2013年7月第29卷第13期

2013年7月第29卷第13期

Accession number:20133216587772
Title:Effects of spatial station density and interpolation methods on accuracy of reference crop evapotranspiration
Authors:Tang, Bo (1); Tong, Ling (1); Kang, Shaozhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Tong, L.(tongling2001@tom.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:60-66
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:With the intensified global climate change and increased human activity, water resources deficit and consequent imbalance between water supply and demand tends to be more serious. Research on water cycle and its spatial and temporal evolution under changing environment has attracted growing concerns. Evapotranspiration (ET) is not only an important component in the water cycle and water-heat balance, but also an important process in coupling and simulation interaction with the soil-atmosphere system and in the land-atmosphere system. ET is also an important basis for scientific assessment, management of water resources, and planning and design for agricultural water conservancy project, and thus attracted interests from the disciplines such as hydrology, water resources, agricultural irrigation, agricultural ecology, physical geography, and agro-meteorological. Research of interpolation models of reference crop evapotranspiration (ET<inf>0</inf>) is important to the temporal and spatial distribution of water resource in river basin scale. Haihe River basin located at the north China is one of the seven largest river basins in China, occupying an area of 3.2×105km2(34.9°-42.8°N, 112.0°-119.8°E). The middle and lower reach of the basin is one of important wheat production regions in China. This region in subtropical monsoon climate, semi-humid and semi-arid environment is strongly affected by human activities. In recent decades, several eco-environmental problems have become prominent under the combined impacts of climate change and intensified human perturbations. Water resources in Haihe are currently used for irrigation, aquaculture and industries. Due to very limited available water resources in the basin, water has been diverted from other basins to supply water to agriculture and to maintain the essential functions of the ecosystem. The ten-day average maximum air temperature and minimum air temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours, wind speed were used to calculate ET<inf>0</inf> using the Penman-Monteith equation recommended by FAO in 1998. We calculated ET<inf>0</inf> using Penman-Monteith equation which was recommended by FAO according to weather data of 3 years (2003-2005) for 162 agricultural weather stations in the Haihe river basin. The temporal and spatial vatiations of ET<inf>0</inf> were calculated by four interpolation models of Spline, Ordinary Kriging (OK), Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Regression in ArcGIS. The results showed that when the spatial stations density is less-than 1.3 station every 10000 km2, the Regression interpolation model was better than the other 3 interpolations; the OK and IDW model were recommended when the spatial stations density is greater-than 1.3 and less-than 4.3 station every 10000 km2; when the spatial stations density is greater than 4.3 station every 10000 km2, the results showed no big difference for three interpolations (OK, IDW, Regression). Spline method showed the worst results. In a word, Regression interpolation model presented higher accuracy if the spatial stations density is less-than 1.3 station every 10 000 km2; the OK and IDW interpolation model presented higher accuracy if the spatial stations density is greater than 1.3 and less than 4.3 station every 10 000 km2.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Interpolation
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Climate change - Crops - Ecology - Economics - Evaporation - Evapotranspiration - Geographic information systems - Irrigation - Models - Regression analysis - Spatial distribution - Water management - Water supply - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural irrigation - Haihe River basin - Inverse distance weighted - Penman-Monteith equations - Reference crop evapotranspirations - Subtropical monsoon climate - Temporal and spatial distribution - Water supply and demands
Classification code:971 Social Sciences - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 723.3 Database Systems - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 446 Waterworks - 444.1 Surface Water - 444 Water Resources - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587800
Title:Application of composite salt keeps flavor of dry-cured duck and reduce additive amount of sodium salt
Authors:Chen, Chen (1); Deng, Shaolin (1); Huang, Ming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Meat Products Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Corresponding author:Huang, M.(mhuang@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:297-306
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Currently, the consumption of cured meat products is not suitable for hypertensive consumers due to its high content of sodium, which significantly restricts the sales and progress of this kind of meat variety. Therefore, it is very necessary to develop of a new mixed salt with low sodium that does not change the flavor of cured meat products. Actually, the partial replacement of sodium chloride by potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and calcium lactate has been proposed as a possible strategy to reduce the sodium content of meat products. This experiment was performed to study the effects of partial replacement of sodium chloride by using potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and calcium lactate on the textural properties and sensory quality of dry-cured duck. Based on the single factor tests for potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and calcium lactate, the Box-Behnken response surface methodology was applied to optimize the percentages of the replacement, and two quadratic polynomial mathematical models about textural properties and sensory quality were built. The results showed that, in the potassium chloride single factor experiment, with the substitution increasing, potassium chloride addition had a markedly negative effect on the taste (P<0.05), but had no significant effect on the texture of the products (P>0.05) and the highest substitution percentage was 25. In the calcium chloride single factor experiment, calcium chloride addition had a significant effect on the hardness and chewiness (P<0.05) but not the spring of products (P>0.05). While it had a significant effect on the sensory attributes of texture, aroma, taste, bitterness, and overall acceptability but not saltiness (P<0.05) and the highest substitution percentage of the calcium chloride was 10. In the single factor experiment of calcium lactate, it had a significant effect on the texture of hardness and chewiness and sensory evaluation of aroma, taste, saltiness, odor, and overall acceptability (P<0.05), but no significant effect on the spring or the texture (P<0.05). The substitution percentage of 15 of calcium lactate was the best suitable. The response surface model, with potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and calcium lactate as independent variables and textural properties and sensory quality as responses, was highly fitted (R<inf>1</inf>2=0.9572; R<inf>2</inf>2=0.9845). The textural properties of the dry-cured duck was significantly influenced by calcium chloride, calcium lactate, and calcium chloride × calcium lactate (P<0.01). While the sensory quality of the dry-cured duck was significantly influenced by potassium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium lactate, calcium chloride × calcium lactate (P<0.01), and calcium chloride × calcium lactate (P<0.05). Thus, the maximum replacement percentages of the sodium chloride by potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and calcium lactate were 21.30%, 11.93% and 11.12%, respectively. Compared with the control group, the chewiness was almost not changed, and overall acceptability was decreased slightly (but in the acceptable range) in the verification test. The relative error of chewiness and overall acceptability compared with the predicted value were 2.07% and 11.12%, respectively. Under such conditions, the concentration of sodium chloride being added to the dry-cured duck was decreased by 44.45% without changing the major eating attributes of the products. The results provide reference for the development of low salt meat products.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Calcium - Calcium chloride - Curing - Experiments - Hardness - Mathematical models - Meats - Optimization - Salts - Sodium chloride - Surface properties - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:Calcium lactate - Dry-cured duck - Independent variables - Overall acceptability - Potassium chloride - Response surface methodology - Response surface models - Single-factor experiments
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 933 Solid State Physics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921 Mathematics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 822.3 Food Products - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 642.1 Process Heating - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587775
Title:Analysis on erosional terrain characteristics of typical samples in main water erosion region of China
Authors:Guo, Minghang (1); Yang, Qinke (2); Wang, Chunmei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China; (2) College of Urban and Environment, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Q.(qkyang@nwu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:81-89
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Terrain is one of the main environmental factors that influence ground water and soil erosion. Slope gradient, Slope length, and LS factor are important in soil erosion models. In this paper, DEM with a resolution of 25 m was built in the software ANUDEM and slope, slope length, and LS factor were calculated with support from the fourth national soil erosion survey. Spatial and statistical characteristics for terrain factors that influence soil erosion were analyzed, and the result was contrasted with two kinds of remote sensing based elevation data that were used widely. The result showed that the typical terrain characters could be expressed by Hc-DEM with a resolution of 25 m. Slope gradient and a slope length based on 25 m Hc-DEM in accordance with the conventional understanding. Slope gradient was gentlest in the northeast region and steepest in the Loess Hilly region. Slope length was longest in the northeast region and shortest in the Loess Hilly region. Slope gradient was gentle in the bottom of valleys and ridge areas with higher elevation, and was steep in areas between the ridge and deposition areas. In areas with great relief steep hilly areas or gentle hilly areas, slope length was longer. The spatial distributions of LS factor were similar with that of the slope gradient. The data of this research was proven to be better than ASTER and SRTM elevation data. Moreover, the DEM data built in the fourth national soil erosion survey was irreplaceable in the field of soil erosion mapping at the national, province, and large watershed scales. This paper showed the characteristics of erosional terrain in the main water erosion region in China, and the result provided a basis for the calculation of terrain factors in research of soil erosion and hydrology.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Erosion
Controlled terms:Groundwater - Landforms - Sediments - Soils - Surveys - Topography
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental factors - Loess hilly regions - LS factor - Slope gradients - Slope length - Statistical characteristics - Terrain characteristics - Terrain factors
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 444.2 Groundwater - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587786
Title:Aquiculture remote monitoring system based on IOT Android platform
Authors:Li, Hui (1); Liu, Xingqiao (1); Li, Jing (2); Lu, Xiaosong (1); Huan, Juan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (2) Faculty of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223001, China
Corresponding author:Li, H.(13645234923@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:175-181
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:With the rapid development of modern science and technology, the application of the Internet and of technology in Intelligent Agriculture has become more and more widespread. In this paper, a kind of aquaculture remote monitoring system based on the Internet Android platform is introduced. Using the system with many sensor nodes, information (such as pH value, temperature, water level, dissolved oxygen and other environmental parameters) can be collected remotely by many kinds of sensors (such as a pH sensor, temperature sensor, water level sensor, and dissolved oxygen sensor), and then the analog data collected can be transformed to be digital data. The digital data can be sent to an Android mobile system by socket communication. In the Android mobile control interface the data received from pound can be exported into a SOLite datebase, and the data in the SOLite datebase can be exported into a SD card and stored in the format of TXT. The filename stored is formed with the information from the time when the TXT file is saved (such as year-month-data-hour-minute-second) in order to avoid the problem of having the file overwritten by a file with the same name file. Therefore, the user needs not designate the name of the saving TXT file. To the Android application, many control nodes can be controlled remotely. The system adopts CC2430 as the underlying management chip. Temperature measurement accuracy of the system can reach 0.5°C. In addition, pH measurement accuracy of the system can reach 0.3. A good control algorithm can achieve good control precision. In our system, in order to obtain more control precision, an intelligent fuzzy PID control algorithm is applied in the remote MCU control system. Dissolved oxygen is a very important parameter in aquiculture. In the system dissolved oxygen control precision can be controlled within ±0.3 mg/L. Moreover, the SOKCET communication is designed in an independent thread to the system. Thus, the reaction of the control system is very sensitive. The function of the system is not limited by time, regional, and climate conditions. The interface of the application is designed in the Android Mobile phone, so the user can handle the application flexibly and conveniently, and the user can browse data from the mobile phone, send remote control commands, and control the bottom water, pump water supply pump, and aerator in any location with an Internet connection. The IP address is exported into a SQLite database, so the IP data can be obtained automatically from the database by the system after the application is started, and it does not need input from the user repeatedly. Many mobile phone clients of the system can share a single server. Thus, the system has a very high price-performance ratio. After practical testing of the system in the Changdang Lake experiment area in Liyang, Jiangsu province, the indicators have reached the requirements, and the control effect of the system is very good. The system has the advantages of simple operation, fully able to meet the need of aquaculture.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Remote control
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Aquaculture - Cellular telephones - Communication - Control systems - Internet - Mobile phones - Monitoring - pH - pH sensors - Sensor nodes - Sensors - Temperature measurement - Water levels - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Android - Aquiculture - Dissolved oxygen control - Environmental parameter - IoT - Price-performance ratios - Remote monitoring system - Socket communications
Classification code:801.1 Chemistry, General - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921 Mathematics - 944.6 Temperature Measurements - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 801 Chemistry - 731.1 Control Systems - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 614.2 Steam Power Plant Equipment and Operation - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 718.1 Telephone Systems and Equipment - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587778
Title:Plastic film mulching cultivation decrease absorption of manganese and improve its use efficiency in upland and paddy rice
Authors:Zhang, Yajie (1); Shi, Qiaqia (1); Wang, Zhensheng (1); Hua, Jingjing (1); Zheng, Liping (1); Dong, Cunhao (1); Yang, Jianchang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
Corresponding author:Yang, J.(jcyang@yzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:106-113
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To meet the challenge of drought in China, water-saving techniques have been developed and applied in rice (Oryza sativa L.) growing areas since the last decade of 20th century, such as the dry-cultivated technique for paddy rice and the acreages of upland rice in rained areas, which has played a positive role in stabilizing and promoting food production. Manganese (Mn) as a trace element is both essential for rice growth and the essential trace elements in the human body. However, the effect of cultivation patterns on Mn absorption and use efficiency of upland and paddy rice rarely has been reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate the difference between upland rice cultivar Zhonghan3 (japonica) and paddy rice cultivar Wuxiangjing99-8 (japonica) which were grown in the farm of the Yangzhou University under three cultivation patterns of moist cultivation (MC, control), plastic film mulching cultivation (PFMC), and bare cultivation (BC). The MC was based on conventional irrigation for high-yielding rice production, that is, keeping a water layer in the field from transplanting to regreening, alternating wet and dry soils during the other growth periods, and stopping the water supply obe week before harvest. The total quantity of irrigation was 5, 213 m3 ha-1. In the PFMC treatment, the field was dry-plowed, and then, the beds (1.5 m in width) were made and mulched, the beds were fully watered from transplanting to one week after transplantation while the plants were alive. The DC treatment was the same as the PFMC treatment, except for not mulching before transplanting. Totally, water of 723 m3 ha-1 was supplied at the vigorous tillering, booting, and heading stages, and no water was irrigated during the other growth periods. From heading to maturity, the soil moisture was monitored by tensiometers that were installed in the field. The soil water potential was normally at -15 to -25 kPa. The results showed that, compared with the MC, the grain yield was significantly lower by 9.0% under PFMC for upland rice, but no significant difference was found between PFMC and MC for paddy rice, and grain yield was significantly reduced by 11.7% and 8.0% under BC for both upland and paddy rice. Dry cultivation lowered the Mn content in plants and in grain under PFMC and BC and lowered the amount of Mn absorption in plants, resulting in higher Mn use efficiency of matter production(MUEp), higher Mn use efficiency of grain yield production (MUEg) and Mn harvest index (MHI). The proportion of Mn in leaves and sheaths were both disordered and in ears increased under dry cultivation for Zhonghan3 and Wuxiangjing99-8. Compared with Wuxiangjing99-8, Zhonghan3 exhibited higher Mn concentration by 13.1-20.6% from heading to maturity, lowered Mn accumulation in plants by 5.2%-9.6% at the later growth stage, lowered MUEp and MUEg and resulted in higher MHI. The Mn content in grain was significantly lower for zhonghan3 than for Wuxiangjing 99-8 under moist cultivation, but it showed the opposite under dry cultivation. The results suggest that the effect of dry cultivation on the absorption and use efficiency of Mn varies largely with the cultivation patterns and variety types.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Absorption - Boron carbide - Cultivation - Efficiency - Films - Irrigation - Landforms - Manganese - Plants (botany) - Plastic films - Soil moisture - Water conservation - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Alternating wet and dries - Matter production - Paddy rice - Plastic film mulching - Rice (Oryza sativa L.) - Significant differences - Soil water potential - Upland rice
Classification code:933 Solid State Physics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 913.1 Production Engineering - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 817.1 Polymer Products - 812.1 Ceramics - 543.2 Manganese and Alloys - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 481.1 Geology - 461.9 Biology - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 444 Water Resources
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587788
Title:Calculated analysis of oxygen transfer from air bubble-water interface and turbulent water surface in microporous aeration systems
Authors:Cheng, Xiangju (1); Xie, Jun (2); Yu, Deguang (2); Zeng, Yingxue (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Key Laboratory of Subtropical Architecture Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (2) Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
Corresponding author:Cheng, X.(chengxiangju@scut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:190-199
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Micro porous aeration systems for increasing dissolved oxygen concentration in an aquaculture pond are receiving more and more attention. In order to explore the contribution of a micro bubble-water interface and the turbulent water surface to oxygen mass transfer, after placing a disc which was made of a curled micro porous diffuser tube in the middle bottom of an experimental pond, a series of re-oxygenation experiments were conducted under the conditions of different aeration flow and submerged water depth. Based on the theory of oxygen volume mass transfer, the calculation model recommended by the American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE) was coupled with the Two-Zone oxygen transfer model, and then the two kinds of oxygen volume mass transfer coefficients across the micro bubble-water interface and across the turbulent water surface during the re-oxygenation process in the bottom of the experimental pond were calculated. After water temperature correction, the values of oxygen volume mass transfer coefficients across the micro bubble-water interface and across the turbulent water surface were found to be in a relationship with the aeration flow and submerged water depth of micro porous diffuser tube. Under a certain submerged depth of micro-porous tube, the bubble-zone volumetric mass transfer coefficients and the surface re-aeration-zone volumetric mass transfer coefficients are proportional to the diffused airflow rate. However, under a certain diffused airflow rate, the two zone mass transfer coefficients are inversely proportional to the water depth. For shallow aquaculture ponds, with the increase of submerged water depth of micro-porous tube, though the contribution of water surface to oxygen mass transfer has been weakened a little, however, the ratio of contribution on re-oxygenation still accounts for more than 80%. Combining micro porous aeration systems has the advantage of low energy consumption and simple installation, using the micro porous diffuser system to increase dissolved oxygen concentration and water turbulent mixing in shallow water has a greater advantage, and is worth popularizing.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Phase interfaces
Controlled terms:Air - Aquaculture - Biochemical oxygen demand - Calculations - Civil engineering - Energy utilization - Lakes - Mass transfer - Models - Oxygen - Oxygenation - Tubes (components)
Uncontrolled terms:American Society of Civil Engineering - Calculation models - Dissolved oxygen concentrations - Low energy consumption - Oxygen mass transfer - Oxygen transfer - Volumetric mass transfer coefficient - Water temperatures
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 453 Water Pollution - 409 Civil Engineering, General - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 641.3 Mass Transfer
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587766
Title:Parameters optimization of directing precision seeder for large cucurbitaceous seeds
Authors:Yang, Yanli (1); Gu, Song (1); Li, Kai (1); Liu, Kai (1); Zhang, Qing (1); Zhong, Lüxiang (1); Jia, Dongdong (3); Liu, Xiaoliang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (3) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Corresponding author:Gu, S.(sgu666@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:15-22
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:A tray seeder is important equipment that greatly increases seeding efficiency and decreases the intensity of labor in the industrial seedlings production. In order to solve the problem of a traditional precision seeder being not suitable for seeding large cucurbitaceous seeds, such as bottle gourd, pumpkin, and watermelon seeds, whose sizes and weights are bigger than ordinary vegetable seeds, a precision directing seeder for large cucurbitaceous seeds was developed to achieve precision seeding in the same direction at a 45° angle. The cotyledons of seedlings could grow up in the same direction as a 45° seeding angle to avoid cotyledons of adjacent seedlings being covered each other. Precision seeding in the same direction at 45° angle was achieved by transporting seeds with a linear vibrator, directing seeds with seed-slots, and seeding with air-suction nozzles. The seeder was controlled by a programmable logic controller. The size of the seed-slot was determined according to the maximum measurements of the 100 normal seeds selected randomly to accommodate almost all the seeds. Optimal operation and structure parameters of the directing seed-slot mechanism and air-suction seeding mechanism were obtained by experimenting with bottle gourd seeds, using a standard tray with 50 cells. The air pressure of the pneumatic system was 0.5 MPa, and the negative pressure of the air-suction nozzle absorbing seed was 0.04 MPa. Results indicated that, with 1.5 mm of the vertical distance from the exit of seed transporting track to seed-slot, 0 mm of the horizontal distance and 65 mm/s of the transporting speed of linear vibrator, the success rate of transporting seed into directing seed-slots could reach up to 98.89%; with 40 mm/s of the vertical transporting speed of air-suction nozzle, 3 mm of the depth of the seeds pushed into substrate, and 1 second of the residence time for pushing seeds in substrate, the angular deflection was at the minimum, with 0.8 degree of the mean value of the angular deflection and 15° of the maximum of the angular deflection. The comprehensive operating performance experiment of the precision directing seeder for large cucurbitaceous seeds showed that the seeding productivity of the seeder could reach up to 6 000 cell/h, the single seed rate of the seeding tray could reach up to 97%, the maximum of the angular deflection was less than 25°, and more than 91% of the angular deflections were less than 10 degrees. Compared with the SF70 directing seeder for large cucurbitaceous seeds which was developed by Japan Yanmar Machinery Co., above 95% of the seed angular deflections of seeding operation were less than 15° with our seeder, and they were 30° with a SF70 seeder. There still exists some aspects of the seeder to be improved in the future, such as the size of seed-slot should be designed to be adjustable to be suitable for different batches of seeds. Because the optimal transporting speed of the linear vibrator had reached its maximum, a proper linear vibrator should be further selected to obtain a higher optimal transporting speed for enhancing seeding productivity.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Deflection (structures)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Atmospheric pressure - Experiments - Nozzles - Optimization - Productivity - Seed - Vibrators
Uncontrolled terms:Angular deflection - Negative pressures - Operating performance - Optimal operation - Parameters optimization - Precision seeding - Seeding efficiency - Structure parameter
Classification code:921.5 Optimization Techniques - 913.1 Production Engineering - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587777
Title:Coupling effects of water and nitrogen on yield, quality and water use of potato with drip irrigation under plastic film mulch
Authors:Song, Na (1); Wang, Fengxin (1); Yang, Chenfei (1); Yang, Kaijing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resource and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Wang, F.(fxinwang@yahoo.com.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:98-105
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to find out the best combination of water and nitrogen in the production of potato and to achieve the goal of saving water and fertilizer and maintaining high yield and good quality, we carried out a field experiment. The experiment was conducted to study the coupling effects of water and nitrogen on potato yield, quality and water use efficiency under drip irrigation with plastic film mulch in an arid area of Northwest China. There were ten treatments, including two soil wetting proportion levels (P1-40%, P2-70%) and five nitrogen levels (N1-90 kg/hm2, N2-135 kg/hm2, N3-180 kg/hm2, N4-225 kg/hm2, N5-270 kg/hm2). The results indicated that the weight of potato tuber, starch content of tuber and vitamin C content of tuber showed the parabolic changing tendency with the rise of nitrogen application rate for the same water level. Protein content of potato tuber ascended with the rise of nitrogen application rate. All of above showed the significant difference in different treatments. Potato tuber quality of P2 soil wetting proportion treatments was higher than that of P1 soil wetting proportion treatments with the same nitrogen amount. Yield, evapotranspiration and water use efficiency of potato showed the parabolic changing tendency with the rise of nitrogen application rate for the same water. Tuber yield of P2 soil wetting proportion treatments were 5% higher than those of P1 soil wetting proportion treatments. The yield showed the significant difference in different treatments. Evapotranspiration of the P2 soil wetting proportion treatments were 11% higher than those of P1 soil wetting proportion treatments. Water use efficiency of P1 soil wetting proportion treatments were 5.4% higher than those of P2 soil wetting proportion treatments. The tuber weight per plant and vitamin C content of potato tuber of P2N3 treatment and the starch content of tuber of P2N2 treatment had the best performance. The protein content of potato tuber of P1N5 treatment was the highest. Considering the quality indicators of the potato tuber, the quality of potato tuber of P2N3 treatment had the best performance. Treatment P2N2 had the highest yield in all treatments, amounting to 54 187 kg/hm2. Treatment P1N2 had the highest water use efficiency of 12.86 kg/m3. In consideration of the comprehensive performance of the yield, tuber quality and water use efficiency, treatment P2N3 are recommended as the best combination of water and nitrogen in the production of potato under drip irrigation with plastic film mulch in such an arid area of Northwest China.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Efficiency - Evapotranspiration - Grain (agricultural product) - Irrigation - Nitrogen - Plants (botany) - Plastic films - Soils - Starch - Water levels - Water quality - Water supply - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Drip irrigation under mulches - Potato - Tuber quality - Water use efficiency - Yield
Classification code:804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 614.2 Steam Power Plant Equipment and Operation - 443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587764
Title:Pork price forecast based on breeding sow stocks and hog-grain price ratio
Authors:Sun, Jianming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Economics and Management, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
Corresponding author:Sun, J.(sjmwh@21cn.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:1-6
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Hog market is full competitive in China. There are obvious and regular cyclical feature in the fluctuation of pork price. Since 2003, pork prices have experienced over two full cycles, the time intervals between the adjacent price valleys are 36 months and 41 months, and the lengths between the adjacent price peak are 41 months and 43 months. Taking both price peak and valley intervals into account, the average length of the cycles is approximately 40 months. Hog production has its own specific regularity that producers enlarge their production scales when profit rate increases, reduce scales in contrast. Breeding sow stocks are the keys of the hog production scale changes. Increase or decrease of breeding sow stock will cause pork supply changes in 10 months because of the rules of hog production. Granger causality test results show that current pork price and current hog-grain price ratio are unidirectional Granger causality to current breeding sow stocks, breeding sow stocks and hog-grain price ratios 10 months ago are unidirectional Granger causality to current pig prices. The contribution of this paper is the multiplicative pork price forecast models which synthesize seasonal factor, trend factor and cyclical factor based on breeding sow stock deviations and hog-grain price ratio deviation 10 months ago. Long term trend equation of pork price is a linear function of time. By using least squares method and pork price time series data, the trend equation parameters can be obtained. The calculations of each month pork price devided by the Feb pork price in the same year separately are the seasonal factor values in one year. Averaging the same month seasonal factors of different years, we get seasonal pork price feature curve, fit the curve with a sine function in which the length of cycle is 12 months. Deviding real pork prices by long term trend prices and seasonal feature fitting values of the same month, cyclical factor curve is obtained. The cyclical curve is fitted by a sine function also, but in which the length of the cycle is 40 months, the amplitude is the functions of breeding sow stock deviation and hog-grain price ratio deviation 10 months ago. Using monthly hog-grain price ratio data from 2000 to 2011, the parameters of the forecast model can be estimated. We forecast 2012 pork prices with the model based on hog-grain price ratio deviation 10 months ago, the average forecasting accuracy rate is 95.6 percent. Using monthly breeding sow stocks data from 2009 to 2011, we obtain the forecast model parameters by least square method and forecast 2012 pork prices based on breeding sow stock deviation 10 months ago, the average accuracy rate is 97.2%. There will be a cyclical pork price valley in April 2013 based on hog-grain price ratio deviation model forecast, and the price value is 19.89 Yuan per kilogram. A cyclical pork price valley will occur in May 2013 based on breeding sow stocks deviation model forecast, and the price value will be 20.88 Yuan per kilogram.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Costs
Controlled terms:Curve fitting - Forecasting - Functions - Landforms - Least squares approximations - Mathematical models - Mathematical programming - Meats - Statistical tests
Uncontrolled terms:Breeding sow stocks - Cycle - Forecasting accuracy - Granger causality test - Least square methods - Least squares methods - Pork price - Price ratio
Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 922 Statistical Methods - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 921 Mathematics - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 822.3 Food Products - 481.1 Geology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587776
Title:Visualizing particles movement characteristics in drip irrigation emitters with digital particle image velocimetry
Authors:Feng, Ji (1); Sun, Haosu (1); Li, Yunkai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Multiple Water Environmental Technology Industry (China) CO. Ltd., Beijing 102100, China
Corresponding author:Li, Y.(yunkai@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:90-97
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Understanding the movement characteristics of particles is very important for solving the clogging problem in drip irrigation emitters. The key to solve this problem is to make sure that the emitter itself has a high resistance to clogging. Particles are the main component of clogging substance in emitter, accounting for 99% or more. Through selecting the appropriate emitter flow path structure parameters and optimizing the flow boundary, a good flow condition in the path could be ensured, in addition, the transport capacity of particles in the flow path gets improved. Furthermore, the intention of controlling near-wall attachment of particles can be achieved. However, it is very difficult to test the flow in the critical scale flow path due to its complicated structure, narrow flow path, and non-transparent appearance. There were a few reports on the whole field measuring about water-sand two-phase flow in emitters. Therefore, this paper researched flow characteristics in a simplified model of emitter, which only reserved the flow path for energy dissipation. We tested the flow characteristics in the terminal unit structure. At the same time, a processing method for transparent model was proposed in this paper, and we improved the Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV), by changing the lens of the CCD camera into the close-up lens of Nikon D50. We visualized the movement characteristics of particles in emitters with improved DPIV test system. The results showed that it was feasible to test the motion characteristic of particles in simplified transparent model with the improved DPIV test system. It was turbulent in emitter. And the flow state, vortex distribution, the intensity of flow lines, as well as following performance of particles did not change as the increasing working pressure in emitters. There was a linear relationship between size of flow path and working pressure. The small change of pressure did not significantly change the following characteristic of particles in the central region and the near-wall region. Under the same working pressure, the particles maximum velocity decreased with the increasing particle size, but the distribution trends of the flow lines and the vorticity of particles with different sizes were consistent. The particles following characteristics decreased with the increasing size, in both the central region and the near-wall region. The research could provide the theoretical basis for the analysis on the solid-liquid two-phase flow and the anti-clogging design in emitters.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Velocimeters
Controlled terms:Energy dissipation - Equipment - Irrigation - Measurements - Particles (particulate matter)
Uncontrolled terms:Complicated structures - Digital particle image velocimetry - Flow charac-teristics - Linear relationships - Motion characteristics - Movement characteristics - Solid-liquid two-phase flow - Whole field measuring
Classification code:944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 951 Materials Science - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 525.4 Energy Losses (industrial and residential) - 901 Engineering Profession
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587790
Title:Physio-chemical characterization of biochars pyrolyzed from miscanthus under two different temperatures
Authors:Luo, Yu (1); Zhao, Lixin (1); Meng, Haibo (1); Xiang, Xin (1); Zhao, Xiaorong (2); Li, Guitong (2); Lin, Qimei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; (2) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Corresponding author:Lin, Q.(linqm@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:208-217
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Miscanthus is a perennial rhizomatous grass and originates from the tropics and subtropics. The remarkable adaptability of miscanthus to different environments makes this novel crop suitable for establishment and distribution under a range of climatic conditions in China. Yields of Miscanthus have been reported to reach 30 t ha-1, thus it is considered as one of the most important potential biomass energy crops. To use miscanthus as the raw material to produce biogas, bio-oil and biochar are produced at the same time as by-products. Biochar is the charred byproduct of biomass pyrolysis, the heating of plant-derived material in the absence of oxygen in order to capture combustible gases. Its key characteristics are related to carbon sequestration. Due to its relative inertness, biochar contributes to the refractory soil organic carbon pool, and thus can decrease atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf> concentrations by sequestering carbon when added to soil. Therefore, applying biochar to soil may contribute to decreasing, or slowing the increase in, global warming. In addition, it can be used as a soil conditioner, not only having potential in improving soil fertility, but also in remediating polluted soil. So far, we have understood little about miscanthus biochar, which becomes a bottleneck for applying the biochar as a soil conditioner. In this paper, miscanthus giganteus straw was dried at 105°C for 24 h, milled to <1 mm, and pyrolysed in a Carbolite CWF 1200 furnace with a sealable retort (Carbolite, Hope, UK), flushed with argon. The furnace was initially heated to 100°C. The temperature then increased to 350 (BC350) or 700°C (BC700) at 1°C min-1, and finally held at 350 or 700°C for 30 min. The resulting biochars were subsequently cooled to room temperature overnight, while maintaining the argon flush, and were collected and then their characteristics were determined with different methods. The aim was to investigate the nature of the biochar and its changes with temperature. The results showed that the physio-chemical properties of the biochar were largely determined by the carbonization temperature. The miscanthus biochar produced at 350°C (BC350) contained more water-soluble components, indicating it giving higher soil fertility if applied in soil. For example, as biochar was added to soil at application rates equivalent to 5% of total soil organic C, this gave 222 and 16 μg water-extractable C g-1 soil for biochar350 and biochar700, respectively. The latter C concentration is clearly negligible. The same trend was found for NH<inf>4</inf> -N, but on a much smaller scale: 1.75 and 0.18 μg NH<inf>4</inf> -N g-1 biochar, equivalent to 0.09 and 0.01 μg N g-1 soil, for biochar350 and biochar700, respectively. BC700 had higher pH, C/N ratio, water-holding capacity (WHC), and surface area. The δ13C value, however, showed no difference between BC350 and BC700, while extractable NO<inf>3</inf>--N was not detected in the water extracts from both biochars. The paper also discussed the potential value and its prospects of industrial application of miscanthus biochar, with current biochar producing equipment development, in improving soil fertility, soil remediation, and water purification in China.
Number of references:41
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Byproducts - Carbon dioxide - Carbonization - Chemical properties - Crops - Forestry - Global warming - Industrial applications - Physical properties - Pyrolysis - Soil conditioners - Soil conservation - Soil pollution - Tropics - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Bio chars - Carbon sequestration - Carbonization temperatures - Equipment development - Miscanthus - Physio-chemical properties - Soil organic carbon pools - Water holding capacity
Classification code:931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 801 Chemistry - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 451 Air Pollution - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 443 Meteorology - 423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587796
Title:Monitoring storage shelf life for chilled fresh pork using enzymatic time-temperature indicator
Authors:Qiao, Lei (1); Lu, Lixin (1); Tang, Yali (1); Liu, Zhigang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Packaging Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Food Packaging Techniques and Safety of China National Packaging Corporation, Wuxi 214122, China
Corresponding author:Lu, L.(lulx@jiangnan.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:263-269
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The temperature in a cold chain is the key factor for the quality of food that relies on low temperature in its distribution, as it may cause safety problems and economic losses. The Time-Temperature Indicator (TTI) is more and more important in the application of food stored and transported in a cold chain as a simple, inexpensive and user-friendly quality record device that overcomes the shortage of traditional open shelf-life and has experienced a deep development in the past few decades. The developed TTI is based on the diffusion and reaction between solidified alkaline lipase and three acetic acid glycerol ester that reduces the pH of the system and emerges as a yellow band moves forward to indicate the quality change of the food. Furthermore, chilled fresh pork was chosen to evaluate the applicability of the TTI. First, the dynamic characteristics of the quality change of chilled fresh pork based on TVB-N (Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen) value was studied by a storage experiment at 5 different isothermal temperatures. Then the Ea of the pork was attained by an Arrhenius model and a suitable TTI with specific ingredients was developed according to it at the base of the principle of Ea matching. Moreover, several storage experiments of both TTI and chilled fresh pork was conducted at an identical 5 different isothermal temperatures and 4 different non-isothermal conditions to evaluate the indicating characteristics of the TTI. In the research of the dynamic characteristics of the quality change of chilled fresh pork based on TVB-N value, the result shows that in the same level of temperature the longer the time, the higher the TVB-N value of chilled fresh pork; and as the temperature rises, the TVB-N value increases fast. Based on the Arrhenius Equation, the activation energy Ea of the chilled fresh pork was 51.346 kJ/mol, the pre-exponential factor k<inf>0</inf> was 6.224×108 d-1. The TTI which matching the chilled fresh pork was selected as the basis of the Ea of the chilled fresh pork and the ingredients of the TTI are that the glycine -NaOH buffer dosage was 3.5 mL, the enzyme concentration was 20.0 g/mL, the alkaline lipase solution dosage was 0.5 mL, the glycerol triacetate dosage was 2.0 mL and the activation energy was 51.604 kJ/mol. In the research of reliability between TTI and chilled fresh pork, the results indicated that the color change of TTI was steady in both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions that were proved by the little difference between the final diffusion values. In non-isothermal conditions, the deterioration rate of the chilled fresh pork increases with the rising storage temperature. In addition, the deteriorating times of the pork in the 4 different non-isothermal conditions (TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4) are 4.8 d, 3.4 d, 3.3 d and 5.3 d respectively. The results also indicate that the TTI which was chosen by the base of the principle of Ea matching corresponded to the change of chilled fresh pork in both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions, which means that the TTI could be well used in the quality indication of chilled fresh pork based on TVB-N value. In addition, this TTI can be used to monitor the shelf life of chilled fresh pork during cold chain storage.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Meats
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Alkalinity - Amino acids - Deterioration - Energy storage - Experiments - Food safety - Glycerol - Indicators (instruments) - Isotherms - Losses - Quality control
Uncontrolled terms:Chilled frresh pork - Dynamic characteristics - Isothermal temperature - Non-isothermal condition - Preexponential factor - Time-temperature indicators - Total volatile basic nitrogens - TVB-N
Classification code:944.3 Pressure Measuring Instruments - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 951 Materials Science - 822.3 Food Products - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 804.1 Organic Compounds
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587791
Title:Fe3 enhanced anaerobic digestion process of corn straw
Authors:Shi, Changbo (1); Wang, Jin (1); Peng, Shuchuan (1); Hou, Chenghu (1); Chen, Tianhu (1); Yue, Zhengbo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
Corresponding author:Yue, Z.(zbyue@hfut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:218-225
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Anaerobic digestion is one of the effective utilization processes for the resourcization of agricultural wastes. Trace elements are one of the key biological factors that influence the biogas production capacity of organic wastes, especially for the element of iron that has a significant influence on the stability and methane yield of the anaerobic digestion process. However, the iron content in the corn stover normally is low. Therefore, in this experiment FeCl<inf>3</inf> was used as the iron source to enhance the anaerobic digestion of corn stover. The experiment was performed in batch modes using the serum bottles as reactors with a working volume of 150 mL. The mass concentration based on the volatile solids (VS ) of corn stover was 50 g/L and FeCl<inf>3</inf> dosages were 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 1.5%, 3%, 6% of the corn stover VS. The characteristics of the gas and methane generation process, digester solution, and solid digester residues in the five reactors were studied. A modified Gompertz equation was used to describe the gas and methane generation process. Results showed that the methane production of the reactor with 3% FeCl<inf>3</inf> was 7.29 L&middotL-1 which was about 14% higher than that of the control reactor (6.47 L&middotL-1). Simulation results also showed that the lag time, product yield, and formation rate were different in the reactors. Such a difference could be attributed to the nutrient iron requirements for different anaerobic microorganisms, including hydrolytic and fermentative bacteria, acetogenic bacteria, and methane-producing archaea were different. Cellulose and hemicellulose were the main ingredients of corn stalks, and were also the main biodegradable ingredients of corn stover for the anaerobic digestion process. The lignocelluloses content in the dolif digester residues were analyzed. The mass fractions of neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose, and cellulose in the digester residue obtained from the reactor with 3% FeCl<inf>3</inf> were the lowest, which were 56%, and 6% and 18%, respectively. Moreover, the degradation efficiencies were 70%, and 90% and 83% respectively. As for the control reactor with 0% FeCl<inf>3</inf>, the degradation efficiencies of neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose, and cellulose were 62%, and 85% and 72%, respectively. This meant that the addition of 3% FeCl<inf>3</inf> promoted the degradation of cellulose and hemicelluloses, which resulted in the higher methane yield. The major limiting factor for the anaerobic digestion of corn stover was the high recalcitrance of substrate, which was mainly caused by the lignin and crystalline structure of cellulose. Normally lignin could not be digested by the anaerobic microorganisms, and only partially was released into the digester solution during the degradation of the cellulose and hemicellulose. The crystalline structure of the anaerobic digester residues were tested by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results showed that the crystalline of the solid digester residue in the reactor with 3% FeCl<inf>3</inf> was lower compared to that of the residue from the control reactor. The results mentioned above showed that a synergistic effect happened between Fe3 and anaerobic microorganisms. This resulted in the destruction of crystalline cellulose, and higher cellulose degradation efficiency and methane yield. However, the variation of Fe availability and its effect on the microbial community was not performed, which needs to be investigated in the future. In the current research, FeCl<inf>3</inf> was used as the iron source, but its cost was higher. A cheaper iron resource needs to be found, and the iron-promoted anaerobic digestion process should be optimized to further increase the methane yield and the economic efficiency.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Bacteria - Batch reactors - Cellulose - Crystalline materials - Degradation - Experiments - Iron - Iron research - Lignin - Methanation - Methane - Microbiology - Straw - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic digestion process - Anaerobic microorganisms - Cellulose and hemicellulose - Cellulose degradation - Degradation efficiency - Microbial communities - Modified gompertz equations - Neutral detergent fiber
Classification code:933.1 Crystalline Solids - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 545.1 Iron - 522 Gas Fuels - 461.9.2 Microbiology - 461.9 Biology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587765
Title:Design and experiment of disc-dig sugar beet combine
Authors:Wang, Fangyan (1); Zhang, Dongxing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, D.(zhangdx@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:7-14
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The combine harvester is one of important tools for a sugar beet harvest. In order to solve time-consuming, tedious, and inefficient process in manual picking up of sugar beet by a traditional digger, and alleviate the shortage of sugar beet harvesting equipment, a disc-dig sugar beet combine harvester with medium horsepower tractors was designed based on the planting pattern and agronomic requirements, and the overall configuration and the structure of the main parts were described. The combine was composed of a rack, transmission system, guiding mechanism, digging device, conveying and cleaning device, hoisting equipment and driven system, et al. which enabled a one-stop achievement of sugar beet digging, conveying, removing soil and collecting. It effectively decreased the labor cost, simplified the commodity sugar beet processing links, and enhanced the efficiency of production. The driving system was configured in two independent ways, and equipped with a mechanical hydraulic control system, which improved the control accuracy and automation. With the hydraulic control system, the guiding mechanism reflected quickly and reduced the leakage (loss) of the sugar beet during harvesting. The disc digging component of the digging device reduced the excavated soil volume, improved the ability of breaking soil, and reduced the working resistance effectively. The throwing wheel moved sugar beet to the conveying and cleaning device, which was arranged behind the digging device. The hoisting equipment has a compact structure and good working reliability. Meanwhile, the web chain was composed of bending rods and bar rods, realized the chain jitter without source vibration, and reduced the transmission loss and the impurity of sugar beet. Field tests indicated that the rate of sticking to soil, the loss rate, the damage rate, the broken rate, and the impurity rate reached 0.8%, 4.5%, 2.4%, 1.6%, and 3.1%, respectively, which are in line with the sugar beet harvesting requirement. The results show that the developed harvester exhibits better performances and adaptation on the dry land. The further study will focus on the key parts parameters, in order to improve the applicability of the sugar beet harvester. This study can provide some references for the development and design of medium scale agricultural farming machinery based on the above parameter design, and at the same time, it can help to promote the development of sugar beet mechanization production, especially in China.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Sugar beets
Controlled terms:Control systems - Cost accounting - Cranes - Design - Disks (machine components) - Equipment - Experiments - Harvesters - Harvesting - Hydraulic machinery - Machine design - Soils - Vibrations (mechanical) - Wages
Uncontrolled terms:Better performance - Combine harvesters - Compact structures - Hoisting equipments - Hydraulic control systems - Sugar beet harvesters - Transmission loss - Transmission systems
Classification code:911.1 Cost Accounting - 901.3 Engineering Research - 901 Engineering Profession - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 731.1 Control Systems - 931.1 Mechanics - 693.1 Cranes - 601.2 Machine Components - 601 Mechanical Design - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 408 Structural Design - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587774
Title:Soil respiration characteristics under different site conditions in wind-water crisscross erosion region on Loess Plateau
Authors:Fu, Wei (1); Huang, Mingbin (2); Shao, Ming'an (3); Du, Shuli (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Corresponding author:Huang, M.(hmbd@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:74-80
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The wind and water erosion transitional belt of the Loess Plateau experiences intensive soil erosion, where the site conditions are complicated. The spatial heterogeneity of soil texture can alter spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration, with a consequent impact on carbon cycling of the ecosystem. The objective of this study was to investigate the soil respiration characteristics of two dominant shrubs (Caragana Korshinkii and Salix psammophila) under different site conditions, and elucidate the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in the wind and water erosion transitional belt of the Loess Plateau. Experiments were performed with two site conditions (silt loam soil and sandy soil) for each shrub during the growing seasons from 2009 to 2010. Soil respiration was measured every other day with an ultra-light portable photosynthesis system (CI-340, CID Inc., USA) fitting with a soil respiration chamber (CI-301SR). Soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm depth was measured using a digital thermometer (Omega HH509R, Stamford, CT) adjacent to each PVC collar. Soil moisture in the 0-6 cm soil layer was measured using a frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) with a hand-held push probe (Theta probe type ML2X, Delta-T, UK). The root biomass was estimated by the sequential core method. The results showed that the soil respiration of C. korshinkii was larger in silt loam soil than in sandy soil, unlike S. psammophila. Soil water content and soil temperature were significant abiotic factors mediating the response of soil respiration of C. korshinkii to site conditions, whereas biotic factors (root biomass) were an important factor that could regulate the response of S. psammophila to site conditions. Under different site conditions, soil respiration of each shrub showed obviously seasonal changes. The soil respiration of C. korshinkii achieved their peak values in July or August. The maximum soil respiration of Salix psammophila was observed in August. Soil temperature could better explain seasonal changes of soil respiration of C. korshinkii, whereas soil water content could better explain seasonal changes of soil respiration of Salix psammophila. The relationship between soil respiration and soil temperature was better expressed by an exponential function under different site conditions. The Q<inf>10</inf> of soil respiration was larger in silt loam soil than in sandy soil. This showed that the soil respiration of silt loam soil was more sensitive to soil temperature.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Erosion
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Probes - Sand - Silt - Soil moisture - Soils - Temperature - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:Frequency domain reflectometry - Maximum soil respirations - Semiarid area - Site conditions - Soil respiration - Spatial heterogeneity - Temperature sensitivity - Water erosion
Classification code:944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 933 Solid State Physics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 444 Water Resources - 443 Meteorology - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587793
Title:Analysis of relationships between cultivated land occupation and economic growth in Jiangsu province based on decoupling theory
Authors:Li, Zhaofu (1); Liu, Hongyu (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (2) College of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
Corresponding author:Li, Z.(lizhaofu@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:237-243
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Economic development pressure on the occupation of cultivated land resources and protective requirements for cultivated land based on food security and social stability have always been contradictory in the context of our socio-economic development. Using relative 1976-2009 data in Jiangsu Province, the variation tendency of cultivated land resources was analyzed, decoupling relationships between cultivated land occupation and economic growth were evaluated quantitatively, and the reasons for decoupling were explored. The decoupling indicator (Di), ratio of decoupling indicator (Dr), and decoupling factor (Fd) were used to assess decoupling relationships between cultivated land occupation and economic growth in Jiangsu Province from 1976 to 2009. Dr is defined as the ratio of decoupling indicator (Di) at the end to that of the start of a given time, as follows: Dr = Di<inf>end</inf>/Di<inf>start</inf>. Here Di= EP/DF, in which EP means environmental pressure, and DF stands for driving forces. And Fd = 1-Dr. When Fd is above zero, decoupling occurred during the period. Decoupling can be divided into two forms, relative decoupling and absolute decoupling. When the economy increases, the use of resources or pressure on environment increases at certain lower rates separately, that is to say, the more economy increases, the relatively less the use of resources or pressures on environment increases because the gap between economic development and use of resources or pressure on environment becomes more and more great. This is what is called 'relative decoupling'. Absolute decoupling would happen when the growth rate of resource use or pressure on environment decreased even though the gross use of resources increases rapidly while economic growth keeps increasing. All needed data were collected from Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook. Study results show that cultivated land area in Jiangsu province continuously declined over nearly 35 years, and the area of total cultivated land and per capita cultivated land declined by an annual average rate of 0.38% and 1.33%, respectively. The decline in cultivated land accelerated from the 1980s until 2006, at which time the decline slowed. Decoupling between cultivated land occupation and non-agricultural output growth has occurred in relative or absolute terms from the period of 'the Sixth Five-Year Plan' to 'the Eleventh Five-Year Plan'. The decoupling indicator (Di) shows that the continuous decline in cultivated land consumption with increasing per unit GDP changed from 923.5 hm2/108 RMB to 20.5 hm2/108 RMB from the period of "the Fifth Five-Year Plan" to "the Eleventh Five-Year Plan", indicating that economic growth has obvious lower dependence on the consumption of cultivated land. Decoupling between cultivated land occupation and economic growth is caused by the transformation of economic growth patterns and labour input, technological progress and investment in fixed assets continue to increase. With a transformation from quantitative growth to a quality-oriented growth model, cultivated land consumption by economic development will be lower, and contradictions of cultivated land protection and economic development are expected to ease.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Economics
Controlled terms:Construction - Employment - Food supply - Land use - Natural resources
Uncontrolled terms:Cultivated lands - Decoupling theory - Economic growths - Jiangsu province - Occupation
Classification code:971 Social Sciences - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 512 Petroleum and Related Deposits - 501 Exploration and Prospecting - 444 Water Resources - 405 Construction Equipment and Methods; Surveying - 404.2 Civil Defense - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587789
Title:Modeling phosphorus removal in horizontal subsurface constructed wetland based on principal component analysis
Authors:Zhang, Yan (1); Cui, Lijuan (1); Li, Wei (1); Zhang, Manyin (1); Zhao, Xinsheng (1); Wang, Yifei (1); Zhang, Yaqiong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (2) The Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecological Function and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China
Corresponding author:Cui, L.(wetlands108@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:200-207
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Performance of a horizontal subsurface constructed wetland (HSSF-CW) running for three years was studied. Response curves of the area removal of total phosphorus (TP) to the changes in water temperature were analyzed for different treatment cells. The temporal changes in the area removal of TP in different treatment cells were simulated by the sinusoidal function. Based on the statistical methods of principal component analysis (PCA) and redundancy analysis (RDA), the main environmental factors influencing the removal of TP were selected. Afterwards, the effluent TP concentration (TP<inf>o</inf>) was simulated and predicted through the artificial neural network (ANN). The results suggested that the area removal of TP was insensitive to water temperature changes when the water temperature was low (<20°C), while great fluctuations combined with an increase of the area removal of TP occurred as the water temperature increased to a higher degree (>20°C). The highest value of area removal TP (3.27 g/(m2&middotd)) was reached at the temperature of 24.5°C. The relationship between the area removal of TP and the water temperature in different treatment cells was described by the polynomial function, and consequently reasonable accuracy was obtained (R2=0.1082, p=0.000). The variation of area removal of TP in different months was found to be in line with sinusoidal changes (R2=0.231, p=0.000). The area removal of TP with a plateau of 0.397±0.125 g/(m2&middotd) observed in August was higher than that in autumn. The average area removal of TP was 0.331±0.132 g/(m2&middotd) in summer. With the method of PCA and RDA, the relationship between the area removal of TP and different environmental factors was analyzed. As a result, the main impact factors including the influent TP concentration (TP<inf>i</inf>), wastewater temperature (Temp), flow rate (Flow), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and evapotranspiration (ET) were found, and subsequently selected as the input parameters for ANN modeling. Comparison of the actual and simulated TP<inf>o</inf> values indicated a certain accuracy of the model in predicting the trend and scale of TP<inf>o</inf> in the HSSF-CW (R2=0.677-0.800). The results of this research could provide scientific support for the improvement and management of HSSF-CWs.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Computer simulation
Controlled terms:Effluents - Models - Neural networks - Phosphorus - Principal component analysis - Temperature - Water supply - Wetlands
Uncontrolled terms:Constructed wetlands - Different treatments - Environmental factors - Polynomial functions - Redundancy analysis (RDA) - Sinusoidal functions - Wastewater temperature - Water temperature change
Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 723.5 Computer Applications - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 442.2 Land Reclamation
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587794
Title:Optimization of scanning conditions on near-infrared microscopic imaging for melamine detection in soybean meal
Authors:Li, Jing (1); Han, Lujia (1); Yang, Zengling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Engineering College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
Corresponding author:Han, L.(hanlj@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:244-254
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Melamine is used as a non-protein nitrogen adulterant in soybean meal to increase the protein content, and it is harmful to the animals. The existing conventional detecting techniques have the shortcomings of complex pretreatment, high cost, and cannot achieve online detection. Near-infrared microscopic (NIRM) imaging technology combines the spectral and imaging technology. It can detect the material compositions and visualize the position. However, different scanning condition will affect the NIRM image quality and the detecting effect. In this article, a Spotlight 400 NIRM imaging system was used to acquire the NIRM images of the samples. The influence of the scanning condition on NIRM image quality and detection performance of the melamine in soybean meal was studied, and the scanning condition of melamine detection in soybean meal by NIRM imaging was optimized. At first, 10 samples in which the melamine particles were placed on the soybean meal particle, under the soybean meal particle, and beside the soybean meal particle were prepared, and the images were scanned. The influence of different resolution and scan times on the spectral image root mean square noise (RMS) were examined by one-way ANOVA analysis. The results reflected that the levels of 8, 16, 32, 64 cm-1 of spectral resolution and the 4, 8, 16 scans per pixel didn't significantly influence on RMS. Different interferometer speed (1, 2.2 cm/s), pixel size (25, 50 μm), resolution (8, 16, 32 cm-1) and scans per pixel (4, 8, 16) were analyzed by the multi-factor orthogonal experiment. The results showed that resolution had a significant influence on RMS and the optimized scanning condition (test program 10) was as follows: pixel size=50 μm, interferometer speed=1 cm/s, resolution=32cm-1, scans per pixel=16. Meanwhile the following most efficient scanning condition (test program 11) was obtained: pixel size=50 μm, interferometer speed=1 cm/s, resolution=32 cm-1, scans per pixel=4. Considering that the melamine particle size may be less than 50μm, another scanning condition (test program 5) was set by changing the pixel size of the most efficient scanning condition to 25 μm. Then, in order to inspect the influence on melamine detection, three other samples were prepared to compare the detection performance of melamine in soybean meal with the optimized scanning condition of test program 5, 10 and 11. One sample was prepared with the melamine particles placed under 4 soybean meal particles of different thicknesses. The other two samples were the mixture samples artificially contaminated with 1% melamine, and the melamine particle size was less than and more than 50 μm, respectively. The results showed that the scanning condition of test program 5 had obtained a more accurate melamine detecting result for the mixture sample contaminated with 1% melamine of particle size less than 50 μm because the pixel size was 25 μm. There was little difference between the three scanning conditions for the other samples. Therefore, considering the optimized scanning conditions obtained by the image quality, the scanning time, and the detection performance of the melamine in soybean meal, the final scanning conditions were recommended as follows: pixel size=25 μm, interferometer speed=1 cm/s, resolution= 32 cm-1, scans per pixel=4. The study also indicated that NIRM imaging technology could effectively detect melamine in soybean meal.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Scanning
Controlled terms:Image quality - Imaging techniques - Infrared devices - Interferometers - Melamine - Mixtures - Optimization - Particle size - Pixels - Spectroscopy - Test facilities
Uncontrolled terms:Detecting technique - Detection performance - Different resolutions - Material compositions - Microscopic imaging - Orthogonal experiment - Scanning conditions - Soybean meal
Classification code:941.3 Optical Instruments - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 801 Chemistry - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 723.5 Computer Applications - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587799
Title:Optimization of fermentation conditions of milk with blend probiotic strains based on high viable count
Authors:Liu, Chengguo (1); Yi, Wenzhi (1); Zhou, Hui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (2) Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha 410128, China
Corresponding author:Liu, C.(lcgwei@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:286-296
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The viable probiotic count is the key factor to functionality of fermented milk. It is very important for the milk industry to improve the number of viable bacteria in its final products. Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium were blended using them as a starter culture for fermented milk to achieve a high viable probiotic count. Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium were studied and a high density culture technology of Lactobacillus was applied to increase the number of viable bacteria in the fermentation system. Determination of the absorbance method was used to assess the viable count of probiotics in fermented milk in which the calcium ion would combine with salt under alkaline conditions to make fermented milk dispersed evenly in a solution state. Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA) was selected as a chelating agent to chelate the calcium ion in the fermented milk, and to make the solution clarify. The OD value of the bacteria did not change significantly after entering the stable phase, and the number of viable probiotics count in the fermented milk achieved the maximum. The OD value of fermented milk in this study did not change significantly from the second day of fermentation. On this basis, OD value was measured for three consecutive days from the second day, and the average OD value was used as indicator of the viable probiotic count. Inoculation volume, ratio of probiotics strains, added glucose, added soybean peptide, and fermentation temperature were studied as a single factor affecting the number of viable bacterium in the fermented milk. Results show that the average OD value at different inoculation volume was not significant (P<0.01) while the other four factors were highly significant (P>0.01). The ratio of probiotics strains in blend culture, glucose level, soybean peptide level, and fermentation temperature were further studied using a Box-Benhnken design to optimize the fermentation technology. The results were analyzed with the software Design Expert to 8.0. Results indicated that the fermentation system model had an extremely significant effect on predicting the result of the test. The studied factors had significant effects on the average OD value of fermented milk. Results of the response surface optimization test showed that the optimal fermentation condition was: inoculation volume was 6%, the mass fraction of kim milk solid was 12%, the ratio of Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium in blend culture was 3:1, glucose level was 2.9%, soybean peptide level was 0.8%, and fermentation temperature was at 34°C. The predicated average OD value was 1.076 with the optimal fermentation condition, and the verification tests demonstrated that the actual value was 1.087, the relative error was 1.0% compared with the predicated value. The verification tests also showed that the coagulation state of fermented milk was uniform, with less whey separation, and that there was a rich fermented milk flavor, pure without a peculiar smell. The maximum number of viable probiotics count was 4.1×1011 cfu/mL., which is 78.3% higher than the maximum number of viable count (2.3×1011 cfu/mL) before the optimization process. When stored under 4°C after 21 d, the number of viable probiotics count remained at 4.7×1010 cfu/mL. The research result could be used as a probiotic fermentation technology applied to production of probiotic beverages. In addition, it was applied to the industrialized production of probiotic strains used in common acid milk production. Thus, the result greatly increased the viable count of probiotic in the fermented milk and improved functional properties of the product.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Fermentation
Controlled terms:Bacteria - Chelation - Fermented milk - Models - Optimization - Peptides
Uncontrolled terms:Bifidobacterium - Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid - Fermentation technologies - Fermentation temperature - Industrialized production - Lactobacillus casei - Probiotics - Response surface optimization
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 822.3 Food Products - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587782
Title:Image segmentation method for maize diseases based on pulse coupled neural network with modified artificial bee algorithm
Authors:Wen, Changji (1); Wang, Shengsheng (2); Yu, Helong (1); Su, Hengqiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computing and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
Corresponding author:Wang, S.(wss@jlu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:142-149
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The image segmentation of crop diseases is one of the critical technical aspects of digital image processing technology for disease recognition. However, because of background information complexity of crop disease images, boundary area vagueness and noise effect of light and vein texture, there is no robust easy and practical method. At the same time, the color texture feature is one of the important criteria for identifying diseases, but there are serious influences on feature extraction and disease recognition because of the color texture information ignorance of most of the methods at present. The main contribution of this paper is that the segmentation appearance is more subtle and the color texture information is better when kept in the target area of crop diseases based on the proposed method-a pulse coupled neural network based on a modified artificial bee algorithm (MABC-PCNN). The basic idea of the color disease image segmentation is that the method of MABC-PCNN was used to segment the disease regions in RGB subspaces, then the results in three subspaces were merged in reference to a selective large probability merge strategy, and finally the final merger result was obtained. The concrete realization is as follows. Firstly, a method of MABC-OCNN was proposed in this paper, and in this method the parameters of PCNN (β is the linking strength, V<inf>θ</inf> is an amplitude coefficient and a<inf>θ</inf> is a an incentive pulse attenuation coefficient, V<inf>θ</inf> and a<inf>θ</inf> set the operation of neuromine) were automatically optimized through an improved ABC (MABC). In more detail, the above mentioned coefficient was described as the components of the feasible solution corresponding to the nectar source. By introducing scale adjustment factor ?, the solution search strategy of leader and follower had been adjusted, then through the evaluation principle of a weighted linear combination of maximum Shannon entropy and minimum cross-entropy, the results of segmentation with PCNN were evaluated and in the iteration of MABC, the optimal solution was set as the coefficients of PCNN. Secondly, in the iteration of the method, we got the optimal parameters of PCNN, and meanwhile we got the segmentation results in RGB subspaces. According to the selective large probability merge strategy, the results were merged and the final result of the color disease image segmentation was gotten. Further details are as follows that the pixel value variances of segmentation results in RGB subspaces were calculated, and then with the above variances the contributions of the pixel values were calculated. Finally, a mask template was obtained with the components of pixel value contribution. By masking operation with the mask template and an original color disease image, the final segmentation result was gotten. In a group of color maize disease images, the experimental results show that no matter whether subjective evaluation or objective evaluation was compared with V values, the segmentation appearance is more subtle and the color texture information is better remained in the target area of maize diseases based on the proposed method in contrast to GA-PCNN in Ref[18]. However, because of stochastic optimal control parameters with a swarm intelligent algorithm, the algorithm in this paper is of relatively high time complexity. Along with the continuous improvement of hardware performance, this problem will be solved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Color - Crops - Diseases - Feature extraction - Genetic algorithms - Image recognition - Image texture - Iterative methods - Neural networks - Optimization - Pixels - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial bee colony algorithms - Color-texture information - Digital image processing technologies - Maize - Maximum Shannon entropies - Pulse coupled neural network - Stochastic optimal control - Weighted linear combinations
Classification code:461.7 Health Care - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 933 Solid State Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587787
Title:Experiment of propagation characteristics based on 433MHz channel of WSN in orchid greenhouse
Authors:Li, Xiaomin (1); Zang, Ying (1); Luo, Xiwen (1); Li, Teng (1); Liu, Yongxin (1); Kong, Qingjun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Corresponding author:Zang, Y.(yingzang@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:182-189
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:There were very few studies on the propagation characteristics of wireless sensor networks in an orchid greenhouse. For deploying a wireless sensor networks system and studying the channel characteristics under orchid greenhouse, the relationship between radio frequency signal propagation characteristics and radio signals influencing factors was studied with a 433MHz carrier frequency for configuring wireless sensor networks in an orchid greenhouse. At first, the curves of the received signal strength had less fluctuation in a playground than in a greenhouse. From the contrast experiment in both greenhouse and playground, the results showed that the orchid greenhouse had a great impact on the received signal strength of wireless sensor networks. During the experiments the transmitting power, packet length, communication distance, and the location of the source of the transmitting signal had changed for obtaining the received signal strength and the packet loss rate. The experiments demonstrated that the relationship of the received signal strength and communication distance caused attenuation to exist according to a logarithmic model, and the regression coefficient R2 was in the range of 0.9246 and 0.8753. When the transmitting power was 0 dBm or -5 dBm, the wireless signal communication success rate got higher. When the transmitting power was 0 dBm or -20 dBm, the received signal strength index (RSSI) would gain more fluctuations. Furthermore, when the data transmission rate was 1.2 kbps, the packet length had little effect on the packet loss rate. The regression analysis results demonstrated the regression parameters A and the transmitting power were quadratic relationship, and it was a quadratic regression equation between the environmental factor n and transmitting power. The curved surface and filled contour of RSSI were built by analyzing the data. The wireless signal propagation characteristics of the orchid greenhouse environment were intuitively and comprehensively reflected. Besides, a model was built for calculating the received signal strength of 433 MHz in an orchid greenhouse. The simplified math model was developed for the need of engineering. Meantime, the math model could be used for predicting the received signal strength at different transmitting powers and different communication distances by the verification experiment. Finally, this research could provide specific and detailed reference for a configured WSN system in orchid greenhouses.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Wireless sensor networks
Controlled terms:Biodiversity - Communication - Communication channels (information theory) - Data communication systems - Electric power distribution - Experiments - Greenhouses - Mathematical models - Regression analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Channel characteristics - Data transmission rates - Orchid - Propagation characteristics - Received signal strength - Received signal strength indices (RSSI) - RF characteristics - Wireless signal propagation
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 732 Control Devices - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 454 Environmental Engineering - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 706.1.2 Electric Power Distribution
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587771
Title:Development and experiment on application effects of automatic drinking device for waterfowl
Authors:Wang, Shengyu (1); Cheng, Haoliang (2); Wang, Aiqin (1); Liu, Haijun (2); Xiang, Huali (2); Shi, Tianhong (1); Qi, Lihong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250023, China; (2) Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group, Qingdao 266061, China
Corresponding author:Qi, L.(lwsdjn@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:54-59
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:A new automatic drinking device was designed according to the living habits of waterfowl (ducks), which was made with PVC pipes, floating balls, and other materials. The devices had better performances and advantages, such as more water area and deeper groove, auto-control of water amount by float ball to meet the needs of intensive rearing of waterfowl (ducks) comparing with the other three devices: nipple drinkers, ordinary water tanks, and the Plasson drinkers. To further observe the effects of the new automatic drinking devices on production performance in duck breeders, 18 684 SM3 cherry parent ducks were randomly allocated into four groups with three replicates, including new drinking devices (group one), nipple drinker (group two), ordinary water tank (group three), and the Plasson drinker (group four). Every replicate had 1 557 ducks (females 1,289; males 268). The purchase cost and depreciation cost of the four drinking devices, water consumption and production performance of ducks under the same feeding conditions were statistically analyzed from the ages of 25 weeks to 75 weeks. The results showed that the purchase cost of the drinking device in group one was 0.59¥ per duck, which was the lowest among the all of the groups (0.59¥ vs 1.25¥ or 0.69¥ or 2.27¥); and the depreciation cost of 0.13¥ per year in group one was the lowest among the all of the groups, too (0.13¥ vs 0.24¥ or 0.14¥ or 0.49¥). The water consumption per duck per day in group one was more than that in group two and in group four (1.72 kg±0.03 kg vs 1.18 kg±0.04 kg or 1.48 kg±0.03 kg), but less than that in group three (2.31 kg ± 0.08 kg). The survival rate, egg laying rate, egg average qualified rate, and egg average fertility rate in group one were all higher than those in other groups. In conclusion, the new drinking devices could be applied widely in the intensive rearing of waterfowls with the advantages of improving production performances of ducks, lower purchase and depreciation costs, and being easy to operate.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Costs
Controlled terms:Birds - Cultivation - Depreciation - Polyvinyl chlorides - Sales - Water supply - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms:Application effect - Automatic drinking water devices - Better performance - Depreciation costs - Duck - Feeding conditions - Production performance - Water consumption
Classification code:911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 822 Food Technology - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 446.1 Water Supply Systems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587768
Title:Direct non-thermal plasma technology reduces emission of aldehyde and ketone in diesel engine exhaust
Authors:Jiang, Fei (1); Cai, Yixi (1); Han, Wenhe (1); Dong, Miao (1); Li, Xiaohua (1); Chen, Yayun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Corresponding author:Cai, Y.(qc001@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:31-37
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:A non-thermal plasma (NTP) technique has currently been investigated intensively as a promising technology for a diesel engine after treatment to abate PM, HC and NOx. However, there is little research about NTP technique treating the aldehyde and ketone emissions of a diesel engine. In this study, Direct Non-thermal Plasma (DNTP) technique is employed to treat the single cylinder diesel exhaust. The variation of the specific aldehyde and ketone emissions of a diesel engine at four loads before and after the treatment of DNTP is studied with 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatization method and a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis technique. The results show that 13 kinds of aldehyde and ketone emissions could be detected under this experimental condition. Before the treatment of DNTP, with the growth of the diesel load, the specific aldehyde and ketone emissions decrease first and then increase. The specific emissions of formaldehyde are 83.22, 15.26, 25.06, 27.58 mg/(kW&middoth) and at each load are the largest. The specific emissions of acetaldehyde are 12.03, 3.47, 8.92, 19.97 mg/(kW&middoth). The minimum specific emissions of acrolein and acetone, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, butyraldehyde and butanone, methacrolein, benzaldehyde, valeraldehyde are 0.43, 0.78, 0.96, 0, 0.25, 0.28, 0.23 mg/(kW&middoth) respectively at 50% load. The minimum specific emissions of p-tolualdehyde and hexaldehyde are 0.08, 0.04 mg/(kW&middoth) respectively at 75% load. After the treatment of DNTP, the specific aldehyde and ketone emissions decreases first and then increases with the growth of the diesel load, but the trend becomes mild and the specific aldehyde and ketone emissions reduce remarkably. Total removal efficiency of aldehyde and ketone emissions could reach 93.8% at 25% load, 50% load, and 75% load. Removal efficiency of acrolein and acetone, butyraldehyde and 2-butanone could reach almost 100%. At the same time, total ozone formation potentials decrease dramatically. These results provide a reference for reducing the diesel engine exhaust emissions with a DNTP technique.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Diesel engines
Controlled terms:Acetaldehyde - Acetone - Chromatography - Emission control - Exhaust systems (engine) - Experiments - Herbicides - High performance liquid chromatography - Plasmas
Uncontrolled terms:2 ,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine - Analysis techniques - Derivatization method - Experimental conditions - Nonthermal plasma - Propionaldehyde - Removal efficiencies - Single cylinders
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution Control - 612 Engines - 801 Chemistry - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 901.3 Engineering Research - 932.3 Plasma Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587784
Title:Design of switchover strategy and control system for arcless on-load automatic capacity regulating distribution transformer
Authors:Meng, Zhen (1); Piao, Zailin (1); Wang, Dongdong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electric Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (2) Fuyang Power Supply Company, Fuyang 236000, China
Corresponding author:Piao, Z.(piaozl@china.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:158-165
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Transformer is one of the main equipment of the electricity industry. It also consume energy during the transmission of electrical energy. The transformer losses account for the largest proportion to the loss of entire power grid in our country, which are more than 60%, because of a big amount of distribution transformers in low-voltage distribution. This makes the loss of distribution transformers occupies 30% about the total loss of transformers, therefore, to develop high energy efficient distribution transformer in order to reduce the loss becomes one of the key point for power system energy saving. China's rural power grid load have characteristics such as concentrated power usage, seasonal load great changes, obvious difference between peak and valley. For the low annual average load rate, therefore it is difficult to choose the proper capacity of distribution transformers. If the capacity of distribution transformers is chosen according to the average load or minimum load, then serious overload phenomenon will happen in the peak of power consuming; If the capacity of distribution transformers is chosen according to maximum load, then it will make the transformer capacity not fully used in long time, which will cause a large unnecessary energy waste. Based on this, using adjustable capacitive transformer will not only make it running with low load under the economic state, but also make sure the transformer can supply enough power energy during the peak of consuming, which can finally realize reducing transformer overall power loss. So it is of a great practical significance to develop and design the capacitive adjustable technology of distribution transformers. According to the features of China's rural distribution network, this paper developed and designed arcless automatically adjust capacity distribution transformers with load, aimed at solving the defects and shortcomings of adjustable capacity distribution transformers without load and mechanical adjustable capacity distribution transformers with load. By analyzing the on-load capacity regulating transformer's economic operation mode, the critical economical capacity for its economic operation is elaborated; The arcless on-load capacity regulating transformer control system composed of data acquisition module, load forecasting model, switchover strategies and thyristor triggering module was designed; The switchover strategies in view of load forecasting model based on gray theory was given. The switchover strategies overcome the non-scientific and irrational of the critical economical capacity on experience and avoid the load frequently switching due to short-term fluctuations and extend the life of retulating switches. The effectiveness of the control system was verified by actual load forecast data on a single shift and the simulation analysis of switching process. Through the calculating and analyzing, the comprehensive power loss of SZ11-M-T-315(100) on-load automatic capacity regulating distribution transformer is 1821 kW&middoth each year, the rate of saving electricity is 15.79%.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Electric transformers
Controlled terms:Control system analysis - Control systems - Electric load forecasting - Electric power distribution - Energy efficiency - Mathematical models
Uncontrolled terms:Data acquisition modules - Distribution transformer - Low-voltage distributions - On-load capacity regulating - Rural distribution networks - Simulation analysis - Switchover - Transmission of electrical energy
Classification code:731.1 Control Systems - 715 Electronic Equipment, General Purpose and Industrial - 714 Electronic Components and Tubes - 921 Mathematics - 706.1.2 Electric Power Distribution - 704 Electric Components and Equipment - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 706.1 Electric Power Systems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587769
Title:Performance analysis of machinery load sensitive quantitative pump system
Authors:Yuan, Shihao (1); Yin, Chenbo (1); Liu, Shihao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Automobile and Construction Machinery, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
Corresponding author:Yin, C.(Chbyin@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:38-45
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:A type of load pressure sensitive quantitative pump hydraulic circuit was studied, and its working principle was explained. Under the conditions, the research included two situations, which are load pressure change and main control multi-way valve spool movement. By the basic physical equations of the hydraulic units, the mathematical relationship between system outlet pressure p<inf>1</inf>, load pressure p<inf>2</inf>, fixed differential relief valve compensation spool opening x<inf>c</inf> and main control spool displacement x<inf>e</inf> was obtained; and by the analysis of above mathematical relationship, it was observed that under the situation which main control spool equivalent throttling area A<inf>e</inf> keeps still and load pressure p<inf>2</inf> changes, fixed differential relief valve compensation spool displacement rate Δx<inf>c</inf>/x<inf>c</inf> is inversely proportional to a pump's system outlet pressure p<inf>1</inf>, however, it is proportional to load pressure change Δp<inf>2</inf>; and as the pump outlet pressure p<inf>1</inf> increases, the fixed differential relief valve compensation spool displacement rate Δx<inf>c</inf>/x<inf>c</inf> becomes smaller. The experimental results showed that displacement rate Δx<inf>c</inf>/x<inf>c</inf> are 0.081, 0.142 and 0.183(output pressure is 6 MPa);0.058, 0.110 and 0.139(output pressure is 9 MPa); 0.042, 0.079 and 0.112(output pressure is 12 MPa) respectively. For constant pump outlet pressure p<inf>1</inf>, the movement range of the fixed differential relief valve compensation spool becomes larger, and that the fixed differential relief valve compensation spool displacement rate slope Δx<inf>c</inf>/x<inf>c</inf>/Δp<inf>2</inf> has the trend to become smaller as load pressure change Δp<inf>2</inf> increases. The theoretical analysis and experimental results (when Δp<inf>2</inf> are 1, 2, 3 MPa, Δx<inf>c</inf>/x<inf>c</inf>/Δp<inf>2</inf> are 0.081, 0.072 and 0.064(output pressure is 6 MPa);0.057, 0.051 and 0.046(output pressure is 9 MPa); 0.043, 0.038 and 0.034(output pressure is 12 MPa) respectively under p<inf>1</inf> equals 6, 9, 12 MPa) are consistent. Others, as the fixed differential relief valve compensation spool throttling ports generally is designed as U or V partial throttling groove, thus when the main control spool moves, its moving characteristics analysis is established based on U throttling groove. By its throttling structural feature, a geometric simplified throttling area calculation mathematical expression of U throttling groove was deduced, and then based on the U throttling area calculation formula, the fixed differential relief valve compensation spool characteristic movement when main control spool moves was analyzed. Then the mathematical expression between the change of the fixed differential relief valve compensation spool throttling port opening Δx<inf>c</inf> and the throttling area change ΔA<inf>e</inf> of main control valve spool was obtained. It was then observed that the fixed differential relief valve compensation spool opening change Δx<inf>c</inf> is proportional to the main control valve spool equivalent throttling area change ΔA<inf>e</inf>; and it was also found that the value of the ratio between the fixed differential relief valve compensation spool throttling port opening change Δx<inf>c</inf> and the main control valve spool equivalent throttling area change ΔA<inf>e</inf> is closely relevant to the pump system outlet pressure p<inf>1</inf> and load pressure p<inf>2</inf>; besides p<inf>1</inf> and p<inf>2</inf>, the ratio between the fixed differential relief valve compensation spool throttling port opening change Δx<inf>c</inf> and main control valve spool equivalent throttling area change ΔA<inf>e</inf> is relevant to the ratio between main control valve spool throttling port's flow coefficient C<inf>qe</inf> and overflow throttling port's flow coefficient C<inf>qc</inf> of the fixed differential relief valve chamber, and also is relevant to the throttling area gradient w<inf>c</inf> of the fixed differential relief valve throttling port. As the fixed differential relief valve compensation throttling area gradient w<inf>c</inf> becomes larger, the compensation spool opening change Δx<inf>c</inf> largely approximates to the main control valve spool U throttling groove equivalent throttling area change ΔA<inf>e</inf>. By the simplified throttling area calculation formula of U throttling groove, the mathematical relationship between the fixed differential relief valve compensation spool opening change Δx<inf>c</inf> and the main control valve spool opening Δx<inf>e</inf> is obtained, and it is helpful to the design of a machinery load sensitive quantitative pump system.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Reels
Controlled terms:Hydraulic equipment - Hydraulic machinery - Loading - Machine design - Pressure - Pressure relief valves - Pumps - Safety valves - Valves (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristics analysis - Displacement rate - Main control valve - Mathematical expressions - Mathematical relationship - Performance analysis - Physical equations - Working principles
Classification code:914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 672 Naval Vessels - 931.1 Mechanics - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 601.2 Machine Components - 601 Mechanical Design - 618.2 Pumps
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587783
Title:Design and realization of smart microgrid for household in rural area
Authors:Sun, Qinfei (1); Gao, Tingting (1); Yang, Rengang (1); Wang, Wencheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Yang, R.(yrg@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:150-157
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:With problems such as the reliability and quality of the power supply for rural areas, this paper proposes a new mode of power supply with a microgrid for the household. This microgrid could extensively absorb distributed energy based on the structure of the local distributed energy. As a result, it could promote the scaled using of distributed energy in rural areas. A detailed scheme for designation of the smart microgrid for the household is presented in this paper, including the structure, control approaches, and so on. Compared with an AC microgrid, a DC microgrid has some advantages below: 1) reducing the investment and improving the energy efficiency because of the sharing of the same inverter for different distributed generation (DG) units; 2) buffering and smoothing the power fluctuation of distributed generation (DG) by DC storage equipment; 3) without regard to the loop current for different distributed generation (DG) units thanks to the sharing of the same inverter, leading to easy control strategies. Taking into consideration the points mentioned above, and the capacity of the microgrid for the household, this paper selects a structure of a DC microgrid. The DC bus' voltage level is 48V, and the AC bus' voltage level is 220 V in single-phase. Some other jobs such as capacity choice, analysis of control strategy, and power balance have been down in this paper. This smart microgrid for the household has flexible operation modes. It can operate in both islanded and grid-connected mode for areas covered by a grid, or just operate in islanded mode for areas without a grid. In the grid-connected mode, the energy from DG is consumed in priority, and the surplus energy is fed back to the grid. While in islanded mode, the energy from DG supplies all loads including DC storage equipment. Besides, considering the demand for the operation and maintenance of the system, a remote SCADA system is designed for the professional staff to monitor the system. The structure of the SCADA system for the microgrid is promoted in the paper. Moreover, six main functional modules will be showed in part two. Two microgrids based on this scheme have been put into operation in turn on a farm and in a village. Due to the different structure of distributed energy and capacity of loads, this paper has designed them respectively. We have recorded a large amount of data since the application of the system. Through the analysis of the recorded data, it was shown that the microgrid could operate in a safe and stable state. In addition, the results fully demonstrated the microgrid for the household could solve the problem of power supply in rural areas and widely absorb distributed energy as well. As a result, it can provide reliable and high-quality power supply for the rural areas.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Design - Digital storage - Distributed power generation - Electrical engineering - Energy efficiency - Investments - Power supply circuits - SCADA systems
Uncontrolled terms:Different structure - Distributed energies - Distributed generation units - Flexible operation - Grid-connected modes - Household - Micro grid - Operation and maintenance
Classification code:821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 731.1 Control Systems - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 709 Electrical Engineering, General - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 703.1 Electric Networks - 615 Thermoelectric, Magnetohydrodynamic and Other Power Generators - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 408 Structural Design - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587781
Title:Simulation by remote sensing and analysis of net primary productivity of vegetation based on topographical correction
Authors:Liu, Yu'an (1); Huang, Bo (1); Yi, Chenggong (3); Cheng, Tao (1); Yu, Jian (4); Qu, Le'an (4)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; (2) Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (3) Huanggang Meteorological Bureau, Huangzhou 438000, China; (4) College of Territorial Resources and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241003, China
Corresponding author:Huang, B.(bohuang@cuhk.edu.hk)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:130-141
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The study on simulation of the net primary productivity (NPP) was significant in monitoring carbon balance and understanding deeply the global carbon cycle. Remote sensing image data of a high spatial resolution and short revisit cycle and topographical correction should inevitably be the choice for accurately simulating mountain net primary productivity. On the base of topographical correction for the total solar radiation and the air temperature by DEM data using geographic information system (GIS) technology, hotosynthetically active radiation absorption, the temperature stress factors, the moisture stress factor and the max light use efficiency of typical vegetation types were estimated in this paper. Then an improved Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach model was built and used with HJ-1 data to simulate the net primary productivity of the Dabie Mountain region in 2009, and the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the net primary productivity were discussed. The results showed that: 1) By analyzing the accuracy of test results between the simulated NPP in this paper and MOD17A3 product value, a conclusion should be drawn that the CASABTC model and HJ-1 remote sensing image data were suitable for accurately simulating the net primary productivity of mountain vegetation. The net primary productivity in the study region in winter more than in spring, autumn, summer was affected by topographic relief.2) The annual average of simulated NPP in this paper was about 413.7 gC/(m2&middota) and smaller than that of MOD17A3 4.9%. More details on the spatial distribution and surface features of the former were more obvious than the latter. 3) The average of simulated NPP in study region in 2009 was from 0 to 1143.6 gC/(m2&middota), and the range of NPP in 66.1% of the total area was from 200 to 600 gC/(m2&middota). Total NPP in the study region was 9.891×106 tC and constituted approximately three thousandth of total NPP throughout the country. On the whole, the spatial distribution of annual net primary productivity was irregularly staggered by high and low net primary productivity.4) Monthly NPP value varies with the season. The seasonal change of net primary productivity of all vegetation types manifested typical unimodal distribution curves and their range of the seasonal change differed from each other. The seasonal change of monthly NPP was in agreement with that of the temperature, the solar total radiation and normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI). However, the uneven distribution of precipitation was not related to the net primary productivity.5) Monthly NPP for all vegetation types and total NPP increased gradually with increasing altitude. For the former, according to the change in size, their order was: evergreen broad leaf forest, deciduous broad leaf forest, mixed broadleaf conifer forest, deciduous needle leaf forest, evergreen needle leaf forest, shrublands, crops vegetation and grasslands, but the latter peaked as the altitude ascended to 1100 meters and remained constant around 600 gC/m2 when altitude went on. This study could provide the reference to further the net primary productivity simulation of mountain vegetation based on HJ-1 remote sensing image data and topographical correction.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Ecosystems
Controlled terms:Carbon - Computer simulation - Forestry - Geographic information systems - Image reconstruction - Landforms - Needles - Spatial distribution - Sun - Topography - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:High spatial resolution - Net primary productivity - Normalized differential vegetation indices - NPP - Remote sensing images - Seasonal changes - Temporal and spatial variation - Unimodal distribution
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 819.6 Textile Mills, Machinery and Equipment - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 951 Materials Science - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 723.3 Database Systems - 657.2 Extraterrestrial Physics and Stellar Phenomena - 481.1 Geology - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 723.5 Computer Applications
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587773
Title:Application of multi-indicator analysis on synthesis of super absorbent polymers
Authors:Zhong, Hua (1); Sun, Baoping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combation, Ministry of Education, College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Sun, B.(sunbp2008@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:67-73
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:With the development of economy and society, humans' demand for water is sharply increasing. China's freshwater resource per capita is only about 1/4 of the world's. However, due to irrational exploitation and utilization of water resources, the water scarcity in China is becoming a more and more serious problem. Therefore, the development of water-saving technology is imperative. Super absorbent polymer (SAP) is a chemical water-saving product that has developed very fast in recent years. It is a functional polymer material with high water-absorbent capability. Its internal, cross-linked, hydrophilic polymer network structure is able to adsorb and hold a large amount of water, while its physical structure remains stable. Thus it can absorb water more than hundreds of times of its own weight. What's more, the water held by SAP can be slowly released for plant use in arid lands. In this study, with the help of orthogonal design, a series of super absorbent polymers was prepared with different synthesis conditions and formulas. By using starch, acrylic acid, and acrylamide as main materials and functional monomer, N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker, and ammonium persulphate as initiator, the super absorbent resins were synthesized at certain reaction temperatures and neutralization degrees which refers to the molar ratio of alkali and acrylic acid. After the synthesis, these novel composite super absorbent resins were evaluated by using a composite evaluation system. In this system, four indices of effectiveness were used: absorbency of deionized water, water absorbency in soil, water-holding capacity, and the effect on germination percentage of seeds. These four indices involved in the present composite evaluation system concluded not only the most widely used indexes in the laboratory setting, but also the useful indices in real production systems. Two statistical methods of Z-score comprehensive evaluation and comprehensive balance analyzing were used to build the comprehensive evaluation system. The system could be accepted for optimizing the synthesis conditions and selecting the best and the most effective SAP suitable for practical agricultural production. Compared to some other previous studies that take the absorbency of deionized water as the only evaluation standard, the present study got a more comprehensive view to test the effectiveness of SAP, especially in practical situations. The evaluation system and calculation methods were simple and rapid. Thus they could be easily extended and utilized for the synthesis and evaluation of SAP or other new materials. The statistical data obtained from the results of variance analysis and range analysis indicated that temperature was the most significant factor affecting the character of the polymer. The order of importance of the five factors was temperature > neutralization degree > acrylamide > ammonium persulphate > MBA. As the result of the composite evaluation of two statistical methods, the optimal synthesis condition was chosen as follows: 1 g cured starch, 5mL acrylic acid, 1 mg MBA, 0.02 g ammonium persulphate, and 2.0 g acryl amide were incubated together at 85°C and with 90% neutralization degree adjusted by 1% KOH aqueous solution for 40 min to produce the raw resin. After 24 h drying, the final product could be obtained. The selected optimal super-absorbent polymers demonstrated good potential for water saving in agriculture. Moreover, it could be applied to water-saving agriculture, seedling transplanting, soil and water conservation, and many other fields.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Driers (materials)
Controlled terms:Absorption - Agriculture - Amides - Carboxylic acids - Crosslinking - Deionized water - Economics - Experiments - Hydrogels - Optimization - Organic polymers - Polyacrylates - Polymers - Resins - Seed - Starch - Statistical methods - Synthesis (chemical) - Water conservation - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation - Comprehensive evaluation system - Hydrophilic polymer networks - N ,N'-methylenebisacrylamide - Orthogonal experimental design - Soil and water conservation - Water-saving agricultures - Water-saving technologies
Classification code:815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 444 Water Resources - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587770
Title:Application and experiment of different turbulence models for simulating tip leakage vortex in axial flow pump
Authors:Zhang, Desheng (1); Wu, Suqing (1); Shi, Weidong (1); Pan, Dazhi (1); Yao, Jie (1); Zhang, Guangjian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, D.(zds@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:46-53
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to explore a turbulence model to simulate the structure and the kinetic characteristic of the tip leakage vortex suitably, the study was conducted based on the ANSYS CFX soft and high-speed imaging experiment. The topology structure of the simulation domain was optimized with 20 layers in a blade tip region that got more flow information in the tip area. As a result, simulation requirements are met, while reducing the calculation time. The flow field characteristic, especially the tip leakage vortex simulated by four kinds of turbulence models, which are standard k-Ε, renormalization group k-Ε, standard k-ω, and shear stress transport k-ω, was compared and analyzed. The simulation and the experiment results showed that the external characteristic curve predicted basing on the SST k-ω model is in substantial agreement with the experiment curve, and the deviation of the head is about 4.7% in the operating condition, which is better than the others; Head error based on standard k-ω model had a little less than others. The distribution law of the streamlines of the tip leakage vortex predicted basing on the four models was similar, as well as the pressure field and the axial velocity in the blade tip area. However, the length of the low-pressure area computed by RNG k-Ε was longer than other 3 models. The counter velocity narrow region based on the RNG k-Ε and SST k-ω was bigger than others, and the vortex entrainment was stronger too. The identification of the vortex core based on vortex intensity was established and compared with the results by the high-speed imaging. The motion trajectory of the tip leakage vortex based on different turbulence was different. It moves up when simulated in a big working operation. The motion trajectory of the tip leakage vortex based on SST k-ω is in substantial agreement with the experiment by comprehensive comparison. Via the above study, the adaptability of the SST k-ω model in the tip leakage vortex simulation was determined to be the best turbulence model among these four turbulence models, so the SST k-ω model is recommended when studying the tip leakage vortex in axial flow pumps.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Computer simulation
Controlled terms:Axial flow - Experiments - Leakage (fluid) - Models - Pumps - Statistical mechanics - Trajectories - Turbulence - Turbulence models - Vortex flow
Uncontrolled terms:Axial flow pump - Comprehensive comparisons - External characteristic - Flow field characteristics - Kinetic characteristics - Shear-stress transport - Tip leakage - Vortex cores
Classification code:902.1 Engineering Graphics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 723.5 Computer Applications - 931.1 Mechanics - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 404.1 Military Engineering - 618.2 Pumps
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587785
Title:Energy-efficient automatic monitoring system of aquaculture based on WSN
Authors:Jiang, Jianming (1); Shi, Guodong (1); Li, Zhengming (1); Shi, Bing (1); Huan, Juan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Electronic and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (2) School of Information Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213064, China
Corresponding author:Shi, G.(jsjby@em.jpu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:166-174
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Because of the expanding scale of aquaculture and rising labor costs, it is urgent to establish an automatic monitoring and control system of water quality. The optimized protocol of centralized low-power hierarchical clustering (LEACH-C) for a wireless sensor network communication and frequency control aeration system based on a programmable logic controller (PLC) was adopted. In a LEACH-C communication protocol, cluster heads were selected according to the residual energy of each node by the base station with fixed power supply. The aim of balancing the residual energy of each node was reached. From the actual control accuracy of the system, the changes in dissolved oxygen concentration was less than 0.02 mg/L than the value last time, and the corresponding node sent no data to its cluster head for saving energy. The test proved that the lifetime of a network adopted optimized LEACH-C protocol was 33.33% longer than that of a network adopted conventional LEACH protocol. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in water which was suitable for the perch growth was no less than 4.5 mg/L. As the concentration increased, the aeration efficiency will be gradually reduced. Therefore, the range of emergency oxygen was set from 4.5 to 5.5 mg/L. Based on measured value of dissolved oxygen content from the wireless sensor networks, a PI-PID algorithm was used in controlling the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water body. When the error was large, the use of a set of PI parameters could quickly narrow the error; while error-hour, using a set of PID parameters could remain stable. In order to ensure the smooth switching of the two sets of parameters, a hysteresis switching area was set. This would ensure the timeliness and efficiency in oxygen supply when the dissolved oxygen concentration in water was less than 4.5 mg/L, or more than 5.5 mg/L. The dissolved oxygen in water was always suitable for the growth of fish. It is verified by experiment that compared with the artificial rough control, labor costs were significantly reduced and nearly half of the electricity was saved by this control method.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Sensor nodes
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Automation - Control - Cost accounting - Employment - Energy conservation - Frequency converters - Leaching - Optimization - Wages - Water quality - Wireless sensor networks
Uncontrolled terms:Aeration efficiencies - Automatic monitoring - Automatic monitoring-system - Concentration of dissolved oxygen - Dissolved oxygen concentrations - Dissolved oxygen contents - Hier-archical clustering - Programmable logic controllers (PLC)
Classification code:913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 911.1 Cost Accounting - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 732 Control Devices - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 705.1 Electric Machinery, General - 533.1 Ore Treatment - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587798
Title:Tannase treatment improves contents of catechins and bioactivity of tea stalk infusion
Authors:Huang, Yufeng (1); Xiao, Anfeng (1); Ni, Hui (1); Cai, Huinong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Xiamen 361021, China; (3) Research Center of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology of Fujian Province, Xiamen 361021, China; (4) Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China
Corresponding author:Xiao, A.(xxaaffeng@jmu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:277-285
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Tea stalk, also known as tea stem, a residue obtained from the process of initial tea selection, is a very abundant and low-cost agricultural byproduct which is plentifully available in southern China, and its use has not been exploited and standardized. In this study, in order to use the agricultural byproduct, tea stalk, thoroughly, tea stalk infusion was prepared with the help of tannase preparation from Aspergillus niger JMU-TS528 by the solid state fermentation of tea stalks. Then, the property and effectiveness of a tannase-aided treatment on the contents of catechins and bioactivity changes in tea stalk infusion were illustrated, including their antioxidant activity and inhibitory potential against pancreatic α-amylase and lipase in vitro. Results showed that, with the help of tannase (2 U/mL) treatment at 50°C for 60 min, the contents of catechins in enzymatic hydrolysis tea stalk infusion changed a lot, much ester catechins (EGCG, GCG and ECG) were hydrolyzed into non-ester ones (EGC, GC and EC, respectively), accompanied by the production of gallic acid. Compared to untreated tea stalk infusion which was extracted by boiling water, th total catechin in a tannase-treated analog increased by 11.5%, and ester catechins decreased by 94%, along with the increases of non-ester catechins and gallic acid (156% and 684%, respectively). Meanwhile, the tannase-treated infusion had a relatively lower binding ability with protein and less tea cream formation, which were effective in improving the clarity and stability of tea stalk infusion. Furthermore, after being treated with tannase, the antioxidant activity of tea stalk infusion had a significant increase, as the tannase-treated tea stalk infusion had a greater OH&middot and DPPH&middot scavenging effects with their IC<inf>50</inf> decreased by 74.1% and 25.9%, respectively. In addition, assays of pancreatic α-amylase and lipase activities were used to evaluate the effects of tannase treatment on pancreatic enzymes inhibitory activities of tea stalk infusion. And whether it was extracted with tannase solution or water, tea stalk had some inhibition rate on pancreatic α-amylase and lipase activities. However, the tannase-treated tea stalk infusion had a significantly higher inhibition rate of pancreatic α-amylase and lipase activities than the untreated analog (89% and 107%, respectively) at a concentration of 5000 mg/L. Results from this study demonstrate that tea stalk infusion with tannase treatment can obtain better quality attributes, which is promising for the economic utilization and value addition of some important agro residues.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Amylases
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Aspergillus - Bioactivity - Enzymatic hydrolysis - Enzymes - Esterification - Esters - Extraction - Flavonoids - Phenols - Vitamins
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural by-products - Anti-oxidant activities - Catechins - Economic utilizations - Inhibitory activity - Solid-state fermentation - Tea stalk - Transformation
Classification code:461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 461.9 Biology - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587780
Title:Reversion of leaf area index in forest based on linear mixture model
Authors:Chen, Li (1); Zhang, Xiaoli (1); Jiao, Zhimin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, X.(zhang-xl@263.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:124-129
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Leaf area index (LAI) is not only an important parameter of biomass estimation, but also one of the most important structural parameters for the quantitative analysis of the land ecological system's energy exchange. This paper was designed to find a method to estimate LAI, which was accurate, rapid, large scale, and not damaging. In the remote sensing estimation of leaf area index (LAI), the most commonly used methods were based on the statistics. However, it has significant limitations and had difficulty dealing with the problem of "the same thing with different spectrum, and the same spectrum but different thing" for those models. Based on the physical structure of the ground component, this study developed the linear mixture model for forest LAI estimation. It can not only deal with the difficulty of spectral discrimination, but also was simple, feasible, and general. The minimum noise fraction (MNF) method, which can eliminate the correlation between the bands of TM images and increase the quality of endmembers, was employed to convert the TM image into its principal components. After that, endmenbers were obtained from the image itself and the endmembers were regarded as the extremes in the triangles of an image scattergram. An unconstrained least-squares solution was used to un-mix the spectral image into fractions, and the vegetation cover percent was obtained from it. Then, according to the relationship between vegetation cover percent and the LAI, we were able to extract LAI from the remote sensing imagery successfully. Moreover, the canopy model of multiple scattering was applied to estimate the accurate LAI. Finally, four endmembers (green vegetation, soil, water, and non-photosynthetic vegetation) were selected, and an unconstrained least-squares solution was used to un-mix the spectral image into fractions. The average error was 0.0028, and the quality of fraction images was better. The results shows that the method that combined the linear mixture model with the canopy model could estimate the forest LAI accurately. In the study area, there was a strong correlation between the observed value and the predicted value. The coincidence degree of the model was 82.19%, and the RMSE was 0.368.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Estimation
Controlled terms:Forestry - Mixtures - Multiple scattering - Remote sensing - Spectroscopy - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Leaf Area Index - Least squares solutions - Linear mixture models - Minimum noise fraction - Non-photosynthetic vegetation - Remote sensing estimations - Remote sensing imagery - Spectral mixture analysis
Classification code:932 High Energy Physics; Nuclear Physics; Plasma Physics - 921 Mathematics - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 801 Chemistry - 731.1 Control Systems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587792
Title:City-level main functional division based on improved ecological footprint model
Authors:Liu, Jinhua (1); Zheng, Xinqi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Land science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; (2) School of Management Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Ji'nan 250101, China
Corresponding author:Zheng, X.(zxqsd@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:226-236
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The city-level main functional division will be beneficial to flexibility of system design and maneuverability of space control policy. It will enhance the formation of the main economy and sustainable development. An ecological footprint model is a method adopted to evaluate human influence on resources and the environment and the extent of sustainable development. The article, adopting an improved ecological footprint as the technique for a city-level main functional division, establishes the main functional index system, and is interconnected with a spatial analysis of GIS. It adopts the county as the evaluation unit, and analyzes construction land suitability, natural reserves, and important ecological areas, modifying the spatial layout of the main function. The results demonstrate that: 1) Ecological pressure in the municipal area, except in Changqing County, is larger than that of the other urban area; on the contrary, the development potentiality in the former was smaller than that of the latter, which reflects an evident spatial pattern. 2) The limitation of each assessment unit was obvious, which is egarded as a basis of the main functional division, excluding the forbidden development area. 3) Through an overlay analysis of the original main functional division map with a construction land suitability evaluation map, a natural reserve map, and an important ecological area map, the original district division was modified. Shanghe County was changed from a key zone to a limited zone. The method of GIS combined with an ecological footprint model has been well applied in the main functional division.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Geographic information systems
Controlled terms:Ecology - Models - Planning - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Construction land - Development potential - Ecological footprint - Ecological pressure - Human influences - Main functional division - Spatial analysis - The municipal administrative area
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 723.3 Database Systems - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 911.2 Industrial Economics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587797
Title:Process of extracting flaxseed gum powder by abrasion
Authors:Yang, Jin'e (1); Huang, Qingde (1); Huang, Fenghong (1); Xu, Jiqu (2); Deng, Qianchun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Oil Crops Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430062, China; (2) Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Q.(huangqd@oilcrops.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:270-276
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to improve the comprehensive utilization benefits of flaxseed processing, and to resolve some outstanding problems in the present processing of flaxseed gum extraction, the ideal of obtaining flaxseed gum by means of a rotating sand roller abrading of the surface of flaxseeds was conceived on the basis of the structural characteristics that the flaxseed gum is in the outermost layer of flaxseeds, and of the working principle that the high-speed rotating sand roller can abrade the surface of materials. It was tested with a sand roller rice mill used in a laboratory. The results show that: using the sand roller grinding , controlling flaxseed filling rate at 40%-80%, were able to obtain flaxseed gum powder successfully, extraction of flaxseed gum powder by grinding technology is feasible; at the loading rate 40%, grinding time 200s ,defatted flaxseed gum powder rate was the highest at 6.06% ± 0.51%; at the loading rate 80%, defatted flaxseed gum yield of the grinding equipment was the highest, at grinding time 200s, viscosity of the flaxseed gum powder was (5200±680) mPa.s, much higher than the current commercially available dry flaxseed gum product viscosity and lower than that of commercially available wet flaxseed gum product viscosity. By contrast detection color, taste, acid value and peroxide value of the pressed flaxseed oil before and after grinding, grinding process has no obvious effect on pressing flaxseed oil quality. Using grinding method extraction of flaxseed gum powder first and then pressing flaxseed oil, will increase flaxseed processed products, and improve the processing benefit.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Flax
Controlled terms:Abrasion - Experiments - Extraction - Grinding (machining) - Grinding machines - Oilseeds - Rollers (machine components) - Sand - Viscosity
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive utilizations - Grinding technologies - High-speed rotating - Preparation technology - Processed products - Processing benefits - Structural characteristics - Surface of materials
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 606.2 Abrasive Devices and Processes - 601.2 Machine Components - 505 Mines and Mining, Nonmetallic
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587767
Title:Braking energy recuperation performance of input coupled power-split hydraulic hybrid powertrain
Authors:Du, Jiuyu (1); Zhang, Honghui (3); Wang, Hewu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; (2) China Automotive Energy Research Center (CAERC), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; (3) China Automotive Technology and Research Center, Beijing 100070, China
Corresponding author:Du, J.(dujiuyu@tsinghua.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:23-30
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The fuel economy of the heavy-duty vehicles in China is relatively lower than that of advanced technologies in the world, and the fuel consumption of heavy duty commercial vehicles are very high, so energy-saving and advanced powertrain technologies for fleet users are urgently required, especially for the vehicles operating under city driving condition with heavy traffic jams. The power hybrid technologies are the best solution to improve the efficiency of heavy-duty commercial vehicles. Due to the benefit of high power density, hydraulic hybrid powertrains have more advantages than hybrid electric powertrains, especially under an urban duty cycle. Among all the configurations of hydraulic hybrid, the compound configuration has great energy saving potential. Targeting to improve the fuel economy of commercial vehicles with input couple hydro-mechanical transmissions operating under condition of frequent stop-and-go, the performance of braking energy recovery was examined. Many researches on regenerative braking performance of output couple hydro-mechanical transmissions have been conducted, but less has been reported on input coupled types. However, the input coupled hydro-mechanical transmissions were applied more widely than the output coupled ones. In the paper, the regenerative braking condition was investigated. When ν&le3πr/25(k/1 k)n<inf>e</inf>, the hybrid powertrain operating status is the power cycle condtion, and when ν>3πr/25(k/1 k)n<inf>e</inf>, the hybrid powertrain operating status is the power split condtion.The power flow under different braking scenarios was analyzed, including the power-split condition braking and the power cycle condition braking. Based on the different braking scenarios, the equations of speed, flow, and torque balance were proposed to get operating region for recovering braking energy. Under different modes, the hydraulic unit 1 and 2 adjusting strategy was determined. Under the power cycle condition, the hydraulic unit 1 and hydraulic unit 2 must be adjusted by the rules of 0<Ε<inf>1</inf>&le0.57 and 0<Ε<inf>2</inf>&le1. Under the power cycle condition, if the condition is met, the flow field for braking energy recovery is very small, and the fluid flow is low. Under the power split condition, the hydraulic unit 1 and hydraulic units 2 must be adjusted by the rules of -0.62&leΕ<inf>1</inf>&le-0.28, -0.15&leΕ <inf>1</inf>&le0.62 and -1&leΕ<inf>2</inf>&le-0.5, 0&leΕ<inf>2</inf>&le1. If braking under the power split condition, the rotary speed of hydraulic unit 1 and hydraulic unit 2 decreased synchronously. In the first stage of braking, hydraulic units 2 acted as a pump. If the torque equation was met, the vehicle speed down to some value, the hydraulic unit 2 will rotate reversely and act as a hydraulic motor. To recovery the braking energy, the hydraulic unit 1 must operate in the reverse direction, acting as a hydraulic motor. To verify the analysis, the bench test for an input coupled hydraulic hybrid transmission was set up, and the braking energy recovery testing was done. The results show that for an input coupled type hydraulic hybrid powertrain, the braking energy recuperation efficiency within a low speed region is fairly low, and within a medium-high speed region, the hydraulic units adjusting areas were two separate parts with an invalid middle zone. From the view of system efficiency, the regenerative braking potential at the high-speed region is higher than at the low speed region. For hybrid system design, the multi-range transmission configurations were strongly recommended.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Braking performance
Controlled terms:Automobiles - Commercial vehicles - Electric power transmission - Energy conservation - Energy storage - Fleet operations - Fuel economy - Hybrid powertrains - Hybrid systems - Hydraulic motors - Power control - Recovery - Regenerative braking - Speed - Traffic congestion - Transmissions - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Braking energy recoveries - Coupled hydro mechanicals - Energy saving potential - Heavy-duty commercial vehicles - Hybrid-electric powertrain - Hydro-mechanical transmission - Regenerative braking conditions - Transmission configuration
Classification code:931.1 Mechanics - 662.1 Automobiles - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 921 Mathematics - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 602 Mechanical Drives and Transmissions - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 432.4 Highway Traffic Control - 432 Highway Transportation - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587795
Title:Extending shelf life and keeping protein nutritional value of drunk Bullacta exarata by suitable electron beam irradiation
Authors:Yang, Wenge (1); Mao, Yuhong (1); Xu, Dalun (1); Lou, Qiaoming (1); Li, Chao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
Corresponding author:Yang, W.(yangwenge@nbu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:255-262
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Bullacta exarata is a kind of small economic shellfish distributed in intertidal zone of China's coastal. In the southeast coast of China, B. exarata is often made to drunk products and eaten raw, hence it may pose health hazards to consumers when contaminated with microorganisms. As limited alternative methods are available to sterilize the drunk B. exarata while preserving its raw characteristics, electron beam irradiation may be considered as an effective method for sterilization. This study sought to explore the bactericidal effect and changes of sensory quality and protein nutritional value of drunk B.exarata treated by electron beam irradiation and provide an experimental basis for application of irradiation sterilization technology in drunk B. exarata. Using drunk B. exarata as research material, the influence of electron beam irradiation on total plate count, sensory score, protein content, and amino acids composition were investigated, and then the shelf life of drunk B. exarata under refrigerated or room temperature were determined. The results were summarized as follows: 1) 1-9 kGy dose of electron beam irradiation did not cause the change of color or shape of B. exarata, but they were off-flavor after irradiation with a dose of 7 or 9 kGy. 2) The higher the irradiation dose, the better the antiseptic effect. The D<inf>10</inf> value was 3.46 kGy when the total plate count of B. exarata was 1 200 cfu/g before irradiation. The sterilization effect with a 3 or 5 kGy dose was obvious, and total plate count of drunk B. exarata were less than 5 000 cfu/g both refrigerated and with room temperature storage within 360 days. 3) There was no significant effect of electron beam irradiation on protein content, and the limiting amino acid was not changed after irradiation. However, the total content of amino acids, total content of essential amino acids, and scores of essential amino acids (AAS) in irradiated drunk B.exarata ascended. 4) According to the research about the sterilization effect and sensory score of drunk B. exarata, the recommended dose of electron beam irradiation was 3 kGy. The shelf life of drunk B. exarata treated by 3kGy irradiation was extended from 5 months to 12 months, and from less than 1 month to 3 months, respectively during cold and room temperature storage. This work can provide technical references for preservation of drunk B.exarata by electron beam irradiation.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Irradiation
Controlled terms:Amino acids - Electron beams - Health hazards - Proteins - Radiation - Sterilization (cleaning)
Uncontrolled terms:Amino acids compositions - Bactericidal effects - Bullacta exarata - Electron beam irradiation - Essential amino acids - Shelf life - Sterilization technology - Total plate count
Classification code:932.1 High Energy Physics - 932 High Energy Physics; Nuclear Physics; Plasma Physics - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 711.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 461.7 Health Care
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20133216587779
Title:Hyperspectral estimation of canopy chlorophyll density in winter wheat under stress of powdery mildew
Authors:Feng, Wei (1); Wang, Xiaoyu (1); Song, Xiao (1); He, Li (1); Wang, Chenyang (1); Guo, Tiancai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Henan Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Corresponding author:Guo, T.(tcguo888@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:114-123
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The diagnosis of crop health and growth status under various stresses is an important step in precision agriculture. In order to enhance the timeliness in monitoring the growing state and evaluating disease influence in wheat production by using hyperspectral remote sensing, three experiments were conducted with different disease degree treatments across different growth phases, and different cultivars were chosen including four cultivars of Yanzhan 4110, Yumai34, Yumai 49 and Xinong 979 considered as susceptible variety types, and three cultivars of Zhoumai 18, Zhengmai 366 and Aikang58 considered as medium resistant variety types to strengthen wide applicability of monitoring models. The spectrum reflectance and canopy chlorophyll density (CCD) infected with powdery mildew were measured in winter wheat diseased in the nursery and the field during the experiments' periods in 2009-2011. The relationships of spectra reflectance, the first derivative of reflectance, and existing spectral indices to CCD were analyzed respectively, and the monitoring models of the CCD of diseased wheat were established and tested. The results indicated that the canopy chlorophyll content resulted in an obvious declining trend in two different resistant varieties of wheat, and the powdery mildew damage was heavy for the susceptible variety Yanzhan4110 and slighter lower for the medium resistant variety zhoumai18. The correlations were most significant between CCD and spectral reflectance in red wave bands of 600-630 nm and red edge wave bands of 690-718 nm, and the first derivative spectrum in red edge wave bands of 718-756 nm. The models of SDr/SDb and VOG3 among existing spectral indices had the best fitting precision with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.752 and 0.723 respectively, and the lowest relative errors (RE) between measured and estimated CCD as 18.0% and 18.6%. A new red edge angle index (REAI) selecting optimal bands of 680, 718 and 756 nm was found to be a good indicator for CCD, with fitting R2 of 0.783 for NDAI (α, β) and 0.776 for RAI (α, β), and test RE of 16.8% for NDAI (α, β) and 17.5% for RAI (α, β). The overall results indicated that hyperspectral vegetation indices can be used to reliably estimate CCD of wheat infected with powdery mildew, and CCD models based on a red edge angle index has great practical and application value for monitoring photosynthetic potential productivity and disease influence evaluation on wheat.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Diagnosis
Controlled terms:Chlorophyll - Crops - Cultivation - Estimation - Experiments - Fungi - Models - Reflection - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Determination coefficients - First derivative spectrums - Hyperspectral remote sensing - Hyperspectral vegetation indices - Potential productivity - Powdery mildew - Spectral reflectances - Winter wheat
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 461.9 Biology - 461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.13.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

期刊信息

下载专区

微信公众号

二维码

期刊信息

下载专区

微信公众号

二维码

友情链接