advantage of throwing seeds at designated points with the steering wheel of the dibble accurately taking the seeds. Sowing corn seeds at uniform intervals was realized. The device reduces the seed falling distance and positions the seeds more accurately. During the work process, the rotary blade type seeding mechanism with a trimming device cleans up the seeding belt and at the same time cuts the surface. Then the opener and fertilizer feeder complete the fertilization, and the embedded spoon disc helm wheel dibbler completes the precision seeding. Finally, compaction by the press wheel completes the no-tillage seeding process. This paper introduced the method of determining the parameters of the helm wheel disc. A modal analysis of the helm wheel disc was carried out with ANSYS and gave the first 4 modal shapes in order to improve its structure. The result of field tests showed that the coefficients of variation of sowing fertilizer cover depth were 23.2% and 20.2%. The qualified rate of plant spacing was 96%, and the germination rate was 95%. The slip ratio was 5%. The passing ability of the seeder satisfied the agronomic requirements. Through field tests in full compliance with national standards, it fully met the actual production requirement, laying a foundation for the development of maize no-tillage planter research.
  Number of references:  22
  Main heading:  Disks (machine components) 
  Controlled terms:  Agricultural machinery  -  Cultivation  -  Cutting tools  -  Fertilizers  -  Geographic information systems  -  Mechanisms  -  Modal analysis  -  Pneumatic materials handling equipment  -  Regulatory compliance  -  Soil conservation  -  Technology  -  Trimming  -  Turbomachine blades  -  Wheels 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Agricultural productions  -  Coefficients of variations  -  Corn  -  Intelligence systems  -  Precision seed-metering devices  -  Precision sowing  -  Production requirements  -  Satellite positioning systems 
  Classification code:  921 Mathematics -  902.3 Legal Aspects -  901 Engineering Profession -  821.3 Agricultural Methods -  821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment -  804 Chemical Products Generally -  723.3 Database Systems -  691.1 Materials Handling Equipment -  618 Compressors and Pumps -  605 Small Tools and Hardware -  601.3 Mechanisms -  601.2 Machine Components -  535.1.2 Rolling Mill Practice
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.002
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:  20134616980363
 
  Title:  Distribution characteristics of number and mass for particulate emission of biomass solid fuel combustion
  Authors:  Zhang, Yongliang1, 2 Email author 453549324@qq.com; Zhao, Lixin1; Yao, Zonglu1 Email author yaozonglu@163.com; Tian, Yishui1; Meng, Haibo1; Zhang, Xuemin2 
  Author affiliation:  1 Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agricultural Residues, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China 
   2 College of Engineering of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China 
  Corresponding author:  Yao, Z. (yaozonglu@163.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  185-192
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  The development of biomass solid fuel is one of the effective ways to reduce crop residue waste and coal combustion. However, the distribution about particulate emission of biomass solid fuel under combustion condition has no precise data. More specifically, there is no clear relationship between two variations (burning power and air content) and performance of particle distribution. In terms of different types of solid biomass fuels - corn straw, cotton stalks and wood, this paper focuses on characteristics about particulate emission of these three biomass fuels under the combustion test platform condition by using electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI). The solid biomass fuels manufactured and developed by Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering were compressed into a cylinder with diameter of 8 mm, length of 10~30 mm. In the first experiment, waste gas and particle distribution can be measured through combustion of such three biomass fuels. To be more precise, burning power as variation controlled by adjusting the feeding quantity was set to 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 kW, and records lasted 30 minutes after the stable power. The result of the first experiment showed the particle emission of three kinds of fuels was the least at the power of 14 kW. To further explore the relationship between air content and distribution of particulate, in the second experiment the air intake as the variation was set to 6, 7, 8 m/s under the power of 14 kW condition. In this experiment, waste gas and particle distribution was measured and recorded in 30 minutes by ELPI at each wind speed after stable combustion. The measuring instrument, ELPI, which divided particles range into 12 grades, from 0.003~10 μm, can record each class of particle number and mass instantaneously. It focused on the particles' number concentration distribution and mass concentration distribution of three kinds of biomass forming fuel. The results showed that the peak particle number concentration of three kinds of fuels mainly concentrated in 4, 5, 6, 7 levels, which were more than 70% in the total number of particulate matters. The distributions of peak particle mass concentration were in 7 and 12 levels that were more than 50% in the total mass of particulate matters. With the increase of power, particulate matter emissions dropped at the beginning and then rose, crude membrane particles matter increased, and proportion of PM2.5 in the particles reduced 10%~20%. When the air content increased, PM decreased, but distribution trend remained. When excess air ratio was 1.5~1.7, the combustion of three kinds of solid biomass fuel was the best, and the particulate matters was the least.
  Number of references:  27
  Main heading:  Particles (particulate matter) 
  Controlled terms:  Agricultural wastes  -  Biomass  -  Coal combustion  -  Elementary particles  -  Emission control  -  Experiments  -  Fueling  -  Microchannels  -  Waste incineration  -  Wood fuels 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Distribution  -  Distribution characteristics  -  Electrical low-pressure impactor  -  Measuring instruments  -  Particle distributions  -  Particle number concentration  -  Particulate matter emissions  -  Solid fuel combustion 
  Classification code:  951 Materials Science -  931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics -  901.3 Engineering Research -  821.5 Agricultural Wastes -  804 Chemical Products Generally -  631 Fluid Flow -  604 Metal Cutting and Machining -  524 Solid Fuels -  523 Liquid Fuels -  522 Gas Fuels -  521 Fuel Combustion and Flame Research -  452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal -  451.2 Air Pollution Control
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.023
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:  20134616980364
 
  Title:  Assessment of risk ranking for autumn drought in Guangxi province based on AHP and GIS
  Authors:  Li, Li1, 2 Email author lilee_smile@hotmail.com; Kuang, Zhaomin1, 2 Email author kzhaomin@163.com; Mo, Jianfei1, 2; Meng, Cuili1, 2 
  Author affiliation:  1 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Institute of Meteorological and Disaster-Mitigation Research, Nanning 530022, China 
   2 Remote Sensing Application Test Base, National Satellite Meteorological Center, Nanning 530022, China 
  Corresponding author:  Kuang, Z. (kzhaomin@163.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  193-201
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  Guangxi is one of the annual precipitation-rich regions of the country. But seasonal drought occurs very frequently because of spatio-temporal nonuniform distribution of rainfall. Seasonal drought has a rather large influence on the water resources, industrial production, and human life, especially on the agricultural production of Guangxi. The research there has been mostly aimed at some characteristics of a certain domain (such as agriculture) in the application. And some evaluation processes too depended on subjective experience or a simple formula, and did not comprehensively consider the influence to society's economy and environment of drought disaster, the vulnerability of the disaster bearing body, and the ability to prevent and reduce disaster. In order to strengthen the risk assessment and emergency management capability of the autumn drought disasters of Guangxi, an autumn drought risk assessment indicator system was established, and its indicators were determined according to drought risk, sensitivity of disaster environment, vulnerability of disaster bearing body, ability of disaster prevention and reduction, included rainfall anomaly, little rain days anomaly, topography, hydrographic net, Karst landform, population density, gross domestic product (GDP), arable area, pecuniary loss and real GDP per capita, by use of meteorological data, such as daily rainfall of 88 meteorologic stations, from 1961 to 2010, basic geographic information, consisting of 1:50000 scale county boundary and hydrographic net, digital elevation model (DEM) (about 100m resolution), and Karst landform (about 1000 m resolution), and socio-economic data, containing population density, GDP, real GDP per capita, arable area and pecuniary loss, taking the county as a unit. Then factor weights were obtained by an analytic hierarchy process (AHP), which relied on a judgement matrix and its eigenvalues and eigenvectors, and a consistency test of the matrix, and comprehensive assessment models for agriculture and social economy were established and calculated to get the autumn drought disaster risk index, which ranked distribution by a geographical information system (GIS). The distribution indicated that the higher risk area contains the west of Chongzuo, central and south of Baise, east of Hechi, south of Liuzhou, east and south of Guilin, central and northwest of Laibin, urban of Guigang, and some counties of Nanning. The lower risk area contains the northern mountainous area of Baise, Hechi, Liuzhou and Guilin, most of Fangcheng and Beihai, central and south of Yulin, and most of Pingnan, Guiping, Zhaoping, and Mengshan. Finally the condition of drought disaster was used to validate the distribution. The correlation coefficients were 0.58441 and 0.60393, respectively, of agriculture and social economy, through significance test by 0.05, using the correlate analysis method, by the multivariate analysis tool of ARCGIS. The results showed that the distribution of autumn drought disaster risk is basically consistent with the spatial distribution of drought disaster losses, which in the high risk area are mainly distributed in the middle basin and mountain area in the west, and are low in the mountain areas in the northwest and north, coastal area in south, and parts of the southeast of Guangxi. The results reflected preferably regional differences of drought risk, which were due to the distinction of formation, environment, bearing body and prevention of autumn drought disaster of Guangxi. The drought assessment model and method used combine the advantage of AHP and GIS, and can make drought evaluation procedure and evaluation results more scientific, increasing practicability and maneuverability.
  Number of references:  34
  Main heading:  Drought 
  Controlled terms:  Agriculture  -  Analytic hierarchy process  -  Disaster prevention  -  Disasters  -  Economics  -  Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions  -  Geographic information systems  -  Hierarchical systems  -  Information management  -  Landforms  -  Matrix algebra  -  Meteorology  -  Population distribution  -  Population dynamics  -  Population statistics  -  Rain  -  Risk assessment  -  Risk management  -  Water resources 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Agricultural productions  -  Analytic hierarchy process (ahp)  -  Comprehensive assessment model  -  Correlation coefficient  -  Eigenvalues and eigenvectors  -  Gross domestic products  -  Guangxi  -  Non-uniform distribution 
  Classification code:  971 Social Sciences -  903.2 Information Dissemination -  914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention -  921.1 Algebra -  922.1 Probability Theory -  922.2 Mathematical Statistics -  961 Systems Science -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control -  481.1 Geology -  444 Water Resources -  443.3 Precipitation -  443 Meteorology -  405.3 Surveying -  723.3 Database Systems
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.024
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:  20134616980348
 
  Title:  Analysis of effect of clearance on static mechanical behavior for double row self-aligning ball bearing and control of clearance
  Authors:  Zhuo, Yaobin1, 2 Email author zhuoyaobin@163.com; Zhou, Xiaojun1 Email author cmeesky@163.com 
  Author affiliation:  1 State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China 
   2 College of Technology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China 
  Corresponding author:  Zhou, X. (cmeesky@163.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  63-70
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  Double row self-aligning ball bearing generally consists of outer ring, inner ring, ball and sealing cover, etc. Because of its self-aligning working properties, this type of bearings have been widely used in various mechanical systems, such as agricultural machinery, engineering machinery, light industry machinery, military machinery, etc. Related rolling bearing design literatures have already analyzed the structure size and work performance of double row self-aligning ball bearings, but these literatures all ignore the effect of clearance when analyzing performance of this type of bearings. In practical conditions, bearing clearance has great influence on the bearing performance, so it must be considered. In this paper, the static mathematical model of double row self-aligning ball bearing under radial and axial combined loads has been established, based on Hertz elastic contact theory and deformation compatibility theory, also under the premise of considering of initial clearance and the change of real contact angle. In the meantime, related factors of bearing static equilibrium have been analyzed and calculated, such as load distribution, geometric deformation, principal curvatures of ball contact point, contact load, load distribution angle, etc. After analyzing the static balance equations and feasible region of unknown variables, the procedure of numerical solution based on Broyden rank 1 Quasi-Newton method has been presented. And the initial value of iteration is analyzed and optimized to reduce the iterative time. In order to verify the accuracy of the above nonlinear equilibrium equations and the solving method and to analyze the impact of clearance for double row self-aligning ball bearing static performance, as an example of double row self-aligning ball bearing BRF12, which is produced by Zhejiang Zhenhua Bearing Manufacturing Company, its non-linear static equilibrium equations are established and solved, and then analyze the influence of clearance on relative displacement of inner and outer rings, bearing axial stiffness, bearing radial stiffness, load distribution, maximum contact load, actual load distribution angle, real contact angle, etc. It can be derived from the above calculation and analysis that clearance is a key factor affecting double row self-aligning ball bearing working quality, so it should be strictly controlled. After analysis of the geometrical relationship of all kinds of clearances and contact angles, a simple calculation formula of all kinds of clearances and clearance dimension chain has been obtained, and dimension control and measuring method of clearance has been presented. The research provides a theoretical reference for designing and analyzing of the new type double row self-aligning ball bearings, such as the calculation of static load rating and dynamic load rating, the kinetic analysis, and the optimal design.
  Number of references:  26
  Main heading:  Quality control 
  Controlled terms:  Agricultural machinery  -  Ball bearings  -  Bearings (machine parts)  -  Contact angle  -  Dynamic loads  -  Loading  -  Machine design  -  Mathematical models  -  Mechanical engineering  -  Newton-Raphson method  -  Optimization  -  Stiffness 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Clearance  -  Deformation compatibility  -  Distribution  -  Elastic contact theories  -  Geometrical relationship  -  Non-linear equilibrium equation  -  Quasi-Newton methods  -  Static mechanical behavior 
  Classification code:  951 Materials Science -  921.5 Optimization Techniques -  921 Mathematics -  913.3 Quality Assurance and Control -  821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment -  672 Naval Vessels -  631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics -  608 Mechanical Engineering, General -  601.2 Machine Components -  601 Mechanical Design -  422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods -  421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties -  408.1 Structural Design, General
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.008
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:  20134616980347
 
  Title:  Comparison of combination mode of energy conservation for refrigerated car based on CFD numerical simulation
  Authors:  Han, Jiawei1, 2 Email author hjwlove8@163.com; Zhao, Chunjiang1, 2 Email author zhaocj@nercita.org.cn; Yang, Xinting2; Qian, Jianping2; Xing, Bin2; Fan, Beilei2 
  Author affiliation:  1 Department of Information, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China 
   2 National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China 
  Corresponding author:  Zhao, C. (zhaocj@nercita.org.cn) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  55-62
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  Accurate temperature control is the key to achieving high quality food in cold-chain transport, and the suppliers pursue the goal of energy efficiency, emissions reduction, and transportation cost reduction. This paper takes the short distance refrigerated truck as the research object and potatoes as the experimental goods, and then establishes the calculation model for solving the temperature distribution in the refrigerated compartment. Two kinds of fan cooling temperatures (0 and 3°C) and cargo areas under the "blanks on both two sides and middle" stack method were used to simulate the cooling process. According to the refrigerating unit power and best refrigerating temperature of goods, the optimal time interval was defined to open and close a cooling fan in the process of transportation. Taking the wind speed at the air conditioning outlet, air-conditioner temperature, refrigerated compartment, initial temperature of the cargo area, and the physical parameters of goods as the initial boundary conditions, a 3D numerical calculated model of the car body was built by using a porous model, which took the average values of the three directions (0, 90°, 135°) of wind speed as the actual wind velocity in a physical simulation. The unsteady numerical simulation methods of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) were used to model the distribution of the temperature field in a refrigerated compartment with different stages of an opening and closing fan. The results showed that, based on the contour map of temperature field in different section of Z-axis direction, the increased rate of the cargo area temperature reduced gradually. It was suggested to add a piece of iron plate on the upper surface of the cooling fan motors, to enhance the flow strength of the front cold air and improve overall cooling rate in the goods. The change of average temperature and temperature distribution of the goods area were compared with the cooling stage and the natural convection stage. The data indicated that when the refrigeration temperature was 3°C and cooling plus closing time of cooling fan were both 10 minutes, the energy of 3.6×105J was reduced compared with the refrigeration temperature was 0°C, cooling time was 15 min and the closing fan lasted 20 minutes. The combination was more advantageous to reduce nonessential energy consumption and improve overall transport economic benefit. The model was validated by comparing the simulation values with measured values, and the results showed that the root mean square error was 0.540°C and the mean absolute error was 0.493°C, which showed the rationality of the design scheme and the accuracy of the selected calculation model. The study revealed the temperature distribution of goods under various cooling temperatures and cooling times in the whole process of transportation. It also provided a reliable theoretical basis for reasonable selection of the optimal combination mode of cooling fan temperature and cooling time, reducing transportation costs, and realizing energy conservation and emissions reduction.
  Number of references:  26
  Main heading:  Computer simulation 
  Controlled terms:  Air conditioning  -  Computational fluid dynamics  -  Cooling  -  Distribution of goods  -  Emission control  -  Energy conservation  -  Energy efficiency  -  Energy utilization  -  Mean square error  -  Numerical analysis  -  Numerical models  -  Optimization  -  Refrigeration  -  Refrigerator cars  -  Temperature distribution  -  Trucks  -  Wind effects 
  Uncontrolled terms:  CFD numerical simulations  -  Cooling temperature  -  Initial temperatures  -  Refrigerating temperatures  -  Refrigeration temperatures  -  Root mean square errors  -  Transport economics  -  Unsteady numerical simulations 
  Classification code:  921 Mathematics -  644.4 Cryogenics -  663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles -  682.1.1 Railroad Cars -  691 Bulk Handling and Unit Loads -  723.5 Computer Applications -  731.1 Control Systems -  643.3 Air Conditioning -  641.1 Thermodynamics -  525.3 Energy Utilization -  525.2 Energy Conservation -  451.2 Air Pollution Control -  443.1 Atmospheric Properties -  641.2 Heat Transfer
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.007
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:  20134616980371
 
  Title:  Efficiency evaluation on implementation stage of rural land consolidation projects based on benchmarking management
  Authors:  Wang, Wenxiong1, 2 Email author wwxylh2000@aliyun.com; Chen, Menghua1; Yang, Gangqiao1, 2 
  Author affiliation:  1 School of Land Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China 
   2 Center of Hubei Rural Development and Research, Wuhan 430070, China 
  Corresponding author:  Wang, W. (wwxylh2000@aliyun.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  253-261
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  To accurately and scientifically measure the efficiency of agricultural land consolidation project in implementation stage, we defined the connotation of the implementation stages of the efficiency of the agricultural land consolidation project, analysis of the value chain, and from the perspective of the value-added chain, in which we set the implementation stage of the work efficiency index system of the agricultural land consolidation project which contained the five criteria layers concerning project bidding and contract signing, construction preparation, construction management, equity allocation and confirmation, completion inspection and acceptance. We set up the benchmark of 32 efficiency indicators based on the principle of benchmarking and project characteristics, set up the actual optimal benchmark and the theoretical extension benchmark, built up the measure model, which was based on the Minkowski distance function of agricultural land consolidation project in the implementation stages of efficiency. Taking Dushan in the Echeng District of Ezhou City productive farmland building demonstration projects, for example, we measured the efficiency of its implementation stage. The results showed that: (1) most of the efficiency of the implementation stages of the project at or close to the reference benchmark, had reached the laws, regulations, standards and plans reference value; (2) the comprehensive distance value was 0.1065 between project implementation stage efficiency index and the actual optimal benchmark, the efficiency level of the implementation phase of the project was relatively high but there's still a certain distance from the actual optimal benchmark; (3) the comprehensive distance value was 0.4017 between project implementation stage efficiency index and the theoretical extension benchmark, the efficiency level of the implementation phase of the project was severely undervalued, with the theoretical expansion benchmark having a big gap. (4) the comprehensive distance value was 0.2954 between the actual optimal benchmark and the theoretical extension benchmark, the efficiency of the actual optimal benchmark relative to the theoretical extension benchmark level was low, which showed that the efficiency of the implementation stages of the project in the region was generally not high, with the theoretical expansion benchmark having a big gap. On measurement results we analyzed the existing problems, and put forward the suggestions: (1) the construction preparation session should focus on the effect of project publicity and the rationality of the construction scheme, in order to improve the effectiveness of the construction preparation; (2) the qualification level of construction units should be used as an important assessment indicator, the establishment of the mechanisms of farmers participation in the construction supervision to improve construction management effectiveness; (3) ensure project quality and land quality, to meet the requirements of the project life period, reduce agricultural production costs and increase crop yields; (4) In the farmland ownership adjustment link, full supervisory role should be played by farmers to improve the efficiency of this link and thus to improve implementation stage efficiency of rural land consolidation projects. The paper provides a reference for other agricultural land consolidation projects in the implementation stages of the efficiency measure.
  Number of references:  30
  Main heading:  Efficiency 
  Controlled terms:  Benchmarking  -  Consolidation  -  Farms  -  Land use  -  Laws and legislation  -  Optimization  -  Project management 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Agricultural productions  -  Construction management  -  Construction preparations  -  Construction supervision  -  Minkowski distance function  -  Project characteristics  -  Project implementation  -  Value chains 
  Classification code:  971 Social Sciences -  921.5 Optimization Techniques -  913.1 Production Engineering -  913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing -  912.2 Management -  912 Industrial Engineering and Management -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control -  483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations -  403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.031
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:  20134616980362
 
  Title:  Design of low temperature heating system in solar greenhouse using capillary tube mat exchanger
  Authors:  Ding, Xiaoming1, 2 Email author dingxmcn@qq.com; He, Fen1, 2; Duan, Jing1, 2; Lian, Qinglong1, 2; Zhang, Qiusheng1, 2 
  Author affiliation:  1 Institute of Protected Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China 
   2 Key Laboratory of Farm Building in Structure and Construction, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China 
  Corresponding author:  Ding, X. (dingxmcn@qq.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  178-184
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  Solanaceous fruit vegetables are able to be planted in a solar greenhouse without a heating system during winter in northern China. But low temperatures under 8°C often happen at night in a solar greenhouse. So a heating system in a solar greenhouse is a crucial technology for agricultural fresh produce such as vegetables in winter in order to improve the inner environment. A new heating technique using a capillary tube mat exchanger was introduced to a solar greenhouse. Thermal characteristics and property of flow resistance were tested under 0.0306 kg/s, 0.0222 kg/s and 0.0139 kg/s water flow rates and 20~50°C excess temperature in a laboratory. The diameter and wall thickness of the capillary tube was 4 mm and 1 mm. The length, width, and distance between neighboring capillary tubes were 2800 mm, 600 mm, and 20 mm. Function curves of heat flux and local resistance under different water flux were obtained. The influence of water flux could be ignored, but set position had a great influence on the results. The heat fluxes were 258~323 W/m2 and 307~381 W/m2 when sample capillary tube mat exchangers were set with vertical position and horizontal position under an excess temperature of 25~30°C. In order to test the feasibility of the capillary tube mat exchangers in a solar greenhouse, a low water temperature heating system using capillary tube mat exchangers was designed for a solar greenhouse with a 518.5m2 covered area seated in Beijing Changping district. 120 m2 capillary tube mat exchangers were installed along the back wall and side wail in the solar greenhouse. A biomass boiler supplied the 60°C heat water. Low 40°C water was supplied to the capillary tube mat exchangers using a water mixing valve. Contrast tests were conducted between two same structure solar greenhouses in winter during the year 2012 through 2013, during which one solar greenhouse with a heating system and the other without were monitored. Soil temperature at the 15cm depth and canopy temperature were measured every 10 minutes during the experiment in the two greenhouses. Average night canopy temperature and soil temperature at 15cm depth under ridge cultivation could be kept at 10°C and 15°C above while using 125 kg of straw biomass fuels every night. The average night canopy temperature, lowest temperature, and soil temperature at 15 cm depth under ridge cultivation during the experiment were 9.0°C, 6.5°C, and 5.7°C higher than compared to a solar greenhouse.
  Number of references:  27
  Main heading:  Greenhouses 
  Controlled terms:  Capillary tubes  -  Cultivation  -  Experiments  -  Heat exchangers  -  Heat flux  -  Heating equipment  -  Solar heating  -  Temperature  -  Vegetables 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Canopy temperature  -  Crucial technology  -  Flow resistance  -  Influence of water  -  Low temperature heating  -  Solar greenhouse  -  Thermal characteristics  -  Vertical positions 
  Classification code:  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control -  643.1 Space Heating -  642.2 Industrial Furnaces and Components -  901.3 Engineering Research -  641.2 Heat Transfer -  619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines -  616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components -  641.1 Thermodynamics
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.022
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:  20134616980344
 
  Title:  Working performance and experiment on granular fertilizer spreader with cone disk
  Authors:  Dong, Xiangqian1 Email author dxq0558@126.com; Song, Jiannong1 Email author songjn@cau.edu.com; Zhang, Junkui1; Kang, Xiaojun1; Wang, Jicheng1 
  Author affiliation:  1 College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China 
  Corresponding author:  Song, J. (songjn@cau.edu.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  33-40
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  The fertilization in seedling stage is an important link in paddy production, which plays an important role in ensuring the high yield of rice. The traditional way of fertilizing is manual fertilization of high labor intensity. Granular fertilizers are the most common type of agricultural fertilizer, since they are easily produced, transported, and applied. In order to be effective, however, granular fertilizers must be properly handled and distributed. However, manual fertilization has several disadvantages, such as heavy labor intensity, poor uniformity, and so on. The poor uniformity will easily lead to the uneven growth of rice in the same region, thus impacting the rice yield. Therefore, in the process of rice production, mechanization of fertilization is badly in need of solving these problems. A centrifugal distributor is a kind of fertilizer applicator used generally at present. The principle is spreading out the fertilizer using centrifugal force by the output shaft driving the rotary distributor disk. The distributor's mechanism adopts a disc type. The configuration is divided into single disc and opposed-double disc. The relative theoretical research is conducted on the assumption that the distributor plate is not conical and the blade is particle. The theoretical research plays a key role in further optimizing the granular fertilizer spreader. The traditional centrifugal fertilizing machine is used in order to make sure that the fertilizer can be spread out smoothly from the disc. Usually 2~4 vanes are arranged on the disc. The shape of the blade could be straight or curved. The blade installations should be radial type, forward type, and backward type. A centrifugal spreader is currently widely used, and one of the most common granular fertilizer application devices is the spinner spreader. The spinner spreader consists of a rotating disc with vanes bolted to the disc surface. Fertilizer poured onto the spinner is thrown onto the ground after colliding with the rotating vanes. The chief advantages of the spinner spreader are that it has a large spread width, combined with small size. The performance of spinner spreaders has been widely investigated. These investigations have greatly increased our understanding of how to model the dynamics of particles distributed by a spinner spreader. This paper analyzes the mechanism performance of the cone disc spreader, and explores the motion and distribution characteristics of fertilizer in the process of fertilization, to provide a theoretical basis for the design of a rice seedlings and fertilizer machine. This study designed a cylindrical disk for the fertilization mechanism, composed by a disk body, guide rail, and the boss. The swing plate body is like a rotating parabolic. The rail track is an involute spiral, with triangular sections. The spreading process includes: fertilizer particles fall into the feed area under the impact of gravity; under the rotating force, the fertilizer particles then quickly gain the initial velocity and do accelerated motion along the involute spiral guide. The fertilizer particle has higher speed moving to the left edge of the disk and does a projectile motion in the air until the fertilizer particle falls to the ground to complete the spreading process. For the convenience of theoretical analysis, a single fertilizer particle is simplified into a rigid particle. The fertilizer granules were analyzed during the movement. The rotating disk's minimum speed can be determined. We analyzed the movement after the rejection, such as the motion time, throwing distance, and width. Theoretically, the fertilizer particles' feeding angle is equal to the throw angle on the swing disc spreader. The experiment is adopted to discuss the feeding area angle, the speed, and the impact of throwing disc height change on the rotating fertilizer law. The main factors affecting the left disc spreader's width are size and speed. The main factors influencing the left disc spreader's distance are the speed and height. The reasonable feeding angle is 75°, and the reasonable speed is 600 r/min.
  Number of references:  24
  Main heading:  Spreaders 
  Controlled terms:  Agricultural machinery  -  Centrifugation  -  Crops  -  Experiments  -  Feeding  -  Fertilizers  -  Mechanisms  -  Rotating disks  -  Speed 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Accelerated motion  -  Distribution characteristics  -  Granular fertilizers  -  Initial velocities  -  Rotary cone disk  -  Theoretical research  -  Throwing distances  -  Working performance 
  Classification code:  931.1 Mechanics -  901.3 Engineering Research -  821.4 Agricultural Products -  821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment -  804 Chemical Products Generally -  802.3 Chemical Operations -  691.2 Materials Handling Methods -  601.3 Mechanisms -  601.2 Machine Components
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.004
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:  20134616980366
 
  Title:  Selection of topsoil alternatives from overburden of surface coal mines
  Authors:  Hu, Zhenqi1 Email author huzq@cumtb.edu.cn; Wei, Beilei1; Lin, Shan1; Yang, Jie1; Li, Yao1 
  Author affiliation:  1 Engineering Research Center of Mine Ecological Construction, Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China 
  Corresponding author:  Hu, Z. (huzq@cumtb.edu.cn) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  209-214
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  Selection of topsoil alternatives is very important for surface mined land reclamation in the region of topsoil shortage. This paper conducted research on the selection of topsoil alternatives from overburden of a surface coalmine in Inner Mongolia, which is located in the famous Hulunbaier grassland. The analysis of geological profile indicated the potential capability of Layers II and III to become topsoil alternatives. The samples of Layers II and III were taken from its original places, the weathering materials of Layers II and III were taken from dumps, and the original topsoil was also taken as control for comparison. Thus, five treatments including original topsoil, Layer II weathering material, Layer II, Layer III weathering material and Layer III were selected. The physical, chemical properties and heavy metal contents of these five soil materials were determined based on samples' analysis. Seeds germination of alfalfa and surface crust situation of these soil materials were also obtained from pot experiments to check their effectiveness as topsoil. The results showed that soil textures of Layer II and its weathering material contained 94.75% and 62.32% of clay respectively, which were clay and silty clay. Such soil could be relatively good topsoil alternatives, but the aggregate contents were lower, the pH values were slightly higher (8.02 and 9.22 respectively), and some nutrients such as organic matter contents, rapidly available K and available P were deficient. The serious surface crust of Layer II and its weathering material decreased emergence rate of seeds. Layer III and its weathering material contained almost 100% of clay, which were brown and heavy clay soil, but they had lower aggregate contents, moderate pH values (7.75 and 7.83 respectively), rich available K and lower other nutrient contents. All the samples of the five soil materials had lower contents of heavy metals such as As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb, meeting with the first class of the national soil environment standard. The surface crust situation of Layer III and its weathering material were not serious and had better emergence rate of seeds, which were all larger than 55%, compared with the 65% of control treatment and the 25% of Layer II. The results indicated that Layer III had similar soil chemical and physical properties and better seed germination compared with the original topsoil, and could be good topsoil alternatives. The weathering material of Layer III was the best for topsoil alternatives.
  Number of references:  30
  Main heading:  Surfaces 
  Controlled terms:  Aggregates  -  Clay products  -  Coal mines  -  Copper  -  Cultivation  -  Image reconstruction  -  Land reclamation  -  Lead  -  Mining  -  pH  -  Soils  -  Weathering 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Aggregate contents  -  Chemical and physical properties  -  Heavy metal contents  -  Organic matter content  -  Overburden  -  Potential capability  -  Surface mines  -  Topsoil alternatives 
  Classification code:  951 Materials Science -  546.1 Lead and Alloys -  741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices -  801.1 Chemistry, General -  812.1 Ceramics -  821.3 Agricultural Methods -  931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity -  544.1 Copper -  502.1 Mine and Quarry Operations -  483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics -  442.2 Land Reclamation -  421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties -  406 Highway Engineering -  503.1 Coal Mines
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.026
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:  20134616980367
 
  Title:  Spatial-temporal disparity characteristics of cultivated land intensive use in Wuhan Urban Agglomeration
  Authors:  Zeng, Jie1 Email author cugjay@gmail.com; Yao, Xiaowei1, 2 Email author yaoxw1110@gmail.com 
  Author affiliation:  1 Faculty of Earth Resources of China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China 
   2 School of Public Administration of China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China 
  Corresponding author:  Yao, X. (yaoxw1110@gmail.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  215-223
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  Cultivated land intensive use is a hot topic discussed in China since it is significant to guarantee food security and promote sustainable development of land resource as well as social economy. Wuhan Urban Agglomeration is an important region for crop production in Central China. In this paper, the spatio-time characteristics of cultivated land intensive use were analyzed to better understand the variations of cropland intensive use levels during the year of 2002 to 2009 in Wuhan Urban Agglomeration. An evaluation index system was established at first. According to the data available, the study area was divided into 35 units at county-level. All data used were acquired from statistical yearbooks. Based on the original definition and scholars' discussions, the established index system contained 10 indicators from 3 aspects including intensity of cropland involvement, utilization of cropland and output benefits. The method applied in this paper was Global Principal Components Analysis (GPCA) that combined principle component analysis with sequence analysis. Comparing to other conventional evaluation models, the advantage of this method was able to reveal the sequential and spatial characteristics of cultivated land intensive use of the 35 units objectively, systematically and consistently. Besides, the coefficient of variations (Cv) was also used to describe the changes as well as its spatial reasons. Based on the analysis process, the results reached are as follows: 1) During the period of 2002 to 2009, capital investment and technology input of the cultivated land increased in fluctuation. Base on this, the average score of cultivated land intensive use rose from 58.40 of 2002 to 61.62 of 2009 with wave-like change process. Specifically, it showed rising steadily and keeping stable, then going down occasionally and ascending fast at last. Meanwhile, the sequential changes of coefficient of variation (Cv) for cultivated land intensive use degree experienced double rises and double falls. However, the Cv kept no more than 12% from 2004 to 2009, which was significantly lower than the level of 2002-2003, indicating that the regional disparity of cultivated land intensive use was becoming smaller. 2) During the entire period of research, the relative high level distribution of cultivated land intensive use mainly involved Jianghan Plain and plains in eastern Hubei along the Yangtze River, which basically covered from the west to the east of the study area. The intensive use levels of cropland were comparatively lower in the northern and southern hilly and mountainous region. Generally, the spatial disparity pattern of cultivated land intensive use in Wuhan Urban Agglomeration appeared to be high in the central part and low in the northern and southern side. 3) The changing trends were significantly different in different parts of the study area. The levels of cultivated land intensive use in the majority of the Wuhan Urban Agglomeration went up with fluctuations such as Jiangxia District and Macheng City. On the contrary, small areas such as the town area of Wuhan City and some surrounding units went down with fluctuations mainly effected by sharp descending of cropland output value. The results were able to provide scientific basis for enhancing cropland intensive use in Wuhan Urban Agglomeration.
  Number of references:  31
  Main heading:  Principal component analysis 
  Controlled terms:  Agglomeration  -  Cultivation  -  Economics  -  Food supply  -  Investments  -  Land use  -  Rural areas 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Coefficient of variation  -  Cultivated land intensive use  -  Evaluation index system  -  Principal components analysis  -  Principle component analysis  -  Spatial characteristics  -  Spatial temporals  -  Wuhan urban agglomerations 
  Classification code:  922.2 Mathematical Statistics -  911.2 Industrial Economics -  821.3 Agricultural Methods -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control -  802.3 Chemical Operations -  404.2 Civil Defense -  403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.027
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:  20134616980369
 
  Title:  Analysis on utilization characteristics of rural residential land use in satellite city area of Beijing
  Authors:  Li, Can1 Email author lcstudy@163.com; Zhang, Fengrong2 Email author frzhang@cau.edu.cn; Jiang, Guanghui3, 4; Zhu, Taifeng2; Zhang, Bailin2 
  Author affiliation:  1 College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China 
   2 Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality and Monitoring of Land and Resource, Beijing 100193, China 
   3 State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Process and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China 
   4 College of Resources Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China 
  Corresponding author:  Zhang, F. (frzhang@cau.edu.cn) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  233-243
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  The sprawl of a metropolis driven by urbanization has a positive impact on the expansion of satellite cities around it, which also results in rapid changes of regional land use types. The purpose of this research aimed at deeply understanding the utilization characteristics of rural residential land in the satellite city area of Beijing. In this paper, taking the key construction satellite city of Beijing, Shunyi District, as a study area, based on the vector data base of a second national land survey in 2009, combining the methods of quantitative geography models and GIS spatial analysis technology, analyses were conducted of the utilization characteristics, internal structure, and spatial distribution and driving force of the rural residential area. It was concluded that: 1) In the course of rapid industrialization and urbanization, the rural residential land in metropolitan and satellite city areas also manifest obvious changes. The demands of space and raw material storage of industries diversifies the land use types in rural residential land. There are many land use types in rural residential areas, and the industrial land and warehouse land have been the important types, which reflect the rural economic activities, especially, some towns' industrial land area has been the dominant land use type. 2) Spatial differences are significantly large in the utilization of rural residential land of different towns, with the role of location factors being relatively prominent. The average size of the rural residential area of the central and western regions were too large, and the location index and diversity index are relatively high; the stability index shows a spatial pattern that rose gradually from west to east, but the rural residential land that are involved in the economic impact of airport logistics had higher stability, and its land using forms were more regular. 3) The spatial distribution of the rural population and rural residential areas showed obviously disjoint, with a large number of the rural population, who have been almost taken out of traditional agricultural production, gathered at the edge of the built-up areas. 4) The rural residential land and its internal structure characteristics reflect different levels of development of productive forces, and rural industrial development has become the most direct driving force in promoting space morphological changes of rural living and production. So, the research concluded that the rural residential land is similar to the utilization of urban land with the development of the rural economy, therefore there is a need for rural residential land management and planning which inevitably leads to reform and development. In order to optimize future spatial layout of a metropolis, satellite cities, town and rural residential land, and proper spatial layout of cities, towns and villages need to be optimized. And rural residential land located on the outskirts of satellite cities should be consolidated first in the priority order. Finally, the paper can provide an academic basis for rural residential land planning, land consolidation, and new countryside construction and rural industrial development in practice.
  Number of references:  28
  Main heading:  Housing 
  Controlled terms:  Digital storage  -  Economics  -  Geographic information systems  -  Industry  -  Land use  -  Models  -  Optimization  -  Rural areas  -  Satellites  -  Spatial distribution 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Agricultural productions  -  Industrial development  -  Land consolidations  -  Land-use characteristic  -  Morphological changes  -  New countryside constructions  -  Rural residential  -  Rural residential areas 
  Classification code:  921.5 Optimization Techniques -  913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing -  912 Industrial Engineering and Management -  911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics -  902.1 Engineering Graphics -  971 Social Sciences -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control -  722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques -  655.2 Satellites -  403.1 Urban Planning and Development -  403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development -  723.3 Database Systems
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.029
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:  20134616980373
 
  Title:  Soft sensor of generalized dynamic fuzzy neural network for marine protease fermentation process based on dynamic data exchange
  Authors:  Huang, Yonghong1 Email author hyh@ujs.edu.cn; Sun, Li'na1, 2; Sun, Yukun1; Liu, Guohai1; Nie, Wenhui1 
  Author affiliation:  1 College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China 
   2 Suzhou Industrial Park Institute of Vocational Technology, Suzhou 215123, China 
  Corresponding author:  Huang, Y. (hyh@ujs.edu.cn) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  268-276
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  The crucial biological variables (such as biomass concentration, substrate concentration, and product concentration, and so on) of the microbial fermentation process are difficult to measure online, which has a great influence on the quality of fermentation production. In this paper, a soft sensing method based on a generalized dynamic fuzzy neural network (GD-FNN) was proposed. The configuration software windows control center (WinCC) possesses the advantages of powerful practicality and flexible configuration. A complex interactive graphical interface can be generated by WinCC, but its ability to perform data processing is weak. So it is unable to achieve soft sensor modeling of biological parameters and estimate the value of biological parameters by WinCC. MATLAB is professional software for mathematical analysis and engineering operations. It has the characteristic of powerful data processing capabilities and an open application programming interface, but direct data communication can not be realized between MATLAB and the industrial control equipment. In order to solve this problem, combining MATLAB with WinCC to achieve respective advantage, taking Excel as the middle bridge, the real-time communication between MATLAB and WinCC was established by dynamic data exchange (DDE, DDE is the message mechanism based on Windows, two Windows applications carry on DDE Conversation through mutual transfer DDE message, and thus complete the data request, response, and transmission). Finally the real-time display and monitoring of crucial biological variables was realized. In this paper, the typical microbial fermentation process (the marine protease fermentation process) was taken as an example. First, in MATLAB, a soft sensor model based on GD-FNN (The algorithm of GD-FNN was based on an elliptical basis function. In the algorithm, fuzzy Ε-completeness was used as the distribution mechanism of on-line parameters, the importance of fuzzy rules and input variables were evaluated, and this algorithm which has salient advantages in the aspect of learning efficiency and performance was established by using the training sample set for the fermentation process. The established model was verified by the test sample set. Second, the real-time collection data was transferred from configuration software WinCC to Excel by DDE technology. The data of Excel was called by MATLAB programming, and crucial biological parameters were predicted by the established model and the value transferred back to Excel. Finally, the real-time display and monitoring of the biological parameters were realized by DDE settings and the friendly human-machine interface of WinCC, and the intelligent monitoring system of a marine protease fermentation process based on WinCC was established. The application results showed that the prediction accuracy of soft sensor modeling based on GD-FNN is higher, and connecting MATLAB and WinCC by DDE technology has the characteristic of efficient programming, convenient use, and good general performance. The real-time monitoring was processed by WinCC for the marine protease fermentation process, which met the requirements of optimal control of the marine protease fermentation process and enhanced the automation level of the fermentation process and improved the product yield and economic benefit. These lay the foundation for the industrial production of a marine protease fermentation process.
  Number of references:  29
  Main heading:  Fermentation 
  Controlled terms:  Algorithms  -  Data processing  -  Dynamics  -  Electronic data interchange  -  Fuzzy neural networks  -  MATLAB  -  Microforms  -  Neural networks  -  Process control  -  Sensors  -  Substrates 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Dynamic data exchange  -  Generalized dynamic fuzzy neural networks  -  Industrial control equipments  -  Intelligent monitoring systems  -  Microbial fermentation process  -  Open application programming interface  -  Soft sensing  -  Substrate concentrations 
  Classification code:  931.1 Mechanics -  921 Mathematics -  903.2 Information Dissemination -  801.2 Biochemistry -  801 Chemistry -  731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications -  723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications -  461.8 Biotechnology -  461 Bioengineering and Biology
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.033
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:  20134616980353
 
  Title:  Study on water retention capacity for drained soils with different textural layering
  Authors:  Ren, Lidong1, 2 Email author renld315@163.com; Huang, Mingbin2 Email author hmbd@nwsuaf.edu.cn; Fan, Jun2 
  Author affiliation:  1 College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China 
   2 State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China 
  Corresponding author:  Huang, M. (hmbd@nwsuaf.edu.cn) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  105-111
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  The impact of textural layering on water retention capacity was evaluated through three different layer thicknesses soils (11.25, 22.5 and 45 cm), and two homogeneous soils (sand and sandy loess) as control in 90 cm long columns. The soil columns were completely saturated and then drained with a positive pressure of 2 cm at the bottoms of the soil columns. The changes of water storage with time were measured by weighing the columns and by measuring the soil water content profiles using TDR probes, respectively, at 1, 5, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of drainage. The hydraulic properties of the sand and sandy loess were measured in the laboratory and also optimized using numerical simulations for the two homogeneous soil columns. Comparing the measured hydraulic parameters with the optimized ones, we found that the optimized parameters could decrease the maximum relative error from 19% to 9%. These optimized properties were then used to simulate the drainage process of deep profiles in more typical field conditions. The results showed that: 1) The laboratory observations and simulations all confirm that the amount of water retention decreases as the thickness of the layers increased. When the combined pressure caused by the suction of the underlying coarser layer plus the hydrostatic pressure within the finer sandy loess layer exceeds the air entry value (AVE) of the finer sandy loess, the amount of the water retention capacity does not increase with decreasing thickness of layer in the textural soil. In this study, we found the minimum thickness of the fine sandy loess is about 5 cm; 2) The water content within the finer textural layers decreased only slightly from saturation, with almost all of the water loss occurring from the coarser textural layers. This phenomenon can be found in the water content profile. The water content profiles in all layered soil columns showed distinct breaks at the layer interfaces, and the water content of coarser layers decreased from saturated to only 0.04 cm3/cm3. Though the water content of finer sandy loess layers changed little, it also can be found that the water content of finer soil increased with the decreasing thickness. The results of this research can provide some recommendations for mine reclamation in arid and semiarid regions.
  Number of references:  23
  Main heading:  Sediments 
  Controlled terms:  Arid regions  -  Hydrostatic pressure  -  Models  -  Optimization  -  Soil moisture  -  Soils  -  Water 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Arid and semi-arid regions  -  Hydraulic parameters  -  Hydraulic properties  -  HYDRUS-1D  -  Maximum relative errors  -  Water capacity  -  Water content profiles  -  Water retention capacity 
  Classification code:  921.5 Optimization Techniques -  902.1 Engineering Graphics -  631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics -  483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics -  483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations -  444 Water Resources -  443 Meteorology
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.013
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:  20134616980365
 
  Title:  Analysis of heavy metal contents and source tracing in organic fertilizer from livestock manure in North China
  Authors:  Wang, Fei1, 2, 3 Email author reeawf@126.com; Zhao, Lixin1, 4; Shen, Yujun1, 4 Email author shenyj09b@gmail.com; Meng, Haibo1, 4; Xiang, Xin1, 4; Cheng, Hongsheng1, 4; Luo, Yu1, 4 
  Author affiliation:  1 Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China 
   2 Rural Energy and Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China 
   3 Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China 
   4 Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization From Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China 
  Corresponding author:  Shen, Y. (shenyj09b@gmail.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  202-208
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  At present, commercial organic fertilizer in China generally exists a problem that heavy metal content exceeds standard limitation. In this study, we took the main field for agricultural products in North China as the research scope. In order to get the situation of heavy metal pollution of commercial organic fertilizer in North China, we investigated and analyzed the commercial organic fertilizer samplings. By using method of principal component analysis, we present a preliminary discussion of the heavy metal sources. We are also clear about an important factor affecting the heavy metal contamination of organic fertilizer products in North China. The results showed that the average content of heavy metal Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, As, Hg in commercial organic fertilizer used by agricultural products producing area in North China were 0.21, 45.42, 69.22, 87.40, 274.58, 16.50, 3.21, 0.33 mg/kg. According to the China's organic fertilizer industry standard, the content of Pb exceeded the rate of up to 80.56%, the rest of the heavy metal content is not ovenproof. However, according to the German rotten compost standards, most of the heavy metal content exceeds standard limitation, the content of Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Hg exceeds the rate of 8.33%, 13.89%, 16.67%, 19.44%, 2.78% and 11.11% respectively, yet the content of Cd is not ovenproof. The results of principal component analysis showed that the contribution rates of the first three principal components were 34.7%, 16.6%, 13.0%, which can explain 64.3% of total variables and reflected most of the original data information. Combining with the characteristics of raw materials of commercial organic fertilizer and process analysis, we find that the major source of heavy metal pollution in commercial organic fertilizer in the agricultural regions of North China can be feed additives with high content of Pb, Hg, additives with phosphate fertilizer, and feed additives with high content of Cu, Zn. Meanwhile, the average content of heavy metal Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, As, Hg in farm feed used by agricultural products producing area in North China were 0.02, 13.89, 87.027, 6.32, 297.90, 23.00, 0.65, 0.01 mg kg-1. Furthermore, correlation analysis of heavy metal content in the feed and organic fertilizer results showed that, the contents of most of heavy metal in the fertilizer had significant positive correlation with their contents in the feed except Ni and As. This determination results confirmed the above view of the main sources of heavy metals. However, from the result of principal component analysis, other components can still explain 35.7% of the total variable, which indicated that there were other sources of heavy metals in organic fertilizer. Binder is a necessary add material in commercial organic fertilizer production which conclude attapulgite, bentonite, and phosphogypsum. Studies have shown that the common binder contained higher heavy metal. Therefore, binder may be one of the sources of heavy metal in organic fertilizer. In addition, the environmental factors such as atmospheric dust fall and traffic pollution related to the organic fertilizer production process and the background values of heavy metals in the soil may affect the heavy metal contents of organic fertilizer, which needs to be further studied.
  Number of references:  26
  Main heading:  Chemical contamination 
  Controlled terms:  Agricultural products  -  Binders  -  Composting  -  Copper  -  Fertilizers  -  Heavy metals  -  Lead  -  Nickel  -  Ovens  -  Phosphate fertilizers  -  Principal component analysis  -  Zinc 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Correlation analysis  -  Environmental factors  -  Heavy metal contamination  -  Heavy metal contents  -  Heavy metal pollution  -  Organic fertilizers  -  Positive correlations  -  Principal Components 
  Classification code:  922.2 Mathematical Statistics -  804 Chemical Products Generally -  804.2 Inorganic Compounds -  821.2 Agricultural Chemicals -  821.4 Agricultural Products -  822.1 Food Products Plants and Equipment -  822.3 Food Products -  803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals -  546.3 Zinc and Alloys -  546.1 Lead and Alloys -  544.1 Copper -  531 Metallurgy and Metallography -  452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal -  548.1 Nickel
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.025
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:  20134616980345
 
  Title:  Experimental study on characteristics of emissions and fuel consumption for combines
  Authors:  Ge, Yunshan1 Email author geyunshan@bit.edu.cn; Liu, Hongkun1; Ding, Yan2; Yin, Hang1, 2; Fu, Mingliang1; Li, Jiaqiang1 
  Author affiliation:  1 National Lab. of Auto Performance and Emission Test, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China 
   2 Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China 
  Corresponding author:  Ge, Y. (geyunshan@bit.edu.cn) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  41-47
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  Agricultural machinery has been considered an important contributor to atmospheric pollution. However, as the volume of agricultural machinery increases, studies on the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of agricultural machinery have been rarely reported, especially for real-word characteristics of combines' emissions and fuel consumption. Only twelve large and middle-sized agricultural tractors were tested by using a portable emission measurement system in 2013, and the emissions characteristics of tractors were studied. Therefore, it is difficult for the policymakers and researchers to understand the actual emissions characteristics and fuel consumption of combines. In order to deepen the understanding of the factual emission and fuel consumption of agricultural machinery, 10 combines were tested by using a portable emission measurement system in this study, These combines' emission standards included Pre-China I (the combines before 2007 model year were defined as Pre-China I), and China I and China II. All the tested combines' fuel was 0# diesel oil bought on the market. Three typical operating modes were included in the tests, namely idling, moving, and working. Both emission factors and fuel consumption were obtained in different operating modes. The results showed that fuel consumption of grain combines was 6.799 L/h, as for corn combines, the value turned out to be 10.287 L/h. The largest averaged fuel consumption from grain combines was under working among the three modes, as same as the corn combines. It was also indicated that instantaneous fuel consumption during working mode was higher than that during idle and moving modes. However, fuel-based CO and HC emissions measured at idling appeared higher than that measured in moving and working modes. Fuel-based NOx and PM emissions revealed their peaks in moving and working respectively. Generally, the emission factors of grain combines were higher than that of corn combines. The 400 combines' annual working hours were obtained in Shaanxi province, and the result showed the annual working hours of combines was 140~160 h. In this study, the averaged annual working hours of combines was considered as 150 h. Based on annual working hours, the populations, and the fuel consumption, the fuel consumptions of total grain combines was 74.59×104 tons, and that of corn combines was 16.97×104 tons in 2010. As estimated, the total emission of CO, HC, NOx, and PM from combines in 2010 were 2.54×104t, 0.97×104t, 4.84×104t, and 0.47×104t, and NOx and PM emissions generated from combine operations accounted for 1.91% and 1.94% of the total vehicle emission in China in 2010. In addition, approximately 84.5%~84.7% of combine emissions in China were produced in the top 10 provinces of combine application in 2010, and the total emissions of CO, HC, NOx, and PM from each province of the top 10 were also presented in this paper. It was the first time for this study to test emissions and fuel consumption of combines, and the data could help policymakers and researchers to understand the real-world characteristics of combines' emissions and fuel consumption.
  Number of references:  31
  Main heading:  Combines 
  Controlled terms:  Computer systems  -  Diesel fuels  -  Fuel consumption  -  Fueling  -  Fuels  -  Measurements  -  Neutron emission  -  Particulate emissions  -  Testing 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Atmospheric pollution  -  Emission characteristics  -  Emission factors  -  Emission measurement systems  -  Emission standard  -  Emissions characteristics  -  Operating modes  -  Vehicle emission 
  Classification code:  944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments -  723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications -  821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment -  932.1 High Energy Physics -  941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments -  942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments -  943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments -  722 Computer Systems and Equipment -  523 Liquid Fuels -  522 Gas Fuels -  521 Fuel Combustion and Flame Research -  451.1 Air Pollution Sources -  423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods -  524 Solid Fuels
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.005
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:  20134616980358
 
  Title:  Detection of multi-corn kernel embryos characteristic using machine vision
  Authors:  Cheng, Hong1, 2 Email author chenghong@cau.edu.cn; Shi, Zhixing1 Email author szx540105@yahoo.com.cn; Yin, Huijuan1; Feng, Juan1, 2; Li, Yanan1 
  Author affiliation:  1 College of Information Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China 
   2 College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China 
  Corresponding author:  Shi, Z. (szx540105@yahoo.com.cn) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  145-151
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  This paper presents a method of multi-corn kernel embryos detection based on threshold segmentation and morphology. Corn kernel varieties identification is of great significance in the fields of agricultural production and crop breeding. In the seed market of China, the identification of corn varieties mainly depends on manual experience and measurement. In order to automatically, quickly, non-destructively identify kernel varieties, the study of automatic identification in a real time using machine vision technology is very active. Determination of the characteristics of the corn kernel is the first and the most important step of automatic identification. The corn kernel embryo is the most important part of the corn kernel. To analyze the characteristics of an embryo, an embryo must be separated from the corn kernel. The embryo detection speed and precision can influence the speed and precision of identification. In the paper, an algorithm based on threshold segmentation and morphology was proposed to segment embryos of multi-corn kernel at the same time, as a result of the deeper study of the identification. This algorithm was used to obtain multi-corn kernel embryos from a 2D digital image obtained by the scanner. It mainly included two parts, i.e. a maximum between-cluster deviation method (Otsu method) excluding pixels with zero value automatically, and improved open-close operation from morphology. Its process was as follow. In RGB color space, the multi-corn kernel embryos in the same image were segmented out at the same time by Otsu excluding pixels with zero value method based on the value of B (blue), in which the zero value pixels were auto-removed form histogram during processing. However, after segmentation, some corn kernel embryos showed a problem of lacking-segmentation or over-segmentation. To solve the problem, the improved open-close operation was used to repair the embryos. To validate the algorithm, four varieties of yellow corn which were common used in China were selected as study objects for our experiments. 45 samples were selected form each variety respectively. Then the total number of samples was 180. Every variety's digital image was obtained by scanner. Four images were obtained. They were processed respectively with the above-mentioned algorithm. The embryos from each different variety were detected. To validate the effectiveness of the detected embryos, two methods were used. First, area and perimeter of each embryo were measured respectively by machine computer and manual measurement. Linear regression analysis was done between the auto measured values and the manual values. The mean values of R2 were 0.9834 and 0.9578 respectively. Second, 6 shape-parameters which are perimeter, round degrees, ellipse strong and weak points axis ratio, rectangle degrees, and centrifugal rate were extracted from the embryo regions of 180 samples. Analyzing the data by K-means clustering method, the final clustering distances between different varieties reflected the difference in the visual of the embryos of the different varieties., and the checked out rate of the 4 varieties were 97.8%, 100%, 100%, and 100%. The efficiency of multi-corn kernel embryos detection was improved by 29.59% over single-corn kernel embryo detection. According to the experimental results, two conclusions were as follow: First, the auto-detected embryo region and the embryo region by manual experience and measurement were basically the same. The auto-detected embryo regions were effective. Second, the six parameters extracted from an embryo could be used to characterize the shape of the embryo. The results of this study provide favorable conditions for further study of the embryo characteristics of corn kernels, and provide a reference for the rapid and accurate identification of corn varieties.
  Number of references:  26
  Main heading:  Computer vision 
  Controlled terms:  Algorithms  -  Automation  -  Cluster analysis  -  Identification (control systems)  -  Morphology  -  Pixels  -  Regression analysis  -  Repair  -  Scanning 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Agricultural productions  -  Automatic identification  -  Corn  -  Corn kernels  -  K-means clustering method  -  Machine vision technologies  -  Threshold segmentation  -  Varieties identifications 
  Classification code:  951 Materials Science -  922.2 Mathematical Statistics -  922 Statistical Methods -  921 Mathematics -  913.5 Maintenance -  741.3 Optical Devices and Systems -  741.2 Vision -  732 Control Devices -  731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications -  723.5 Computer Applications -  723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.018
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:  20134616980368
 
  Title:  Ecological risk assessment for Pearl River Delta based on land use change
  Authors:  Ye, Changsheng1 Email author ycs519@163.com; Feng, Yanfen2 
  Author affiliation:  1 School of Geosciences, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China 
   2 School of Geographical Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China 
  Corresponding author:  Ye, C. (ycs519@163.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  224-232
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  Land use changes not only affect the land structure and types, but also affect the degree of health of the land ecological system. In order to explore the ecological risks caused by the land use change, and provide scientific support for the formulation of the relevant policies and the measures, this paper described a case study on the Pearl River Delta. The characteristics of land use change were analyzed during 1990 to 2006, and the ecological risk was conducted based on the land use change, the ecological risk plots of 5 km×5 km were applied. Spatial distribution and gradient differentiation characters of the ecological risk in the study area were analyzed by means of spatial autocorrelation and sub-analysis of variance. The conclusions were as follows: 1) The changed land (12105.05 km2) occupied 29.35% of the total land in the Pearl River Delta during 1990 to 2006. The area of construction land expanded quickly, while dike-pond increased intensively, and farmland and forests evidently decreased. Population growth, economic development, industrialization, urbanization, and the swarm of foreign investment were the main factors which led to the land use changes. 2) In 1990, the ecological risk value of the whole region was 0.2713, which increased to 0.3318; the degree of risk has increased by 22.31%. Moran's I was used to estimate the spatial autocorrelation of the ecological risks. From 1990 to 2006, the global Moran's I from 0.6451 increased to 0.7137. The spatial distribution of ecological risk showed a positive autocorrelation and significant local spatial clustering pattern. The spatial variability was primarily the result from structural factors. The high-value regions included Shenzhen, Dongguan, Guangzhou Urban District, Huadu, Nanhai, Shunde, Foshan Urban District, and Zhongshan. The changes of ecological risk in these regions were more significant, and the degree of risk increased intensively. 3) The area of high risk region and relatively high risk region expanded quickly, from 4874.52 km2 in 1990 to 12494.93 km2 in 2006, and the proportion of the total land from 11.82% to 30.30%. Meanwhile, the area of low risk region and inferior risk region decreased from 18901.54 km2 in 1990 to 13983.87 km2 in 2006, and the proportion of the total land from 45.84% to 33.91%. 4) Ecological degree of risk showed an obvious ring structure, and decreased from the axis of Foshan Urban District-Guangzhou Urban District-Shenzhen to other regions. From 1990 to 2006, the high and relatively high risk region expanded gradually from the two banks of Pearl River Estuary to the middle area of Pearl River Delta, and the degree of risk reduced gradually towards the west and the east of the Pearl River Delta. With the speeding up of the economic development and urbanization course in the Pearl River Delta, land use has intensively changed, which obviously increases land ecological risks. These conclusions can provide new ideas and methods for sustainable land use and ecological risk management, and help promote the coordination of land use and the ecological environment.
  Number of references:  31
  Main heading:  Risk assessment 
  Controlled terms:  Autocorrelation  -  Ecology  -  Economics  -  Gems  -  Hydraulic structures  -  Investments  -  Land use  -  Population statistics  -  Risk management  -  Risk perception  -  Spatial distribution  -  Spatial variables measurement 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Ecological environments  -  Ecological risk assessment  -  Economic development  -  Pearl River delta  -  Pearl River estuary  -  Spatial autocorrelations  -  Spatial variability  -  Sustainable land use 
  Classification code:  943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements -  922 Statistical Methods -  921 Mathematics -  911.2 Industrial Economics -  611 Hydroelectric and Tidal Power Plants -  482.2.1 Gems -  454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems -  441 Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development -  403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.028
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:  20134616980359
 
  Title:  Accuracy analysis of vegetation cover measurement using digital photography for regular planted woodland
  Authors:  Zhao, Jiqiang1 Email author zjq061800@163.com; Xie, Donghui1 Email author xiedonghui@bnu.edu.cn; Meng, Xia1; Mu, Xihan1; Yan, Guangjian1 
  Author affiliation:  1 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China 
  Corresponding author:  Xie, D. (xiedonghui@bnu.edu.cn) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  152-158
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  Digital photography is now the most widely used method to obtain the vegetation cover in field measurements. It uses a digital camera to shoot the research area straight downward, classify the digital images into plants and soil, and calculate the percentages of the pixel numbers of plants. When measuring the vegetation cover of regular planted woodland with digital photography, the accuracy of the calculated vegetation cover is affected by following factors such as the sampling strategy and non-vertical shooting of digital camera. However, it is difficult to analyze these factors mentioned above quantitatively in situ measurement because there are lots of uncertain errors involved. In this study, we used the computer simulation method to evaluate these factors because in a computer simulated scene, we can strictly control all these uncertainties. We measured a regular planted pyrus orchard to get the structural data in Huailai (40.373°N, 115.723°E), Heibei province. Through statistics of the measured structural data, a regular planted pyrus orchard scene was reconstructed with the plants structural generating software, onyx tree professional which is widely used in forest management, plants reconstruction, and remote sensing of plants. Then the physically based ray-tracing (PBRT) algorithm was used to simulate the illumination conditions of the reconstructed scene and a virtual camera was simulated to get the images taken by a digital camera. The virtual camera settings are just like the digital camera when we measure the vegetation cover in situ. By controlling the shooting conditions strictly within the computer model, we can obtain simulated images under different shooting conditions. The supervised classification method was used to classify the simulated images to obtain the vegetation cover values. Due to the obvious three different samples in the regular planted woodland, this study proposed an area-weighted sampling strategy to calculate the vegetation cover of regular planted woodland. The strategy was then validated in the reconstructed scene using a computer simulation method. It showed that the area-weighted sampling strategy can obtain the vegetation cover of the regular planted woodland accurately, and the relative error is about 7.3% in this simulated pyrus scene. Furthermore, the study analyzed the influence of the non-vertical shooting. We simulated different images taken by the digital camera of these three samples and the viewing zenith angle of digital camera was from -20°~20°. The results showed that the non-vertical shooting had a great impact on the accuracy of the calculated vegetation cover. The relative error of vegetation cover can reach 98.4% for one sample and 27.9% for the calculated vegetation cove of the regular planted pyrus scene. The computer simulation method presented in this paper was demonstrated to be feasible and objective for analyzing the accuracy of digital photography. An area-weighted sampling strategy to calculate the vegetation cover of regular planted woodland and the non-vertical shooting were evaluated in this paper. The results can provide guidance for obtaining the FVC in field measurements using digital photography. Besides, the computer simulation methods came up with in this paper can be used to evaluate the accuracy of other instruments such as LAI2000, or TRAC in following studies.
  Number of references:  31
  Main heading:  Vegetation 
  Controlled terms:  Computer simulation  -  Digital cameras  -  Image processing  -  Measurement errors  -  Measurements  -  Orchards  -  Photography  -  Remote sensing  -  Video cameras 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Digital photography  -  Illumination conditions  -  In-situ measurement  -  Provide guidances  -  Sampling strategies  -  Shooting conditions  -  Supervised classification  -  Vegetation cover 
  Classification code:  943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments -  942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments -  941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments -  922 Statistical Methods -  821.3 Agricultural Methods -  944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control -  742.2 Photographic Equipment -  741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices -  731.1 Control Systems -  723.5 Computer Applications -  746 Imaging Techniques
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.019
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:  20134616980372
 
  Title:  Experimental study on storage stability and rheological property of coconut water beverage
  Authors:  Zhou, Wenhua1, 2 Email author zwhculture@126.com; Yang, Huimin1, 2; Li, Weimin3; Zhao, Dengdeng1, 2 
  Author affiliation:  1 Rice and By-Product of Deep Processing National Engineering Laboratory, Changsha 410004, China 
   2 College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China 
   3 Guangzhou Aike Bioscience Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 516898, China 
  Corresponding author:  Zhou, W. (zwhculture@126.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  262-267
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  During the storage period, some kinds of quality problems exist in a coconut water beverage such as precipitation and suspension, which could affect the quality and stability of the product. This paper attempted to analyze the influence of storage temperature and storage time on the physical and chemical indicators of a homemade coconut water beverage, commercial coconut water beverage, and natural coconut water, as well as the rheological property of each coconut water beverage was researched in detail. In this paper, the homemade coconut water beverage, commercial coconut water beverage, and natural coconut water were used as material and their storage stability were studied in detail, which involved storage at 4°C refrigerated, 20°C room temperature, and 37°C condition along with t variation of nutrient composition and shelf life. The study aimed at revealing the relationship between rheological property and storage stability of the coconut water beverage. The rheological property of each coconut water beverage was measured by rheometer. The results indicated that the components and contents of the physical and chemical indicators were significantly different in those samples, but the solid content, pH value, total acidity, and Vc didn't change significantly at a 4°C refrigerated storage condition, including a pH value from 4.5±0.01 to 4.48±0.02, solids content from (4.0±0.03)% to (5.0±0.02)%, total acidity from (1.01±0.01) g/L to (0.94±0.01) g/L, the loss of vitamin content was less than (6±0.03)%, the coconut water beverage with better stability, and the total number of bacterial colonies was less than 100 CFU/mL, respectively. Therefore, the quality of coconut water beverage presented good stability at 4°C refrigerated for 50 days. It was found that the rheological property of coconut water beverage was a typical pseudo-plastic fluid. While the shear rate of 200 s-1 along with a temperature rise from 4°C to 40°C, the viscosity increased from (0.018±0.003) mPa·s to (0.030±0.001) mPa·s, the system viscosity along with the change of temperature is more moderate, and the effect of temperature on a coconut water beverage system was not obvious, so the storage stability of a coconut water beverage kept well at 4°C. The coconut water beverage was rich in nutrition, and was a product with potential in the beverage market, and it has attracted increasing consumer concern. The storage stability was a key indicator in control of coconut water beverage quality. This would solve the precipitation, taste. And storage issues of coconut water beverage, providing a more reliable theoretical basis for developing the research of quality and nutrition in coconut water beverage and the construction of a quality evaluation system. It was believed that we would produce coconut water beverage with the original flavor, good quality, more freshness and more stability in the future.
  Number of references:  23
  Main heading:  Beverages 
  Controlled terms:  Convergence of numerical methods  -  Energy storage  -  Nutrition  -  pH  -  Quality control  -  Rheology  -  Stability  -  Storage (materials)  -  Viscosity 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Change of temperatures  -  Coconut water  -  Effect of temperature  -  Nutrient composition  -  Quality evaluation system  -  Refrigerated storages  -  Rheological property  -  Storage temperatures 
  Classification code:  951 Materials Science -  931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity -  921.6 Numerical Methods -  913.3 Quality Assurance and Control -  961 Systems Science -  822.3 Food Products -  801 Chemistry -  702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells -  694.4 Storage -  801.1 Chemistry, General
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.032
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:  20134616980350
 
  Title:  Assessment method of nitrate leaching under drip irrigation using trivariate Copula
  Authors:  Wang, Zhen1 Email author wangzhen-686@163.com; Li, Jiusheng1 Email author lijs@iwhr.com; Li, Yanfeng1 
  Author affiliation:  1 State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China 
  Corresponding author:  Li, J. (lijs@iwhr.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  79-87
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  Drip irrigation has been recognized as an efficient method to improve water and nitrogen use efficiency. Nitrate leaching is becoming an important consideration for the design, operation, and management of drip irrigation systems. Recent studies have indicated that soil properties such as soil texture and saturated hydraulic conductivity could impose a significant effect on nitrate leaching. However, most of these studies were conducted on an assumption of homogeneous soil. In the current study, the effect of the spatial variability of soil properties on nitrate leaching was evaluated by a model that was established and solved numerically by using the HYDRUS-2D package. In the simulation, the statistical distribution of the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the initial soil water content in the field were assumed to be able to be represented by a logarithmic normal distribution and a normal distribution function, respectively. A moderate variability for both saturated hydraulic conductivity and initial soil water content were considered with the coefficient of variation (CV) of 0.40 and 0.15, respectively. One hundred samples of the spatial varied saturated hydraulic conductivity and initial soil water content at a given CV value were generated randomly by the Monte Carlo method. The nitrate leaching ratios for these randomly generated parameters of saturated and initial soil water content were determined by the numerical model. After the positive correlation between the nitrate leaching ratio and the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the initial soil water content was confirmed, a joint distribution function of saturated hydraulic conductivity, initial soil water content, and nitrate leaching ratio was constructed using a Gumbel-Hougaard trivariate copula function. The maximum likelihood approach was used to determine the parameters for the Gumbel-Hougaard trivariate copula function and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test indicated that the empirical distribution of the nitrate leaching ratios could be well represented by the trivariate copula function with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.046. To quantify the risk of nitrate leaching, the conditional probability distribution function of the nitrate leaching ratio under given saturated hydraulic conductivities and initial soil water contents was estimated from the derived joint distribution function. The results indicated that the probability density function of the nitrate leaching ratio could be represented by an exponential function and the variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity and initial soil water content imposed an important effect on the nitrate leaching. For the sandy loam soil having medium variabilities of saturated hydraulic conductivity and initial soil water content, the simulated nitrate leaching ratio reached 13.2%, being more than double of the value for the homogeneous soil (6.4%). The probability under the condition that the nitrate leaching ratio exceeds a given threshold (6.4%) generally increases with an increasing saturated hydraulic conductivity and initial soil water content. It might be concluded that constructing a joint distribution function between the nitrate leaching and soil properties in the field (e.g., saturated hydraulic conductivity and initial soil water content) is a promising method to assess the risk of nitrate leaching while the spatial variability needs to be considered.
  Number of references:  41
  Main heading:  Water content 
  Controlled terms:  Distribution functions  -  Hydraulic conductivity  -  Irrigation  -  Leaching  -  Mean square error  -  Moisture  -  Monte Carlo methods  -  Nitrates  -  Normal distribution  -  Probability density function  -  Risk assessment  -  Risk perception  -  Soil moisture  -  Soils 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Copula functions  -  Initial soils  -  Nitrate leaching  -  Saturated hydraulic conductivity  -  Spatial variability 
  Classification code:  922.2 Mathematical Statistics -  922.1 Probability Theory -  821.3 Agricultural Methods -  804.2 Inorganic Compounds -  801.4 Physical Chemistry -  632.1 Hydraulics -  533.1 Ore Treatment -  483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics -  444 Water Resources
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.010
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:  20134616980354
 
  Title:  Effect of different salinity on sludge bulking by using sequencing batch reactor
  Authors:  Jia, Yanping1 Email author jiayanping1111@sina.com; Wang, Shanshan1; Zhang, Lanhe1 Email author zhanglanhe@163.com; Wang, Xuming2; Guo, Jingbo3 
  Author affiliation:  1 School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Dianli University, Jilin 132012, China 
   2 Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing 100089, China 
   3 School of Civil Engineering, Northeast Dianli University, Jilin 132012, China 
  Corresponding author:  Zhang, L. (zhanglanhe@163.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  112-119
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  As one of the most significant factors influencing the settling properties of the activated sludge, the effects of various salinities and their changes on sludge bulking were investigated by applying wastewaters containing different kinds of salinity in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The influences of salinities induced by NaCl, Na2SO4 and Na3PO4 on the removal efficiency of pollutants and the settleability of the activated sludge were analyzed by utilizing sodium acetate as sole carbon source. The performances of the SBR fed with NaCl salinity (increased gradually from 0 to 30 g/L) when the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was 3 mg/L were as follows: the sludge volume index (SVI) dropped from 135 mL/g to 71 mL/g; the removal efficiency of the total nitrogen (TN) dropped from 80% to 60%; The extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) increased from 521 to 917 mg/L; And the sludge showed a good settleability. When the Na2SO4 salinity increased gradually from 0 to 30 g/L, the SVI dropped from 135 to 73 mL/g, the TN removal efficiency dropped from 81% to 60% and the EPS increased from 523 to 896 mg/L. By comparison, when the Na3PO4 salinity increased gradually from 0 to 8 g/L, SVI increased from 135 to 198 mL/g, the removal efficiency of TN dropped from 80% to 60% and the EPS increased from 549 to 674 mg/L, which led to sludge bulking. It demonstrated that when the NaCl and Na2SO4 salinity increased, the removal efficiency of TN decreased, while the sludge settleability was improved and the EPS concentration increased. For system fed with increasing Na3PO4 salinity, the sludge settleability and the removal efficiency of TN decreased, while the EPS concentration increased. Meanwhile, with the decreasing salinity of NaCl (30~0 g/L), Na2SO4 (30~0 g/L) and Na3PO4 (8~0 g/L), SVI increased from 71 to 298 mL/g, 73 to 291 mL/g and 198 to 241mL/g, respectively, the respective TN removal efficiency dropped from 62% to 43%, 65% to 44% and 70% to 35% and the EPS concentration increased from 917 to 1 092 mg/L, 896 to 1 078 mg/L and 674 to 759 mg/L, respectively. It indicated that when the salinity of NaCl, Na2SO4 and Na3PO4 reduced from high values to low values, the sludge settleability and the removal efficiency of TN decreased, while the correponding EPS concentration continued to increase, which finally led to sludge bulking. In conclusions, when the NaCl and the Na2SO4 salinity experiences a gradual ascending trend, the settleability of the activated sludge will be improved, while the nitrogen removal efficiency will decline; Filamentous sludge bulking is induced when these two salinities undergo a descending trend. Meanwhile, both the increase and decrease of Na3PO4 salinity will result in non-filamentous sludge bulking.
  Number of references:  29
  Main heading:  Sewage sludge 
  Controlled terms:  Activated sludge process  -  Denitrification  -  Salts  -  Sludge disposal 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Dissolved oxygen concentrations  -  Extracellular polymeric substances  -  Nitrogen removal efficiency  -  Removal efficiencies  -  Sequencing batch reactors  -  Settleability  -  Sludge bulking  -  Sludge settleability 
  Classification code:  452.2 Sewage Treatment -  802.2 Chemical Reactions -  804.1 Organic Compounds
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.014
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:  20134616980352
 
  Title:  Analysis of irrigation water requirement and irrigation requirement index for cotton of Hebei province
  Authors:  Liu, Yuchun1 Email author liuyuchun5@163.com; Jiang, Hong'an2; Li, Cundong1; Huang, He3; Pan, Zenghui4; Chai, Chunling1 
  Author affiliation:  1 Urban and Rural Construction College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China 
   2 Baoding Sino French Water Supply Co., Ltd, Baoding 071051, China 
   3 Baoding Meteorology Bureau, Baoding 071000, China 
   4 Water Resources and Water Environment Research Department, Hebei Water Conservancy Science Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050051, China 
  Corresponding author:  Liu, Y. (liuyuchun5@163.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  98-104
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  The analysis of water requirement and irrigation water requirement for crop in different hydrological years can provide a basis for determining the irrigation quota and for optimal water management in crop growing season. Based on some meteorological data in Hebei Province, water requirement and irrigation demand index of cotton were analyzed to provide detailed and targeted data for agricultural water resources planning of Hebei Province and for cotton optimal water management. Cotton water requirement (ETc) was estimated by using FAO Penman-Monteith equation and crop coefficient method. The average annual value of effective precipitation (Pe), cotton water requirement (ETc) and cotton irrigation demand (IR) in different cotton growth stages were statistically analyzed. And the effective precipitation (Pe), cotton water requirement (ETc) and cotton irrigation demand (IR) in different hydrological years were analyzed by P-III distribution frequency calculation with frequency analysis. According to the above calculations, cotton irrigation demand index (IDI), the ratio of cotton irrigation demand (IR) to cotton water requirement (ETc), was analyzed. Cotton water requirement and cotton irrigation demand index of Eastern Hebei Plain, Heilonggang region and Piedmont Plain of Taihangshan in the study area were also analyzed respectively to provide detailed data for regional water resources planning. The results of cotton effective precipitation (Pe) analysis showed that the average annual effective precipitation in cotton growth period was 436.3 mm, and the effective precipitation in wet year (P=75%), in median year (P=50%) and in dry year (P=25%) was 525.9, 421.4 and 330.5 mm respectively for the study area. The results of cotton water requirement (ETc) analysis showed that the average annual cotton water requirement for the study area was 648.9 mm, and the cotton water requirementwas 629.9, 646.0 and 665.3 mm in wet year (P=25%), median year (P=50%) and dry year (P=75%) respectively. The results of cotton irrigation demand (IR) analysis showed that the average annual cotton irrigation demand was 190.6 mm, and the cotton irrigation demand was 299.1, 182.8 and 84.7 mm in dry year (P=75%), median year (P=50%) and wet year (P=25%) respectively for the study area. According to the above analysis, the average annual cotton irrigation demand index (IDI) for the study area was 0.29, and the cotton irrigation demand index was 0.45, 0.28 and 0.13 in dry year (P=25%), median year (P=50%) and wet year (P=25%) respectively for the study area. Based on the regional analysis of the study area, the average annual effective precipitation for Eastern Hebei Plain, Heilonggang region and Piedmont Plain of Taihangshan was 502.0, 452.6 and 416.6 mm respectively, the average annual cotton water requirement for the three regions was 619.1, 673.6 and 651.4 mm respectively, the average annual cotton irrigation demand for the three regions was 117.1, 200.3 and 222.5 mm respectively, and the average annual cotton irrigation demand index for the three regions was 0.19, 0.30 and 0.34 respectively. Cotton irrigation demand and cotton irrigation demand index for Piedmont Plain of Taihangshan in the study area were in an upward tendency from north district to south district.
  Number of references:  16
  Main heading:  Cotton 
  Controlled terms:  Crops  -  Information management  -  Irrigation  -  Landforms  -  Meteorology  -  Optimization  -  Regional planning  -  Water  -  Water management  -  Water resources exploration  -  Water supply 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Fao penman monteiths  -  Frequency calculations  -  Hebei Province  -  Irrigation requirements  -  Irrigation water requirements  -  Regional water resources  -  Requirement index  -  Water requirements 
  Classification code:  921.5 Optimization Techniques -  903.2 Information Dissemination -  821.4 Agricultural Products -  821.3 Agricultural Methods -  481.1 Geology -  446.1 Water Supply Systems -  444 Water Resources -  443 Meteorology -  403.2 Regional Planning and Development
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.012
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:  20134616980356
 
  Title:  A solar maximum power point tracking algorithm based on discrete-time ripple correlation control
  Authors:  Liu, Shengbo1 Email author circler3@sina.com; Liu, He1; Zhao, Yandong1 Email author yandongzh@bjfu.edu.cn 
  Author affiliation:  1 School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China 
  Corresponding author:  Zhao, Y. (yandongzh@bjfu.edu.cn) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  130-137
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  Solar photovoltaic technology has been widely used in modern agriculture. Due to the volatility of solar power, it is hard to maximize the use of solar energy. In order to seek a way to improve the conversion rate of photovoltaic solar panels, this paper developed a new algorithm to utilize solar energy more efficiently. Since tracking solar maximum power point is a valid method to maintain the solar panel power output at a high level, at this paper, we choose ripple correlation control (RCC) to keep tracking the maximum power point of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system. Ripple correlation control is a real-time optimal method particularly suitable for power convertor control. The objective of RCC in solar PV system is to maximize the energy quantity. This paper extended the traditional analog RCC technique to the digital domain. With discretization and simplifications of math model, the RCC method can be transformed to a sampling problem. The control method shows that when the solar PV system reaches the maximum power point, power outputs at both maximum and minimum state should be nearly the same. Moreover, since voltage output of a system is easy to observe and directly related to power output, it is ideally appropriate for sampling and analysis. Setting the output voltage as status variable, the discrete-time RCC (DRCC) algorithm can track the optimal operating point quickly via sampling at maximum and minimum voltage moments. A DRCC Simulink model of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system was built in the paper. The model consists of three parts: solar PV panel module, DC-DC convertor and control module. In the control module, ripple sampler is built with trigger subsystem to get output information (voltage and current). Controller is implemented with S-function. After S-function adopts the voltage and current information, it will calculate the power difference and output duty ratio signal. The output of the controller is transformed to PWM wave to adjust the system power output. Voltage of solar PV panel is controlled by duty ratio via DC-DC convertor. When the system works at non-maximal power point, difference of power outputs at two sample points can refresh the duty ratio to make the voltage change, and finally take effects on the power output. The proposed algorithm was realized and testified in Simulink system. In the simulation, voltage of solar PV system at maximum power point was set to 17V and maximum power output is set to 25.7W. In an environment of 1000 W/cm2 and 25°C, output of the whole system finally reached a stable state of 17V and 24.8W. Power tracking accuracy was up to 96%. Under the same condition, we used mountain climbing tracking technique to run the simulation. The system power output came to 23.9W in the end, which achieved an accuracy of 93%. Another simulation was conducted by changing the environment parameter to 200 W/cm2, 25°C. The control model can also track the maximum power point. In the dynamic light intensity test which light intensity varied from 1000 W/cm2 to 200 W/cm2 at 0.2s during simulation, the system was able to track new maximum power point within 0.1s. The results indicated that the algorithm is capable for fast MPPT under the conditions of 1000 W/cm2 and 200 W/cm2, 25°C.
  Number of references:  32
  Main heading:  Algorithms 
  Controlled terms:  Computer systems  -  Controllers  -  Mathematical models  -  Photovoltaic cells  -  Sampling  -  Solar concentrators  -  Solar energy  -  Surface discharges  -  Thermoelectric power  -  Tracking (position) 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Maximum power output  -  Maximum power point  -  Maximum Power Point Tracking  -  Modern agricultures  -  Optimal operating point  -  Ripple correlation control  -  Solar photovoltaic system  -  Solar photovoltaic technology 
  Classification code:  801 Chemistry -  741.3 Optical Devices and Systems -  732.1 Control Equipment -  723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications -  921 Mathematics -  722 Computer Systems and Equipment -  702.3 Solar Cells -  701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena -  615.2 Solar Power -  716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.016
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:  20134616980355
 
  Title:  Monitoring of phenology by reconstructing LAI time series data for winter wheat
  Authors:  Liu, Junming1 Email author liujunming2000@gmail.com; Li, Manman1; Wang, Pengxin1; Huang, Jianxi1 
  Author affiliation:  1 College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China 
  Corresponding author:  Liu, J. (liujunming2000@gmail.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  120-129
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  A method to monitoring winter wheat phenology based on reconstructing Leaf area index (LAI) by assimilating crop model and remotely sensed LAI product is introduced in this paper. WOFOST is a crop model developed by the Center for World Food Studies in cooperation with the Wageningen Agricultural University to simulate and estimate the growth of winter wheat. LAI is one of the important input and output parameters in the model, and the next day's LAI output is derived from the previous day's LAI input. NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LAI time series has a good time resolution and can reflect the growth trend of crops, but the LAI values is generally lower than actual value for the impact from mixed pixels and cloud noises. Resampling particle filter (SIP) is a sequential Monte Carlo state estimation method for Non-Linear and Non-Gaussian system, and is introduced to reconstruct the winter wheat LAI time series by assimilating the WOFOST model and MODIS LAI. In the SIP assimilating algorithm, the WOFOST model is imported as the state transition equation of LAI for its ability to simulating the winter wheat growth process, and the MODIS LAI time series is treated as the observations from the winter wheat. To get the trend as MODIS LAI, the weights of particles are calculated from the first derivative of the MODIS LAI time series. The particles that have the similar trend as the MODIS LAI time series can achieve a higher weight. The algorithm was applied on the winter wheat in Hebei province, China. First, a WOFOST model was calibrated to get applicable to local region, and the actual meteorological data were preprocessed to meet the format requirement, then the algorithm was run and the reconstructed LAI time series are achieved. The results show that the reconstructed LAI curve has good temporal continuity. The reconstruct algorithm can decrease the LAI change scope and avoid the problem of low value of MODIS LAI to a certain degree, and the day corresponding to the reconstructed LAI curve peak is basically the same as that of the MODIS LAI curve. At the regional scale, the reconstructed LAI images have higher LAI values and good spatial continuity, and reduce the impact from the low-value and missing data of MODIS LAI. Based on the reconstructed LAI time series, the key stages of the winter wheat are monitored including its green-returning stage, heading stage, and ripen stage. The reconstructed LAI curve is a substantially horizontal line in over-wintering stage, and has an initial value of approximately 0.4, which is higher than the actual value in the early green-returning stage. Therefore the start day of the green-returning stage is identified by the upslope point of the reconstructed LAI curve. In the heading stage, the winter wheat LAI reached the maximum, so the day corresponding to the curve peak was identified as the start day of the heading stage. The identification of the ripen stage is made by the threshold method. The threshold is set to 20% of the spacing between maximum and minimum from the minimum of the right side of the LAI curve. The day corresponding to the threshold is identified as the start day of the ripen stage. Comparing the monitoring results with the actual situation, basically both have the same spatial distribution, and may be the bias for the high initial value in the early green-returning stage and the uncertainty of the minimum in the ripen stage of the LAI curve.
  Number of references:  30
  Main heading:  Crops 
  Controlled terms:  Algorithms  -  Biology  -  Data processing  -  Equations of state  -  Meteorology  -  Monitoring  -  Monte Carlo methods  -  NASA  -  Radiometers  -  Remote sensing  -  Satellite imagery  -  Time series 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Leaf Area Index  -  Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer  -  Particle filter  -  Phenology  -  Sequential Monte Carlo  -  State estimation methods  -  State transition equation  -  Winter wheat 
  Classification code:  921 Mathematics -  922.2 Mathematical Statistics -  941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments -  942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments -  943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments -  944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments -  944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments -  821.4 Agricultural Products -  443 Meteorology -  461.9 Biology -  655 Spacecraft -  656 Space Flight -  723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications -  723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing -  731.1 Control Systems
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.015
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:  20134616980351
 
  Title:  Analysis of difference in crop coefficients based on modified Penman and Penman-Monteith equations
  Authors:  Song, Ni1, 2 Email author xnsongni@yahoo.com.cn; Sun, Jingsheng1, 2; Wang, Jinglei1, 2 Email author firiwjl@126.com; Chen, Zhifang1, 2; Qiang, Xiaoman1, 2; Liu, Zugui1, 2 
  Author affiliation:  1 Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China 
   2 Key Laboratory for Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Xinxiang 453002, China 
  Corresponding author:  Wang, J. (firiwjl@126.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  88-97
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  Aiming at the main problem that existed in estimating the crop water requirement through multiplying the crop coefficients of main crops determined in the early 1990s by ET0 calculated using the Penman-Monteith equation, the reasons for crop coefficients which need to be revised were analyzed. There is a significant difference in ET0 calculated by using the modified Penman equation and by Penman-Monteith equation, which affects overwintering crops with a longer growth period of greater than summer crops with a shorter growth period. The result showed that the monthly ET0 and ETrad calculated by using Penman-Monteith equation were higher than that by modified Penman equation, and the difference between radiation terms was the main reason that caused the difference between the calculation results by using two equations based on the meteorological data of 18 stations in Henan province. The difference of monthly ET0 and ETrad calculated by two equations in autumn and winter was higher than in spring and summer. The effect of aerodynamic term on ET0 was related to wind speed, and the reason that the effect of aerodynamic term on ET0 is higher than the radiation term maybe caused by high wind speed. Except for the relative humidity, average temperature and sunshine hours, radiation term was affected by the elevation of stations, as for the stations with a higher elevation, the impact of elevation on Penman-Monteith equation was greater than that on modified Penman equation. Using the sensitivity analysis method to evaluate the effect of average air temperature, relative humidity and sunshine hours on ETrad showed that Penman-Monteith equation was better than modified Penman model in calculating ETrad. The ETrad calculated through Penman-Monteith equation was little influenced by seasons and stations, and had a high stability. The results from 18 stations showed that the effect of average temperature on ETrad was the minimal, the impact of relative humidity in January, November and December on ETrad was larger, and the influence of sunshine hours from February to October on ETrad was also greater. Therefore, ET0 in Henan Province was calculated by Penman-Monteith equation instead of modified Penman equation, crop coefficients must be corrected, otherwise it caused the estimated values of crop water requirement to be higher, and its impact on overwintering crops with a longer growing period was greater than that on summer crops with a shorter growth period. Finally, according to the relationship between two difference methods of estimating ET0, the correction method of crop coefficient based on Penman-Monteith equation was proposed. This study has an important significance in improving the estimation precision of crop water requirement.
  Number of references:  20
  Main heading:  Crops 
  Controlled terms:  Aerodynamics  -  Estimation  -  Evapotranspiration  -  Meteorology  -  Water supply  -  Wind effects 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Average air temperature  -  Calculation results  -  Crop coefficient  -  Crop water requirements  -  Estimation precision  -  Meteorological data  -  Penman equation  -  Penman-Monteith equations 
  Classification code:  921 Mathematics -  821.4 Agricultural Products -  651.1 Aerodynamics, General -  446.1 Water Supply Systems -  444.1 Surface Water -  443.1 Atmospheric Properties -  443 Meteorology
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.011
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:  20134616980341
 
  Title:  Requirement and current situation of control-oriented microclimate environmental model in greenhouse system
  Authors:  Xu, Lihong1 Email author xulhk@163.com; Su, Yuanping1; Liang, Yuming1, 2 
  Author affiliation:  1 College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China 
   2 College of Automation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China 
  Corresponding author:  Xu, L. (xulhk@163.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  1-15
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  Economy-based optimal control of greenhouses is an important technique to reduce the operating cost and increase the crop yield. In General, the structure of a typical greenhouse control system consists of two layers: the objective optimization layer and the process control layer. The aim of the former is to obtain the target trajectories of environmental states; while in the latter, environmental states are tuned to track those obtained trajectories. Based on this framework, some relevant models to the greenhouse system, such as greenhouse microclimate model, crop growth and yield model, energy consumption predicting model and CO2 consumption predicting model, need to be built, and some constraints over environmental states and control inputs must be determined. However, most greenhouse climate models and crop growth models proposed in literature are research-oriented rather than based on practical cultivation. The biggest difference between the two is that research-oriented models solely focus on the optimal set-points of internal climatic parameters for maximum crop yield, ignoring the abilities of control actuators, the ambient climate change, and the overall energy consumption. From a practical point of view, the latters are certainly necessary in greenhouse models. It would be difficult to achieve realistic results if the models are incomplete. The lack of reliable greenhouse models has become the greatest difficulty for greenhouse optimization and control. In this paper, the latest trends in greenhouse climate models, crops growth models, energy consumption models, and CO2 consumption models are reviewed in details. The main shortcomings of current models can be summarized as follows: (1) although some models obtained by ample mechanisms, their structures are excessively complicated, such that the corresponding computations are very expensive, which makes it difficult to design an efficient controller based on them. This class of models interprets the real physical laws with large number of parameters and complex structures, and Vanthoor's model and TOMGRO are examples; (2) some models are too simple to accurately reflect the relationships between greenhouse environment and crop growth. Generally, only the dynamics of air temperature and humidity in greenhouses are described in this class of greenhouse climate model, such as Albright's model, while the dynamic of CO2 concentration, which is an important environmental factor to affect photosynthesis, is not included. Furthermore, the influence to crop growth of environmental factors is always partially reflected in simplified crop growth models, e.g. in radiation and thermal effectiveness model, only air temperature and radiation is used to describe the accumulation and allocation of dry matter; (3) only single control input variable is included in many greenhouse climate models, such as the thermal environmental model of solar greenhouse, this is because most greenhouses are not equipped with relevant control actuators. Generally, these greenhouse climate models are used to guide the structure design, material selection, or management of greenhouse production. Additionally, although some greenhouse climate models include various control inputs, including heating, fogging, ventilation and CO2 injection, the dynamic response of control actuators are still not described adequately, and so, they can't be used for greenhouse climate control. In order to obtain a suite of efficient greenhouse models, great efforts need to be made to solve the following key problems: (1) the unknown mechanisms of some processes need to be explored further for a mathematical expression of their input-output relationship. Provided with these results, some complex models can be improved; (2) based on a complex model with detailed mechanistic expressions, some dynamic sub-processes can be reconstructed or simplified to reduce the model complexity; (3) new approaches and theories about system modeling and model validation can be developed.
  Number of references:  53
  Main heading:  Structural design 
  Controlled terms:  Actuators  -  Atmospheric temperature  -  Carbon dioxide  -  Climate change  -  Climate models  -  Crops  -  Dynamic response  -  Dynamics  -  Electric load forecasting  -  Energy utilization  -  Environmental regulations  -  Forestry  -  Greenhouses  -  Mobile devices  -  Optimization 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Consumption modeling  -  Energy consumption model  -  Greenhouse climate control  -  Greenhouse environment  -  Greenhouse microclimate  -  Growth modeling  -  Mathematical expressions  -  Optimization and control 
  Classification code:  931.1 Mechanics -  921.5 Optimization Techniques -  921 Mathematics -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control -  804.2 Inorganic Compounds -  716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television -  706.1 Electric Power Systems -  632 Hydraulics, Pneumatics and Related Equipment, and Fluidics -  525.3 Energy Utilization -  454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection -  443.1 Atmospheric Properties -  443 Meteorology -  408.1 Structural Design, General
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.001
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:  20134616980343
 
  Title:  Development and experiment of combined operation machine for cotton straw chopping and plastic film collecting
  Authors:  Hu, Kai1 Email author jang_hukai@126.com; Wang, Jikui1 Email author shzwjk@126.com; Li, Bin1; Jiang, Bei1; Ding, Shuangshuang1; Li, Tianwen1 
  Author affiliation:  1 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China 
  Corresponding author:  Wang, J. (shzwjk@126.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  24-32
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  According to the problems of plastic film without distinction as straw, the plastic film recovery rate is low, the effect is poor in removing the collected film, and plastic films are easy to wind in cotton straw chopping and a plastic film collecting combined machine in Xinjiang province, the 4JM-1500 straw chopping and plastic film collecting machine has been designed. It consists of a traction device, straw chopping device, straw conveying device, floating gear-rake institution and chain rake device, film removing device, driven system, plastic film box, and rack and wheel, etc. It can realize straw chopper returning, the straw separation with plastic film, and the plastic film recycling with one operation. This machine combining the hammer device of cotton straw chopping and scraper conveyor device, the machine could separate cotton straws and plastic film, and collect the plastic film by the floating gear-rake institution and chain rake device. It also has a good effect for ground profile modeling and improving the plastic film recovery ratio. It can remove the collected film though the air force device in the operating process, which can prevent the plastic film winding with the film stripping device and affect the work. The structure and working principle of the machine, and the parameters of working parts, and main structures were determined through the main components designed. Knife shaft speed n3=1800~2200 r/min, straw conveying speed n1=120~150 r/min, plastic film conveying chains speed n2=60~90 r/min, film removing wind speed v1=6.2~10.5 m/s and the working width was 1500 mm. It effectively decreased the labor cost and enhanced the plastic film collecting efficiency. Field trials demonstrated that the separation ratio of cotton straws and plastic film was 97%, the plastic film collecting ratio was 88.6%, and the film removing ratio was 89.4% under the conditions of machine operating speed of 5-5.5 km/h and straw conveying speed of 1.8 m/s, which could meet the requirements of straw chopping and plastic film collecting. The research results could help to solve the problem of plastic film pollution in farmland.
  Number of references:  25
  Main heading:  Plastic films 
  Controlled terms:  Chains  -  Collector efficiency  -  Cotton  -  Recycling  -  Separation  -  Speed  -  Straw  -  Wages 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Collecting efficiency  -  Combined operations  -  Machine operating  -  Operating process  -  Research results  -  Separation ratio  -  Smash  -  Stripping devices 
  Classification code:  931.1 Mechanics -  911.1 Cost Accounting -  821.5 Agricultural Wastes -  821.4 Agricultural Products -  817.1 Polymer Products -  802.3 Chemical Operations -  702.3 Solar Cells -  602.1 Mechanical Drives -  452.3 Industrial Wastes
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.003
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:  20134616980370
 
  Title:  Calculation of theoretical and accessible yields of agricultural land based on genetic algorithm and support vector machine
  Authors:  Wang, Haijun1, 2 Email author landgiswhj@163.com; Liu, Minyan1; Gao, Juan1 
  Author affiliation:  1 School of Resources and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China 
   2 Department of Urban Planning and Design, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong 
  Corresponding author:  Wang, H. (landgiswhj@163.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  244-252
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  Grain security is a complex, resource-intensive problem being addressed by governments, international organizations, and scientific community. Ensuring adequate grain supply is vital to the survival of humanity, and its key lies in improving total agricultural land productivity. The level of the comprehensive productive capacity of agriculture is directly related to the effective supply of grains. In 2011, China conducted a nationwide agricultural productivity survey in order to improve its overall capacity, protect farm quality, and accomplish the National Food Security Strategy. The core components of agricultural land productivity calculations are the theoretical and accessible yields. The theoretical yield calculation was traditionally performed by establishing samples' linear regression models between natural level index and theoretical yield. The accessible yield, meanwhile, was performed by establishing samples' linear regression models between usage level index and accessible yield. Then the agricultural land productivity can be calculated by the yield multiplying with the total area of classification units. However, these models suffer from significant calculative limitations. A novel approach based on the Genetic Algorithm and Support Vector Machine (GA-SVM) is proposed herein. The theoretical yield can be calculated by establishing a GA-SVM model between the theoretical yield and quality scores of gradation factors. The accessible yield can be calculated by establishing a GA-SVM model between the accessible yield and the product of usage factor and quality scores of gradation factors. The theoretical and accessible yield prediction models are built using Matlab software, taking full advantage of the GA and SVM toolbox, to test the rationality and accuracy of the new GA-SVM model. Jiexi County in Guangdong Province is provided as an example to verify the theoretical and accessible yields based on the GA-SVM models. The GA-SVM results as well as the traditional linear regression method results are then compared with the actual yields. The analysis reveals several interesting conclusions. First, GA-SVM requires less computational time to provide more accurate results. The linear regression models turn to cumbersome process and need many calculations. Some human errors occurred. However, the GA-SVM models acquire results by running programs. This method can save time and effort, also can avoid human errors. Second, the paper compared the results of GA-SVM model and the actual values, also compared the results of linear regression method and the actual values. The study found that the GA-SVM yield predictions are much closer to the actual values than those provided by the linear regression method. In addition, GA-SVM model is more suitable in forecasting a single sample value, which is more accurate than the linear regression method. Therefore, the GA-SVM model can forecast the theoretical and accessible yield better. Since the GA-SVM model is faster and more accurate, it should be used as a new method to calculate agricultural land productivity. Based on the theoretical and accessible yields calculated by GA-SVM model, the theoretical and accessible productivities can be enumerated with the theoretical and accessible yield multiplying with the total area of classification units, while the accuracy of agricultural land productivity can be guaranteed.
  Number of references:  31
  Main heading:  Support vector machines 
  Controlled terms:  Errors  -  Food supply  -  Genetic algorithms  -  Grain (agricultural product)  -  Land use  -  Linear regression  -  Mathematical models  -  MATLAB  -  Productivity  -  Quality control  -  Software testing 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Accessible yield  -  Agricultural land  -  Agricultural productivity  -  International organizations  -  Linear regression methods  -  Linear regression models  -  Theoretical yield  -  Yield prediction models 
  Classification code:  922.2 Mathematical Statistics -  921 Mathematics -  913.3 Quality Assurance and Control -  913.1 Production Engineering -  821.4 Agricultural Products -  723.5 Computer Applications -  723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications -  404.2 Civil Defense -  403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.030
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:  20134616980374
 
  Title:  Nondestructive detection method of potato scab based on multi-sensor information fusion technology
  Authors:  Li, Xiaoyu1 Email author lixiaoyu@mail.hzau.edu.cn; Tao, Hailong1; Gao, Hailong1; Li, Peng1; Huang, Tao1; Ren, Jiping2 
  Author affiliation:  1 College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China 
   2 College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China 
  Corresponding author:  Li, X. (lixiaoyu@mail.hzau.edu.cn) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  277-284
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  The common scab is a skin disease of the potato tuber that decreases the quality of the product and significantly influences the price, so it is very necessary to find a quickly nondestructive way to detect potato scabs. In this study, machine vision technology and near infrared spectroscopy analysis technology were used to detect potato scabs. In order to improve the potato scab nondestructive recognition accuracy, multi-sensor information fusion technique was proposed to detect potato scabs based on machine vision and near infrared spectroscopy. DS evidence theory combined with support vector machine method was used for multi-sensor information fusion technique. In the research, 360 potatoes were taken as testing samples (180 qualified potatoes and 180 scab potatoes). This study concluded that the difference image method combined with the Markov random field model method was the best segmentation method in the segmentation of image characteristics through the image preprocessing. And the principal component analysis method was the best method in the spectral feature extraction through the spectroscopy preprocessing. This study compared several different spectral preprocessing methods to preprocess the near infrared spectroscopy in near infrared spectroscopy preprocessing. And from the discriminating rate of the support vector machine model with the pretreated near infrared spectroscopy, it was concluded that the dimension reduction method was the best spectroscopy preprocessing method. The support vector machine method was a good pattern recognition method, so this study used the support vector machine method to detect potato scabs based on machine vision technology and near infrared spectroscopy analysis technology. The support vector machine models to discriminate potato scab were built based on machine vision technology and near infrared spectroscopy analysis technology respectively. The discriminating rates of these two models were 89.17% and 91.67% in testing sets respectively. To improve the discriminating rates of potato scab detecting with machine vision and near infrared spectroscopy respectively, a multi-sensor information fusion technique based on near infrared spectroscopy and machine vision method was used to detect the potato scab. DS evidence theory was a good information fusion method, so DS evidence theory combined with support vector machine method model was built with image characteristics and spectral characteristics. The multi-sensor information fusion model was used to detect the testing potato samples and the discriminating rates were 95.83% in the testing set. Compared with the results from the three detecting models, it was concluded that the discriminating rate of the model built with multi-sensor information fusion was 6.66% higher than the model built with machine vision technology, and 4.16% higher than the model built with near infrared spectroscopy analysis technology. The results indicated that it was feasible to detect potato scabs by using a multi-sensor information fusion technique based on near infrared spectroscopy and machine vision. The recognizing rate of the multi-sensor information fusion model was higher than that of the model built by machine vision technology or near infrared spectroscopy analysis technology respectively. That is to say multi-sensor information fusion technology is better for potato scab nondestructive detecting than machine vision technology respectively or near infrared spectroscopy analysis technology respectively. The research can provide references for potato disease detecting with a multi-sensor information fusion technique.
  Number of references:  29
  Main heading:  Computer vision 
  Controlled terms:  Feature extraction  -  Image segmentation  -  Information fusion  -  Markov processes  -  Near infrared spectroscopy  -  Nondestructive examination  -  Principal component analysis  -  Sensors  -  Support vector machines  -  Technology 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Multi-sensor information fusion  -  Near-infrared spectroscopy analysis  -  Nondestructive detection method  -  Potato  -  Principal component analysis method  -  Scab disease  -  Support vector machine method  -  Support vector machine models 
  Classification code:  922.1 Probability Theory -  903.1 Information Sources and Analysis -  901 Engineering Profession -  922.2 Mathematical Statistics -  801 Chemistry -  716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television -  421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties -  723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.034
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:  20134616980346
 
  Title:  Process parameters optimization of increasing depositing rate for jet electrodeposition of engine cylinder
  Authors:  Wang, Ying1 Email author wzhwangying@yahoo.com.cn; Kang, Min1, 2 Email author kangmin@njau.edu.cn; Chen, Chao1; Yang, Yong1; Fu, Xiuqing1 
  Author affiliation:  1 College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China 
   2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Intelligent Agricultural Equipment, Nanjing 210031, China 
  Corresponding author:  Kang, M. (kangmin@njau.edu.cn) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  48-54
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  The cylinder is an extremely important easily wearing part of a tractor engine, whose service life and production cost are directly affected by the wear resistance of the component. With excellent wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and greater hardness, a Ni-P alloy deposited layer can significantly enhance the service life and reliability of the cylinder, and the capability and quality of the tractor engine can be improved. The lower limiting current density of the traditional electrodeposited Ni-P alloy method leads to a lower depositing rate and lower production efficiency. Jet electrodeposition has been developed in recent years, which can significant increase the depositing rate because the jet electrolyte can accelerate the transfer process of the electrodeposition material and augment limiting current density. So jet electrodeposition is a type of high-velocity, selective electrodeposition technique with high deposition current density and high velocity. Furthermore, optimization of the process parameters of jet electrodeposition is the way to further increase the depositing rate. In this paper, technological experimentation is investigated by using a custom design of JMP to optimize process parameters of jet electrodeposition. The JMP software is Six Sigma statistical software developed by SAS, which is a professional statistical analysis tool. The JMP software can be used for processing data and designing of experiments. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no report about applications of JMP in electrochemical use domestically. Voltage, electrolyte temperature, dipolar space, flow velocity of electrolyte, and dipolar relative velocity are the influence factors, and the depositing rate of deposited layers is the experimental index, and the relationships between the experimental index and the influence factors are analyzed through the response surface analysis method and sub-stepping method. The quadratic regression mathematical models that described the relations between the experimental index and the influence factors were established. The optimal technological parameters for depositing rate of a deposited layer were obtained through conducting a multivariable function optimization by the method of a quadric spindle gradient. The results suggest that JMP software can obtain more accurate optimal values by calculating than by orthogonal test. Voltage, electrolyte temperature, dipolar space, and dipolar relative velocity affect the depositing rate of a deposited layer markedly. The quadratic term of dipolar space have a high-impact on the surface effect of the depositing rate. And furthermore, voltage and flow velocity of the electrolyte, electrolyte temperature and flow velocity of electrolyte, flow velocity of electrolyte, and dipolar relative velocity have interactive effects on the changes of the depositing rate. The quadratic regression mathematical models reach a significant level and the equation has good fitting effects. So the models can be applied to predict the depositing rate of a deposited layer. The response surface methodology obtained the influences of voltage, electrolyte temperature, dipolar space, flow velocity of the electrolyte, and dipolar relative velocity on depositing rate of a deposited layer. And the optimal parameters are as follow: voltage of 15V, electrolyte temperature of 72°C, dipolar space of 1mm, flow velocity of electrolyte of 1.2 m/s, and dipolar relative velocity of 170 mm/min. Under these conditions, the depositing rate of a deposited layer is 79.13 μm/min and the quality of the deposited layer is better. The depositing rate of jet electrodeposition is about 130 times that of a traditional electrodeposition, and use of jet electrodeposition improves production efficiency. It can help to promote the development of high-speed plating.
  Number of references:  31
  Main heading:  Electrolytes 
  Controlled terms:  Corrosion resistance  -  Current density  -  Data handling  -  Electrodeposition  -  Engine cylinders  -  Engines  -  Experiments  -  Flow velocity  -  Mathematical models  -  Nickel  -  Optimization  -  Surface analysis  -  Tractors (truck)  -  Velocity  -  Wear resistance 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Deposition current density  -  Electroless  -  Process parameters optimizations  -  Response surface analysis  -  Response surface analysis methods  -  Response surface methodology  -  Selective electrodeposition  -  Statistical analysis tools 
  Classification code:  723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing -  803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals -  804 Chemical Products Generally -  813.1 Coating Techniques -  901.3 Engineering Research -  921 Mathematics -  921.5 Optimization Techniques -  931.1 Mechanics -  951 Materials Science -  702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells -  421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties -  423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials -  539.1 Metals Corrosion -  548.1 Nickel -  612 Engines -  612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine Components -  631 Fluid Flow -  663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles -  701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.006
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:  20134616980349
 
  Title:  Effects of techniques of paddy field production mechanization on occurrence of diseases, insect pests, weeds and yield of double-cropping rice
  Authors:  Li, Baotong1 Email author libt66@163.com; Zhang, Jianzhong1; Wu, Jianfu1; Pan, Xiaohua1; Shi, Qinghua1 
  Author affiliation:  1 Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China 
  Corresponding author:  Li, B. (libt66@163.com) 
  Source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
  Abbreviated source title:  Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
  Volume:  29
  Issue:  19
  Issue date:  October 1, 2013
  Publication year:  2013
  Pages:  71-78
  Language:  Chinese
  ISSN:  10026819 
  CODEN:  NGOXEO 
  Document type:  Journal article (JA)
  Publisher:  Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
  Abstract:  Four patterns such as mechanized rotary tillage-mechanized transplanting method, mechanized rotary with cattle tillage-mechanized transplanting method, cattle tillage-mechanized transplanting method and mechanized rotary tillage-manual transplanting method were tested in order to investigate the effects of different plowing-transplanting methods on diseases, insect pests, weeds and yield of double-cropping rice. Results showed that major diseases, insect pests and weeds were sheath blight disease Rhizoctonia solani, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Monochoria vaginalis and Echinochloa crusgalli in early rice with four plowing-transplanting methods in no using pesticide areas, and sheath blight disease, C medinalis, rice planthopper (Sogatella furcifera and Nilaparvata lugens), M. vaginalis and E. crusgalli in late rice. Under the same conditions of fertilizer and water management, the sheath blight disease indexes of early and late rice were 8.25-13.31 and 17.60-23.10 at booting stage, 13.75-20.90 and 20.02-23.76 at milky stage, respectively, which was more serious using mechanized rotary tillage-manual transplanting method than that using mechanized rotary tillage-mechanized transplanting method, and more serious using cattle tillage-mechanized transplanting method than that using mechanized rotary tillage-mechanized transplanting method. The second generation of C. medinalis occurred seriously in early rice, and its curled leaf rates were 15.03%-16.67%. The fourth and fifth generation of C. medinalis in late rice occurred seriously, and its curled leaf rates were 29.67%-33.48% and 60.09%-65.45%, respectively. The occurrence difference of C. medinalis was not significant between four plowing-transplanting methods in early and late rice. The population density of rice planthoppers in late rice was low at early stage, 425-550 heads/100 clusters at full heading stage, 1200-1600 heads/100 clusters at milky stage, which was highest using mechanized rotary tillage-manual transplanting method, and lowest using mechanized rotary tillage-mechanized transplanting method. There were M. vaginalis, E. crusgalli, Sagittaria pygmaea, Euphorbia lathyris, Murdannia triguetra and so on in early paddy field, which M. vaginalis and E. crusgalli were the dominant species, 68.00% and 29.70% of the total grasses, respectively. There were M. vaginalis, E. crusgalli, Rotala indica, Euphorbia lathyris, Cyperus rotundus, Alternanthera philoxeroides and so on in late paddy field, which M. vaginalis and E. crusgalli were the dominant species, 69.60% and 17.40% of the total grasses, respectively. The weeds' density was highest in early and late paddy fields with cattle tillage-mechanized transplanting method, followed by mechanized rotary with cattle tillage-mechanized transplanting method and mechanized rotary tillage-mechanized transplanting method, and lowest with mechanized rotary tillage-manual transplanting method. Variance analysis indicated that there was no significant difference in the yield among four kinds of plowing-transplanting methods. The diseases, insect pests and weeds in early and late rice under different plowing-transplanting methods could be controlled effectively by applying appropriate pesticides during the early days of pest occurrence. The average yields were increased 10.00% and 7.88%, respectively. The study provided a reference for the extension of control technology on diseases, insect pests and weeds of double-cropping rice in paddy field production mechanization.
  Number of references:  30
  Main heading:  Disease control 
  Controlled terms:  Agricultural machinery  -  Agriculture  -  Animals  -  Insect control  -  Mechanization  -  Pesticides  -  Plants (botany)  -  Population statistics  -  Production  -  Water management  -  Weed control 
  Uncontrolled terms:  Alternanthera philoxeroides  -  Control technologies  -  Echinochloa crusgalli  -  Population densities  -  Rhizoctonia solani  -  Rice  -  Second generation  -  Yield 
  Classification code:  913.2 Production Control -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control -  803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals -  922.2 Mathematical Statistics -  601 Mechanical Design -  446 Waterworks -  444 Water Resources -  461 Bioengineering and Biology
  DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.19.009
  Database:  Compendex
   Compilation and indexing terms, ? 2013 Elsevier Inc.