2013年4月第29卷第7期

2013年4月第29卷第7期

Accession number:20132016328281
Title:Design of soil moisture sensor based on phase-frequency characteristics of RC networks
Authors:Cai, Kun (1); Yue, Xuejun (1); Hong, Tiansheng (1); Xu, Xing (1); Huang, Shuangping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Lab of Key Tech on Agricultural Machine and Equipment (South China Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) Division of Citrus Machinery, China Agriculture Research System, Guangzhou 510642, China; (3) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (4) Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia
Corresponding author:Yue, X.(yuexuejun@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:36-43
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Dielectric-based methods are widely used due to their non-destruction, efficiency and accuracy. The capacitance of the probe on the sensor is affected by the soil moisture. Therefore the mathematical model can be built between the capacitance of the sensor and the soil moisture. In this paper, a new soil water content sensor based on the phase-frequency characteristic of RC network is proposed. The sensor consists of four parts, that is a VHF oscillator, a phase-detecting circuit, a first-order RC low-pass circuit, and a probe. The VHF oscillator outputs a frequency-specified f* signal to drive the RC network, and the capacitor C of the first-order RC low-pass network is replaced by the capacitance of the probe of the sensor. Moreover, the changes of capacitance of the probe brought by the change of the soil moisture will cause a significant change in the phase-frequency response of the RC network. The AD8302 phase-detector is used to measure the change of the phase-frequency response of the RC network by converting the phase angle of the RC network to a voltage signal. Thus, the relationship between the soil moisture content and the output voltage signal can be built to estimate water content in soil. Compared with existing published works on the theoretical implementation which has low accuracy and sensitivity of the sensor, the proposed sensor is optimized by the following steps: 1) The measurement equivalent circuit model of the first-order RC low-pass circuit along with the input equivalent circuit of AD8302 is built; 2) The relationship between the output voltage signal of AD8302 with the phase-frequency response of the measurement equivalent circuit with a specified frequency f and the resistor R of RC network is derived; 3) Formulating the optimization problem by maximizing the integration of change of the output voltage of AD8302 in the entire predefined variation range of the capacitor C of the RC circuit, 1×10-12 F<C< 1×10-8 F, subjecting to f and R; 4) Solving the objective function by Genetic Algorithm (GA) to obtain the optimal f*=1.9412×108 Hz and R*=13.1 Ω, making the sensor achieve the highest sensitivity and accuracy of the measurement of the changes of C due to the variations of the water content in soil. Experiments on the sensor are divided in the following two steps. First, the sensor is calibrated in a series of tested solution with different equivalent soil gravimetric water content, and the gravimetric water content prediction model is built as y=-79133x3-18141x2-1418x 0.5926 with the coefficients of determination R2=0.9889. Second, the sensor is evaluated in the soil samples with different gravimetric water content. The maximum prediction and average errors are 4.58% and 1.63%, respectively.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Sensors
Controlled terms:Capacitance - Capacitors - Design - Equivalent circuits - Frequency response - Genetic algorithms - Mathematical models - Optimization - Oscillators (electronic) - Probes - Sensitivity analysis - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Voltage measurement
Uncontrolled terms:Equivalent circuit model - Objective functions - Optimization problems - Output voltage signals - Phase-frequency characteristics - RC networks - Soil moisture sensors - Water content in soil
Classification code:944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942.2 Electric Variables Measurements - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921 Mathematics - 801 Chemistry - 713.2 Oscillators - 704.1 Electric Components - 703.1 Electric Networks - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 408 Structural Design
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328291
Title:Remote sensing inversion of leaf area index based on support vector machine regression in winter wheat
Authors:Liang, Dong (1); Guan, Qingsong (1); Huang, Wenjiang (2); Huang, Linsheng (1); Yang, Guijun (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China; (2) Laboratory of Digital Earth Sciences, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China; (3) Beijing Agriculture Information Technology Research Center, Beijing 100097, China
Corresponding author:Huang, W.(yellowstar0618@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:117-123
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The method of inverting leaf area index (LAI) using a single vegetation index (VI) was influenced by different degrees of saturation and each index could contain in general two bands of information. This paper proposed the method of using support vector machine regression (SVR) for leaf area index inversion, which could use more band information as input parameters in order to improve LAI inversion accuracy. Using the winter wheat's actual spectra measurement and leaf area index data in the period of erecting stage, elongation stage and filling stage, we established a NDVI-LAI and RVI-LAI model with the statistical regression method respectively, and established regression prediction model using NDVI, RVI, as well as blue, green, red and near-infrared four-band data as input parameters with the support vector machine regression (SVR) method, namely the NDVI-SVR, RVI-SVR and NRGB-SVR model. The above five models used the corresponding period environment HJ-CCD data for validation respectively. The results showed that: the RMSE of 0.98, 0.97 with the prediction accuracy value of 59.2%, 59.3% was obtained using the NDVI-LAI and RVI-LAI regression model respectively, and the RMSE of 0.71, 0.83 with the prediction accuracy value of 70.4%, 67.1% was obtained using NDVI-SVR and RVI-SVR regression model respectively. With blue (B), green (G), red (R) and near infrared (NIR) bands as input parameters of support vector machine regression and prediction, the RMSE value is 0.39, the prediction accuracy value is 81.7%. Support vector machine regression (SVR) prediction has a better fitting effect, and can input more band information to improve the leaf area index remote sensing inversion accuracy which is suitable for winter wheat's multiple birth period.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Support vector machines
Controlled terms:Crops - Forecasting - Infrared devices - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Spectroscopic analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Inversion - Leaf Area Index - Regression predictions - Spectra measurements - Statistical regression method - Support vector machine regression (SVR) - Support vector machine regressions - Vegetation index
Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 801 Chemistry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328288
Title:Assessment of ecological change in soil loss area using remote sensing technology
Authors:Xu, Hanqiu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Soil Erosion and Disaster Protection, Fuzhou 350108, China; (2) College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (3) Institute of Remote Sensing Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
Corresponding author:Xu, H.(hxu@fzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:91-97
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Severe soil loss has caused ecological degradation for the global ecosystem, thus it is a major problem facing the world today. Timely and fast monitoring ecological changes in soil loss regions has become an increasing concern. This paper develops a remote sensing assessment method of soil erosion-induced changes in regional ecological quality based ecological index (RSEI). The proposed index combines four indicators from existing remote-sensing indices/components to represent greenness, dryness, wetness and heat, which are the important ecological indicators frequently used in assessing regional ecological status. The four remote-sensing indices/components are the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil index (SI), wetness component of the tasseled cap transformation (Wet), and land surface temperature (LST). The principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to compress the four indicators into one index - RSEI, in order to assess overall ecological status. The new index, RSEI, was thus constructed using the first component as it was proved to have effectively combined the most information of the four indicators. The application of the RSEI in Hetian basin area in Changting county of Fujian province, one of the most serious reddish soil erosion areas in southern China, showed that the RSEI can quantitatively assess the ecological effects of soil loss treatment in the area and easily detect spatial and temporal changes of the ecological quality through a time period from 1988 to 2010. The application utilized three Landsat TM images of 1988, 2004 and 2010. The four indicators (NDVI, SI, Wet and LST) of each year were retrieved from the images and then combined through the PCA transform to form the RSEIs for the study years. The RSEI-based analysis indicated that after a more than 20 years fight for soil loss in the area by the local people and government, the ecological quality of the area has been significantly improved. This is suggested by an increase in the mean RSEI value from 0.5 in 1988 to 0.59 in 2010, accompanied by a decrease in low level RSEI area from 66.1% to 47.7%, and an increase of high level RSEI area from 33.9% to 52.3% in this duration. Quantitative analysis reveals that the greenness indicator represented by NDVI contributes most to the RSEI change among the four indicators used for generating the index. This suggests that the biological restore of soil erosion areas by planting tree and grass is an effective way to soil-erosion treatment for Hetian basin.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Ecology
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Erosion - Principal component analysis - Remote sensing - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Changting - Ecological degradations - Ecological indicators - Land surface temperature - Normalized difference vegetation index - Remote sensing technology - Spatial and temporal changes - Tasseled cap transformation
Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 731.1 Control Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328290
Title:Rapid crops classification based on UAV low-altitude remote sensing
Authors:Tian, Zhenkun (1); Fu, Yingying (2); Liu, Suhong (3); Liu, Feng (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Basic Department of China Institute of Industrial Relations, Beijing 100048, China; (2) School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (3) School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (4) State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Corresponding author:Liu, S.(liush@bnu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:109-116
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) provides a new platform for the application of remote sensing with its advantages of high efficiency, high spatiotemporal resolution, low cost and risk. This paper designed an experiment to obtain the remote sensing data of winter wheat and corn by the ADC Air vegetation canopy camera carried on UAV platform in Shunyi district of Beijing from April 3, 2011 to November 13, 2011. In order to acquire remote sensing data of high quality, the UAV was arranged to fly every 7~10 days during the whole growing period of winter wheat and corn, and the total flight times amounted to 33. Based on these data the spectral characteristics of winter wheat were analyzed, and the NDVI statistical characteristic value of wheat, light soil and shadow soil was also computed. According to these work, this paper proposed an automatic classification algorithm to classify different crop objects in UAV remote sensing images. Specifically, the reflectance of green band and infrared band was compared to classify three kinds of objects roughly, and then NDVI was calculated for further classification. In this experiment, the NDVI threshold 0.7 was chosen to separate winter wheat from light soil, and 0.4 to separate light soil form shadow soil. As for corn, the NDVI threshold 0.5 was chosen to separate corn from light soil and 0.3 to separate light soil from shadow soil. This automatic classification algorithm attained the accuracy of 96.18% in winter wheat identification, and 90.14% in corn identification, which means the algorithm can get almost same accuracy as maximum likelihood classification, while it needs less time and artificial participation. The classification results show that, compared to other commonly used methods of the remote sensing image classification (maximum likelihood method, SVM method, ISODATA method etc.), this automatic classification method has higher accuracy and universality but lower time cost. This method would have an extensive application prospect in extracting the information of crop from mass data of UAV system.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Classification (of information) - Experiments - Image classification - Image reconstruction - Remote sensing - Separation - Soils - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic classification - Maximum likelihood classifications - Maximum likelihood methods - NDVI - Remote sensing image classification - Spatio-temporal resolution - Spectral characteristics - Statistical characteristics
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 731.1 Control Systems - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328300
Title:Pretreatment with composite microbe and NaOH to improve anaerobic performance of corn straw
Authors:Chen, Ling (1); Luo, Juan (1); Dong, Baocheng (1); Song, Chengjun (1); Wan, Xiaochun (1); Qi, Yue (1); Zhao, Lixin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agricultural Residues, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, L.(zhaolixin5092@yahoo.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:185-190
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Due to the existence of lignin in crop straws, the anaerobic digestion by only crop straw would be demonstrated as low in conversion and utilization efficiency. Lots of studies reported that the pretreatment of crop straws would destroy the combination of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, and enhance the anaerobic performance. To improve anaerobic performance, in this study, corn straws were pretreated by composite microbes and NaOH to investigate their effects on straw components, anaerobic digestion performance and production costs. Corn straws were pretreated by the addition of composite microbes and NaOH with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% (calculated by dry weight of corn straws), and retting for 3 days with a thermostat setting of (38±2°C). Then the samples of the treated and untreated corn straws were withdrawn to determined cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignose contents in dry matter. Then corn straws were inoculated with sludge (40% of sludge and 60% of treated corn straw in dry matter). Anaerobic digestion experiments were carried out in 30 days under temperature of 38±2°C, and the daily biogas yields were measured by the gas-collecting method of drainage water. A control with untreated corn straws was also done to compare the difference with treated ones. The experiments were set up in triplicate. The experiment results showed that corn straws' total contents of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignose were decreased. Compared with the control, the pretreatment method by 8% NaOH, 2% NaOH and 8% NaOH demonstrated better degradation effects for cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignose, and the maximum degradation rate were 33.5%, 38.7% and 23.1%, respectively. The reduction of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignose helped to improve the anaerobic digestion efficiencies. The anaerobic experiments revealed that the biogas yields and production efficiencies of corn straws after pretreatment were improved. Compared with the control, their biogas production for unit dry weight were elevated from 120.70 mL/g&middotTS to 334.76, 309.51, 333.57, 374.30 and 309.71 mL/g&middotTS, respectively. The NaOH pretreatment with 6% addition were demonstrated as giving the best result. The digestion times that were reached to 80% of the maximum gas production were 21, 24, 19, 18 and 26 d for pretreatment by composite microbes and NaOH with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%. However, the amount of biogas produced by the control in 30 days was only 32.25% of the maximum gas production. These results showed that the pretreatments increased the gas production rates. The pretreatment variational costs were calculated to analyze whether the methods were fit for popularization. The variational costs included the fees for both raw materials and pretreatment reagents. In this study, the prices of composite microbes, NaOH and corn straw were calculated as 4 yuan/kg, 25 yuan/kg and 150 yuan/t, respectively. The variational costs for addition of composite microbes and NaOH with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% are 0.72, 0.80, 0.98, 1.09 and 1.57 yuan/m3, respectively. Taking anaerobic digestion performances and pretreatment costs into consideration, the pretreatment method with composite microbe would be a more conducive way to popularize.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Cellulose
Controlled terms:Anaerobic digestion - Bacteria - Biogas - Costs - Crops - Degradation - Efficiency - Experiments - Lignin - Straw - Wastewater disposal
Uncontrolled terms:Degradation effect - Digestion efficiency - Digestion performance - NaOH pretreatment - NaOH treatment - Pretreatment methods - Production efficiency - Utilization efficiency
Classification code:913.1 Production Engineering - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 461.9 Biology - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016330300
Title:Optimization of agricultural products recall based on modified particle swarm algorithm
Authors:Li, Feng (1); Wu, Huarui (1); Zhu, Huaji (1); Zhu, Li (1); Li, Feifei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) China National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
Corresponding author:Wu, H.(wuhr@nercita.org.cs)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:238-245
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Agricultural products processing is the key node in food supply chain quality control and products recall is the last shelter to protect the safety of consumers. The potential recall can be reduced by optimization of batch dispersion in the production planning stage of agricultural product processing based on satisfying the processing process and the processing technology. In this paper, the recall optimization in agricultural products processing node was researched. For the recall optimization in agricultural products processing, a four-level batch dispersion model was given by reference the food batch dispersion model. The model consists of four levels, respectively raw materials, components, semi-finished products and finished products. The model has there operations, respectively disassembling, assembling and packaging. In each level, composed several batches belong to different types and batches have ID, type and size three properties. The optimization model of four-level model is given, and its computational complexity was analyzed. According to the batch dispersion model is a NP hard problem, difficulty to resolve, particle swarm optimization was referred to solve it. In the early stage of PSO evolution, the fast convergence can easily cause premature, but in the later stage, slow convergence can easily cause oscillations. A modified PSO based on piecewise threshold particle replacement strategy was proposed to solve this problem. The formal description and diagrammatic of particle replacement strategy based on piecewise threshold were given and the setting of the threshold was discussed. Because the optimization model has more constraints and most of them are linear constraints, the penalty functions were introduced to solve the linear equality and inequality constraints in the recall optimization model. Relevant example was used to verify MPSO, and performance was compared with similar intelligent optimization algorithms. Numerical simulation and performance comparison show that the algorithm is efficient and can reduce the potential recall sizes about 30% on the base of reducing computing overhead about 90%, which is applicable to the recall optimization of agricultural products processing.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Particle swarm optimization (PSO)
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Algorithms - Constraint theory - Dispersions - Food supply - Mathematical models - Optimization - Production control - Quality control - Supply chains
Uncontrolled terms:Batch - Inequality constraint - Intelligent optimization algorithm - Particle swarm algorithm - Performance comparison - Processing technologies - Recall - Semi-finished products
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921 Mathematics - 961 Systems Science - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 404.2 Civil Defense - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328299
Title:Biogas production characteristics of solid-state anaerobic co-digestion of banana stalks and manure
Authors:Tian, Meng (1); Liu, Xiaoling (1); Li, Shizhong (1); Liu, Jianshuang (1); Zhao, Yunfei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (2) Department of Urban Water Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Corresponding author:Li, S.(szli@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:177-184
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To investigate the characteristics of solid-state anaerobic co-digestion of banana stalks with swine manure or with cow manure, the effect of manure to banana stalks ratio on the biogas production potential was evaluated in a laboratory scale, which operated at mesophilic (35°C±1°C) and solid-state (20% total solids) conditions. The experimental results showed that cumulative biogas from the co-digestion mixture with 75% of manure increased 1.3 to 2.0 times compared with banana stalks alone. Adding manure could enhance the bioconversion of biogas, but the improved efficiency was different for the two kinds of manure. The anaerobic digestibility of the mixture (swine manure with banana stalks) was higher than that of the mixture (cow manure with banana stalks). The highest methane yield of 191 mL/g and the highest cumulative methane of 12.7 L were both achieved by the co-digestion mixture with 50% of swine manure, which respectively increased by 69% and 92% above that obtained from the co-digestion of cow manure with banana stalks. As for the highest biogas yield and the highest cumulative biogas, they were observed in the co-digestion mixture with 75% of swine manure and separately reached 365 mL/g and 23.9 L. These were about 18% and 32% higher than those of the mixture of cow manure with banana stalks, respectively. In addition, it was found that the two kinds of manure could enhance the degradation of cellulose and semi-cellulose in the mixture, and that their maximum degradation ratios could increase by 1.2 times and by 3.6 times respectively as compared with the digestion of banana stalks alone. The results of this paper will provide a reference for biogas projects of solid-state anaerobic co-digestion of banana stalks with manure.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Biogas - Cellulose - Fertilizers - Fruits - Manures - Methane - Mixtures - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic co-digestion - Biogas production - Biogas projects - Codigestion - Degradation ratios - Methane Yield - Swine manure - Total solids
Classification code:821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 522 Gas Fuels
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328284
Title:Stable carbon isotope discrimination on water use efficiency of field tomato under furrow irrigation
Authors:Wei, Zhenhua (1); Du, Taisheng (1); Zhang, Juan (1); Xu, Shujun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Du, T.(dutaisheng@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:58-65
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Carbon isotope discrimination value (Δ13C) was an integrative reflection to the rate of intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci) and air CO2 concentration (Ca) in a period, and Ci/Ca suggested a relative amount of photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (gs) corresponding to CO2 demand and supply respectively, and then Ci/Ca would change significantly and affect the water use efficiency (WUE) ultimately with the variation of Pn or gs, which had the same impact factor with stable carbon isotope composition in crops. Δ13C and carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) could characterize the WUE during the entire life period of crops. Furthermore, the measurement for δ13C of different parts in crops could reflect cumulative WUE at different time scales, thus overcoming the limit of any other methods that could just measure instantaneous WUE at a time scale only. Therefore, Δ13C could well reflect water use efficiency at yield level (WUEET), and be used to infer instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi) and intrinsic water use efficiency(WUEn) at leaf level, which was recognized as a reliable way to estimate the crop WUE at a long term. The current research on indicating the relationship between Δ13C of crop tissue and crop WUE were mainly focused on crops such as wheat, rice, sugar beet and maize under a water deficit, and less on tomatos under alternate partial root-zone furrow irrigation (AFI) and conventional furrow irrigation (CFI). In order to further investigate the water use mechanism on different parts of crops under different furrow irrigation, this research combined theoretical analysis with field experiments, integrating WUE research on different scales through carbon isotope's instruction on WUE, then analyzed the relationship between different parts of Δ13C in tomato with WUE at different scales to further explain the water use process and transferring rule in crop's different parts under partial root-zone irrigation. The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of Crop Efficient Water Use, Ministry of Agriculture in Wuwei city, Gansu province from May to September in 2011 and 2012 respectively. Leaf carbon isotope discrimination (ΔL), fruit carbon isotope discrimination (ΔF) values, and soil moisture, Pn, transpiration rate (Tr), gs, yield were measured and WUEi, WUEn, WUEET values were calculated. The results indicated that: ΔL, ΔF value was between 19.27&permil; and 20.25&permil;, 18.07&permil; and 20.04&permil; respectively under different furrow irrigation in the fruit maturation period in 2011 and 2012. The ΔL value was significantly greater than ΔF value, indicating leaf carbon isotope discrimination was more sensitive to the response on different irrigation methods and irrigation quotas than fruit carbon isotope discrimination. ΔL showed a negative relationship with WUEi and WUEn respectively. Furthermore, ΔL showed a better indicating capacity on WUEn than WUEi under different furrow irrigation in the fruit maturation period, ΔL was significantly negative related with WUEn (R = -0.977, P<0.01) under the alternate partial root-zone furrow irrigation. ΔF had a better negative correlation with yield than ΔL. ΔL and ΔF both showed a negative relationship with WUEET. ΔL showed more significant correlation with WUEET and WUEn under AFI than CFI, indicating that AFI could regulate the photosynthetic capacity and improve water use efficiency more effectively and better reflect ΔL indicating capacity on WUE at different levels. In conclusion, using different tomato tissue Δ13C values to indicate WUE at different levels has a certain feasibility under different furrow irrigation in the northwest inland arid region, and also the leaf and fruit Δ13C values measured during the period of maturity can be a quantitative indicator to characterize accumulative WUE at leaf and yield levels of field tomato under furrow irrigation.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Crops - Efficiency - Fruits - Isotopes - Research - Soil moisture - Sugar beets - Tissue - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Carbon isotope discrimination - Discrimination - Intrinsic water-use efficiencies - Partial root-zone irrigations - Photosynthetic capacity - Stable carbon isotope compositions - Tomato - Water use efficiency
Classification code:913.1 Production Engineering - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 444 Water Resources - 443 Meteorology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328283
Title:Study on near infrared reflectance sensor for high sediment concentration measurement
Authors:Lei, Tingwu (1); Zhang, Yiqing (1); Zhao, Jun (2); Yin, Zhe (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Science and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China
Corresponding author:Lei, T.(leitingwu@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:51-57
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The sediment concentration measurement is one important part in monitoring soil and water loss. The research on development of sediment measurement sensor is of a great significance for real-time measurement, especially for high sediment concentration. In order to achieve the measurement of high sediment concentration, the paper analyzed the optical reflection and absorption features of sediment-laden water to lights of different wave lengths, and developed the related measurement device based on a near-infrared sensor with 1800 nm (strong water reflection wave length) and 1940 nm (strong water absorption wave length). Laboratory experiments were conducted to calibrate the sensor with three different sediment types collected from Yellow River, Weihe River and Tianshui, and the relationship of sediment concentration with sensor's output was worked out. The results show that all the reflection intensity of two wave lengths near-infrared light increases with the sediment concentration. The sensor outputs are strongly and linearly correlated with sediment concentration when the sediment concentration is less than 300 kg/m3, and the coefficients of determination of the built linear model are greater than 0.9. In order to verify the accuracy of the model, the paper compares the measured sediment concentration with the model computed sediment concentration. The results show that both the regression coefficient close to 1, the relative error is less than 10%. It indicates that the sediment concentration which is computed by the linear model can be used as the measured values. The sensor is capable of measuring sediment concentrations from 1 to 300 kg/m3. When sediment concentration is greater than 10 kg/m3, the measurement accuracy is greater than 90%. The measurement accuracy of near-infrared sensor is also affected by other factors in stream flow, such as sediment types, dissolved NIR-absorbing matter and bubbles. The design of the sensor can meet the measured requirements of high sediment concentration in severe soil erosion area and has good adaptability. The near-infrared reflection sensor can be applied in real-time monitoring system and will be beneficial for the assessment of soil and water loss.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Sedimentation
Controlled terms:Calibration - Infrared detectors - Sedimentology - Sediments - Sensors - Soils - Stream flow - Water absorption
Uncontrolled terms:Laboratory experiments - Near infra-red reflectances - Near-infrared sensors - Optical reflection - Real time measurements - Real-time monitoring systems - Regression coefficient - Sediment concentration
Classification code:944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 801 Chemistry - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 481.1 Geology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328287
Title:Using water-retaining agent and mulch to improve growth and yield of potato under dry farming
Authors:Li, Qian (1); Liu, Jinghui (1); Zhang, Lei (1); Chen, Qin (2); Yu, Jian (3); Acharya, Surya N. (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Agricultural College, Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Hohhot 010019, China; (2) Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge Research Center, Lethbridge T1J4B1, Canada; (3) Water Resources Research Institute of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010020, China
Corresponding author:Liu, J.(cauljh@yahoo.com.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:83-90
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To explore drought resistant effects of water-retaining agent, straw mulch and plastic film mulch between lines on osmotic substances and plasmas membrane system and yield of potato under dry farming, potato variety 'Shepody' was used, and totally six treatments such as straw mulch, plastic film mulch between lines, control group, and combined with water-retaining agent were set in the field experiment. The results showed that the value of plasmas membrane permeability was larger at seedling stage, then decreased and increased again from tuber bulking stage. Contents of proline and malonaldehyde presented a gradual increment trend in different growth stages, but content of soluble sugar showed a single-peak curve change. Lower contents of osmotic regulation substances and plasmas membrane permeability were observed in the treatments of plastic mulch between lines combined with water-retaining agent, water-retaining agent, straw mulch, and straw mulch combined with water-retaining agent, all these treatments released drought stress efficiently. Potato growth anaphase, till starch accumulation stage, proline content, soluble sugar content, plasma membrane permeability and malondialdehyde content changes were relatively stable. Compared with control group, the four indexes of plastic mulch between lines combined with water-retaining agent treatment decreased by 15.57%, 6.90%, 42.79% and 17.69%, respectively. The four indexes of water-retaining agent treatment decreased by 2.31%, 5.17%, 10.62% and 8.04%, respectively, which of straw mulch treatment decreased by 28.45%, 3.45%, 51.63% and 25.58%, respectively, and 25.14%, 12.07%, 49.17% and 22.58%, respectively for straw mulch combined with water-retaining agent treatment. At potato mature stage, soil moisture content under straw mulch combined with water-retaining agent treatments changed stably, 0-20 cm soil moisture content under water-retaining agent treatment was higher than that without water-retention agent treatments. Straw mulch combined with water-retaining agent, plastic mulch between lines combined with water-retaining agent and water-retaining agent treatments increased yield and commodity tuber rate of potato significantly (P<0.05). In all, straw mulch treatment decreased drought stress mostly, straw mulch combined with water-retaining agent, plastic mulch between lines combined with water-retaining agent and water-retaining agent treatments relieved drought stress obviously, and promoted potato growth and development and yield effectively.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Water treatment
Controlled terms:Cell membranes - Drought - Moisture determination - Osmosis - Plants (botany) - Plasmas - Plastic films - Soil moisture - Tubes (components)
Uncontrolled terms:Mulch - Osmotic regulation - Plasma membrane permeability - Potato - Water-retaining agents
Classification code:932.3 Plasma Physics - 817.1 Polymer Products - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 444 Water Resources - 461.9 Biology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328282
Title:Fault diagnosis and protection for fuel injection of high-pressure common rail diesel engine
Authors:Huang, Xiao (1); Zhou, Wenhua (1); Zang, Runtao (1); Guo, Xiuqi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, W.(zhouwh999@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:44-50
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The high pressure common rail injection pressure has a great impact on the performance of the diesel engine; The fuel injection mass and engine emission depend greatly on the injection pressure control accuracy. In order to strengthen the reliability and accuracy of the rail pressure control, fuel injection pressure fault detection schemes were completed based on the research of the rail pressure sensor sampling process and a fuel injection pressure control algorithm, including the faults of rail pressure closed-loop control and the pressure limiting valve fault. The diagnostic function software and appropriate protection strategies were designed basing on the existing common rail electronic control unit with the Matlab/Simulink and RTW Embedded Coder toolsets. Based on the difference of target rail pressure and actual rail pressure, and output value of rail pressure close loop control, the positive and negative control failures were identified by a diagnostic function. The purpose of the pressure relief valve (PRV) monitoring is to detect the opening of the PRV, and to force it to open in cases where it did not open during too high rail pressure, or in cases where the fuel pressure sensor is broken. The diagnostic function software recognizes an opened PRV by tracing the pressure breakdown in the rail. If the pressure limiting valve opens under the normal operating state, the gradient of rail pressure is calculated by a diagnostic function, and appropriate failure was identified if the gradient exceeded the corresponding limit. If the pressure limiting valve does not open under high rail pressure, then diagnostic function would force the pressure limiting valve to open by increasing pump fuel, and the appropriate failures were identified if the pressure limiting valve was still closed. Finally, the diagnostic function software was tested in a diesel engine test rig; Test results showed that the diagnostic function software can effectively identify various fuel injection pressure failures, neither underreporting nor misstatements, and corresponding protection strategies can put the engine into a safe state, and improve the reliability of the injection pressure control.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Diesel engines
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Engines - Failure analysis - Fuel injection - Pressure - Pressure control - Pressure sensors - Software reliability - Software testing - Telecommunication networks
Uncontrolled terms:Common rail - Electronic control units - Fault detection schemes - Fault diagnosis and protection - High pressure common rail - High-pressure common rail diesel engines - Protection strategy - Rail pressure controls
Classification code:944.3 Pressure Measuring Instruments - 931.1 Mechanics - 921 Mathematics - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 723.5 Computer Applications - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 717 Optical Communication - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 612 Engines - 521 Fuel Combustion and Flame Research - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328285
Title:Forecast method of irrigation water use considering uncertain runoff
Authors:Tong, Fangfang (1); Guo, Ping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Guo, P.(guop@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:66-75
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:This study on runoff forecast and irrigation water use has important significance in optimal allocation and rational utilization of water resources and the development of regional social economy programming. A lot of research work about runoff forecast and irrigation water use has been done by many famous experts, however they usually ignored the uncertainty in the process of research, and rarely forecasted the future irrigation water use by linking the determination of irrigation water use and runoff forecast. In this paper, the grey-time series analysis method was applied to forecast the annual runoff in CaiQi. This is a relatively new model, and it is a medium and long-term forecasting mathematical method of the traditional time series decomposition calculation combined with grey system theory. When calculated, the annual runoff time series is decomposed into 3 parts, trend item, periodic item and random item. Extrapolating to the future time according to the variation of each part, and then the forecast value is the sum of 3 parts. Among them, the trend item is calculated by the grey forecast method. Then based on above results, the predictions of the maximum economic benefit and the main crops' irrigation water at Hongyashan irrigation region under uncertainty in 2011-2020 were presented by solving the optimal allocation of water resources model under meteorological factor uncertainty in the irrigation area. The results indicated that the runoff forecast results were close to the measured values, and the eligible rate was 67.6%. This shows the applicability of the proposed method, but we also see that the prediction accuracy is not very high. This is because human activities have much influence on the runoff at Caiqi. It resulted in a large fluctuation of annual runoff. Moreover, in order to curb the reduction of runoff, a number of improvement measures have been adopted in recent years. So the runoff had a tendency to rebound after 2000 at Caiqi. These measures affected the accuracy of the prediction method. Moreover, effective measures for water-saving were necessary in arid areas. It could greatly improve the water use efficiency, and guarantee economic benefits. Compared to spring wheat, seed melon and honey dew melon, cotton had the biggest economic benefits by unit of water in the Hongyashan irrigation region, and the second was honey dew melon. So when the available water is lacking, in order to reduce the economic losses caused by lack of water for irrigation, the irrigation water of cotton and honey dew melon should be ensured first. This study can promote the practical application of the uncertain methods, reflect the complexity and uncertainty of the actual situation, and provide more reliable scientific bases for using water resources economically, fully improving irrigation efficiency, and keeping up the sustainable development of the irrigated area.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Water supply
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Cotton - Economics - Food products - Forecasting - Irrigation - Losses - Optimization - Runoff - Time series analysis - Water conservation - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Hongyashan irrigation region - Irrigation efficiency - Long-term forecasting - Meteorological factors - Optimal allocation of water resources - Time series decomposition - Uncertainty - Water use efficiency
Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 822.3 Food Products - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 446 Waterworks - 444.1 Surface Water - 444 Water Resources - 443 Meteorology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328303
Title:Technology system and method of spatial structure optimization for mining wasteland reuse
Authors:Cheng, Linlin (1); Lou, Shang (1); Liu, Luanfeng (1); Xu, Yinghui (1); Li, Jixin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Cheng, L.(chll@cumtb.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:207-218
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Optimizing the reutilization of a large area of mining wasteland is a realistic way for a mineral resource-based city to tap the land potential to meet the needs of future development. To determine the use type, quantity ratio and spatial layout reasonably is the core problem of optimization. This paper presents the technology system of optimizing land allocation and its spatial structure for reuse of mining wasteland. An evaluation of land reclamation suitability should be conducted first to determine roughly all possible uses of the mining wasteland and the maximum extent of each use type. Then, the optimization of the quantity structure should be conducted to determine the best proportion for different use types, combined with the land requirements of regional industrial development. Optimization of the spatial structure is the last step to allocate the optimal quantity structure to specific spaces. The train of thought and method of spatial structure and quantity structure are put forward. To optimize the quantity structure of mining wasteland, the area of various reuse types should be integrated with the area of the same original land type in the region to consider the overall ecological, economic, and social benefits, with the result of land reclamation suitability evaluation as the main constraint condition. Mining wasteland should be deemed as a separate land type to participate in the regional land use structure optimization, through which the optimal spatial layout of mining wasteland can be determined. The models are selected and constructed after comparative analysis. The linear model based on niche theory should be adopted for the optimization of quantity structure. The CLUES model should be adopted for optimization of spatial structure. Finally, a case study is conducted in the Mentougou district of Beijing city. The results show that the areas of mining wasteland reused for farmland, garden, forestland, construction land were: 82.7hm2, 101.3hm2, 994.6hm2, 953.4hm2. After optimization, mining wasteland in the town and its surrounding area were mostly reused as construction land. Mining wasteland in mountains far away from the residential area are mainly reused for woodland, and those near the village or water are reused for farmland and gardens. The spatial distribution of land use becomes more concentrated and compact, and the spatial agglomeration degree of the same land use type increases. The collaborative optimization of quantitative structure and spatial structure of mining wasteland was realized. The research offers theory support for the reuse practice of mining wasteland in a mineral resource-based city.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Structural optimization
Controlled terms:Environmental management - Farms - Forestry - Land reclamation - Land use - Mineral resources - Mining - Models - Optimization - Reusability - Shape optimization - Space applications
Uncontrolled terms:Agglomeration degrees - Collaborative optimization - Constraint conditions - Industrial development - Land use structure optimizations - Quantitative structures - Suitability evaluation - Wasteland
Classification code:902.1 Engineering Graphics - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 656 Space Flight - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 502.1 Mine and Quarry Operations - 454.1 Environmental Engineering, General - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 501 Exploration and Prospecting
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328295
Title:Study on concentrated precise feeding pattern based on feeding technology of TMR
Authors:Gao, Zhenjiang (1); Li, Hui (1); Meng, Hewei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
Corresponding author:Li, H.(lh_shzu@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:148-154
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to increase the yield of high producing dairy cows and reduce the cost of production, realizing precise feeding is one of the most important ways to achieve success. In this paper, cows' precise feeding and feeding pattern were studied. This paper takes a single dairy cow as the feeding and management unit, and conducts a study on 200 and 500 cows for the "TMR(total mixed ration) concentrate precise feeding" feeding pattern: This study was based on the use of a self-propelled precise feeding machine for a single dairy cow, and constantlyattempted to perfect the equipment and improve the feeding efficiency , feeding precision and the identification distance of the equipment. When the speed of screw shaft is 60 r/min, the feeding efficiency is 2-4 kg/time, feeding precision is not less than 98%, and the identification distance is not less than 0.75 m; According to the situation of the dairy farm, data was taken inside the cowshed and outside the milking parlor feeding, two kinds of ways to a single use, also a combination could be used , adjusted according to the actual situation. The test results indicated that with inside cowshed feeding and cow neck cangue spacing of 1.2 m, with equipment travel speed of 0.45 m/s, the recognition rate is 100%, the recognition accuracy is not less than 96%, the snatch rate of feed is not more than 4%, the system response time is not greater than 2 s, and the feeding time for one hundred dairy cows is not more than 0.4 h. With outside milking parlor feeding and cow neck cangue spacing of 1.4 m, and equipment travel speed of 0.7m/s, the recognition rate is 100%, the recognition accuracy is not less than 99%, the snatch rate of feed is 0, the system response time is not greater than 2s, and the feeding time for one hundred dairy cows is not more than 0.35 h. The feeding quantity of coarse fodder and concentrate food was changeless before and after the test, because the traditional feeding method of high-yielding dairy cow is completed by hand, which is randomness, so it can't accomplish precise feeding, and cannot stimulate the production potential of a high-yielding dairy cow, but the feeding pattern of "TMR concentrate precise feeding" can do it: Using a "TMR concentrate precise feeding" feeding pattern, the average milk production of a dairy cow is increased by 0.8 kg/d, day yield. Fluctuation was less than the "TMR concentrate precise feeding by hand" feeding pattern in 2011, which meant that the cows had good adaptability on the feeding pattern of "TMR concentrate precise feeding." The results can provide a reference for the further research of cows' feeding and feeding pattern, and construction and reform of dairy farms.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Feeding
Controlled terms:Dairies - Efficiency - Equipment - Farms - Production - Response time (computer systems)
Uncontrolled terms:Cost of productions - Dairy cow - Feeding machines - Feeding technology - Identification distances - Recognition accuracy - System response time - Total mixed rations
Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901 Engineering Profession - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328308
Title:Surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for identification of lotus seeds freshness based on PCA and BP-ANN
Authors:Luo, Liping (1); Zhao, Zhanfeng (2); Dai, Ximo (1); Zhang, Xi (1); Liu, Yali (3); Zhang, Xinglei (3); Zhang, Wenjun (4); Ouyang, Yongzhong (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (2) School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (3) Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China; (4) School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
Corresponding author:Luo, L.(lluo@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:261-266
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to realize fast discrimination of lotus seeds freshness, the surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (DAPCI-MS) and principal component analysis (PCA) with back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) were used to distinguish the freshness of lotus seeds produced from 2009 to 2012. Without any sample pretreatments, 60 dried lotus seeds of each year, for a total of 240 individuals were tested and distinguished. The seeds were randomly picked from samples supplied by the Chinese Lotus Seeds Research Academy, which were cultured in the same field in Guangchang County, Jiangxi Province; and were grown with the same standardized method. Each lotus seed was longitudinally sliced to 2 mm for the DAPCI-MS investigation, and tested in the center of the slice with 6 replicates to obtain the averaged results. Experiments were performed using a commercial linear ion trap mass spectrometer (LTQ-XL, Finnigan, San Jose, CA, USA) installed with a homemade DAPCI ion source in negative ion detection mode, and coupled with N<inf>2</inf> (0.1 MPa) through a methanol: water (1:1) solution, and a high voltage of 3.0 kV. The mass range m/z was 50-500 and the ion transfer tube temperature was 150°C. The mass spectra were rapidly recorded by DAPCI-MS and the data were processed by PCA. Its main components were selected as the input variables for classification mode of BP-ANN. PCA and BP-ANN were performed by Matlab7.0 software. The results showed that DAPCI-MS was a practical, convenient tool for the detection of matrix bases of lotus seeds. The signal peaks occurred increasingly over the storage time, and the observation correlates well with previous studies of aging cereals such as rice and wheat. The PCA's first 50 components, whose cumulative contribution reached 99.99% and maintained almost all of the original information of the samples, were selected as the input layer of the BP-ANN model which included 50 input layer nodes, 48 hidden layer nodes, and 2 output layer nodes for the crusted and fresh lotus seeds with 30 iterations, and 4 output layer nodes for the different years lotus seeds with 37 iterations; and the learning rate, training time and testing time were 0.01, 10 and 10 respectively. This model successfully distinguished the fresh lotus seeds from the aged samples with the training set accuracies of 92.5% and 100% and testing set accuracies of 95.0% and 91.7%. It also provided a classification of production year of the samples with the training set accuracies of 97.5%, 100%, 97.5%, and 100%, and with the testing set accuracies of 90%, 85%, 85%, and 90%. The whole time of one sample injected 6 times did not exceed 2 min with the full spectrum scan time at 100 ms, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the sample was 15.4%. Therefore, the method demonstrates that DAPCI-MS is a fast, convenient and accurate tool for detection of the different quality of lotus seeds, and has a reliable reference value for authentication of food with sufficient sensitivity and high throughput.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Mass spectrometry
Controlled terms:Atmospheric pressure - Backpropagation - Desorption - Digital storage - Food storage - Ion sources - Mass spectrometers - Neural networks - Nondestructive examination - Principal component analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Back propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) - Hidden layer nodes - Jiangxi Province - Lotus seeds - Reference values - Relative standard deviations - Standardized methods - Surface desorption atmospheric pressures
Classification code:943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 932.1 High Energy Physics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 822.1 Food Products Plants and Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328297
Title:Operation and energy-saving effects of solar - natural gas household heating system
Authors:Wang, Yahui (1); Tian, Rui (1); Song, Li (1); Feng, Zhicheng (1); Wang, Zhaoyang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
Corresponding author:Tian, R.(tianr@imut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:164-169
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In a solar-natural gas combination heating system, hot water tanks from the household solar hot-water system were connected in a series, with the heating circuit of the household hanging wall stove. Return water from the hanging wall stove was warmed by the solar thermal-storage water. To detect the operational and energy conversion of the combined heating system, experimental research was carried out in allusion to a user in Hohhot. The data were collected by solar irradiance monitoring instruments and a solar hot-water thermal performance tester. The hanging wall stove output 55°C heating water and its efficiency was 93%. The solar collector of the household solar hot-water system was a U-tubular, all-glass evacuated and CPC reflector board. The daylight area for the solar collector was 3m2. Results show that household solar hot-water system is a powerful supplement to the household hanging wall stove heating system. Per unit time natural gas consumption decreased when the household solar hot-water system made a contribution to heating. Daily average solar radiation was 12.8MJ/m2 and the daily average initial temperature of the solar thermal-storage water was 41.9°C in the heating season. Total energy gains of the household solar hot-water system were 3652.7MJ. At the same time, 13.7MJ of energy were lost to the air by U-tubular. For most of the combined heating time, the return water of heating had a higher temperature than the solar thermal-storage water, which was warmed by the heating water returned by the hanging wall stove. The heat exchange in this process was stored in the hot water tank for participation in heating in the future. There was no energy loss in the heat exchange, but the heat was produced by the hanging wall stove, which led to energy loss in the energy conversion. Unexpectedly, there were 145.6MJ energy loss caused by the alliance of household solar heat-water system and the household hanging wall stove. Effective energy levels of the household solar hot-water system for heating are 3493.4MJ, which are worth saving natural gas 101m3. Through practical operation of this combined heating system, it can be seen that the household solar hot-water system is a strong assistant to the household hanging wall stove when natural gas is in short or no supply and the combined heating system runs stably. We suggest the household hanging wall stove users who have a household solar hot-water system utilize the solar-natural gas combined heating system. However, it is not economic to the independent wall hanging stove-heating users who have no solar hot-water system to invest in it.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Heating
Controlled terms:Digital storage - Energy conversion - Energy dissipation - Gases - Heat exchangers - Hot water distribution systems - Natural gas - Solar collectors - Solar energy - Solar heating - Solar radiation - Stoves - Sun - Waterworks
Uncontrolled terms:Effective energy - Energy-saving effect - Experimental research - Initial temperatures - Monitoring instruments - Natural gas consumption - Solar irradiances - Thermal Performance
Classification code:722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 657.2 Extraterrestrial Physics and Stellar Phenomena - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 643.1 Space Heating - 642.2 Industrial Furnaces and Components - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 525.4 Energy Losses (industrial and residential) - 522 Gas Fuels - 446 Waterworks - 402 Buildings and Towers - 525.5 Energy Conversion Issues
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328280
Title:Design and test of stock clamping mechanism for vegetable grafting
Authors:Lou, Jianzhong (1); Li, Jianping (1); Zhu, Pan'an (3); Lü, Gulai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; (2) College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hangzhou 310053, China; (3) Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325006, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
Corresponding author:Li, J.(jpli@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:30-35
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Traditional stock clamping mechanisms usually install the integral clamping pieces which will injure the stock seeding because of the curvature of itself and also the clamping force can not be adjusted as needed. According to the weakness of vulnerability of stock seedling and un-adjustability of clamping force on a clamping mechanism of a traditional vegetable grafting machine, based on the analysis of the structure parameters and compression characteristics of cucurbit stock seedlings, a new clamping mechanism which was used in inclined-inserted vegetable grafting machine has been developed with convex and concave pieces cross-clamped. The thickness of the clamping mechanism can be adjusted by increasing or decreasing the number of clamping pieces, the clamping force of clamping mechanism also can be easily changed by adjusting the tension of spring which was installed on the clamping mechanism. Its main structure parameters such as the angle of clamping pieces were determined by establishing the mechanical model and analyzing the holding force of stock seedling on clamping pieces, the thickness of clamping pieces were determined by measuring the structure parameters of the stock seeding and the clamping force was determined by measuring the mechanical parameters of stock seeding. The angle of clamping pieces was designed to be 102°, the fillet diameter of clamping pieces is 3 mm and the thickness of each holding piece is designed to be 1 mm. The total thickness of the clamping mechanism can be adjusted by changing the number of the holding piece. Each side of stock clamping mechanism has 8 pieces of holding piece and the total thickness of the clamping mechanism is 16 mm. The clamping force was controlled in less than yield point pressure of 1.26 N. Experiments showed that the design of the V-shaped structure of the stock clamping mechanism had a good function in guiding the stock seeding which reduced the growing requirements of the stock seedlings. The success rate of the clamping mechanism which was new designed reached 100%, which increased 13.3% over that of an ordinary clamping mechanism. The injury rate of the new clamping mechanism was only 1.67%, which decreased 11.63% compared with ordinary clamping mechanism. Thus, it indicates that the new stock seedling clamping mechanism was feasible. It is convenient and fast for manual feeding due to the guidance of the clamping mechanism which was cross-clamped with convex and concave clamping pieces and it provides a reference for further research to improve the quality and optimize the parameter of clamping mechanism for the stock seeding of a vegetable grafting machine. At the same time, there was a space reserved for the automatically feeding of stock seeding which can be docked with an automatic seedlings mechanism.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Clamping devices
Controlled terms:Design - Grafting (chemical) - Testing - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Clamping mechanism - Compression characteristics - Cross clamping - Mechanical device - Mechanical model - Mechanical parameters - Structure parameter - V-shaped structure
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328279
Title:Optimization and experiment of spray cylinder swing frequency for spray seeding machine
Authors:Zhang, Yun (1); Fan, Chunmao (1); Chen, Zhi (1); Wang, Jianwei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electromechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Y.(zhangyund@yahoo.com.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:24-29
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The spray seeding machine use the principle of pneumatic conveying to make the seed sprayed through the spray cylinder. The spray cylinder is doing 0-180° circumference swing in a uniform linear motion complying with the machine. So, the trajectory of the seed fall on the ground is trochoid. In this way of seed spraying, some areas are sprayed with seeds repeatedly while other areas are missed completely. This phenomenon affects the seeding uniformity seriously. The repeated seeding area and missed seeding area are affected by the seeding width, the spray seeding machine operating moving speed and the swing frequency of spray cylinder. The swing frequency of spray cylinder is the main factor while the other two factors are restricted. So we take the smallest total area of repeated and missed as the objective function to optimize the spray cylinder swing frequency by MATLAB GUI. Thus, the program can read the parameters from the text box. First, the interpolation method was use to draw the seeding range map in a spray cylinder swing cycle. Then, the repeated and missed area were judged by comparing the seeding boundary. Third, the repeated and missed and total area were calculated using the numerical integration methods and save them in a matrix, each corresponds to the different swing frequencies. Finally, the minimum of total area and the corresponding swing frequency were found from the matrix. The results showed that the optimal swing frequency was 9.5 min-1 when the practical moving speed was 3 m/s, the optimal swing frequency was 5.6 min-1 when the test moving speed was 1.8 m/s, the spray outside radius was 20 m and the inside radius was 9 m. We carried out the test to verify the correctness of the program. The test speed was 1.8 m/s, the test spray cylinder swing frequencies were 4.5, 5.0, 5.6, 6.0 and 6.5 min-1. The working spray seeding machine goes through the gridded test site by constant speed in a straight line. The seeding amounts of each grid were recorded. Then the repeated and missed areas were counted to compare with program results. The result show that the program is consistent, which proved the program is correct and reliable. The study can provide a theoretical basis for spray seeding machine design.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Software testing
Controlled terms:Cylinders (shapes) - Experiments - Machine design - MATLAB - Optimization - Seed - Speed - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Interpolation method - Machine operating - Numerical integration methods - Objective functions - Pneumatic conveying - Spray seeding machine - Swing frequency - Uniform linear motions
Classification code:921.5 Optimization Techniques - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931.1 Mechanics - 723.5 Computer Applications - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 601 Mechanical Design
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328294
Title:WSN monitoring system for greenhouse environmental parameters and CC2530 transmission characteristics
Authors:Zhang, Jing (1); Yang, Qiliang (1); Ge, Zhenyang (1); Qi, Yafeng (1); Zhou, Bing (1); Yin, Xin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Q.(yangqilianglovena@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:139-147
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Aiming at the problems of traditional greenhouse environment monitoring systems such as complicated wiring, high cost, inflexible monitoring, and high energy consumption of previous wireless sensor networks (WSNs), this paper designed a WSN-based greenhouse environmental parameter monitoring system, constructed its hardware with a CC2530 wireless sensor network chip and peripheral interface, compiled its underlying software by using the protocol stack of Z-Stack, and developed the PC software of greenhouse environment monitoring system based on a VB software platform. The transmission characteristics of a CC2530 chip was analyzed, and the experimental results showed that the effective transmission distance of the nodes was 60 m when they were placed 1.5 m above the ground. The connection between RSSI and the distance of nodes could be seen that the transmission power of the nodes gradually increased with the change of distance. The magnitude of RSSI attenuated faster when the distance of nodes was between 0 to 20 m. The fluctuation of RSSI because of the signal was blocked by the jatropha in the greenhouse, and the average height of jatropha was 2 m. The packet loss rate started to increase when the RSSI was less than -80 dBm, and the basic signal transmission capability of nodes was lost when the RSSI was less than -90 dBm. Besides, a single node with two 5th batteries could sustain the acquisition of greenhouse environmental parameter data for 45 d and accurately detect the temperature, humidity, and soil volumetric water content for greenhouse environment. During the experiment of energy consumption, the sensor nodes of soil moisture acquired data every half-hour, and the sensor nodes of temperature and humidity collected data every hour. The sensor nodes of soil moisture significantly consumed more energy than the sensor nodes of temperature and humidity under the same conditions of power transmission after 20 d. There was a slight increase for the voltage of nodes in the process of dormancy. Once the voltage of nodes falls below 3 V, although it has few impacts to the capacity of signal transmission, it may lead to abnormal work for the sensors. Above all, this system was proved to be practical and reliable.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Sensor nodes
Controlled terms:Atmospheric humidity - Energy utilization - Greenhouses - Monitoring - Soil moisture - Temperature - Wireless sensor networks
Uncontrolled terms:CC2530 - Environmental parameter - Greenhouse environment - High energy consumption - Soil volumetric water contents - Temperature and humidities - Transmission characteristics - Wireless sensor network (WSNs)
Classification code:944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 732 Control Devices - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328277
Title:Biomarkers under pollution stress and their molecular diagnosis technology
Authors:He, Kangxin (1); Zhou, Qixing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Q.(Zhouqx@nankai.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:1-16
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Cellular and molecular biomarkers have been widely accepted in these years because of their strength of specific, monitoring and utilitarian. However, conventional biomarkers can only indicate the class of stress, but fail to explain why damage or response happens or, to indicate a specific pollutant. Thus, environmental monitoring and risk assessment are calling for utilitarian biomarkers and their measurement techniques. Recently, several studies have developed new techniques (e.g. high efficiency liquid chromatography and its mass spectrum, gas phase chromatography and its mass spectrum, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) for detecting molecular biomarkers, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), malonaldehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OhdG), etylcholinesterase (AchE), glutathione (GSH), heat shock proteins (HSPs), metallothionein(MT). Besides, many efforts focus on perfecting the extant techniques for easier operability or lower cost. We believe that techniques which are low-cost, or trace amount detectable or quickly and easily operative will be preferent in new biomarkers screening and validation. The screening, validation, and their evaluation methods need standardization before biomarkers are widely used in realistic environmental monitoring and management, because there is high diversity among different species and different exposure. In our opinion, for a certain pollutant, typical subject organisms in a specific period of its life history should be chosen and well studied the toxic response mechanisms induced by range concentrations and range exposure periods of toxic chemicals. Not only the extant biomarkers' research is in progress, but the new generation techniques, such as DNA chips, comet assay, bioreporter and omics methodology had emerged. They have offered a new sight to understand ecotoxicology, and powerful tools to explore new biomarkers. Omics and DNA chips may help to screen new responding gene specifically sensitive to a class of toxicants or particular one. The screening process is that: firstly prepare cDNA library derived from creatures exposed to pollutants, secondly analyze the differences of the mRNAs (genes) translation profile between blank control and treatments to summarize a specific responding profile for a particular pollutant, thirdly confirm and optimize the respond combination of genes in the field study. Comet assay is a promising and low-cost method to identify genotoxicants in the low level exposure. By using comet tail parameters, comet assay can determine the DNA damage of eukaryotes including human being. The standardized 96-well plate style comet assay kit allows scientists to detect numeric samples, especially for occupational health check. Bioreporters are the genetic modified organism, most of which are bacteria, and can monitoring environment risk outside the laboratory by fluorescence. Molecular biology has provided new strategies to explore and to study biomarkers. The intersection of molecular biology and environmental science can arise more and more promising knowledge and methodologies. The concept of molecular diagnosis was come up in the disease diagnosis area. However, it is also fit for environmental science, because pollutions are like diseases of the Mother Nature. Thus, the research frontiers, such as new strategies and techniques of disease molecular diagnosis are also very valuable for environmental monitoring and management.
Number of references:142
Main heading:Diagnosis
Controlled terms:Biomarkers - Biotechnology - Costs - DNA - Environmental engineering - Environmental management - Genes - Industrial hygiene - Liquid chromatography - Mass spectrometers - Mass spectrometry - Molecular biology - Monitoring - Oxygen - Pollution - Pollution detection - Risk assessment
Uncontrolled terms:Ecotoxicological effects - Environmental Monitoring - Environmental science - Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay - Measurement techniques - Molecular diagnosis - Monitoring environment - Superoxide dismutases
Classification code:943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 922.1 Probability Theory - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 801 Chemistry - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 454 Environmental Engineering - 804 Chemical Products Generally
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328301
Title:Structure evolution of char obtained from hydrothermal treatment of glucose
Authors:Wang, Jun (1); Shi, Lan (2); Gao, Ying (1); Yang, Haiping (1); Wang, Xianhua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (2) China Machinery Engineering Corporation, Beijing 100055, China
Corresponding author:Yang, H.(yhp2002@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:191-198
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Hydro-char can be widely used in fuel, soil improvement, pollutant removal, functional nano-materials preparation, CO<inf>2</inf> fixation and other areas. Moreover, the hydrothermal carbonization process is accomplished under mild and simple conditions and is adaptable for wide feedstocks. As a result, conversion of biomass into hydro-char is very promising. In order to promote the progress of the hydrothermal synthesis of carbon microspheres and hydrothermal utilization of biomass, in this study, glucose was carbonized in a subcritical hydrothermal environment, and the process and results were studied. All the experiments were carried out in a 500 mL autoclave of 316 L stainless steel that was heated by an electrical heater. For each test, a certain amount of glucose and 100 g of deionized water were fed to the autoclave and sealed. Then, air was purged out of the reactor with argon and the initiative pressure was set at 0 MPa. After each reaction in a certain temperature and residence time, the gas was discharged and the reactor was rapidly cooled to below 90°C with internal cooling by a U-loop and external fan. When the temperature dropped to room temperature, the hydro-char was collected by filtration, washed with deionized water and acetone several times, and dried in 105°C for 12 h at last. The obtained hydro-chars were examined by means of Elemental Analysis, X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The results showed that there were a lot of carbon spheres in the hydro-char which were distributed between 0.6-7 μm. Moreover, the physicochemical properties of hydro-char were influenced by the temperature, glucose addition and residence time. Within the HTC condition of temperature (170-280°C), residence time (0.5-12 h) and addition of glucose (1-12 g/100mL), suitable temperature (220°C) and residence time (4 h), and small addition of glucose (<6 g/100mL) favored obtaining carbon microspheres with smooth surface and good sphericity. Higher temperature (<280°C), larger addition of glucose and longer residence time were conductive to improving the yield of hydro-char and carbon fixation in it. Hydro-char with excellent morphology was obtained under conditions of 220°C and 6 g/100ml for 4 h from glucose. The hydro-char contained a large number of microspheres which had a smooth surface, good spherictiy and distributed in the range of 0.7~1.9 μm; At the same time, the hydro-char was an amorphous carbon with a tiny BET surface area and only few mesopores and macropores; The hydro-char contained a lot of oxygen-containing functional groups which were mainly -OH and -C=O; The degree of carbonization on the surface was higher than that in the core. The formation of hydro-char was done like this:, the feedstock was firstly hydrolyzed into many intermediate products which would be transformed into microsphere cores through dehydration and polymerization, the microsphere cores then formed into dispersed colloidal particles by the adsorption of surrounding molecules and eventually evolved into carbon microspheres or lump coke. The research results laid out a data reference for the process control of hydrothermal microspheres preparation and hydrothermal utilization of biomass.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Glucose
Controlled terms:Acetone - Amorphous carbon - Biomass - Carbonization - Deionized water - Feedstocks - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Functional groups - Hydrothermal synthesis - Microspheres - Photoelectrons - Pressure vessels - Scanning electron microscopy - Soil testing - Surfaces - Thermochemistry - Water filtration - X ray diffraction - X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Carbon Spheres - Hydro-char - Hydrothermal carbonization - Hydrothermal environment - Hydrothermal treatments - Oxygen-containing functional groups - Physicochemical property - Scanning Electron Microscope
Classification code:803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 813.2 Coating Materials - 818 Rubber and Elastomers - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951 Materials Science - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 619.2 Tanks - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328310
Title:Structural characterization of Konjak powder-chitosan-PVA blending adhesive
Authors:Gu, Rong (1); Mu, Baoning (2); Guo, Kangquan (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Construction Machinery, Chan'an University, Xi'an 710064, China; (2) Shaanxi Youth Vocational College, Xi'an, 710068, China; (3) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
Corresponding author:Gu, R.(ronicaku@gmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:277-283
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The use of formaldehyde-based adhesives might contaminate the environment and cause damage in health of workers and consumers. Therefore, the development of non-toxic adhesives from renewable biomass has aroused significant interest. In order to broaden the application of Konjak powder and develop environment-friendly wood adhesive, the author investigated the mechanism of adhesion and the feasibility of industrialization more deeply on the basis of the article "Properties and bonding mechanism of konjak powder - chitosan-PVA blending adhesive," which affirmed bonding strength of the adhesive. (1) Microstructure on intermolecular interactions of the blending adhesive and the interface adhesion of poplar veneer were investigated by using Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to investigate the changes of functional groups in the microscopic structure of Konjac Glucomannan (KGM)/Chitosan (CA)/Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) three pure substances and the blending adhesive. The results showed that: There was a strong interaction of hydrogen bonds between the three kinds of polymers. The active group of the adhesive interacted with the hydroxyl groups on the cellulose and hemicellulose of poplar veneer. Therefore, it was showed that there was a strong role between the adhesive and the interface. (2) Film structure was observed by Atomic force microscopy (AFM) to reveal the bonding mechanism of the adhesive. The result showed that: The interface between adhesive and poplar veneer wall, and the surface of adhesive film was dense. The molecular chain of binary blends laminating adhesives presented an appearance of a spiral chain structure. These sugar chains on the gap of the double helix structure were free and movable, and could maintain large amounts of water to cause binary blends laminating adhesives dissolve in water easily. This was the main reason for the poor water resistance of binary blends laminating adhesives. Ternary blends laminating adhesive film has a flat, smooth surface morphology, therefore, it was showed that blending the three kinds of polymer materials acheived good compatibility. Adding PVA improves the structure of the double helix and improves the water resistance performance significantly. (3) Based on the cost estimates and compared with commercially available adhesives, the feasibility of using this adhesive in industrial production was analyzed. The feasibility analysis showed that this adhesive had the characteristics of the industrial production, and the production process was similar to the one of the white latex. Therefore, this adhesive was able to adapt to the production equipment of the white latex. These conclusions provide an important theoretical basis for accelerating the process of development of wood adhesives, and establishing and improving the preparation process and hot conditions of the adhesive. The ternary blends adhesive had excellent water resistance. It had the development and application prospects in the field of biological materials and the processing of agricultural products. The aim of study on wood properties of interface and adhesive was to deepen the understanding of the mechanism of wood adhesive. This paper had a more realistic guiding significance for studying adhesion properties, and provided the ideal raw material for development to the direction of high-grade of the wood industry. This adhesive was a new generation of environmentally friendly high-quality products.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Interfaces (materials)
Controlled terms:Adhesion - Adhesives - Agricultural products - Atomic force microscopy - Biological materials - Blending - Cellulose - Chitosan - Forestry - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Functional groups - Hydrogen bonds - Industry - Laminating - Latexes - Polymers - Polyvinyl alcohols - Steel beams and girders - Structural properties - Veneers - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Cellulose and hemicellulose - Development and applications - Double helix structure - Environmentally-friendly - Industrialization - Intermolecular interactions - Microscopic structures - Structural characterization
Classification code:817 Plastics and Other Polymers: Products and Applications - 818 Rubber and Elastomers - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 816.1 Processing of Plastics and Other Polymers - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 951 Materials Science - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 801 Chemistry - 408 Structural Design - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 802.3 Chemical Operations
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328305
Title:Effects and evaluation of soil trace elements after grassland converted into cropland in Guizhou karst area
Authors:Chen, Chao (1); Yang, Feng (1); Liu, Honglai (1); Yao, Hongyan (1); Song, Gaoxiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (2) College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Corresponding author:Liu, H.(lhonglai@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:230-237
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:With population growth, most of the grasslands in China were converted into croplands. The structure, process and function aspects of the ecosystem changed as a result from the conversion of the grassland, and led to a decline in soil quality and productivity, soil erosion acceleration, and destruction of the vegetation. These phenomena are especially obvious in karst areas, because the typical characteristics of karst areas are harsh habitats and ecological vulnerabilities. Nowadays, most investigations mainly focus on biodiversity, soil and water conservation, soil productivity, and soil carbon density. However, the studies of soil trace elements are scarce. The available trace elements of soil are very important for plant growing, especially when major elements, such as N, P, and K are rich. In order to explore the effects of the conversion of grassland into cropland on soil trace elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, B, and Mo), a paired-site design was employed between grasslands and corresponding croplands of karst area in Guizhou. At the same time, the regional indices of trace soil elements were developed based on trace soil element density. In this study, the contents of available trace soil elements in different depths were measured and the element densities were calculated for the grasslands and their counterpart croplands, and consequently the regional indices of trace soil element was built for evaluating the study area. The results showed that trace soil elements decreased with soil depth. The soil contents of available Cu, Fe, B, and Mo decreased, ranging from 4.97% to 79.17%, resulting from the conversion of grassland to cropland. The soil content of available Zn in every soil depth in cropland was higher than in grassland, increasing in range from 11.76% to 46.06%; also, the declining rate of available Mn content in cropland areas was faster than in grassland areas after the grassland conversion. As the contents of trace soil elements varied with soil depth, the previous evaluation standard, based on the trace soil element content, could not eliminate the spatial heterogeneity. Therefore, the regional indices of abundant trace soil elements, based on soil trace element densities, were developed, in which the different range of parameter values were defined as trace element's abundance degree, and the trace element density was calculated as the weight of trace elements in unit area in a certain depth. This method is proven better than previous evaluation methods, since it could avoid the side effect of soil trace element's spatial heterogeneity. According to this evaluation, the available Fe and Mn were at a very high level in the study area, the abundance of soil available Cu, Mo and B decreased, and available Zn increased due to the grassland conversion. Combining with the trace elements effectiveness evaluation index, available B in the soil was at a below medium level and could not meet the demands of plant growing. The findings provide references for developing scientific strategies of land use in fragile ecological areas, and will be helpful for developing a scientific evaluation system of soil trace elements' abundance indices.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Biodiversity - Ecosystems - Landforms - Manganese - Molybdenum - Population statistics - Productivity - Trace elements - Water conservation - Zinc
Uncontrolled terms:Available trace elements - Ecological vulnerability - Effectiveness evaluation - Element density - Evaluation - Karst areas - Secondary rangeland - Soil and water conservation
Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 913.1 Production Engineering - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 801 Chemistry - 546.3 Zinc and Alloys - 543.3 Molybdenum and Alloys - 543.2 Manganese and Alloys - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 481.1 Geology - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 454 Environmental Engineering - 444 Water Resources
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328289
Title:Nitrogen uptake and utilization in sunflower and potato intercropping
Authors:Dong, Wanlin (1); Yu, Yang (1); Zhang, Lizhen (1); Pan, Zhihua (1); Gou, Fang (1); Di, Wantong (1); Zhao, Peiyi (2); Pan, Xuebiao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Agricultural Meteorological Department, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; (2) Scientific and Observing Experimental Station of Agri-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, 010031, China; (3) Changchun Shuangyang Meteorological Administration, Jilin, 130600, China; (4) Institute of Plant Nutrition and Analysis, Inner-Mongolia Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, L.(zhanglizhen@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:98-108
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Intercropping not only improves crop yield and resource use efficiency, but also reduces soil-wind erosion as a biological hedge in winter periods. It is important to quantify the mechanism of nitrogen competition and affiliation, thereby to enhance nitrogen use efficiency and agricultural sustainability. We explored nitrogen uptake and utilization in sunflower and potato intercropping systems by field experiments, which were carried out in 2010 and 2011 in Wuchuan, Inner Mongolia. The plant nitrogen content for different organs and nitrogen uptake was measured by using the Semi-micro Kjeldahl method. The results showed that the sunflower and potato intercropping systems did not significantly improve crop nitrogen uptake comparing to the monocultures at system level. The nitrogen equivalent ratios (NER) for uptake ranged from 0.95 to 1.02, and were not significantly different between intercropping configurations. At crop level, intercropping did not reduce nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency of sunflowers, but reduced that of the potato. Intercropped sunflowers showed a significant advantage in nitrogen competition and uptake, in which the partial NER, ranged from 0.53 to 0.74, was higher than its relative density (50%), while the intercropped potato showed a significant disadvantage, which the partial NER (ranged from 0.28 to 0.42) was much lower than its relative density (50%). Nitrogen physiological use efficiency (NPE) yield produced per unit N uptake of intercropped potato (fresh tuber weight with 80% water content) was 249.2 g/g, slightly lower than that of the sole system (269.8 g/g). In a four rows of potato and four rows of sunflower (4P:4S) intercropping system, the NPE of intercropped potato was 238.2 g/g, significantly decreased compared to that of the sole potato. The NPE of sunflower (grain with 12% water content) in 4P:4S intercropping (30.1 g/g) was 16.2% greater than that of the sole sunflower (25.9 g/g), also higher than that in two rows potato and two rows sunflower (2P:2S) intercropping (22.8 g/g). The NPE of 4P:4S intercropped sunflower increased at the expense of decreasing NPE of potato. The harvest index (HI) of intercropped potato (0.83) was lower than that of the monoculture (0.87); however, the HI of intercropped sunflower (0.40) was significantly higher than that of sole sunflower (0.33). The change of crop NPE was mainly affected by the crop harvest index.
Number of references:53
Main heading:Nitrogen
Controlled terms:Crops - Dilution - Efficiency - Experiments
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural sustainability - Equivalent ratios - Intercropping - Intercropping systems - Leaf nitrogen - Nitrogen content - Nitrogen-use efficiency - Utilization efficiency
Classification code:801 Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328293
Title:Application of electric carbon crystal soil-warming system for tomato production in greenhouse
Authors:Zhao, Yunlong (1); Yu, Xianchang (1); Li, Yansu (1); He, Chaoxing (1); Yan, Yan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 10081, China
Corresponding author:Yu, X.(xcyu1962@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:131-138
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The soil temperature is one of the most important and direct factors for vegetables, but it was often below the optimum growing temperature of vegetables in a Chinese solar greenhouse during the winter. There are some warming facilities in a greenhouse such as a warming cable, warm air oil furnace, water or ground-source heat pump and traditional coal-fired boiler but their installation cost or power consumption are priced beyond an affordable level. An electric carbon crystal soil-warming system, a new warming device applied in winter heating for civil architecture, was introduced and redesigned into solar greenhouse tomato production in this experiment. A carbon crystal board was fully buried, half buried and laid flat on the top of substrate (not buried) to heat the 10 cm-depth-substrate to or over 17°C. The soil and air temperature, the amount of growth, some physiological characteristics such as root activity etc., production of tomato and power consumption were detected. The results showed that the electric warming facilities, including electric carbon crystal soil-warming system and warming cable, significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the soil temperature, but had no influence on air temperature. Differences of soil temperature fields between the electric carbon crystal soil-warming system and warming cable were quite obvious as the result of their different heating area. Root activity and leaf photosynthetic rate of tomatos were improved remarkably by both the whole buried method and warming cable. Moreover, the early and total yields of tomato by the whole buried method were 38.7% and 28.2% higher than those of CK respectively. However, the tomato yield of half-buried and no-buried method had no difference from those of CK. Comparing with the energy consumption, the whole buried method is better than warming cable because the level of tomato production was enhanced the highest and its power consumption was 25.1% lower than those of warming cable. But nowadays, the installation cost of an electric carbon crystal soil-warming system equals twice cost of warming cable. Both the electric carbon crystal soil-warming system and warming cable share a higher running cost than heating by the traditional coal-fired boiler. There is also a promising prospect for the electric carbon crystal soil-warming system to applied in protected vegetable production because of its outstanding energy saving and cost-reduction with the technology innovation.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Carbon
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Cables - Costs - Energy utilization - Facilities - Fruits - Greenhouses - Production - Soils - Solar heating - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Carbon crystals - Chinese solar greenhouse - Ground-source heat pump - Physiological characteristics - Soil temperature fields - Technology innovation - Tomato - Vegetable productions
Classification code:911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 643.1 Space Heating - 913.2 Production Control - 535 Rolling, Forging and Forming - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 402 Buildings and Towers - 525.3 Energy Utilization
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328302
Title:Characteristics and elementary composition of cotton stalk-char in different carbonization temperature and time
Authors:Yao, Hongyu (1); Tang, Guangmu (2); Ge, Chunhui (2); Jia, Hongtao (1); Xu, Wanli (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Glassland and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Fertilizer and Agricultural Sparing Water, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830091, China
Corresponding author:Xu, W.(wlxu2005@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:199-206
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to reveal the influences of carbonizing temperature (300°C, 450°C, 600°C) and time (0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h) on the characteristics and compositions of biochar, we studied the characteristics of biochar, such as pH, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), EC, etc. and both element composition, such as organic carbon, nitrogen and mineral element contents, and their relationships with cotton stalk-char made by the cotton stalk. The results showed that (1) the ratio of carbon of stalk, organic carbon content of cotton stalk-char decreased with the carbonization temperature and time increasing (the ratio of cotton stalk-char of cotton stalk: 48.66% (300°C) >35.39%(450°C)>31.06%(600°C). With the time extended, the pH value of the cotton stalk-char was increased below 300°C, and it kept around 10.5 at 450°C and 600°C. The EC increased with the carbonization temperature increasing, and its change was not obvious in carbonization time. The carbonization temperature between 300°C and 450°C imposed less on EC, but at 600°C the imposition was enormous. The CEC of the cotton stalk-char decreased with the carbonization temperature increasing. Its value increased at 300°C with the carbonization time extended, however, this trend disappeared at 450°C and 600°C. (2) The contents of total phosphorus(TP), total potassium(TK), available potassium(AK), calcium(Ca) and magnesium(Mg) in cotton stalk-char were increased with the carbonization temperature increasing and time extending, but the total nitrogen(TN) and alkaline nitrogen(AN) were negative, and the changing tendency was 90.07 mg/kg(450°C)>60.72 mg/kg(600°C)>20.18 mg/kg(300°C) for available phosphorus (AP). (3) The correlations among carbonization temperature, time and indicators of cotton stalk-char showed that it was negative between carbonization temperature or carbonization time and the ratio of carbon, cotton stalk, CEC, organic carbon, TN, AN of cotton stalk-char, and to the pH value, TP, TK, AP AK, Ca and Mg, they are positive. Above all, the cotton stalk-char carbonized by the lower temperature and shorter time (300°C, 1-2 h) could be the better expected choice for an agricultural application. These results could supply some support for the production of biochar and utilize cotton stalk originated in Xinjiang.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Cotton
Controlled terms:Alkalinity - Calcium - Carbon - Carbonization - Nitrogen - pH - Straw - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Available phosphorus - Available potassiums - Carbonization temperatures - Carbonizing temperature - Cation exchange capacities - Element compositions - Organic carbon contents - Time
Classification code:821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328306
Title:Unsteady state numerical simulation and verification of flow field of air curtain in cold stores
Authors:Miao, Chen (1); Xie, Jing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (2) Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
Corresponding author:Xie, J.(jxie@shou.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:246-253
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The temperature in cold stores is easily influenced due to hot air infiltration into the cold store during loading and uploading. Air curtains are commonly used to cut off airflow between the cold store and a hot environment, and reduce heat and mass transfer for maintaining the low temperature in the cold store. This was done in order to study the variation of the airflow field and temperature field in the cold store when the air curtain was opened. The aim of this study was to predict the temperature field and air flow field in the cold store when the door and air curtain were opened for 60s against an unsteady state simulation of air curtain used in the cold store by using CFD software and the simulation results of the temperature field in the cold store were used for experimental verification. The simulation results reflected that when the door and air curtains were opened, the hot air easily infiltrated into the cold store from both the sides and bottom of the entrance due to the slow velocity decrease of the central mainstream and fast velocity decrease of both sides of the air curtain. The temperature of the area closer to the fan increased faster in the cold store because the air velocity of this area was so low that the temperature field of this area was easily influenced by the hot air. Furthermore, the intrusive hot air changed the cold airflow trace, and swirling eddies formed around the central area of the cold store by the pressure difference between the hot and cold air destroyed the uniform air distribution and temperature field in the cold store. In a future study, the unsteady state simulation time step of the air curtain can be increased to obtain the time in which the temperature field and airflow field reach a uniform state in the cold store.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Air
Controlled terms:Air curtains - Cold storage - Computational fluid dynamics - Computer simulation - Computer software - Flow fields - Loading - Temperature - Unsteady flow - Verification
Uncontrolled terms:Air distribution - Air flow fields - Cold stores - Experimental verification - Heat and mass transfer - Hot environments - Low temperatures - Pressure differences
Classification code:723.5 Computer Applications - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 694.4 Storage - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 672 Naval Vessels - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 402 Buildings and Towers - 641.1 Thermodynamics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328311
Title:Preparation and properties of resistant starch from fresh cassava
Authors:Xue, Hui (1); Yan, Qingxiang (3); Jiang, Shengjun (3); Zhang, Guozhi (1); Tai, Jianxiang (2); Lü, Feijie (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food Science and Technology, He'nan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450051, China; (2) Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (3) Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou 571737, China
Corresponding author:Lü, F.(lvfeijie43@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:284-292
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Many studies have shown that resistant starch has health benefits such as preventing colon cancer, reducing the risk of ulcerative colitis, increasing absorption of minerals, inhibiting fat accumulation and hypoglycemic effects. In this study, the cassava starch was used as raw material. The resistant starch was prepared by autoclaving assisted enzyme treatment. To improve the content of resistant starch, the parameters of enzyme treatment that include adding amounts of α-amylase, reaction time of α-amylase, adding amounts of pullulanase and reaction time of pullulanase were optimized with a response surface methodology. The F-value of 57.58 implies the model is significant. The Lack of Fit F-value of 1.66 implies the Lack of Fit is not significant relative to the pure error. The Pred R-Squared of 0.9156 is in reasonable agreement with the Adj R-Squared of 0.9659 and the R-Squared is 0.9829. This model can be used to navigate the design space. The optimized conditions were that when 10% of the starch slurry concentration was autoclaved at 120°C for 80min, added 1U α-amylase per gram of starch to react 15.75 min at 95°C, debranched with 0.83U pullulanase per gram of starch at 55°C for 5.86h, then treated with ultrasonic for 2min, and finally retrograded at 4°C for 24h to improve resistant starch formation, the content of resistant starch increased to 15.48%. Compared with raw starch, the granule appearance of resistant starch changed under scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction showed that the cassava starch had an A type pattern with sharp peaks at 15°, 17°, 18° and 23°. However, the resistant starch had a B type pattern with sharp peaks at 17° and 22°. The crystallinity of resistant starch improved with increasing resistant starch content. The in vitro digestion results indicated that total carbohydrate digestion products were decreased with increasing resistant starch content and that digestion rates were decreased with increasing incubation time. In first three hours, the concentration and activity of α-amylase solution were high and the binding sites between starch molecules and α-amylase were enough, so the total carbohydrate digestion products of all samples were increased sharply in the initial stage. After three hours, the digestion products were increased slightly and the digestion rates slowed down. This was mainly because starch molecules were hydrolyzed into a small molecular chain and the binding sites were decreased.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Starch
Controlled terms:Amylases - Carbohydrates - Diseases - Enzymes - Molecules - Optimization - Plants (botany) - Scanning electron microscopy - Ultrasonics - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Cassava - Hypoglycemic effect - Optimized conditions - Preparation and properties - Property - Resistant starch - Response surface methodology - Slurry concentration
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 753.1 Ultrasonic Waves - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328298
Title:Prediction of methane production from straw using thermodynamic electron equivalents model
Authors:Si, Buchun (1); Zhang, Yansheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Y.(yszhang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:170-176
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The prediction of anaerobic digestion methane production is still rough. The Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) test is one of the most relevant tests for assessing the methane production of waste materials, but it is time consuming. Considering microbial metabolism, nitrogen source, the degradation of the raw materials as well as the operation of the reactor, a prediction model of anaerobic fermentation is proposed. The method is based on the thermodynamic electron equivalents model (TEEM), which was proposed by McCarty. In the TEEM, the electron flow is divided into two fractions: the fraction of electron donor associated with cell synthesis fs and the fraction associated with energy metabolism fe, in the whole biochemical reaction process electron flow will maintain the conservation. Compared with traditional stoichiometry, the model considered cell synthesis and energy metabolism system, is more scientific and reasonable, and is highly useful for determining mass balance and productions of byproducts from the biological reactions. The quantities of different compounds and anaerobic biodegradability are also important information required to characterize waste. Ingredients of straw analysis methods that draw on traditional animal feed science, the ingredients of straw are divided into lignin, crude fiber, crude fat, crude protein, nitrogen-free extract, crude ash. The method is applied to predict straw methane potential. Validated by different kinds of data in literature, the minimum error is 0.3% and the average error is 10.2%, suggesting that the prediction model is accurate. Further, the paper estimated the potential anaerobic gas production as well as projected anaerobic methane production of the main three straws in China. The country's three major straw production methane potential are as following: corn stalks 295ml/gVS, rice straw 283ml/gVS, and wheat straw 293ml/gVS. The prediction values in the actual biogas project methane production are: corn stalks 252ml/gVS, rice straw 248 ml/gVS, and wheat straw 239 ml/gVS, for an average of 246 ml/gVS. Basic research about thermodynamic electron equivalents model in this article such as the important parameters fs and fe study, especially in the field of anaerobic fermentation, is relatively low, so further research is needed. There are still some problems with methane production predictions for the actual biogas project; the biogas project methane production performance, also related to digester structural parameters and anaerobic fermentation operating parameters is very complex. Because the paper is based on the assumption that straw maximum degradation rate and assumes that the type of reactor, the calculation result is relatively large, the prediction model requires further validation and refinement. However, this method undoubtedly provides a new way to forecast the material methane production potential and methane production in the biogas project, and is more convenient and accurate.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Methane
Controlled terms:Anaerobic digestion - Biodegradation - Biogas - Byproducts - Degradation - Electrons - Fermentation - Forecasting - Mathematical models - Metabolism - Nitrogen - Stoichiometry - Straw - Synthesis (chemical) - Thermodynamics
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic biodegradability - Anaerobic fermentation - Biochemical methane potential - Biochemical reactions - Biological reaction - Microbial metabolism - Operating parameters - Structural parameter
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 801.2 Biochemistry - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 522 Gas Fuels - 461.9 Biology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328286
Title:Effect of watering intensity on characteristics of water and salt movement under sprinkle irrigation in coastal soil
Authors:Chu, Linlin (1); Kang, Yaohu (1); Chen, Xiulong (1); Li, Xiaobin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (2) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Corresponding author:Chu, L.(LLchu5589@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:76-82
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Sprinkler irrigation, as one of the useful technologies for the development and utilization of saline soils, has been extensively used in coastal saline soils. However, few studies have been related to the effects of water application intensity on movement of water and salt transport under sprinkle irrigation in this region. A soil-column experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of water application intensity on the movement of wetting front, water redistribution characteristics and salt leaching of coastal highly-saline soil. The experiments included two kinds of coastal highly-saline soils (clayey and sandy) and five water application intensity treatments, in which the sprinkle irrigation was controlled at 1.72, 3.13, 5.27, 8.75 and 10.11 mm/h, respectively. The results showed that under sprinkle irrigation, the water application intensity and soil clay content significantly influenced the movement of the soil-wetting front. With the increase of water application intensity, the driving velocity of the wetting front increased, while the moist depth decreased. To some extent, the soil clay content had a negative effect on the movement of the wetting front. With the redistribution of the soil moisture, the volumetric moisture content of the same depth was largest at the water application intensity of 3.13 mm/h in clayey highly-saline soil, while in sandy highly-saline soil, the most optimal water preserving capability was observed at the water application intensity of 1.72 mm/h. After sprinkler irrigation, the salts in the upper soil layer were well leached, and moved down to the subsoil, where the soil salt content increased sharply to reach maximum. The suitable water application intensity of sprinkler irrigation was different on these two kinds of soils. Among the five treatments, the best leaching effect was obtained at the water application intensity of 3.13 mm/h in clayey highly-saline soil, and 8.75 mm/h in sandy highly-saline soil. This research is meaningful for completing sprinkler irrigation technology to best utilize coastal saline soil, and it will provide a theoretical basis and technical support for developing a complete and systematic technology of water-salt regulation by sprinkler irrigation.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Saline water
Controlled terms:Leaching - Moisture - Soil moisture - Soils - Sprinkler systems (irrigation) - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Coastal soils - Development and utilizations - Soil salt content - Soil-column experiment - Sprinkler irrigation - Volumetric moisture content - Water and salt transports - Wetting fronts
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 533.1 Ore Treatment - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328304
Title:Analysis of consolidation potential of agricultural land based on construction mode of high-standard basic farmland
Authors:Yang, Wei (1); Xie, Deti (1); Liao, Heping (2); Pan, Zhuo (2); Zhu, Lin (3); Li, Tao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (2) School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (3) School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
Corresponding author:Xie, D.(xdt@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:219-229
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to enrich the theory of evaluation of land regulation potential and effectively guide the practice of rural land renovation, the article used the agricultural land regulation mode of high-standard basic farmland construction model as the starting point, constructing an evaluation system and method according to the potential of rural land under the high-standard basic farmland construction model combined with the evaluation of the land regulation potential and a special land regulation model. The paper based on the construction demand of high-standard basic farmland and subjective and objective analyses of a farmer's will, on the basic of discussed the research status about evaluation on agricultural land regulation potential, the agricultural land regulation potential evaluation mode should take the construction characteristic of high-standard basic farmland, the analysis and evaluation of the land regulation potential which take land regulation model as he starting point has certain innovation and pertinence in the study area of the research in this paper. The ChangShou District of Chongqing City was taken as the study area in the research. The promotion on quantity and quality potential of A (High-standard basic farmland construction areas) and B (Non-high-standard basic farmland construction areas) type regions was established by using the zoning methods of diversity survey, calculating confidence intervals, selecting potential levels, calculating cultivated land productivity, and calculating comprehensive indices of farmland quality. A comprehensive classification of agricultural land regulation potential was conducted according to the classifications of quantity potential and quality potential. The research shows that the quantity and quality potentials of type A regions are 551.78 hm2 and 2218.57 t, and type B regions are 1531.32 hm2 and 3883.77 t. The high-standard basic farmland construction areas are concentrated in second and third potential regions in the ChangShou District. According to the research, the potential structure of the agricultural land regulation mode based on high-standard basic farmland construction model obviously differs by regional type: the potential to increase cultivated land is limited due to the lower field index of cultivated land and slope ranges in a type region. Agricultural land regulation should focus primarily on exploiting quality potentials, and secondly on quantity potentials. Agricultural land regulation should focus on both quantity and quality potential for the relative poor quality of cultivated land and randomly distributed of the field in B type region, the cultivated land quality should be improved combined with rural collective construction land regulation and increase the quantity of cultivated land to meet the requirements in cultivated land balance and agricultural scale development. The potential evaluation in areas of high-standard basic farmland can be more pertinent, objective and nimble by using the zoning methods of diversity survey and selection methods of potential levels in the research. The reference can also be given for the potential analysis of making land regulation plans at the county level and the practice of land regulation. This work enriches and partially completes theoretical research on land regulation potential evaluation.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Consolidation - Land use - Research - Rural areas - Surveys - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Analysis and evaluation - Changshou district - Collective constructions - Comprehensive indices - Comprehensive qualities - Cultivated land qualities - High-standard basic farmland - Potential analysis
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 405.3 Surveying - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328292
Title:Design and implementation of fishery information recommendation system based on association rules
Authors:Wang, Lihua (1); Xiao, Hui (1); Xu, Shuo (1); Liu, Shu (1); Du, Weili (1); Huang, Qiquan (1); Wang, Yu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Fisheries Engineering of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Fisheries Information Engineering Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Fisheries Information Engineering Functional Lab of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China; (2) Information College of Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
Corresponding author:Wang, L.(lihuawang@cafs.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:124-130
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to obtain fishery scientific data quickly and easily, this article analyzed the user's interests in visiting fishery scientific data platforms based on data mining, mined rules and gave information recommendations according to the rules. The association rule technique, one of the commonly used algorithms for mining data analysis, attempts to find some relation of transaction items to the mass data. Based on the design of the Fisheries Information Recommendation System, the association rules mining technique was used to access the web log data of the Fishery Scientific Data Platform to find the user access pattern by data processing, pattern discovery and pattern recognition analysis procedures. Researchers analyzed and improved the algorithms involved in the mining analysis, proposed the IASR (IP Agent Session Referrer) algorithm for user identification, and introduced the technology of rewrite URL, IASR used four key informations: IP, Agent, Session and Referrer, and added session identification mechanism to recognized users in order to improve the accuracy of user identification. In the light of algorithm research on association rules, the paper proposed an improved Apriori algorithm for solving the problems of a large number of candidate set data generated in the connected computing in the process, by judging the effectiveness of the joint operation in advance to reduce the item sets joint operations, the number of the candidate item sets and iterative operations for increasing the efficiency of computation. Comparative testing was made including IASR, Apriori algorithm and improved Apriori algorithm by using the web logging data of the Fisheries Science Data Platform as the experimental object. The result of experimental research showed that IASR algorithm can improve the accuracy of user identification by 13%, and that the speed is twice as fast as that of the traditional one. The improved Apriori algorithm can greatly improve the calculation efficiency. When the transaction number is greater than 500, the improved algorithm efficiency is much better than the Apriori algorithm, improving the speed by more than 6 times. The recommendation system was designed based on the research. The overall structure of the system was designed into three layers: the service layer, business logic layer and data layer, while the service module was encapsulated in the business logic layer. Then registered users and non - registered users were provided needed information recommendation services respectively. The fishery information recommendation system was developed by using JAVA, Asynchronous JavaScript and XML, SQL Server2005 and Windows XP. The application results showed that the implementation of the system could improve the quality of information service and allow users to gain the fishery information they are interested in quickly and easily.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Computational efficiency
Controlled terms:Association rules - Data mining - Data processing - Efficiency - Fisheries - Information services - Information systems - Iterative methods - Learning algorithms - Pattern recognition - Recommender systems - Research
Uncontrolled terms:Association rules mining - Asynchronous javascript and xmls - Design and implementations - Improved apriori algorithms - Information recommendation - Personalized service - Recommendation - Session identification
Classification code:921.6 Numerical Methods - 921 Mathematics - 913.1 Production Engineering - 903 Information Science - 901.3 Engineering Research - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 471.5 Sea as Source of Minerals and Food
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328307
Title:Microbial contamination of chilled pork in cold chain logistics and its control chart design
Authors:Liu, Shouchun (1); Zhao, Chunjiang (1); Yang, Xinting (1); Wang, Guoli (2); Zhong, Saiyi (3)
Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Product in Modern Logistics, Jinan 250103, China; (3) College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524005, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, C.(zhaocj@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:254-260
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The quantity changes of major spoilage microflora (total viable counts, Pseudomonas sp. and Brochothrix thermosphacta) and pathogen microflora (Coliform bacteria and Listeria sp.) during the cold chain logistics were investigated by selective medium, to evaluate the quality and safety of chilled pork by monitoring the microbial growth. The mean-range control chart of microbial contamination of chilled pork during the logistics chain was designed using the statistical process control technology, to analyze their quantity fluctuation and the ratio of eligible quality. The results showed that the microbial quantity (except Coliform bacteria) of pork samples increased significantly (P<0.05) with the extension of logistics chain, and the quantity of pork samples in supermarket were higher (P<0.05) than those in slaughterhouse; The microbial contamination of pork samples in the supermarket from external city was higher (P<0.05) than those from local city. The microbial quantity distribution of chilled pork during the logistics chain was studied by normality test, and it was found that the quantity of Coliform bacteria and Brochothrix thermosphacta showed normal distribution, but Pseudomonas sp. and Listeria sp. did not fit normal distribution. The mean-range control chart of total viable counts and Coliform bacteria of chilled pork during the logistics chain was designed using statistical process control technology, according to the microbial safety limits of chilled pork in the national standard of the People's Republic of China. As showed in the control charts, there were significantly differents in the process capability index (CP<inf>k</inf>) and the ratio of quality eligibility calculated by different control limits from zero to alerting limit, from zero to maximum limit, and from lower control limit (LUL) to upper control limit (UCL). However, the total viable counts in all pork samples were eligible according to the national microbial quantity limits (1×106cfu/g). Mean-range control chart can be used to show intuitively the abnormal fluctuations and substandard quality of microorganism, and it is not yet or seldom applied to the microbial contamination of pork in the cold chain logistics. The research is meaningful to provide a scientific method in pork quality monitoring and microbial control in the cold chain logistics.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Meats
Controlled terms:Coliform bacteria - Contamination - Diseases - Flowcharting - Listeria - Normal distribution - Quality control - Retail stores - Statistical process control - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Cold chain logistics - Colony - Control chart design - Control charts - Microbial contamination - People's Republic of China - Process capability indices - Quality and safeties
Classification code:922.1 Probability Theory - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 822.3 Food Products - 723.1 Computer Programming - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 402.2 Public Buildings
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328296
Title:Study on windbreak effect of road G303 snow wall in pastoral prairie
Authors:Wang, Duoyao (1); Sun, Baoping (1); Zhao, Guoping (2); Wang, Youkui (2); Qiu, Yidan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Gansu Qilian Mountains National Nature Reserve Management Bureau, Zhangye 734000, China
Corresponding author:Sun, B.(sunbp@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:155-163
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The wind speed on both sides of K1203 of typical road G303 in a pastoral prairie of Inner Mongolia, resulted in problems with the snow wall protecting the road. Systematic research was conducted on the windbreak effect in different distances of concrete, non-ventilated linear snow walls that were 2m high and 0.5m wide. During November 2010, outside wind speed was measured by multichannel automatic anemometer PC-2F. The setting position of wind speed was decided based on the multiple of snow wall height (H, the same as follows). The observation height was 2m and 0.2m and the observation time was 30 minutes. The data were obtained by checking the wind speed every three seconds, and then the observations were repeated three more times. Based on the different height (2.0m~0.2m), different distance (protection region H), and wind speed of the snow wall, interpolations of Point Kriging model and Block Kriging model were applied to discuss the optimal, linear, unbiased estimation by soil statistics software SUFER8.0. Finally, isolines of three-dimensional wind speed flow field were confirmed. Isolines of three-dimensional wind speed were at the height of 0.1h (h was the height of snow wall, 2m), 0.25h, 0.5h, 0.75h and 1h near surface. They were digitized 5 times. We then obtained five groups and five lists, 200 encryption dates, and analyzed them by the SUFER8.0. After studying the wind speed flow field and section lines of it blowing the snow wall at speed of 6m/s, 8m/s and 10m/s, pictures of three-dimensional wind speed flow field and section line of wind speed changing trend projection X-Z plane hatch in different situations were acquired. The results show that: 1) With the wind blowing the snow wall at speed of 6m/s, 8m/s and 10m/s, the influence scope ranged from 5H to 6H at the windward side (in front of the snow wall), With an especially more obvious effect at 0.5h high and below on reducing wind speed. In total, it can cut down 26.67%, 43.13% and 45.18%. However, the snow wall has almost no effect on wind speed when the height was over 7H. The protection region at the leeward side could reach -10H to -12H, which has the biggest effect on wind speed. 2) The wind speed projection X-Z plane hatch indicates that when the wind outside with varying speeds blowing the snow wall, it can form an eddy current within 0H~2H and up 0.75h. This will reduce the speed below 0.5h directly and that will weaken the energy of airflow transporting snow grains. As a result, excess snow grains accumulated during transporting near the snow wall. Meanwhile, the wind with varying speeds blowing the non-ventilated linear, the area from 6H to 10H has significant influence in wind speed below 0.5h. According to the study results above, it is suggested that the best setting position of the non-ventilated monolayer linear snow wall in the pastoral prairie could be located within the distance between -10H-12H along the highway at the windward side.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Snow
Controlled terms:Beneficiation - Flow fields - Geologic models - Hatches - Interpolation - Monolayers - Roads and streets - Speed - Three dimensional - Ventilation - Wind - Wind effects
Uncontrolled terms:Changing trends - Different heights - Highway snow - Inner Mongolia - Pastoral prairie - Statistics software - Systematic research - Unbiased estimation
Classification code:921.6 Numerical Methods - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 813.2 Coating Materials - 671.2 Ship Equipment - 643.5 Ventilation - 931.1 Mechanics - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 481.1 Geology - 443.3 Precipitation - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 406.2 Roads and Streets - 533.1 Ore Treatment
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328278
Title:Speed ratio control of tractor hydraulic mechanical CVT
Authors:Wang, Guangming (1); Zhu, Sihong (1); Wang, Shenghong (1); Shi, Lixin (1); Ni, Xiangdong (1); Ouyang, Daye (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China; (2) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Intelligent Agricultural Equipment, Nanjing 210031, China; (3) Mechanical Electrical Engineering College of Xinjiang Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, S.(zhusihong@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:17-23
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:This paper studied the speed ratio control problem of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission. First, based on the speed ratio characteristics of the transmission and the experiment on the identification of the hydraulic system, the steady-state and dynamic mathematical model among the excitation current of the variable displacement pump, the speed ratio of the pump-motor system and the speed ratio of the transmission were built. It showed that the speed ratio of the transmission is a segmented function of the speed ratio of pump-motor system. The relationship between the excitation current of the variable displacement pump and the speed ratio of pump-motor can be considered as a third-order system. According to this model, a neural PID controller based on single neuron network was developed. A set of feasible parameters, i.e. the inertia coeffecient k and the learning coeffecient η<inf>P</inf>, η<inf>I</inf>, η<inf>D</inf> of the PID controller can be determined according to the tuning law which have been studied based on the simulation and experiment. From that, it showed that an appropriate k, η<inf>P</inf>, a larger η<inf>I</inf> and a smaller η<inf>D</inf> can meet a satisfactory internal-stage control quality. Secondly, the open-loop and closed-loop control mode defined by a relay logic was proposed in this paper, so as to make the neural PID controller work at specific intervals and conditions and effectively avoid the frequently power-shift and direction-changed of motor rotation. The controller calculates the target stage and direction of motor rotation according to the target speed ratio of transmission. Once the current stage and direction of motor rotation are different from the target, the power-shift logic and the displacement adjustment logic of the pump can be actived by the open-loop controller to reach the target states following the stepless speed changing rule, otherwise, the closed-loop controller would adjust the speed ratio of the transmission to the target without power-shift and direction-changed of motor rotation based on the neural PID technology. Finally, an experiment of speed ratio control was conducted. During the experiment, it took 5-6 s to hold one direction of motor rotation when the open-loop controller worked, the process under the speed ratio control was smooth and steady and no steady-state error was there at the end of the experiment, the results proved the algorithm to be correct and feasible.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Speed
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Controllers - Excited states - Experiments - Hydraulic equipment - Identification (control systems) - Neural networks - Partial discharges - Pumps - Quality control - Rotation - Three term control systems - Tractors (truck) - Transmissions
Uncontrolled terms:Closed loop controllers - Continuously variable transmission - Dynamic mathematical model - Hydraulic mechanicals - Neural PID controller - Single neuron network - Speed ratio control - Variable displacement
Classification code:913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 732.1 Control Equipment - 731.1 Control Systems - 723.5 Computer Applications - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 618.2 Pumps - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20132016328309
Title:Effect of metal complex with chitosan on preservation quality and degradation of organophosphorus pesticides in Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Dongzao)
Authors:Zhang, Xiaojuan (1); Wu, Hao (1); Wang, Chengrong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
Corresponding author:Wu, H.(fiona_wing2003@yahoo.com.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:266-276
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The effects of a novel complex of zinc (II) and cerium (IV) with chitosan film-forming material on the preservation quality of Chinese jujube fruits (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Dongzao) and degradation of organophosphorus pesticides in the fruits during room temperature storage were investigated. The research was aimed at prolonging the shelf life of Chinese jujube fruits, reducing the economic losses due to jujube rotting caused by its physiological properties and characteristics of high respiratory intensity and high water content, and improving the edible security of Chinese jujube fruits. The results showed that the quality of Chinese jujube fruits treated with chitosan film-forming material bonding with zinc (II) and cerium (IV) were better than the control and chitosan film-forming material during the storage time. After 18 days of storage, the weight loss, respiratory intensity, and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity of fruits treated with the metal complex were 11.69%, 31.29%, and 7.07% lower than the control, which were 6.17%, 13.27%, and 6.57% lower than the chitosan film-forming material, respectively (p<0.05). Furthermore, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, and polyphenol contents were 10.45%, 12.35%, and 16.1% higher than the control, which were 8.94%, 9.48%, and 19.70% higher than the chitosan film-forming material, respectively (p<0.05). The degradation rates of chlorpyrifos were increased to 97.31% for the complex treatment, which were 30.18% and 17.26% higher than the control and the chitosan film-forming material, respectively (p<0.05). The relatively regular crystal structure of chitosan had very important effects on the film-forming materials' ventilation property and using performance for chitosan and the complex with zinc (II) and cerium (IV). The complex with zinc (II) and cerium (IV) showed better performance than chitosan. The reasons were as follows: first, the structure of the chitosan coordinated with zinc (II) and cerium (IV) was changed, so the complex had more superiority in inhibiting the respiration intensity, lowering the metabolic rate, maintaining a relatively stable acidic internal environment and higher soluble solids content, reducing the degradation rate of vitamin C and the quick consumption of respiratory substrate, the suitable micro-controlled atmosphere environment passivated polyphenol oxidase activity, and reduced the loss of polyphenol contents in jujube fruits; second, zinc (II) and cerium (IV) has the function of scavenging harmful free-radicals in fruits, protecting vitamin C from oxidational losses; this is probably another reason for the better performance of the complex. TOC and GC-MS analysis showed that 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl and 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridyl alcohol were the main intermediate products, and PO<inf>4</inf>3-, NO<inf>3</inf>-and Cl- were the main ultimate products in the degradation of Chlorpyrifos by the metal complex, which would not lead to the accumulation effect of the toxic intermediate product by the degradation pathway of oxidation and hydrolysis effect. This article could provide a theoretical basis for the post-harvest preservation technique of Chinese jujube fruits, and for the practical application of metal complex with chitosan in the degradation of organophosphorus pesticides.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Chitosan
Controlled terms:Cerium - Coordination reactions - Degradation - Fruits - Losses - Materials - Metal complexes - Organic acids - Pesticides - Quality control - Reaction intermediates - Storage (materials) - Wood preservation - Zinc - Zinc compounds
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese jujube - Film-forming materials - Organophos-phorus pesticides - Physiological properties - Preservation techniques - Respiratory substrates - Soluble solids content - Ventilation properties
Classification code:913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 951 Materials Science - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 694.4 Storage - 547.2 Rare Earth Metals - 546.3 Zinc and Alloys - 802.2 Chemical Reactions
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

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