<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20134216845515
Title:Review on biogas upgrading technologies for producing biomethane
Authors:Zheng, Ge (1); Zhang, Quanguo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Q.(zquanguo@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:1-8
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Biogas can be upgraded to biomethane, giving more utilization possibilities, such as utilization as autogas, or distant utilization by using the existing natural gas grid. Upgrading of biogas has gained increased attention due to rising oil and natural gas prices and increasing targets for renewable fuel quotes in many countries. This paper analyzes the possibility of the substitution of natural gas by biogas according to the characteristics and components of biogas and natural gas, and reviewed the biogas upgrading technologies including water scrubbing, organic physical scrubbing, chemical scrubbing, pressure swing adsorption (PSA), membrane separation, cryogenic upgrading, and the in situ methane enrichment processes. Among these upgrading technologies, water scrubbing and PSA are the main two processes from the point of view of commercialization, because of their comprehensive advantages in technical and economic aspects. Water scrubbing is a very simple process. In a scrubber, CO<inf>2</inf> and H<inf>2</inf>S dissolve into the water, while CH<inf>4</inf> does not because of their difference in solubility. PSA is the second most employed technique. In PSA processes, biogas is compressed to a vessel where it is put in contact with an adsorbent that will selectively retain CO<inf>2</inf>. In a similar manner to water scrubbing, it is possible to use chemicals to absorb CO<inf>2</inf>. However, chemical scrubbing may have higher energetic penalties since the CO<inf>2</inf> removal in biogas is a bulk removal process. Membrane separation technology is an excellent technology with good prospects for separating CO<inf>2</inf> and CH<inf>4</inf>. Owing to its superiority in upgrading cost and simplifying upgrading equipment, in situ methane enrichment technology is relatively simple, and there is no need for much auxiliary equipment. Therefore, it has a potential for a lower upgrading cost compared to other techniques, especially when it is used in a biogas plant with high concentration solids as materials. Furthermore, research and application of new materials on biogas upgrading technologies has become an important direction of research and development. MOFs used in the PSA process, and the application of ionic liquids on chemical scrubbing process, as well as research on composite membrane separation process have all reflected this trend.
Number of references:47
Main heading:Biogas
Controlled terms:Auxiliary equipment - Carbon dioxide - Composite membranes - Ionic liquids - Liquefied petroleum gas - Methane - Natural gas - Research - Reviews - Separation  - Technology
Uncontrolled terms:Membrane separation - Membrane separation process - Membrane separation technology - Pressure swing adsorption - Research and application - Research and development - Upgrading - Upgrading technologies
Classification code:903.2 Information Dissemination - 901.3 Engineering Research - 901 Engineering Profession - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 702.2 Fuel Cells - 523 Liquid Fuels - 522 Gas Fuels
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20134116842409
Title:Ultrasound combined with slightly acidic electrolyzed water treatment improves quality of immature strawberry
Authors:Ge, Zhi (1); Liu, Donghong (1); Ding, Tian (1); Xu, Yuting (1); Zhong, Jianjun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
Corresponding author:Liu, D.(dhliu@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:265-270
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The consumption of strawberries is preferable because of its nutritional value and special flavor. The ripe strawberry has an extremely short postharvest life because it is highly susceptible to mechanical injury, microbiological decay, and physiological deterioration. On the other hand, the strawberry is non-climacteric and will not ripen after harvest, therefore it has to be picked when fully ripened for the best eating quality. Current methods used for preventing undesirable changes of fruit attributes during storage have a detrimental effect on nutritional properties. Therefore, it's necessary to find appropriate methods to extend the shelf life and maintain the quality of the strawberry. The investigations of ultrasound and slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) used in postharvest fruits and vegetables have gained much attention in recent years. Ultrasound is one of the newest nonthermal methods to extend the shelf life of fruits during storage. Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) is regarded as a novel and promising alternative method of disinfection in fresh products. It is hoped that ultrasound and SAEW could play a role in the preservation of the strawberry. This study was performed to investigate the effect of ultrasound and SAEW on the quality of an immature strawberry. The impact of SAEW and ultrasound, separately or in combination, on total aerobic bacteria and yeast and mold was studied. Quality attributes including firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C (VC), and anthocyanin content were also investigated. Results showed that ultrasound and SAEW alone or combined significantly removed about 0.52, 1.07, 1.29 lg CFU/g for total aerobic bacteria and 0.30, 0.93, 1.18 lg CFU/g for yeast and mold, respectively. And the treated samples also maintained relatively low microbial loads during storage. It was observed that the three treatments changed the respiratory characteristic of strawberries and a respiratory peak appeared during storage. The TSS, TA, VC, and anthocyanin content appeared to be 10.93, 0.52%, 65.7 mg/100g, and 3.20 mg/100g immediately after harvest. In 14 storage days, anthocyanin content was gradually increased as 4.16 mg/100g, while TSS, TA, and VC content changed little for the control group. All the treatments increased the content of TSS, VC, and anthocyanin during storage. The TSS, VC, and anthocyanin levels in fruit treated by ultrasound and SAEW were 7.72%, 10.53%, and 19.28% higher, respectively, than that in the control fruit after 14 days of cold storage. It was also found that ultrasound inhibited the decrease of firmness, while SAEW had no impact on the firmness of strawberries. Overall, it was found that ultrasound and SAEW treatment could promote strawberry after-ripening during storage. Results showed that both ultrasound and SAEW have the potential to ensure the microbial safety and improve the quality of an immature strawberry during storage.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Aerobic bacteria - Anthocyanins - Cold storage - Energy storage - Molds - Physiology - Quality control - Ultrasonics - Yeast
Uncontrolled terms:Fruits and vegetables - Immature strawberry - Microbial loads - Nutritional properties - Slightly acidic electrolyzed waters - Total aerobic bacteria - Total soluble solids - Utrasonic treatment
Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 816.2 Plants and Machinery for Plastics and Other Polymers - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 801.2 Biochemistry - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 753.1 Ultrasonic Waves - 694.4 Storage - 461.9 Biology - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20134116842402
Title:Compositional analysis of bio-oil from pyrolysis of algae
Authors:Wang, Shuang (1); Wang, Qian (1); Xu, Shannan (2); Jiang, Xiumin (3); Ji, Hengsong (1); He, Zhixia (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (2) Key Lab. of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (3) Institute of Thermal Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Corresponding author:Xu, S.(xushannan@scsfri.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:204-211
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Though the work of pyrolysis of biomass for bio-oil has attained many achievements, the research on seaweed for bio-oil has been proceeding slowly. In this paper, fast pyrolysis experiments of algae biomass (Enteromorpha clathrata and Sargassum natans) were studied. Two kinds of algal bio-oil (Enteromorpha clathrata and Sargassum natans) obtained under different work conditions (400, 500, 600&deg;C and carried gas) were analyzed by using GC-MS analysis. Besides nitrogen-containing compounds, the major constituents of algal bio-oil were hydrocarbon, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and phenolic compounds, as well as large molecular weight carboxylic acids and their derivatives. The algal bio-oil also included a small amount of heterocyclic compounds (derivatives of furan, pyridine, pyran, etc.). It was seen from the comparison between two bio-oils that Enteromorpha clathrata bio-oil had lots of hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, while Sargassum natans bio-oil contained many alcohols compounds and steroids. In addition, in Sargassum natans bio-oil, palmitate, oleic acid, and peanut acid were also detected. Furthermore, the pyrolysis mechanism of seaweed biomass was studied preliminarily. The GC-MS method was also applied to analyze the collected oil pyrolyzed from pure protein. It was shown that nitrogen-containing compounds occupied 50% in the product, and phenols and aldehydes accounted for a part of oil, while alcohols, ketones and ethers were not found. The results also indicated that aromatic hydrocarbons did not exist in oil of protein. Most nitrogen-containing compounds in algae pyrolytic bio-oil were in accordance with the decomposition of protein. It was found in the result that the nitrogen content in bio-oil of Enteromorpha clathrata was apparently higher than that of Sargassum natans, which was closely due to their protein content. In this paper, the effects of temperature and carrier gas on the behavior of seaweed fast pyolysis were analyzed. The oil, gas and coke production rates were obtained, respectively. The bio-oils pyrolyzed under different work conditions were very similar in composition, but the relative contents of the components were different. Significant difference analysis was used to analyze the results. Pyrolysis temperature played an important role on the distribution of algal bio-oil composition, while the influence of the carrier gas flow rate was not obvious. The carrier gas only had the effect on the contents of C11(C15, nitrogen-containing compounds, and carboxylic acids and derivatives. The optimum temperature for algal pyrolytic bio-oil was determined to be from 500 to 600&deg;C. Comparing bio-oil pyrolyzed from seaweed with that from terrestrial lignocelluloses biomass, it was obvious to find that the content of hydrocarbons in Enteromorpha clathrata and Sargassum natans bio-oil (obtained at the temperature of 500&deg;C) was approximately 16.61% and 5.04%, respectively, while the content of hydrocarbons in lignocelluloses biomass was very low. Therefore, it can also be seen that the advantage of algal bio-oil is the high content of hydrocarbons. At the same time, the oxygen content of algal bio-oil is also lower than that of terrestrial biomass. However, seaweed also has disadvantages in that the content of nitrogen in algal bio-oil is higher than that in lignocelluloses biomass.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Biofuels
Controlled terms:Aldehydes - Algae - Biogas - Biomass - Carboxylic acids - Cellulose - Chemical analysis - Hydrocarbons - Ketones - Lignin  - Nitrogen - Palmitic acid - Proteins - Pyrolysis - Seaweed - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Carrier gas flow rates - Compositional analysis - Effects of temperature - Heterocyclic compound - Optimum temperature - Pyrolysis mechanism - Pyrolysis temperature - TG-MS
Classification code:815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 524 Solid Fuels - 523 Liquid Fuels - 522 Gas Fuels - 471.1 Oceanography, General - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20134116842390
Title:An image fusion algorithm of infrared thermal and optical images for pig contour
Authors:Liu, Bo (1); Zhu, Weixing (1); Huo, Guanying (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China; (3) College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, W.
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:113-120
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Recently, given the new trends to higher efficiency and automation in livestock farming, research of livestock health monitoring through computer vision has been an active area. Our team has concentrated on pig health monitoring for some time. It was found that pig contour segmentation and feature extraction are unstable and disturbed by pig manure and uneven illumination distribution in the rough environment of a pig house. In this paper, an image fusion method based on the nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) is presented to improve the stability and accuracy of pig contour segmentation. First, the infrared thermal image and the optical image of a pig, which have been registered, are decomposed by NSCT. After that, a group of low frequency sub-band coefficients and multi-directional band-pass sub-band coefficients of each source image could be obtained. Secondly, different fusion rules for low frequency sub-band coefficients and band-pass sub-band coefficients were proposed. For the fusion of low frequency sub-band coefficients, both the factors of average energy and variance of neighbor area were considered to compute a combined value first. Then, weighted values were obtained based on it. The weighted average results of the coefficients of each image were selected as the final low frequency sub-band coefficients of fusion image. For the band-pass sub-band coefficients, the fusion coefficients were selected based on the rule of maximum energy of a neighbor area. Finally, the fusion image was obtained through inverse NSCT. In experiments, a FLIR T250 infrared thermal imager was used to acquire IR thermal image and optical image at Xima animal husbandry corporation in Zhenjiang city, Jiangsu Province. Before fusing, a pair of IR and optical experiment images with resolution of 452&times;339 were obtained, which are registered by using the method of contour matching of radial line feature points. Then, a group of tests were completed by using different image fusion methods, including IHS, DWT, contourlet transform and the proposed algorithm. The comparative results show that the proposed algorithm gives the better fusion effect, the average gradient value is about 25% and the quality of edge information remained about 23% higher than the other three methods. The contour segmentation results of fusion images by using Otsu method also demonstrate the good performance of the proposed algorithm. Furthermore, to contrast with different fusion rules in NSCT field, another group of tests illustrated the better segmentation result compared with the other three rules. All the experimental results demonstrated that the proposed algorithm improved the stability and accuracy of pig contour segmentation, which provides a basis for the further research of multi-senor image feature extraction for pig health monitoring.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Image fusion
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Experiments - Feature extraction - Geometrical optics - Image segmentation - Infrared imaging - Optics
Uncontrolled terms:Contour segmentation - Image feature extractions - Image fusion algorithms - Infrared thermal image - Infrared thermal imager - Non subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) - Non-sub-sampled contourlet transforms - Uneven illuminations
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 746 Imaging Techniques - 741.1 Light/Optics - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20134116842385
Title:Use of fully polarimetric RADARSAT-2 data to retrieve soil moisture of periodic surfaces
Authors:Yin, Nan (1); Jiang, Qigang (1); Meng, Zhiguo (1); Li, Yuanhua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China; (2) College of Surveying and Prospecting Engineering, Jilin Architectural University, Changchun 130118, China
Corresponding author:Jiang, Q.(jiangqigang@jlu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:72-79
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Apart from surface roughness and soil moisture, the azimuth angle of a crop row is also a contributing factor of the backscattering coefficients of periodic bare soil surfaces. The commonly used models for estimating soil moisture could be applied to randomly rough surfaces, but not periodic surfaces. Based on the fully polarimetric RADARSAT-2 and field sampling data, this paper analyzes the response of backscattering coefficients to the azimuth angles of the crop rows. The like-polarized (hh or vv) backscattering is very sensitive to azimuth angles, assuming trigonometric function. Abnormal high value appears at the position around 90&deg;. Thus, adjustment to the like-polarized backscattering coefficients is needed in order to remove the influence from azimuth angles. The cross-polarized (vh) backscattering shows a random distribution, reacting insensitively to the changes of azimuth angles. Assuming that the backscattering coefficient from periodic surfaces is the result of a random function (related to soil moisture and root mean square height) results in adding a cosine function (related to azimuth angles). Thus, through the difference between backscattering coefficients measured by SAR and calculated by an Oh model, the fitting error functions were acquired and could be regarded as the difference between periodic surfaces and random rough surfaces, and then the like-polarized images could be corrected. The correlation coefficients between the corrected backscatter coefficients and soil moisture are 0.626 and 0.775 respectively in hh and vv polarization modes, which are significantly improved compared with the results before correction. The scatter of the corrected co-polarized ratio p was randomly distributed with no abnormal value around 90&deg;. This proves that co-polarized ratio p could remove the effect of azimuth angles and abnormal value. While the cross-polarized radio q could remove the effect of azimuth angles to some extent, it was affected by the abnormal value around 90&deg;. Finally, the soil moisture and root mean square height of the study area can be estimated by solving two equations (vh and p). This study selected 17 sampling points as checkpoints. The correlation coefficient between estimated soil moisture and measured soil moisture was up to 0.88, with the average relative error of 11.13% and the standard deviation of 0.0256 cm³/cm³. The correlation coefficient between estimated root mean square height and measured root mean square height was 0.76, with the average relative error of 13% and the standard deviation of 0.1315 cm. There was no significant difference in accuracy between the samples with azimuth angles of 90&deg; and the other samples. The inversion accuracy of the corrected Oh model for periodic surfaces is very close to the models of randomly rough surfaces. The modified model is reliable and applicable for periodic surfaces.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Soil moisture
Controlled terms:Backscattering - Contour measurement - Cosine transforms - Crops - Functions - Models - Polarimeters - Polariscopes - Radar imaging - Statistics  - Surface roughness - Synthetic aperture radar
Uncontrolled terms:Average relative error - Backscatter coefficients - Backscattering coefficients - Correlation coefficient - Periodic surfaces - Radarsat-2 - Randomly rough surfaces - Trigonometric functions
Classification code:943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 941.3 Optical Instruments - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20134116842404
Title:Carbon effect evaluation and low-carbon optimization of regional land use
Authors:Zhao, Rongqin (1); Huang, Xianjin (2); Zhong, Taiyang (2); Chuai, Xiaowei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China; (2) School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
Corresponding author:Huang, X.(hxj369@nju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:220-229
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To explore the influences of human activities on the global carbon cycle, anthropogenic carbon emission has become one of the major concerns in academic circles. Regional land use is an important source of carbon emissions. As a direct embodiment of human activities and government policies, the alteration of land use structure will change the pattern and structure of human energy consumption, which will further influence natural and anthropogenic carbon emissions and regional carbon cycle efficiency. Therefore, the impact of human economic and energy activities on the regional carbon cycle was largely achieved by changing land use structure and pattern. Land use is an important driving factor of low-carbon economy and carbon emissions, and is an important tool for carbon emission regulation and control. Research on the carbon effect of land use and its regulation helps to promote the developing of a low-carbon economy through land use planning, industrial structure regulation and control and territorial development, renovation and management. First, this paper evaluated the carbon effect of the overall plan for land utilization in Nanjing through determining the parameters for carbon effect evaluation. Then, three schemes for land use low-carbon optimization were proposed and analyzed, and the policy suggestions were put forward finally. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The carbon storage, carbon emission, and carbon sink under land use overall planning scheme of Nanjing in 2020 was 344.35(10⁴, 1293.90(10⁴, 3.40(10⁴t higher than that in the land use structure in 2005 respectively. Generally, the land use planning scheme of Nanjing city in 2020 will increase regional carbon storage to some extent, but will decrease the carbon sink function of the terrestrial ecosystem, and will also promote the increase of carbon emission. 2) Carbon emission of the land use structure optimization scheme based on the lowest carbon emission will be 73.75(10⁴t lower than that in the land use overall planning scheme in 2020, and the carbon emission reduction potential is 8.50%. If considering the carbon storage and carbon sink of Nanjing city under the land use structure optimization scheme base on the lowest carbon emission, the total carbon emission reduction and carbon sink increasing potential will reach 148(10⁴t, which means that the land use structure optimization scheme base on lowest carbon emission scheme will be the best land optimization scheme to add carbon sink and reduce carbon emissions. Through Monte Carlo simulation, the carbon emission reduction potential of the land use structure optimization scheme based on the lowest carbon emission scheme was further confirmed. 3) In order to promote low-carbon economic development in Nanjing, we suggest that the land use structure optimization scheme based on the lowest carbon emission should be considered as an important reference in the future land use structure adjustment and industrial planning in Nanjing city. This scheme will not only help to realize the aim of carbon emission reduction during "the Twelfth-Five Planning" of Nanjing city, but will also have important practical significance for the controlling of constructive land expansion, adding of productive land use areas, guiding the land use planning and exploiting activities such as consolidation of agricultural land and rural residential areas. Furthermore, the carbon effect evaluation method should be introduced into the environmental impact assessment of land use activities to establish low-carbon land use patterns.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Carbon - Economics - Emission control - Energy utilization - Environmental impact assessments - Environmental management - Industrial research - Monte Carlo methods - Optimization - Research and development management
Uncontrolled terms:Carbon emission reductions - Industrial structures - Land use structure optimizations - Nanjing cities - Regulation and control - Rural residential areas - Terrestrial ecosystems - Territorial development
Classification code:971 Social Sciences - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 901.3 Engineering Research - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20134116842399
Title:Densified biomass fuels production from crop straw pretreated by anaerobic fermentation
Authors:Yang, Shiguan (1); Xiao, Ting (1); Li, Jihong (1); Dong, Changqing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, School of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
Corresponding author:Yang, S.(shiguanyang@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:182-187
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Corn straw is one of the major crop straws considered for producing renewable fuels and energy in China. Production of densified biomass fuel (DBF) and biogas from corn straw are two main conversion approaches. One of the major problems associated with the DBF production from corn straw is rapid wear of the briquetting/pelleting unit. The primary technical barrier for anaerobic fermentation of corn straw is its recalcitrance structure. Aiming at these problems, we proposed a process of DBF production from corn straw pretreated by anaerobic fermentation. In this process, corn straw is firstly anaerobicly digested to produce biogas, and then the solid digestate is pressed into DBF. In order to prove the feasibility of this process, the anaerobic fermentation experiments were performed at 38&deg;C at 12% of total solid (TS). The experiments were divided into two groups with a digestion period of 10 and 20 days, respectively. After anaerobic digestion, the digestate was shed, dried, and pressed into DBF with a diameter of 10mm in a hydraulic device at pressure up to 6 MPa and a temperature of 100&deg;C. The anaerobic experimental results showed that after 10 and 20 days of anaerobic fermentation, 14.49% and 32.01% of the energy contained by corn straw was converted to biogas energy, and the characteristics of digestate were beneficial to DBF production in terms of lignin and extract contents. The lignin content of solid digestate was elevated to 16.98% and 17.92%, and increased by 24.4% and 31.3% compared to 13.65% of corn straw. The benzene alcohol extract of solid digestate was lowered to 5.66% and 4.86%, and decreased by 24.7% and 35.4% compared to 7.52% of corn straw. At the same time, the characteristic changes of solid digestate on aspects of heat value and volatile content were in favor of improving DBF quality: the bomb calorific values of solid digestate reached 18.01 and 18.05 MJ/kg, higher than the 17.02 MJ/kg of raw material, and the volatile contents of solid digestate reached 74.08% and 72.63%, decreased by 8.6% and 10.4% than the 81.02% of raw material. The DBF production results illustrated that the relaxation densities were 1.041 and 1.150 g/cm³, respectively for DBFs produced with solid digestate obtained from anaerobic fermentation for 10 and 20 days, and increased by 2.2% and 12.86% compared to1.019 g/cm³ of DBF produced with corn straw. In conclusion, co-production of DBF and biogas from corn straw based on anaerobic fermentation has the potential of helping to reduce the wear of a briquetting/pelleting unit in its densification process, and avoiding a recalcitrance structure obstacle in its anaerobic fermentation.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Biogas
Controlled terms:Anaerobic digestion - Biomass - Crops - Experiments - Fermentation - Lignin - Pulverized fuel - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Alcohol extract - Anaerobic fermentation - Biomass fuels - Densification process - Hydraulic devices - Renewable fuels - Technical barriers - Volatile contents
Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 524 Solid Fuels - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20134116842395
Title:Strengthening effect of mycorrhizal technology on application of phosphogypsum in agriculture
Authors:Gu, Linjing (1); Bai, Laihan (1); Zhang, Naiming (1); Zhang, Shiying (1); Yue, Xianrong (1); Chen, Yongzhi (1); Xia, Yunsheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
Corresponding author:Xia, Y.(yshengxia@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:152-159
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Phosphogypsum (PG) is one of the largest industrial solid wastes, which stacked on the open yard could pose many environmental risks. Meanwhile, PG contains phosphorus (P), sulphur (S) and the other plant-essential nutrient elements, so that the application feasibility of PG in agriculture is very important for sustainable development of phosphate fertilizer and complex fertilizer industry. PG also contains harmful substances for human body such as arsenic (As). Mycorrhizal fungi may play an important role in protecting plants against As uptake under As and other heavy metals stress. Therefore, the introduction of mycorrhizal technology may become an effective and new way of application PG to the soil with P deficiency and low S. A pot experiment was conducted to study the plant growth and P, S and As uptake by shallot (Allium schoenoprasum L.) under 3 different PG addition levels (0, 20, 40 g/kg) (PG0, PG20, PG40) and inoculating 3 different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungies (AMF) (Glomus mosseae (GM), Glomus aggregatum (GA), Diversispora spurcum (DS)). This objective of this research was to explore the potential utilization value of PG compound with mycorrhizal technology to agricultural soil for Southern China. Furthermore, the experiment was carried out in the plastic greenhouse located at Yunnan Agricultural University in November 2010. The samples were harvested after plant growth for 14 weeks. Mycorrhizal colonization rate, dry weight, P, S and As concentrations in shallots were determined. SPSS11.5 statistical software was used for analyzing the interactions for PG addition and AMF inoculation treatments. The results showed that a low root colonization rate (&lt;30%) was detected. The biomass of shallot was increased with the increasing PG additive levels. Concentration of P, S and As in shallots also increased with the increasing PG additive levels. For PG20 and PG40 treatment, GM, GA and DS colonization respectively can improve plant biomass and P uptake by shallot at different degrees. Comparing with corresponding control treatments, the treatment of PG40 addition together with GM inoculation had a significant effect in improving shallot biomass and P, S uptake. This treatment had the best growth-promoting effect in soil with P deficiency and low S. Meanwhile, the uptake ratio of P to As in shallot was the highest for GM inoculation with PG40. As concentrations in shallot were decreased significantly in the treatments of GM and GA inoculation with PG20, which were lower than the national arsenic limit standard for food. However, As concentration in shallot with PG40 combined with DS inoculation was in food arsenic limited standard, which showed the most obvious anti-arsenic effect. Therefore, the PG40-DS combined treatment and PG20 with AMF inoculation appeared the perspective for promoting PG use and ensuring food security. When PG application rate of advantage anti-arsenic treatment is 20 and 40 g/kg soil, respectively, the application amount of 2700 and 5400 kg per acre will be expected to be used to solve some problems from PG stacking on the field.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Chemical contamination
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Arsenic - Biomass - Experiments - Food supply - Fungi - Gypsum - Heavy metals - Phosphate fertilizers - Phosphorus  - Plant life extension - Soils - Sulfur
Uncontrolled terms:Application feasibility - Arbuscular mycorrhizal - Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi - Growth-promoting effects - Industrial solid wastes - Mycorrhizal colonization - Shallot - Strengthening effect
Classification code:822.3 Food Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 813 Coatings and Finishes - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 901.3 Engineering Research - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 461.9 Biology - 414 Masonry Materials - 412 Concrete - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20134116842378
Title:Simulation and test of trajectory tracking control for tomato harvesting manipulator based on fuzzy logic compensation
Authors:Liang, Xifeng (1); Yang, Ben (1); Wang, Yongwei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (2) School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
Corresponding author:Liang, X.(lxfcjlu@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:16-23
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The tomato harvesting manipulator is apt to work in a complicated and unstructured production environment. The research on the trajectory tracking control is a key task. The tomato harvesting manipulator studied in the paper is a redundant manipulator with 7-DOF including two prismatic joints and five revolute joints, which is a multivariable nonlinear system. It is difficult to obtain its accurate dynamic model during control due to the external disturbance and the nonlinear friction, etc. The traditional control algorithm based on this model has poor robustness and cannot achieve global asymptotic stability. A fuzzy logic system can approximate a nonlinear function with arbitrary precision, which has more and more application in the manipulator control. To realize trajectory tracking with high accuracy and stability, a control method based on compute torque-fuzzy logic compensation is proposed to control trajectory tracking for a tomato harvesting manipulator. This method compensates the uncertain part of the dynamic model of the tomato harvesting manipulator via an adaptive fuzzy logic system, and parameters of the fuzzy compensator are adaptively adjusted by using a tuning algorithm derived from the Lyapunov stability theory. The dynamic model of the manipulator is set up based on a Lagrange method. In addition, the uncertain part of each joint in the model is approached by a separate function in order to reduce fuzzy rules and improve the real-time control. To realize universal approximation, the joint deviation and deviation rate membership function is defined as a Gauss type function. The trajectory tracking controller is designed to include the compute torque controller and self-adaptation fuzzy compensation controller. At the same time, the virtual prototype of the manipulator is structured via adding constraints and drives based on a modular design method. A co-simulation platform is established by ADAMS and MATLAB, which consists of a control program module, virtual prototype module, trajectory input module, and display module, etc. The trajectory tracking control system is simulated on the tomato harvesting manipulator using the compute torque-fuzzy logic compensation method and the computed torque method respectively. The trajectory tracking error and the force (torque) output of each joint are analyzed. The results show that the trace tracking average error from the 1st joint to the 7th joint by the computed torque method are 2.238&times;10^-3 m, 0.0242 m, 0.0132 rad, 0.0526rad, 0.113 rad, 0.1075 rad and 0.0388 rad, while they are 6.65&times;10^-4m, 1.278&times;10^-3 m, 0.0131rad, 0.0135 rad, 0.0116rad, 0.0146 rad and 0.0127rad by the compute torque-fuzzy logic compensation control. The control accuracy from the 1st joint to the 7th joint are increased by 70.29%, 94.72%, 0.61%, 74.29%, 89.75%, 86.41%, 67.14% respectively. The trace tracking errors in the compute torque-fuzzy logic compensation vary smoothly with a rapid convergence of the position error. The joints can reach the desired trajectory within 2-3s. The fuzzy compensation force (torque) of each joint varies smoothly with no significant change. The starting force (torque) is highest in the prismatic joint 2 and the revolute joint 4 when the initial errors are the largest, which are 453.127N and 98.33N&middotm..The force (torque) output of the 1st joint to the 4th joint which are close to the foundation of the manipulator is relatively larger than the other three joints. The torque output becomes more and smaller while nearing to the end-effector. The result provides a reference for motor choosing of each joint. In addition, the whole output force (torque) of each joint is stable and regular without severe vibration during the whole control process. The compute torque-fuzzy logic compensation control method can improve control accuracy and has great robustness, which will lay a foundation for further control study of the tomato manipulator.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Manipulators
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Computer control systems - Dynamic models - Errors - Fruits - Fuzzy logic - Harvesting - MATLAB - Membership functions  - Navigation - Real time control - Robots - Robustness (control systems) - Surface discharges - Torque - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive fuzzy logic system - Fuzzy compensation controller - Global asymptotic stability - Lyapunov stability theory - Multivariable nonlinear systems - Trajectory tracking control - Trajectory tracking controllers - Trajectory tracking errors
Classification code:922.1 Probability Theory - 921 Mathematics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 732 Control Devices - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20134116842382
Title:Flow field performance of bulb turbine with C-type or S-type blades
Authors:Zhao, Yaping (1); Liao, Weili (1); Li, Zhihua (2); Ruan, Hui (1); Luo, Xingqi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; (2) Xi'an Thermal Power Research Institute Co. Ltd., Xi'an 710032, China
Corresponding author:Liao, W.(liaoweili2004@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:47-53
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:We studied the influence of different shapes and positions of the leading edge and trailing edge and geometric parameters of blades on the internal flow characteristics and energy characteristics of a bulb turbine, and provided a reference for the hydraulic design of bulb turbine blades and other, similar turbines. In this paper, the optimization of the blade was carried out by the use of ANSYS-Bladegen for a model bulb turbine with four blades. The flow field analysis and performance evaluation for a bulb turbine with the initial blade (C-type blade) and the optimized blade (S-type blade) were conducted numerically to reveal the influence that the two blade configurations with different geometric parameters have on the turbine flow characteristics and hydraulic energy performance, especially to analyze the hydraulic losses in each part of flow passage caused by the difference in blade geometry. The results show that for the S-type blade, due to the leading edge and trailing edge of blade are below the C-type's, the consumption location of the velocity moment of the blade in the meridional flow passage is also lower than its [need a noun here], and the velocity moment distribution after the runner is also S-shaped. The flow from the guide vanes could be fully developed before entering the runner, which will help reduce the hydraulic losses in the runner. The larger cascade density and blade wrap angle of the C-type blade made the cavitation performance better than the S-type blade, and the area of low pressure on the blade is small, because of the small cascade density and blade wrap angle for the S-type blade, the pressure difference between the pressure side and suction side of the blade is large, so the energy conversion capability is better than the C-type's. The low-pressure region at the outlet of the runner is reduced effectively, which helps to improve the flow characteristics in the draft tube. The leading edge and trailing edge of the blade could play a guidance role to the flow in the flow passage, and this effect is more obvious at low mass flow rate operation conditions. The S-type leading edge shape of the blade could direct the flow to the chamber of the runner, the discharge distribution in the runner shows a similar S-type; S-type runner has small cascade crowding role relative to the C-type, this type of blade could reduce the hydraulic losses in runner, the circulation loss at the outlet of the runner and efficiency loss of the draft tube effectively, and the energy characteristics are superior to the C-type blade.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Turbine components
Controlled terms:Bulb turbines - Energy conversion - Energy efficiency - Flow fields - Geometry - Hydraulic motors - Optimization - Turbines - Turbomachine blades
Uncontrolled terms:C-type and S-type blades - Cavitation performance - Energy characteristics - Energy performance - Flow charac-teristics - Internal flow characteristics - Operation conditions - Pressure differences
Classification code:921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921 Mathematics - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 617 Turbines and Steam Turbines - 525.5 Energy Conversion Issues - 525.2 Energy Conservation
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20134116842381
Title:Numerical simulation of internal flow field in gill-piece separation device
Authors:Tao, Hongfei (1); Qiu, Xiuyun (1); Zhao, Li'na (2); Li, Lin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (2) Urumqi Xing Yuan Xin Water Conservancy Engineering Consulting Co. Ltd., Urumqi 830000, China
Corresponding author:Qiu, X.(wlmqqxy@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:38-46
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Gill-piece separation device, which consists of gill-pieces and gill-duct, is a kind of new-type device with advantages of simple structure, low cost and fast water-sediment separation velocity. This device is found wide applications in sediment pretreatment at water works or the treatment of irrigation water. With the development of computer technology and computational fluid dynamics, solid-liquid two-phase flow field simulated by numerical model have been widely used. This paper adopts multiphase flow model that is Eulerian model and Mixture model provided by Fluent software to study water-sediment two-phase flow field in the gill-piece separation device under hydrostatic condition. At the same time, in order to check the reliability of numerical simulation, the test data of PIV technique are used to evaluate the simulation results. This paper shows velocity vector distribution and velocity nephogram of part of the sections using Eulerian model, mixture model and PIV test results under the condition of S=10kg/m³. It is shown that velocity vector distribution obtained by Eulerian simulation and Mixture simulation are the same as those from the PIV test. The flow is dominated by sediment flow settlement in the section of Z=0.035 m along width direction and the section of X=0.005m along length direction. The sediment particles slide downward along the short sides of the gill-pieces at an inclination angle of &alpha;. When they reach the long side of the gill-pieces, they surge to sediment channel along with particles at inclination angle of &beta;. The flow is dominated by upward movement of clear water in the section of Z=0.005 m along width direction and the section of X=0.095m along length direction. The clear water flow upward along the short side of gill-piece at inclination angle of &alpha;. When they reach the long side of the gill-piece, they move upward to enter the water channel at an inclination angle of &beta;. But velocity nephogram of different sections is different between simulation results and PIV test results at the same time point. The maximum relative errors of calculation results by Eulerian model and Mixture model from PIV test result are 9.09% and 36.36%, respectively. So Eulerian model is more accurate and reliable, and is used to simulate water-sediment two-phase flow in the gill-piece separation device. And than the distribution characteristics of sediment and velocity in gill-piece separation device is analyzed using Eulerian model calculation results. Average sediment concentration and velocity distribution, which is on the upper surface and the lower surface of the gill-piece, is relevant with gill-piece location and time. The characteristic of sediment distribution is different along different height direction of the gill-piece separation device. The faster water-sediment separation is, when closer to top of gill-piece separation device, the easier it is to get water. The variation of average sediment velocity with time in sediment channel is consistent with average water velocity in the water channel. And average sediment velocity is generally larger than average water velocity.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Sediments
Controlled terms:Computational fluid dynamics - Computer simulation - Flow fields - Hydraulics - Irrigation - Mixtures - Multiphase flow - Numerical analysis - Numerical models - Two phase flow  - Velocity - Velocity distribution - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Distribution characteristics - Eulerian models - Maximum relative errors - Mixture model - PIV - Separation devices - Solid-liquid two-phase flow - Velocity vector distribution
Classification code:931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 931.1 Mechanics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 921 Mathematics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 723.5 Computer Applications - 632.1 Hydraulics - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 446.1 Water Supply Systems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20134116842384
Title:Distribution characteristic of fine root and soil water of densely jujube plantation with drip irrigation
Authors:Liu, Xiaoli (1); L., Ma; Y., Wang
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China; (3) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Y.
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:63-71
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Root systems play an important role in the hydrological cycle by largely controlling water fluxes to the atmosphere and groundwater. Root distribution characteristic determines its water use strategy and has a direct effect on soil water depletion. In water-limited arid and semiarid regions, soil water is a critical factor affecting plant growth that may determine plant distribution pattern. The relationships between soil water and plant have been reported for a wide range. However, very limited information about the forest deep root and deep soil water has been reported. Little study has focused on the stand density effect on jujube plantation. Our study was conducted to determine the spatial distribution of fine root and soil profile water characteristic of the 12-year-old drip irrigated densely jujube plantation (Ziziphus jujube Mill.) with 2.4 m between trees and 2.4 m between tree rows, widely jujube plantation as control was not drip irrigated with 4 m between trees and 5 m between tree rows in the loess hilly region. Soil core method (Luoyang shovel) was used to obtain fine roots from 5 different horizontal positions in 0-5.4 m in densely jujube plantation and 4 different horizontal positions in 0-10.4 m in widely jujube plantation respectively, and soil water content was observed in 0-10.4 m at 0.2 m interval in the two jujube plantations. The results showed that: 1) Fine root dry weight density was decreased with soil depth and more than 50% of fine roots were concentrated in 0-0.8 m soil layer which was the dense root layer. It was 52.3% and 57.7% in the top four layers in densely and widely jujube plantations respectively. There were significant differences in the fine root dry weight density among the top four soil layers in the same sampling position, and no significant differences were observed among different horizontal positions. 2) Fine root dry weight density was increased with the increasing of the stand density, but the maximum fine root depth showed opposite tendency. The maximum fine root depth extended 5 m and the total fine root dry weight density was 2319.38 g/m³ in densely jujube plantation, while it was 10 m and 1969.06 g/m³ in widely jujube plantation respectively. When the soil water in the upper layer could not provide the jujube growth demand, root had to gradually move to deeper layer to absorb soil water. 3) The average of soil water content in 0~10.4 m was 8.34% and 6.68% in densely and widely jujube plantation respectively. Soil water content was greater in densely jujube plantation with drip irrigation than in widely jujube plantation. The low soil water content zone was concentrated in 1.6~3.0 m soil layer in densely jujube plantation while it was 2.2~4.6 m in widely jujube plantation. The soil depth of low soil water content zone moved up 1.6 m in densely jujube plantation than widely jujube plantation. Drip irrigation and densely plantation had an important effect on artificial forest root and soil water, drip irrigation could reduce the maximum rooting depth, and roots were shallower in densely jujube plantation which can alleviate deep soil water depletion.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Soil moisture
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Forestry - Fruits - Groundwater - Irrigation - Sediments - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Arid and semi-arid regions - Distribution characteristics - Fine roots - Jujube plantation - Loess hilly regions - Plant distribution patterns - Stand densities - Water characteristics
Classification code:821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 444.2 Groundwater - 444 Water Resources - 443 Meteorology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20134116842392
Title:Design and simulation of topology structure for switched-inductor Z-source inverter
Authors:Cheng, Zhiyou (1); Cheng, Hongjiang (2); Yu, Hao (2); Ye, Shanshan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Power Quality Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (2) School of Electronic Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
Corresponding author:Cheng, Z.(czy@ahu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:129-136
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:On the basis of the switched-inductor Z-Source inverter, this paper proposes a new switched-inductor Z-source inverter topology with high boost voltage, which is totally different from any other existing Z-source inverters from the viewpoint of circuit structures and operating principles. This new topology not only retains the basic X-shape structure, but also can exchange the position between diode and inverter bridge by adding two inductors and six diodes. It excels at reducing the voltage stress and increasing the peak dc-link voltage, meanwhile ensuring the continuity of the input current; moreover, it can be controlled simply by adopting the boost control, which is also well known in the traditional switched-inductor Z-source inverter. That is to say, it uses the sine wave as the modulation wave, and the triangle wave as the carrier wave. The method is based on the sinusoidal pulse width modulation control technology. When the triangular carrier wave amplitude is greater than the sine wave's peak value or conversely less than the sine wave's negative peak value, the three-phase bridge arms of the inverter was straight at the same time. From the viewpoint of the switching states of the main circuit connected with the new switched-inductor Z-source impedance network, the operating principles of the proposed impedance network are similar to those of the traditional Z-source impedance network. Therefore, the substates of the new Z-source impedance network are classified as the shoot-through state and the non-shoot-through state, respectively. During the shoot-through state, all the switches of the inverter bridge are on, while the input diode is off. For the top switched-inductor cell and the bottom switched-inductor cell, all the inductors are connected in parallel, respectively. These inductors are charged by two capacitors. It appears that both the top and bottom SL cells perform the same function to absorb the energy stored in the capacitors. On the other hand, during the non-shoot-through state, the state corresponds to the six active states and the two zero states of the main circuit. Some switches of the inverter bridge are off, while the input diode is on. For the top switched-inductor cell and the bottom switched-inductor cell, all the inductors are connected in series, respectively. The stored energy is transferred to the main circuit. To verify the proposed concept and the theoretical analysis, it is given that the simulation of the novel switched-inductor Z-source inverter and the traditional switched-inductor Z-source inverter are under the condition of the simple boost control. When the shoot-through duty ratio is 0.139 and the modulation index is 0.85, the peak dc-link voltage will be up to 127.95 V using the novel topology, while the traditional topology yields a peak de-link voltage of 89.65 V. The capacitor voltage is 39.50 V using the novel topology, while using the traditional topology the capacitor voltage is 68.40 V. Therefore, the new topology has a higher boost factor than the traditional inverter.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Electric inverters
Controlled terms:Capacitors - Cells - Cytology - Diodes - Modulation - Topology - Voltage control
Uncontrolled terms:Boost factor - Design and simulation - Negative peak values - Operating principles - Simple boost controls - Sinusoidal pulse width modulation - Triangular carrier wave - Z-source inverter
Classification code:921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 717 Optical Communication - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 704.2 Electric Equipment - 704.1 Electric Components - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20134116842412
Title:Labeling Fusarium oxysporum with silicon carbide quantum dots and long-term-distance fluorescent imaging for living cells
Authors:Song, Yuepeng (1); Kang, Jie (1); Gao, Dongsheng (2); Li, Jiangtao (3); Wang, Xiaobo (4); Yin, Chengmiao (2); Mao, Zhiquan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Mechanical and Electronic Engineering College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; (2) Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Machineries and Equipments, Tai'an 271018, China; (3) Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (4) Wendeng Orthopaedic and Traumatic Hospital, Wendeng 264400, China
Corresponding author:Gao, D.(dsgao219@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:286-292
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Fluorescence microscopy has allowed the functional study of various molecules that have been identified in living cells. The capabilities of this technique have generated a huge interest in developing new probes for labeling molecules and observing changes in their cellular activities. Quantum dots (QDs) based on II-VI (e.g., CdSe, CdTe, CdS, and ZnSe) and III-V (e.g., InP and InAs) semiconductors have attracted considerable scientific interest over the past two decades for their remarkable luminescent properties. However, the widely used CdX semiconductor QDs were found to be cytotoxic through the release of free metallic ions (cadmium ions for instance). Therefore, it becomes clear that the cytotoxicity strongly influencing biological cell functioning is one of the major limiting factors for the application of II-VI QDs in efficient living cell imaging. Recently, silicon carbide(SiC) QDs has been growing attention for people with the advantages of non-toxic, good biocompatible due to its simple preparation process and excellent optical properties. Especially, for the Fusarium oxysporum, inspection of its infection mechanism needs to be fluorescent marked and long-term-distance tracing with vivo cells. The paper focus on two aspects for SiC QDs: fabrication and the vivo cells marking and long-term-distance fluorescent imaging. Firstly, the aqueous SiC QDs was prepared by SiC particles, which was prepared via self-propagating combustion in the mixture chemical etchant of nitric and hydrofluoric acid. Latticed-hollow of silicon carbide particles will be easily obtained because of SiC particles fabrication characteristics like nonequilibrium thermal forming leading to many defaults on the surface. Processed by broken and dispersed with ultrasonic cavitation, high-speed centrifugation, non-cytotoxic labeling materials of silicon carbide QDs were obtained. The microstructure and optical properties of QDs were measured and analyzed. The silicon carbide QDs are nearly spherical feature and its diameter is shorter than its' Bohr diameter (5.4 nm), which result in excellent optical properties. There is inherent relationship between the emission color-displaying and the sizes of the SiC QDs. Multi-color fluorescence can be displayed in one exciting wavelength according to different size. Emission light will show blue shift following the decrease diameter. In this study, the emission wavelength of QDs with 5 and 2 nm diameter is 470 and 439 nm, respectively. The Fusarium oxysporum labeling and long-term-distance fluorescent imaging for living cells were processed. Firstly, conidiums were marked on the cell membrance with SiC QDs which next enter into the cell via endocytosis and stably labeling. Further results indicated that SiC QDs can show long-term-distance vivo fluorescent image because of its non-cytotoxicity. Moreover, the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that some hydrophilic organic functional groups, such as COO^-, O^-, OH^- and so on, on the surface of QDs were established in the process of etching which plays an important role in stable marking for living cells. The problems of interaction between the Fusarium oxysporum and plant root, procedure and mechanism of infecting, new prevention method for Fusarium wilt can be hopefully solved. Furthermore, the SiC QDs is a potential marking materials compared to the traditional fluorescent organic dye. The methods of multi-targets marking and long-term-distance tracing can give the materials and technical support for the biological theory researching fields, such as living cells and its substructure, molecular events, cells behaviors and so on.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Silicon carbide
Controlled terms:Biocompatibility - Cadmium compounds - Cadmium sulfide - Cells - Cytology - Cytotoxicity - Fluorescence - Fluorescence microscopy - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Functional groups  - Fungi - Hydrofluoric acid - Labeling - Molecular biology - Molecules - Optical properties - Semiconductor quantum dots - Ultrasonic applications
Uncontrolled terms:Fluorescent - Fluorescent imaging - Fusarium oxysporums - Image technique - Living cell
Classification code:931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 801.2 Biochemistry - 801 Chemistry - 931.4 Quantum Theory; Quantum Mechanics - 753.3 Ultrasonic Applications - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 694.1 Packaging, General - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 741.1 Light/Optics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20134116842393
Title:Development and implementation of safety evaluation system for fishing vessels
Authors:Zhang, Guangfa (1); Zhang, Ya (1); Yao, Jie (1); Ren, Yuqing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Navigation and Shipbuilding Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (2) Research Center of Fishing Vessel Safety, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Y.(zhangya@dlou.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:137-144
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:It is of great significance for strengthening the regulation and monitoring of fishing vessels safety and improving marine fishing production safety to do an evaluation of the fishing vessels' safety condition. The fishing vessels safety condition evaluation software system development and implementation not only can greatly improve the efficiency of fishing vessels safety management, but also provide strong support for the later statistical analysis and fishing vessel management information building. In the paper, the data structure and model was drawn from the comprehensive evaluation systems in fishing vessels safety condition, including evaluating indicator, criteria, and models, and was designed with a database to develop the fishing vessels safety condition evaluation software system without dependency on the specific evaluating indicator. In the software system, users can define their own evaluation indicators, criteria, and models to create the evaluation system for fishing vessels safety condition. In the decision analysis and resolution, the restrictive conditions on network environment and software and hardware were considered. The MS-ACCESS database was used for its characteristics of high access efficiency in a personal computer and flexibility and convenience for data file storing and merging to implement that data and information was collected, merged, uploaded and reported from the base level fishing vessels surveyor to high level vessels management departments, based on which, the administrative staff would do evaluation and statistical analysis. As a case study, an area of more than 5, 700 ships and over 24 m Steel Ocean fishing vessels was selected as the sample data to practice the safety condition evaluation by using the evaluation software system. In the evaluation, different levels of evaluation indictors, weights values, calculation functions including ship age, structure, equipment, and stability were defined to create the evaluation system for the area of fishing vessels. All the evaluation items and indexes were calculated as 4 quantitative grades, namely 1, 2, 3 and 4, and the final evaluation result was transformed as "below grade, " "partially up to grade, " and "up to grade" according to the actual situation to describe qualitatively the safety condition of each fishing vessel. The evaluation data was collected, merged, uploaded, and summarized level by level from fishing vessels inspection engineers, local fishery administrative offices, the fishery administrative department at the provincial level, and finally as reported to the Fishing Vessel Inspection Bureau. Based on the data, the relevant department's administrators can do the evaluation, statistics and analysis for the area of fishing vessels safety condition. By the statistical analysis on the evaluation result in the aspects of overall evaluation, ship structure, equipment and stability, the evaluation levels distribution map and other data on fishing vessels safety condition can be obtained. The case study showed that the fishing vessels safety condition evaluation can be implemented successfully by using the developed software system with a user environment configuration simple to setup, the interface simple and easy to use, good generalization and high efficiency in data processing, and low cost of operation and maintenance.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Fishing vessels
Controlled terms:Computer software - Computer systems - Data processing - Database systems - Fisheries - Information management - Marine applications - Personal computers - Safety testing - Ships  - Statistical methods
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation system - Evaluation indicators - Management information - Restrictive conditions - Safety evaluations - Software and hardwares - Statistics and analysis - System development
Classification code:914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 903.2 Information Dissemination - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 674 Small Craft and Other Marine Craft - 671 Naval Architecture - 472 Ocean Engineering - 471.5 Sea as Source of Minerals and Food - 672 Naval Vessels
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20134116842388
Title:Using cross-entropy method simulates spatial distribution of rice in Northeast China
Authors:Tang, Pengqin (1); Yang, Peng (2); Chen, Zhongxin (1); Li, Zhengguo (1); You, Liangzhi (3); Liu, Zhenhuan (4); Wu, Wenbin (1); Yao, Yanmin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) The Key Lab. of Agro-Informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China; (2) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (3) International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington DC, 20006, United States; (4) Geography and Planning School of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
Corresponding author:Yang, P.(yangpeng@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:96-104
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The crop's spatial-temporal pattern is critical to many agricultural studies. In the last 30 years, the rice area in Northeast China increased significantly, and has become one of the major rice producing regions in China. To explore the rice spatial-temporal change characteristics and enrich the crop spatial distribution information acquisition methods, this study combined such multi-source datasets as agricultural statistics data, cropland data, irrigation map and crop suitability, and uses a crop spatial distribution model SPAM (Spatial Production Allocation Model) which has been based on the cross-entropy theory and applied successfully in Brazil and Africa. We further modified the model and applied it to China, and named it SPAM-China. This model mainly has four modules that include a data consistency processing module which makes the multisource data a better spatial match, an agricultural statistical data input module, and a multisource data discrimination module that uses GAMS to optimize the procedure and improve the efficiency of the model, and a result output module. With the SPAM-China model, the study simulates the rice spatial distribution of Northeast China on the pixel scale in the past 30 years (1980-2008) and obtains four rice distribution maps. The result shows that the model has a better capacity to simulate rice spatial distribution, and can reflect the main rice cultivation region and temp-spatial change characteristics. In the last 30 years, rice spatial distribution change characteristics were very significant. The rice cultivation area obviously increased, and the cultivation region constantly expanded northeastward. Rice cultivation gravity was northward about 1.76 latitude (140 km) in the nearest 30 years, but the rice cultivation gravity of 2008 is southward about 0.23 latitude (16km) than that of 2000. The rice area rose sharply and has a distinct upward trend in the middle and north of this area, where the north region has the most significant increasing trend. Sanjiang plain and Songnen plain are the main factors for rice increasing in the north region. However, in the south of the region, the rice area change shows no significant trend. On the pixel scale, the rice area of the most pixels has a significant increasing trend and only a few has a decreasing trend in the south of Northeast China. The increasing pixels mainly lie in the middle of Jilin province, south and east of Heilongjiang province. Compared with the remote sensing interpretation crop pattern of Northeast China based on the moderate-resolution satellite MODIS in 2009, this model's simulation results are validated and prove that the SPAM-China model has a better capacity to simulate the rice spatial distribution of Northeast China on the pixel scale. On the pixel scale, the spatial distribution consistency pixels mainly lie on the traditional rice cultivation region and Sanjiang Plain. Although there is some discrepancy in a few regions, these pixels have a good spatial distribution consistency occupying a greater advantage in pixel amount and rice area. It accounts for 77.20% of the total rice area and 59.57% of the whole rice pixels for SPAM-China and accounts for 91.69% of the rice area and 73.09% of the whole rice pixels for the remote sensing interpretation result. Although the SPAM-China model can better simulate the crop spatial distribution, it must consider the multi-source data consistency, data update, statistics data accuracy, and agricultural and geographical characteristics of study region because these factors can reflect, to a large extent, the simulation accuracy. At the same time, the simulation spatial resolution promotion is also the main direction to improve the model.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Pixels
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Crops - Cultivation - Data handling - Internet - Models - Remote sensing - Spatial distribution - Web browsers
Uncontrolled terms:Information acquisitions - Northeast China - Remote sensing interpretation - Rice - Spatial distribution changes - Spatial-temporal changes - Spatial-temporal characteristics - Statistics method
Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 902.1 Engineering Graphics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20134116842405
Title:Spatial variability of cultivated land productivity in county territory
Authors:Wang, Shutao (1); Xu, Ce (2); Li, Ziliang (1); Chen, Yaheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Land and Resources College, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China; (2) Resources and Environmental Engineering College, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Y.(chenyaheng@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:230-239
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Heilonggang basin is one of the major grain production areas in Hebei Province, but its cultivated land production was strongly constrained by poor nutrients supply and limited water resources. In this study, a method of classification and regression trees model (CART) proposed by Breiman in 1984 was used to study the variation characteristics of cultivated land productivity of Xiong County at landscape and county scales. This nonparametric statistical model belonging to the classification data excavation algorithms is widely used in many fields because of its simplicity and high precision in comparison with conventional analysis methods. Meanwhile, the evaluation of the impacts of natural and management factors on the variability of cultivated land productivity to reveal its major controlling factors can enrich the study contents of cultivated land productivity and the methods for quantitative research on influence factors. Results showed that: 1) at county scale, the cultivated land productivity in Xiong County varied from 4.75 to 6.95 t/hm², where the southwest and east region had high productivity and the southeast and middle west had low productivity. At landscape scale, the productivity rank of the cultivated lands was: the loam above and clay below slope (6.25 t/hm²)&gt;the light loam homogeneous slope (6.02 t/hm²)&gt;the clay loamy homogeneous bottom land (5.89 t/hm²)&gt;the sandy above and loam below hillock (5.67 t/hm²)&gt;the sandy loam homogeneous sustained hillock (5.39 t/hm²). 2) Management factors had a greater impact on the spatial variation of the cultivated land productivity than natural attributes of cultivated land factors at the county level, where the main controlling factors in an order of irrigation, nitrogen application amount, rapidly-available nitrogen and organic matter contributed 51% of the productivity. Among different landscapes, natural attributes of the cultivated land were the main controlling factors, where the total contribution of cation exchange capacity, content of organic matter, and rapidly-available potassium and nitrogen accounted for 55% of the productivity. It was found that limiting factors for the light loam homogeneous slope were irrigation assurance rate and nitrogen application amount; for the loam above and clay below slope they were cation exchange capacity and nitrogen application amount; for the sandy loam homogeneous sustained hillock with poor water retention capacity it was irrigation; for the sandy above and loam below hillock and the clay loamy homogeneous bottom land they were fertilization rates of potassium and nitrogen. Overall, the cultivated land productivity was significantly correlated with the factors of cultivated land management and natural attributes, especially cultivated land management factors. Cultivated land management factors including the economic water use, rational N fertilization (&lt; 240.34 kg/hm²), and strengthening fertility management of cultivated land should be adjusted to maintain the high cultivated land productivity. This study is very useful in improving the quality and productivity and ensuring the sustainable utilization of cultivated land.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Forestry - Irrigation - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Organic compounds - Positive ions - Productivity - Soil conditioners  - Spatial variables control - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Cation exchange capacities - Classification and regression tree - Conventional analysis method - Main control factor - Main controlling factors - Variability - Variation characteristics - Xiong county
Classification code:913.1 Production Engineering - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 801.2 Biochemistry - 801 Chemistry - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 444 Water Resources - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20134116842408
Title:Non-destructively detecting sugar content of nectarines based on dielectric properties and ANN
Authors:Shang, Liang (1); Gu, Jingsi (2); Guo, Wenchuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China; (2) College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China
Corresponding author:Guo, W.(guowenchuan69@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:257-264
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Sugar content is the main attribute of a fruit's internal qualities. It is usually determined by soluble solids content (SSC). Since the traditional method used in detecting SSC with an Abbe-refractor is destructive, it is not suitable for on-line detection. To find a method to measure SSC nondestructively and quickly, the dielectric properties (relative dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor) of intact postharvest 99-1 nectarines at 1 day intervals during 10 days' storage were measured with a vector network analyzer (E5071C) and an open-ended coaxial-line probe (85070E) at 101 discrete frequencies over the frequency range of 20~4500 MHz. The sugar content of the fruit juice of each sample was measured with a digital refractometer. Altogether, 300 nectarines were used in the study. One-hundred and one relative dielectric constant values and 101 dielectric loss factor values at 101 discrete frequencies for each sample were used as variables to build models. A significance analysis was done to investigate whether frequencies and storage time had a significant influence on the values of permittivities. Sample set partitioning based on joint x-y distances (SPXY) was used to subset partitioning. Uninformative variables elimination (UVE) and successive projection algorithm (SPA) were applied to extract the characteristic variables from the original dielectric spectra of dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor. The modeling methods, such as partial least squares (PLS) and artificial neural network technology, such as support vector regression (SVR) and extreme learning machine (ELM) were applied to establish models for predicting SSC from permittivities. The experimental results showed that as the frequency increased, the relative dielectric constant of nectarines decreased, but the dielectric loss factor changed from decreasing to increasing. The analysis of variance indicated that storage time and frequency had a significant influence on dielectric properties. Based on SPXY, 243 samples were partitioned to a calibration set and 57 samples to a prediction set. One-hundred and eight variables were selected from 202 variables with UVE, and 14 characteristic variables were extracted with SPA. SPA was more effective than UVE in selecting useful information from the whole spectra of dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor and in simplifying a model for predicting SSC. Contrasted with PLS, SVR and ELM had better performance in predicting SSC under the SPA pretreatment method. SPA-ELM gave the highest correlation coefficient of predication set (0.887) and the lowest root mean square error of predication set (0.782). The study indicates that dielectric spectra combined SPA and artificial neural network technology could be applied in determining the sugar content of nectarines. It offers useful knowledge for developing nondestructive sensors for fruits' sugar content based on the frequency spectra of permittivities.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Permittivity
Controlled terms:Dielectric properties - Electric insulation testing - Forecasting - Fruit juices - Fruits - Knowledge acquisition - Learning systems - Least squares approximations - Mean square error - Models  - Neural networks - Nondestructive examination
Uncontrolled terms:Extreme learning machine - Nectarine - Open-ended coaxial-line probe - Partial least square (PLS) - Relative dielectric constant - Soluble solids content - Successive projection algorithms - Support vector regression (SVR)
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 822.3 Food Products - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 731.1 Control Systems - 708.1 Dielectric Materials - 701 Electricity and Magnetism - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20134116842400
Title:Qualitative and quantitative analysis of straw content in straw-coal blends using Vis/NIR spectroscopy
Authors:He, Cheng (1); Yang, Zengling (1); Huang, Guangqun (1); Chen, Longjian (1); Liao, Na (2); Han, Lujia (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Han, L.(hanlj@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:188-195
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Analysis of biomass-coal blends is crucial for developing appropriate subsidy policies for biomass co-firing power generation. Visible and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (Vis/NIRS) was used for qualitative analysis of straw, coal and straw-coal blends, and quantitative analysis of straw content of straw-coal blends. A total of 80 straw samples (particle size less than 80 mm), 9 coal samples (particle size less than 10 mm), 120 straw-coal blends samples with straw content varying from 70% to 99% (blends1) and 120 straw-coal blends samples with straw content varying from 1% to 30% (blends2) were prepared. Vis/NIRS spectra of samples were recorded using a FOSS NIRS DS 2 500 spectrometer. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used for qualitative analysis while modified partial least squares (MPLS) was used for quantitative analysis. The correct classification percentages (CCP) of straw versus blends1 and coal versus blends 2 were 90.00% (using region 1 100-2 500 nm) and 71.88% (using region 400-2 500 nm), respectively. The ratio of standard error of performance to standard deviation (RPD) for quantitative analysis of straw content of blends1 and blends2 were 2.32 (400-2 500 nm) and 1.48 (400-1 100 nm), respectively. It was concluded that the spectral region from 1100 to 2500 nm is more suitable for classification of straw versus blends1, and the region is also applied in quantitative analysis of straw content of blends1. Likewise, the suitable spectral region for classification of coal versus blends2 is from 400 to 1 100 nm, which is also appropriate for quantitative analysis of straw content of blends2. Vis/NIRS along with chemometrics may be a feasibility way for qualitative and quantitative analysis of straw-coal blends with large particle size.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Coal
Controlled terms:Biomass - Discriminant analysis - Least squares approximations - Near infrared spectroscopy - Particle size - Spectrometers - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Classification of coals - Co-firing - Modified partial least squares - Partial least squares-discriminant analysis - Qualitative analysis - Qualitative and quantitative analysis - Vis/NIR spectroscopy - Visible and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Classification code:524 Solid Fuels - 801 Chemistry - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922 Statistical Methods - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20134116842387
Title:Effects of tillages on soil organic carbon sequestration in North China Plain
Authors:Wei, Yanhua (1); Zhao, Xin (1); Zhai, Yunlong (1); Zhang, Erpeng (1); Chen, Fu (1); Zhang, Hailin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) chn, Beijing 100193
Corresponding author:Zhang, H.(hailin@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:87-95
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Soil organic carbon (SOC) pool plays an important role in mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, long-term conventional tillage practices can result in significant losses of soil organic matter (SOM), thus inducing an increase in soil erosion and increasing CO<inf>2</inf> efflux. In addition, burning straw is another important emission sources of GHG in the North China Plain (NCP). In order to identify the best tillage practices for SOC sequestration under the wheat-maize cropping system in this region, we investigated the effects of tillage on SOC concentration, SOC stock, the carbon pool management index (CMI), and SOC distribution in the soil profile. This study was conducted at the Wuqiao Experiment Station in Hebei Province from 2008. Five different treatments were established, including no-till without straw retention (NT0), conventional tillage without straw retention (CT0), no-till with straw retention (NT), conventional tillage with straw retention (CT), and rotary tillage with straw retention (RT). Soil samples were taken after harvesting of wheat, and soil bulk density (BD), SOC, and labile organic carbon (LOC) were analyzed. The results showed that NT0 significantly increased BD in all soil layers (0~50 cm) (P&lt;0.05). Concentration of SOC decreased with an increased depth (0-110 cm) among all treatments. NT significantly increased the SOC concentration at the topsoil (0-10 cm) compared with the other treatments. Concentration of SOC under NT was 34.4% higher than that under CT0 at 0-5 cm depth. However, SOC under NT was lower compared with other treatments (except NT0) in &gt;10-50 cm, but there was no significant difference among the treatments deep layers (&gt;50-110 cm). The relationship between BD and SOC concentration showed a strong negative correlation. In order to reduce the bias caused by variations in bulk density under different tillage treatments, the equivalent soil mass method was used in calculating SOC stock. At the depth of 0~30 cm, the total SOC stock under NT was the highest (40.73 Mg/hm²) among all the treatments, and there was no significant difference in SOC stock between CT and NT, but those were 13.1% and 11.0% higher than CT0, respectively. However, for the 0-50 cm depth, the SOC stock in CT was highest, but no significant difference with NT (P&lt;0.05). Compared with CT0, NT0 reduced the LOC concentration in all soil layers, but NT increased at 0-10cm soil layers. The carbon management index (CMI) under RT were 21.7 % and 32.3% higher than NT at 0-5 and 5-10 cm depth, respectively, but no significant difference occurred at both &gt;10-20 cm and &gt;20-30 cm. However, CMI under CT was higher than that under NT, NT0 and CT0 at all soil depths. Results of that indicated that crop straw retention could increase soil quality and increase CMI that was also strongly affected by tillage management. In conclusion, NT reduced soil disturbance and increased the input of SOM, which was beneficial in SOC storage, especially at the surface layers. Nonetheless, the results of this study were based on short-term tillage experiments in SOC concentration/stock. Therefore, a long-time study may reveal the changes in SOC and its mechanism under conservation tillage because of the duration effects. These data also suggest sampling subsoil layers to understand the underpinning processes governing SOC sequestration.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Cultivation - Digital storage - Experiments - Greenhouse effect - Greenhouse gases - Organic carbon - Soil conservation  - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Carbon management indices - Carbon pool - Conventional tillage - Different treatments - Negative correlation - Soil organic carbon sequestration - Soil organic Carbon stocks - Tillage practices
Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 451 Air Pollution
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20134116842410
Title:Suitability evaluation of apple cultivars for fresh juice-processing
Authors:Nie, Jiyun (1); Wu, Yonglong (1); Li, Haifei (1); Wang, Kun (1); Li, Jing (1); Li, Zhixia (1); Xu, Guofeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125199, China; (2) chn, Xingcheng 125199
Corresponding author:Nie, J.(jiyunnie@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:271-278
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To establish a scientific evaluation technique of fresh juice-processing suitability of apple cultivars, fruit and fresh juice of one hundred and twenty-two apple cultivars with a fruit mass above 100 g were studied. Fruits were harvested in the National Germplasm Repository of Pear and Apple (Xingcheng, China) and juiced by a household juicer. Correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between fruit and fresh juice. Evaluation indices of the fresh juice-processing suitability of apple cultivars were screened by factor analysis and graded by probability distribution, and their weight was decided by analytic hierarchy process. Discrimination functions of fresh juice-processing suitability of apple cultivars were established by K-means cluster and discriminant analysis. The results showed that each index of titratable acidity, total soluble solid, soluble sugar, ratio of total soluble solid to titratable acidity, and ratio of soluble sugar to titratable acidity of fruit was in highly significant correlation with that of fresh juice, and the correlation coefficients were 0.8967, 0.9393, 0.8413, 0.9036, and 0.9099, respectively. Four indices of fruit, including total soluble solid, ratio of total soluble solid to titratable acidity, juice ratio, and tannin content, were chosen as evaluation indices of fresh juice-processing suitability of apple cultivars. Each of them was divided into five grades (that is lower, low, medium, high, and higher) which were normally distributed or near normally distributed, and their grading standards were established. Using index weight and grading standards, the scoring standards of four evaluation indices were established. The established five discrimination functions of fresh juice-processing suitability of apple cultivars had satisfactory recognition accuracy of up to 94.74% (modeling samples) and 96.55% (test samples). And these functions are, in order, y<inf>1</inf> = -897.41 28.19x<inf>1</inf> 21.33x<inf>2</inf> 28.31x<inf>3</inf> 22.88x<inf>4</inf>, y<inf>2</inf> = -1085.31 30.84x<inf>1</inf> 23.72x<inf>2</inf> 31.47x<inf>3</inf> 23.84x<inf>4</inf>, y<inf>3</inf> = -1247.35 33.18x<inf>1</inf> 25.45x<inf>2</inf> 33.39x<inf>3</inf> 26.08x<inf>4</inf>, y<inf>4</inf> = -1391.64 35.06x<inf>1</inf> 26.95x<inf>2</inf> 35.35x<inf>3</inf> 26.99x<inf>4</inf>, and y<inf>5</inf> = -1642.16 38.57x<inf>1</inf> 29.25x<inf>2</inf> 38.05x<inf>3</inf> 28.52x<inf>4</inf>(x<inf>1</inf>~x<inf>4</inf> present score of total soluble solid, ratio of total soluble solid to titratable acidity, juice ratio, and tannin content, respectively). Among fifty-eight selected cultivars, forty-three cultivars (Red Fuji, Jonagold, Tsugaru, etc.) were suitable for fresh juice-processing, and other fifteen cultivars (Granny Smith, Jonathan, Golden Delicious, etc.) were highly suitable for fresh juice-processing.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Discriminant analysis - Face recognition - Flavonoids - Fruit juices - Function evaluation - Grading - Normal distribution - Processing - Quality control - Soil conditioners  - Standards - Tannins
Uncontrolled terms:Apple - Cultivar - Evaluation - Fresh juice - Suitability
Classification code:922.1 Probability Theory - 922 Statistical Methods - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 913.4 Manufacturing - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 902.2 Codes and Standards - 822.3 Food Products - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20134116842386
Title:Design of real time soil moisture monitoring and precision irrigation systems
Authors:Wei, Yichang (1); Wang, Zhenying (2); Wang, Tongchao (3); Liu, Kun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China; (2) Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering Group, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; (3) College of Agriculture, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Corresponding author:Wei, Y.(weiyichang@ncwu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:80-86
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to provide suitable soil moisture conditions timely and accurately for the growth of crops, the study developed a real time soil moisture monitoring and precision irrigation systems. The hardware, which was used in this study, such as soil moisture sensors, data acquisition and control modules and so on, was designed independently with independent intellectual property rights. This system took irrigation district as the management unit to set up the soil moisture sensors and irrigation equipments, and implemented automatic acquisition of soil moisture information. The startup and shutdown of the irrigation system were controlled automatically or manually by the upper and lower limits of soil moisture in the crop growth periods. Through fixed sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation and subsurface irrigation, the irrigation water was transformed directly into the root zone of crops to meet the demand for water in the growing periods of the crop, which greatly saved water, increased crop production, and effectively improve crop quality. This system was running stability, good extensible and cost efficient, its relative deviation with the conventional method was less than 5%, which made it an effective and applicable tool.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Soil moisture
Controlled terms:Automation - Crops - Cultivation - Data acquisition - Intellectual property - Irrigation - Microwave measurement - Moisture meters - Monitoring - Sensors  - Sprinkler systems (irrigation) - Subirrigation - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic acquisition - Conventional methods - Intellectual property rights - Irrigation equipment - Precision irrigation - Soil moisture monitoring - Soil moisture sensors - Sprinkler irrigation
Classification code:944.1 Moisture Measuring Instruments - 902.3 Legal Aspects - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 942.2 Electric Variables Measurements - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 732 Control Devices - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 801 Chemistry
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20134116842380
Title:Three-dimensional observation and dynamics analysis of Chinese mitten crab's locomotion on smooth terrain
Authors:Zhang, Xiaodong (1); Li, Jianqiao (1); Zou, Meng (1); Zhang, Rui (1); Li, Yinwu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
Corresponding author:Li, J.(jqli@jlu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:30-37
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Some types of arthropods can go through rugged terrains high-efficiently and stably, which gives us innovative ideas and adequate theories for designing bionic legged-robots or mobile platforms. Therefore, the biomechanics analysis of legged-animals during their locomotion on a terrain is highly significant in many biological or biorobotics disciplines. The locomotion mechanism of the Chinese mitten crab, which originated from the Far East and predominantly lived along rocky shores or in freshwater, as a typical arthropod, was studied using the experimental methods of biomechanics. In the present study, 30 tested Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis Milne-Edwards) were collected from Yangcheng Lake in China. The body mass of the crabs was measured with an electronic balance (accuracy=0.001 g) and the location of the center of mass on the dorsal carapace for each crab was determined with a suspended test. In order to capture the video images of the movements of Chinese mitten crabs' locomotion on a smooth terrain, we designed a high speed 3-D (three-dimension) including four high-speed cameras with recording speed of 120 frames/s and a resolution of 640 pixel&times;480 pixel, four LED video lights with a color temperature of (5500&plusmn;200) K, a flash light to produce a flash signal which was captured simultaneously by four high-speed cameras as the starting point to analyze the video images in the motion analysis system, and a 0.6 m&times;0.4 m&times;0.2 m calibration frame with 16 non-linear points that approximately filled the overlapping region of the four cameras before the experiments. Frame-by-frame analysis of the motion video images was performed using a SIMI-motion analysis system and all kinematic parameters of the center of mass could be obtained from the analysis system directly. The typical variables, such as mechanical energy, the shift phase between the undulations in kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy, percentage recovery, and mass-specific rate of the mechanical power of the center of mass were calculated from kinematic parameters. The statistical results of the phase shift between the undulations in kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy show that the Chinese mitten crab used a bouncing gait as the main energy-conserving and -releasing pattern of mechanical energy when moving on a smooth terrain. The undulations of kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, and total mechanical energy of the center of mass of the Chinese mitten crab performed sinusoidal curves. The percentage recovery of Chinese mitten crabs with an approximate mean value of (31.73%&plusmn;17.29%), which was lower than that of ghost crab (Ocypode quadrata, 55%-70%) and different from death-head cockroach (Blaberus discoidalis, the mean value is 15.7%), did not vary as a function of average speed. Therefore, the relation between percentage recovery and average speed and the low percentage recovery also indicate that the bouncing gait was used by Chinese mitten crab for its main energy conservation pattern. The mass-specific rate of mechanical power increased with average speed linearly. The mass-specific rate of horizontal kinetic power was the main component of the mass-specific rate of kinetic power required to accelerate the center of mass of the Chinese mitten crab; the mass-specific of gravitational potential power was the main component of the mass-specific rate of total mechanical power required to lift the center of mass of the Chinese mitten crab.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Gravitation
Controlled terms:Biomechanics - Biomimetics - Bionics - Biophysics - Dynamics - Electronic scales - Energy conservation - High speed cameras - Kinematics - Kinetic energy  - Kinetics - Landforms - Light emitting diodes - Pixels - Potential energy - Recovery - Robots - Shellfish - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Center of mass - Chinese mitten crabs - Frame-by-frame analysis - Gravitational potential - Gravitational potential energy - Mechanical energies - Motion analysis system - Three-dimensional observations
Classification code:742.2 Photographic Equipment - 741.1 Light/Optics - 731.5 Robotics - 715 Electronic Equipment, General Purpose and Industrial - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 481.1 Geology - 461.9 Biology - 461.1 Biomedical Engineering - 525.2 Energy Conservation
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20134116842396
Title:Purification effect of subsurface flow constructed wetland on livestock wastewater
Authors:Zhang, Caiying (1); Wang, Yan (2); Wang, Yanyan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China; (2) School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Y.(wangyan371@zzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:160-168
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The purpose of this study is to enhance the removal efficiency of pollutants of livestock wastewater in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. Four wetland systems for treating anaerobic digester effluent from swine wastewater were constructed. The internal structure of wetland systems was improved. Gravel and gray bricks were filled as principal media in the wetlands. Two special plants, Bidens frondosa and Rumex dentatus, were cultivated by crop rotation in winter and summer in the wetlands. Processing effects of different wetland systems for swine wastewater were comprehensively studied during the running stage of wetlands. The results indicated that the wetland systems entered a stable period after the start-up for 80 days, and the cultivated plants wetland systems entered a stable period about 10 days in advance than controlled wetland (non-plant system). A significant linear positively relationship was existed between removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen(NH<inf>4</inf>-N), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD<inf>Cr</inf>) of wastewater and temperature. When HRT was 4 days, and the concentrations of COD<inf>Cr</inf>, NH<inf>4</inf>-N, TN, TP in the influent were 520, 110, 120, 10 mg/L respectively, the removal efficiencies of COD<inf>Cr</inf> and TP of wastewater were over 60% and 70%, respectively. Removal efficiencies of NH<inf>4</inf>-N, TN of wastewater were 28%-67% and 32%-58%, respectively.The contributions of plants to removal efficiencies of COD<inf>Cr</inf> and TP were around 10% and 4%, respectively. The impact of temperature on plants was important for the removal of nitrogen. The contributions of plants to removal efficiencies of NH4 -N and TN were approximately 13% and 12% in summer. Compared with the subsurface flow constructed wetland, the removal efficiencies of NH<inf>4</inf>-N, TN and COD<inf>Cr</inf> improved all over 3% in improved wavy subsurface flow constructed wetland, but the removal efficiency of TP in wetlands has not significant difference(P&gt;0.05). The study could provide a reference for constructing large-scale subsurface flow constructed wetland in livestock wastewater treatment.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Wetlands
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Chemical oxygen demand - Effluents - Experiments - Nitrogen - Nitrogen removal - Wastewater - Wastewater treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic digester effluents - Bidens frondosa - Impact of temperatures - Livestock wastewater - Purification effect - Removal efficiencies - Rumex dentatus - Subsurface flow constructed wetlands
Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 442.2 Land Reclamation
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20134116842379
Title:Dynamic simulation of ultrasonic cavitation bubble and analysis of its influencing factors
Authors:Cui, Fangling (1); Ji, Wei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Center of Biomass Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Ji, W.(jiwei88@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:24-29
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Ultrasonic waves can be found in many different areas such as chemistry, biology, cleaning, medicine, etc. The mechanical interaction between ultrasonic waves and bubbles in liquids leads to a phenomenon described as ultrasonic acoustic cavitation. A cavitation bubble in a liquid undergoes cycles of growth, rapid collapse, and damped rebounds in response to ultrasonic sound waves. Due to the very short lifetime of an ultrasonic cavitation bubble, the high temperature and pressure from its collapse haven't hitherto been measurable, but the cavitation process can be simulated by constructing a dynamic model of a cavitation bubble. This paper explores physical conditions under which the best ultrasonic cavitation effect can be obtained and provides theoretical guidance for extensive applications of ultrasonic cavitation. Based on the Rayleigh-Plesset equation, we perfected bubble dynamic motion in an ultrasonic cavitation model by considering viscosity, surface tension, vapour pressure, adiabatic exponent, and acoustic radiation damping as dynamic factors. Since temperature variations influence physical properties of water, physical models of water saturation vapor pressure, surface tension, sound velocity and viscosity with temperature changing were also built. Thus, influences of ultrasonic frequency, acoustic pressure amplitude, initial bubble radius, bulk solution temperature, and adiabatic index on the evolution process of an ultrasonic cavitation bubble are discussed accordingly. The simulation results indicate that the cavitation effect decreases as ultrasonic frequency increases. With an increase of ultrasonic sound pressure, the radius of cavitation bubble amplitude increases, and both the highest temperature and maximum pressure first increase and then decrease when a bubble collapses. In addition, the cavitation effect's best condition occurs when the initial radius of a bubble is smaller and the reaction system temperature is relatively low. Moreover, different adiabatic indexes cause variations in our cavitation simulation results. Therefore, in order to obtain a good cavitation effect, the following conditions must be satisfied: 1) The frequency of an ultrasonic generator should be lower than 40 kHz, and the lower the frequency, the better the results; 2) The ultrasonic power should be moderate with a suggested sound pressure amplitude within the range 0.2-0.35 MPa; 3) The temperature of the reaction system should not be higher than 320 K, and the lower the temperature, the better the results.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Ultrasonics
Controlled terms:Biology - Cavitation - Computer simulation - Dynamic models - Dynamics - Factor analysis - Models - Nanocomposites - Surface tension - Ultrasonic waves  - Vapors - Viscosity
Uncontrolled terms:Acoustic pressure amplitude - High temperature and pressure - Mechanical interactions - Rayleigh-Plesset equation - Reaction system temperature - Temperature variation - Ultrasonic cavitation - Ultrasonic sound waves
Classification code:931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.1 Mechanics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 933 Solid State Physics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 753.1 Ultrasonic Waves - 723.5 Computer Applications - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 461.9 Biology - 761 Nanotechnology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20134116842403
Title:Quantitative correlations between biodiesel cold filter plugging point and its chemical composition
Authors:Yuan, Yinnan (1); Chen, Xiu (1); Lai, Yongbin (1); L&#252;, Cuiying (2); Cui, Yong (4); Mei, Deqing (4); Hua, Ping (5); Tang, Yanfeng (5)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (2) School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; (3) School of Mechanical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; (4) School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (5) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
Corresponding author:Yuan, Y.(yuanyn@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:212-219
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Biodiesel has become one of the comparatively ideal partial alternative fuels for diesel engines because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is a product made from renewable resources. However the less favorable cold flow properties or the low temperature operability of biodiesel fuel compared to conventional diesel is a major drawback limiting its use. The poor flow properties of biodiesel at cold temperatures are mainly due to fatty acid methyl ester composition. In order to quantify the relation between biodiesel composition and its cold filter plugging point (CFPP), fatty acid methyl ester composition, CFPP, and the influence of composition on CFPP were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and a cold filter plugging point test method. Correlation between fatty acid methyl ester composition and CFPP was studied with multivariate linear regression. The study shows that biodiesel is mainly fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) that is composed of 14-24 even number carbon atoms. Saturated fatty acid methyl esters (SFAMEs) are mainly C<inf>14:0</inf>~C<inf>24:0 </inf>and unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester (UFAMEs) are mainly C<inf>16:1</inf>~C<inf>22:1</inf>, C<inf>18:2</inf>~C<inf>20:2</inf> and C<inf>18:3</inf>. The cold flow property of biodiesel is mainly determined by the content and distribution of FAME. The CFPP increases linearly with increasing SFAME, and the longer the carbon chains are, the greater the increase will be. In addition, CFPP decreases linearly with the increasing unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (UFAME), and the higher the degree of unsaturation, the greater the decrease. Among the 120 kinds of biodiesel we studied, the CFPP of sapium sebiferum methyl ester (SSME) was the lowest (-14&deg;C) and the CFPP of peanut methyl ester (PNME) was the highest (13&deg;C). Considering SFAME<inf>C&le18</inf>, SFAME<inf>C&ge;20</inf>, mono-unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester (MUFAME) and di-unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester (DUFAME) in biodiesel as independent variables, and CFPP as dependent variable, we built a CFPP quaternary linear regression prediction model. The significance of the linear regression and deviation analysis were both analyzed. The regression correlation coefficient R=0.971 shows that the CFPP of biodiesel has a very significant linear dependence with SFAME<inf>C&le18</inf>, SFAME<inf>C&ge;20</inf>, MUFAME and DUFAME. The variance analysis F=471.65 and significance F=2.53E-70 show that our regression equation is very significant. The deviation analysis indicates that the regression prediction model has a high accuracy. At a significance level of &alpha;=0.05, the deviation between the measured and predicted values of CFPP was &le3&deg;C. The result indicated that the regression model can predict well.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Biodiesel
Controlled terms:Alternative fuels - Carbon - Chemical analysis - Diesel engines - Esterification - Esters - Gas chromatography - Linear regression - Mathematical models - Regression analysis  - Saturated fatty acids - Testing - Unsaturated fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:Cold filter plugging point - Cold flow properties - Degree of unsaturations - Fatty acid methyl ester - Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry - GC-MS - Multivariate linear regressions - Quantitative correlation
Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 921 Mathematics - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 801 Chemistry - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 523 Liquid Fuels - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20134116842401
Title:Optimization of transesterification of beef tallow for biodiesel production catalyzed by solid catalysts
Authors:Zhao, Xinyu (1); Xu, Guizhuan (1); Yu, Yongchang (1); Yan, Xiaobin (1); Zhang, Bailiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Corresponding author:Xu, G.(xuguizhuan@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:196-203
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The production of biodiesel from abandoned animal fat catalyzed by solid catalysts can realize the catalysts reutilization, decrease the cost of raw materials, thus enhancing the market competitiveness of biodiesel. The transesterification reaction of beef tallow and methanol to product biodiesel using Cs<inf>2</inf>O/&gamma;-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> as solid catalyst was studied in this study. Response surface methodology and Box-Behnken experimental design were employed to optimize the reaction conditions. The variables of the molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst amount, reaction time and reaction temperature were investigated, and the optimum conditions were obtained: molar ratio of methanol to oil 10.5:1, catalyst amount 5.3% (based on the weight of oil), reaction time 120 min, reaction temperature 66&deg;C. Under this optimum reaction conditions, the biodiesel yield was 95.5%. The collected catalyst can be reused after being calcined for 4 h at 400&deg;C and the biodiesel yields decreased less than 6% after the catalyst being reused for eight cycles in the repeated experiments. The results would offer experimental foundation for the continuous and industrial production of biodiesel catalyzed by solid catalysts from abandoned animal fat, and provide references for improving the market competitiveness of biodiesl.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Catalysts
Controlled terms:Animals - Biodiesel - Catalysis - Commerce - Competition - Meats - Methanol - Optimization - Surface properties - Transesterification
Uncontrolled terms:Beef tallows - Biodiesel production - Box-Behnken experimental design - Industrial production - Optimum reaction conditions - Reaction temperature - Response surface methodology - Transesterification reaction
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 814 Leather and Tanning - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822 Food Technology - 822.3 Food Products - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 523 Liquid Fuels - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 804 Chemical Products Generally
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20134116842383
Title:Thickness calculation and numerical simulation of insulation board for canal using partial insulation method
Authors:An, Peng (1); Xing, Yichuan (1); Zhang, Aijun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China; (2) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China
Corresponding author:Xing, Y.(xingych@iwhr.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:54-62
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Insulation board is a widely used canal insulation material in the northern part of China. Its thickness is usually determined by experience or by thermal calculations based on the total-insulation method. A canal, as a long line project, normally requires a huge amount of insulation boards. Subtle differences in laying thickness have a great influence on the project budget. Three main considerations include: 1) the thawing settlement reduction ability of the canal lining structure allows certain frost heave displacement; 2) frost heaving is bidirectional, which will cause compression deformation of soil under the freezing front; 3) insulation board may postpone the frost period of the canal foundation soil and weaken the freezing strength through delaying the freezing front and affecting moisture migration. Therefore, a partial-insulation method is reasonable and feasible. A saturated layer underlying the insulation board may develop using the partial-insulation method during the freeze-thaw season, which may cause canal stability problems. So the applicable conditions of the partial insulation method are presented, including the safe slope ratio, setting toothed walls, or a rigid bottom under the canal slope. A concrete trapezoidal canal is not suitable for the partial insulation method. Insulation board, using both the total insulation method and the partial insulation method, was designed and compared with the actual laying thickness in the west main canal of Chepaizi in Xinjiang of China. The results indicate that the project cost associated with the partial insulation method is reduced by 19%. The general-purposes finite element software ANSYS was applied to simulate the thermal-mechanical coupling process before and after the insulation board was laid. When actual mechanical parameters were not available for the concrete lining structure and frozen soil under different temperatures, this paper adopted general parameters that are widely used in other articles. After the thermal-mechanical coupling simulations were conducted, the equivalent linear expansion rates of frozen soil were obtained by inverse computation of measured frost heaving. Finally, the equivalent linear expansion rates were used to simulate the canal thermal-mechanical coupling process before and after insulation board was placed, and the frost heaving, frost-heave forces, and uneven frost heaving coefficient were extracted. The uneven frost heaving coefficient was defined as the quantity difference of frost heaving between two points dividing the distance. Numerical analysis indicates that the maximum amount of frost heaving of laid insulation board canal is 1.35 cm less than the allowable value (2 cm), which proves that the partial insulation method is safe and feasible. Meanwhile, the frost heaving quantities and frost-heave forces of the lining structure are not only apparently reduced, but also more uniform. Moreover, the reduction in the shady slope is 80%, and the uneven frost-heaving index of the canal base dropped 94%.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Thermal insulation
Controlled terms:Canals - Computer simulation - Concretes - Finite element method - Freezing - Hydraulic structures - Insulating materials - Irrigation canals - Numerical analysis - Numerical models  - Permafrost - Thermal expansion
Uncontrolled terms:Applicable conditions - Compression deformation - Expanded polystyrene - Finite element software - Insulation materials - Mechanical parameters - Partial insulation method - Thermal-mechanical coupling
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 611 Hydroelectric and Tidal Power Plants - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 483.2 Foundations - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 413.2 Heat Insulating Materials - 413 Insulating Materials - 412 Concrete - 407.2 Waterways - 441 Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20134116842377
Title:Modeling for performance and parameters of pneumatic seed-metering system of precision planter for rapeseed
Authors:Liao, Qingxi (1); Yang, Song (1); Liao, Yitao (1); Cong, Jinling (1); Wang, Lei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Corresponding author:Liao, Q.(liaoqx@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:9-15
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:2BFQ-6 precision planter for rapeseed can be used for sowing, fertilization, rotary tillage, stubbing and trenching. Pneumatic seed-metering system is the key component of this planter, and its working parameters and seeding performances directly affect the planter's operating performances that include the consistency of seeding quantity per row and the stability of the total seeding quantity of the planter. The purpose of this paper was to explore the relationships among the parameters of pneumatic seed-metering system that include flow rate and pressure of each negative pressure branch tube, flow rate of the total negative pressure tube, rotation speeds of the fan and sowing disc, and the outlet size of positive pressure tube. These parameters' action laws had direct effect on seeding performances of the system, then the models of these relationships and action laws was constructed. So that we could improve seeding performances of the planter by controlling these parameters, and predict the planter's seeding performances under a certain system condition. On the basis of JPS-12 and testing system of pneumatic seed-metering device for rapeseed, a two-layer Artificial Neural Networks model had been constructed which was about the relationship between flow rate of the total negative pressure tube and flow rate of each branch negative pressure tube. A binary quadratic polynomial model was established to describe the relationship between the flow rate of total negative pressure tube and fan rate, outlet size of positive pressure tube. And according to the regression equation, pressure with flow rate of each negative pressure branch tube was well fitted by testing flow rate and pressure of the seed-metering device. At a certain fan rate and outlet size of positive pressure tube, flow rate of the total negative pressure tube, flow rate and pressure of each negative pressure branch tube could be calculated through these models. This fan rate and outlet size can also be modified by some equations established in this paper. An integer programming model with 3 variables which were rotational speed of fan, rotational speed of sowing disc, the outlet size of positive pressure tube, and 2 constraint equations which were the equations of seed rate of the system and its uniformity was explored in this paper. In addition, more than 80, 000 integer solutions were solved by using the MATLAB software, all of which could make sure that the average seeding quantity of the system was more than 36 and the variation coefficient (which was about the consistency of seeding quantity of the system) was less than 5%. The models constructed in this paper had expounded the mutual laws among the parameters of the system and also had described the action laws of these parameters to the operating performances of the system. The results showed that these models were valuable for optimization and improvement of operating performance and structure of the system.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Flow rate
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Integer programming - MATLAB - Neural networks - Oilseeds - Pneumatic equipment - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Pneumatics - Pressure tube reactors - Tubes (components)
Uncontrolled terms:Integer programming models - Operating performance - Pneumatic seed-metering systems - Quadratic polynomial - Rapeseed - Seed-metering device - System modeling - Variation coefficient
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 632.4 Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 631 Fluid Flow - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 632.3 Pneumatics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20134116842407
Title:Zoning and time series of rural residential land consolidation in Jiangsu province
Authors:Qiao, Weifeng (1); Liu, Cong (1); Bao, Xiao (1); Fang, Bin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
Corresponding author:Qiao, W.(qwf@263.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:248-256
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Rural residential land occupies a large area, and the area of land utilization per capita is large in Jiangsu Province. Therefore, it is urgent to consolidate rural residential land. The factors influencing rural residential land consolidation are greatly different between north and south in Jiangsu Province. To carry out the study on zoning and the schedule of rural residential land consolidation in Jiangsu Province is of great significance for guiding rural residential land consolidation decisions. This thesis establishes the evaluation system that has 17 indexes in five major factors such as nature, economy, society, land, and buildings, based on the main elements that influence consolidating rural residential land. Adopting a factor analysis method, this paper extracts five common factors from 17 indexes, calculates the comprehensive score of 65 evaluation units, divides five zones according to the evaluation value, and makes the land consolidation schedule clear. The zone that gets the higher comprehensive score has the more adequate conditions. Then, its consolidation schedule is further ahead and the consolidation project can arrange to give priority to it. The results of study show that: first, it accords with the reality of Jiangsu Province to divide rural residential land consolation zones and decide their schedule by adopting factor analysis. It is shown from five common factors' weights and a factor load matrix taken from the evaluation system that the level of regional economic development, rural residential land utilization area per capita, and population structure have the greatest impact on consolidating. The division of consolidation zoning and confirmation of schedule is related closely to the above factors. Second, from the result of zoning, we can see that the general distribution trend of the fives zones is transitive from south to center and north of Jiangsu Province. To some extent, natural factors have influence on dividing the consolation zone. Part of the hilly region of southern Jiangsu Province is divided to a zone whose schedule is behind. The schedule of the zone that is located in the municipal districts is generally higher than that in county, because of the higher economic level, smaller rural population, and larger area of rural residential land utilization per capita. Third, through the comparison of features and influencing factors of each zone, we found that the zone whose schedule is relatively ahead is more superior in its location and its economy is well developed, but its consolidation cost is high. We should implement the policy of the connection of urban construction land increase and rural construction land decrease according to three concentration policies. The economy of the zone whose schedule is behind is underdeveloped, but its consolidation difficulty is small, and the work can be done gradually with the pace of economic strength. By the study of quantitative zoning and the schedule of rural residential land consolidation in Jiangsu Province, this paper provides a scientific basis for formulating land consolidation planning and determining a land consolidation project. Due to the fact that the factors which influence rural residential land consolidation are very complex, the choice of criterion is limited by data resources, and the evaluation system is expected to need further study. The different policies based on the different actual situations in every zone are also expected to require deeper study.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Housing
Controlled terms:Consolidation - Economics - Factor analysis - Land use - Multivariant analysis - Regional planning - Scheduling - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Consolidation projects - Factor analysis method - Jiangsu province - Land consolidation planning - Population structures - Regional economic development - Rural residential - Southern jiangsu provinces
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 912.2 Management - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

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Accession number:20134116842398
Title:Effects of diet types on methane production and carbon residue of metabolites of Xinjiang fine wool sheep
Authors:Sang, Duanji (1); Dong, Hongmin (2); Guo, Tongjun (1); Luo, Yongming (1); Liu, Chong (2); Zhang, Junyu (1); Hong, Quan (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Feed Research, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830000, China; (2) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (3) Grassland Station of Shanshan County in Xinjiang, Shanshan 838200, China
Corresponding author:Dong, H.(donghm@mail.caas.net.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:176-181
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:This study explored a way which could decrease or control the rument animal methane gas production. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of diet types on methane production and carbon residue in metabolites of Xinjiang fine wool sheep. Sixty sheep, which were 4 months old and had a (25&plusmn;1) kg body weight, were used in a completely randomized design and divided into four groups, which were group I (the concentrate to forage rate was 20:80, and the forage was dry corn stalks), group II (the concentrate to forage rate was 20:80, and the forage was corn silage), group III (the concentrate to forage rate was 40:60, and the forage was dry corn stalks), and group IV (the concentrate to forage rate was 40:60, and the forage was corn silage), respectively. The feeding, residues, feces, and urine were recorded and collected on post-feeding every day on the 11th to 17th days. Then parts of the samples were collected from the 7 days' mixed samples by the quarter method, and -20&deg;C preservation for measuring carbon in the laboratory. The 24 h methane gas was collected on post-feeding every day on the 11th to 17th days. The results showed that methane production of groupII was reduced (P&lt;0.01) compared with the groupI, and the group IV was lower 12% than the group III (P&gt;0.05) when the corn silage was substituted for corn stalks. When the forge were corn stalks, methane production per unit of dry matter was significant lower with the concentrate to forage rate increased (P&lt;0.05), while no difference was observed when the forge were corn silage with the concentrate to forage rate increased. Carbon residue in metabolites of group IV was lower than group I(P&lt;0.05), and groupII and group IV were reduced by 16.67% and 9.09% compared with groupIand group III (P&gt;0.05), respectively. In this study, we found that the diet types have a significant effect for methane gas production and metabolite carbon residue on Xinjiang fine wool sheep.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Methane
Controlled terms:Biomolecules - Carbon - Emission control - Feeding - Metabolites - Nutrition - Wool - Yarn
Uncontrolled terms:Body weight - Carbon residue - Completely randomized designs - Corn silage - Fine wool - Methane gas - Methane production - Mixed samples
Classification code:819.4 Fiber Products - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 522 Gas Fuels - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 451.2 Air Pollution Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20134116842411
Title:Mechanism of freeze-thaw treatment influencing quality of puffing product for sweet potato using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors:Guo, Ting (1); He, Xinyi (1); Deng, Fangming (2); Chen, Yi'neng (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Food Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China; (2) College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, China; (3) Tianjin Engineering and Technology Research Center of Agricultural Products Processing, Tianjin 300384, China; (4) College of Information Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, China
Corresponding author:He, X.(hedevid@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:279-285
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The water content is generally 70% to 90% in fresh fruits and vegetable, which usually includes free water, immobilized water, and closely combined water. The water content and its distribution in the raw materials of fruit and vegetable may affect the drying process, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics of dry products dried by different drying technologies. There are a lot of drying methods reported, such as natural sun drying, vacuum drying, heat pump drying, forced-air drying, microwave drying, convective drying, freeze-drying, and explosion puffing drying. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon generated from the interaction between alternating magnetic field and substance. A pulse NMR system has been widely used in the investigation of bound water in a biological system in recent years. Among them, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) is a rapid, non-destructive analysis technique, in investigation of the whole process of samples proton transition after an attack by radio-frequency pulse to interpret the variation of water in samples from the microscopic point. The LF-NMR technology has been successfully applied to study the water content and distribution of the process of repeated freeze-thaw of meat, carrot drying process, banana ripening process, and potato heating and refrigeration process. Freeze-thaw treatment has two processes, including freezing and thawing. Freeze-thaw treatment can change the water content and its distribution, physical properties, and solute distribution of raw materials of fruit and vegetables, thus affecting drying characteristics, physicochemical characteristics, and sensory quality of dry fruits and vegetables. Freeze-thaw can be used to improve quality of fruit &amp; vegetable products dried by explosion puffing drying at variable temperature and pressure difference. Freeze-thaw process will help to improve the crispness and lower the hardness of explosion puffing drying carrot and sweet potato. In order to investigate the effect and mechanism of freeze-thaw on the quality of sweet potato by explosion puffing drying at variable temperature and pressure difference, the water distribution and water status of each group in the sweet potato after freeze-thaw were studied using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR). The effects of the times of freeze-thaw on the hardness, color, and porosity of the sweet potato by explosion puffing were compared. The results showed that there were four distinct water populations in the data of multi-exponential fitting of sweet potato LF-NMR T<inf>2</inf> transverse relaxation time, which were T<inf>21</inf>(0.25-0.55 ms), T<inf>22</inf>(1-2.5 ms), T<inf>23</inf>(5-12 ms) and T<inf>24</inf>(40-200 ms), respectively. With the increasing of freeze-thaw cycles, the free water content (mT<inf>24</inf>) and the closely combined water content (mT<inf>21</inf>) increased first and then decreased, the porosity and rehydration of the dried product gradually increased, and &Delta;E gradually became smaller, while the L* value and hardness decreased slightly and then increased. The correlation analysis showed that porosity had a significant relationship with T<inf>24</inf> and mT<inf>23</inf> (P&lt;0.05), and the correlation coefficients were 0.995, and 0.989, respectively. The correlation coefficient between mT<inf>22</inf> and &Delta;E was 0.984. This research can provide a theoretical basis of the effects of the freeze-thaw processing on quality change mechanism of fruits and vegetables explosion puffing drying at variable temperatures and pressure differences.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Explosions - Freezing - Fruits - Hardness - Nuclear magnetic resonance - Population statistics - Porosity - Relaxation time - Sensory perception - Vegetables  - Water - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Alternating magnetic field - Freeze-thaw - Non-destructive analysis - Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) - Physicochemical characteristics - Sensory characteristics - Sweet potato - Transverse relaxation time
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 933 Solid State Physics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 642.1 Process Heating - 502.1 Mine and Quarry Operations - 461.4 Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 444 Water Resources - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20134116842389
Title:Effect of seasonal freeze-thaw on soil anti-scouribility and its related physical property in hilly Loess Plateau
Authors:Li, Qiang (1); Liu, Guobin (1); Xu, Mingxiang (1); Sun, Hui (3); Zhang, Zheng (2); Gao, Liqian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dry Land Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China; (3) Ansai Field Experiment Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ansai 717400, China
Corresponding author:Liu, G.(gbliu@ms.iswc.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:105-112
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Seasonal freeze-thaw plays a significant role in soil properties as well as the management of soil and water resources in northern latitudes. Soil erodibility primarily relies on soil anti-scouribility (AS) in the concentrated flow erosion zones of the Loess Plateau. An understanding of the characteristics of freeze-thaw soil is essential for erosion essence in the seasonal freeze-thaw area. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the differences in soil AS and its related freeze-thaw-induced soil physical properties, as well as root density before and after a cycle of freeze-thaw. For this purpose, a simulated scouring experiment was conducted on a loam soil with sand content 23.0%, silt content 65.2% and clay content 11.8%. Three treatments considered were: 1) fallow (CK), 2) low density (LD) and 3) high density (HD) of ryegrass. Each treatment had four replicates. Rectangular, undisturbed soil samples (20 cm &times; 10 cm &times; 10 cm) were installed in the fallow and root pans and were fitted with a hydrological flume (2 m &times; 0.10 m). The flume contained an opening at its lower base equal to the size of metal sampling box, so that the soil surface of soil sample was at the same level as the flume surface. The space between the sample box and the flume edge was sealed with painter' mastic to prevent edge effect. The slope of the flume bottom could be varied. Clear tap water flow was applied at 4.0 L/min rate discharge on a washing flume slope of 15&deg; for 15 min. During the 15 minutes of each experiment, samples of runoff and detached soil were collected every 1 min in the first 3 min and every 2 min subsequently using 10 L buckets for determining sedimentation. Soil physical properties determined were soil bulk density (g/cm³), water-stable aggregate content (%), cohesion C, and disintegration rate (cm³/min). Root biomass was obtained by the harvest method and dried in an oven. The first samples were taken on October 26, 2012, and last ones were taken on March 23, 2013. The results indicated that no significant changes were found in soil bulk density, water-stable aggregate content, and root density after a cycle of freeze-thaw compared with those before freeze-thaw. Comparatively, soil cohesion decreased slightly, whereas soil disintegration rate increased by 20.6%, 18.8%, and 7.3% in treatments CK, LD, and HD respectively as compared with those before freeze-thaw. In addition, freeze-thaw delayed the occurrence of main sediment production, reducing soil AS, as well as increasing both the rate of sediment loss in the middle scouring time and the total sediment yield. Among the treatments, compared with those before freeze-thaw, the freeze-thaw increased sediment by 19.41% and 6.70% in treatments CK and LD, but there was little effect in HD. The combined effect of root biomass and freeze-thaw in sediment reduction was 3.72% and 49.39% in the LD and HD treatments, respectively. The findings may provide a supplement for understanding the erosion mechanisms and provide guidance for management strategies dealing with seasonal freeze-thaw areas.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Aggregates - Erosion - Experiments - Freezing - Landforms - Physical properties - Sediments - Soil surveys - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Disintegration rate - Freeze-thaw - Loess Plateau - Management strategies - Root - Scouring experiments - Sediment production - Soil physical property
Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 444 Water Resources - 406 Highway Engineering - 481.1 Geology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20134116842397
Title:Impact of different aeration approaches on dissolved oxygen for intensive culture ponds
Authors:Zhang, Shiyang (1); Li, Gu (1); Tao, Ling (1); Li, Xiaoli (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (2) Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
Corresponding author:Li, G.(ligu667@yahoo.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:169-175
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Aerators are essential in semi-intensive and intensive aquaculture to maintain an environment congenial to the physiological requirements of the cultured organisms. In an intensive aquaculture, the full oxygen demand of the cultured species cannot be met through natural aeration only. Therefore, artificial aeration is essential. In past years, various types of aerators have been developed to maintain the desired concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the pond water to improve the energy efficiency of the oxygen mass-transfer process. In the present study, it is intended to compare the dynamical efficiency and economic performance of three different aeration approaches, including paddle wheel aerators, diffused-air systems, and water cultivators at different initial DO concentrations of ponds and operating durations of aerators. The study involved a typical Chinese grass carp culture with commonly practiced stocking density and feeding. The comparison included two parts: daytime and nighttime experiments with a repeated measurement design for each one. In the daytime experiment, the paddle wheel aerators and diffused-air systems were operated between 12:00 and 16:00 and the water cultivators between 8: 00 and 18:00. In the nighttime experiment, the three aeration systems were all operated between 0:00 and 6:00. Based on the investigation, phytoplankton photosynthesis on sunny days was still the main source for DO replenishment in such intensive culture ponds since aerators were not operated all day. The operation of aerators enhanced water exchange between the upper and lower layers of water, decreased the escape of DO in the daytime due to over-saturation, and increased the total stock of DO. Accordingly, aerators reduced the risks of fish raising their heads above water to breathe in the night/dawn and were beneficial for fish feeding. The diurnal variation of DO in the upper layer of water was greater than that in the lower layer and displayed dis-synchronization which could be attenuated by mechanical mixing/aeration. The mixing/aeration capacity of paddle wheel aerators and diffused-air systems were significantly higher than that of cultivators, but the paddle wheel aerators also increased the oxygen consumption rates during the night in comparison to the cultivators, possibly due to the enhanced decomposition of organic matter promoted by water circulation. In the current case, the mechanical aeration capacity of cultivators, diffused-air systems, and paddle wheel aerators were 0.22, 3.2, and 4.53 kg/h, corresponding to a decrease rate of DO 0.58 mg/h for the cultivators, 0.43 mg/h for the diffused-air systems, and 0.27 mg/h for the paddle wheel aerators during nighttime. Energy consumption in the daytime was in the following order: paddle wheel aerators (12.0 k W&middoth) &gt; diffused-air systems (6.4 k W&middoth) &gt; cultivators (0.8 k W&middoth). Based on the dynamic efficiency and energy savings, the cultivator is more suitable for mixing/aeration in the daytime, while the paddle wheel more effectively mitigates oxygen depletion during the night.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Water aeration
Controlled terms:Agricultural implements - Agricultural machinery - Aquaculture - Biochemical oxygen demand - Dissolved oxygen - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Experiments - Fish - Lakes  - Oxygen - Salinity measurement - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Aeration capacity - Concentration of dissolved oxygen - Economic performance - Energy-saving - Intensive aquacultures - Mass-transfer process - Oxygen consumption rate - Repeated measurements
Classification code:525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 601.2 Machine Components - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822 Food Technology - 901.3 Engineering Research - 471.5 Sea as Source of Minerals and Food - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 444 Water Resources - 445 Water Treatment - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 453 Water Pollution - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20134116842391
Title:Algorithm for segmentation of whitefly images based on DCT and region growing
Authors:Zhang, Shuifa (1); Wang, Kaiyi (1); Liu, Zhongqiang (1); Yang, Feng (1); Wang, Zhibin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, 100097, China
Corresponding author:Wang, K.(wangky@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:121-128
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Image segmentation is one of the fundamental problems in an automatic pest identification system. In the current research, algorithms based on thresholding or clustering are widely used. Despite the simplicity and efficiency of the traditional methods, their performances are not satisfactory because the gray intensity is overlapped among the background of plant leaves and pests in the field environment. In this paper, we propose a novel method to segment the whitefly in the field environment by the Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT) and region growing methods. The images are assumed to be rightly taken and focused on the target objects. The low frequency of DCT represents the image contour, and the high frequency of DCT represents the image details. The high frequency of DCT is used to distinguish the blurred image from the clear image globally. On the other hand, the local intensity of the pests is changed gradually and the intensity between pests and the closed background or plant leaves is changed greatly, so region growing is adopted to take advantage of the local intensity of the objects and to extract complete targets locally. To be specific, first, the gray image is transformed by discrete cosine transformation, and the high frequency part is truncated. Then it is re-converted to a gray image by inverse discrete cosine transformation. Second, the transformed image and original image are differentiated. Through an adaptive thresholding and open-close operation, we obtained the clear foreground regions. Third, we marked each clear region and established the gray model. Finally, as the pests have good local polymerization degree, the region growing method was adopted to extract the complete target object. Pixels in the clear regions and conforming the region gray model are involved in the growing process with an 8-direction searching scale. As a result, each single connected component was taken as a target pest. The algorithm was implemented on a Visual Studio 2005 platform. The experiments were conducted on whitefly images by comparison with the methods based on thresholding and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). The average classification accuracy was 98.49%, which was higher than thresholding-based methods in space R, B, Y and GMM in space Y, respectively, by 2.96%, 3.28%, 3.24% and 9.65%. Experimental results show that our proposed method can effectively separate pests apart from normal part of leaves and background. Our method provides higher precision as well as the accurate and closed boundaries, which is beneficial in the processing of whitefly images.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Clustering algorithms - Discrete cosine transforms - Pest control - Plants (botany) - Polymerization
Uncontrolled terms:Classification accuracy - Discrete Cosine Transform(DCT) - Discrete cosine transformation - Local intensity - Region growing - Region growing methods - Thresholding-based methods - Whitefly
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 741.1 Light/Optics - 815.2 Polymerization - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20134116842394
Title:Biochar improves methane oxidation activity in rice paddy soil
Authors:Yang, Min (1); Liu, Yuxue (1); Sun, Xue (1); Dong, Da (1); Wu, Weixiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
Corresponding author:Wu, W.(weixiang@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:145-151
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Paddy fields are regarded as an important anthropogenic source of atmospheric CH<inf>4</inf> and play a significant role in global warming. Biochar refers to the highly aromatic substance remaining after thermal decomposition of biomass under complete or partial exclusion of oxygen for the purpose of creating a soil amendment. Its application is widely accepted to be a promising method to decrease CH<inf>4</inf> emission from paddy soil. The balance between CH<inf>4</inf> production and consumption ultimately determines whether a paddy soil is a net source or a sink of atmospheric CH<inf>4</inf>. However, there are few studies concerning the effects of biochar amendments on methanogenic and methane oxidation activities in paddy soils. Meanwhile, the feedstock used for biochar production has a substantial impact on the physiochemical characteristics of biochar. These characteristics are then related to the actual environmental function in soil, such as response to methanogenic and methane oxidation activities. In this study, a one-year field experiment was conducted to gain insight into the potential effects of bamboo biochar (BB) and rice straw biochar (SB) amendments at the rate of 22.5 t/hm² on the methanogenic and methane oxidation activities in rice rhizosphere soil. The SB had more hydrophilic groups such as carboxyl and hydroxyl, higher pH and electrical conductivity (EC) values and lower bulk density than the BB did. Soil water content, pH, and EC values in the SB treatments were greater than those in the BB treatments. Generally, urea application did not have notable impact on soil water content, pH and EC values. Compared with the control treatment, methanogenic activitiy in the rhizosphere soil at the rice seedling stage was significantly increased with the SB amendment. There was no significant difference in the methanogenic activity between the control and the BB treatments during the whole period of rice growth. Differences in the labile components and ash contents between the two biochars may have resulted in the divergence of methanogenic microorganisms in the rice rhizosphere soil, and consequently the difference in methanogenic activity between the BB and SB treatments. The methane oxidation activity in the rhizosphere soil increased with the addition of BB and SB during the rice growth period. Nevertheless, statistical analysis indicated that significant differences were only observed in the SB treatment at the seedling and maturing stages of rice development. In comparison with the BB treatment, SB application was more effective in increase of soil pH and EC values, soil K and P contents, and soil aeration, which may have contributed to the significant improvement of methane oxidation activity in rhizosphere soil with SB application. The general trends of biochar impact on methanogenic and methane oxidation activities were not observably changed with urea application. In conclusion, SB could be used to reduce paddy soil CH<inf>4</inf> emission through increasing soil methane oxidation activity.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Methane
Controlled terms:Bamboo - Carbon - Decomposition - Global warming - Metabolism - Oxidation - Soil moisture - Soils - Urea
Uncontrolled terms:Anthropogenic sources - Aromatic substances - Bio chars - Electrical conductivity - Environmental functions - Methane oxidation activity - Methanogenic activity - Production and consumption
Classification code:804.1 Organic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 522 Gas Fuels - 461.9 Biology - 451 Air Pollution - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20134116842406
Title:Calculation of elastic interval of land use structure based on interval optimization model
Authors:Li, Xin (1); Ou, Minghao (1); Yan, Siqi (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Land Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; (2) School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China; (3) Faculty of Design, Architecture and Building, University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney NSW2007, Australia
Corresponding author:Ou, M.(mhou@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:240-247
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Uncertainty is normally ignored in land use planning, leading to the over-tight constraints, and the failure of the plan. Although scholars have paid attention to the elastic space of the planning, little has been done to calculate the magnitude of the space. This paper attempts to measure the elastic space of the land use structure using the spatial optimization model based on the consideration of uncertainty, so as to assist the designation of the elastic space of land use planning. The land use structure can be view as the outcome of the social and economic activities that are practiced on the land, thus social and economic activities and land use structure can be taken as the independent variables and dependent variables, respectively. Since the index of social and economic activities is subject to uncertainty, the land use structure is also subject to uncertainty, and this uncertainty can be reflected in the elastic space of land use structure. This paper begins with an introduction of the definition of a spatial optimization model and the standard form used in the study. It then proceeds to the determination of the magnitude of the space in the spatial optimization model. We obtained the distribution of the uncertainty index by conducting a survey among the experts who have a good knowledge concerning the local land use. We then calculated the magnitude of the space when the probability equals 80% (the upper and lower limit is the 90% and 10% quantile in the distribution of the uncertainty index). The best optimal value and the worst optimal value of land use and the corresponding land use structure can be calculated using the spatial optimal model. Finally, based on the space composed of the two types of land use structure, the elastic space that meets the requirement of an effective vector density can be calculated using the software. This space is the elastic space of land use when the uncertainty index equals 80%. We found that: 1) The best optimal value of the land use for Yangzhou City is 1.72&times;10⁹ thousand yuan, and the worst optimal value of the land use is 6.77&times;10⁸ thousand Chinese yuan; 2) The contribution of different types of land use to the uncertainty is measured by the magnitude of the space, with the water area, the forest land, and the land for transportation have made the largest contribution to the uncertainty, and the unused land has made the least contribution; 3) The sensitivity to the uncertainty is measured by the ratio of the magnitude of the space to the area of the land that is used at present, with the forest land and the land used for transportation are among those are most sensitive to the uncertainty, and the farm land is among those are least sensitive to the uncertainty.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Economics
Controlled terms:Calculations - Forestry - Land use - Models - Optimal systems - Probability distributions - Site selection - Vector spaces
Uncontrolled terms:Dependent variables - Economic activities - Elastic space - Independent variables - Interval optimization - Land-use structures - Spatial optimization model - Uncertainty
Classification code:961 Systems Science - 922.1 Probability Theory - 921 Mathematics - 971 Social Sciences - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 402 Buildings and Towers - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.17.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.