<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20134116842435
Title:Effects of enhanced ultraviolet -B radiation on yield and photosynthesis characterister of winter wheat
Authors:Jiang, Xiaodong (1); Zhang, Jie (2); Yang, Zaiqiang (1); Hu, Ning (1); Zhang, Fucun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
Corresponding author:Jiang, X.(jiangxd@nuist.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:191-199
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Changes in the photosynthetic characteristics in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flag leaf with different soil tillage methods under control and ultraviolet-B enhanced radiation (UV-B, 280-320nm) were investigated. The field experiment was carried out in Nanjing, China. It lasted two years. The experiment included three tillage methods: conventional tillage (moldboard plow, 25 cm of tillage depth), minimum tillage (rotary tillage, 10 cm of tillage depth), and no-tillage (0 cm of tillage depth) for wheat cultivation. Minimum tillage and no-tillage methods were conservation tillage methods. Artificial UV-B radiation was used to simulate the enhancement of UV-B radiation. The supplemental UV-B radiation was supplied with the UV-B lamps (40 W, peak of lightwave is 313 nm). The level of UV-B irradiance supplemental was equivalent to an enhancement of 20% above the control treatment. The photosynthetic rate, photosynthesis - light response curve, chlorophyll content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malonaldehyde (MDA) content, and soluble protein content in winter wheat flag leaf were determined in the experiment. The results showed that: Under the 20%-enhanced UV-B radiation condition, the yield of winter wheat for minimum tillage and no-tillage methods increased by 1632.12 and 952.15 kg/hm², respectively, both significantly higher than that of the conventional tillage method. Analyzing from the photosynthesis, the photosynthetic rate, apparent quantum yield (AQY), maximum photosynthetic rate (P<inf>max</inf>), chlorophyll content, SOD activity and soluble protein content of flag leaf for minimum and no-tillage methods were significantly higher than that of the conventional tillage method, but the MDA content was lower at 15 days after wheat anthesis, and the senescence degree of wheat flag leaf was significantly lower than that of the conventional tillage method. It was considered that the higher photosynthetic capacity and lower senescence degree of wheat leaves during grain-filling period of two conservation tillage methods was a key reason for their higher yield than that of the conventional tillage method.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Chlorophyll - Crops - Cultivation - Experiments - Grain (agricultural product) - Heat radiation - Oxygen - Photosynthesis - Plants (botany) - Radiation effects  - Soil conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Conservation tillage - Light response curves - Photosynthetic capacity - Photosynthetic characteristics - Superoxide dismutase activities - Winter wheat - Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) - Yield
Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 744 Lasers - 741.1 Light/Optics - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 461.9 Biology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20134116842423
Title:Effects of ratio of boron modified phenolic resin to nitrile butadiene rubber on properties of friction materials
Authors:Liu, Junheng (1); He, Chunxia (1); Liu, Jing (1); Fu, Jingjing (1); Lu, Derong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210031, China; (2) The Key Laboratory of Intelligence Agriculture Equipment of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210031, China
Corresponding author:He, C.(chunxiahe@tom.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:84-89
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Phenolic resin, epoxy resin, styrene butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene can be used as friction material matrix. Due to poor wear resistance, heat resistance and adhesive properties of epoxy resin, styrene butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene, their applications in friction materials are limited. The advantages of phenolic resin on the heat resistance, adhesive property, mechanical properties, processing properties and lower cost make it become the most commonly used in adhesive base material of composite friction material. However, the pure phenolic resins are brittle, poor toughness, high hardness, poor heat resistance, low strength and large noise during using stage, so modification is an effective method to improve the comprehensive performance. The effects of different ratio of boron modified phenolic resin (BPF) and nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) on mechanical properties, thermal stability, friction and wear properties of the friction material were investigated. Filled with carbon fibers, steel fibers, graphite particles, Al2O3 particles and deposit BaSO4 particles, the friction material was prepared with different ratios of boron modified phenolic resin with NBR, which was used as the matrix material. The friction material was formed by die pressing in the temperature of 160&deg;C and in the load of 10 MPa. The density of the friction material was tested by DH-300 electronic densimeter, the hardness of the friction material was tested by XHR-150 plastic Rockwell hardness tester, the compression strength of the friction material was tested by CSS-44100 electronic universal material testing machine, and the friction and wear properties of the friction material was tested by M-2000A friction and wear testing machine in the loads of 100, 150 and 200 N. The thermal stability of the friction material was analyzed by SMZ1000 zoom stereo microscope. The results showed that the BPF/NBR ratio affected the mechanical properties, wear resistance and heat resistance of the friction material considerably. When BPF/NBR ratio was 6:1, the friction material has the highest density, hardness and compression strength, which are 1.933 g/cm³, 105 HRL and 134 MPa respectively . When BPF/NBR ratio was 5: 1, the friction material has the least wear lost. With the increasing of BPF/NBR ratio, the plowing resistance of the friction material was enhanced and the adhesive transfer was weakened. The thermal stability of the BPF was enhanced when modified again by NBR, and the best ratio was between 4:1 and 5:1.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Friction materials
Controlled terms:Boron - Compressive strength - Epoxy resins - Hardness - Heat resistance - Phenolic resins - Polytetrafluoroethylenes - Rubber - Silanes - Specific heat  - Styrene - Synthetic resins - Thermodynamic stability - Wear of materials - Wear resistance
Uncontrolled terms:Boron modified phenolic resins - Comprehensive performance - Friction and wear performance - Friction and wear properties - Matrix modification - Nitrile butadiene rubber - Rockwell hardness tester - Styrene butadiene rubber
Classification code:931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 818.1 Natural Rubber - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20134116842418
Title:Design and field experiment of drawing resistance measurement system for cotton stalk
Authors:Li, Yi (1); Zhang, Guozhong (1); Zhou, Yong (1); Ji, Wenfeng (1); Li, Zhaodong (1); Zhang, Yixiang (1); Zhai, Kangyi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, G.(zhanggz@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:43-50
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The annual production of cotton stalks is about 22.8 million tons in China. As a by-product of cotton industry, cotton stalks not only can be used in the production of renewable biomass energy, but also can be utilized in papermaking or production of wood-based panels and so on. Because of the varying diameters of cotton main stalks, and the higher harvesting intensity and power consumption associated with thicker stalks, studies on cotton stalk mechanical harvesting technology have been one of the key problems in cotton mechanization technology research in recent years. In order to study the influence of factors such as soil, cotton stalk diameter, and draft angle on the stalk drawing resistance, a set of real-time drawing resistance measurement programs for cotton stalk was designed based on virtual instrument technology, and a kind of adjustable motor drawing device for cotton stalk was developed. The stalk draft resistance was tested with the system, which consisted of the software and the device. The system was programmed with LabVIEW graphical editor language to automate data collection and reading, data analysis and computing, real-time display, and archival. The drawing device was made up of a pair of drawing clips, a drawing sleeve, a tension sensor, a drawing rod, a reel, a wire rope, a frame, a pulley, and a support frame. The universal material mechanical performance testing machine was used to calibrate the drawing resistance measurement system. Experimental results showed that the measurement system was able to accurately measure the output signal of the tension sensor, with a maximum error was 0.405% between the output load from universal testing machine and the input load from measurement program, which had a high value for practical application. The field experiments of pulling the cotton stalks were conducted in the experimental field of Huazhong Agricultural University. The row spacing of cotton stalks in this experimental plot was 800 mm, and the plant spacing was about 450mm. The experiments were conducted during the period of January to March in 2013. The field experiments of pulling the cotton stalks involved variable soil moisture (26.93%, 28.13%, and 25.44%), cotton root diameter, draft angle (30&deg;, 40&deg;, and 50&deg;), and draft speed (9.42 mm/s and 6.28 mm/s) as influencing factors. The stalk branches were excised and the main stalk was reserved with length of 300 mm before the experiments. After putting the stalk into the drawing sleeve and locking onto it, the stepper motor was turned on, and the reel pulling the rope which pulled the sleeve, and the sensor was set between the rope and sleeve to measure the draft resistance. The field experiment results showed that there was a positive linear correlation between cotton root diameter and cotton stalk draft resistance in the same soil condition, and there existed a negative linear relationship between the draft resistance and soil moisture. Changes in soil moisture had an enormous influence on drawing resistance. The regression analysis showed the fitting equation was significant, and its R² was 0.764. The draft angle had significant influence on the stalk draft resistance, and the optimal draft angle was 30&deg; under the test conditions. The influence of draft resistance on the draft speed was related to the soil condition, which was no significant impact on the drawing resistance with high soil moisture and low soil firmness, but the effect was opposite with the low soil moisture and high soil compactness when the optimal drawing speed was 6.28mm/s under the test conditions. We conclude that it is quite favorable for reducing power consumption and improving harvest efficiency byto select the appropriate harvest time according to soil conditions. The measurement system was able to quickly complete the draft resistance measurement during the whole process of the draft test. The measurement system was easy to operate and control, it was able to quickly complete the draft resistance measurement during the test, and the data collected were accurate and effective, which could provide mechanics and structural parameters for the study of cotton stalk harvest machinery and the research of cotton stalk draft resistance.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Cotton
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Application programs - Electric resistance measurement - Experiments - Harvesting - Materials testing apparatus - Measurements - Optimization - Regression analysis - Rope  - Sensors - Software testing - Soil moisture - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Linear relationships - Mechanical performance - Renewable biomass energy - Resistance measurement - Structural parameter - Universal testing machines - Variable soil moistures - Virtual instrument technology
Classification code:921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 942.2 Electric Variables Measurements - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 901.3 Engineering Research - 423.1 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Equipment - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 535 Rolling, Forging and Forming - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 801 Chemistry - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20134116842425
Title:Simulation of critical nitrogen concentration, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen nutrition index of processing tomato with drip irrigation
Authors:Wang, Xin (1); Ma, Fuyu (1); Diao, Ming (1); Fan, Hua (1); Cui, Jing (1); Jia, Biao (1); He, Haibing (1); Liu, Qi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (2) The Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agricultural, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi 832003, China
Corresponding author:Diao, M.(diaoming@shzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:99-108
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In many crops, nitrogen concentration decreases with increasing plant mass. A critical N concentration in plant above-ground biomass, which is defined as the minimum N concentration required for maximum plant growth, can be found at any time in the growth cycle. To determine the critical N concentration dilution curve for drip-irrigated processing tomato, three years of field experiments with five levels of N applications (0, 75, 150, 300, 450, 600 kg/hm²) were carried out in Shihezi city, northern Xinjiang. Results showed that N concentration in above-ground biomass declined with accumulated physiological development time after emergence. The relationship between the above-ground biomass and critical N concentration can be described by the power equation (%N<inf>c</inf>=4.352DW^-0.274), with a<inf>c</inf>=4.352 and b=0.274 for three experiments. Taking into account all data from the three experiments, we observed a large variability in total N concentration for a given biomass. Using the observed maximum, %N<inf>max</inf> and the minimum N concentration, %N<inf>min</inf> at each sampling date, the following two boundary curves were determined. The boundary curve model also followed a power equation (%N<inf>max</inf>=5.063DW^-0.246, %N<inf>min</inf>=3.522DW^-0.163), with a<inf>max</inf>=5.063, b<inf>max</inf>=0.246, and a<inf>min</inf>=3.522, b<inf>min</inf>=0.163 for all three experiments. Based on the critical N concentration dilution model, a model of the allometric relationship between crop N uptake at each N application level and above-ground biomass, and a model of nitrogen nutrition index (NNI), were developed. The former can be used as an index for controlling N application, and the latter can be used to express the N status of the drip-irrigated processing tomato plants. If NNI=1, N nutrition is considered to be optimum; NNI&amp;gt;1 indicates excess N, and NNI&lt;1 indicates N deficiency. Based on the critical N concentration model, the model of N uptake at growth period for potential growth and yield was developed. According to the N-uptake model coefficient, NNI, and N uptake under critical N concentrations, we concluded that 300 kg/hm² could be used as the optimum N application rate of drip-irrigated processing tomatoes in northern Xinjiang. Furthermore, there existed agreement between our model and the reference relationship for C<inf>3</inf> crops. Thus our results could be used to guide the dynamic precision fertilization and provide a theoretical basis for optimal nitrogen management of drip-irrigated processing tomato in Xinjiang.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Nitrogen
Controlled terms:Biomass - Crops - Experiments - Forestry - Fruits - Irrigation - Models - Nutrition - Stream flow
Uncontrolled terms:Above ground biomass - Allometric relationship - Drip irrigation - Nitrogen concentrations - Nitrogen management - Nitrogen nutrition - Processing tomatoes - Reference relationships
Classification code:461.7 Health Care - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 902.1 Engineering Graphics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20134116842434
Title:Effects of climate change and variety alternative on potential yield of spring maize in Northeast China
Authors:L&#252;, Shuo (1); Yang, Xiaoguang (1); Zhao, Jin (1); Liu, Zhijuan (1); Li, Ke'nan (1); Mu, Chenying (1); Chen, Xiaochao (1); Chen, Fanjun (1); Mi, Guohua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Corresponding author:Yang, X.(yangxg@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:179-190
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:A significant warming of the regional climate with a 0.38&deg;C&middot(10a)^-1 rise in annual air temperature has occurred in Northeast China, which is one of the major agricultural production areas in China. It is essential to investigate the impact of climate change on the potential yield for spring maize, of which the total yield accounts for 30% of the nation's production, and to demonstrate the contributions of new varieties to the yield increases. In this study, potential yields for different varieties of spring maize which was bred in different eras was analyzed, and the impacts of climate change on the potential yield of spring maize and the contributions of the spring maize varieties to the yield increases were analyzed. The APSIM-Maize model was calibrated and validated using the data obtained through field experiments in Lishu Jilin from 2010 to 2011. The validated model was then used to simulate potential yields for different varieties of spring maize. Guarantee rates and partial correlation analysis were introduced to analyze the impact of climate change on maize potential yield. Our results indicated, when the varieties did not change, the 50-year average potential yields of different spring maize varieties, which were bred in the 1960 s, 1970 s, 1980 s, 1990 s, and 2000 s are 7 879 kg/hm², 11 482 kg/hm^-2, 12 148 kg/hm², 13 400 kg/hm², and 14 139 kg/hm² respectively, and increase as the bred eras became later; the average potential yield from 1961 to 2010 was 11 537 kg/hm² when the varieties changed as new varieties bred. The potential yield decreased when the same hybrid was specified in APSIM for all years, if there were no changes of cultivation and management measures. Climate change showed a negative impact on the potential yield on maize, decreased by 22%-26%, and the decrease of the sunshine hour in the growing period is the main reason that led to a potential yield decline. However if the varieties change continually from 1961 to 2010, the potential yield showed an increasing trend, which indicated that the contributions of new varieties were 46.1%-79.0%. Therefore, the variety improvement of spring maize has compensated for the negative effect of climate change. The increases of the length of the growing period from blossom to maturity, aboveground biomass and harvest index of new varieties were beneficial to yield increases. Therefore, choosing good varieties with a longer growing period and optimizing the planting structure are important approaches to increasing production.
Number of references:48
Main heading:Climate change
Controlled terms:Correlation methods - Cultivation - Grain (agricultural product) - Models
Uncontrolled terms:Above ground biomass - Agricultural productions - Average potential - Increasing production - Management measures - Partial correlation - Potential yield - Spring maize
Classification code:451 Air Pollution - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20134116842448
Title:Micro morphology and properties of tribological action for shell in Cyclina sinensis
Authors:Ma, Yunhai (1); Lin, Fudong (1); Yan, Zhifeng (1); Zhuang, Jian (1); Wang, Zhiqin (1); Deng, Zhihua (1); Tong, Jin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
Corresponding author:Ma, Y.(myh@jlu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:298-304
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Shells of Cyclina sinensis have excellent mechanical properties, and they have become a hot research topic for bionic design and materials development. Cyclina sinensis shells in the City of Yingkou, Liaoning Province were our research subject. The micromorphology of different layers of Cyclina sinensis shells was observed by using JSM-6700F cold field scanning electron microscope (SEM), and it was shown that the surface of the periostracum was comparatively smooth, and its back was covered by a large number of irregular, spherical particles. There are lots of holes on the surface of the prismatic layer, and the secreted mucus of Cyclina sinensis shells arrives at the surface of the periostracum through those holes. When the particle size and pore size of the prismatic surface coincide was in the same scope with good chimeric, periostracum and prismatic layers were closely together under secreted mucus. Tribological properties of the Cyclina sinensis shell was studied by using UMT micro-friction and a wear-testing machine. The experiment showed that the relative order of influence on the friction coefficient is sand paper, normal load, time, and sliding speed; the relative order of influence on the wear rate is sand paper, time, sliding speed, and normal load. The smallest wear rate was observed when the time was 5 min, the normal load was 20 N, the sliding speed was 0.188 m/s, and the sandpaper specification was 1000 meshes. Under those conditions the wear performance of Cyclina sinensis shell was best. According to the results of an orthogonal experiment, under the conditions of friction time 1000 s, sliding speed 0.188 m/s, and sandpaper specification of 1000 meshes, sample data and worn surface micromorphology were analyzed under the conditions of two normal loads, 20 N and 25 N. When the normal load was 20 N, in the early portion of the experiment the Cyclina sinensis shell had a larger friction coefficient, and the periostracum and sandpaper began to contact with each other. The periostracum was worn away after 25 s, the prismatic layer and sandpaper began to contact with each other, so the friction coefficient briefly decreased, after which the friction coefficient began to increase again, reaching a stable value at about 300 s. When the normal load was 20 N at the beginning of the friction surface the complex microstructure under high load was damaged because of excessive pressure. Micro morphology of worn surface for shells of Cyclina sinensis was observed using JSM-6360LV cold field scanning electron microscope (SEM), the major worn mechanism for shell of Cyclina sinensis were abrasive wear and mild delamination wear under low test load condition, as well as abrasive wear and serious delamination wear under higher test load condition.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Shells (structures)
Controlled terms:Abrasion - Body fluids - Delamination - Dynamic analysis - Experiments - Friction - Materials - Mechanical properties - Morphology - Propulsion  - Scanning electron microscopy - Specifications - Surfaces - Tribology
Uncontrolled terms:Complex microstructures - Cyclina sinensis - Friction coefficients - Hot research topics - Materials development - Orthogonal experiment - Periostracum - Tribological properties
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 902.2 Codes and Standards - 901.3 Engineering Research - 682 Railroad Rolling Stock - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 422.2 Strength of Building Materials : Test Methods - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20134116842437
Title:Performance and dynamics of nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands at low frequency for shrimp culture
Authors:Zang, Weiling (1); Liu, Yongshi (1); Dai, Xilin (1); Zhang, Yu (1); Yang, Ming (3); Hou, Wenjie (1); Ding, Fujiang (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (2) Shanghai Fisheries Research Institute, Shanghai 200433, China; (3) Shanghai Shencao Special Fisheries Development Company, Shanghai 201516, China
Corresponding author:Zang, W.(wlzang@shou.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:210-217
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:A constructed wetlands ecosystem was developed with a low frequent operation combined with pond facilities to circularly treat culture wastewater for the purpose of studying the performance and dynamics of nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands. The FEW-SF wetlands ecosystem used in this study consisted of a free water surface flow (FWS) wetland and a subsurface flow (SF) wetland. The whole area of FEW-SF wetlands was 582.2 m², including three units: the slope unit, the macrophyte unit, and the reservoir unit with an area ratio of 1:2.3:1.4. Two shrimp culture ponds with an equal size were set as experimental and control ponds respectively. Each culture pond was equipped with four microvesicle aerators and water purification nets (5.25 m &times; 0.90 m) hung at 2 nets/m². The experiment was conducted during a 94 day period with no water exchange and chemical use. Since the 60th day, the constructed wetlands ecosystem was operated for three times at a hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 1.65 m/d and significantly removed TAN, TN, NO<inf>2</inf>-N by 37.9%, 26.7% (P&le0.01), and 22.7% (P&le0.05) respectively. Removal efficiencies of various nitrogen when culture wastewater was retained in the macrophytes unit for 144h showed that NO<inf>2</inf>-N, NO<inf>3</inf>-N and TN were significantly (P&le0.01) decreased at 6 h (17.5%), 18 h (25.8%), and 24 h (25.9%). The mean daily removal rate of each parameter declined with time and the removal rates of NO<inf>2</inf>-N, NO<inf>3</inf>-N and TN were 0.372-1.568 g/m²&middotd, 0.880-2.600 g/m²&middotd, 0.843-2.455 g/m²&middotd respectively and were higher than that of TAN. The concentrations of NO<inf>2</inf>-N, NO<inf>3</inf>-N, and TN declined with static time at an exponential function, in line with the first-order dynamics equation and the removal rate constants were 0.036 h^-1, 0.029 h^-1 and 0.009 h^-1. The initial main component of TN in culture wastewater was TIN, and then the main component of TN was gradually converted to TON after about static 52 h. The main water quality in the experimental pond was within the acceptable range for shrimp growth or survival and blue-green algae bloom was strongly inhibited. At the end of the experiment, average adult shrimp size and yield were significantly larger or higher than that in the control pond (P&le0.01). This experiment shows that the constructed wetlands ecosystem can effectively remove nitrogen and inhibit blue-green algae growth at low frequency operation combined with pond facilities without water exchange and medicine usage during a culture period to maintain the good water quality and finally ensure a good harvest.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Wetlands
Controlled terms:Algae - Dynamics - Ecosystems - Experiments - Lakes - Nitrogen - Nitrogen oxides - Rate constants - Reservoirs (water) - Shellfish  - Wastewater treatment - Water aeration - Water quality - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Constructed wetlands - Free water surfaces - Hydraulic loading rates - Litopenaeus vannamei - Low frequency - Removal efficiencies - Removal rate - Removal rate constant
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 901.3 Engineering Research - 931.1 Mechanics - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 441.2 Reservoirs - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 453.2 Water Pollution Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20134116842421
Title:Prediction of aerodynamic performance for MEXICO rotor
Authors:Hong, Zedong (1); Yang, Hua (1); Xu, Haoran (1); Shen, Wenzhong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Water Conservancy and Energy Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China; (2) Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
Corresponding author:Yang, H.(yanghua@yzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:67-74
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The aerodynamic performance of the MEXICO (Model EXperiments In Controlled cOnditions) rotor at five tunnel wind speeds is predicted by making use of BEM and CFD methods, respectively, using commercial MATLAB and CFD software. Due to the pressure differences on both sides of the blade, the tip-flow will produce secondary flow along the blade, consecutively resulting in decreases of torque. To overcome the above-mentioned issue, a variety of tip-correction models are developed, while most models overestimate the axial and tangential forces. To optimize accuracy, a new correction model summarized from CFD results by Shen is adopted in this paper. In order to accurately simulate the separation point and the separation area which is caused by the adverse pressure gradient, the CFD method using SST turbulence model is used to solve the three-dimensional Reynolds averaged equations. The first order upwind is used for the advection schemes, and the discrete equations are solved with simple algorithms. In addition, uniform velocity and static temperature are given as inlet boundary conditions, and static pressure is given as the circumferential outer boundary condition and the outlet boundary condition. The boundaries of fan-shaped both sides are defined as rotationally periodic connection, and the freeze rotor model is applied at the interface of the rotating and stationary domains, which means the relative position of rotating and stationary domains is fixed when calculating the flow field. Speed no-slip conditions are applied to solid walls such as blades. In this paper, two different meshing methods are used to generate a hexahedral grid for the rotating domain and a tetrahedral grid for stationary domain, between which comparison of the deviation of axial force on 60% blade cross section under the design condition (V<inf>tun</inf>=15 m/s) leads to a clear decision of the better mesh method with less deviation. Taking the better mesh method into consideration, the final number of rotating domain grids is calculated according to verification of grid independence, with an amount of 2, 961, 385. The conclusion of this paper will be illustrated from the following points: first, the comparison of the calculated and the experimental angle of attack distribution along the span direction shows that the maximum relative errors of the attack angle calculated by BEM and CFD respectively are -0.402 and 0.099; it further illustrates that the experimental results are substantially between the results obtained by the two methods, and closer to the result of CFD at the blade tip. Meanwhile, the axial force on the blade increases with increasing radius, while the tangential force shows small change. All of the axial and tangential force in each section increases with increasing wind speed. Additionally, the maximum relative errors of axial force calculated by BEM and CFD respectively are -0.139 and -0.096. In a word, the experimental data are in good agreement with the results calculated by BEM and CFD, confirming the reliability of the MEXICO data. Second, the SST turbulence model can better capture the flow separation on the blade and has high aerodynamic performance prediction accuracy for a horizontal axis wind turbine in axial inflow conditions. Finally, the comparisons of the axial and tangential forces as well as the contrast of the angle of attack indicate that the prediction accuracy of BEM method is high when the blade is not in the stall condition. However, the airfoil characteristic becomes unstable in the stall condition, and the maximum relative error of tangential force calculated by BEM is -0.471. As a result, prediction accuracy of the BEM method needs to be further improved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Aerodynamic loads - Angle of attack - Axial flow - Boundary conditions - Boundary element method - Electrooxidation - Errors - Fans - Forecasting - MATLAB  - Oceanography - Wind effects - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms:Adverse pressure gradient - Aero-dynamic performance - Aerodynamic performance predictions - Horizontal axis wind turbines - Maximum relative errors - Outlet boundary condition - Reynolds-averaged equations - SST turbulence models
Classification code:921.6 Numerical Methods - 921 Mathematics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 651.1 Aerodynamics, General - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 618.3 Blowers and Fans - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 471.1 Oceanography, General - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20134116842441
Title:Land suitability evaluation in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on fuzzy weight of evidence model
Authors:Jin, Gui (1); Wang, Zhanqi (1); Hu, Xuedong (1); Hu, Shougeng (1); Zhang, Daojun (3)
Author affiliation:(1) The School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China; (2) Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (3) State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Wuhan 430074, China
Corresponding author:Hu, S.(husg2009@gmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:241-250
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in China, arable land resources are still continuing to be occupied, leading to the intensification of conflicts between an increasing population and decreasing arable land resources. Thus, how to exploit and use the reserve resources of arable land in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has attracted much more attention under the serious situation of protecting arable land. But it is the necessary prerequisite to carry out a study on natural suitability evaluation before the exploitation and utilization of reserved arable land. This paper took the reserved arable land of 18 counties in the "Three Rivers" Area region of Tibet as an example. Eight factors of landform, climate, soil and water, that is, slope, elevation, slope direction, temperature, rainfall, soil depth, organic matter content, and distance to water area, were adopted as evaluation factors. The fuzzy weight of evidence model, which is both knowledge and data driven, was employed to get the grade of natural suitability evaluation of reserve resources of arable land, which was then compared with the result evaluated by a comprehensive index model. Evaluation results showed as follows: first, 99.38% of "reference objects" of the arable land are above the third grade on the basis of five suitability grades in total, which means that the fuzzy weight of evidence model could evaluate the natural suitability of reserved arable land effectively. Second, compared with the evaluation results of a comprehensive index model, 90.83% of the arable land resources are above the third grade, which shows the fuzzy weight of evidence model is more objective and reasonable than the comprehensive index model in this case. And it also overcomes the subjective arbitrariness in weight determination and the computation complexity by various natural conditions. Third, 11 434.1 km² of reserved arable land had suitable natural quality, among which grade 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 accounted for 9.6%, 5.5%, 38.6%, 22.8%, and 23.4% respectively. And we suggest that Shigatse, Konggar, Chanang, Lhaze&circ;, Ne&circ;dong, Lhasa, and Bainang counties should be the main areas for exploitation of reserved arable land in the future.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Models - Natural resources - Rural areas
Uncontrolled terms:Arable land - Comprehensive indices - Computation complexity - Fuzzy weight - Organic matter content - Qinghai Tibet plateau - Suitability evaluation - Weight determination
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444 Water Resources - 501 Exploration and Prospecting - 512 Petroleum and Related Deposits - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 902.1 Engineering Graphics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20134116842415
Title:Design and experiment of anti-blocking mechanism for inter-row no-tillage seeder
Authors:Jia, Honglei (1); Zhao, Jiale (2); Jiang, Xinming (2); Jiang, Tiejun (2); Wang, Yu (2); Guo, Hui (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China; (2) School of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
Corresponding author:Jia, H.(jiahl@vip.163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:16-25
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:An anti-blocking mechanism for no-tillage planters was designed, which is suitable to two kinds of tillage modes in Jilin Province: in-row and inter-row tilling alternately and wide-row and narrow-row fallowing alternately. The anti-blocking mechanism, which works in a passive way, is placed in front of the opener and has a combined blades structure. Eight slide cutting blades are fixed on a blade disc and the adjacent blades are mounted on each side of the disc respectively. When it works, the blade disc travels along with the tractor and rotates about the blade shaft under the action of the soil resistance. The side cutting blade only cuts off the stalk in a slide cutting way without crushing, thus both the rotational speed and power consumption of the blade can be reduced. Stalks can be cut off effectively when the tillage depth is not more than 60 mm through an optimal design of the curve of the side cutting edge of the slide cutting blade. The orthogonal combination experiments of three factors and three levels were conducted taking the working speed, rotational speed and rotational radius of the blade as the experimental factors by using Design-Expert software. The mechanism had advantages of lower power consumption and better&nbsp;soil-penetrating performance. The slide cutting process of stalks was studied by a combination of theoretical modeling and dynamic analysis, and the optimal curve of the side cutting edge was obtained. From this study we conclude that, 1) The optimal curve of the side cutting edge is a curve with equal side cutting angle, and the optimal working quality of the mechanism can be obtained when the static slide cutting angle at any point of the side cutting edge is 57&deg;. 2) The orthogonal combination experiments of three factors and three levels showed that the order of significance of influence of the factors on the stalk-cutting rates was the tillage depth, the rotational radius of the blade and the working speed; the order of significance of influence of the factors on power consumption of single blade was the rotational radius of the blade, the tillage depth and the working speed. 3) The optimal parameter combination of the side cutting blade is that working speed of 2.1 m/s, tillage depth of 53 mm and rotational radius of 185 mm. Verification testing indicated that the stalk-cutting rate was 90.9% and the power consumption of a single blade was 8.15 W. This study can provide a reference for the design of no-till planters.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cutting - Cutting tools - Design - Electric power utilization - Experiments - Optimization - Speed - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Anti-blocking mechanisms - Cutting angles - Experimental factors - Lower-power consumption - No-tillage seeders - Optimal parameter combinations - Theoretical modeling - Verification testing
Classification code:921.5 Optimization Techniques - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.1 Mechanics - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 604.1 Metal Cutting - 408 Structural Design - 605 Small Tools and Hardware
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20134116842447
Title:Optimization of liquid-fermentation technology for black garlic
Authors:Luo, Cangxue (1); Su, Dongxia (1); Chen, Shuyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Life Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
Corresponding author:Luo, C.(3577180@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:292-297
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In this study, fresh garlic was fermented into black garlic in high temperature and high humidity conditions. Five influencing factors (temperature, time, material selection, material-to-liquid ratio, and crushing granularity) were studied during fermentation process. Combining the measurement of soluble sugar content, total phenolic content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD)activity with sensory evaluation, we determined that it was mainly the Maillard reaction during the fermentation process. We selected 70, 80, and 85&deg;C for constant-temperature fermented garlic puree. On the basis of the effect of temperature on the black garlic fermentation we determined the time range of the subsection temperature-changing fermentation. Using a colorimeter, we dynamically detected the change of chromatic (L value) during the black garlic fermentation process, and we detected the content of soluble sugar, total phenolic content, and SOD activity. We found that the formation of garlic melanin was related to temperature and time. Garlic in high-temperature pre-fermentation conditions may form a large quantity of melanin. On the basis of constant temperature fermentation, the garlic puree was fermented with the subsection temperature-changing fermentation. The combinations of the selected temperature were: 65-80, 80-70, 85-65, 85-70&deg;C. The pre-fermentation time was 5-6 d, and the post- fermentation time was 11-13d. Combined sensory evaluation with detection of the content of soluble sugar, total phenolic content, and SOD activity, we determined the temperature and time combinations of the subsection temperature-changing fermentation. On the basis of the subsection temperature-changing fermentation, material selection, material-to-liquid ratio, and crushing granularity had been systematically studied to determine the optimum technology parameters of the liquid black garlic fermentation. Data were expressed in terms of means and standard deviations and were analyzed by Duncan-type multiple comparison method using SAS 17.0 software, using P&lt;0.05 as the significance threshold. Results showed that the temperature impacts on the fermentation of black garlic and the best process conditions were as follows: using subsection temperature-changing fermentation, temperature combinations selected for 85-70&deg;C, the pre-fermentation time was 5-6 d, post-fermentation time was 11-13d. We used purple garlic as the raw material, a material-to-liquid ratio of 2: 1, and a crushing granularity of 4mm. The resulting product was a uniform black brown, suitably sour and sweet, exhibited almost no acid smell, and compared with the unfermented garlic, the total phenolic content increased 5 times, SOD activity increased 15 times, and soluble sugar content decreased about 30%. Currently garlic consumption is mainly known for its raw materials and primary processing products, and its value is not high, so the study on the liquid fermentation technology of black garlic opens up a new field for the development and utilization of a garlic advanced- processing industry.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Fermentation
Controlled terms:Crushing - Liquids - Melanin - Optimization - Oxygen - Process control - Quality control
Uncontrolled terms:Black garlics - Development and utilizations - Effect of temperature - Soluble sugar contents - Superoxide dismutase activities - Technology parameters - The activity of SOD - Total phenolic content
Classification code:921.5 Optimization Techniques - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20134116842424
Title:Cave irrigation to improve navel orange growth and fruit quality in karst mountainous area
Authors:Fan, Weiguo (1); Ma, Wentao (1); Luo, Yan (1); Ge, Huimin (1); Wu, Sufang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Guizhou Fruits Engineering Technology Research Centre, Guiyang 550025, China; (2) Research Institute for Fruit Resources of Karst Mountain Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
Corresponding author:Fan, W.(wgfan@gzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:90-98
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:For developing citrus drought resistance and water saving cultivation techniques in karst mountainous area, the 12 years old Newhall navel orange was used as the testing material to study the effects of cave irrigation, surface irrigation and no irrigation (CK) on the growth of new shoot and fruit, nutrient element contents in the leaves, fruit yield and quality in karst mountainous area. The results showed that the sprouting period of navel orange under cave irrigation and surface irrigation was 30 d earlier than that of no irrigation. The spring shoot growing period and flowering period of navel orange under cave irrigation was 3-7 d earlier than that of surface irrigation and 30 d earlier than that of no irrigation. Under the same irrigation amount, cave irrigation and surface irrigation both could obviously improve the spring shoot growth of navel orange. However, cave irrigation was the best at increasing the number, length, diameter of spring shoot, the number of spring shoot leaf and its leaf area. Its effect on improvement of navel orange spring shoot growth was more obvious than that of surface irrigation. The navel orange leaf age was 26 and 25 months in cave irrigation and surface irrigation respectively. Old leaves fell off in late March to the middle of April and early March to late March in each year in cave irrigation and surface irrigation respectively. Cave irrigation was the best at maintaining leaf healthy and extending leaf life. Leaf life in no irrigation was the shortest, which old leaves fell off in middle of December to late December in each year and the leaf age was only 20 months. The fruits of cave irrigation matured in normal times. The fruit-coloring beginning period of surface irrigation was about 7 to 10 d earlier than that of cave irrigation. The fruit-coloring beginning period of no irrigation was more than 18 and 22 d earlier than that of cave irrigation and was more than 9 and 13 d earlier than that of surface irrigation. Cave irrigation could obviously improve the nutritional condition in navel orange tree. The contents of N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and B in navel orange leaf under cave irrigation increased a lot. By comparison of the leaf analysis nutrition diagnosis classification standard of citrus, the contents of all kinds of nutrient elements in navel orange leaves reached the optimum values levels under cave irrigation. Cave irrigation could improve fruit growth and quality more obviously compared with surface irrigation and no irrigation. The average weight per fruit, contents of soluble solids and total soluble sugar in sarcocarp and percentage of fruit juice were the highest in cave irrigation. There was significant difference between cave irrigation and surface irrigation, no irrigation (p&lt;0.05). Under the same irrigation amount, cave irrigation played a best role in effectively using water, improving navel orange grow, increasing the yield, improving the quality and nutritional status in navel orange tree. This study can provide a reference for citrus water-saving irrigation in karst mountainous area.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Caves - Citrus fruits - Forestry - Fruit juices - Growth (materials) - Nutrients - Nutrition - Plants (botany) - Surfaces - Water conservation  - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Classification standard - Karst - Karst mountainous areas - Navel orange - Water saving cultivations - Water use efficiency - Water-saving irrigation - Yield
Classification code:931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 822.3 Food Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 951 Materials Science - 481.1 Geology - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 444 Water Resources - 461.9 Biology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20134116842439
Title:Effect of bulking agent on CH<inf>4</inf>, N<inf>2</inf>O and NH<inf>3</inf> emissions in kitchen waste composting
Authors:Yang, Fan (1); Ouyang, Xihui (2); Li, Guoxue (1); Luo, Wenhai (1); Yang, Qingyuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, China; (2) Beijing Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring Station, Beijing 100029, China
Corresponding author:Li, G.(ligx@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:226-233
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Composting is a biological process which can reduce the volume and mass of organic waste, as well as produce a safe, stabilized, and nutrient enriched soil amendment. In recent years, composting has been widely used in handling kitchen waste. However, kitchen waste is different from mixed municipal solid waste, which has the characteristics of high organic matter and moisture content. It would produce a large quantity of greenhouse gas (GHG), ammonia, and leachate emitted to the environment, and the compost wouldn't reach the mature standard if composted alone. Bulking agent is a kind of compost amendment, which is usually used to create inter-particle voids to provide an air space in compost materials, meanwhile, to regulate the water content of the waste. Spent mushroom substrate is usually discarded after mushroom cultivation and is in need of processing, which has the appropriate characteristics of loose structure and small particle size as a bulking agent. In this study, the kitchen waste sorted from residential quarters was chosen as the research object, and the spent mushroom substrate was taken as the bulking agent. The added proportions (mass, wet basis) of spent mushroom substrate were set as 15%, 25%, and 35%, and a control treatment was conducted with kitchen waste without a bulking agent. The four aeration treatments were conducted over a 28-day period in 60 L reactors. The effects of spent mushroom substrate on greenhouse gas, NH<inf>3, </inf> and leachate emissions, as well as the optimal adding proportion in kitchen waste composting were investigated. During the experiment, maturity indexes such as temperature, pH, C/N, and germination index were determined. Meanwhile, continuous measurements of leachate and greenhouse gas emissions were carried out. The results showed that adding spent mushroom substrate could avoid leachate production in kitchen waste composting; compost from treatments with added proportions of 15% and 25% reached the mature standard of compost, however, the thermophilic phase in the 35% of spent mushroom substrate treatment was shorter (6 d) than that in the other treatments, which would decrease the degradation rate of organic matter. Adding spent mushroom substrate in kitchen waste composting could reduce the emissions of CH<inf>4</inf> and NH<inf>3</inf>, and the emission reductions were positively correlated with the added proportions of spent mushroom substrate; while only the treatment with 15% of spent mushroom substrate decreased N<inf>2</inf>O emissions obviously. Adding 15% and 25% of spent mushroom substrate in kitchen waste composting could reduce the total GHG emissions by 45.8% and 19.6% respectively (per ton of dry matter), but the GHG emissions from the 35% of spent mushroom substrate treatment was 1.14 times that of the control treatment. Spent mushroom substrate, waste of edible mushroom cultivation, can be added in kitchen waste composting as a bulking agent to reduce leachate and gaseous emissions, as well as to improve the nutrient content of compost.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Waste treatment
Controlled terms:Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Composting - Degradation - Emission control - Gas emissions - Greenhouse gases - Kitchens - Leachate treatment - Neutron emission  - Organic compounds - Soils - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:CH<inf>4</inf> - Continuous measurements - Greenhouse gas (GHG) - Leachate production - Mushroom cultivation - NH<inf>3</inf> - Small particle size - Spent mushroom substrates
Classification code:804.1 Organic Compounds - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 481.2 Geochemistry - 932.1 High Energy Physics - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 402 Buildings and Towers - 452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20134116842444
Title:Simulation of effect of main ecological factors on radial growth of Aspergillus flavus during storage period of corn
Authors:Yue, Xiaoyu (1); Li, Zigang (1); Hao, Xiuzhen (1); Xu, Jun (1); Liu, Xiangdong (2); Niu, Tiangui (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Quality Detection and Management, Henan College of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450011, China; (2) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Yue, X.(yuerain@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:269-276
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The safety of corn storage is related to food safety and human health. According to the predictive microbiology, the microorganism's growth in stored corn can be quickly judged in advance by construction of a predictive microbiology model. It plays an important part in controlling the growth of pathogens and spoilage microorganisms in stored grain. It is of important theoretical and practical application value to realize the ecological storage of corn and ensure the security of corn storage. The radial growth of A. flavus on corn was studied in this article. The testing of four temperatures and four a<inf>w</inf> values was designed. A full factorial design of four temperatures (20, 25, 30, and 35&deg;C) and four aw values (0.97, 0.91, 0.85, 0.81) was used to investigate the growth of A. flavus on corn. The colony growth curve of A. flavus on corn was determined. The objective of the present study was to develop validated models that describe the effect of the main ecological factors on the radial growth of Aspergillus flavus on corn. The growth data of A. flavus on corn under different temperatures and water activity were fitted by the Baranyi and Roberts functions. The corresponding growth kinetics models were built. The higher R² (0.993-0.998) showed that these growth kinetics models can be a good fit of the experimental conditions on the growth curve of A. flavus on corn. Afterwards, a quadratic polynomial function relating colony growth rate or lag phase to a<inf>w</inf> and temperature were developed. The models described the combined effect of a<inf>w</inf> and temperature on the growth rate and th lag phase. The models were validated by using independently collected data, respectively. The obtained bias factors ranged from 0.896 to 0.963, and the accuracy factors were less than 1.15. The MSEs (0.008-0.334) were low, also. These observations were confirmed by the distribution of the validation data about the 3D surfaces of the models. Generally, the validation data was evenly distributed about the model surfaces developed from the quadratic polynomial function. Consequently, the results showed the quadratic polynomial functions built were good predictors for describing the combined effect of a<inf>w</inf> and temperature on the colony growth rate and the lag phase duration of A. flavus, respectively. The developed equations can be applied to forecast the colony growth of A. flavus in stored corn.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Grain growth
Controlled terms:Aspergillus - Digital storage - Ecology - Energy storage - Functions - Growth rate - Microorganisms - Models - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Aspergillus flavus - Corn - Experimental conditions - Full factorial design - Predictive micro-biology - Quadratic polynomial functions - Spoilage microorganisms - Validation
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 933.1.2 Crystal Growth - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 461.9 Biology - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 641.1 Thermodynamics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20134116842429
Title:Applications of unmanned aerial vehicle images on agricultural remote sensing monitoring
Authors:Wang, Limin (1); Liu, Jia (1); Yang, Lingbo (1); Chen, Zhongxin (1); Wang, Xiaolong (1); Ouyang, Bin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Corresponding author:Wang, L.(wanglimin01@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:136-145
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:By taking Agricultural High-tech Industrial Park of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Wan Zhuang) and its peripheral regions with a total area of 4.2 &times; 3.1 km as the study area, this paper carried out an aerial photogrammetry experiment by using the RICOH GXR A12 camera carried on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and the experiment mainly tested the precisions of planar positioning under a POS (positioning and orientation system) supported bundle block adjustment method and of area measurement, as well as the precision of the crop area identification of an UAV orthophoto map obtained from an aerial triangulation correction. We use an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to obtain 690 images which covered the whole study area. After a series of processes such as image screen, POS-supported aerial triangulation correction, digital elevation model making, image fusion, and digital differential rectification, we have obtained the ortho-photo map of the whole study area. Since the deployment of high precision ground control point wastes time and energy, POS-supported aerial triangulation employs a non-control point model. Therefore, its absolute positioning precision may be affected by the error of the GPS carried on an UAV. In order to eliminate this error, the project team used a high precision wordview image to rectify the ortho-photo map. In this way, we could improve the image positioning precision, and meanwhile unify the study sample areas with the overall larger scope image coordinate system, so as to provide high precision samples for large-scale agriculture remote sensing statistics and monitoring. The result shows that, under the condition of no control point and after direct POS data bundle block adjustment, the mean square error of plane positioning precision of the X axis direction is 2.29 m, Y direction is 2.78 m, and overall plane error is 3.61 m. If a three order general polynomial model is adopted to conduct a geometric precision correction, then the mean square error of the X axis direction is 1.59 m, the Y direction is 1.8965 m, and the mean square error of the overall plane is 2.32 m. The above figures conform to the 1:10 000 ground plane precision requirements specified in the 'Standard for Aerotriangulation of Digital Aerophotogrammetry' and can meet the positioning precision requirements of a crop area survey in remote sensing monitoring. After obtaining the ortho-photo map, the four ground objects in the area evaluation areas of spring corn, summer corn, alfalfa, and bare soil were classified by employing two methods of supervised classification and object-oriented classification. By taking the differential GPS survey results as the evaluation criteria, the overall precisions of the four crops reached 88.2% (supervised classification) and 92.0% (object-oriented classification) respectively. The separate classification precisions of the two classification methods of the four ground objects were 88.9%, 86.7%, 93.0%, 86.6%, and 90.35%, as well as 90.35%, 92.61%, 94.93%, and 93.30% respectively. The result showed that remote sensing images of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), by acquiring small scale and quadrat sampled crop images, have a prospect of wide application. After promotion, it can meet the demands of nationwide crop ground sampling on high spatial resolution images, and can partially replace the operation model of GPS measurement.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Experiments - Global positioning system - Image fusion - Image processing - Image reconstruction - Maps - Mean square error - Monitoring  - Remote sensing - Rock mechanics - Surveys - Triangulation
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural remote sensing - Classification precision - Digital differential rectifications - High spatial resolution images - Object oriented classification - Positioning and orientation systems - Remote sensing monitoring - Supervised classification
Classification code:944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 731.1 Control Systems - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 502.1 Mine and Quarry Operations - 405.3 Surveying
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20134116842443
Title:Study on rice chalkiness automatic detection algorithm for sorting processing
Authors:Liu, Yingying (1); Ding, Weimin (1); Li, Yinian (1); Chen, Jianwei (2); Xie, Qin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Intelligent Agricultural Equipment, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China; (2) Jiangsu Province Grain and Oil Quality Inspection Station, Nanjing 210001, China
Corresponding author:Ding, W.(wmding@jlonline.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:262-268
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The rice chalky portion is defined as the opaque white portion in rice endosperm. Chalky rice not only affects its appearance quality, but also affects its cooking and taste quality, and then reduces the rice commodity price. Therefore, picking chalky grain in the processing of rice sorting has important practical value and economic value. In this paper, different rice combination images appearing in the sorting process was researched, and the rice kernels' chalky portions were segmented automatically using image processing technology. According to the national standard requirements, chalky degree and chalky rice rate as rice chalky indexes were determined. First, the background image of the multi-grain rice image was segmented automatically in I color channel using an Otsu algorithm. Then, the segmented binary image and the original image were phased to get the rice image while removing the background. Viewing the rice transparent part as background and the rice chalky part as the foreground, the image was automatically segmented again using a Chebyshev approximation algorithm. The fake chalky areas in the image were removed using the area threshold method in a twice segmentation process. In this paper, a rice chalky portion automatic recognition algorithm and a chalky rice index detection algorithm were given and experimentally analyzed from their robustness, accuracy, and time-consuming aspects. The results showed that the algorithm could implement adaptive threshold selection, and realize the chalkiness complete segmentation of a combination image especially an image including yellow rice and rice with impurities, so the algorithm robustness was strong. According to the national standard requirements, one hundred rice kernels with 40% chalky rice rate were selected and different rice kernel images with a random combination were segmented to verify the accuracy and time-consuming of the algorithm. The results were that the chalky rice rate accuracy was 95% and the calculation error of the chalky degree was 2.39%. The chalkiness detection average time of each rice kernel was 3.8 ms, and the algorithm counting time was short and suitable for online operations.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Approximation algorithms - Chebyshev approximation - Image processing - Image segmentation - Signal detection
Uncontrolled terms:Appearance qualities - Automatic Detection - Automatic detection algorithms - Automatic recognition - Chalky rice - Detection algorithm - Image processing technology - Segmentation process
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20134116842432
Title:Adaptive segmentation of field image for green plants
Authors:Zhou, Jun (1); Wang, Mingjun (2); Shao, Qiaolin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Intelligent Agricultural Equipments, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China; (2) Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, J.(zhoujun@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:163-170
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:There are inherent variations of color features in images of different natural field environments, which lead to a big challenge when areas of all kinds of green plants need to be extracted from soil background according to the color information in some applications, such as weeds recognition and agricultural robot navigation. So an adaptive image segmentation method was developed. Firstly, the initial segmentation model was set up based on support vector machine (SVM) with the labeled training samples. Then the unlabeled training samples were obtained automatically from the images to be segmented based on the K-means clustering. Both the unlabeled and labeled samples constituted the set of hybrid training samples. Secondly, the transductive support vector machine (TSVM) was trained based on these hybrid training samples. The unlabeled samples were labeled by the TSVM, and the distribution information of color features in the images which provided unlabeled samples was mined out. Finally, the new set of labeled training samples was obtained by discarding some inappropriate ones in the hybrid training samples according to their distance to the optimal classification plane. The initial segmentation model was updated with new labeled training samples, and in this way the updated model was more pertinent to the particular field images for segmentation. The experimental results showed that the pertinence between the segmentation model and the specific natural field image had been improved, and the adaptability of segmentation processing had been enhanced significantly.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Color - Image processing - Sampling - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive image segmentation - Adaptive segmentation - Farmland - Initial segmentation - K-means clusters - Optimal classification - Segmentation processing - Transductive support vector machine
Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801 Chemistry
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20134116842422
Title:Development and experiment of efficient deep planting earth auger
Authors:Jiang, Chenlong (1); Yu, Guosheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Nanjing Forest Police College, Nanjing 210023, China
Corresponding author:Yu, G.(sgyzh@bjfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:75-83
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Desertification is the one of humanity's most serious problems. Most countries have paid a lot of attention to combat desertification. China is one of the most desertified countries in the world. The deserted land is up to 27.32% of China's total cultivated land. Afforestation and recovering vegetation on the desertified land is the most efficient and practical method to combat desertification. An investigation on deep tree planting in an arid area showed that planted trees have had almost a 100% survival rate when planted at depths exceeding 1.4m and a 78% survival rate when planting depth is 70cm to 80cm. Deep tree planting is a remarkable technology and an effective method to increase the tree planting survival rate and keep rate. In order to improve the efficiency of deep planting afforestation and to reduce its cost, an efficient deep-planting earth auger was designed. The deep planting earth auger was powered with an LH1630-2 mini agricultural tractor. The machine was totally hydraulic driving, operating, and controlling. The deep planting earth auger has two sets of working devices, which can drill two holes in one cycle of work, and the distance between the working devices can be adjusted as required. The entire drilling machine is composed of the LH1630-2 tractor, trailer, gearbox, hydraulic pump station, hydraulic control platform, and drilling devices. The trailer is towed by the LH1630-2 tractor with mount point. The PTO shaft of the tractor drives the hydraulic pump, and the hydraulic pump station drives the working devices. The gearbox, pump station, fuel tank, hydraulic control platform, and drilling devices are arranged on trailers. The paper provides the completed design of parts, such as gear box, drilling equipment, lifting equipment, chain tensioner, pulley equipment, auger bit, vertical guidance, and trailer, and instructions for complete production and assembly of the prototype. In this paper, using the deep planting earth auger a deep drilling experiment has been carried out in the forest of Inner Mongolia. The result of the deep drilling experiment shows that the deep planting earth auger was functioning smoothly. Its efficiency can reach 180 holes/h, and each hole features a 90mm diameter and up to 1.7 m depth. In addition, the space between the holes can be adjusted between 2.5 m to 4 m. The space between the lines can be adjusted by changing the motion of the tractor. The theoretical and test research of tree planting equipment used in arid areas give a theoretical and reliable basis for machine design and manufacture. The developed tree deep planting machine is suited to local conditions. The machines will speed up combat against desertification by increasing tree planting efficiency.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Hydraulic machinery
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Augers - Climatology - Drilling equipment - Drilling machines (machine tools) - Efficiency - Experiments - Forestry - Machine design - Machinery  - Pumps - Reforestation - Tractors (agricultural)
Uncontrolled terms:Cultivated lands - Design and manufactures - Hydraulic control - Hydraulic driving - Its efficiencies - Lifting equipments - Local conditions - Practical method
Classification code:913.1 Production Engineering - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 618.2 Pumps - 604.2 Machining Operations - 603.1 Machine Tools, General - 601 Mechanical Design - 502.2 Mine and Quarry Equipment - 443 Meteorology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20134116842430
Title:Estimating and dynamic change of vegetation water use efficiency in Yangtze and Yellow River headwater regions
Authors:Zhang, Chunmin (1); Liang, Chuan (1); Long, Xunjian (2); Wei, Renjuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of water resource and Hydropower, State Key Library of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (2) College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
Corresponding author:Liang, C.(lchester@sohu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:146-155
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The alteration of water and carbon cycles can produce great influence on the terrestrial ecosystem, as far as to the whole earth. Vegetation water use efficiency (WUE) is the important variable on the contact of a carbon cycle and hydrological cycle in the vegetation ecosystem. In addition, study of vegetation WUE, in Yangtze and Yellow River Headwater Region, can provide important support for region ecological environment development. Therefore, in order to obtain the change characteristics of the hydrologic and carbon cycle within the terrestrial ecosystem under a data shortage condition, this manuscript, focused on the advantages and applicability of light energy utilization model (CASA model) and a FAO Penman-Monteith model, estimated the vegetation WUE and analyzed the dynamic change situation from year 2000 to 2010. Furthermore, test data which consisted of several vegetation types were subject to verification. The results revealed that a CASA model could reflect vegetation WUE distribution characteristics preferable in time and space. During the study phase, a decrease trend of vegetation WUE was obvious. Moreover, a changing rate of partition, in the Yellow River headwater Region and Yangtze headwater region, was relatively different. In terms of these two area, the alpine grassland in the Yellow River headwater Region showed more obvious expression to reducing than that of the Yangtze headwaters region. As far as the regulation was concerned within the year, continuous mono-peek distributions mainly appeared in the Yangtze headwaters region. In addition, changes by leaps and bounds turned up in the Yellow River Headwater Region. These cases showed that carbon sequestration capacity in the Yangtze headwaters region was much better during the calculation period. In addition, studies of principal component analysis indicated that the factors, such as NDVI, temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and evaporation are closely related to vegetation WUE. Especially the NDVI, precipitation, and temperature were the main influencing factors in the study area.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Vegetation
Controlled terms:Carbon - Ecosystems - Efficiency - Energy utilization - Estimation - Principal component analysis - Remote sensing - Rivers - Sun - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Carbon sequestration - Distribution characteristics - Dynamic changes - Ecological environments - Fao penman monteiths - Head waters - Terrestrial ecosystems - Water use efficiency
Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 921 Mathematics - 913.1 Production Engineering - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 731.1 Control Systems - 657.2 Extraterrestrial Physics and Stellar Phenomena - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 407.2 Waterways
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20134116842427
Title:Computational model of pond re-storage times in Jianghuai hilly area based on SCS model
Authors:Jiang, Shangming (1); Jin, Juliang (2); Xu, Hu (1); Cao, Xiuqing (1); Wu, Chengguo (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Water Conservancy and Water Resources of Anhui Province, Water Resources Research Institute of Anhui Province and Huaihe River Commission, Ministry of Water Resources, Bengbu 233000, China; (2) School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (3) Institute of Water Resources and Environmental Systems Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
Corresponding author:Jin, J.(JINJL66@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:117-124
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Pond re-storage times refers to the ratio of effective utilization of water and pond capacity, and is one of the important characteristic values reflecting the water supply capacity of a pond. It is the important parameters indicating water supply estimates and capacity determination of a pond. It has great guiding significance for regional pond planning and regulation of water resources in irrigation. At present, domestic and foreign scholars have carried out considerable research work on rainwater utilization, but fewer relevant outcomes have been projected on pond re-storage times in a hilly region. A pond in a hilly region has the features that small-scale projects monomer pond, a small amount of water, its water storage capacity is small, and its controlled irrigation area is small, but the distribution is wide, with a large number of groups, groups of large capacity, and so on. For this type of small water storage facilities, generally not hydrology and runoff observation points, there are almost no measured hydrological and runoff observations, and this has caused great difficulties for hydrological calculations. Predictions in ungauged basins (PUB) has been the focus of hydrology research and one of the difficult problems, and has been a widespread concern of scholars at home and abroad. A SCS model was the design flood of a small watershed model that was presented by United States Department of agriculture soil conservation service in the 1950s. It has the features that make the calculation process simple, with fewer required parameters of data readily available, especially for areas without data or lack of data. That has been widely used in various hydrologic problems, such as river engineering planning, soil and water conservation, flood control, city hydrology, and in ungaged basins, and achieved good results. On this basis, the pond irrigation area of Jianghuai Hilly as an example was selected, with hydrological simulation without any data of the pond irrigation district was resolved by the SCS model, and a rainfall runoff simulation model of the pond irrigation district was built. The typical crop water requirement was calculated by the Penman-Monteith formula. Then a water balance analysis of the pond irrigation system was achieved, and pond re-storage times were reasonably projected. And problems that existed in the present situation of the pond irrigation system were found. These can provide theoretical support for pond engineering planning, adjustment of planting structure, and determination of the needed irrigation system in a hilly region, and have obvious practical guiding significance and important value for popularization and application.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Lakes
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Digital storage - Engineering research - Flood control - Floods - Irrigation - Models - Ponding - Rain - Runoff  - Soil conservation - Storage (materials) - Water conservation - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Hilly areas - Hydrological simulations - Penman-Monteith formula - Predictions in ungauged basins - Rainfall-runoff simulations - Soil and water conservation - United states department of agricultures - Water balance analysis
Classification code:914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 694.4 Storage - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 901.3 Engineering Research - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 454.1 Environmental Engineering, General - 444.1 Surface Water - 444 Water Resources - 443.3 Precipitation - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 402 Buildings and Towers - 446.1 Water Supply Systems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20134116842431
Title:Detection of total potassium and total phosphorus in soil in GAN NAN navel orange orchard using near infrared spectroscopy
Authors:Liu, Yande (1); Xiong, Songsheng (1); Wu, Zhijing (1); Zhou, Yanhua (1); Liu, Deli (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China; (2) Agriculture and Food Bureau in Xingguo Jiangxi, Xingguo 342400, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Y.(jxliuyd@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:156-162
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To study the distribution of soil nutrients and build soil models of the total potassium (TK) and the total phosphorus (TP) that could predict the measured value, the soil samples coming from GAN NAN navel orange orchard were collected. The precision of the soil moisture measurement using near-infrared spectra and quantitative analysis model method on the sample condition, soil samples were air-dried and sieved through 0.149 mm screen holes after grinding. The portable spectroradiometer of BRUKER TENSOR 37 with a full spectral wavelength of 400-2500 nm, was used to scan the soil samples with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and the data validity of the original spectra was averaged. Fifty-nine soil samples were selected, and thirty-seven soil samples were used to build the calibration model and nineteen were used to build the prediction model. Two kinds of data pretreatment methods including Savizky-Golay smoothing and the first order derivative were used to pretreat the soil sample spectra. The preprocessed by the combination of first-order derivative and moving average filter were used and the calibration models were developed by the partial least square regress (PLS), principal component regression (PCR) and least squares support vector machine(LS-SVM)based on the spectral data and measured values, which the models could quickly and accurately estimate the soil contents of total potassium (TK) and the total phosphorus (TP) in the wave-number of 4000-7500 cm^-1. The model accuracy was evaluated using the correlation coefficient of prediction (R<inf>P</inf>), the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), and the residual predictive deviation (RPD). The results show that the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) model of total phosphorus (TP) gave the best results with the correlation coefficient(R<inf>p</inf>) of 0.884, the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.341, and the residual predictive deviation (RPD) of 2.59. The least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) model of the TK gave the best result with the correlation coefficient (R<inf>p</inf>)<inf> </inf>of 0.971 and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.714, the residual predictive deviation (RPD) with the higher being the better, and the high value measured at 5.12. The experiments showed that the diffuse reflectance near infrared can be quickly and accurately estimated to the TK contents and the TP contents in soil samples using the least squares support vector machine method and this study provided a scientific basis for quickly detection of soil TP and TK by near infrared spectroscopy technology.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Mean square error
Controlled terms:Calibration - Citrus fruits - Forecasting - Infrared devices - Near infrared spectroscopy - Orchards - Phosphorus - Potassium - Principal component analysis - Sodium compounds  - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy - Least squares support vector machines - Partial least square (PLS) - Principal component regression - Quantitative analysis model - Root-mean-square error of predictions - Soil moisture measurement
Classification code:943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804 Chemical Products Generally
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20134116842413
Title:Structure of assessment indicator system of water use efficiency for distinguishing engineering conditions and management level of canal-system
Authors:Zheng, Shizong (1); Jia, Hongwei (2); Cui, Yuanlai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (2) Zhejiang Institute of Hydraulics and Estuary, Hangzhou 310020, China
Corresponding author:Zheng, S.(zhengsz001@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:1-7
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Existing canal-system water use efficiency (CSWUE) specifically reflects canal engineering conditions impacts on water conveyance efficiency, including the influences of engineering conditions and management level to water use efficiency of canal-system, namely can't distinguish the impacts between engineering conditions and management level to water use efficiency. So, the existing assessment indicator may lead to an excessive emphasis in engineering measures (such as channel lining), such as rational water allocation to raise CSWUE and cannot be scientific developing water-saving irrigation strategy, while ignoring the management measures. In order to analysis the influence factors of engineering conditions and management level respectively to CSWUE, a new assessment indicator system of CSWUE is proposed based on the modified assessment indicators. The new assessment indicator system including canal conveyance efficiency (E<inf>ca</inf>), canal-system conveyance efficiency (E<inf>C</inf>), canal-system distribution efficiency(E<inf>d</inf>) and water use efficiency of canal system (E<inf>cs</inf>). The definitions, connotations and the determine methods for these indicators are given. The rationality of the assessment indicator system is also tested by case study. E<inf>ca</inf> is the ratio of net outflow to gross inflow of a certain canal under normal operation conditions. E<inf>C</inf> is the ratio of net outflow to gross inflow of a canal-system under normal operation conditions during an irrigation period. E<inf>d</inf> is the ratio of net inflow to the fields to net outflow from a canal system under normal operation conditions during an irrigation period. E<inf>cs </inf>is the ratio of net inflow to the fields to gross inflow from a canal system under normal operation conditions during an irrigation period. E<inf>ca</inf> and E<inf>C</inf> revealed the impacts of engineering conditions to water use efficiency, and can be determined by still water measurement or dynamic water measurement methods. E<inf>cs</inf> revealed the impacts of engineering conditions and management level to water use efficiency, and can be determined by the ratio of net outflow and gross inflow of a canal-system, or determined by irrigation efficiency divided by field water use efficiency. E<inf>d</inf> revealed the impacts of management level to water use efficiency, and can be determined by E<inf>ca</inf> divided by E<inf>cs</inf>. The new assessment indicator system can satisfy the needs of different development stages of irrigation system and different purposes of canal-system water use efficiency assessment, and propose the guide for irrigation project investment allocation, engineering operation and water management assessment.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Irrigation canals
Controlled terms:Canals - Efficiency - Engineering - Hydraulic structures - Irrigation - Project management - Water management - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Assessment indicator - Canal-system - Distribution efficiency - Engineering operation - Irrigation efficiency - Management assessment - Water use efficiency - Water-saving irrigation
Classification code:912.2 Management - 901 Engineering Profession - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 611 Hydroelectric and Tidal Power Plants - 913.1 Production Engineering - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 444 Water Resources - 441 Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development - 407.2 Waterways - 446 Waterworks
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20134116842442
Title:Measurement and optimum design of carbon sequestration efficiency of regional forestland use process
Authors:Long, Fei (1); Shen, Yueqin (1); Wu, Weiguang (1); Qi, Huibo (1); Zhu, Zhen (1); Zhang, Zhe (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Economic and Management School, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
Corresponding author:Long, F.(longf2007@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:251-261
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Forestland use change will impact forest carbon sequestration. The carbon sequestration efficiency of forestland use can reflect the carbon sequestration effect of forestland use by input-output analysis, which can optimize the structure of forestland use and maximize its carbon sequestration value. In view of a regional perspective, in this paper we selected the C2R-I model based on data envelopment analysis (DEA), which adopts the different types of forestland use as the inputs and the total forest carbon sequestration as a final output. Combined with comprehensive historical statistics and field calibration, this paper analyzes the carbon sequestration efficiency of forestland use processes in the Hangzhou domain. The results are as follows: First, the development of carbon sequestration efficiency of forestland uses in the Hangzhou domain is uneven; there is a wide variation among different parts. Among the 8 urban counties in Hangzhou city, only Chunan county's carbon sequestration efficiency of forestland for DEA is always effective, but most of the county urban forestland uses exhibit a low carbon sequestration efficiency. There is a inversel relationship between the spatial distribution pattern of the carbon sequestration efficiency of forestland use process and the regional economic development level. Second, according to the "land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF)" directory and the conversion rules of "complex system data envelopment analysis" (CSDEA), there are three important factors that affect the carbon sequestration efficiency optimization of regional forest land use structure: the volume of different forestland use types per unit area, the level of urbanization, and the forest naturalness status. This paper designed the input-output optimization model consisted of these three factors, and got the added amount of forest carbon sequestration after the forestland use processes optimization. The specific calculation results of the model show that Hangzhou city "afforestation and reforestation" optimization of investment can increase the volume by 3 279.68 m³/a; "forest management" optimization of investment can increase the volume by 29 871.23 m³/a; "forest harvesting" optimization of investment can increase the volume by 111 959.19 m³/a; and "forest carbon sequestration" output optimization can increase the carbon amount by 7.61 Tg/a. Third, in the optimal design, this paper assume no changes of forest resources and no progress of forest technology, because the relevant data can not be obtained in a short time, so the analysis process exhibits some defects that are difficult to overcome but that can be further improved in future research. However, the evaluation method provides a reference for carbon sequestration efficiency evaluation of forestland use process of the Hangzhou City domain, and the evaluation results provide a scientific basis for boosting low carbon development in different regions.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Efficiency
Controlled terms:Data envelopment analysis - Design - Economics - Forestry - Investments - Land use - Optimization - Reforestation - Regional planning - Timber
Uncontrolled terms:Carbon sequestration - Efficiency optimization - Forest carbon sequestration - Forest land - Low-carbon development - Optimization modeling - Regional economic development - Spatial distribution patterns
Classification code:922 Statistical Methods - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 913.1 Production Engineering - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 415.3 Wood Structural Materials - 408 Structural Design - 403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20134116842428
Title:Characteristics of soil comprehensive anti-erodibility under sloped cropland with hedgerows
Authors:Pu, Yulin (1); Xie, Deti (2); Lin, Chaowen (4); Wei, Chaofu (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (2) College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (3) Eng. Research Center for Agri. Non-Point Source Pollution Control in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing 400715, China; (4) Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sichuan, Chengdu 610066, China
Corresponding author:Xie, D.(xdt@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:125-135
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Soil shear strength (SS), anti-erodibility (AE), and anti-scouring (AS) not only reflect strength of soil confronting water erosion in different developmental stages (raindrop erosion, sheet erosion by sheet flow, gully erosion of streams), but also decide comprehensive ability of soil confronting water erosion by their coexistence and coupling. Hedgerow patterns have been used as one of controlling techniques for agricultural non-point pollution (especially nitrogen and phosphorus loss of farmland). At present, research studies on effect of hedgerow patterns controlling soil and water, nitrogen, and phosphorus loss are extensive. However, soil comprehensive anti-erodiblity (CAE), one of their internal causes, is hardly discussed. Soil AE, including SS and AS, is called soil CAE in this paper. Taking sloped farmland in central Sichuan as the research subject, based on a long-term experiment on the effect of hedgerows controlling soil and water loss, characteristics of soil CAE were studied with mathematical statistics in this paper to provide a research basis for the mechanism of hedgerow patterns controlling soil, water, nitrogen, and phosphorus losses. Results show that soil AE and CAE of hedgerow-crop patterns were higher than that of the conventional contour pattern. The soil AE index (AEI) for the Amorpha (T1), Vetiver (T2), Alfalfa (T3) and Eulaliopsis binata (T4) patterns increased by 3.99, 2.65, 3.13, and 2.36, respectively. The soil CAE index (CAEI) for the T1, T2, T3, and T4 patterns increased by 102.9%, 91.9%, 87.9%, and 82.9%, respectively. Therefore, in terms of CAE, the order of the effect of different hedgerow patterns increasing soil CAE was Amorpha &gt; Vetiver in 20&deg; slope farmland, Alfalfa &gt; Eulaliopsis binata in 13&deg; farmland. Compared with conventional contour crop patterns, hedgerow and crop belt soil AE and CAE of sloped farmland in each slope position were improved under hedgerow-crop patterns, especially hedgerow belts. Hedgerow-crop patterns weaken considerably the conditions that soil AEI and CAEI decreasing by nearly line from low slope to top slop, which improved excessive slope heterogeneity of soil AE and CAE in slope farmland. Under hedgerow-crop patterns, soil AE and CAE were significantly or apparently increased because of multiple hedgerow belts improving soil physicochemical properties (such as the increasing soil clay content and organic matter), and multiple effects (such as the consolidation and frictional effects) of hedgerow roots. The paper is to provide a research basis for exploring how hedgerow patterns control the loss of soil, water, nitrogen, and phosphorus and eventually other pollutants.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agricultural runoff - Characterization - Crops - Erosion - Farms - Nitrogen - Phosphorus - Research - Statistics - Water pollution  - Wooden fences
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point pollution - Anti-erodibility - Comprehensive anti-erodiblity - Hedgerows - Long-term experiments - Nitrogen and phosphorus loss - Slope distribution - Soil physico-chemical properties
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 453.1 Water Pollution Sources - 453 Water Pollution - 415.3 Wood Structural Materials - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20134116842416
Title:Analysis and parameter optimization of adjustable beet top cutting mechanism
Authors:Zhang, Guofeng (1); Xu, Wenlong (1); Fan, Suxiang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci.-Tech. University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (2) School of Mechanical Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450011, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, G.(zhguof@zstu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:26-33
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:As one of the key components of the beet harvester, the beet top cutting mechanism plays a role in the first step of the harvest. The cutting quality has an important impact on the economic benefits of the sugar industries and farmers. In order to solve the problem that the existing beet top cutting mechanism can't adjust the cutting thickness while the mechanism runs, a new profiling top cutting mechanism was proposed, which consists of a parallel four-bar linkage, chain transmission, gear-rack mechanism, and profiling wheel. When the profiling wheel runs over the big beet top, the cutter attached on the rack will move down by the gear because the profiling wheel is elevated by the beet top. Therefore, the cutting thickness on the big beet top will be large. On the contrary, when the wheel runs over the small beet top, the cutter will move up because the profiling wheel is delegated. Then the cutting thickness will be small. Its working mechanism was analyzed. The kinematic model of this mechanism was established, and the equations of (angular) displacement, (angular) velocity, (angular) acceleration at the key points of this mechanism were derived. Then its kinematic simulation and optimization software was compiled based on Visual Basic 6.0, with which the effects of main parameters such as the sprocket transmission ratio, the gear pitch circle radius, the swing arm length, the profiling wheel radius, etc. on the cutting curve of the cutter and the cutting thickness were analyzed, Under the constraint that the cutting curve and cutting thickness should meet the agronomic requirements, a set of optimal parameters was obtained by the method of human-computer interaction, which was H=570 mm, k=2.4, R<inf>f</inf>=180 mm, Rc=100 mm, L<inf>1</inf>=520 mm. The relationship between the linear velocity of the profiling wheel and the traction speed was analyzed and optimized by the genetic algorithm based on Matlab, and the optimization results were better than the experience values. These optimized parameters of the mechanism were used to build the three-dimensional solid models by the software UG. Then its virtual prototype model was constructed to simulate the kinematics by the software ADAMS. The results were that the cutting curves from the simulation and theoretical analysis were about the same verify that the theoretical analysis of the beet top cutting mechanism is reliable.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Gear cutting
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Curve fitting - Genetic algorithms - Kinematics - MATLAB - Models - Optimization - Sugar beets - Sugar industry - Visual BASIC  - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Cutting mechanisms - Gear-rack mechanism - Kinematic simulations - Optimized parameter - Parameter optimization - Three-dimensional solids - Transmission ratios - Virtual prototype models
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 822 Food Technology - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931.1 Mechanics - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 604.1 Metal Cutting - 601.2 Machine Components - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20134116842419
Title:Experimental optimization on shift control of hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission for tractor
Authors:Wang, Guangming (1); Zhu, Sihong (1); Shi, Lixin (1); Tao, Hailong (1); Vanthinh, Nguyen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China; (2) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Intelligent Agricultural Equipment, Nanjing 210031, China; (3) College of Automotive Technology, Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Hung Yen 03213, Venezuela
Corresponding author:Zhu, S.(zhusihong@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:51-59
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to improve the power shift quality of agricultural tractors with continuously variable transmission, the power shift process of a new kind of tractor hydraulic mechanical CVT was studied. Based on bench tests of the power-shift of the CVT and a homemade control system, we conducted a suite of experiments on the oil charge of the clutches, transmission load with single and multiple factors, and shift timing optimization. During the experiments on the oil charge of the clutches, the engine was turned off, and the relationships between the shift time and the oil pressure of the hydraulic system and the flow rate of the clutch were revealed. During the load experiments with single and multiple factors, the relationship between the shift quality and the rotation speed of the engine, the oil pressure of the hydraulic system, the flow rate of the clutch, and the load torque were revealed. During the experiments on shift timing optimization, the optimized connection time of the clutch was studied. The results show that the shift quality is influenced by the oil pressure of the hydraulic system and the flow rate of the clutch, which would change the shift time. The pressure changing rule of the clutches during the shift process was revealed and proved the overlapping shift to be safe and feasible. The shift experiments with a single factor show that the shift quality is positively related to the flow rate of the clutch and the oil pressure of the hydraulic system, but inversely related to the load torque. There is no significant relation between the shift quality and the engine speed. The shift experiments with multiple factors show that the significance of the factors affecting speed drop and speed impact are the flow rate of the clutch, the load torque, the oil pressure of the hydraulic system, and the engine speed. The significance of the factors affecting the dynamic load are the load torque, the flow rate of the clutch (which is in parallel with the oil pressure of the hydraulic system), and the engine speed. In addition, the overlapping shift would evidently improve the shift quality. According to the experiment results, the optimal flow rate of the clutch is 5 L per minute, the optimal oil pressure of the hydraulic system is 4 Mpa, and the optimal shift timing is 120 ms, i.e. one clutch should be energized 120 ms ahead of the other. The conclusion provides an important reference for the design of transmission control units.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Hydraulic equipment
Controlled terms:Clutches - Dynamic loads - Engines - Experiments - Flow rate - Optimization - Speed - Torque measurement - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck)  - Variable speed transmissions
Uncontrolled terms:Continuously variable transmission - Experimental optimization - Hydraulic mechanicals - Power shift - Shift quality - Timing optimization - Transmission control units - Transmission loads
Classification code:943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 931.1 Mechanics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 901.3 Engineering Research - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 612 Engines - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 408.1 Structural Design, General
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20134116842438
Title:Study on preparation and properties of eco-friendly dust suppressant
Authors:Zhang, Leibo (1); Jiao, Jiao (1); Zhao, Xueyan (2); Zhang, Jing (1); Zou, Dekun (1); Ji, Yaqin (1); Shan, Chunyan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (2) Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Corresponding author:Jiao, J.(jiyaqin@nankai.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:218-225
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Particulate matter pollution is a serious problem in north China. One of the important sources is the bare farmland on the outskirts of the cities. To effectively control wind erosion and improve the quality of the urban environment in north China an eco-friendly dust suppressant ("SY" dust suppressant) was prepared with suaede salsa seed cake, a kind of agricultural and sideline product as main material, adding suitable amount of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, and polyvinyl alcohol, et al. In order to discuss the performance of the "SY" dust suppressant, a study was carried out to compare "SY" dust suppressant with plant gum dust suppressant ("ZW" dust suppressant) and eco-efficient dust suppressant ("GS" dust suppressant) in various performances, including primarily the microstructure characterization of "SY" dust suppressant bonded soil particles, as well as the viscosity, moisture retention, water stability, the ability of anti-wind erosion, the effects on seed germination rate, and on soil of the three kinds of dust suppressant. The microstructure of "SY" dust suppressant adhered to soil particles showed that the "SY" dust suppressant could cement loose soil particles together and form a smooth and flat consolidation layer. The structure could effectively protect the fine particles on the surface of the soil being blown away. In the three kinds of dust suppressant, the viscosity of "SY" dust suppressant was the highest at 5-45&deg;C, which was 10 to 17 times higher than the other two dust suppressants. The reason may be that the powder of suaede salsa seed cake went through high-temperature stewing in water bulking to biomass solution, and then crosslinking took place between the biomass solution and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, which improvedthe bonding performance of the "SY" dust suppressant. The moisture content of the consolidation layer after spraying "SY" dust suppressant fell at the slowest pace. The moisture content fell to 4.2% after 72h, while it was still above 4%. "SY" dust suppressant extended the time of moisture in the consolidation layer by 18 hours more than the other two kinds of dust suppressant. A "SY" consolidation layer could fight 4 times the rain erosion than the other types, indicating that the "SY" dust suppressant had excellent water stability. The water stability of the three kinds of dust suppressant decreased in the order: "SY" dust suppressant&gt; "GS" dust suppressant&gt;"ZW" dust suppressant. The cumulative loss of soil particle on a per unit area of samples which were sprayed with "SY" dust suppressant was the minimum. The losses were all less than 0.7 g/m², and it could improve the efficiency of dust suppression by more than 99%. Besides, because the "SY" dust suppressant contained organic matter and small amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium and so on which were included in suaede salsa seed, spraying "SY" dust suppressant on soil samples could improve the soil nutrients needed for plant growth and promote the growth of plants. The experimental results showed that spraying "SY" dust suppressant on soil samples could increase the total nitrogen content by more than 100 times, and the content of organic matter, bicarbonate alkalinity, available potassium, exchangeable calcium, and exchangeable magnesium increased at different levels compared with spraying the same amount of tap water. It can be found clearly from the experiment of the seed germination rate that spraying "SY" dust suppressant on soil samples could improve the germination rate of seeds up to 95.6%, and the seedlings grew best. In addition, spraying "SY" dust suppressant on soil by the amount of 2 kg/m², the cost was 0.33 RMB per square meter, when considering the expenses of labor, the cost could be controlled to about 0.5 RMB per square meter.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Dust
Controlled terms:Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Calcium - Cultivation - Environmental protection - Erosion - Magnesium - Microstructure - Moisture determination - Organic compounds  - Potassium - Quality control - Sodium - Soil cement - Soil surveys - Soils - Viscosity
Uncontrolled terms:Dust suppressant - Eco-friendly - Microstructure characterization - Particulate matter pollution - Seed cakes - Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose - Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate - Total nitrogen content
Classification code:549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 951 Materials Science - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 933 Solid State Physics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 481.2 Geochemistry - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20134116842445
Title:Mango extractum additive promoting fish growth
Authors:L&#252;, Xiaowen (1); Hao, Qian (2); Chen, Yeyuan (3); Chen, Huarui (3); Luo, Haiyan (3); Fu, Qin (4); Tai, Jianxiang (4); L&#252;, Feijie (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (2) Institute of Turfgrass Science of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (3) Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, China; (4) Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Corresponding author:L&#252;, F.(luwinecn@gmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:277-283
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To improve the preventable level of aquatic disease, and keep the high level of safety of aquatic products, we explored the growing characteristics of tilapia, carp, and tortoise administrated with mango extractum, which was extracted from the leaves of mango with alcohol. The level of flavone was determined at the level of 32.34 % in the mango extractum. In this study, we have analyzed the livability, growth, feed ratio, nutrition, blood, and immunity of tilapia, carp, and tortoise, which is important to find a new feed nutritional additive with natural lower toxicity. Our results proved that tilapia, carp, and tortoise could all grow more quickly when was fed with mango extractum. The survival rate, body length, and body gain of tilapia increased from 80.13% to 86.61%, 70.36 mm to 73.23 mm, and 530.75 g to 576.47 g respectively, when the tilapia was administrated with 0.8&permil; mango extractum. The relative weight gain of carp was enhanced from 114.94% to 147.87%, and the value was generally higher when the mango extractum dose in the feed was increased, although it was found to be dose-independent. The feed coefficients of carp and tortoise reduced from 2.04 to 1.79, and from 1.14 to 0.90, respectively. However, the nutritional composition in edible tissues of carp and tortoise kept at normal level including protein, fat, ash, and water content. At the same time, we found similar results of the viscerosomatic, hepatosomatic and somatotype indexes of tortoise fed with mango extractum. Moreover, we found that mango extractum lowers the level of blood sugar, cholesterol, and glyceride in tilapia and tortoise. The concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride in the serum of carp decreased from 3.13 mmol/L to 2.46 mmol/L, and from 2.91 mmol/L to 2.42 mmol/L, respectively. The efficiency was improved along with the supplement of mango extractum. Our data also proved that mango extractum strengthened the activity of peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, and lysozyme in the serum of tilapia. The concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride in the serum of tortoise reduced from 8.17 mmol/L to 7.07 mmol/L, and from 2.35 mmol/L to 1.42 mmol/L, respectively, when the feedstuff was fortified with 0.8&permil; mango extractum. The level of lipid peroxide, MDA in the serum of tortoise was weakened from 7.75 to 7.25 mmol/mL, when tortoise was fed with 0.8&permil; mango extractum. From the above data, we found that the immunity of tilapia, carp, and tortoise was strengthened, and regulated by mango extractum.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Body fluids - Cholesterol - Feeding - Fish - Flavonoids - Growth (materials) - Immunization - Nutrition - Phosphatases
Uncontrolled terms:ALkaline phosphatase - Aquatic products - Level of safeties - Lipid peroxides - Mango flavone - Nutritional compositions - Relative weights - Survival rate
Classification code:822.3 Food Products - 822 Food Technology - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 951 Materials Science - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 471.5 Sea as Source of Minerals and Food - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20134116842417
Title:Optimal design and test on expanding duct of wide-swath air-blast sprayer
Authors:Song, Shuran (1); Ruan, Yaocan (3); Hong, Tiansheng (1); Dai, Qiufang (3); Xiahou, Bing (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) Division of Citrus Machinery, China Agriculture Research System, Guangzhou 510642, China; (3) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (4) Logistics Department, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Corresponding author:Hong, T.(tshong@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:34-42
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The distribution of flow field, efficiency and spraying swath of an air-blast sprayer were influenced by its structure and its shape of the duct outlet. In this paper, an additional expansion swath duct was subjoined to the original circular duct in order to make the same air-blast sprayer have different spray characteristics. Aiming at the high duct efficiency, three different types of wide-swath air-blast sprayer's segment of expanding duct structure were optimized via numerical calculation and analysis of the internal flow field by using the RNG k-&Epsilon; model. The simulating results indicated that the wind flowed in the duct was divide into three stages. The air flow was turbulent near the fan area. Inside the cylindrical duct and contraction duct, the air flow was not only layered but also turbulent. Moreover, in the expanding duct, the air flow was turbulent and the wind speed distributed renewed. Furthermore, the areas where air flow velocity change suddenly in type I and type III ducts were larger than that of type II duct. In the expanding duct, the turbulent area were also larger in type I and type III ducts, and that leaded this two types duct efficiency was more less than that of type II duct. The air flow total pressure at inlet and outlet, the air flow average speed and the duct efficiency were simulated. The optimized structure of expansion swath duct was obtained and the testing prototype was manufactured based on the numerical calculation results. The wind speed at the outlet and the swath of wide-swath air-blast sprayer were tested and measured via prototype test. The test results showed that the error between measuring and simulating of the flow field was within -1.49% to 1.91%. The relationship between spraying swath and blast distance of wide-swath air-blast sprayer appears to be quadratic polynomial. The widest spraying swath measured away from the outlet 4.5m along the duct axial direction was 3.56 m. Compared with the same power air-blast sprayer without segment of expanding duct, the swath of the wide-swath air-blast sprayer was expanded by 55.46%. The errors between numerical calculation and actual measurement were within the engineering tolerated values. The numerical calculation model, boundary conditions, numerical calculation hypothesis, and the methods what selected in this paper can meet the requirement of engineering numerical calculation.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Ducts
Controlled terms:Air - Efficiency - Experiments - Flow fields - Measurement errors - Numerical analysis - Optimization - Wind effects
Uncontrolled terms:Actual measurements - Air-blast - Internal flow field - Numerical calculation - Numerical calculation model - Optimized structures - Quadratic polynomial - Spray characteristics
Classification code:922 Statistical Methods - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 913.1 Production Engineering - 901.3 Engineering Research - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20134116842440
Title:Spatial heterogeneity of organic matter, organic acids and biogas production during solid-state anaerobic digestion process
Authors:Dong, Baocheng (1); Zhao, Lixin (1); Song, Chengjun (1); Wang, Fei (2); Zhang, Xudong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agricultural Residues (MOA), Institute of Energy and Environmental Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; (2) Rural Energy and Environmental Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China
Corresponding author:Wang, F.(reeawf@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:234-240
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Studies on the spatial heterogeneity of organic matter, organic acids, and biogas production play a key role in improving the efficiency of biogas production during solid-state anaerobic digestion. In this paper, based on the mixed materials of pig manure and straw inoculated with activated sludge, mesophilic digestion (37&deg;C) in the laboratory was designed and conducted over a period of forty-six days in order to understand the spatial heterogeneity dynamics of organic matter, organic acid, and biogas production rates along with the depth of the fermentation materials. In this experiment, organic material, organic acids, and gas production rates from different reactor depths were monitored during a solid-state anaerobic digestion process, and the vertical dynamics of the heterogeneous environment were analyzed. The following results were obtained. 1) During a solid anaerobic fermentation process, both TS and VS have obvious longitudinal variation; that is, the mass fractions of total solid (TS) and volatile solid (VS) increase with increasing height of the fermentation material (HFM) from the reactor bottom. Closer to the top of the fermentation material, longitudinal heterogeneity increased, whereas the concentration of TS and VS decreased more quickly. TS and VS of fermentation material in the top layer were highest and reached 17.41% and 12.16%, respectively. However, TS and VS in the E layer were lowest, reaching 6.72% and 4.30%, which differend little from the TS and VS of fermentation materials in the F layer. Furthermore, the TS and VS contents in the A layer were 2.59-fold and 2.83-fold greater than those in the E layer. 2) During the solid anaerobic fermentation process, low weight molecule organic acids also have significant longitudinal variation; that is, the mass fractions of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid increase with increasing HFM from reactor bottom. Closer to the top of the fermentation material, longitudinal heterogeneity increased, whereas the concentration of these short-chain organic acids decreased more quickly. The mass fraction of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid of the fermentation material in the A layer increased 17.08, 30.07, 62.79, and 54.54 times, respectively, those of F layer, and increased 1.11, 1.28, 1.29 and 1.03 times those of E layer. 3) The gas-production rate and cumulative gas production per unit of VS increased with the HFM from reactor bottom; the bottom had the lowest values but top had the highest values. The cumulative gas production per unit of VS from the A layer (1.36 L/g) was the maximum within the column, as compared to the minimum cumulative gas production per unit of VS from the E layer (0.36 L/g), a reduction of 74%. 4) The correlation was markedly positive among main parameters, such as the cumulative gas production, the cumulative gas production per unit of VS, HFM, TS, VS, and organic acid content. Furthermore, a power function curve was fit between cumulative gas production and HFM, and the adjusted R square (0.9754) was statistically significant. All results showed that a core anaerobic zone existed in the reactor during the solid-state anaerobic digestion process, and a significant power function relationship existed between the cumulative gas production and HFM. Therefore, it suggested that locating the core anaerobic zone and monitoring it in the actual project can improve the efficiency of the entire anaerobic digestion system.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Acetic acid - Activated sludge process - Biogas - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Butyric acid - E region - F region - Fermentation - Organic acids  - pH - Process control - Propionic acid - Saturated fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation process - Anaerobic zone - Biogas production rates - Cumulative gas productions - Environmental heterogeneity - Heterogeneous environments - Organic materials - Solid-state anaerobic digestions
Classification code:802.2 Chemical Reactions - 801.2 Biochemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 522 Gas Fuels - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 711.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20134116842433
Title:Classification of rice planthopper based on invariant moments and BP neural network
Authors:Zou, Xiuguo (1); Ding, Weimin (1); Liu, Deying (1); Zhao, Sanqin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Equipment, Nanjing 210031, China
Corresponding author:Ding, W.(wmding@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:171-178
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Aimed at the problem of the quality of images that were acquired by rice planthoppers remote real-time recognition system, the shape feature values which were extracted by invariant moments to recognize a rice planthopper. 160W self-ballasted high-voltage mercury lamp was used in the experiment to lure rice planthoppers to the curtain, then a H-shape mobile photographing device which had been designed independently by us was used to photograph the planthopper image. The device has the advantages of simple structure and low cost. The USB interface camera of this device was less than 600 RMB. It will lay the foundation for the development of a rice planthopper scene recognition system with low cost. The color images which had been photographed were grayed with a weighted formula, and then were subject to binaryzation with an Otsu method. Finally, the algorithms such as morphological operations were used for filtration to get a binary image with better quality. The feature values of the rice planthopper binary images were respectively extracted by four invariant moments: Hu moment, improved Hu moment, Zernike moment, and Krawtchouk moment, and then a BP nerve network was used to train and test the four feature values respectively, so as to detect the recognition effect of extraction feature values of the four moments. Matlab 2008a was used in the experiment. 240 samples of sogatella furcifera, nilaparvata lugens, and small brown planthoppers had been trained, and then an additional 60 samples were selected for testing. The test result was that the overall recognition rate of the Hu moment was only 76.7%, and the recognition rate of the improved Hu moment was 85%, while the recognition rate of the Zernike moment was 86.7% and the recognition rate of the Krawtchouk moment was 91.7%. The recognition rate of the Krawtchouk moment was the best of the four moments. The reason was that the Krawtchouk moment not only reflected the global feature, but exhibits better locality. The experimental result showed that the Krawtchouk moment has the highest recognition rate. It can be used for the extraction of rice planthopper feature values in the real-time system. This study focused on the search of invariant moments to extract good feature values, but the use of a BP neural network classification resulted in a recognition rate of sogatella furcifera and nilaparvata lugens that was not very high. The identification of sogatella furcifera and nilaparvata lugens was worse than that of the small brown planthoppers. It meant that recognition of two kinds of planthoppers based on a BP neural network needs further study.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Feature extraction
Controlled terms:Animals - Binary images - Classification (of information) - Crops - Experiments - Extraction - Face recognition - Image recognition - Mathematical morphology - Neural networks  - Real time systems
Uncontrolled terms:BP neural networks - Hu moments - Insects - Krawtchouk moment - OTSU - Zernike moments
Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 814 Leather and Tanning - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822 Food Technology - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 461.1 Biomedical Engineering - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20134116842420
Title:Parameter optimization of hydro-mechanic differential turning system for tracked vehicle
Authors:Cao, Fuyi (1); Zhou, Zhili (1); Xu, Liyou (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Vehicle and Motive Power Engineering College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Z.(zzli@mail.haust.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:60-66
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The hydro-mechanical differential turning system is the double power flow turning system made up of a hydraulic transmission, mechanical transmission, and planetary transmission. It can allow tracked vehicles to accomplish a continuously step-less turning process and exhibits high working efficiency and light operation force. The turning system has good application prospects for tracked tractors, construction machinery, armored vehicle and other heavy machinery. Because the turning system contains several parameters, constraint and coupling are among these parameters. The system parameter design is addressed by a multi-parameter, multi-goal, nonlinear optimization question. Known from literature, the optimized parameters include the characteristic coefficient of planet row, parameters of the hydraulic closed-loop system (rated pressure, motor displacement), rear transmission ratio of the motor, the fixed axis transmission ratio, and other parameters. The turning dynamic, turning flexibility, and turning speed of a tracked vehicle are the evaluation objectives of system parameter optimization. The turning dynamic is evaluated by dynamic factors of engine, hydraulic closed-loop system and ground. The turning flexibility is evaluated by the minimum turning radius. The turning speed is evaluated by the minimum turning time or maximum angular velocity. The optimization math model of the hydro-mechanical differential turning system parameters, including the turning dynamics, turning flexibility, and turning speed of tracked vehicle, is established based on the theory of parameter optimization and an evaluation index. The ground characteristic, engine characteristic, and characteristics of the hydraulic closed-loop system are constraint conditions in the optimization process. Using the basic theory of genetic algorithms, the mutual constraint and coupling among these system parameters are solved by dividing the question space using analytic hierarchy process. In connection with every optimized parameter, its question space is determined. Based on the optimization evaluation objectives and constraint conditions, the weighting coefficient of every evaluation objective and the solution size of every optimized parameter are set. The gradation genetic algorithm is carried out in accordance with the question space, and the optimization process is finished. The population size of the lower hierarchy question space is generated by the population size of upper hierarchy question space. The invalid parameters group scheme is avoided. When the calculation is carried out in the previous step of the process, the union of every solution of the hierarchy is adopted. When the calculation is carried out in the next step of the process, every individuality of the hierarchy is sequenced in the light of pareto superior relation. The fitness of the population is determined by the number being inferior to this individuality. The parameter optimization is finished according to optimization precision. Referencing the design requirements of an actual tracked vehicle, based on several groups of weighting coefficients, the parameters of a hydro-mechanical differential turning system for a tracked vehicle are optimized. In light of the known parameters of actual tracked vehicle and the optimized parameters of a hydro-mechanical differential turning system, the dynamic factor of engine, dynamic factor of hydraulic closed-loop system, and dynamic factor of ground are simulated and calculated. The results show that the parameters of a hydro-mechanical differential turning system for a tracked vehicle can meet its performance requirements, and the optimization method can meet the actual engineer design requirements of a hydro-mechanical differential turning system for tracked vehicles.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Parameter estimation
Controlled terms:Closed loop systems - Constraint theory - Construction equipment - Design - Dynamics - Electric power transmission - Engines - Genetic algorithms - Hydraulic machinery - Mathematical models  - Optimization - Population statistics - Power transmission - Steering - Tracked vehicles - Turning - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Construction machinery - Hydraulic pressure - Hydro-mechanical differential turnings - Mechanical transmission - Non-linear optimization - Parameter optimization - Performance requirements - System parameter optimizations
Classification code:663.2 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 731.1 Control Systems - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics - 663 Buses, Tractors and Trucks - 405.1 Construction Equipment - 408 Structural Design - 432 Highway Transportation - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 604.2 Machining Operations - 612 Engines - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20134116842414
Title:Design and experiment of centralized pneumatic seed metering device for maize
Authors:Qi, Bing (1); Zhang, Dongxing (1); Cui, Tao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, D.(zhangdx@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:8-15
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Research showed that the moving resistances between seeds have an adverse effect on the seed-filling of pneumatic metering devices. The moving resistances between corn seeds are relatively high as they have large weights and irregular shapes. To attain good performance of the corn precision metering devices, a new airflow structure that could effectively reduce the moving resistances was utilized. In the airflow structure, compressed air could flow through a perforated seedbed and blow the seeds in a "boiling" movement. Based on the airflow structure, a centralized pneumatic metering device for maize was designed. The working principle was expounded here, and the key structural parameters were confirmed. The centralized pneumatic metering device presented in this paper consists of a centre drum and a positive press system. It can distribute seeds to four sowing rows, and this function makes it more efficient than a conventional one which can accomplish only one row's sowing. A pneumatic conveying system was applied to throwing seeds. Under the system, seeds were "shot" through long pipes full of positive pressure into the furrow. The system enabled the separation of the metering device from the placement system and obviously reduced the vibration of the metering device. The performance of the centralized pneumatic metering device was investigated under laboratory conditions to optimize the design and operating parameters. Double factors equal repeated trials were carried out on a metering device test-bed PS-12 to evaluate the influences of filling hole diameter and working speed on the miss rate multiple rate and single rate. The filling hole diameter was varied from 4 to 4.5 mm, and the working speed varied from 4 to 12 km/h. Other conditions were constant, the pressure in the air chamber was 3.5 kPa, and the seed spacing was 247 mm. The test results showed that: the miss rate increased while the multiple rates reduced with the rise of the working speed. The miss rate reduced while the multiple rate increased with the rise of the filling hole diameter, and the miss rate was high when the filling hole diameter was 4 mm. As the working speed was between 4 to 10 km/h, the average single rate of the filling hole in a 4.5 mm diameter was 97.9%, in a 5 mm diameter it was 97.2%, and in a 5.5 mm diameter, it was 96.2%. When the working speed was over 12 km/h, the miss rate of the filling hole in a 4.5 mm diameter became as higher as 8.47%, and the miss rate of the filling hole in a 5 mm or a 5.5 mm diameter was around 2%. As stated above, the filling hole diameter should not be less than 4.5 mm. The centralized pneumatic metering device showed a good performance even at a high working speed.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Filling
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Compressed air - Experiments - Pneumatics - Seed - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Centralized - Laboratory conditions - Operating parameters - Pneumatic conveying system - Precision metering - Precision seed-metering devices - Seed metering devices - Structural parameter
Classification code:931.1 Mechanics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 632.3 Pneumatics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20134116842436
Title:Detection and evaluation of microclimatic ambient air in goat shed in Jianghuai region in summer
Authors:Zhang, Zijun (1); Chen, Jiahong (1); Huang, Yafeng (1); Guo, Xiaofei (1); Luo, Zhongyue (1); Ling, Yinghui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (2) Local Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Biobreeding Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, China
Corresponding author:Ling, Y.(caaslyh@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:200-209
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to ascertain the environmental condition of goat shed and its existing problems in South China, this study had been conducted for two years to detect and analyze the air environmental indicators in double-sloped airtight goat houses with windows and slatted floor, which was the most commonly seen type of goat house in Southern China, in summer in Jianghuai Region. The results showed that: (1) daily mean temperature, relative humidity, airflow velocity, illuminance, noise and concentration of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in such goat houses in the hottest month in summer were 30.5&deg;C, 70.2%, 0.16 m/s, 99.45 lx, 49.82 dB, 1.98 mg/m³, 0.060% respectively. All indicators met the required standards of environmental hygiene except for the daily mean temperature. (2)Measurement in different sampling points of goat houses showed that characteristics of space distribution of each above-mentioned parameters were not very apparent. (3)As outside environment changed, daily mean temperatures and relative humidity in the sampling points also changed apparently. The shift was relatively steady in January, while temperatures in rainy days dropped fairly significantly (6.9&deg;C). Average temperature difference between days and nights during the trial period was 2.3&deg;C. Average indoor and outdoor temperature difference in the goat houses was 1.8&deg;C. (4) Daily and monthly concentration of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the sampling sites shifted slightly. (5)There was a significant negative correlation between temperature and relative humidity of the air in the sampling sites (r=-0.9818, P&lt;0.01), while a significant positive correlation was detected between the concentration of nitrogen and the temperature and relative humidity of the air (r=0.8702, P&lt;0.05). It is recognized based on the comprehensive evaluation that microclimatic environment of double-sloped airtight goat house with windows and slatted floor is basically in accordance with biological characteristics of environmental hygiene and goats. Thus, this type of goat house is suitable to be promoted and applied in Jianghuai Region, and it is only necessary to take certain measures to lower the temperature in the houses in hot summer weather.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Houses
Controlled terms:Air - Carbon dioxide - Environmental testing - Floors - Moisture - Nitrogen - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Biological characteristic - Comprehensive evaluation - Environmental conditions - Environmental indicators - Environmental parameter - Jianghuai region - Temperature and relative humidity - Temperature differences
Classification code:804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 454 Environmental Engineering - 402.3 Residences - 402 Buildings and Towers
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20134116842426
Title:Experimental study on geotextile envelope for subsurface drainage in Yellow River Delta
Authors:Liu, Wenlong (1); Luo, Wan (1); Jia, Zhonghua (1); Bu, Fanmin (2); Pan, Yanxin (1); Tang, Shuangcheng (1); Yuan, Huangchun (1); Li, Shan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Northwest Key Laboratories of Water Resources and Environment Ecology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; (2) Yellow River Delta Conservation and Research Center, Dongying 257091, China
Corresponding author:Liu, W.(liuwenlong4567@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:109-116
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In recent years, subsurface drainage has been greatly advocated in the Yellow River Delta area for salinity control and land reclamation. With the very uniform textured silty sand as major soils in the Yellow River Delta, and lacking of gravel envelope material, there is an urgent need to select proper synthetic envelope for subsurface drainage construction in the area. Proper selection of envelope materials is critical for a subsurface drainage system construction. Geotextile envelope has multiple advantages, including good water conductivity, retaining soil particles from clogging the drains, low cost and convenience for mechanical construction. Thus geotextile envelope is widely used in subsurface drainage system constructions throughout the world. In China, however, very few subsurface drainage projects used geotextiles as envelope materials for various reasons. Therefore, geotextile envelope may find its wide application in many poorly drained areas, such as the Yellow River Delta in China provided that proper selection criteria are met. Based on soil particle size analysis and theoretical calculations, this paper presents an experimental study on geotextile material used for subsurface drainage envelope in the Yellow River Delta, China. A testing permeameter was built on the basis of existing literature-Materials for subsurface drainage system (IDP 60). The selection criteria have three major factors, including thickness, permeability and O<inf>90</inf>. After analyzing the soil particle size distribution and measuring the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) with the falling head method, we chose two types of geotextiles as the tested samples. One of these geo-textiles (Geotextile A) has a larger O<inf>90</inf> than that in the criterion by IDP 60, while the other one (Geotextile B) meets the criterion. With these essential information, we conducted a series of experimental studies to evaluate the performance of geotextiles in filtration, permeability and anti-clogging. After each run of experiment, we measured the mass and particle size distribution of the soils passed the geotextile, and the weight of the geotextiles before and after use. In addition, continued experiments were conducted to monitor the changes of saturated hydraulic conductivity of the geotextiles using the permeameter. The results showed that, among the final two candidate geo-textile materials, one type (Typar 3201G) satisfied the anti-clogging and the permeability requirement but exhibited the risk of siltation; the other one (Typar SF20) satisfied the requirements of filtration, permeability and anti-clogging. These results indicated that the appropriate geotextile envelope for the study area should be thin enough and the O<inf>90</inf> of the material should meet the selection criterion. We also found that the all Ks of the geotextile systems decreased with time and became relatively stable after a certain time period. The deceases of Ks may be caused by clogging of the geotextiles or that of the soil columns itself. With an additional experiment to examine key factors for reducing hydraulic conductivity of the experimental system, we found that the clogging of soil columns was the primary factor and the geotextiles performed well in conducting drainage water. Findings from this research may provide technical support for subsurface drainage construction in the Yellow River Delta.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Drainage
Controlled terms:Experiments - Geotextiles - Groundwater flow - Hydraulic conductivity - Land reclamation - Materials - Materials testing - Particle size analysis - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Additional experiments - Falling head methods - Mechanical construction - Saturated hydraulic conductivity - Subsurface drainage system - Theoretical calculations - Yellow River delta - Yellow River Delta area
Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 632.1 Hydraulics - 502 Mines and Quarry Equipment and Operations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 951 Materials Science - 444.2 Groundwater - 442 Flood Control; Land Reclamation - 406 Highway Engineering - 401 Bridges and Tunnels - 442.2 Land Reclamation
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20134116842446
Title:Technology optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction for lycopene from lyophilized tomato powder
Authors:Zhu, Junxiang (1); Wu, Hao (1); Yang, Shaolan (1); Wang, Chengrong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
Corresponding author:Wang, C.(qauwcr@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:284-291
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Lycopene is the pigment primarily responsible for the characteristic deep-red color of ripe tomato fruits, comprising approximately 80% to 90% of the pigments present. Early studies focused on other pro-vitamin A carotenoids (&alpha;-carotene, &beta;-carotene), which were negligible. In recent years, increasing studies indicated that lycopene, with its acyclic structure and large array of conjugated double bonds carries many distinct biological and physicochemical properties. Lycopene is among the most efficient singlet oxygen quenchers of the natural carotenoids without pro-vitamin A activity. It acts as a natural antioxidant in human serum and other tissues to protect the oxidative damage of lipids, proteins, and DNA. Other evidence from epidemiological and animal studies supported the chemoprevention potential of lycopene and the reduction in chronic disease (including cancer) of lycopene metabolites. Lycopene, as a natural food additive, is given more attention due to extensive use and deep understanding of the natural ingredients in food. Therefore, adding lycopene to functional foods raises concerns about green and efficient extraction technology. Conventional solvent extraction (CSE) techniques used for the solvent extraction of natural products are associated with longer extraction times and use of large amount of organic solvents. However, ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) can be effectively used to improve the extraction rate by increasing the mass transfer rates and rupturing cell walls due to the ultrasonic cavitation effect. Compared with other material pretreatment methods, lyophilization induces better retention of lycopene bioactivity from raw tomatoes. Superfine grinding, pertaining to cellular level pulverizing techniques, can be used to get fruit and vegetable powder with a small particle size and a large specific surface area. However, studies of freeze-drying application in combination with superfine pulverizing technology have not been reported in extraction of lycopene. Thus, in this paper, lyophilization and superfine grinding were applied for the preparation of red ripe tomatoes. Tomato powder, with a particle size interval of &lt; 74 &mu;m, was selected as the extraction material by using standard sieve. The effects of liquid-to-material ratio, ultrasonic temperature, ultrasonic power, and ultrasonic time on the extraction yield of lycopene were studied by single-factor tests. Response surface methodology was used to optimize UAE conditions of lycopene from lyophilized tomato powder. On the basis of the optimum process, a comparison of efficiency with CSE was studied. The results showed that the best extraction conditions for lycopene were as follows: the liquid-to-material ratio was 41: 1 mL/g, the ultrasonic temperature was 55&deg;C, the ultrasonic specific power was 18 W/g and the ultrasonic time was 15 min. In the validation test, the average extraction yield of lycopene was 1.82 mg/g with an ultrasonic time of 10 min. The measured value was consistent with the predicted value, which was 1.83 mg/g. The reliability of the model was proved. Compared to CSE, the extraction yield of lycopene of UAE was 1.82 &plusmn; 0.05 mg/g, which was increased by 6.04%; the extraction time was 15 min, which was reduced by 92.47%. The paper provides a reference for the high effective extraction of lycopene and comprehensive utilization of the tomato.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Diseases - Extraction - Grinding (machining) - Liquids - Optimization - Particle size - Pigments - Solvent extraction - Ultrasonics
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive utilizations - Large specific surface areas - Lycopenes - Physicochemical property - Response surface methodology - Tomato powder - Ultrasonic-assisted extractions - Ultrasound-assisted extraction
Classification code:931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 753.1 Ultrasonic Waves - 606.2 Abrasive Devices and Processes - 461.7 Health Care
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.18.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.