<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20132916508758
Title:Analysis of cultivated land change, pressure index and its prediction in Shaanxi province
Authors:Zhao, Yonghua (1); Liu, Xiaojing (1); Ao, Yong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Earth Science and Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Y.(yonghuaz@chd.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:217-223
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Cropland is a very important land resource for maintaining peoples living and grain safety. Many researchers study cropland change and predict future trends at the different scales, and the results are not ideal because the short time series statistic data cannot show cropland change characteristics and the regression model method is not perfect for simulating future cropland trends. Shaanxi is an agriculture province in western China and is representative of all agriculture production. Statistical yearbooks are very important for analysis of long time series in China. We obtained 60 years' worth of cropland statistics from the statistical yearbooks of Shaanxi province between 1949 and 2010. The area change characteristics and pressure conditions of the cropland from 1949 to 2010 were analyzed for service agriculture production and food security based on these data. The cropland pressure index was calculated and GM (1, 1) model was used to forecast the trend of cropland and cropland acreage per capita for the future ten years. In order to ensure that the results were credible, non-parametric analysis was used to analyze the interaction between different parameters. The results showed that cropland consisted of arid land, irrigated land, and marshy fields. Arid land was the main type of cropland in Shaanxi province, and accounted for 94.63% of cropland acreage in 1949 and 63.40% in 2010. There was 438.47&times;10⁴ hm² cropland in 1949 and 286.05&times;10⁴ hm² in 2010, which decreased 152.41&times;10⁴ hm² and reduced 2.46&times;10⁴ hm² per year from 1949 to 2010. The acreage of irrigated land and marshy fields increased, with the increased acreage amount of irrigated land being more than that of marshy fields. The acreage of irrigated land increased 77.51&times;10⁴ hm² between 1949 and 2010. Arid land had an effect on cropland acreage change. Cropland structure became more reasonable and experienced the increased stage and reduced stage repeatedly between 1949 and 2010.Cropland acreage per capita was 0.38 hm² in 1949 and 0.10 hm² in 2010 and decreased 0.28 hm², the change of which during 1949 to 1980 was more obvious than that after 1980. According to non-parameter analysis, cropland acreage per capita was affected by population that added 2417.17&times;10⁴ peoples during the past 60 years. Based on the GM (1, 1) models of cropland acreage per capita and cropland acreage, the amount of cropland and cropland acreage per capita will be 286.10&times;10⁴ hm² and 0.090 hm² in 2013, 281.68&times;10⁴ hm² and 0.087 hm² in 2015, and 270.92&times;10⁴ hm² and 0.079 hm² in 2020, respectively. Under different projected conditions, excessive pressure of cropland happened in different times. S<inf>min</inf> (420) condition was in the earliest time (2014) and S<inf>min</inf> (400) in 2017. GM(1, 1)was suitable to simulate the future cropland change. Some suggestions were provided to prohibit food security issues and maintain the amount of cropland at the higher level in Shaanxi province.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Food supply - Forecasting - Models - Regression analysis - System theory
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture productions - Cultivated lands - Non-parametric analysis - Pressure conditions - Pressure index - Regression model - Shaanxi province - Short time series
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 404.2 Civil Defense - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20132916508736
Title:Deviation analysis of vehicle-borne prediction system for maize chlorophyll content based on matrix transformation
Authors:Li, Shuqiang (1); Zhao, Xuhui (2); Li, Minzan (3); Li, Xiuhua (3); Zhao, Ruijiao (3); Zhang, Yan'e (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Vehicle and Motive Power Engineering, He'nan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (2) Electronic and Information Engineering, He'nan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Li, M.(limz@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:44-51
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Using near-ground remote sensing is significant to understanding the growth of crops and providing accurate and scientific data for precision agriculture. The vehicle-borne system is one of the most important tools for growth monitoring and management. It is an efficient, flexible and economical operation for the small region. However, the vehicle-borne growth monitoring system cannot maintain steady operations due to the row spacing of corn. The background interference on the reflectance will not be suppressed effectively, which will result in a deviation in the growth monitoring. In order to overcome this problem, a new method was developed in this paper, which contains matrix transformation and GIS analysis. In order to obtain the experimental data, the tests were carried out by the vehicle-borne system on the cornfield. The vehicle-borne system collected the reflectance data of the corn canopy with the sensors at a sampling rate of 1 point per second. The GPS receiver obtained the location information as the same rate. All information was formulated in a matrix at each experiment. Then, each data set of the matrix was combined by the information of GPS and canopy reflectance. The spatial interpolation methods of Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Kriging were utilized for comparison study on the matrix. It overcomes the shortcomings of the large deviation resulting for the background interference. By dealing with neural network analysis between reflectance and chlorophyll content, the results analysis from the matrix can show the corn growth in some specified region. The results indicated that: It has satisfactory forecasting accuracy on the chlorophyll content by using the BP neural network model and RBF neural network model, with average R² of 0.8. By focusing on the optimization of the spatial data distribution obtained by vehicle, it was proposed that the matrix of results, which was predicted by RBF neural network, was transformed with inverse distance weighted (IDW). It was under 10% that the deviation rate between the predication and real value was the majority, which was about 85% of the entire data. The theoretical analysis and test results prove that the method of combining spatial analysis, neural network and matrix transformation has the characteristics of estimating the corn growth by the traverse measurement system. It also showed the good effect on solving the dynamic crop growth predication with severe background interference.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Matrix algebra
Controlled terms:Chlorophyll - Crops - Geographic information systems - Global positioning system - Interference suppression - Interpolation - Neural networks - Radial basis function networks - Reflection - Spectrometers  - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:BP neural network model - Deviation analysis - Economical operation - Inverse distance weighted - Matrix transformation - Precision Agriculture - Spatial interpolation - Spatial interpolation method
Classification code:921.1 Algebra - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 801.2 Biochemistry - 801 Chemistry - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 432 Highway Transportation - 723.3 Database Systems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20132916508742
Title:Soil aggregates organic carbon change and its influence in Tibetan alpine steppe
Authors:Cai, Xiaobu (1); Peng, Yuelin (1); Yu, Baozheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Tibet University, Linzhi 860000, China
Corresponding author:Cai, X.(caitw21@sohu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:92-99
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The alpine steppes, mainly distributed in cold and drought terrains in the Northern Tibetan Plateau at over 4, 500 meters above mean sea level, is a grassland ecosystem with the largest area, most important ecological state, and most characteristic soil-forming process. In recent decades, its natural degenerative process of the steppe is taking a turn for the worse due to desertification. Thus, it is of great significance to explore the changing process of soil aggregates organic carbon (SAOC) and its impacts on soil structure, and to seek methods for maintenance and stability of soil structure in the alpine steppe. Three alpine steppes were selected randomly as research areas in this study, and each research area was spaced at 50-100 kilometers, and included three sampling areas, namely, normal steppe (vegetation coverage of 45%-65% and light surface layer desertification), light degraded steppe (vegetation coverage&gt;20%-&lt;45%, and significant surface layer desertification), and severely degraded steppe (vegetation coverage&lt;20% and severe surface layer desertification). Three sampling micro-areas were set randomly in each sampling area, and each micro-area contained three sampling points. The soil samples were collected separately by surface layer (0-10 cm) and the subsurface layer (10-20 cm) at each sampling point. Three samples at the same layers in the same micro-area made up one mixing soil sample (the undisturbed sample was hard to collect because the tested soil was sandy soil). The mass fraction of soil aggregates in a different particle size was tested by the wet screening; the soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil aggregates organic carbon (SAOC) were determined by the potassium dichromate volumetric method - external heating method. The results show as follows: 1) The mass fraction is not significant for SAOC in the same grain diameter in different soil layers of the normal steppe, and the mass fractions for SAOC in the same grain diameter for the degraded steppe present an obvious increase with soil layer deepening. Except light degraded steppe surface layer, the mass fraction for organic carbon of microaggregates (&lt;0. 25 mm) is greater than that of macroaggregates (&gt;0.25 mm) in different soil layers in different states of steppes. 2) The SAOC change for alpine steppe is special, and mainly shows SAOC mass fractions go down at 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers in the degraded steppe, but its decreasing amplitude becomes low with the aggravation of the grassland degradation. 3) Compared with the light degraded steppe, the loss of macroaggregates organic carbon increases by 2.87 g/kg, and the loss of microaggregates organic carbon decreases by 2.90 g/kg in the severely degraded steppe surface layer; the losses of macroaggregates and microaggregates organic carbon reduce by 1.40 and 0.34 g/kg respectively in the subsurface layer. It is seen obviously that the soil anti-corrosion in the severely degraded steppe is lower than that of the light degraded steppe, and soil environment in a severely degraded steppe becomes more unstable because of the bigger loss of its macroaggregates organic carbon. 4) The SOC mass fraction is extremely significant (p&lt;0.01) and has a positive correlation with that of SAOC in different particle sizes; soil moisture content shows significant (p&lt;0.05) and has a negative correlation with the mass fraction of SAOC in different particle sizes; and the volume weight and temperature of soil have a very slight impact on SAOC.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Aggregates
Controlled terms:Climatology - Organic carbon - Particle size - Sea level - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Alpine steppe - Different particle sizes - Grassland degradation - Negative correlation - Northern Tibet - Northern Tibetan plateaux - Positive correlations - Potassium dichromates
Classification code:943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 471.1 Oceanography, General - 443 Meteorology - 406 Highway Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20132916508756
Title:Changes of apparent enzymatic activities and physical and chemical properties of steam-exploded corn stover during enzymatic hydrolysis
Authors:Zhang, Xia (1); Li, Hongwei (1); Ma, Xiaojian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (2) North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450011, China; (3) Zhejiang Runtu Company Limited, Shangyu 312300, China
Corresponding author:Ma, X.(maxj@zzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:203-209
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Based on engineering practice, the sugar concentration, power and apparent enzymatic activities change of enzymolysis suspension in enzymolysis process of steam-exploded corn stover (SECS) were studied to promote the industrialization process of corn stover producing butanol. At the same time, the changes of SECS physical and chemical properties during enzymatic hydrolysis were studied by biological microscope, laser scattering particle size distribution analysis (LSPSDA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed in a reactor with standard commercial cellulase as the enzyme. Enzymatic hydrolysis took place at 50&deg;C, 100 r/min (four oblique leaves T agitator), enzyme loading of 60 IU/g corn stover, a solid: liquid ratio 3:10, and 48 h duration. Before the enzyme was added, the pH of the residues was adjusted to 4.8 with sodium hydroxide. After enzymatic hydrolysis the samples were taken from the reactor and centrifuged, and the supernatant phase was collected and analyzed for sugar concentrations, cellulase apparent enzymatic activities, and the physical and chemical properties of SECS. Sugar concentrations were tested by 3, 5-Dinitrosalicylicacid(DNS). Cellulase apparent enzymatic activities were determined by the filter-paper method. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis were conducted. The results show: In the first reaction, the sugar concentration in the enzymatic hydrolysis liquid increased very quickly, especially in the first hour. The change in sugar concentration was not very clear later in the hydrolysis reaction due to such factors as substrate loss, changes in substrate properties, cellulose inactivation, decreasing cellulose synergy, and so on. The sugar concentration after enzymatic hydrolysis 48 h was 56.25 g/L. The stirring power decreased during enzymatic hydrolysis and declined most quickly after one hour of enzymatic hydrolysis, then began to decline more slowly. The apparent enzymatic activity of cellulose in the hydrolysis liquid decreased to half of the initial value after one hour and remained relatively constant from 1h to 4h, but then began to rise again after 4 h, reaching a peak after enzymatic hydrolysis 24 h, after which it again decreased gradually. The apparent enzymatic activity decreased to about 75% of the initial value after 48 h. The original SECS is mainly easily visible, fibrous grains with long fibers. The fibrous grain size gradually decreases and its quantity is also reduced during enzymatic hydrolysis. The particle size of solid particles decreases, the specific surface area gradually increases, the crystallinity and the crystal size decrease, and the porosity increases during enzymatic hydrolysis.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Enzymatic hydrolysis
Controlled terms:Butenes - Cellulose - Chemical properties - Enzymes - Grain size and shape - Hydrolysis - Liquid sugar - Particle size analysis - Scanning electron microscopy - Straw  - Suspensions (fluids) - X ray diffraction analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Engineering practices - Enzymatic activities - Hydrolysis reaction - Physical and chemical properties - Steam-exploded - Substrate properties - Sugar concentration - Supernatant phase
Classification code:822.3 Food Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 951 Materials Science - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 801 Chemistry - 741.1 Light/Optics - 423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 802.2 Chemical Reactions
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20132916508764
Title:Establishment of ERIC-PCR DNA fingerprint on enterobacteriaceae in raw milk
Authors:Chen, Qingsen (1); Gao, Wenru (2); Zhu, Chenchen (1); Yan, Yali (1); Pang, Guangchang (1); Hu, Zhihe (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; (2) Tianjin TIENS Academy of Life Science and Technology, TIENS Group, Tianjin 301700, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Q.(chenqs1689@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:261-269
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) primarily exists in enterobacteria. The sequence length is about 124-127 bp, which contain about 44 bp highly conservative core sequences in its center. ERIC-PCR was widely applied to research the intestinal microbial community composition and diversity. However, we rarely saw domestic and foreign related reports about the ERIC-PCR method which was adopted to analyze the microbial community compositon in raw milk. ERIC-PCR molecular biotechnology was used to research the microbial community, and DNA fingerprints on microbes in raw milk in North China and in Central South China was established in this paper. First, the bacteria DNA extraction method in raw milk had to be built. This paper utilized the CTAB extraction method. Secondly, we needed to determine the optimal ERIC-PCR reaction condition. In order to obtain a distinct and high quality fingerprint, influencing factors on the ERIC-PCR system for amplification was optimized, which included annealing temperature, Mg² concentration, primer concentration and Taq DNA polymerase enzymatic activity. Randomly selecting four DNA samples, each condition set four gradients. The best level of all the factors were that the optimum annealing temperature was 52&deg;C, the optimum Mg² concentration was 2mmol/L, the optimum primer concentration was 0.24&mu;mol/L and the optimum Taq DNA polymerase enzymatic activity was 2.5U. Thirdly, a DNA fingerprint on microbe in raw milk in North China and in Central South China had to be established. ERIC-PCR product was conducted through electrophoresis in 1.7% agarose gel, then the electrophoresis product was analyzed by a Gel Imaging System. We utilized Quantity One 4.6.2 software to analyze the ERIC-PCR DNA fingerprint. Diversity analysis of the fingerprint adopted the Shannon-Wiener index. The computational formula is H = -&Sigma;P<inf>i</inf>lnP<inf>i</inf> (P<inf>i</inf>=N<inf>i</inf>/N, N<inf>i</inf> represents the i ERIC band area under the peak of one sample and N is on behalf of all the ERIC band area under the peak of the sample.) Similarity analysis of the fingerprint was calculated automatically by the software according to a Dice coefficient, then phylogenetic tree diagram was drawn by using the weighted average of the distance (UPGMA) analytical method. By comparing DNA fingerprints of two regions, we could draw a conclusion that the microbial community structure of different raw milk samples from near areas were highly similar and had some dominant microflora respectively, while the different raw milk samples from distinct areas had lower similarity. This study indicated that the establishment of a specific DNA fingerprint in different regions could provide scientific proof for the monitoring of quality and safety in raw milk.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Polymerase chain reaction
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Bacteria - DNA - DNA sequences - Electrophoresis - Microorganisms - Optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Annealing temperatures - Computational formula - DNA fingerprints - ERIC-PCR - Microbial community composition - Microbial community structures - Molecular biotechnology - Raw milk
Classification code:801 Chemistry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20132916508760
Title:Drying characteristics and model of cowpea in tunnel hot air dryer
Authors:Shi, Jianfang (1); Wu, Huihuang (2); Lou, Zheng (3); Wu, Zhonghua (2); Liu, Qing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agro-Products Processing Engineering, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; (2) College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300222, China; (3) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Q.(qingliu21@aliyun.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:232-240
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Cowpea, also known as beans, black-eyed peas, is an important leguminous vegetable, which is extensively grown in China. Fresh cowpeas having relatively high moisture content must be distributed to customers or processed as quickly as possible in order to prevent microbial fermentation and thermal degradation. Cowpeas resources have great losses as which are putrescible at normal temperatures and pressures, and this severely limits the transportation, storage and process of cowpea, therefore the development of cowpea deep processing is necessary. As Asian people have the habit of eating dried vegetables such as dried cowpea, drying can not only solve the serious problem of huge losses, but also create more economic benefits for farmers; and because most of deep processing technology needs dried cowpea, drying is of great importance as a preprocessing method. The tunnel type of hot air drying technology has been widely utilized in the drying of carrots, preserved fruits, and plums etc. In this paper, hot air drying characteristics and a drying model of tunnel type of hot air drying technology was studied in drying Cowpea, in order to establish the best model to simulate and predict the water ratio and to provide a technical basis for the industrial application of the control and prediction of the drying process and the tunnel type of hot air drying for cowpea. The tunnel dryer was made by the Institute of Agricultural Product Processing, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering and College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology. According to the pre-test results, the drying characteristics of Cowpea was investigated under different air temperatures (70&deg;C, 80&deg;C and 90&deg;C), air velocities (0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 m/s) and material thickness (6 mm, 18 mm and 30 mm). The empirical relationships between Cowpea moisture then natural logarithmic lnMR and drying time, water effective diffusion coefficient Deff and drying air temperature was established. And then using a MATLAB software system to process a large number of experimental data, afterwards the results were analyzed through nonlinear regression in order to get the function between seven mathematical model equations and the experimental data. The results show that the drying time can be shortened by increasing air temperature and air velocity and reducing material thickness, and the effect of air temperature and material thickness is more effective than that of air velocity. At different dying conditions, the drying rate always changed from constant-rate drying or quasi-constant-rate drying to falling-rate drying stage at 2.0 g/g dry basis moisture content of cowpea. The moisture effective diffusivity was increased with the addition of the air temperature and air velocity, and decreased with the addition of the material thickness, and the activation energy was 33.9 kJ/mol, which was determined from the Arrhenius equation. According to the statistical parameters, as the correlation coefficient(R²), root mean square error (RMSE) and sum of squared error (SSE), the Page model was the best suitable to descript the relationship of Cowpea moisture and drying time by the tunnel type of hot air drying, which could be used in production to predict the moisture content on a certain air temperature, air velocities and layer-thickness using tunnel dryer for drying cowpea.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Air - Atmospheric temperature - Diffusion - Digital storage - Dryers (equipment) - Dynamics - Food technology - Forecasting - Industrial applications  - Mathematical models - MATLAB - Mean square error - Models - Moisture - Moisture determination - Nonlinear equations - Plants (botany) - Technology - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Cowpea - Drying air temperatures - Drying characteristics - Effective diffusion coefficients - Effective diffusivities - Empirical relationships - Root mean square errors
Classification code:902.1 Engineering Graphics - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 921 Mathematics - 901 Engineering Profession - 921.1 Algebra - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 931.1 Mechanics - 822 Food Technology - 461.9 Biology - 642.1 Process Heating - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 731.1 Control Systems - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20132916508740
Title:Soil wet expansion and dry shrinkage characteristic curve and hysteresis effect under different irrigation and fertilization mode
Authors:Chen, Zhen (1); Cui, Yuanlai (1); Liu, Fangping (3)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan 430074, China; (2) School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering of Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (3) Jiang Xi Province Irrigation Experiment Station, Nanchang 330096, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Z.
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:78-84
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Farmland soil is often in alternating wet and dry state, which seriously affected the change of soil composition and properties, and thus changed soil hydraulic properties. During the course of alternation of wetting and drying, along with the change of water content, soil bulk density would change accordingly. The experimental investigations of this paper were carried out in irrigation field of Jiangxi province irrigation experiment station. The rice planting field trials were launched by employing experimental treatment with two irrigation modes including flooding, intermittent irrigation and four fertilization mode including no nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen-containing compound fertilizer, controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. Through analyzing change of soil specific volume with water content of all the tested soil undisturbed soil, the method of statistical analysis was used to fit the soil quality index curve model of water content and soil specific volume relationship. And main influence factors of soil wetting expansion and drying shrinkage were obtained by gray correlation analysis. The results showed that the index model can be used to describe the soil expansion process and shrinkage process under different irrigation and fertilization modes. a (dry soil, reciprocal of dry soil volume mass) and b (the natural logarithm unit value of soil specific volume change when unit water content change) values in soil shrinkage characteristics curve index models of different irrigation and fertilization mode were not the same with responding expansion curve index models. Soil shrinkage curve and expansion curve were two mutually non-coincident curves, b values and their differences in two curves were also different and lag phenomenon was existed. Soil wet expansion and dry shrinkage characteristics were affected by a variety of soil properties, which was mainly reflected through the effect of pore structure in soil and water holding properties.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Fertilizers - Hysteresis - Irrigation - Nitrogen fertilizers - Shrinkage
Uncontrolled terms:Alternating wet and dries - Dry shrinkage - Experimental investigations - Gray correlation analysis - Hysteresis effect - Intermittent irrigations - Paddy - Soil hydraulic properties
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20132916508754
Title:Kinetics of manganese ions release from cross-linked hydroxymethyls alkali lignin manganese fertilizers
Authors:Ma, Yanli (1); Wang, Gangping (1); Zhang, Shengming (1); Ren, Shixue (1); Fang, Guizhen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China
Corresponding author:Fang, G.(fangg_0@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:187-195
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:With people's increasing concern about food safety, slow/controlled release fertilizers have become a hot-point in the research and development of fertilizers because of their increasing efficiency of fertilizers, reducing environmental pollution, and increasing crop yields. Lignin can absorb metal ions via carbonyl oxygen and phenolic oxygen of the ligand, while biodegradation of lignin were a slower course, thus progressing to humus formation and the quality of organic matter were enhanced. In a word, lignin showed excellent properties for low cost, safety, and biocompatibility. It has the potential of a kind of agricultural slow/controlled release fertilizer carrier. Although grafting derivatives of alkali lignin get a modified S nutrient release curve, its cost is high. The problem hinders the application of alkali lignin in the agricultural fields as a slow/controlled release carrier. According to Mn deficiency occurs on alkaline soils in northern of china, hydroxymethyls alkali lignin (HMAL) was synthesized with wheat straw alkali lignin and formaldehyde via reacting for 2 hours at 90&deg;C. Manganese fertilizers of cross-linked hydroxymethyls alkali lignin (CHMAL-Mn) were prepared from HMAL and an appropriate amount of manganese sulfate by physical mixing. Its yield of CHMAL-Mn was 93.7%, and the release data of manganese ion in the static water indicated that the maximum capacity of CHMAL-Mn to loading manganese was 48 mg/g. Cross-linking of hydroxymethyls alkali lignin was proved by IR. CHMAL can significantly increase the amount of Mn load on alkali lignin. The study, which can promote comprehensive utilizations and applications in the field of biodegradable slow/controlled release carrier, is of great significance. In addition, kinetic data of the Mn² cumulative release rate were fitted with seven fit models of dynamics and probability distribution. The best-fit model was determined by a comparison of the effectiveness of fit models using the values of R², e, A<inf>f</inf> and B<inf>f</inf>. The results show that the best-fit model was the Ritger-Peppas model from kinetic data of the Mn² cumulative release rate. Those arithmetic means of R², e, A<inf>f</inf> and B<inf>f</inf> were 0.9443, 0.0083, 0.0223 and 0.0003 separately. When CHMAL-Mn to loading manganese was 12 mg/g, the release index (n) of its Ritger-Peppas model from kinetic data of the Mn² cumulative release rate is 0.1774. Because of n&lt;0.45, slow/controlled release mechanism of CHMAL-Mn shows as fickian diffusion. When CHMAL-Mn to loading manganese was higher than 24 mg/g, the release index (n) of its Ritger-Peppas model from kinetic data of the Mn² cumulative release rate is among 0.45&len&le0.89, slow/controlled release mechanism of CHMAL-Mn shows as following synergy of non fickian diffusion and drodible matrix. Especially, when CHMAL-Mn to loading manganese was 48 mg/g, release index (n) of its Ritger-Peppas model from kinetic data of the Mn² cumulative release rate is 0.811. At that time the Ritger-Peppas model predicts that the maximum of Mn² cumulative release rate was 79.28%, effective Mn² release period of CHMAL-Mn was 95.92 h and the model fitting accuracy rate was 96.57%.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Loading
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Biocompatibility - Biodegradation - Crosslinking - Dynamics - Fertilizers - Kinetics - Lignin - Manganese - Manganese removal (water treatment)  - Metal ions - Models - Oxygen - Probability distributions - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive utilizations - Crosslinked - Environmental pollutions - Manganese ions - Release - Research and development - Slow/controlled release - Wheat straw alkali lignins
Classification code:804 Chemical Products Generally - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 922.1 Probability Theory - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.1 Mechanics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 462.5 Biomaterials (including synthetics) - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 533 Ore Treatment and Metal Refining - 543.2 Manganese and Alloys - 672 Naval Vessels - 801.2 Biochemistry
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20132916508746
Title:Yield forecasting for winter wheat using time series NDVI from HJ satellite
Authors:Chen, Pengfei (1); Yang, Fei (2); Du, Jia (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China; (2) State Key lab of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Corresponding author:Chen, P.(pengfeichen-001@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:124-131
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:A NDVI time series curve, proposed from high time resolution remote sensing images, contains rich information for crop yield forecasting. MODIS-NDVI and AVHRR-NDVI are normally used. However, the spatial resolution of MODIS and AVHRR are low. When they used for crop yield forecasting in China, the prediction accuracy will be reduced by a mixed pixel problem, as the farmland is small. China launched a HJ satellite constellation in 2009.The satellite constellation can provide an image with a time resolution of 2 days and a spatial resolution of 30 m. It would be helpful to make crop yield forecasting in field scale in China, based on the NDVI time series curve designed from higher spatial resolution HJ images. Taking Yucheng city as a research area, this study research the feasibility of proposing a NDVI time series curve using HJ satellite images and then making a winter wheat yield forecast using parameters extracted from the above curve. For this purpose, 11 images were acquired with a nearly 10 day interval from February 19th to June 5th, and the winter wheat yields of 12 sample sites were also measured during a field campaign in 2012.Firstly, quintic polynomial least square fitting was used to propose a NDVI time series curve using NDVI values extracted from the above images. The curve covered reviving, jointing, flowering, filling and mature stages of winter wheat. Secondly, parameters of a NDVI time series curve were calculated. They were maximum NDVI and accumulated NDVI during winter wheat growth stage, NDVI value at winter wheat reviving stage, NDVI change rate during winter wheat vegetation growth stage, and NDVI change rate during the winter wheat reproduction growth stage. Thirdly, using collected sample data, the yield prediction models were created, based on the above parameters respectively. Meanwhile, a single-phase image NDVI was also used to propose a yield prediction model, and it was compared to the above models, in order to show if a NDVI time series curve can provide more information than a single-phase image for yield prediction. At last, the multivariate yield prediction model was proposed based on the parameters of a NDVI time series curve using a stepwise multiple linear regression method, and was validated by a leave-one-cross-validation method. The results showed that the winter wheat NDVI series curve can be proposed by a HJ satellite image; A NDVI time series curve can provide more information for winter wheat yield prediction than a single phase image; The parameters extracted from a NDVI time series curve can be used to make a reliable winter wheat yield prediction model, and the designed multivariate yield prediction model has the determination coefficient (R²) value of 0.87 and relative error (RE) value of 5.02% at model calibration, and R² value of 0.78 and RE value of 6.87% at model validation.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Curve fitting
Controlled terms:Crops - Forecasting - Image reconstruction - Image resolution - Linear regression - Mathematical models - Models - Radiometers - Remote sensing - Satellite imagery  - Time series
Uncontrolled terms:Crop yield forecasting - Determination coefficients - HJ satellites - Satellite constellations - Stepwise multiple linear regression - Winter wheat - Yield - Yield prediction models
Classification code:944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 742 Cameras and Photography - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 731.1 Control Systems - 443 Meteorology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20132916508744
Title:Promotion of biochar on adsorption of cadmium and retardation on water transport in paddy soil
Authors:Pang, Yaping (1); Huang, Shuang (1); Yang, Jinzhong (1); Peng, Ziyun (1); Wang, Yaqing (1); Zhao, Di (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Corresponding author:Huang, S.(hsh5527@whu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:107-114
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The effects of biochar on the pH of soil, adsorption of cadmium, and water transport in paddy soil were studied in this paper. The topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (&gt;60-80 cm) from a paddy field in Changzhou Rice Research Institute, Jiangsu Province were tested. Biochar treatments were fine biochar (particle size range: 0.048-0.56 mm) and coarse biochar (particle size range: 0.3-0.7 mm). The soil pH was measured at a 1:1 soil/water ratio. The pH of the soil increased with an increasing amount of the applied biochar. The pH of topsoil and subsoil increased by 1.5 and 0.84, respectively, for the 9% fine biochar treatments. But the increment of soil pH decreased with an increasing amount of applied biochar, and fine biochar was more effective to increase the soil pH. The Cd adsorption isotherms of soil with different biochar treatments were tested at a 1:10 soil/solution ratio. Cadmium solutions (1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 mg/L) were prepared by dissolving Cd(NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>2</inf>&middot4H<inf>2</inf>O, in the background electrolyte of 0.005 M CaCl<inf>2</inf>. All solutions were adjusted to pH 6.0 with dilute HNO<inf>3</inf>. Biochar treatments of topsoil were 0, 3, 6, 9% for fine biochar, and 0, 3% for coarse biochar; biochar treatments of subsoil were 0, 3% of both for fine and coarse biochar. The suspensions were shaken for 48 hours, centrifuged. Then the Cd² concentration of the supernatant was determined, which were used to calculate the sorption distribution coefficient (K). Models of Freundlich, Henry, Langmuir and Temkin were used to fit the adsorption isotherms. The Freundlich and Langmuir models provided good fitting results to the isothermal adsorption process of Cd² for topsoil and subsoil with different biochar treatments. Also the Freundlich isotherm model was better since the correlation coefficients (R²) were all greater than 0.99. Biochar, especially fine biochar, can effectively increase the adsorption of cadmium in soil. For the topsoil with fine biochar treatments at 0, 3, 6 and 9%, the sorption distribution coefficients (K) of the Freundlich model were 126.63, 261.66, 357.50 and 431.19 &mu;g/g, respectively. Moreover, the decreased dimensionless exponents (N) of the Freundlich model showed an enhancive nonlinearity of adsorption. Column experiments were used to evaluate the effects of biochar on the ability of water transport in soil. The soil was packed with a bulk density of 1.30g/cm³. After being saturated, the packed columns (6.2-cm length, and 2.6-cm i. d.) were leached from top to bottom using 0.005 M CaCl<inf>2</inf> to maintain steady flow. Then, a 100 mg/L Cd² solution was applied at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min which corresponded to a pore-water velocity of about 0.1 cm/min. The volume of effluent samples was recorded by weight. Water transport was hindered if the outflow volume showed a sudden drop. The results showed that the ability of water transport decreased with the increasing amount of biochar addition. Compared with the coarse biochar, fine biochar was more inclined to hinder the water transport in soil. When fine biochar additive amount was 1%, water transport in soil column was hindered obviously. However, there were no notable effects on water transport if 3% of coarse biochar was applied. Clearly, biochar had the potential to increase the capacity to adsorb cadmium, and decrease leaching of cadmium in paddy soil. However, the impact of biochar amendments on soil was a consequence of complex chemical, physical, and biological processes. All of the factors including the quality of biochar, soils, and cropping systems should be taken into consideration when applying specific types of biochar in specific regions and for specific cropping systems.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Adsorption - Adsorption isotherms - Cadmium - Effluents - Leaching - Particle size - pH
Uncontrolled terms:Back ground electrolyte - Bio chars - Correlation coefficient - Distribution coefficient - Freundlich isotherm model - Isothermal adsorption - Particle size ranges - Water transport
Classification code:943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 452.3 Industrial Wastes
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20132916508731
Title:Relative analysis of China's grain yield and influence factors based on criterion of least absolute deviation
Authors:Gu, Lemin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Material Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
Corresponding author:Gu, L.(gulemin@tongji.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:1-10
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The relations between China's grain yield and some main factors influencing the grain yield, more present the exponential function and few exponent sign function relations. To describe with a new type of exponential production function can obtain a better result because of less error. The paper pointed out that the least absolute deviations (LAD) method, as its excellent properties, may be a best method to find the "implicit function" which is behind the data and control the data. To knead the two together, with the LAD method to fit the exponential production function, trying to find out some rules for China's grain change is a subject that is worth of exploring in theory and application. The paper introduces the LAD method and the exponential production function, establishes correlations between the China's grain yield and its 5 major influencing factors (consumption of chemical fertilizer, total sown area, total area affected by natural disaster, total agricultural machinery power, and total employed persons of primary industry). The production function model was fit with the LAD method, and the data of 1983-2011 were calculated. The results with Mae (mean absolute error) not over 3.93 million tons and Mape (mean absolute percentage error) not more than 0.87% for China's grain yield during the 29 years were obtained, and the conclusions were explained and analyzed; The analysis showed that, in the 29 years of 1983-2011, the growth of China's nation grain yield mainly depended on the consumption of chemical fertilizer and the total agricultural machinery power, of which the consumption of chemical fertilizer is still playing a positive roll up to now, while the total agricultural machinery power is dynamically in a saturated state. Theoretically it should have a "negative" effect now, but in reality it does not. The total sown area was the most influencing "positive" factor. The national grain yield may still grow further without increasing the total sown area, but increasing the sown area can rapidly boost the China's nation grain yield. The total area affected by natural disaster imposed "negative" effect on the growth; However, the trend of its influence is increasing in terms of absolute values, but is decreasing in terms of relative values. By the huge impact and lagged effects of the rapid growing of the total employed population of primary industry in China during 1983-1993 period, the reduction of the total employed population of primary industry to grain growth constituted "negative" impact. With the modernization of agriculture and urbanization development, this "negative" impact continued to reduce. These conclusions give the specific quantitative values. The paper predictes that the grain yield for year 2012 is 5.9133&times;10⁸ t, the later result indicates the absolute error is 1.78&times;10⁶ t, and the relative error is 0.3%. For year 2013, the prediction is 6.1148&times;10⁸ t. In the last the paper gives some discussion about the LAD method, the exponential production functions and so on, and is concluded that the exponential production function under the meaning of LAD criterion to describe the relationships between China's grain yield and the main effect factors, has a certain accuracy and guiding sense.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Grain growth
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Curve fitting - Disasters - Errors - Fertilizers - Grain (agricultural product) - Industry - Mathematical models
Uncontrolled terms:Grain product - Least absolute deviations (LAD) - Mean absolute error - Mean absolute percentage error - Production function
Classification code:933.1.2 Crystal Growth - 921 Mathematics - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 484 Seismology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20132916508755
Title:Building of calorific value model of straw biomass based on industrial analysis indexes
Authors:Cheng, Xuyun (1); Niu, Zhiyou (1); Yan, Hongmei (1); Liu, Meiying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Corresponding author:Niu, Z.(nzhy@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:196-202
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To build a prediction model of gross calorific value and net calorific value, this article discusses the influence of industrial analysis indexes of straw biomass on the calorific value and the feasibility of predicting calorific value. 172 straw samples has been collected, including 31 rape straws, 36 wheat straws, 86 rice straws, and 19 maize straws. Moisture, volatile matter, ash, fixed carbon, gross calorific value, and net calorific value were measured by standard methods. The statistics of measured values showed that the ranges for the above six indexes were 2.72%-8.04%, 63.79%-76.25%, 3.57%-16.97%, 11.94%-17.03%, 14.88-17.58 kJ/g, and 13.37-16.13 kJ/g respectively, and the means were 5.61%, 69.53%, 10.28%, 14.58%, 16.20 kJ/g and 14.74 kJ/g respectively. The ash of rice straw is higher than that of rape straw, wheat straw and maize straw, and the calorific value was lower. According to a simple correlation analysis, we found that volatiles and fixed carbon have a very significant positive correlation to calorific value. Accordingly, a very significant negative correlation was achieved for ash with calorific value. Simultaneously, there is a high degree of correlation between volatile matter or ash and caloric value, but it a lower degree of correlation to fixed carbon; there is an important collinearity between the moisture, volatiles, ash, and fixed carbon, the influence of which must be reduced or eliminated. Among different approaches to establishing and comparing prediction models, the results indicated that principal component regression is the best method, because it (a) effectively eliminated the impact of collinearity between the industrial analysis indexes, (b) preserved the integrity of the information about industrial analysis indexes, and (c) attained the greatest accuracy of the final prediction model. Using principal component regression to establish a prediction model of gross calorific value and net calorific value, the determination coefficient of the prediction model of gross calorific value was 0.91, the predicted standard deviation was 0.20 kJ/g, and the relative standard deviation was 1.25%. The determination coefficient of the prediction model of net calorific value was 0.91, the predicted standard deviation was 0.20 kJ/g, and the relative standard deviation was 1.33%. In the 20 samples used for the external validation, the predicted standard deviation of the gross calorific value was 0.18 kJ/g, and the relative standard deviation was 1.09%; the predicted standard deviation of the net calorific value was 0.19 kJ/g, and the relative standard deviation was 1.29%. The prediction result is obtained ideally. We concluded that a calorific value model of straw biomass based on industrial analysis indexes predicts the gross and net calorific values accurately, and that industrial analysis indexes of straw biomass can help in predicting the calorific value of straw biomass. Consequently, this study can provide a reference method for use in biomass straw energy utilization.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Calorific value
Controlled terms:Biomass - Carbon - Energy utilization - Forecasting - Industry - Mathematical models - Models - Moisture - Principal component analysis - Statistics  - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Degree of correlations - Determination coefficients - Gross calorific values - Industrial Analysis - Negative correlation - Positive correlations - Principal component regression - Relative standard deviations
Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 921 Mathematics - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 524 Solid Fuels - 523 Liquid Fuels - 522 Gas Fuels
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20132916508732
Title:Detection for navigation route for cotton harvester based on machine vision
Authors:Li, Jingbin (1); Chen, Bingqi (1); Liu, Yang (1); Zha, Tao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) China Agricultural University, Department of Engineering College, Beijing, 100083, China; (2) Shihezi University, Department of Mechanical and Electric Engineering College, Shihezi 832003, China
Corresponding author:Chen, B.(fbcbq@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:11-19
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Auto-navigation has a great significance in increasing the operating quality and production efficiency of agriculture machinery, such as improving the working environment and security situation for workers, reducing the labor intensity, etc. The vision navigation has many technical advantages that it can adapt to the complicated field of the operating environment, has wide detection range and has rich and complete information. It is the research focus in the field of agriculture machinery auto-navigation. How to extract routes fast, accurately, and effectively in the natural environment is the key in vision navigation. The vision navigation routes' detect of a Cotton-picker is the main premise to achieve its auto-navigation. There are many difficulties in detecting the operation routes of a cotton-picker in the field. For example, during harvest, there are many kinds of target features like stalks, cotton, bolls, leaves, weeds in the cotton field and its outside region. In addition, a little cotton may be left on the stalks in the harvested region when we use machine to pick. This paper puts forward the detection algorithms of the operation routes of a cotton-picker, the edge and the end of the cotton field by analyzing the different color features of the harvested region, the un-harvested region, the outside region, and the end of the field. First, we used the difference of color components, such as 3B-R-G, |R-G|, |R-B| and |G-B| to extract the target features of the inner and outside of the cotton field respectively, and smooth the image using the moving average method by the set length. Then by finding the rose critical point of the crest that is based on the lowest trough point to the un-harvested region, and connecting with the line detect result of the previous frame, we determine the alternate point group of a straight line transform. At last, we extracted the navigation routes based on Passing a Known Point Hough Transform (PKPHT). The test proves that the extracted line by this algorithm can match the harvested region, the un-harvested region and the edge of the field accurately. The processing time is 56.10 ms per frame, which can meet the demand of the real production of a cotton-picker in the field. This research can provide the reference to the vision navigation routes' detection of wheat, corn and many other crops when we harvest them by machine.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Cotton
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Computer vision - Harvesters - Harvesting - Hough transforms - Image matching - Navigation
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture machinery - Complete information - Known point Hough transforms - Moving average method - Natural environments - Operating environment - Production efficiency - Working environment
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 741.2 Vision - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 723.5 Computer Applications
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20132916508753
Title:Evaluation of phosphate rock and activated phosphate rock for remediation of copper-contaminated soils
Authors:Liu, Yonghong (1); Feng, Lei (1); Hu, Hongqing (2); Zheng, Xinsheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (2) College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Corresponding author:Hu, H.(hqhu@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:180-186
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Significant effort has been made to evaluate the effectiveness of phosphate minerals on in-situ remediation of contaminated soils. Phosphate minerals, such as phosphate rock (PR) and activated phosphate rock (APR), have been shown to effectively immobilize heavy metals in contaminated soils. The APR was originated from PR by oxalic acid. In order to compare the effectiveness of PR and APR on immobilizing the Cu-contaminated soils and to investigate the change of different form of Cu, the natural polluted soil from mining areas and an artificially polluted soil with exogenous Cu originated from garden soil were collected. The soils and materials were mixed and cultured at room temperature for 10 days, and the samples were air-dried, passing through a 0.150-mm sieve. Based on the three-stage extraction defined by the European Reference Materials Bureau (Community Bureau of Reference, BCR method), different mass fractions (0, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 4%, 8%, respectively)of the phosphate rock(PR)and its activated products (APR) were added into the natural and artificially polluted soil. The forms of copper and its contents in polluted soil were analyzed with modified BCR sequential extraction procedures. The Cu extractions in soils were performed using different reagents, and the details of the experimental protocol were as follows: Step 1: A total of 20 mL of acetic acid was added to 1.0 g air-dried soil and shaken (200&plusmn;10 rpm) overnight at (25&plusmn;1)&deg;C. The mixture was centrifuged at 3000&times;g for 20 min to separate the extraction from the residue. Step 2: A total of 20 mL of hydroxylammonium chloride, adjusted with nitric acid to pH=1.5, at (25&plusmn;1)&deg;C, was added to the residue from step 1 and the extraction performed as per Step 1.Step 3: The residue from step 2 was treated with 5 mL 30% hydrogen peroxide and was covered and digested for 1 h at room temperature with occasional manual shaking, then adjusted with nitric acid to pH=2.Then the residue was heated to (85&plusmn;2)&deg;C for 2 h in a water bath and its volume reduced to &lt;3mL (uncovered); a further 5mL 30% H2O2 was added and heated to (85&plusmn;2)&deg;C for 1 h; then 25mL 1M ammonium acetate (adjusted with nitric acid to the pH 2) was added and shaken for 16 h at (25&plusmn;1)&deg;C. The extract was separated from the solid residue by centrifugation and decantation as per Step 1.Residual fraction: 1.0 g air-dried soil was digested with hydrochloric acid - nitric acid-perchloric acid; the total concentration of Cu was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometers (Varian 240FAAS). The total content of Cu minus the total Cu of step 1, step2 and step 3 was considered the residual Cu fraction. The basic properties of the soils were determined, including pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, soluble phosphorus, total phosphorus, and total copper.. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data of the PR and APR samples were collected on a diffraction meter (Brucker Advance D8 diffraction meter), using Cu K&alpha; radiation (40 kV and 30 mA) between 10-55&deg; with a scanning rate of 5&deg;/min. All the data were analyzed with Excel, Origin 7.5, and SAS (v. 8). The results indicated that both PR and APR were effective at copper immobilization in both polluted soils. When the mass fraction of PR was 8%, the content of soluble copper in the polluted soils declined by 25.8% and 40.0%, the trend of oxidized and reduced state varied, and the content of residual copper increased by 77.1% and 41.3%, respectively. The activity of copper in the soils was significantly reduced. When activated PR by oxalic acid was added into the soils, the residue form of copper increased by 82.6% in the natural soil but only by 17.0% in the artificial soil. The soluble form of copper in the artificially contaminated soil increased slightly and in the natural soil varied little, but the effect on other forms of copper was not significant. The results would provide reference for the comprehensive utilization of phosphate rock to managing heavy-metal-polluted soils.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Chlorine compounds - Copper - Extraction - Heavy metals - Nitric acid - Organic acids - Oxalic acid - Phosphate deposits - Phosphate minerals - Positive ions  - Remediation - Soils - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Activated phosphate rocks - Atomic absorption spectrometers - BCR sequential extraction - Cation exchange capacities - Community bureau of references - Comprehensive utilizations - Modified BCR - Phosphate rocks
Classification code:931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 801 Chemistry - 544.1 Copper - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 505.1 Nonmetallic Mines - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 482.2 Minerals - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20132916508749
Title:Optimal design of wireless monitoring system in mountain citrus orchard and improvement monitoring
Authors:Xu, Xing (1); Hong, Tiansheng (1); Yue, Xuejun (1); Lin, Tao (1); Cai, Kun (1); Liu, Yongxin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) Division of Citrus Machinery, China Agriculture Research System, Guangzhou 510642, China; (3) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (4) Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia
Corresponding author:Yue, X.(yuexuejun@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:147-155
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to monitor in real time the growth environment of a mountain citrus orchard and its variation with spatio-temporal and weather status, the optimal design and evaluation of a wireless monitoring system in a mountain citrus orchard was introduced in this paper. The wireless monitoring system is comprised of end nodes used for obtaining citrus growth environment information including air temperature, air humidity, soil moisture and light; router nodes used to relay citrus growth environment information; and a network coordinator, which performs functions such as managing the nodes, collecting and analyzing the data received from the end nodes, and connecting as a gateway for remote data access. CC2530 is adopted as the core processor of the monitoring system; it has the capability of wireless communication and central processing. The optimal design was introduced in this system including information frame structure suitable for a mountain orchard environment, bidirectional instruction control function, topology discovery, routing monitoring mechanism and node information diversification collection mechanism, so as to effectively enhance the robustness and controllability of monitoring the citrus orchard environment. In this paper, the citrus orchard in the subtropical garden of SCAU (South China Agriculture University) was selected for the test. The orchard hill has sloping terrain; citrus trees are planted by terraced distribution. The average slope is 20 degrees, the citrus trees have a height of 2.8m, their shrub diameters are 3m, and the average spacing of citrus plants is 2.8m. The citrus orchard wireless channel was measured in citrus orchard, and the wireless channel model was established through blocking factor and rain attenuation factor, it was used to guide the evaluation of the wireless monitoring network. Experimental results of RSSI (Receiver Signal Strength Index) and communication quality under different distances and climates show that reliable collection and transmission were available in the mountain citrus orchard when the wireless system was deployed with an antenna height of 1.5m and a maximum single-hop communications distance of 30m. Continuous 744h online test results show that the optimized wireless monitoring system improved the transmission success rate; it has a success rate of at least 99.12% for data transmission within the 30m distance. The system ran well, worked stably, and was suitable for the remote, real-time monitoring of the citrus growth environment in a mountainous orchard.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Orchards
Controlled terms:Environmental testing - Forestry - Gateways (computer networks) - Landforms - Models - Monitoring - Optimal systems - Optimization - Routers - Sensor nodes  - Soil moisture - Wireless sensor networks - Wireless telecommunication systems
Uncontrolled terms:Citrus orchards - Environment information - Monitoring mechanisms - Single-hop communications - Transmission success rate - Wireless channel model - Wireless communications - Wireless monitoring system
Classification code:821.3 Agricultural Methods - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 732 Control Devices - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 454 Environmental Engineering - 717 Optical Communication - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20132916508743
Title:Research for standard of erosive rainfall on Quaternary red soil area in north of Jiangxi province in China
Authors:Wang, Bangwen (1); Fang, Shaowen (1); Song, Yuejun (1); Yang, Jie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangxi Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Key Laboratory Soil Erosion and Prevention, Nanchang 330029, China
Corresponding author:Yang, J.(zljyj@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:100-106
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Rainfall is regarded as one of the principal dynamic factors of soil erosion. The attainment of an erosive rainfall standard is acknowledged as the essential part in calculating rainfall erosivity. At present, results of research for an erosive rainfall standard are diverse in the red soil area. Hence, it deserves to be studied to a further extent. On the basis of the observation of runoff plots, the standard of erosive rainfall was comparatively analyzed under different soil and water conservation measures employing five types of underlying surface in the Quaternary red earth area of Northern Jiangxi province, including bare surface, citrus with cross-slope cultivation, citrus with clean cultivation, citrus with bahia grass covering, citrus with bench terrace with grass planted on the wall and mound before but ditch behind. Viewing it from the perspective of energy, this study sought for the standard amount of erosive rainfall with the indicator of EI30 and the standard intensity of erosive rainfall with the indicators of EI<inf>10</inf>, EI<inf>20</inf>, EI<inf>30</inf>, EI<inf>45</inf>, EI<inf>60</inf> with reference to the rainfall amount and intensity of 1359 times during the period of 2001-2009 and the corresponding data of runoff and sediment observed on the condition of different soil and water conservation measures with five above-mentioned types of underlying surface. Compared with slope lands of bare surface and citrus with clean cultivation as a control, the study elaborated the feature of an erosive rainfall standard for citrus with soil and water conservation measures. The results of this study were intended to reveal the reduction mechanisms of runoff and sediment for red-soil slop lands under soil and water conservation measures, to provide a data basis for the enhancement of the local forecast accuracy for soil erosion and water loss and to supply scientific evidence for regional soil and water conservation planning at the same time. The conclusions of the study can be drawn as follows: 1) There were significant discrepancies in the length of the data sequence of different underlying surface when satisfying the proposed standard of erosive rainfall and the length of data sequence satisfying the proposed erosive rainfall standard is capable of revealing the time period which was required from the implementation of soil and water conservation measures to its production of stable benefits; 2) The underlying surface with soil and water conservation measures is effective enough to raise the amount standard of erosive rainfall, illustrating like the standard amount of erosive rainfall observed from the fifth plot employing citrus and bench terrace with grass planted on the wall and mound before but ditch behind was 16.2 mm, increasing 42.1% in comparison with the standard amount of erosive rainfall of 11.4 mm observed from the bare surface plot; 3) It is advisable to apply a standard intensity of erosive rainfall to the underlying surface with a high stability or without soil and water conservation measures, while with regard to those underlying surface with low stability, the standard amount of erosive rainfall is considered to be more suitable to employ. The results of this study may provide a reference for the planning of soil and water conservation in Quaternary Red soil area.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Water conservation
Controlled terms:Erosion - Rain - Runoff - Sediments - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Rainfall erosivity - Red soils - Reduction mechanisms - Runoff and sediments - Scientific evidence - Soil and water conservation - Soil and water conservation measures - Underlying surface
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20132916508738
Title:Efficiency optimization of stand-alone photovoltaic pumping system based on MPPT and MLPT
Authors:Sun, Guanqun (1); Meng, Qinghai (2); Wang, Binrui (1); Cai, Hui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (2) Power Electronics and Motor Drives Engineering Center, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
Corresponding author:Sun, G.(sgq741129@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:61-70
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Solar power is a very promising global source of renewable energy, and is being used more widely throughout the world. Pumps are used for agricultural irrigation, drinking water, and other necessary pumping requirements in the vast rural area. In many places, where there is much land but few people, power is not easy to attain. In order to reach the deep groundwater, water pumps cannot rely on electric energy consumption, but instead must rely on diesel engines and traditional fuel equipment. However, we know that these regions, especially in arid areas, are rich in solar energy resources. Independent photovoltaic pump systems have emerged as a result. Although this kind of system is an application or extension currently used systems, the high cost of application and the low rate of return on investment are constraints that bottleneck the popularization of bringing independent photovoltaic pump systems to large rural areas. Therefore, the core of this paper studies the optimization of photovoltaic pump systems to enhance efficiency and to improve the rate of return on investment. Specifically, and without increasing the hardware investment, two methods are discussed. The first is the use of a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm to optimize the solar photovoltaic conversion efficiency. The second is reducing loss and enhancing the efficiency in the asynchronous motor of driving pump by using a Minimum Loss Point Tracking (MLPT) algorithm. Under different conditions, these algorithms can track motor-loss minimization real time. The study put forward anintegrated algorithm with MPPT and MLPT in a single application. MLPT is in the inner ring of integrated control system, with MPPT in the outer ring. The MPPT algorithm of the solar array, through the influence of a DC voltage inverter, output the reference frequency value, while the MLPT algorithm was based on minimizing the current control in the stator voltage to reduce asynchronous motor loss. Through a set of prototypes, first the MPPT and MLPT algorithms were tested individually. Then, according to the different light trends, the researchers tested an integrated MPPT/MLPT optimization algorithm. Using LabVIEW software, they rendered mutual relations and trend curves for each parameter. The test results show that, in a full common load case section n, the power pumping capacity increased up to 10%. This shows that photovoltaic pumping systems can effectively improve the rate of return on investment. The new system did not significantly increase investment in hardware, nor did it increase the monitoring system workload. In addition, its advantages include strong robustness, modular capabilities, and no battery storage as is commonly used in the industry. This promotes the popularity of the system as a viable long-term option. The system not only can be used in view of our poverty-stricken rural western country, but also may strengthen China's ability to develop remote rural drinking water projects in the developing country.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Pumps
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Arid regions - Computer programming languages - Developing countries - Diesel engines - Earnings - Efficiency - Electric power systems - Energy resources - Energy utilization  - Groundwater - Hardware - Induction motors - Investments - Motors - Optimization - Photovoltaic cells - Profitability - Pumping plants - Rural areas  - Solar energy
Uncontrolled terms:Efficiency optimization - Electric energy consumption - Maximum Power Point Tracking - MLPT - MPPT - Optimization algorithms - Photovoltaic power supply - Photovoltaic pumping system
Classification code:706.1 Electric Power Systems - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 901.4 Impact of Technology on Society - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 705.3.1 AC Motors - 444.2 Groundwater - 446 Waterworks - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 615.2 Solar Power - 618.2 Pumps - 705.3 Electric Motors
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20132916508739
Title:Establishment and verification of analytic formula for maximum trapped-oil pressure in external gear pump
Authors:Li, Yulong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Industrial Manufacturing College, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
Corresponding author:Li, Y.(leo-world@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:71-77
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:For overcoming the limitations of trapped-oil pressure test on a higher rotate speed or greater outlet pressure and the defects of trapped-oil pressure simulation operation with accumulated error and so on, the analytic formula for seeking the maximum trapped-oil pressure value was established in an external gear pump. In the compression stage of a complete trapped-oil process with one state of smaller backlash value and another state of biggish backlash value; Firstly, the backlash flow made by pressure difference was calculated by the slender-hole flow formula substituted for a conventional short-hole flow formula; secondly, from the simplified paths of axial trapped-oil leakage, axial trapped-oil leak flow was derived; according to the above calculated trapped-oil leak flows; thirdly, the special transient position was found that the rate of trapped-oil volume on time was equal to total trapped-oil leak flow, then the maximum trapped-oil pressure value was calculated and was verified by test results of the current literature. All results calculated by analytic formula showed that, under the parameters of that modulus was 4.75 mm, the number of teeth was 10, the center distance was 58 mm, the gear width was 20 mm and pressure angle was 20&deg;50', when the relief groove was just closed and backlash value was varied from 30 to 200 &mu;m, the deviation rate of the maximum trapped-oil pressure position and the closed position of the relief groove was down from 18.2% to 3.5%. The bigger the backlash value was, the closer the maximum trapped-oil pressure position was to the closed relief groove position; the magnitude order of shear flow made by speed was -6 and the flow made by pressure difference was -4, in comparison to differential pressure flow, shear flow could be neglected; the maximum trapped-oil pressure was occurred in between the theoretical position and the actual position of the relief groove, and the maximum trapped-oil pressure value was linearly influenced by the outlet pressure and rotate speed; The slender-hole flow formula that flow rate had linear relationship with the pressure difference was more suitable for calculating backlash flow than conventional short-hole flow formula that flow rate had linear relationship with the square root of pressure difference, etc. Finally, the it is concluded that the built analytic formula can quickly calculate the maximum trapped-oil pressure and its position, because of omitting a lot of process operation and reducing its accumulated error, the result is more accurate, and a new reference is provided to estimate the maximum trapped-oil pressure and the layout of relief groove.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Shear flow
Controlled terms:Calculations - Flow rate - Gear pumps - Gear teeth - Leakage (fluid)
Uncontrolled terms:Accumulated errors - Analytic formula - Compression stages - Differential pressures - External gear pumps - Linear relationships - Pressure differences - Pressure simulations
Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 631 Fluid Flow - 921 Mathematics - 618.2 Pumps - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 601.2 Machine Components
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20132916508734
Title:Design and test of 4HJL-2 harvester for peanut picking-up and fruit-picking
Authors:Wang, Dongwei (1); Shang, Shuqi (2); Han, Kun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (2) Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao agricultural university, Qingdao 266109, China
Corresponding author:Shang, S.(sqshang@qau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:27-36
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Peanut harvest the traditional way in most regions in China still is given priority to with artificial results, with a plough parts! A small part of China adopts the harvest (mining) machine, and the root-stock mechanization harvest is almost zero. Domestically, China has quite a few small agricultural machinery production enterprisesto produce small individual production (medium) half mechanization of peanut harvesting machinery, but as to combine harvesters, there are only a few factory developed prototypes, which was still in the stage of research and testing, power consumption, high broken (fall) fruit rate, grain seedling winding, and such problems as soil has not been solved effectively. Peanut harvesting mechanization development in China is still at an early stage, and its development is very slow, still focusing on the development of small and medium-sized excavators and promotion. In recent years, China's root crops such as peanut harvesting machinery market demand has been growing, and peanut harvesting machinery research and development in our country has entered a new period of development, and has developed some peanut harvesting machine (mining). Peanut harvest equipment in China is still at the experimental study and scientific research prototype stage, mainly focusing on digestion and absorption. At present, our country has established from scientific research, development, manufacturing to sales, service, a relatively complete industrial system of agricultural machinery, and an agricultural machinery product service object covering agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline production and fishery of the agricultural sector. In peanut harvesting machinery there are in production small machines, large and medium-sized agricultural machinery, but these couldn't keep up with development needs. Mechanical varieties, specifications, and quality performance is not stable, and research and development of technical reserves are inadequate; The mechanical work is weak or even missing, and do not meet the needs of the agriculture and rural economic structure strategic adjustment. There is serious machine aging, the technical level is not high, and there are current problems such as inadequate investment. The peanut planting area in China has been wide, but the way of combines is also clutter now. At present, many scientific research units, committed to the development of a peanut combine have only a single ridge line or small mature models, but their harvest efficiency is low, with poor adaptability. According to the requirements of agronomy the ideal method for piecewise harvest, but the current follow-up picking fruit assignments are made by artificial pick up, after they go back to pick the fruit. The peanut harvest subsequent operation is labor intensive, work efficiency is low. It takes much work, with high production costs. It is urgently needed to study how a peanut can be spread on the surface of the air to pick up directly from the field, and complete the follow-up picking fruit, peanut picking fruit harvesting machine-cleaning operations. At present China harvest peanuts by artificial means to pick up and take off commonly, so the harvest is low efficiency and higher labor intensity, with a high cost of production. To solve this problem, a 4HJL-2 harvester for Peanut Picking-up and Fruit-picking was developed. This machine is mainly composed of a chain nylon elastic tooth pick up device, transmission device, take off equipment, cleaning equipment, elevator set fruit device parts, such as using knapsack structure design, supporting power for Yangzhou 30 tractors, unit speed 52 m/min, collecting 57 m/min, conveying speed conveyer 23&deg; inclination. It can be finished once the peanut collecting, transportation, picking fruit, such as cleaning, set fruit, reducing human use. Field experiments show that the machine work performance is good, the collecting rate 99.1%; the loss rate was 3. 2%; productivity was 886 kg/h, all meeting the national standards (NY/7502-7502), fully meeting the actual production requirement, providing the peanut harvesting machinery research and development of a reference.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Oilseeds
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Air cleaners - Cleaning - Combines - Conveying - Design - Economics - Efficiency - Forestry - Fruits  - Harvesters - Harvesting - Industrial research - Mechanization - Problem solving - Soil testing - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture and rural - Experimental studies - Peanut - Production requirements - Research and development - Scientific researches - Small agricultural machineries - Transmission devices
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 913.1 Production Engineering - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 971 Social Sciences - 651.2 Wind Tunnels - 505.3 Nonmetallic Mining Equipment - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 408 Structural Design - 601 Mechanical Design
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20132916508748
Title:Wheat leaf area index inversion with hyperspectral remote sensing based on support vector regression algorithm
Authors:Lin, Hui (1); Liang, Liang (2); Zhang, Lianpeng (2); Du, Peijun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics of China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221009, China; (2) School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (3) School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
Corresponding author:Liang, L.(liangliang198119@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:139-146
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Determination of crops' leaf area index (LAI) is of great significance for growth monitoring, water-fertilizer regulation and yield assessment. For the sake of providing basic data for wheat field management, estimation of LAI value of wheat canopy was conducted by using hyperspectral indices. The optimization of Soil-adjusted Vegetation Index(OSAVI)which is the strongest correlation with LAI was selected from 16 kinds of existing hyperspectral indices like GREEN-NDVI and 5 kinds of newest established hyperspectral indices like FD<inf>730</inf>, and linear model for wheat LAI inversion was established by adopting the Least Squares Method algorithm. The analysis results showed that the calibration set decision coefficient (C-R²) and prediction set decision coefficient (P-R²) of the model reached 0.832 and 0.825 respectively, the Root Mean Square Error of Calibration set (RMSEC) and the Root Mean Square Error of Prediction set (RMSEP) were 0.478 and 0.461 correspondingly, so the accurate inversion of wheat LAI could been realized. To further improve inversion precision, the model was optimized by using the Least Squares Support Vector Regression (LS-SVR). In comparison with linear model, the coefficients of C-R² and P-R² reached 0.851 and 0.848 respectively, obviously, higher than the ones of linear model. In the meantime, RMSEC and RMSEP were 0.467 and 0.441 correspondingly, lower than the ones of linear model. The facts also demonstrated that the LS-SVR model was better than linear model for inversion. In order to analyze prediction ability of OSVAI with regard to different LAI samples, comparative analysis was implemented between OSVAL index and the indices such as GREEN-NDVI. The results indicated that OSVAI model built had good prediction ability for the higher LAI value samples and the lower LAI value samples, and meanwhile it could also avoid influencing the result of estimation by the canopy density effectively. Finally, remote sensing thematic map of wheat LAI was achieved by using the LS-SVR model with the OMIS images. By comparing the map result with the ground measurement, the R² value of fitting model was 0.774, the RMSE was only 0.476, which proved that higher similarity existed in the two sets of data. The results indicated that wheat canopy LAI information could be acquired accurately by using hyperspectral indices, and OSAVI was optimal index for inversion modeling, LS-SVR was the optimization algorithm for modeling. The study can provide a reference for crops growth assessment such as wheat.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Mean square error
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Calibration - Crops - Forecasting - Least squares approximations - Maps - Mathematical models - Optimization - Regression analysis - Remote sensing  - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Hyperspectral remote sensing - Inversion - LAI - Least squares support vector regression - Root mean square error of calibrations - Root-mean-square error of predictions - Support vector regression algorithms - Wheat
Classification code:943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 921 Mathematics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 731.1 Control Systems - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 902.1 Engineering Graphics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20132916508762
Title:Nondestructive determination of water content in beef using visible/near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors:Tang, Xiuying (1); Niu, Lizhao (1); Xu, Yang (1); Peng, Yankun (1); Ma, Shibang (1); Tian, Xiaoyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, National Research and Development Center for Agro-processing Equipment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Y.(xuyang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:248-254
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The water content of fresh beef has an important influence on the processing, storage, trade and quality of beef. In order to improve the economic value of beef and eating quality, we should research nondestructive testing technology on water content in beef. A laboratory visible/near-infrared spectroscopy system using visible/near-infrared spectroscopy was build to collect 86 beef samples'reflectance spectra in a rang of 400-1170 nm. The samples are from Inner Mongolia cattle's and Luxi cattle's longissimus dorsi in different carcasses for the study, 75% of the samples are used as a calibration set, 25% of the samples are used as a validation set. The diffuse reflectance spectra in the fresh cut of beef were collected, and the water contents of the samples were measured with the national standard. The diffuse reflectance spectra of samples were performed with different pretreatments, such as multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), standard normalized variate (SNV) and direct orthogonal signal correction (DOSC). The prediction model of multiple linear regression (MLR), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were constructed for prediction of water content in beef with full-spectrum. Correlation coefficient and standard error between prediction water content and real water content of the samples are taken as evaluation criterions for the prediction modal. In general, the higher correlation coefficient of calibration set with validation set and lower standard error of calibration set with validation set mean higher precision of prediction model. Result shows that multiplicative scatter correction is the best pretreatment, and the performance of models established with PLSR is better than others, its correlation coefficient and standard deviation are 0.92 and 0.0047, respectively. The correlation coefficient and standard deviation of external validation set in PLSR model is 0.85 and 0.0054, respectively. Direct orthogonal signal correction combining with principal component regression and partial least squares regression has a high correlation coefficient in calibration set, but a low correlation coefficient in validation set, because of overfitting. This study demonstrated that the PLSR model built by using visible/near-infrared spectroscopy with multiplicative scatter correction pretreatment can nondestructively and rapidly determine the water content in beef. This research can provide a basis for further developing device of nondestructive and rapid determination of water content in beef.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Water content
Controlled terms:Calibration - Forecasting - Infrared spectroscopy - Least squares approximations - Linear regression - Mathematical models - Meats - Near infrared spectroscopy - Nondestructive examination - Principal component analysis  - Reflection - Scattering - Statistics
Uncontrolled terms:Direct orthogonal signal corrections - Multiplicative scatter correction - Nondestructive determination - Partial least squares regression - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR) - Principal component regression - Standard error of calibrations - Visible/near-infrared spectroscopies
Classification code:944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941.4 Optical Variables Measurements - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 921 Mathematics - 822.3 Food Products - 801 Chemistry - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 444 Water Resources - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20132916508757
Title:Construction of resource utilization engineering mode for agricultural residues
Authors:Shen, Yujun (1); Zhang, Yuhua (1); Xiang, Xin (1); Wang, Yanchang (1); Cheng, Hongsheng (1); Luo, Yu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Energy and Environmental Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Y.(zhangyuhua@sina.vip.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:210-216
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:As the key issue of agro-environment protecting facility engineering, the resource utilization engineering of agricultural residues is becoming more and more important in the process of establishing circular agriculture and ecological civilization. The resource utilization of agricultural residues refers to lots of aspects such as its technology, organization, engineering and policy and so on. Currently, domestic researches most focus on the status quo, technology exploration and evaluation of resource utilization. As the comprehensive study of resource utilization, the ways to use the resource is more regarded. However, the research on mode construction of resource utilization for agricultural residues is still lacking. Therefore, it is necessary to form corresponding modes with regional adaptability. The mode construction of resource utilization for agricultural residues using scientific and reasonable method can provide theoretic support for the development of agro-environment protecting facility. The primary goal of mode construction is handling the agricultural residues in order to solve the problem of environmental pollution. In addition, the mode construction can help to obtain some economic benefits. A systematic methodology was used in this research. On the basis of the theory of industrial development, system and circular economy, this paper obtained a constructing method of integrated mode considering regional adaptability which concludes the construction of technology mode, organization mode and industry mode. Determination of the three modes is not only a relatively independent process, but also an inextricably linked and spiraling process. Then, the coupling of above three modes contributes to the construction of integrated mode with good balance and running effect. In the process of mode construction, external influencing factors and internal components were taken account thoroughly. The external influencing factors consists of the agricultural residue amounts, the technology adaptability, agricultural mode, the economy state, policy conditions and development plan, etc. The internal components include operating subjects, key technology, organization pattern and industrial layout. The final integrated mode reflects the technical, economic and social development needs and includes the specific technology composition, organization pattern, and certain industrial scale. The process of proposing the constructing method of the resource utilization mode is also the process of systematic analysis of the external and internal factors that affect agricultural residues utilization. In the process of actually building the mode, influential factors could be considered as important evaluation indexes of mode selection, components could be considered as the main body of mode construction. It makes the mode construction of agricultural residues recycling project more specific and practical. In the meantime, this method can also apply to agricultural waste water treatment projects and other environmental protection fields of agricultural producing area.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Economic and social effects
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Biomass - Economics - Engineering - Environmental protection - Research - Technology
Uncontrolled terms:Economic and social development - Empirical analysis - Environmental pollutions - Facility engineering - Industrial development - Mode - Resource utilizations - Systematic methodology
Classification code:454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 901 Engineering Profession - 901.3 Engineering Research - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20132916508737
Title:Improvement and application effects of fishing gear for Patinopecten yessoensis
Authors:Li, Mingzhi (1); Zhang, Guangfa (1); Li, Xiuchen (2); Deng, Changhui (2); Shi, Mingli (3); Zhang, Fudi (1); Zhang, Yunhao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Navigation and Shipbuilding Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (2) Research and Development Center of Fisheries Equipment and Engineering of Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (3) Zhangzidao Group Limited Company, Dalian 116001, China
Corresponding author:Deng, C.(chdeng9@dlou.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:52-60
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:By analyzing and investigating the bottom condition of a mariculture area, distribution of Patinopecten yessoensis and fishing effects of gear in the Dalian Zhangzidao Group Company, a new type of high efficiency and energy-saving fishing gear was designed and improved. In order to prove that its structure is reasonable, two phases compared tests were executed in Liao Chang Yu Yang 15021. There were two phases for the fishing gear design and improvement. In the first phase, based on the original fishing gear, multi-strand steel dredge was replaced by a spring loaded scallop toothed dredge. The external netting was made by high strength polyethylene ropes with a diameter of 5mm and installed with 10 rigid plastic floats of 120mm diameter. Meanwhile the mesh of the external netting was increased from 70mm to 75mm. Based on the first phase, the netting port cover area was increased. The gear frame was installed with a gear port chain, main gear crutch toothed dredge and sled. Middle netting was added between the external netting and the bottom netting. External netting was installed with 20 rigid plastic floats of 120mm diameter, arranged in two rows. In order to reduce the gear's weight, the fishing gear was designed with a wide head and narrow end. A pedestal car was installed in the bottom netting to reduce trawling resistance. According to two-phase improvement processes, two contrast tests were performed correspondingly. The original and the first improved fishing gears were used in the first phase test, the first and the second improved fishing gears were used in the second phase test. Each phase test lasted 10 days, and was conducted in 10 different sea areas (the bottom of the test mariculture area is sediment). Twice trawling in the same sea area of each day, two fishing gears were trawled per time, with the trawling speed being 4 kn, the trawling distance at 1nm per time, and the trawling track being different. After the trawling, the amount of scallops caught and broken and the contents of sediment were collected and recorded from each fishing gear. After several contrast tests, researchers obtained the following results. Compared to the old fishing gear, the first improved fishing gear increased average amount of fishing 36.5%, decreased breakage rates of scallops 49.4%, decreased contents of sediment 21.9%, and reduced fuel consumption per unit of trawling from 85.03 L/t to 61.41 L/t. Compared to the first improved fishing gear, the second improved fishing gear increased the average amount of fishing 102%, decreased breakage rates of scallops 161%, decreased contents of sediment 209%, and reduced fuel consumption per unit of trawling from 61.41 L/t to 46.28 L/t. The above results indicate that the improved fishing gear significantly reduces the energy consumption and increases the amount of fishing scallops, which have good prospects in application.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Underwater structures
Controlled terms:Energy conservation - Energy utilization - Experiments - Fisheries - Fishing (oil wells) - Gears - Marine biology - Molluscs - Sediments - Shellfish  - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Application effect - Breakage rates - Contrast tests - Fishing effects - Fishing gears - Main gear crutch sled - Patinopecten yessoensis - Pedestal car
Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 601.2 Machine Components - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 512.1.2 Petroleum Deposits : Development Operations - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 472 Ocean Engineering - 471.5 Sea as Source of Minerals and Food - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 461.9 Biology - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20132916508765
Title:Physical and chemical stabilities of O/W emulsions containing conjugated linoleic acid
Authors:Xu, Qiong (1); Yao, Xiaolin (1); Wang, Nana (1); Tian, Dazhi (1); Fang, Yapeng (1); Phillips, Glyn O. (1); Nishinari, Katsuyoshi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
Corresponding author:Fang, Y.(fangyp@mail.hbut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:270-277
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is one of the unsaturated fatty acids that have multiple bioactivities. It is liable to oxidation, particularly when exposed to light, heat and oxygen. Encapsulation of CLA in O/W emulsions stabilized by hydrocolloids could improve the oxidative stability of CLA, and could extend its applications in foods. This paper investigated the physical and chemical stabilities of O/W emulsions prepared with two CLAs of different viscosities and stabilized with modified gum arabic EM2. The O/W emulsions consisted of 15% CLA and 5%-25% EM2, and were prepared by pre-homogenization using a high-speed blender followed by one pass through a high-pressure homogenizer at 75 Mpa. The physical stability of CLA emulsions was evaluated by measuring the change of particle size and size distribution during storage at room temperature (25&deg;C) and at an elevated temperature (60&deg;C), whilst the chemical stability was characterized by the formation of lipid oxidation products. The concentration of primary lipid oxidation products was measured using the peroxide value (PV) method and the concentration of secondary oxidation products measured using the anisidine value (AV) assay. The results show that higher EM2 concentrations lead to finer and more homogenous emulsions. CLA oxidative stability is dependent on the physical stability of emulsions. For the CLA with lower viscosity, at all EM2 concentrations investigated, the emulsions show good physical stability with no significant changes in particle size distribution within seven days both at 25&deg;C and 60&deg;C. The oxidative stability correlates positively with EM2 concentration. For the other CLA with higher viscosity, excessive concentration of EM2 could reduce physical stability and thus decrease oxidative stability of CLA emulsions. 5% EM2 was found to be the optimal concentration stabilizing CLA emulsions. The reduced physical stability of CLA emulsions at higher EM2 concentrations could be due to the depletion force effect caused by the excess of free EM2 molecules. The reduced oxidative stability could also be attributed to the higher concentrations of intrinsic prooxidative metals, i. e. iron and possibly hydroperoxides as well, contained in EM2 solutions of higher concentrations.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Linoleic acid
Controlled terms:Blending - Chemical stability - Emulsions - Fatty acids - Oxidation - Oxidation resistance - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Physical properties - Stability  - Unsaturated fatty acids - Viscosity
Uncontrolled terms:Change of particle-size - Conjugated linoleic acid - Elevated temperature - High-pressure homogenizers - Optimal concentration - Oxidative stability - Physical stability - Secondary oxidation products
Classification code:961 Systems Science - 951 Materials Science - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 801 Chemistry - 521 Fuel Combustion and Flame Research
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20132916508766
Title:Production and quality analysis of Tibetan kefir milk slice
Authors:Yuan, Yilin (1); Mei, Jun (1); Peng, Yong (1); Wang, Bangquan (1); Li, Yunfei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (2) Bor Luh Food Safety Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Corresponding author:Li, Y.(yfli@sjtu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:278-285
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to produce a new type of tablet dairy food, Tibetan kefir was chosen as the research object to conduct the investigation. Tibetan kefir was cultured in fresh milk at 28 in an amount of 15 (g/mL) for backup, and the fresh milk is replaced every 24 h. An orthogonal experiment was conducted to optimize the formula of Tibetan kefir milk tablet based on 12 trained sensory evaluations' score. The optimal ratio was 10% skimmed Tibetan kefir lyophilized powder (Tibetan kefir was cultured at skimmed milk at 28&deg;C for 24 h, filtering out the Tibetan kefir, pouring the fermented liquid into several Petri dishes, which did not exceed the 2/3 height of the Petri dish. Petri dish are frozen at -60&deg;C for 3-4 h, then vacuum freeze drying them at 20 Pa vacuum degree for 24 h until the temperature of clapboard and the sample are the same, crush them for backup), 40% whole milk power, 14% sugar, 2.5% magnesium stearate, 2.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) and 31% skimmed milk powder. Based on the data detected by an electronic nose, the figures of linear discrimination analysis (LDA) were drawn and the flavor differences between skimmed and whole Tibetan kefir milk slice were shown objectively. It showed that the electronic nose can be used to differentiate and evaluate the whole milk Tibetan kefir milk tablet and the skimmed Tibetan kefir milk tablet, but cannot evaluate the different kind of skimmed Tibetan kefir tablet, which provides a reference for detection of the Tibetan kefir by electronic nose directly in the future. Using GB 4789.35 - 2010 as the method to count the number of the three kind of lactic acid bacteria in Tibetan kefir milk tablet, the sorting of the three kind of lactic acid bacteria's quantity in the optimal sensory Tibetan kefir milk tablet is Lactobacillus &gt; Bifidobacterium &gt; Streptococcus thermophilus. The total number of initial lactic acid bacteria in Tibetan kefir is 9.26 on the numerical, after 120 d preservation at 4&deg;C, then the total number of lactic acid bacteria in Tibetan kefir decreased to 7.41 on the numerical, which is satisfied to the market requirement. It does not need a special storage environment, and the appropriate cryopreservation can guarantee the strain energy for a long period. In addition, the structure and the distribution of strains of Tibetan kefir and skimmed Tibet kefir milk tablet were compared by SEM. Bacillus accounted for the vast majority of the Tibetan kefir strains, the Bacillus in the Tibetan kefir tablet showed aggregation morphology. Considering the cost and quality, we believed that the Tibetan kefir milk tablet should have strong production feasibility and wide applications in food market.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Fermented milk
Controlled terms:Bacteria - Bacteriology - Commerce - Digital storage - Filtration - Lactic acid - Magnesium powder - Optimization - Processing - Quality control  - Scanning electron microscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Aggregation morphology - Electronic NOSE - Linear discrimination analysis - Orthogonal experiment - Scanning Electron Microscope - Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose - Streptococcus thermophilus - Tibetans
Classification code:913.4 Manufacturing - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 822.3 Food Products - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 542.2 Magnesium and Alloys - 461.9 Biology - 741.1 Light/Optics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20132916508752
Title:Suitable substrates to improve efficiency of biological aerated filter for greenhouse turtle breeding wastewater treatment
Authors:Chen, Chongjun (1); Zhang, Rui (1); Wang, Liang (1); Wu, Weixiang (1); Chen, Yingxu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (2) School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; (3) Academy of Water Science and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (4) Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Non-point Source Pollution Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
Corresponding author:Wu, W.(weixiang@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:173-179
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The greenhouse turtle breeding wastewater contains high concentration of nitrogen and phosphorous. Its unordered discharge has seriously affected the quality and safety of daily and production water supply of the surrounding residents. The greenhouse turtle breeding wastewater has become one of the main pollution sources in the rural area of the Yangtze River Delta, especially in the compact district of turtle aquaculture. In order to provide some experiences for the practical application in a turtle aquaculture farm, the experiment would explore the feasibility of a biological aerated filter (BAF) for greenhouse turtle breeding wastewater treatment, and select a suitable substrate for the BAF. In this paper, we have investigated three types of substrates filling in the BAF, i. e. clinoptilolite, bio-ceramic and gravel, in terms of their capacity of adsorbing the nitrogen and phosphorous in the greenhouse turtle breeding wastewater, and the performance of purifying wastewater. The results have showed that the nitrogen adsorption capacities in the three substrates are similar in the range of 0.469-0.563 mg/g, but that the phosphorous adsorption capacity greatly varies from 0.003 to 0.114 mg/g with the best one from the clinoptilolite. A pilot scale of BAF for greenhouse turtle breeding wastewater treatment was built in one of the typical greenhouse turtle aquaculture farms in the Yangtze River Delta. After 122 days running in the BAF with different influent concentration, the results showed that the BAF with clinoptilolite, bio-ceramic and gravel substrate have good removal efficiency for COD, NH<inf>4</inf>-N, TN, TP and so on. The result of pilot engineering has showed that average COD, NH<inf>4</inf>-N, TN and TP removal efficiencies of a biological aerated filter are 59.4%-61.1%, 93.2%-97.2%, 54.4%-71.1% and 62.7%-84.3%, respectively. The clinoptilolite filter excels in the removal of total nitrogen (TN) compared to the others, whereas the bio-ceramic and the gravel filters have the better removal capacity of total phosphorous (TP) than the clinoptilolite filter. In addition, the nitrogen and phosphorus removed from greenhouse turtle breeding wastewater by BAF was the combined result of substrate adsorption and microbial functions, which extended the useful life of substrate in BAF. In addition, the types of substrate have little influence on the pollutant removal efficiency of the BAF. Simultaneously, considering the cost and resource of substrate, the gravel substrate would be an ideal substrate of BAF for greenhouse turtle breeding wastewater treatment. However, the clinoptilolite substrate that has a higher nitrogen removal capability would be a suitable substrate for a greenhouse turtle aquaculture farm located in an environmental sensitive area. Therefore, our results suggest the high value of application and dissemination of biological aerated filter treatment in the greenhouse turtle breeding wastewater in China.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Substrates
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Barium compounds - Biofilters - Biological filter beds - Ceramic materials - Gravel - Greenhouses - Nitrogen - Phosphorus - Reclamation  - Removal - River pollution - Rural areas - Wastewater treatment - Water supply - Zeolites
Uncontrolled terms:Biological aerated filter - Biological aerated filters (BAF) - Breeding wastewaters - Clinoptilolites - Influent concentrations - Nitrogen adsorption capacities - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Pollutant removal efficiency
Classification code:821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 812.1 Ceramics - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 801 Chemistry - 483.2 Foundations - 461.8 Biotechnology - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 453 Water Pollution - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 446.1 Water Supply Systems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20132916508767
Title:China's food security and early-warning system based on vector autoregression (VAR) model
Authors:L&#252;, Xinye (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Economics and Management, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Corresponding author:L&#252;, X.(lvxinye@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:286-292
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Food safety pre-warning is the process including the application of the pre-warning theory and method, analysis and evaluation of relevant indicators reflecting food safety conditions, prediction of safety development and sounding the pre-warning. China's food safety pre-warning supply derived from the study of China's grain security early warning system, which can be divided into a traditional warning model and a modern warning model. The traditional model is mainly based on the predictions of the trend of the grain production growth rate, predictions of grain supply and demand, predictions of grain staff indexes, predictions of grain fluctuation cycle, and predictions of prosperity. Based on China's per capita production and consumption of grain, eggs, meat, aquaculture products, and the price indexes of these four types of products from 1980 to 2011, this study establishes the index for China's food safety early-warning system. The Vector Autoregression Model (VAR) is used to predict China's food safety indicators, and the Principal Component statistical method is used to synthesize the aggregated food safety index, and China's food safety in 2012 and 2013 are projected. Specifically, this study first predicts the food safety indicators by VAR, then synthesize all indicators to an aggregated food safety index using the Principal Component statistical method. The results of this study show that the aggregated indexes of China's food safety of 2012 and 2013 are 62 and 74, respectively. Compared with the real data of 2011, it shows that the prediction error of this model is only 4.2%, which means this model has a high projection precision and can be used for the projection of China's future food security. The results of this study also show that China will have a moderate level of concern on its food safety in 2012-2013. In recent years, due to the straining support posed by acceleration of urbanization, shrinking lands, serious contradiction between industrial and agricultural water, lack of investment in water conservancy, and the policy of returning the grain plots to forestry, although we have achieved 8-year grain production harvests consecutively, the depleting resources exacerbated the risk of future food safety, coupled with an upgrading food consumption structure, which has made the food safety situation quite tense.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Food safety
Controlled terms:Aggregates - Economics - Food supply - Forecasting - Grain (agricultural product) - Models - Principal component analysis - Regression analysis - Value engineering - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Analysis and evaluation - Early warning - Early warning systems - Per capita production - Principal Components - Safety development - Vector autoregression models - Vector autoregressions
Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 911.5 Value Engineering - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 971 Social Sciences - 461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 444 Water Resources - 406 Highway Engineering - 404.2 Civil Defense - 446 Waterworks
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20132916508761
Title:Decreasing crack additional percentage and improving yield in preparation of germinated brown rice with cyclic moisture conditioning treatment
Authors:Zhang, Qiang (1); Zheng, Xianzhe (1); Jia, Fuguo (1); Zuo, Yanjun (1); Wang, Aifang (1); Wang, Jitai (1); Han, Yanlong (1); Liu, Yang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
Corresponding author:Jia, F.(jfg204@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:241-247
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Compared with the polished rice and brown rice, germinated brown rice is rich in &gamma;-aminobutyric acid. Germinated brown rice prepared by the traditional soaking treatment has the problem that crack percentage is extremely high, resulting in lower-quality germinated brown rice. Therefore, research to improve the quality of the germinated brown rice is necessary. Based on the use of moisture conditioning technology to improve the quality of brown rice, this study proposes a new method for the preparation of germinated brown rice. According to the principle of natural moisture absorption and germination of the rice seeds in the soil, germinated brown rice is prepared by gradually increasing the moisture content, until the moisture content is suitable for germination. The experiment of moisture conditioning for brown rice was carried out in a self-made test bed. Spray humidification was carried out according to certain amount of single humidification. Sealing was carried out at a certain temperature in accordance with a pre-set time interval. The brown rice after repeated moisture conditioning treatment was taken and placed under certain temperature and humidity conditions for germination. A central composite rotatable orthogonal experimental design of response surface methodology was employed. The influences of the three parameters, including the amount of moisture added, the interval time, and the temperature, on the crack additional percentage and germinated brown rice yield in repeated moisture conditioning treatment were investigated. Mathematical models for the influences of various parameters on the crack additional percentage and germinated brown rice yield were established. The test data were processed in Excel and Design Expert. Experimental results showed that the parameters of repeated moisture conditioning treatment had significant impacts on the crack additional percentage and germinated brown rice yield. The optimum parameters are added moisture in the range 1.2%-1.6%, interval time 45-75 min, and temperature 30&deg;C. The crack additional percentage of germinated brown rice using the repeated moisture conditioning treatment is 20%-70% lower than that using the traditional soaking treatment. The yield of germinated brown rice using the repeated moisture conditioning treatment is 1%-16% higher than that using the traditional soaking treatment. The decrease of crack additional percentage and the increase of germinated brown rice yield are of great significance for improving the quality of the germinated brown rice. The research results can provide a reference basis for the preparation of germinated brown rice in industrial production by using the technology described in this paper.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Moisture
Controlled terms:Amino acids - Cracks - Cultivation - Equipment testing - Industrial research - Mathematical models - Moisture determination - Optimization - Seed - Technology  - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Germinated brown rice - Industrial production - Moisture conditioning - Optimum parameters - Orthogonal experimental design - Response surface methodology - Spray humidification - Temperature and humidities
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 901.3 Engineering Research - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901 Engineering Profession
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20132916508733
Title:Application of image registration technology in apple harvest robot
Authors:Zhou, Wei (1); Feng, Juan (1); Liu, Gang (1); Ma, Xiaodan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory for Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) College of Information Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
Corresponding author:Liu, G.(pac@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:20-26
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To reduce the effect of natural light, this paper provides a novel apple harvest robot vision system, which integrates a new technique that combines a color-camera system with a PMD-camera. A registration method of color-camera and the PMD-camera is presented to find precise corresponding color pixel information with range distance data from the PMD-camera. The registration algorithm used in the article has the following steps: feature extraction, feature matching, coordinates transformation and interpolation, and feature extraction and feature matching are the key technologies of all. Firstly, as large portions of corners in multi-source images have high correlation, Harris corner detection based on differential operation and autocorrelation matrix was chosen as the method of extracting image features. Secondly, the Normalized Correlation Coefficient (NCC) algorithm was used to realize many-many matching relationships between color images and PMD images, which is a pre-alignment stage. NCC relies on gray information around the corner and has good ability to noise. Thirdly, combined with the information of corners around corresponding points, the refinement stage is completed by way of calculating the support strength of its neighbor points. Finally, the article gets the final registration image after affine transformation and bilinear interpolation. Fifty groups of apple tree pictures that were taken in a natural scene are used to verify the algorithm, including 28 groups of pictures in front lighting and 22 groups of pictures in backlighting. What's more, statistical results of contrast test with different algorithm used in previous articles is obtained, in which each dataset shows minimum, mean, and standard deviation values of matching rate. The experimental result shows that, the algorithm used in this paper is obvious better than previous articles. The matching rate reaches 85.75% in front lighting condition and 79.57% in backlighting condition, which can meet the requirements for accurate image registration. As the matching rate doesn't perform as well as expected, error sources is briefly analyzed. A region of interest (ROI) with a PVC pipe frame is suggested to simplify image registration. The registration algorithm lays a foundation for the later work of multi-source image fusion. Moreover, visual perception or feature extraction can be improved by the combination of two images from different cameras of a scene.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Image matching
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Cameras - Color - Color matching - Computer vision - Feature extraction - Fruits - Image fusion - Image processing - Image registration  - Interpolation - Lighting - Polyvinyl chlorides - Robots - Statistical tests - Trees (mathematics)
Uncontrolled terms:Affine transformations - Bilinear interpolation - Coordinates transformation - Differential operation - Harris corner detection - Normalized correlation coefficient - Pmd cameras - Registration algorithms
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 801 Chemistry - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 741.1 Light/Optics - 731.5 Robotics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 707 Illuminating Engineering - 741.2 Vision
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20132916508763
Title:Discriminating fermentation degree of Pu'er tea based on NIR spectroscopy and artificial neural network
Authors:Ning, Jingming (1); Wan, Xiaochun (1); Zhang, Zhengzhu (1); Mao, Xiaowen (1); Zeng, Xinsheng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant and Product Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (2) Menghai Tea Co. Ltd, Menghai 666200, China
Corresponding author:Ning, J.(ningjm@ahau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:255-260
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to get a rapid estimation on the fermentation degree of Pu'er tea in processing, the method of Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was first established in this study. Pu'er tea is a special tea that was processed in China only, and was favored by consumers at home and abroad with its bacteriostatic effect and its removal of grease, detoxification and other effects. Fermentation is the most critical process. The degree which is good or bad of fermentation affects the last quality of Pu'er tea directly. Fermentation is high, the beverage color may be red brown, and taste is weak. If fermentation is light, the taste is bitter and astringent, with brown leaves rather than green. Fermentation moderately can form the Pu'er ripe tea character, which is brown and red, thick in shape, and with a bright red color and mellow taste. Now, the quality of Pu'er tea on fermentation control is more dependent on sensory discrimination, there is a lack of an objective quantitative basis, which affects the stable quality of Pu'er tea. Use of different technical personnel to grasp the standard difference is very common. Because of the lack of stability of the sensory discrimination method, it is the key technical problem as to how to judge the fast and accurate fermentation degree of Pu'er tea, which affects standardization of production. Near infrared spectral analysis technology combined with a pattern recognition method has been used for the identification of the quality in wine, food, fruits, vegetables, Chinese chestnuts etc. Components analysis of tea and agricultural products has been received successfully. In this experiment, three different fermentation degrees of Pu'er tea, mild fermentation, moderate fermentation, and excessive fermentation respectively, were used as experimental targets. The original spectra data collected from the samples were firstly preprocessed by the Standard Normal Variate (SNV) method, in order to reduce the influence of the different particles of tea to the spectroscopy. The identification model for the Pu'er tea fermentation degree was constructed by the Artificial Neural Network recognition mode. In the process of model establishment, the best number of principal component factors (PCs) was optimized by a cross-validation method. The experimental results indicated that the optimum result could be obtained by an Artificial Neural Network model when the principal component factors were 9.Together, the relative discrimination rates of the Artificial Neural Network model were 98.9% and 97.8% in the training and prediction sets, respectively. The overall results proved that it was feasible to estimate Pu'er tea fermentation quality by Near Infrared spectroscopy combined with an Artificial Neural Network. The estimation results have higher veracity, and the correct rate of this estimation model was better than the sensor evaluation.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Fermentation
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Detoxification - Estimation - Infrared devices - Near infrared spectroscopy - Neural networks - Principal component analysis - Quality control - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial neural network models - Cross-validation methods - Fermentation qualities - Near infrared spectral - Neural network recognition - Number of principal components - Pattern recognition method - Standard normal variates
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20132916508747
Title:Yield estimation model of single tree of Fuji apples based on bilateral image identification
Authors:Qian, Jianping (1); Li, Ming (1); Yang, Xinting (1); Wu, Baoguo (1); Zhang, Yong (3); Wang, Yan'an (3)
Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (2) College of Information, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (3) College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
Corresponding author:Yang, X.(yangxt@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:132-138
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Apples yield estimation with a common digital camera to get mature fruits, has the advantages of low lost, simple operation and other characteristics. Key to the estimation is the establishment of an estimation model. In this paper, 80 images from 40 Fuji trees were acquired from the southeast and northwest directions using a Cannon G7 camera. By fruit feature extraction, 4 parameters were identified, which were identification patch number from southeast direction (parameter 1), identification patch number from northwest direction (parameter 2), patch pixels area from southeast direction (parameter 3) and patch pixels area from northwest direction (parameter 4). A total of 6 parameters, including the above-mention 4 parameters along with the sum of patch number from two directions (parameter 5) and the sum of patch pixels area from two directions (parameter 6) acted as independent variables and single tree yield information acted as the dependent variable. With 20 fruit trees used as the modeling data set, the linear regression model was constructed based on the independent variables and dependent variable. The results showed that the yield estimation model with parameter 5 had the best effects with the highest R² of 0.81 and the lowest NRMSE (Normal Root Mean Squared Error) value of 0.43. Further, additional 20 fruit trees were verified using the yield estimation model with parameter 5. The estimation result was good with a NRMSE value of 0.59, but there were also fluctuations between estimation yield and actual yield. In the verified 20 fruit trees, there were 10 trees whose estimated yield was higher than the actual yield, and the deviation value of No. 2 tree was maximum of 14.02. There were also 10 trees whose estimated yield was lower than the actual yield, and the deviation value of No. 30 was maximum of 17.79. The reason of estimation errors was discussed. Later studies should focus on improving mature apple recognition rates in conditions of backlighting and weak light, and solve the error recognition in conditions of single apple occlusion and multi apples overlapping. The research will help improve recognition effects and then improve model estimation effects.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Identification (control systems)
Controlled terms:Estimation - Feature extraction - Forestry - Fruits - Image understanding - Linear regression - Models - Orchards - Pixels
Uncontrolled terms:Dependent variables - Estimation results - Fuji apple - Image identification - Independent variables - Linear regression models - Root mean squared errors - Yield estimation
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 723.5 Computer Applications - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 731.1 Control Systems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20132916508735
Title:Ideal thermodynamic cycle analysis of free piston engine based on expansion ratio
Authors:Yin, Ningxia (1); Chang, Siqin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (2) Engineering College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
Corresponding author:Chang, S.(changsq@mail.njust.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:37-43
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:One of the major alternatives of the Otto engine has been examined to determine its potential for increased thermal efficiency in the spark ignited combustion engine is to lengthen the expansion process relative to the compression process. The modified Otto engine is called a free piston engine. Free piston engines received more attention among researchers in the recent past as a promising technology for a hybrid electric vehicle, and the potential advantages of the free piston engine are including a variable compression ratio and expansion ratio, possible multi-fuel operation, small friction and so on. In order to compare the thermal efficiency of the free piston engine and the Otto engine, the ideal thermodynamic cycle models of the four-stroke free piston engine developed based on the supercharged theory of Atkinson cycle and the conventional four-stroke engine based on Otto cycle in the paper. For the ideal thermodynamic cycle, the compression and power processes are adiabatic and reversible, and the heat transfer may be ignored. The length of the compression stroke and that of the expansion stroke are equal in the Otto cycle engine, while it is a very different situation in the free piston engine. For the piston is being connected by the linear electric generator not the crankshaft, thus the Atkinson cycle can be easily realized by changing the level of current. In other words, the expansion stoke of the free piston engine can be lengthened with the compression stroke unchanged. Furthermore, the 462 engine is taken as the computing object of the Otto cycle and Atkinson cycle, the calculation using gasoline as fuel on the both cycles. Under the condition of a stoichiometric air fuel ratio and the effective compression ratio being kept to a precondition, that is the compression ratio is 7, 8, 9, the expansion temperature, pressure, and the thermal efficiency are calculated respectively. The simulated curves show that the expansion temperature decreases with increasing expansion ratio while the compression process is unaltered. The expansion temperature of a free piston engine can be decreased 500k more than the Otto cycle engine through high expansion with the same speed and compression ratio, so the automobile gas emission decreases along with the expansion temperature reduction. Sensitivity analysis of the cycle efficiency of a free piston engine versus the Otto cycle engine was also performed. The results show that, other things being held constant, the efficiency can be improved by at least 10% under an appropriately high expansion ratio. Compared to a conventional Otto cycle engine, the free piston engine has a greater work output and a higher thermal efficiency than the Otto cycle engine at the same operating condition. In addition, the concept of expansion limit is also given, and the expansion ratio is optimized through numerical simulation. For an ideal thermodynamic cycle, all the processes are considered reversible, and heat losses do not occur, either with an Otto cycle or with an Atkinson cycle. However, in the cycle of a real engine, the situation is different, for the combustion process is not adiabatic, and there are heat losses. However, our present experiment shows that the power generation efficiency of a four-stroke engine can reach more than 30%, which is much higher than the efficiency of a two-stroke free piston engine reported abroad.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Exhaust systems (engine)
Controlled terms:Automobile engines - Compression ratio (machinery) - Crankshafts - Efficiency - Electric generators - Expansion - Free piston engines - Fuels - Heat losses - Hybrid vehicles  - Numerical analysis - Otto cycle - Temperature - Thermodynamics
Uncontrolled terms:Expansion ratio - Power generation efficiency - Spark ignited combustion - Stoichiometric air fuel ratio - Temperature decrease - Temperature reduction - Thermodynamic cycle analysis - Variable compression ratio
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 913.1 Production Engineering - 705.2 Electric Generators - 661.1 Automotive Engines - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 612 Engines - 601.2 Machine Components - 524 Solid Fuels - 523 Liquid Fuels - 522 Gas Fuels - 432 Highway Transportation
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20132916508750
Title:Numerical analysis on spreading laws of grassland fire based on fire dynamics simulator (FDS)
Authors:Xin, Zhe (1); Wang Shunxi (1); Yun, Feng (1); Guan, Qingyun (1); He, Yeneng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Weichai Power Co., Ltd., Weifang 261205, China
Corresponding author:Xin, Z.(xinzhecau@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:156-163
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Grassland is an important land resource in China. Grassland fire is one of the worst natural disasters which threaten the safety of herdsmen's lives and properties and ecological environment in the country. Due to vast territory, rich combustible and low rainfall of grassland, grassland fire has the features of suddenly happening, huge destruction and large influence area. As to organize fire suppression efficiently and reduce losses from fires, it has important significance to conduct the research on spreading laws of grassland fire under different influencing factors and on forecasting spreading trend of grassland fire duly. The researches on behaviors of grassland and forest fires at home and aboard are mainly based on field observation and laboratory experiments, several important factors being seized through those. Moreover according to laws of statistics and physics, corresponding mathematical models are developed lastly for estimating the properties of wildfires. Researches on spreading laws and models of grassland and forest fires are mainly focused on forest fires at present. Grassland fires are often analyzed on the basis of the existing models of forest fires. In more recent years, it has been adopted by researchers gradually to forecast behaviors of grassland and forest fires with computer simulation. FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) is the software of computational fluid dynamics to simulate fluid-flow in fires developed by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) in USA. Numerical approach has been developed by the software to solve Navier-Stokes equations of flow of low Mach number. Afterwards gas and process of heat transfer in fires have been calculated especially, through those the producing and move of gas in fires could be tracked and forecasted, so as to calculate the producing and spreading of fires. In the paper, the simplified model of grassland fire has been created for a practical pasture with FDS firstly. Correlation analysis has been conducted on the parameters that influence the calculation accuracy such as the setting of mesh density, height of computed field and size of computed field. Secondly, based on the results of correlation analysis, numerical calculation has been conducted on the spreading laws of grassland fire in the condition of different wind speed. Calculation results and experiment results of field have been compared, which proves the correctness of the fire model. Finally, three-dimensional numerical research has been conducted on the spreading laws of grassland fires in the conditions of different ambient temperature, different gradient and different water content of combustibles of the model; the influences of different factors on the spread of grassland fire have been analyzed and compared; laws of heat release rate, combustion rate of fires in different factors have been obtained. As a result, it provides the theoretical basis on formulation of effective measures to fire prevention and extinction timely.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Fires
Controlled terms:Behavioral research - Computational fluid dynamics - Computer simulation - Correlation methods - Deforestation - Experiments - Fire hazards - Fireproofing - Mathematical models - Navier Stokes equations
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation analysis - Different water contents - FDS - Fire dynamics simulator - Grassland - Heat Release Rate (HRR) - National Institute of Standards and Technology - Spreading laws
Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 921.2 Calculus - 921 Mathematics - 971 Social Sciences - 914.2 Fires and Fire Protection - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 723.5 Computer Applications - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20132916508751
Title:Determination and analysis on solar radiation of trapezoidal soil wall and soil surface in solar greenhouse
Authors:Zhang, Yahong (1); Bai, Qing (1); Feng, Meiqi (1); Sun, Linxin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (2) Ningxia Technology Development Strategy and Information Study Institution, Yinchuan 750001, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Y.(zhyhcau@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:164-172
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In a solar greenhouse, solar radiation is the only resource of energy, thus functioning as the essential prerequisite for balancing its energy. The wall and the ground are the major recipients of solar radiation as well as the major elements for preserving the energy. In Northern China, 95% of the greenhouses have soil walls; therefore, it is meaningful to study solar radiation in the greenhouses with soil walls. Radiation probes were used to study the law of solar radiation distribution on a trapezoidal soil back wall and ground. The actual solar radiation on the greenhouse wall and ground was measured by balancing the probes with the walls and grounds respectively. That is to say, the probes at the wall were set inclined, while horizontal at the ground. Then, solar radiation was determined at the inner back wall's upper, middle and lower parts, and also at the ground's northern and southern parts. The radiation on the wall surface was determined by setting inclined and horizontal probes, and then the two groups of figures were analyzed. The results showed that the solar radiation determined by the two methods was strikingly different: the radiation quantity determined by setting inclined probes was much higher than that of horizontal probes. The quantity determined by inclined method was the actual solar radiation the wall ground received. Under the condition of closed tuyere, the results showed that: 1) Wall: the daily average solar radiation intensity at the back wall increased successively at the upper, middle and lower parts. On clear days, the total radiation at the three parts was 5.74, 9.70, and 11.08 MJ/m² respectively, accounting for 21.6%, 36.6%, and 41.8% respectively of the total daily solar radiation. On cloudy days, the total radiation at the three parts were 0.99, 1.50, and 1.92 MJ/m² respectively, accounting for 22.5%, 34.0%, and 43.5% of the total daily solar radiation. 2) Ground: the total solar radiation in the southern part was always higher than that in northern part. On sunny days, the total radiation at the two parts was 11.00 and 6.74 MJ/m², accounting for 62.0% and 38.0% respectively of the total ground radiation. On cloudy days, the radiation at the two parts was 3.51 and 2.04 MJ/m², accounting for 63.2% and 36.8% respectively of the total ground radiation. 3) Wall and ground: the total solar radiation measured along the ground was higher than that measured along the wall. On sunny days, the mean wall radiation was 8.117 MJ/m² and the ground radiation averaged 8.280 MJ/m².Therefore, the ground radiation was slightly higher than the wall radiation, but the difference was not so obvious on sunny days. on cloudy days, the total solar radiation fluxes to the wall and ground were 0.984 and 2.068 MJ/m² respectively. The ground radiation was always higher than wall radiation on cloudy days. In summary, the study is both significant for optimizing the structure of a trapezoidal soil wall and meaningful for further discussing the thermal environment of the greenhouse.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Sun
Controlled terms:Greenhouses - Probes - Soils - Solar heating - Solar radiation
Uncontrolled terms:Daily solar radiations - Radiation quantity - Soil surfaces - Solar radiation distribution - Solar radiation intensity - Solar-radiation fluxes - Thermal environment - Walls
Classification code:943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 657.2 Extraterrestrial Physics and Stellar Phenomena - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20132916508745
Title:Comparison analysis on land cover area estimators: confusion matrix calibration and regression
Authors:Li, Yizhan (1); Pan, Yaozhong (1); Zhu, Xiufang (1); Li, Yuting (1); Gu, Jianyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (2) College of Resources Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (3) Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Ministry of Civil Affairs and Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, X.(xiufang.zhu@gmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:115-123
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Remote sensing can provide timely, economic and objective data with a large scope, and thus has become the main data source for land cover/use area estimation. However, the classification result cannot be directly used to calculate the area of a given land cover type because of the commission and omission errors. Confusion matrix calibration (direct estimator and inverse estimator) and regression (ratio estimator and simple regression estimator) are two commonly used approaches by which one can estimate the accurate area of a given land cover type from a classification map. However, their applied conditions and relative efficiency are unclear. The two approaches (including four specific estimators) were compared with a simple expansion estimator, which is regarded as the basic estimator in a comparison process, by using the same simulated images under a unified sampling scheme. The main purpose is to explore the accuracy and stability of each estimator in different overall classification accuracy and sampling ratios. The simulated images were produced by adding different amounts of errors into the classification map of real remote sensing data. These errors fall into two categories. One is the errors within patches, which result from the similarity of spectral information. The other is the errors located around the boundary of different land cover types, because of the misclassification of mixed pixels. According to the distribution rule of remote sensing classification error and heterogeneity, we calculated the error possibility for each pixel, and then altered the class label of error pixels. There were four different images we simulated by a procedure of IDL 7.0 to represent various overall accuracy levels of classification in practical cases. Then, two evaluation criteria were adopted, with average absolute relative bias, indicating the accuracy of estimation, and coefficient of variance, representing the stability of estimation. The results suggest that: (1) Confusion matrix calibration and regression can provide more accurate and stable estimates than simple expansion estimator does, which means that the simulated images, also the remote sensing classification map in practical cases, play an positive role in estimation, especially in improving the stability degree. (2) In the experiments with different overall classification accuracy and sampling ratio, the two evaluation criteria value of simple regression estimator and ratio estimator are extremely close, and they all show higher accuracy and stability compared with confusion matrix calibration methods, which indicates that regression methods have more advantages to some degree. In addition, confusion matrix calibration methods are more sensitive to classification accuracy than that of regression methods. The reason is that confusion matrix calibration methods are interested in not only the amount of pixels which are classified correctly, but also the land cover type which one error pixel falls into. Regression methods use the information from sampling units more comprehensively, and the relationship between samples and auxiliary data stands for the general connection between ground truth and remote sensing classification, and also reduces the influence of an individual sample. (3) When the overall accuracy of classification is low (&le60%), estimates from the inverse estimator are similar to or even worse than the simple expansion estimator. Therefore, an inverse estimator should not be used under this condition.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Estimation
Controlled terms:Calibration - Errors - Image resolution - Land use - Pixels - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Stability criteria
Uncontrolled terms:Area - Classification accuracy - Classification results - Coefficient of variance - Confusion matrices - Regression estimators - Remote sensing classification - Spectral information
Classification code:944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 961 Systems Science - 921 Mathematics - 742 Cameras and Photography - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 731.1 Control Systems - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 742.2 Photographic Equipment
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20132916508741
Title:Comparison of methods for calculating farmland drainage modulus
Authors:Luo, Wenbing (1); Wang, Xiugui (1); Luo, Qiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Corresponding author:Wang, X.(wangxg@whu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:85-91
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The correct calculation of drainage modulus is of important practical significance for the determination of the suitable scale of water logging control projects. Taking the Luoshan drainage area in Four-lake Watershed in Hubei Province as an example, based on the runoff generation characteristics of underlying surfaces in the drainage area, the drainage area was classified into 4 kinds of underlying surfaces, i. e. the paddy field, the arid land (including wasteland), the water surface, and the building plot. Then the runoff of different underlying surfaces was calculated respectively. Drainage moduli under different water logging control standards were calculated with the empirical formula and average draining method respectively. Then the relationship between days of drainage for water logging control, drainage moduli and return periods derived from both calculation methods was analyzed. Results showed that the corresponding days of drainage for water logging control calculated by the empirical formula were 3.5 days. When drainage moduli calculated by the empirical formula were less than that by the average draining method, days of drainage for water logging control were less than 3.5 days in the drainage area. Then drainage moduli calculated by the average draining method were suggested to ensure the project safety. However, when drainage moduli calculated by the empirical formula were more than that by the average draining method, days of drainage for water logging control were more than 3.5 days in the drainage area. So drainage moduli calculated by the empirical formula were relatively safe. In addition, if drainage moduli were determined, the drainage standard checked with different methods was different. The design standards with return periods of 10 years and 20 years and the water logging discharge duration of three days derived from the average draining method were equivalent to design standards with return periods of 15 years and 33 years derived from the empirical formula under one-day rainstorm respectively. However, design standards with return periods of 10 years and 20 years and the water logging discharge duration of five days derived from the average draining method were equivalent to design standards with return periods of 4 years and 7 years derived from the empirical formula under three-day rainstorm, respectively. This research can be used as a reference for reasonable selection methods for calculating drainage modulus.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Standards
Controlled terms:Design - Drainage - Rain - Runoff - Storms
Uncontrolled terms:Average draining method - Control standards - Empirical formulas - Return periods - Water logging
Classification code:502 Mines and Quarry Equipment and Operations - 443.3 Precipitation - 442.1 Flood Control - 902.2 Codes and Standards - 442 Flood Control; Land Reclamation - 406 Highway Engineering - 401 Bridges and Tunnels - 408 Structural Design
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20132916508759
Title:Cultivated land quality change of Wuchuan county in Inner Mongolia under background of climate change in semi-arid regions during recent 20 years
Authors:Wang, Liwei (1); An, Pingli (1); Pan, Zhihua (1); He, Di (1); Dong, Zhiqiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (2) Key Laboratory for Agricultural Land Quality Monitoring and Control, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100193, China
Corresponding author:An, P.(anpl@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:224-231
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Cultivated land quality is a key factor of national economic and social sustainable development. The change of cultivated land quality with climate change has become one of the hot research areas in global change in recent years. Based on the meteorological data, soil information and field experimental data were used, utilizing the Wageninngen method recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to calculate the potential productivity of potato and spring wheat from 1989 to 2009 in Wuchuan County, Inner Mongolia, a typical semi-arid climate-sensitive area in North China. We examined the influence of climate change on production potential, the standard cropping system, and the yield. Further, by the method of regulations of Farmland classification, we used the data of potential productivity and land use to analyze the changes of natural quality grades and utilization grades under climate change. The results showed that: (1) The annual temperature of Wuchuan County increased at an average rate of 0.57&deg;C/10a during 1967-2009. The precipitation varied greatly among the years, and the annual precipitation declined slightly over time. The soil relative humidity in soil layers 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depth in crop growing season (April-September) in the period 1989-2009 had a decreasing trend with an average rate of 1.8%/a and 1.5%/a, respectively. Drought index increased noticeably. In conclusion, Wuchuan County was getting warmer and dryer under climate change. (2) Most of the cultivated lands were the dry lands in Wuchuan county (accounting for more than 90%), but the irrigated lands increased in recent years. The main crop in Wuchuan county was potatoes in 2009 instead of spring wheat in 1989. The planting area of potatoes increased from 8.4% to 39.8%, while spring wheat planting area decreasing from 52.1% to 17.1% in the period 1989-2009. (3) The production potential of the potatoes and spring wheat showed a declining trend under the dry warming climate in Wuchuan county. The production potential of potatoes decreased more obviously than spring wheat. Precipitation was the main factor affecting the production potential of potatoes and spring wheat. The natural quality grade index of dry land and irrigated land in the period 1989-2009 had an obviously decreasing trend with an average rate of 2.1/a and 0.5/a, respectively. The natural quality index of irrigated land was significantly higher than that of dry land. The dry land utilization grade index showed a descending trend, but the irrigated land utilization grade index showed a rising trend. The utilization grade index of the irrigated land was also significantly higher than that of the dry land, and the influence of climate change in the dry land was greater than in the irrigated land. However, the effect of land utilization by human activities in the irrigated land was greater. Therefore, as a comparative system between dry land quality and irrigated land quality, water is the major constraint to the cultivated land quality grade. This research can provide the scientific basis for formulation of the land-use system, protection and improvement of the quality of cultivated land under the background of climate change.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Climate change
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Cultivation - Land use - Meteorology - Productivity - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Annual precipitation - Annual temperatures - Cultivated land qualities - Experimental datum - Food and agriculture organizations - Meteorological data - Potential productivity - Quality grade
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 443 Meteorology - 451 Air Pollution - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.11.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.