<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20131616220381
Title:Influence of soil solution properties and predicting model on soil soluble copper toxicity to tomato shoot
Authors:Zhang, Xiaoqing (1); Wei, Dongpu (2); Li, Bo (2); Ma, Yibing (2); Huang, Zhanbin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (2) National Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Effects Long-term Monitoring Network, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Corresponding author:Ma, Y.(ybma@caas.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:214-222
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Metal bioavailability and toxicity is not only determined by its speciation and contents, but also by the soil water chemistry. In the present study, bioassays of tomato shoot were performed in 17 Chinese soils to evaluate the phytotoxicity of soluble copper (Cu) toxicity based on soil pore water and 0.01 M CaCl<inf>2</inf> extraction. The selected soils, which represented the major soil types and properties in China, were spiked with soluble Cu chloride. Sub-samples of the spiked soil were leached by artificial rainwater to simulate the field conditions and the toxicity was compared with that in unleached soils. When considering the toxicity thresholds for Cu in soil pore water, it was found that the effective concentrations that caused 10% root growth inhibition (EC10) and 50% inhibition (EC50) varied widely from 0.06 to 1.47 mg/L and from 0.17 to 3.42 mg/L in 17 unleached soils and from 0.05 to 2.24 mg/L, from 0.13 to 4.37 mg/L in leached soils, representing 23 to 41.1 folds differences. Similarly, the toxicity thresholds for Cu extracted by 0.01 M CaCl<inf>2</inf> showed that the EC10 and EC50 values for unleached or leached soils also varied considerably from 0.18 to 2.64 mg/L and from 0.57 to 6.14 mg/L in unleached soils and from 0.18 to 1.28 mg/L, from 0.61 to 7.11 mg/L in leached soils, representing 6.9 to 14.4 fold differences. However, leaching did not significantly decrease soluble Cu toxicity thresholds in most soils. These results indicated that the toxicity thresholds of soluble Cu variations were influenced by soil solution properties in a wide range of soils. Meanwhile, the relationships were developed between soil solution properties and phytotoxicity threshold values for copper in a wide range of soils. The multiple regression results showed that Ca² and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were the two most important factors affecting the extent of Cu toxicity in soil pore water on tomato shoot in leached and unleached soils, respectively, and meanwhile they were positively related to the toxicity thresholds. Single Ca² was found to explain 64% and 31% of the variance in soluble Cu toxicity threshold EC10 and EC50, respectively, in pore water across unleached soils. For leached soils, single DOC was found to explain 48% and 56% of the variance of EC10 and EC50. Soil solution pH was not the most important factor controlling the soluble Cu toxicity, while it could improve the prediction of the model to some extent, with the toxicity thresholds in pore water increasing as pH increased. When incorporating these parameters (DOC, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), S, Ca², Mg², K and Na) into the regression models, together with corresponding toxicity thresholds for soluble Cu, the coefficient of determination (r²) for EC10 or EC50 ranged from 0.75 to 0.99 in leached and unleached soil. This implied that the soluble Cu toxicity on tomato shoot could be better estimated by soil pore water chemistry. These quantitative relationships between soluble Cu toxicity and soil solution properties can contribute to the development of a soluble Cu toxicity risk assessment of the terrestrial environment in China.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Geologic models
Controlled terms:Biochemistry - Calcium - Chlorine compounds - Copper - Electric conductivity - Fruits - Hydrochemistry - Leaching - Models - Regression analysis  - Soil moisture - Soils - Toxicity - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of determination - Dissolved organic carbon - Effective concentration - Electrical conductivity - Phytotoxicity - Terrestrial environments - Tomato - Toxicity risk assessments
Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 801.2 Biochemistry - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 544.1 Copper - 533.1 Ore Treatment - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 481.2 Geochemistry - 481.1 Geology - 444 Water Resources
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20131616220380
Title:Prediction model for performance of nitrate removal from contaminated water using reactor packed with solid carbon source
Authors:Zhang, Lanhe (1); Sun, Lijiao (1); Qiu, Tianlei (2); Han, Meilin (2); Wang, Xuming (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Dianli University, Jilin 132012, China; (2) Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
Corresponding author:Wang, X.(wangxm413@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:209-213
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Solid-phase denitrification (SPD) process is characterized by insoluble biodegradable polymers used as carbon sources. It is likely to avoid the risk of overdosing of liquid carbon sources in the conventional with the resultant deterioration of the effluent water quality. SPD process has been successfully applied on the treatment of groundwater and wastewater with a low ratio of carbon to nitrogen. This work was carried out in order to predict the nitrate concentration in the treated water and optimize the parameters using SPD process. A laboratory scale reactor was used, which was packed with the poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) granules as both carbon source and biofilm carrier for nitrate removal from the contaminated water. Based on Box-Behnken experimental design, the relationship among the effluent and influent nitrate-nitrogen concentrations, temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) was quantitatively investigated using response surface methodology. The calculated values of the equation were agreed well with the experimentally tested data, and their relative errors ranged from 1.5% to 19%. This equation can quantitatively describe the relationship among the effluent and influent nitrate-nitrogen concentrations, temperature and HRT. Influent nitrate-nitrogen concentration, HRT, temperature and their interaction had significant impacts on the response value by analysis of variance (P&lt;0.05).
Number of references:18
Main heading:Carbon
Controlled terms:Effluents - Groundwater - Models - Nitrates - Nitrification - Surface properties - Temperature - Water pollution - Water quality - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Box-Behnken experimental design - Contaminated water - Hydraulic retention time - Laboratory-scale reactor - Nitrate concentration - Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) - Response surface methodology - Solid carbon sources
Classification code:902.1 Engineering Graphics - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 951 Materials Science - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 445.2 Water Analysis - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 444.2 Groundwater - 453 Water Pollution
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20131616220362
Title:Development and application of double membrane modified antimony pH electrode and its testing instrument
Authors:Sheng, Qingyuan (1); Zhang, Xiliang (2); Li, Pingping (3); Liu, Lichen (2); Chen, Shutian (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (3) College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
Corresponding author:Li, P.(lipingping@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:59-65
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The value of pH is a key chemical parameter in the field of industrial and agricultural production, medicine, environmental protection and other fields. At present, commercial glass pH electrodes have been widely used in soil pH test in the laboratory due to its convenience and reliability. But with turbid and vibrate systems in the filed like on-the-go pH mapping, glass electrode cannot be used because of its brittleness of the glass membrane, sluggish response, which are difficult to miniaturize and planarize based on current manufacturing technologies. In this work, a simple, flexible, inexpensive and effective way to make bilayer membrane modified antimony pH electrode was presented and one pH tester was developed. The surface of the obtained antimony wire was oxidized in sodium dioxide melt to fabricate an antimony oxide film for pH sensing as first layer. The second layer was Nafion membrane with selective characteristics, which was coated after the first layer. The sensing response and open-circuit potential of the electrode had a good linear relationship (R²=0.997) with pH value in the test solution, which also exhibited small hysteresis, fast response than that of bare antimony pH electrode. The open-circuit potential of the electrode was almost drift-free, with an average variation as small as 0.1 mV over an hour. Ion interference experiment showed that this electrode has good selectivity with common ions (Na, K, Ca², Cl^-, Br^-) in soil, redox ion ([Fe(CN)<inf>6</inf>]^3-, [Fe(CN)<inf>6</inf>]^4-) and citrate ions (C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf>^3-). The bilayer membrane modified antimony pH electrode and the Ag/AgCl reference electrode as sensor were employed to pH tester, which was designed based on 16 bit low power consumption microcontroller (Sunplus SPCE061A). Tester readings in soil turbid solution under controlled in the lab were compared with the data obtained by standard protocols of soil. The tests demonstrated a high degree of linearity between standard laboratory values and turbid soil solution sensor values, the absolute value of maximum error was less than 0.075, the absolute value of relative error was less than 1.342%. The double membrane modified antimony pH electrode testing instrument would be suitable for in situ and continuous pH measurement in many applications.
Number of references:27
Main heading:pH effects
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Electrodes - Fracture mechanics - Glass - Instrument testing - Instruments - Ions - Microcomputers - Oxide films  - Potentiometric sensors - Soil moisture
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Development and applications - Linear relationships - Low-power consumption - Nafion film - Open-circuit potential - pH value - Test instruments
Classification code:821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 942.1 Electric and Electronic Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 812.3 Glass - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 704.1 Electric Components - 712.1.2 Compound Semiconducting Materials - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 801 Chemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20131616220379
Title:Optimization of accomplishing oil extraction and biodiesel synthesis by single-step technique from Xanthoceras sorbifolia bunge kernel
Authors:Ding, Lijun (1); Wang, Ximing (1); Hao, Yinan (1); Chen, Gang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Materials Science and Art Design, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (2) College of Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
Corresponding author:Wang, X.(w_ximing@263.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:202-208
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The biodiesel was synthesized after the oil extraction and pretreatment, which was relatively complex in production and separation process. The separation cost was very large. That will be greatly reduced when the biodiesel was synthesized from the crude oil. The single-step technique was studied on the synthesis of biodiesel from Xanthoceras sorbifolia kernel in this study, using petroleum ether as extraction agent and methanol as synthesis agent. The oil extraction and ester exchange reaction was conducted under water bath heating and magnetic stirring conditions with sodium hydroxide as the catalyst. The single-step technique was investigated to accomplish oil extraction and biodiesel synthesis from Xanthoceras sorbifolia bunge kernel using central composite design. The predictive model of polynomial quadratic equation was established with Design Expert software. In the model, temperature, petroleum ether amount, methanol amount and sodium hydroxide amount were independent variables and biodiesel yield was response value. The results showed that the influencing degree of the four factors on biodiesel yield was petroleum ether amount &gt; methanol amount &gt; the temperature of extraction and reaction &gt; sodium hydroxid amount. The influencing degree of the interaction between the factors on biodiesel yield was as follows: methanol amount and sodium hydroxid amount &gt; the temperature of extraction and reaction and sodium hydroxid amount &gt; the temperature of extraction and reaction and petroleum ether amount &gt; petroleum ether amount and sodium hydroxid amount &gt; the temperature of extraction and reaction and methanol amount &gt; petroleum ether amount and methanol amount. The model could not only predict the biodiesel synthesis rate but also calculate oil recovery. The results showed that the optimal temperature of extraction and reaction was 77&deg;C, petroleum ether amount was 6:1 mL/g, methanol and sodium hydroxide were 12% (mL/g) and 0.3% (g/g) of Xanthoceras sorbifolia bunge kernel amount respectively. Under these conditions, the biodiesel yield was 65.44%. The major components of biodiesel were methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate and methyl erueate. The method provides a reference for oil extraction and biodiesel synthesis from Xanthoceras sorbifolia bunge kernels.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Synthetic fuels
Controlled terms:Biodiesel - Caustic soda - Crude oil - Ethers - Extraction - Methanol - Optimization - Seed - Sodium - Synthesis (chemical)
Uncontrolled terms:Biodiesel synthesis - Central composite designs - Independent variables - Optimal temperature - Quadratic equations - Response surface methodology - Single-step - Xanthoceras sorbifolia bunge
Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 523 Liquid Fuels - 802.2 Chemical Reactions
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20131616220378
Title:Model analysis on thermal efficiency of suspended Kang of rural households in Zhuanglang county, Gansu province
Authors:Niu, Shuwen (1); Qian, Yujie (1); Hu, Lili (1); He, Baolin (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Earth and Environmental Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (3) Dryland Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730040, China
Corresponding author:Niu, S.(shuwenn@lzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:193-201
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:As the weather is cold in the winter in the loess hilly region of western China, space heating becomes a necessary demand for rural households. Kang is the main method of heating in rural households of this region. A new type of kang (suspended kang) was constructed in six rural houses and traditional kang (a heatable brick bed) constructed in four rural houses in two villages in Zhuanglang County. The suspended kang was raised above the floor on columns, which is different from traditional kang on the ground. Indoor and outdoor temperatures were monitored hourly by intelligent digital temperature recorders in these houses. The daily amount of fuel used was also recorded. A mathematical model, the trend surface model, was designed to utilize the monitored time series data of temperature change to estimate indoor and outdoor cumulative temperature. It is supposed that the house is an enclosed system which is heated only by kangs and stoves, and the influence of other random factors was not considered. Based on the above and according to the heat transfer theory, a new model of the heat loss of the house was designed. The law of conservation of energy dictates that the heat gain indoors equals the heat lost in a given period, which also equals the effective heat releases by burning fuel. Using Matlab 7.0 software, the thermal effectiveness of the two types of kang during heating periods was modeled according to typical daily life scenarios of rural households. The results show that annual average energy consumption for heating accounted for one-half of the total energy required by that lifestyle. Actual fuel consumption of suspended kang and traditional kang are 868.43 and 1338.51 kgce in Gaoyahan village respectively, and are 956.36 and 1583.5 kgce in Xiawan village respectively. The heat loss of a house is a function of the interaction between outdoor temperature change and fuel use. The heat loss obviously increases when the outdoor temperature falls, and vice versa. The hourly change of heat loss is illustrated, as a U-shaped curve over the period of one day, and the daily change as an inverted U-shaped curve over the whole period of the study. The thermal efficiency of the suspended kang is between 27% and 37%, and is higher than that of the traditional kang's. Therefore, it is suggested that the suspended kang should be promoted as much as biogas digesters as a way of improving the indoor thermal comfort of rural residents in the winter.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Heat losses
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Energy conservation - Energy utilization - Fuels - Heating equipment - Houses - Mathematical models - MATLAB - Rural areas - Sediments  - Space heating
Uncontrolled terms:Heat transfer theory - Indoor thermal comfort - Law of conservation of energy - Loess hilly regions - Model analysis - Suspended Kang - Temperature changes - Thermal effectiveness
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 643.2 Space Heating Equipment and Components - 643.1 Space Heating - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 524 Solid Fuels - 523 Liquid Fuels - 522 Gas Fuels - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 402.3 Residences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20131616220384
Title:Comprehensive evaluation and spatial partition of sustainable utilization of land in Chang-Zhu-Tan region
Authors:Liu, Qing (1); Chen, Ligen (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resource and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (2) College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Q.(liuq1223@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:245-253
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Along with the sustainable development theory gradually extending to land fields, the concept of sustainable land use has already been widely accepted in the world, research on the sustainable land use also has received popular international academic attention and has become a hot spot in land science study. Sustainable land use, which is the premise and foundation of sustainable development of regional resources, the environment, the economy, and society, has been widely carried out. Shortage of lands is one of the principal obstacles to explore resource-conservation &amp; environment-friendly development mechanisms in the Chang-Zhu-Tan region. It is important to solve the resource constraints problem of restricting economic and social development and to implement sustainable land use projects in order to comprehensively evaluate sustainable land-use level, deeply investigate the current space pattern situation, and provide a scientific basis for guiding land development and policymaking for land management. Taking the Chang-Zhu-Tan region as an example, from a resource-conservation &amp; environment-friendly system point of view, selecting 22 indicators representing four aspects including (a) the economic benefit of land use, (b) intensive land uses, (c) the ecological environment of land use, and (d) social harmony of land use, the comprehensive scores of sustainable land use in the Chang-Zhu-Tan region were calculated by factor analysis and a comprehensive evaluation method in this paper. Combining clustering analysis, maps of comprehensive spatial partition patterns of sustainable land use were drawn by applying GIS. The specific research methods and steps are as follows: 1) On the basis of dimensionless processing to each index by a standardization method, the weights and scores of the principal component factors were calculated by using principal component analysis, and the comprehensive scores or evaluation values of sustainable land use were estimated by an index evaluation method in the Chang-Zhu-Tan region; 2) The spatial pattern of sustainable land use status was analyzed, and regional levels of sustainable land use were classified; and 3) Based on the classification of spatial partitions, clustering analysis was used to eliminate subjective effects, to explain the space heterogeneity status of sustainable land use, and to validate the rationality of front level classifications in the Chang-Zhu-Tan region. All these steps were completely calculated using SPSS 13.0. Based on the above analysis, results showed that: Most of the counties were at the beginning of sustainable development in the Chang-Zhu-Tan region; individual counties (cities) were in a sustainable utilization stage or sustainable development stage - that is to say, the sustainable land use level should be improved. At the same time, there was still an obvious, regional level of sustainable land use in the Chang-Zhu-Tan region, unbalanced regional development of sustainable land use in the spatial distribution in the Chang-Zhu-Tan region, and the study area was divided into two types of development (balanced and unbalanced development) and five comprehensive spatial partitions, which generally exhibited trends of unbalanced development patterns. On the basis of regionally specific division of the summary results, some suggestions were proposed for future layout adjustments for land development and utilization.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Sustainable development
Controlled terms:Economics - Geographic information systems - Land use - Planning - Principal component analysis - Regional planning
Uncontrolled terms:Chang-Zhu-Tan region - Comprehensive evaluation - Development mechanisms - Development patterns - Ecological environments - Economic and social development - Ecotope - Sustainable utilization
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 723.3 Database Systems - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20131616220371
Title:Productivity of strip intercropping systems in agro-pastoral ecotone
Authors:Gou, Fang (1); Zhang, Lizhen (1); Dong, Wanlin (1); Yu, Yang (1); Di, Wantong (1); Zhao, Peiyi (2); Tuo, Debao (2); Pan, Xuebiao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Agricultural Meteorology Department, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (2) Institute of Plant Nutrition and Analysis, Inner-Mongolia Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China; (3) Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708 PB, Netherlands
Corresponding author:Zhang, L.(zhanglizhen@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:129-141
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Strip intercropping system is not only a technique that achieves high productivity but also an important practice to protect winter and spring wind erosion in Agro-pastoral ecotone. Dry matter accumulation process and yield advantage of intercropping are vital indicators for exploration of intercropping performance and assessing the environmental benefit. This study is aiming to quantify crop growth, yield and land productivity in typical intercropping systems in agro-pastoral ecotone. An expolinear relationship between biomass growth and heat sum of above 0&deg;C temperature was fitted for different crops in the inter-and mono-cropping systems. The regression parameters were used to quantify the delay of crop growth in the intercropping. Land equivalent ratio (LER) was used to explain land productivity and over-yielding of the intercropping systems. The main results showed that sunflower/potato, oats/potato and oats/bean strip intercropping systems with wider width of strips (e.g. 2 m:2 m intercropping) significantly increased land productivity with yield land equivalent ratio (LER) of 1.12, 1.09 and 1.05, respectively, which means 5% to 12% of the land productivity increasing. Intercropping yield advantages were significantly higher in the wider strip intercropping systems than that with narrower ones (1 m:1 m intercropping), and had a less yearly variation. The harvest index (HI) of sunflower was significantly increased in intercropping, while that for other crops were significantly changed. A border row effect was clearly found in the oat based intercropping systems. The border rowers had a significantly higher yield compare to middle rows in the intercrops and sole oats. Strip intercropping decreased the maximum growth rate cm, while the relative growth rate r<inf>m</inf> stayed as the same as the monoculture. The growth delay of crops in the intercrops was quantified by using the parameter t<inf>b</inf>, which indicated the thermal time requirement at the time of reaching maximum canopy cover. The growth of five species in the intercropping systems, e.g. sunflower, potato, oats, faba bean and vetch, were delayed 117 to 387 degree days compared to that of monocultures, which resulted 8-26 d of growth delay when we took the daily average temperature (15&deg;C) into accounts. All in all, Strip intercropping systems not only have over-yielding effects and higher economic benefits, especially in intercropping systems with wider strips, but also reduce the agricultural risks in the agro-pastoral ecotone climatically and economically.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Plants (botany)
Controlled terms:Crops - Economics - Land use - Productivity - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Agro-pastoral ecotones - Biological fense - Dry matter accumulation - Environmental benefits - Intercropping systems - Land equivalent ratios - Regression parameters - Strip intercropping
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20131616220364
Title:Comparison of temporal extrapolation methods for evapotranspiration over variant underlying croplands
Authors:Chen, He (1); Yang, Dawen (1); L&#252;, Huafang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Beijing 100084, China; (2) Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Corresponding author:Yang, D.(yangdw@tsinghua.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:73-81
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Quantitative estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) plays a significant role in the mechanism study of water cycling and agriculture management. Remotely sensed satellites provide spatial continuous surface parameters, which make estimation of regional surface ET possible. However, surface parameters retrieved by remote sensing data is discontinuous temporally, which can only provide 1-2 instantaneous values at satellite over-passing time. Thus, time scale extrapolation process is of crucial necessity for daily ET estimation. Recently, many ET time scale extrapolation methods have been proposed, such as sine function method, constant evaporative fraction (EF) method, and crop coefficient method. It has been proved that different models have different applicability and accuracy over variant climate conditions and underlying surfaces. Many studies assemble these extrapolation methods into remote sensing models to estimate regional daily ET in China, however, little researches focus on the accuracy assessment of these methods. The purpose of this study is to compare and assess the accuracy of four commonly used ET extrapolation methods over variant climate conditions and vegetation types. The study was conducted at Gaoying flux site located in North China Plain and Tongyu flux long-term land surface processes observational station located in North-east China Plain to represent semi-humid and semi-arid climate respectively. The predominant crops of Gaoying site are winter wheat and summer maize planted in rotation. Tongyu long-term land surface processes observational station has two flux sites located on the sorghum and degraded grassland, respectively. Each site of Tongyu station as well as Gaoying site has an EC system to record half-hour latent heat flux and sensible heat flux. Four commonly used ET extrapolation methods selected from literatures were tested in this study. The selection was carried out considering their applicability to the Remote sensing data used. The first method is the constant evaporative fraction (EF) method, which assumes the evaporative fraction, defined as the ratio between latent heat flux and available energy is stable during daytime under fair weather. The second method is a variance to constant EF method (so called variant EF method), with a change that soil heat flux is neglected. One assumption implied in variant EF method is the average daily soil heat tends to be zero and could be excluded in estimating daily ET. The third method is sine function method, that proposed by the assumption that the ratio of instantaneous latent heat flux to daily ET to the diurnal trend of solar irradiance with a sine curve. The fourth method is the crop coefficient method, which implies the ratio of actual ET to reference ET (i.e. crop coefficient) stays stable during the day. Four wheat seasons and four maize seasons from 2005 to 2008 at Gaoying flux site, two seasons of sorghum, grass land and bare soil at Tongyu flux site are used in this study. By accumulating the half-hour LE measurements, daily ET is calculated and used as validation data. Results show that all the four methods have the similar patterns, but the variant EF method has the best accuracy and performs well over the typical croplands in north China. The assumption implying in the extrapolation methods that a certain parameter (such as EF, crop coefficient, etc.) remains stable during daytime does not work in the study areas. Therefore, estimation derived from morning satellite underestimates the daily evapotranspiration, but overvalues from afternoon satellite. The diurnal pattern of evaporative fraction will come next to get a better understand of extrapolation from instantaneous value to daily evapotranspiration, and a new extrapolation approach will be proposed.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Extrapolation
Controlled terms:Climate models - Computer simulation - Crops - Estimation - Evapotranspiration - Functions - Heat flux - Hydrology - Remote sensing - Satellites  - Soils - Surface measurement - Water content - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture management - Crop coefficient - Daily evapotranspirations - Evaporative fraction - Quantitative estimation - Sine curve - Temporal extrapolations - Temporal scale
Classification code:921.6 Numerical Methods - 921 Mathematics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 731.1 Control Systems - 723.5 Computer Applications - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 655.2 Satellites - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 444.1 Surface Water - 444 Water Resources - 641.2 Heat Transfer
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20131616220356
Title:Experiment of sucking precision of sucking plate with group holes on rice pneumatic metering device
Authors:Zhang, Guozhong (1); Luo, Xiwen (1); Zang, Ying (1); Wang, Zaiman (1); Zeng, Shan (1); Zhou, Zhiyan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Corresponding author:Zang, Y.(yingzang@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:13-20
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Rice is the most important grain crop in China with a growing plant area year after year in recent decades. Direct seeding and transplant are the two main plant modes. Direct seeding by planter is getting popular in China, India, and other countries, with high efficacy and economy, as well as easy operation. Due to high capacity of tilling, generally three to four seeds are required for each hole in order to avoid a planter-like high empty hole rate. Meanwhile, the different variety and irregular shape of the seeds results in either excessive seeds in each hole, or empty holes when planters plant hybrid rice seeds that makes it quite difficult to meet requirements for current needs in the field. In order to realize precise farming, a unique precise pneumatic metering device was designed with a group sucking plate in seed metering device, by which three to four seeds can be sucked and dropped at the same time. The plate was divided into five parts, a seed sucking place, seed clearing place, seed carrying place, seed dropping place, and a blank place. The seeds were sucked by the vacuum and rotated to the dropping place by the plate. Different influences from the diameter of the hole, vacuum degree, and clear-up equipment on precision of metering devices have been discussed. In the experiment, the sucking plate rotating speed was 8 rpm and its diameter was 165mm. Rice varieties were Indic hybrid Peizataifeng whose moisture content (wet basis) was 11.6%~11.9%, and its 1000-grain was 22 g. Its overall dimension (length&times;width&times;thickness) was 8.94 mm&times;2.30 mm&times;1.94 mm, and the 4&times;24 orthogonal experiments were conducted to investigate the suck characteristic of the group holes on the sucking plate under vacuum, diameter of the holes, and the seed-clearing device. The experimental equipment consisted of a pneumatic metering device with group holes, a U-shaped manometer, a positive and negative pressure air pipeline, a cut-off valve, and a vortex pump. The sucking probability of the group holes was the conditional probability of the single hole sucking probability, and the result showed that the sucking precision was affected by them. The order affecting the average sucking seeds per hill was diameter of the hole&gt;seed-clearing device&gt;vacuum; the order affecting the &le2 sucked seeds per hill (lost sucking percentage) was vacuum&gt;diameter of the hole&gt;seed-clearing device; the order affecting the (3~4) sucked seeds per hill (qualified percentage) was diameter of the hole&gt;seed-clearing device&gt;vacuum; and the order affecting the &ge;5 sucked seeds per hill (repetitive sucking percentage) was diameter of the hole&gt;seed-clearing device&gt;vacuum. The optimal parameter combination was vacuum at 3.2 kPa and diameter of the hole with 1.5 mm and seed-clearing device; the &le2 sucked seeds per hill, the (3~4) sucked seeds per hill and the &ge;5 sucked seeds per hill were 8.27%, 81.87% and 9.86%. The result showed the sucking pate that had group holes performed well on sucking precision and has excellent application prospects.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Experiments - Grain (agricultural product) - Pneumatic equipment - Pneumatics - Vacuum - Vacuum technology
Uncontrolled terms:Group holes - Metering devices - Precision hill-drop - Rice - Seed-clearing device
Classification code:632.3 Pneumatics - 632.4 Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 633 Vacuum Technology - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20131616220369
Title:Prediction of spatial distribution of hilly farmland with purple soil nutrient
Authors:Zhang, Guoping (1); Guo, Pengtao (1); Wang, Zhengyin (1); Liu, Hongbin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resource and Environmental Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Z.(wang_zhengyin@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:113-120
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The accurate prediction of the distribution of hilly farmland with purple soil nutrient is of great importance for fertilizing crops reasonably. Also it is very important as a means of increasing farmer income, protecting the environment and source, and improving the sustainable development of agriculture. Many research studies have focused on the spatial variation of soil nutrient, and conclude that the land use type and topographic features of the land are the key factors for the spatial distribution of soil nutrient. However, we can not predict the distribution of hilly farmland with purple soil nutrient based on presently known results. From the knowledge gaps outlined above, the objectives of this study were to predict the regularity of purple soil nutrient for hill farmland. We collected a typical hilly farmland of purple soil (2 km²) in Jiangjin, Chongqing as the study area. One model was built based on terrain attributes, and the other one was built based on a combination of terrain attributes and land use types. The study compared the complexes and fitting for the two models to identify which one is better. The results showed that organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen were positively correlated with topographic factors. This result agrees with previous results that indicated that alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen is often positively correlated with organic matter in soil because the mineralization of organic matter could generate alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen. Available phosphorus and rapidly available potassium were weakly correlated with topographic factors, suggesting that terrain attributes have little effect on those two soil nutrients. There were significant differences (P&lt;0.01) of the average of organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus between crop land and paddy field. But we did not observe a significant difference (P=0.34) of rapidly available potassium in these two fields. This suggests that land use type has a significant effect on the spatial distribution of organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, and available phosphorus, but except for rapidly available potassium. Thus, if we built the soil nutrient prediction model based only on the land use type, rapidly available potassium may not need to be considered. A comparison of the performance for the two models demonstrates that prediction models based on terrain attributes are convenient, accurate and applicative. This suggests that the predictor variable of land use type as calculated in the model did not positively help to improving the prediction. This study could provide basic scientific evidence for the reasonable fertilization of hilly farmland.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Nutrients
Controlled terms:Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Crops - Farms - Forecasting - Geographic information systems - Geomorphology - Land use - Nitrogen - Organic compounds  - Potassium - Soils - Spatial distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Accurate prediction - Available phosphorus - Available potassiums - Hilly farmland - Significant differences - Soil nutrients - Spatial prediction - Topographic features
Classification code:821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 723.3 Database Systems - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 921 Mathematics - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 481.1.1 Geomorphology - 461.9 Biology - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 481.2 Geochemistry
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20131616220365
Title:Assimilation of surface water heat flux using Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors:Shu, Shijie (1); Liu, Chaoshun (1); Shi, Runhe (1); Gao, Wei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; (2) Joint Laboratory for Environmental Remote Sensing and Data Assimilation, East China Normal University and The Center for Earth Observation and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200062, China
Corresponding author:Liu, C.(csliu@re.ecnu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:82-90
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Water and heat fluxes exchange between biosphere and bottom atmosphere are indispensable parts in understanding the surface energy conversion and hydrological cycle processes happening on the land surface. Estimation and prediction of fluxes have immense research significance in fields of environmental protection, agricultural production and climate prediction. Land surface model is a powerful tool to obtain space-time continuous fluxes despite its poor simulation accuracy. The state-of-the-art data assimilation method provides a way to solve this problem. With the help of the offline version of Community Land Model CLM3.0 as a dynamic framework, we use the Ensemble Kalman Filter assimilation algorithm to build a single-site surface water and heat fluxes assimilation system. The algorithm perform an ensemble simulation to estimate initial condition error covariance and observational error covariance for the objective dynamic model and analyze background diagnostic outputs by calculating a weighted mean with observations. Perturbations on surface initial condition, atmospheric forcing data and observations are generated by a random sampling strategy based on the supposition of normal distribution with a priori mean and standard deviation for all variables. Data from three flux observing sites from Ameriflux flux observational network (Chestnut Ridge, ARM SGP Main and Tonzi Ranch) which stand for three different land surface conditions are engaged in parallel experiments to test the system and evaluate the effectiveness of flux assimilation under the framework of land model. Before processing further experiment, an optimal ensemble size was selected by evaluating outputs of latent heat from models with different ensemble size RMSE. The results of parallel experiments showed that direct assimilation of sensible and latent heat fluxes can improve the estimates of total surface sensible and latent heat fluxes in all three types of underlying land surface condition. In ARM SGP Main site, a typical case for cropland ground type, RMSE of sensible heat flux decreased from 67.49 W/m² to 14.07 W/m² and that of latent heat flux decreased from 70.07 W/m² to 14.35 W/m². In Chestnut Ridge site that stands for forestry, RMSE of sensible heat flux dropped from 82.56 W/m² to 48.56 W/m² and that of latent heat flux fell from 42.99 W/m² to 38.92 W/m², respectively. Tonzi Ranch, a grassland site, RMSE in is also diminished by assimilating in situ observations with decrements of 45.14 W/m² for sensible heat flux and 8.75 W/m² for latent heat flux. Furthermore, by comparing the results we gained above with mainstream study that focusing on assimilation of surface temperature and humidity to indirectly improve the fluxes prediction, we conclude that under the dynamic framework of community land model the flux outputs from direct assimilation model are better than those from surface state assimilation model. It is noteworthy that the accuracy of observational error estimation will directly affect the assimilation results though errors from initial condition, observation and atmospheric forcing will make contributions simultaneously.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Heat flux
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Atmospheric humidity - Atmospheric temperature - Climatology - Data processing - Energy conversion - Estimation - Experiments - Fluxes  - Fruits - Kalman filters - Latent heat - Normal distribution - Surface measurement - Surface waters - Vegetation - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Community land models - Data assimilation methods - Estimation and predictions - Land surface - Mean and standard deviations - Observational errors - Sensible and latent heat fluxes - Surface water and heat fluxes
Classification code:804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 731.1 Control Systems - 901.3 Engineering Research - 922.1 Probability Theory - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 921 Mathematics - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 443 Meteorology - 525.5 Energy Conversion Issues - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 538 Welding and Bonding
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20131616220382
Title:Integrative planning theory and practice of modern agricultural demonstration zone
Authors:Zhu, Xurong (1); Li, Jing (1); Fu, Haiying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering Institute, Beijing 100125, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, X.(caaezxr@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:223-231
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Planning can guide the construction of the modern agricultural demonstration zone (MASZ) in high level. A scientific guiding theories system may smooth the process of the planning and its appliance. Based on the characters of the modern agriculture, we try to establish such theory system by summing up relevant theories using the hierarchical classification method. This theory system includes theories about site setting, development definition, general arrangement, industry development, location, industry planning, science &amp; technology supporting, profit analysis, innovation of the mechanism, etc. The overall design is an important part of the MASZ planning, which mainly summed and integrated the basic theories about development definition, location, industry planning. In guiding the development definition, there are mainly theories about the basic role of agriculture and about multi-functions of agriculture. In guiding the general arrangement, there are theories about system engineering and recycle agriculture. In guiding the industry development, there are theories about major industry choosing, industry chain, industry construction. In guiding location, there are theories of growth pole, core &amp; axis, agriculture districts division. The practice of this guiding theories system is showed in the case of The Planning of the Agriculture Demonstration Zone of Haikou City. In this planning, we defined the function of Haikou MASZ by considering such factors as strengthening the local industries, efficiently supplying of vegetables, developing low-coal agriculture, leading zone development, improving the international competing advantage, attracting tourists, etc. According to theory of system, we designed a positive cycle system, in which, agriculture products processing is as engine, technology innovation is support factor, social agriculture service is associate factor, all industries react and coordinate well. The major industries were chosen according factors as resources, scale of industries, market, technology level, industrialization level, profit and sustainability, etc. According to the theory of districts division, the zone was divided into three cores, three belts, four zones and five parks.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Demonstrations - Planning - Profitability - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture products - General arrangement - Hierarchical classification - Industry development - Integrative planning - Modern agricultures - Technology innovation - Theory and practice
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.2 Education - 911.2 Industrial Economics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20131616220372
Title:Development of vehicular embedded information processing system for map-based precision farming
Authors:Wei, Xinhua (1); Dan, Zhimin (1); Sun, Hongwei (1); Zhang, Jinmin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Corresponding author:Wei, X.(wei_xh@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:142-149
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to meet needs of information acquisition and processing of map-based intelligent precision farming machinery, a vehicular embedded information processing system was developed. Based on an embedded GIS and an ARM (Adanced RISC Machines)-based industrial control subsystem, the system integrated a DGPS (differential global positioning system) subsystem and a detection device monitoring traveling speed of the farming machinery. The ARM-based industrial control subsystem was composed of an EPCS-8980 typed ARM IPC (Guangzhou Zhiyuan Electronic Co., Ltd, China) and a liquid crystal display touch screen. The ARM IPC had a strong ability to process information with a XScale^TMPXA270 (Intel company, the United States) CPU and a basic frequency of 416 MHz. Based on eSupermap 6.0, the embedded GIS was developed and operated on Windows CE 5.0 in the ARM-based industrial control subsystem. The DGPS subsystem consisted of a G12-B typed DGPS reference station (Beijing Wintek Technology Development Co., Ltd, China), a SX-2A typed DGPS mobile module (Hemisphere GPS Company, Canada) and 2 broadcasting stations, could realize a real-time positioning accuracy of sub-meter. The detection device of traveling speed consisted of a iCAN-7202 frequency measuring module (Guangzhou Zhiyuan Electronic Co., Ltd, China) and a JK8002C Hall typed proximity sensor (Nanjing camellia electronic Co., Ltd, China), measured the instantaneous traveling speed by monitoring rotating speed of the wheel. The system received farmland information from the farmland information acquisition module through CAN bus with iCAN protocol, integrated it with the dynamic GPS location information received from the DGPS subsystem by RS-232 interface, generated farmland information distribution map in the embedded GIS by means of grid dividing and attribute editing, and output it via USB interface. The distribution map was on ^*.pmw format. But the crop management decision system couldn't access files with this format. So format transformation from ^*.pmw to ^*.shp was carried out on off-line computer by the eSuperMapViewer and eSmTranslator software. Working prescription map was generated by the crop management decision system with a format of ^*.shp on the off-line computer, and transformed into ^*.pmw format with the eSuperMapViewer and eSmTranslator software. The system input working prescription map via USB interface, integrated it with the dynamic GPS location information, interpreted it with the embedded GIS by coordinate matching and grid identification, and output the farming control command to variable rate farming controller through CAN bus with the iCAN protocol. Field simulation test results showed that the system operated very well, it generated farmland information distribution map and interpreted working prescription map correctly, measuring absolute error of the traveling speed was within 0.1 km/h, the maximum delay time of prescription map interpretation was less than 1 s, grid identification error was within -0.5-0.6 m with a 3 km/h traveling speed.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Decision support systems
Controlled terms:Crops - Data processing - Embedded systems - Farms - Global positioning system - Industry - Information systems - Liquid crystal displays - Machinery - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Differential global positioning systems - Embedded information - Identification errors - Information acquisitions - Information distributions - Positioning accuracy - Precision Agriculture - Technology development
Classification code:913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 903.2 Information Dissemination - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 601 Mechanical Design - 432 Highway Transportation
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20131616220386
Title:Measurement of contact pressure of Korla pear under compression and bruising predication using finite element analysis
Authors:Wu, Jie (1); Li, Fan (1); Ge, Yun (1); Hu, Rong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Oasis Agricultural Mechanization, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
Corresponding author:Wu, J.(wjshz@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:261-266
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Bruise of Korla pears due to mechanical damage caused by static loading is considered as a significant problem during orchard harvest and transportation. In practice, there is a greater interest in damage area for visible bruising assessed by commercial operators and consumers. In this respect, bruise area is essentially related to contact pressure. Experimentally, the contact pressures are difficult to measure as fruit exhibit both anisotropic properties and viscoelastic behavior. It is worth noting that a non-invasive pressure-sensitive film is now used to study the contact area and pressure of fruit due to its ease of application. Additionally, an alternative approach is to estimate stresses using finite element analysis (FEA), which provides a user-friendly format in interpreting bruise formation of fruit. However, the output from FEA is very difficult to interpret and compare. Therefore, the objectives of this work were to study static contacts for Korla pear compressed at different loads using a novel pressure sensitive film technique. The film measurements were then used to validate the analytical results of FEA aiming to accurately predicate the bruise area of Korla pear under compression. In this study, the pear samples were compressed at loads of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 N by two parallel plates. The Prescale^&reg film (Fuji Film Corporation, Japan) for ultra super low pressure was placed between the sample and the upper plate to measure contact pressure and contact area. When the force was loaded on the film, microcapsules were broken to release their color-forming material at a density that corresponds to the specific level of applied pressure. A prescale pressure graphic system (FPD-8010E), composed of a scanner, was used to evaluate multicolor of results and obtain the data of contact. Meanwhile, the model geometry of a real Korla pear was developed using the "Spline" option and imported into ANSYS software to create a mesh with hexahedral elements. Assuming that a pear was a linear elastic material, the FEA simulation was run to obtain equivalent stress that followed the Von Mises stress criteria for failure. The film measurements showed that the maximum pressure in the pear contacts remained at a level of 05-0.6 MPa for all loads. Although the film presented the contact pressure area when the load was 50 N, this load did not cause any visible discoloration. The contact area for load ranged from 100 to 200 N was larger than actual bruise area. Only the area occupied by the pressure greater than 0.2 MPa was well correlated to the bruising area (R²=0.83), so this data was applied to determine an appropriate stress area of pear model for estimation of bruise area. As a result, the relative error rate of bruise predications with FEA in pear compressions was around 6% for 100 N and 150 N while it was 13% for 200 N. This shows that the use of FEA can comparatively precisely predicate the bruise area of Korla pear. Thus, this approach will help for design of harvesting and sorting equipment and packaging media in reducing likelihood of pear bruising resulting from static loads.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Compaction - Damage detection - Data compression - Fiber optic sensors - Finite element method - Loads (forces) - Pressure sensors
Uncontrolled terms:Alternative approach - Anisotropic property - Commercial operators - Contact pressures - Korla pear - Linear elastic material - Pressure sensitive films - Visco-elastic behaviors
Classification code:944.3 Pressure Measuring Instruments - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 732.2 Control Instrumentation - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 536.1 Powder Metallurgy Operations - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 408 Structural Design
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20131616220390
Title:Method to convert manual cuisine into automatic operations based on time-temperature integrators
Authors:Deng, Li (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Life Science College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
Corresponding author:Deng, L.(denglifood@foxmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:287-292
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Promoting the modernization, standardization and automation of Chinese cuisine is the main target of cuisine research. There have already been hundreds of patents involving automatic cuisine in China, however, problems have emerged. For example, how to control cuisine processing according to a reasonable principle or, in other words, how to convert manual cuisine arts to automatic operations with controlling program. There is not an efficient method to program cuisine processing at present. The author did, however, try to find a solution to this problem. First, all parameters of heat transfer and kinetic mathematical modeling were established which describe the influence of operations on culinary qualities, and were listed in their totality. After a comprehensive study, it was found that stirring is the only parameter of culinary operation processes which is not directly programmable in automatic cuisine, . Thus, stirring parameters of automatic cuisine should be assumed to be a certain value, and other easily available and reliable parameters would be collected from the object of manual cuisine, so that the cuisine programs could be combined and integrated. Then, the integrated automatic cuisine programs would be executed on automatic cuisine equipment, and the dish would be produced. The indicators representing heating degree in manual and automatic cuisine dishes, such as chemical, physical, biological, and sensory index, would be measured and compared. If the indicator parameters in automatic cuisine were not the same as that in manual cuisine, we would merely regulate the stirring parameters in order to make both closed, and repeat above steps until both were identical; thus, all parameters of automatic cuisine which have the same effect as manual cuisine would be acquired. The parameters obtained by the above method would finally be programmed, so both dishes, object manual cuisine and automatic cuisine, would have the same culinary quality. The above method is more cost effective, and the programs can be used repetitively in the long-term, hence the method is practicable. The principle of the above method was proved, because the solution of partial differential equations about mathematical physics that decides culinary quality is unique. If both indicators representing heating degree in manual and automatic cuisine dishes are the same, it is proved that both cuisines way have the same temperature history, and the same quality. In order to determine the indicators representing heating degree, sensory evaluation, heat-sensitive chemical physics index analysis, and TTIs (Time-Temperature Integrators) method would be applied. Because TTI indicators would be distributed in center or surface of volume, they are carried with food analog that has the same thermo-physical properties and dimensions. Hence, the TTI method is a more rigorous, objective, accurate and reliable analysis method than the others, and has a wider application. For example, the surface, center and average culinary quality would be characterized by TTI's. Based on TTI technology, the method was established with 13 steps which convert manual cuisine to automatic cuisine processing, including specific methods to parameterize manual cuisine, selecting of food analogs, and TTIs indicators, etc. Finally, open-loop controlling and closed-loop controlling in automatic cuisine were discussed. Due to the diversity and complexity of Chinese cuisine, open-loop controlling should be a realistic approach in terms of programs from manual cuisine. This thesis showed theoretically that it is possible to obtain the same quality dishes as manual cuisine via automatic cuisine.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Indicators (chemical)
Controlled terms:Automation - Chemical analysis - Food processing - Partial differential equations - Temperature control
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese cuisine - Indicator parameters - Mathematical physics - Sensory evaluation - Stirring parameters - Temperature history - Thermo-physical property - Time-temperature
Classification code:921.2 Calculus - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 801 Chemistry - 732 Control Devices - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20131616220357
Title:Design and test of key parts on automatic transplanter for flower seedling
Authors:Feng, Qingchun (1); Wang, Xiu (1); Jiang, Kai (1); Zhou, Jianjun (1); Zhang, Rui (1); Ma, Wei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
Corresponding author:Wang, X.(wangx@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:21-27
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The potted-flower is largely needed during festivals in China, as the parterre takes a more and more important role for decorating the city because of its timely and beautiful sight. However, the task to transplant the flower seedling from the tray to the pot still relies on a manual operation, which is tiring and costly. In order to improve the mechanical transplanting for the flower seedling, key parts of the automatic transplanter were designed. The machine could autonomously identify the seedlings fitting for transplanting based on the machines' vision technology, and separately plant them into the flower pots from the seedling tray, with the intention to relieve labor intensity. A color camera is used to acquire the image of the seedlings in the tray, and the RGB aberration T was used to distinguish the seedling leaves from the root soil. Then the segmentation threshold for the target was obtained according to the maximum variance of the gray value between the seedling leaves and the background. The seedling quality was evaluated by counting the target pixels in every tray-hole. If the pixels quantity was more than 700, the seedling was identified as good-quality, fit for transplanting, and the position data of the tray hole growing the good seedling also was measured by the vision system. A flexible grasper was applied to hold the seedling root to prevent hurting the seedling. After inserting the fingers into the soil, the ring-shaped spring drove the fingers to close (grasp) to remove the seedling from the tray hole. Considering the grasp force should be strong enough to pick up the seedling, and the fingers should be long enough to prevent hurting the seedling leaves, the parameter of the spring was calculated according to the kinetics equations. A UFSP5-0.5-80 spring produced by MISUMI was selected. In order to test the performance of the grasper, a virtual test was carried out on ADAMS, and the result showed the grasping pressure on the root soil stayed at 2.3N when reaching static equilibrium, which was enough to overcome the resistance to pick the seedling out from the tray hole. In other words, the spring selected was fit for the grasper. Additionally, the swing angle of its fingers was adjustable so as to make the grasper adaptive for different trays. A PC and a series of SMC6480 modules composed the control system of the multi-motor machine, and they were linked through an Ethernet workgroup. Every SMC6480 could separately send the signal from the PC to 3 motors or graspers. The structure was convenient to extend a different number of graspers trough the router. Finally, the test for the key parts showed that when the transplanter completed less than 800 cycles per hour, the grasper holding and releasing the seedlings was perfect, and more than 95% of transplant cycles were finished successfully. 87% of the good-quality seedlings were recognized successfully, and the control system could run well under the transplanting efficiency from 700-900 cycles per hour.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Computer vision
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Control systems - Pixels - Plants (botany) - Robots - Seed - Soils - Transplants
Uncontrolled terms:Flower-seedling - Grasper - Kinetics equation - Manual operations - Performance tests - Segmentation threshold - Static equilibrium - Vision technology
Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 462.4 Prosthetics - 461.9 Biology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20131616220373
Title:Design and experiments of portable apparatus for plant growth monitoring and diagnosis
Authors:Ni, Jun (1); Yao, Xia (1); Tian, Yongchao (1); Cao, Weixing (1); Zhu, Yan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, National Engineering and Technology Center for Agriculture/Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Y.(yanzhu@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:150-156
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To solve the problem of real-time, fast and non-destructive testing method for crop growth information, a portable crop growth monitoring diagnostic instrument was developed. Multi-spectral sensor, the processor and affiliated institutions composed of the instrument, which can access the growth indexes of crop leaf nitrogen content, nitrogen accumulation, leaf area index and biomass information. The multi-spectral sensor contains 720 nm and 810 nm detection lens, and structurally is divided into up-sensor and down-sensor. The detection lens of sensor is composed of spectral filter and photo-detector, which makes lights path is simplicity and reliability is better. The processor includes sensor signal conditioning circuit and monitoring system. Signal conditioning circuit is made up pre-amplification circuit, filter circuit, adjustable gain circuit, adjustable sensitivity circuit and signal standardization circuit, which can abstract characteristic spectrum information. The monitoring system uses stc89c516 microprocessor as core, and supplies four working modes, such as measuring, monitoring, diagnose and reset, with man-machine interface. The apparatus was calibrated by testing seven types of standard reflectivity board and calibration equation was founded. The rice experiments showed that the value of DVI measured by the portable crop growth monitoring diagnostic instrument had relationship with rice canopy leaf nitrogen, nitrogen accumulation, leaf area index and leaf dry weight, the correlation coefficient R2 was 0.711, 0.8231, 0.7698, 0.7212 respectively. The structure has character as simple, highly integrated, cost-effective, convenient to carry and easy to operate in fields.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Sensors
Controlled terms:Crops - Cultivation - Diagnosis - Experiments - Instruments - Monitoring - Multispectral scanners - Nitrogen - Nondestructive examination - Portable equipment  - Signal conditioning circuits
Uncontrolled terms:Calibration equations - Characteristic spectrum - Correlation coefficient - Leaf nitrogen content - Man-machine interface - Nitrogen accumulation - Nondestructive testing method - Sensor-signal conditioning
Classification code:944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 704.2 Electric Equipment - 461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 801 Chemistry
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20131616220374
Title:Improved fruit fuzzy clustering image segmentation algorithm based on visual saliency
Authors:Chen, Keyin (1); Zou, Xiangjun (1); Xiong, Juntao (1); Peng, Hongxing (1); Guo, Aixia (1); Chen, Lijuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Lab. of Key Technology on South Agricultural Machine and Equipment Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) College of Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Corresponding author:Zou, X.(xjzou1@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:157-165
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The vision location system of the picking robot, which is an important part of the robot, is mainly used to detect the spatial position of the fruit and provide the motion control system of the robot with position information. Extracting the fruit waited for picking in a complex background by selecting an appropriate image segmentation technology provides us with the full assurance to obtain the position information of the fruit. So, aiming at the problems that the traditional fuzzy clustering is sensitive to the initial clustering centers and has large amounts of calculation and image over-segmentation, combining with the picking robot visual characteristics, an improved fuzzy clustering segmentation algorithm based on the multi-scale visual saliency for fruit image was put forward in this paper. First, a color model of the litchi and citrus image was discussed respectively, their diagrams of the R-I color model was expatiated, the fruit color image was converted into gray image by selecting a R-I color model; the gray image was processed with different scale Gaussian filters and the image clustering segmentation space was formed by blending all the different scale Gaussian filtering images according to the visual saliency, effect chart of the multi-scale visual saliency image algorithm was given based on R-I, and the over-segmentation problem most of the fruit image fuzzy clustering segmentation algorithms was solved. Second, the high dimensional clustering segmentation space based on pixels was changed into the low dimensional clustering segmentation space based on the histogram and the gray level by using the histogram method and the specific steps of image segmentation algorithm was given; the calculation of the fuzzy clustering image segmentation algorithm was greatly decreased and the fuzzy clustering image segmentation speed was improved. Furthermore, in the light of the problems that the fuzzy clustering algorithm easily fell into the local extreme value, the clustering center was optimized with the particle swarm algorithm based on simulated annealing, and the image clustering segmentation performance was improved. At the same time, the cooling strategy and state acceptance probability function of the particle swarm algorithm based on simulated annealing was nonlinearly reformed. Finally, the fuzzy clustering image segmentation algorithm based on multi-scale visual saliency of this paper was tested with 50 randomly selected images each of the 100 ripe litchi images and 100 ripe citrus images, and the contrast effect charts of the traditional and improved fruit image segmentation algorithms were given. The experimental results showed that: for the ripe litchi and citrus image, the average fruit segmentation rate of this method was 95.56% and 93.68%, and the average running time was 0.724 s and 0.790 s. The algorithm could meet the requirement of fruit image segmentation and real-time operation of the picking robot in the real picking activities; It has also provided a new basis algorithm for the image segmentation and its real-time research, and offered testing data for the vision accurate location of the picking robot.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Blending - Citrus fruits - Clustering algorithms - Color - Color image processing - Fuzzy clustering - Image processing - Robots - Simulated annealing - Visualization
Uncontrolled terms:High-dimensional clustering - Image over segmentations - Image segmentation algorithm - Initial clustering centers - Particle swarm - Particle swarm algorithm - Picking robot - Visual saliency
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 731.5 Robotics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20131616220360
Title:Characteristics of agricultural tractors emissions under real-world operating cycle
Authors:Fu, Mingliang (1); Ding, Yan (2); Yin, Hang (2); Ji, Zhe (2); Ge, Yunshan (1); Liang, Bin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Lab. of Auto Performance and Emission Test, School of Mechanical and Vehicular Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (2) Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
Corresponding author:Ge, Y.(geyunshan@bit.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:42-48
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:With the rise of total engine power and population, agricultural machinery has been considered an important pollutant source of the deterioration in air quality in China. However, few studies have focused on agricultural machinery emissions. In this case, it is difficult for the policy makers and researchers to understand the actual emission levels of agricultural machinery in China. To analyze real-world emission characteristics of agricultural machinery, twelve large and middle-sized agricultural tractors were tested by using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) in this study. The typical operating modes were categorized as idling mode, moving mode, and tillage mode. The results showed that most of the emission peaks occurred on tillage mode, which can be attributed to the variable engine loads of tillage mode. Hourly emission factors of CO, HC, NO<inf>x</inf> and PM were higher for tillage operating mode than those for idling and moving modes-especially for PM. Hourly emission factors of PM for tillage mode were 52.6 and 63.5 times higher than it was for idling and moving modes. Due to the higher fuel consumption, fuel-based emission factors of CO, HC and NO<inf>x</inf> for tillage mode were lower than those for idling and moving modes. In this study, we define the tractors before 2007 model year as the Pre-China I machinery. Compared with those of China I Stage and Pre-China I Stage emission standard tractors, gaseous emissions and PM emitted from China II emission standard tractors were lower. The results indicated that from China I Stage to China II Stage, the reductions of average hourly emission factors of the four pollutants were 31.49%, 5.96%, 6.17% and 5.91%, respectively. Those results also demonstrated the effectiveness of emission control regulation and the improvement of emission control technology. The NONROAD model, which was developed by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States of America, is widely used to calculate the emission inventory of NONROAD mobile sources and evaluate the emission levels of NONROAD machinery. In this study, we compared the measurement results with the emission factors from the NONROAD model. Results showed that the emission control levels of HC, NO<inf>x</inf> and PM emissions in this study lagged behind those of the U.S. For instance, HC and PM emission factors from this study are equated with those from model years of 2000 and 2006 on the NONROAD model, while the NO<inf>x</inf> emission factor from this study is higher than it was from the model year of 1998 on NONROAD model. Extensive work was undertaken in Shanxi Province to obtain the annual working hours of large and middle size tractors. Results show that annual working hours of tractors are 400 - 430, which is similar with the data on the NONROAD model. Based on the population and annual working hours, we estimate the total emissions of CO, HC, NO<inf>x</inf> and PM from large and middle size agricultural tractors in 2011 were 32.3, 10.6, 81.0 and 9.1&times;10⁴ tons, respectively. The data indicates that large and middle size agricultural tractors are an important source of air pollutant in China compared with total emissions from motor vehicles.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Air pollution control equipment
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Air quality - Diesel engines - Emission control - Engines - Environmental Protection Agency - Particulate emissions - Pollution - Tractors (agricultural)  - Tractors (truck)
Uncontrolled terms:Emission control regulations - Emission control technologies - Emission factors - Emission inventories - Emission measurement systems - Non-road machineries - PEMS - United States of America
Classification code:821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 612 Engines - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20131616220368
Title:Distributed simulation for hydrological process in Plain River network region using SWAT model
Authors:Li, Shuo (1); Lai, Zhengqing (1); Wang, Qiao (2); Wang, Zhihua (1); Li, Chenggang (1); Song, Xinbo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environments, School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; (2) Satellite Environment Application Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100029, China
Corresponding author:Li, S.(lishuo@njnu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:106-112
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Distributed hydrological modeling plays an important role in water resource management and regional non-point source pollution assessment. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a popular modeling tool for understanding regional hydrological processes. However, the general approach based on the SWAT model was only applicable to the mountain and hilly dominated area. There is no effective way to modeling the hydrologic process in plain river network regions, which is characterized by large flat areas, consisted of many lakes and artificially hydrological polders, and intersected stream networks, etc. The existing methods cannot effectively extract the channels in flat and pit areas, parallel channels or discontinuous rivers and the definition error of the catchment areas. To overcome these problems, we developed a novel method for modeling the distributed spatial discretization of the plain river network area based on the SWAT model. There are three key techniques are discussed: making the rings and crossed rivers to dendritic stream networks by cutting the river ways shortly, restoring the distribution of water between reaches by transferring water from one reach to another one on the basis of flow rate of each reach and simulating the exchange of water inside and outside of the polders according to the scheduled rules of the polder areas by adding a 'virtual reservoirs' within the SWAT model. In this paper, the typical plain river network region located in western Taihu watershed was chosen as the study area, and a large number of basic geographic data such as topography, soil, climate and land use were collected and parameterized. The modeling procedures were used to simulate the monthly runoff of the area of western Taihu Lake from the year of 2008 to 2010, and the applicability of the method to the plain river network region was also verified. The simulated results matched mostly well to the observed data of Rongdengqiao, Hujiawei, and Yixing hydrological stations. The calculated Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient and correlation coefficient of three hydrological stations were 0.84, 0.80, 0.67 and 0.94, 0.95, 0.93, respectively. It indicated that our developed framework for the SWAT model was practical and capable of representing the hydrological processes in the plain river network regions.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Rivers
Controlled terms:Catchments - Computer simulation - Hydrology - Reservoirs (water) - River pollution - Runoff - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Distributed hydrological modeling - Non-point source pollution - Plain river network regions - Plain river networks - Soil and water assessment tool - SWAT model - Taihu lakes - Waterresource management
Classification code:441.2 Reservoirs - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 453 Water Pollution - 723.5 Computer Applications
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20131616220363
Title:Effect on spraying uniformity based on geometrical parameters and combined spacing of rotational fluidic sprinkler
Authors:Zhu, Xingye (1); Liu, Junping (1); Yuan, Shouqi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, X.(zhuxy@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:66-72
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The rotational fluidic sprinkler was originally developed in China based on the theory of fluidic wall-attachment effect. To explore the relationships between geometrical parameters and spraying uniformity, the rotational fluidic sprinkler typed 10 was chosen as an object. Nine kinds of different offset length H, working area length L and contraction angle &theta; were specially fabricated. The parameter of H&times;L was 2.4 mm&times;20 mm, 2.6 mm &times; 24 mm or 2.8 mm&times;28 mm, and the &theta; was 10, 30, or 50 degrees. The laboratory conditions were set up in Jiangsu University of China. The catch-cans, which are 0.2 m in diameter and 0.6 m in height, were displayed in radial. The interval space was 1 m between any two of them and the number of used catch-cans was twelve in total. Experiments were carried out under the operating pressure of 300 kPa and the radial water distributions for the nine different nozzles were tested out. For the reason that every tested radial value represented different covered area, a mathematical model was established to transfer radial data into grid data. Therefore, the overlapped grid data in combined irrigation can be added directly to calculate out the combined uniformity coefficient. Rectangular layout and combined spacing with 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 m were chosen to analysis. A program was established using Matlab to draw three-dimensional water distribution and to calculate out the combined uniformity coefficient. The results showed that the average rotational time per circle was about 20 seconds. The water distribution was both affected by H&times;L and &theta;. With the increasing of H&times;L or &theta;, more irrigation intensity near the sprinkler and less irrigation intensity far from the sprinkler. Taking the nozzle where &theta; was 30 degrees, H&times;L was 2.6&times;24 mm and the combined spacing was 10 m as an example, the water distribution was relative equal all around the covered area, the combined irrigation intensity was between 1.5 to 6 mm per hour, and the highest irrigation intensity was 6 mm per hour in the middle of the four sprinklers. When H&times;L=2.4 mm&times;20 mm and H&times;L=2.6 mm&times;24 mm, the value and trend of combined uniformity coefficient were almost the same. The variable trend with combined spacing was more stable when H&times;L=2.8 mm&times;28 mm. The combined uniformity coefficient deviation was within 2% for different &theta; when combined spacing was 8 to 10 m, and increased with &theta; when combined spacing was more than 10 m. For all of the nozzles in different combined spacing, the combined uniformity coefficient decreases as the increasing of combined spacing. The combined uniformity coefficient can be more than 75% and the average irrigation intensity was lower than 8 mm/h, which was satisfied with the sprinkler irrigation requirements. It is suggested that 10 to 12 m is the best combined spacing for the rotational fluidic sprinkle.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Sprinkler systems (irrigation)
Controlled terms:Hose - Mathematical models - MATLAB - Nozzles - Structure (composition) - Three dimensional - Three dimensional computer graphics - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Fluidic sprinklers - Irrigation intensities - Laboratory conditions - Simulation - Spraying uniformity - Sprinkler irrigation - Uniformity coefficient - Water distributions
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 951 Materials Science - 723.5 Computer Applications - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20131616220359
Title:Construction and performance experiment of load test system for half axle of combine harvester
Authors:Li, Yaoming (1); Ye, Xiaofei (1); Xu, Lizhang (1); Pang, Jing (1); Ma, Zheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Corresponding author:Li, Y.(ymli@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:35-41
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Half axle is an important part of a walking system in a combine harvester; the damage from half axle is generally fatigue failure, which has a direct effect on the reliability and stability of the combine harvester. Minority combine harvester manufacturers have half axle fatigue test rigs, and most of the loads on the fatigue test rig are set artificially, thus it cannot accurately predict fatigue life of half axle in absence of comprehensive consideration of various alternating loads. Fatigue life analysis and fast in doors simulation of the load fatigue test on the basis of load spectrum can provide the basis for the improvement of half axle. Improvement of fatigue performance of half axle is conducive to the competitiveness of the products on the market at home and abroad. It is not a suitable solution to use traditional shaft or disc torque sensors to test the torque of half axle, because the half axle is closed in the transmission. Operating environments of combine harvesters are complex, and half axles often bear a complex alternating load which puts forward higher requirements on the stability and reliability of the performance of the load test system. To provide a precise and comprehensive load-time course for the compiling of load spectrum of the half axle of a combine harvester, the complex and alternating load signal in typical working conditions must be acquired accurately. Based on an analysis of working characteristics and the construction features of chassis of combine harvesters, a wireless load test system was put forward in this paper by choosing reasonable torque and rotation speed sensors and data acquisition systems composed of hall sensors, rotation speed signal acquisition modules, resistance strain gauges, power modules, torque signal acquisition modules, wireless routers, computers, and software for signals test and analysis. In order to exclude the influence of measured value of torque signals by bending moment, axial force, and temperature, a reasonable arrangement of resistance strain gauges was designed. The load test system does not need to transform the structure of the gearbox and it is easy to install. The structure of half axle is redesigned so torque acquisition module terminals can be connected to the leads of resistance strain gauges. Mounting brackets of double modules and positive &amp; negative hall sensors were manufactured to set up torque signal acquisition modules and hall sensors. In this system, wireless Wi-Fi communication technology was used to transmit the load signal of the torque and rotation speed of the half axle wirelessly. In order to test the performance of the wireless load test system and acquire the load signal of the torque and rotation speed of the half axle precisely in typical working conditions, the Julong 280 type tracked combine harvester was chosen as the experimental prototype to do load testing experiments in the field with the wireless load test system, after debugging the system in the laboratory. It showed that the data acquired is reliable and the performance of the wireless load test system is reasonable and feasible after processing and analyzing the torque and rotation speed signal of half axle.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Axles
Controlled terms:Combines - Competition - Experiments - Fatigue damage - Fatigue testing - Hall effect transducers - Harvesters - Program debugging - Routers - Shafts (machine components)  - Signal analysis - Software testing - Strain gages - System stability - Testing - Torque
Uncontrolled terms:Data acquisition system - Experimental prototype - Loads - Performance experiment - Reliability and stability - Resistance strain gauges - Rotation speed - Stability and reliabilities
Classification code:723.1 Computer Programming - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 901.3 Engineering Research - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 717 Optical Communication - 422.1 Strength of Building Materials : Test Equipment - 422.2 Strength of Building Materials : Test Methods - 601.2 Machine Components - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 682.1.1 Railroad Cars - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 714 Electronic Components and Tubes
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20131616220358
Title:Development and experiment of suspension ridger and its key components for paddy field
Authors:Wang, Jinfeng (1); Wang, Jinwu (1); Kong, Yanjun (1); Zhang, Chengliang (1); Zhao, Jiale (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Corresponding author:Wang, J.(jinwuw@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:28-34
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Artificial ridge building is very labor intensive and the ridge building quality is difficult to be guaranteed, so ridge building must be achieved by a ridge building machine. For paddy-field machinery ridge building technology, Japan is the world's leading researcher. However, Chinese and Japanese soil is different, so Japan's ridge building machine is not suitable to operate in China. In order to solve the high labor intensity for artificial ridge building, a hanging paddy-fields ridge building machine was designed, whose structure and working mechanism were introduced. The ridge is built by adopting the up and under, two groups of rotary tillage blades to gather soil and the coin disc and roller to compact soil. The under rotary tillage device was composed of rotary tillage blades with different gyration radius, while the up rotary tillage device was composed of rotary tillage blades with the same gyration radius. The under rotary tillage device can get soil, throw soil and cut out step-type ridges in the rotation process. The pushing and compacting ridge building coin disc can collect soil and compact soil on the step-type ridge, which makes the built ridge more solid and resistant to collapsing. The up rotary tillage device can break dry soil and weed in the soil surface, which ensures the ridge building will be more solid. The kinematic analysis model for rotary tillage device of ridge building was established, through analyzing the kinematic model, the parameters values and changing range of rotary collecting blades for soil were determined, the rotational speed is 300 r/min, the number of down rotary collecting blades is 5~7, and up rotary collecting blades is 3~4, the width of collecting soil is150 mm, the depth of collecting soil is 20~95 mm. Through stress analysis of soil from compacting ridge building devices, the driving moment for soil compacting was obtained and the soil compacting ridge building device was designed, which also provided reasonable parameters for the optimization of compacting ridge building device. A 180&deg; turn-over device was designed, which solved the ridge building problem in the corner of field ridges. When the soil absolute moisture content was 23.3%, the soil solid degrees was 0.31 MPa, the environment temperature was 18&deg;C and environment humidity was 49%. Performance testing was carried out for the ridge building machine, and the test results show that the built ridge had good quality, and had reached the agronomic technical requirements.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Geologic models
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Buildings - Soils - Speed - Stress analysis - Structural design
Uncontrolled terms:Building machines - Building technologies - Environment temperature - Kinematic Analysis - Performance testing - Ridger - Technical requirement - Working mechanisms
Classification code:931.1 Mechanics - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 951 Materials Science - 481.1 Geology - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 402 Buildings and Towers - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20131616220370
Title:Spatial distribution of vegetation and soil in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone, Li River
Authors:Li, Yang (1); Wang, Dongmei (1); Xin, Zhongbao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Wang, D.(dmwang@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:121-128
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In the face of ecological problems such as the shortage of water and vegetation degeneration occurred in the Li River in recent years. Research on the spatial distribution of vegetation and soil in aquatic-terrestrial ecotones in Li River aims to provide a scientific basis to vegetation restoration, landscaping, wetland protection and management and its sustainable use in aquatic-terrestrial ecotones of the Li River. This paper mainly studies aquatic-terrestrial ecotones in the Li River, which belongs to a Karst landform. According to the elevation and vegetation types of aquatic-terrestrial ecotones, we divided the study area into four gradient zones including gravel beach, grassland, shrub-grass land, and open forestland. By investigating the spatial distribution of soil and vegetation in four typical gradient zones and analyzing their distribution and correlation, the results showed that with the increase of riverbank gradient elevation, vegetation abundance, diversity trend (Shannon-Wiener plant diversity), evenness (Pielou index), dominance (Simpson index) and coverage presented an increasing trend, the number of species had become increasingly diverse, and species composition structure had become complicated. Soil bulk density increased initially and then decreased. Sand content declined significantly. Silt and clay content increased significantly, which was related to the improvement effect of vegetation. Soil organic matter decreased initially and then increased. Total nitrogen content continuously increased. Available phosphorus content presented a reducing trend that was unnatural, related to non-point source pollution on the shore of Li River, and regulating the residents' behavior is necessary. The alkaline soil pH of Karst ecotone was negatively correlated with total nitrogen content while it was positive correlated with available phosphorus content. Soil properties influence vegetation diversity. The results showed that vegetation abundance, diversity trend, evenness, dominance and coverage were positively correlated with the content of silt, clay, total nitrogen and soil organic matter, but negatively with sand content, soil bulk density, soil pH and available phosphorus content. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the total nitrogen content was one soil factor that had the largest influence on vegetation growth. Having higher soil-nutrient content, gravel beach had considerable potential for vegetation restoration, and it was a key area in the aquatic-terrestrial ecotones. Making full use of gravel beach can be helpful to the vegetation restoration in aquatic-terrestrial ecotones in the Li River.
Number of references:34
Main heading:River pollution
Controlled terms:Alkalinity - Beaches - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Ecology - Gravel - Lithium - Organic compounds - Restoration - Rivers  - Silt - Soils - Spatial distribution - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Aquatic-terrestrial ecotones - Karst - Li rivers - Non-point source pollution - Protection and management - Spatial variables - Vegetation diversities - Vegetation restoration
Classification code:483.2 Foundations - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 801.2 Biochemistry - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 402 Buildings and Towers - 407.2 Waterways - 407.3 Coastal Engineering - 409 Civil Engineering, General - 453 Water Pollution - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20131616220377
Title:Variation of root-zone droplet deposition, temperature and humidity of truss ultrasonic atomization cultivator
Authors:Gao, Jianmin (1); Huang, Guizhen (1); Yin, Wenchu (1); Lu, Daipeng (1); Li, Junyi (1); Liu, Changjian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Corresponding author:Gao, J.(jmgao@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:185-192
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Temperature and humidity in root zone were crucial even vital factors that influence aeroponic efficiency of truss ultrasonic atomization cultivator. A real time acquisition system of temperature and humidity based on Labview with data acquisition card NI PCI-6110 and a spray control system with micro computer unit PIC16F877A were developed. How these factors of the wind outlet area, temperature in truss tube, atomization rate and spray time influenced the deposition of spraying droplets, temperature and humidity in cultivation pipes of truss ultrasonic atomization cultivator were investigated. Quadratic regression rotation combination orthogonality experiment design of four factors and five levels was adopted to study quadratic regression model of deposition of spraying droplets, temperature and humidity. According to regression equations of temperature and humidity of upper and lower layer pipeline, when the wind outlet area was 1174, 2205 and 2640 mm², respectively, the corresponding spray time was 6.3, 5.9, 7.1 h, indoor temperature 25&deg;C, corresponding atomization rate one, two and three, the temperature of prediction 25&deg;C, and humidity was 100%. And the corresponding temperature which we measured was 24.16, 24.25, 24.08&deg;C, and corresponding humidity was 98.96%, 98.58%, 99.23%, respectively. All control relative errors were less than 5%. Therefore, these regression equations could be used to predict the temperature and humidity of this type of ultrasonic atomization cultivator and be applied to the optimal control of temperature and humidity of plant root zone of this type of ultrasonic atomization cultivator. The results showed that the interaction of spray time, atomization rate, the wind outlet area and temperature had significant influence on the deposition of spraying droplets of upper and lower layer pipeline. The wind outlet area, temperature, atomization rate and spray time had significant influence on the temperature of upper and lower layer pipeline. The interaction of the wind outlet area and temperature had significant influence on the temperature of upper layer pipeline. The wind outlet area, temperature and spray time had significant influence on the humidity of upper and lower layer pipeline. This research provides experimental references for optimal controlling of truss ultrasonic atomization cultivator.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Humidity control
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Atomization - Cultivation - Deposition - Drops - Pipelines - Regression analysis - Spraying - Temperature - Trusses
Uncontrolled terms:Data acquisition cards - Indoor temperature - Micro computer units - Quadratic regression - Real time acquisition systems - Regression equation - Temperature and humidities - Ultrasonic atomization
Classification code:821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 813.1 Coating Techniques - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 402 Buildings and Towers - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20131616220388
Title:Effects of ozone water dipping and super-chilling on improving preservation quality of pomfret fillet
Authors:Shi, Jianbing (1); Xie, Jing (1); Gao, Zhili (1); Xiong, Qing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
Corresponding author:Xie, J.(jxie@shou.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:274-279
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of normal cold store, super-chilling and super-chilling combined with ozone water on the quality of pomfret fillets, to prolong the shelf-life. Based on the freezing curve, the freezing point of the pomfret was -1.2&deg;C. Therefore the temperature of the storage of super-chilling was set at -0.6&deg;C and the temperature fluctuation of refrigerator was less than &plusmn;0.5&deg;C measured by thermocouple multi-point temperature collection instrument. The concentration of ozone water was measured 1.8 mg/L by iodimetry. The sensory evaluation, the aerobic plate count (APC), total volatile basis nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), trimethylamine (TMA), pH value and the value of K were determined. The results showed that the shelf-life of the pomfret fillets was 6 days under the normal cold store and the score of the sensory evaluation of the pomfret fillets was rather lower than that under the other treatments, from the 2nd day (P&lt;0.05). The rate of change of APC, TVB-N, TBA, and values of K of the samples under normal cold store were significantly higher than those under the other treatments. The TVB-N, TBA, and TMA of the samples treated with super-chilling and super-chilling combined with ozone water significantly increased after the 14th day, and the shelf-life was increased to 10 days and 11 days, respectively. Compared with the storage of super-chilling the initiative aerobic plate counts could be reduced by dealing with super-chilling combined with ozone water, therefore the shelf-life of the pomfret fillets could be prolonged, while the TVB-N, TBA, TMA and pH value had no difference from those by only super-chilling (P&gt;0.05). Super-chilling could restrain the change of APC and the enzyme activity and had a remarkable effect on prolonging the shelf-life of pomfret fillets. During the storage, super-chilling combined with ozone water had no significantly effect on micoorganism and the enzyme activity, even reducing the rate of lipid oxidation. Compared with TMA and TBA, the value of K could better reflect the freshness of pomfret fillet at the beginning of storage. Super-chilling combined with ozone water has an auxiliary function on the pre-processing with low operation cost. The results will offer theory reference to the storage of pomfrets.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Water quality
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Energy storage - Ozone - Ozone water treatment - pH - Thermocouples
Uncontrolled terms:Aerobic plate counts - Auxiliary functions - Freezing curves - Lipid oxidation - Sensory evaluation - Super-chilling - Temperature fluctuation - Thiobarbituric acid
Classification code:453.2 Water Pollution Control - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 944.5 Temperature Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20131616220385
Title:Design and performance test of shipboard scallops fresh-keeping system based on bottom cold seawater
Authors:Li, Mingzhi (1); Zhang, Guangfa (1); Li, Xiuchen (2); Deng, Changhui (2); Tian, Geng (1); Shi, Mingli (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Navigation and Shipbuilding Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (2) Research and Development Center of Fisheries Equipment and Engineering of Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (3) Zhangzidao Group Co. Ltd., Dalian 116001, China
Corresponding author:Deng, C.(chdeng9@dlou.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:254-260
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Most of Dalian Zhangzidao sea area is influenced by the Yellow Sea cold water mass, which has the characteristics of low temperature and high salt. By analyzing and investigating the refrigeration and fresh-keeping mode of fishing vessels and the cold water mass of the working sea area, a new type of high efficiency fresh-keeping and energy-saving mode was designed. In this mode, the bottom cold seawater is pumped into vessels to be used for freshness of Patinopecten yessoensis when transporting them or fishing for them. A test was be made to prove that the mode is reasonable. The research showed that scallops (Patinopecten yessoensis) with an average shell length: (11&plusmn;2) cm and an average mass: (10&plusmn;10) g were collected from the Dalian Zhangzidao sea area. Seawater was pumped from -1 m and -25 m depths of the Dalian Zhangzidao sea area to be used as experimental seawater. The design mode which was used to pump the bottom cold seawater was installed in the Liao Chang Yu Yun18009 transport ship. The experiment was conducted in ten areas and lasted four months. An insulation board which was 200 mm thickness was used to separate living seawater cabin in three test cabins. Each cabin capacity was 8 m³, 80 boxes (510 mm&times;360 mm&times;265 mm) per cabin and 15 kg scallops per box. The seawater of-1m depth was pumped to cover the fresh scallops in the first cabin. The second cabin, which had-1m surface seawater 6 h put inside in advance, was connected to a refrigeration device. Then the seawater was refrigerated for 6~8 hours until the temperature had gone down to 10-15&deg;C. The -25 m depth seawater was pumped over fresh scallops in the third cabin with no need to refrigerate. Ten boxes were randomly selected from three cabins and checked for the rates of outer mantle shrink and mortality of the scallops after seven hours. The results showed that-1m surface seawater fresh-keeping scallops is less effective and that the resulting outer mantle shrink and mortality of scallops are serious and represent a trend from June to September. The effect of pumping -25 m seawater on fresh scallops is better than refrigeration in June, and not significantly different from refrigeration from July to September. Total energy consumption from pumping-25m bottom seawater is 80 kW&middoth on fresh scallops, but refrigerating surface seawater needs 1923.2 Kw&middoth. The consumption of energy from refrigeration is about 24 times greater than that of pumping bottom seawater. Installation of a refrigeration unit costs about ninety thousand yuan, but installation of the mode of pumping bottom seawater requires fifteen thousand yuan. The cost of installing a refrigeration unit is six times greater than the cost of a device for pumping bottom seawater. Pumping bottom seawater to fresh can improve the vividness of scallops. It also has advantages in only requiring a small investment, providing an easy transformation and energy saving. Basically, transformation takes up less space for a scallops capture ship which is cabin restricted and unable to set up an efficient refrigeration unit. A scallop refrigerated carrier can take full advantage of the cold water mass to keep scallops fresh. It is able to significantly reduce energy consumption, and ensure the scallops vividness. This method meets the development needs of green industry.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Seawater effects
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Cold working - Cooling water - Costs - Energy conservation - Energy utilization - Fishing vessels - Investments - Molluscs - Oceanography  - Pumps - Refrigeration - Seawater - Shellfish - Ships
Uncontrolled terms:Capture scallops working vessel - Consumption of energy - Fresh keepings - Performance tests - Reduce energy consumption - Refrigeration devices - Scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) - Total energy consumption
Classification code:911.2 Industrial Economics - 644.4 Cryogenics - 671 Naval Architecture - 672 Naval Vessels - 674 Small Craft and Other Marine Craft - 674.1 Small Marine Craft - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 618.2 Pumps - 545.3 Steel - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 461.9 Biology - 616 Heat Exchangers
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20131616220376
Title:Evaluation on uncertainty in agricultural remote sensing classification based on exponential hybrid entropy model in parametric form
Authors:Wu, Shangrong (1); Liu, Jia (2); Yang, Peng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (2) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
Corresponding author:Wu, S.(dangerzoo@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:177-184
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Uncertainty is the most important factor which affects the quality of remote sensing image classification (RSIC), research on uncertainty in RSIC is a cutting-edge, hot topic in remote sensing application study. Study of RSIC gradually developed from simple qualitative and non-positioning research into specific quantitative and positioning research. At present, a RSIC uncertainty evaluation model based on pixel scale and independent of the classification method should be established. In recent years, some scholars began to use hybrid entropy model to evaluate uncertainty in RSIC. However, these studies did not focus on a particular area and find out a suitable entropy function. How to find out a suitable entropy function which better integrate both fuzziness and randomness and facilitate a wider range of entropy values has always been a difficult point of research. From the discussion above, this paper established a method for evaluating uncertainty in agricultural RSIC based on exponential hybrid entropy in parametric form (EHEP). In this study, firstly, the exponential hybrid entropy function was deduced in parametric form, and EHEP was obtained. EHEP is improvement of hybrid entropy which has the shortcoming of lacking adjustable parameters. After adjusting parameters, entropy function can better integrate fuzziness and randomness and facilitate a wider range of entropy values, so this function is suitable for evaluating RSIC uncertainty. Moreover, by the research on the relationship between the parameters and the entropy function surface, the paper ascertained parameters which are suitable for evaluating uncertainty in farming area RSIC. Secondly, EHEP was used to establish a RSIC uncertainty evaluation model based on pixel scale and independent of the classification method, in order to offer elicitation to simulation of the uncertainty transferred in space model, and to help fill a vacancy in uncertainty evaluation model based on pixel scale and independent of the classification method. Lastly, the EHEP model was used to test and verify in SPOT-5 image of Zhenlai County, Jilin Province. The results indicate that in EHEP when parameters are equivalent to 4 and 1, respectively, the function better integrates fuzziness with randomness, and increases entropy value range by 2.11 times compared with logarithmic hybrid entropy function. In addition, the EHEP model evaluates contribution of different pixels to the uncertainty based on pixel scale and independent of the classification method, and corrects deficiency of error matrix in evaluation of RSIC accuracy. Furthermore, it visually expresses the uncertainty, contributes to the overall mastery of RSIC uncertainty's value, distribution, spatial structure and trend, and locates the coordinates of the area where uncertainty exists. Therefore, the EHEP model can make more accurate expression of the uncertainty in agricultural RSIC with relatively complex objects based on pixel scale and independent of the classification method, effectively bolstering precision of crop planting area extraction and remote sensing-based regional yield estimation.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Function evaluation
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Classification (of information) - Computer simulation - Entropy - Fuzzy set theory - Fuzzy systems - Image classification - Image reconstruction - Models - Pixels  - Random processes - Remote sensing - Research - Space applications - Space optics - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Adjustable parameters - Adjusting parameters - Agricultural remote sensing - Classification methods - Farming area - Remote sensing applications - Remote sensing image classification - Uncertainty evaluation
Classification code:922.1 Probability Theory - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 723.5 Computer Applications - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 656.1 Space Flight - 656 Space Flight - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 731.1 Control Systems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20131616220366
Title:Relationships of 'water requirement-photosynthesis-production' for paddy rice using structural equation modeling
Authors:Miao, Zimei (1); Yu, Shuang'en (1); Lu, Bin (2); Ding, Jihui (1); Yu, Zhiheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Lab. of Efficient Irrigation-Drainage and Agricultural Soil-Water Environ. in Southern China, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; (3) Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China
Corresponding author:Yu, S.(seyu@hhu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:91-98
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The yield formation of rice is affect by the relation between source and sink, and the variation of water level is important to relationship between source and sink. Under the water management of paddy rice, yield and population quality can be controlled effectively, which is important to the relationship between moisture and yield studies. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a method of multivariate statistical analysis. Through structuring generalization of the theoretical models and path diagrams, causal relationships and effect value among the multivariable can be achieved. Based on source-sink theory of rice, this study analyzed the relationships of "water requirement-photosynthesis-population quality-production" for paddy rice under water level control using structural equation modeling method. Tests were implemented in the experimental station of Jiangning campus of Hohai University (Efficient Irrigation and Drainage and Environment of Agriculture Water and Soil of South Area Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education) from May to October in 2009 and 2010. Those tests were carried out in fixed cubic lysimeters (28 with closed bottom and 2 without bottom) with specifications for the length &times; width &times; depth = 2.5 m&times;2 m&times;2 m, and processing scheme of drought and waterlogging in different growth stages of rice was designed. Dynamic variation rule of water level in paddy fields and rice growth and physiological indexes were observed, rice water requirement during whole growth stages and total amount of canopy photosynthesis under water level control were calculated. Then, we chose some population quality indexes (maximum LAI, root-shoot ratio, plant height, stem weight) and yield components indexes (effective panicles, grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, seed setting rate) as observation variable, and analyzed the relationships among water requirement, photosynthesis, population quality and yield components of rice under water level control using structural equation modeling method. The results showed that: the first three total effect value (absolute value) of total water requirement to the factors were 1000-grain weight (0.717), effective panicles (0.650), grains per panicle (0.459). And the fist three total effect value (absolute value) of canopy gross photosynthesis to the factors in order were stem weight (0.631), maximum LAI (0.437), plant height (0.437). It showed that total water requirement played an important role in yield formation, moreover, canopy photosynthesis focused on the effect of rice development status. Source and sink correlation showed moderate positive correlation with the coefficient of 0.44. Both the direct and indirect effects from total water requirement and canopy gross photosynthesis were positive. Total effect value (0.552) of total water requirements on yield is greater than the total canopy photosynthetic capacity (0.201), and the effect of total water requirement on yield came indirectly from the function of yield components factors.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Irrigation - Level control - Photosynthesis - Physiology - Seed - Water levels - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Different growth stages - Multivariate statistical analysis - Rice - Source-sink - Structural equation modeling - Structural equation modeling method - Variation of water level - Yield
Classification code:821.3 Agricultural Methods - 741.1 Light/Optics - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 614.2 Steam Power Plant Equipment and Operation - 446 Waterworks - 444 Water Resources - 461.9 Biology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20131616220383
Title:Spatio-temporal interaction of project zone for pothook between rural-urban construction land
Authors:Qu, Yanbo (1); Jiang, Guanghui (2); Zhang, Fengrong (4); Zhao, Tingting (5)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Public Management, Shandong University of Finance and Economic, Jinan 250014, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Process and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (3) College of Resources Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (4) Department of Land Resources Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (5) The Open University of China, Beijing 100031, China
Corresponding author:Jiang, G.(macrophage@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:232-244
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:According to calculations from the Ministry of Land and Resources, the area of rural residential land in China is about 270 million acres at present, which is 5 times as much as that of urban construction land. The structure of urban and rural construction land is, therefore, seriously unbalanced. At the same time, there are a series of problems associated with rural residential land in China, such as diversified utilization patterns and inefficient utilization of land resources. How to improve the intensive use of rural residential land and alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of construction land in urban and rural areas has become an important issue for the sustainable land use. To that end, there have been a variety of policies made for addressing these problems, e.g., connecting an increase in urban construction with a decrease in rural residential land (for short "CUR"), which would be an effective measure to promote the overall efficiency for rural residential land, improve rural production and living conditions, optimize the urban and rural land use structure and alleviate the shortage in land for urban construction. From the view of policy requirements and practice experience, setting up reasonable project zones is the core content of CUR planning. Taking Pinggu District of Beijing as a case, this paper attempts to evaluate the suitability intensity of urban new construction land and old rural residential land demolition using supply-demand theory, differential rent theory, and previous research on rural residential land consolidation potential and CUR zoning., Then, the results of evaluations were fixed respectively by the general plan for the land use and evaluation blocks' space relative concentration and suitability consistency, and the new urban building area and the old rural demolition area were selected. Through the establishment of the spatio-temporal interaction relationship principle and concept model, the CUR project zones were formed by organic combination. There are several results that follow. First, the method can effectively filter out the new building areas of urban construction and the dismantled areas of rural residential land, and then realize the composite joint and Spatio-temporal allocation so as to provide reference for the conditions setting and choice and spatial linkage and scheduling of CUR project zones. Second, overall, Pinggu district belongs to the supply exceeding demand CUR type, the supply potential of rural residential land consolidation potential can meet the demand of town new construction land. Third, the CUR plots are planned to 22 project zones in Pinggu district, including 8 recent project zones and 14 forward project zones in the sequence, and including 17 project zones in individual town and 5 project zones in different town in the space pattern. Fourth, based on the defining CUR project zones, with the reasonable analysis of building the new uses and effective arrangement and setting of depreciation and resettlement of rural residential areas, the paper realizes the integrative target to ensure the economic-social rapid development and promote more intensive utilization of land and increase quantity of cultivated land.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Construction
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Demolition - Economics - Housing - Land reclamation - Land use - Rural areas
Uncontrolled terms:Pinggu districts - Relative concentration - Rural residential - Rural residential areas - Spatiotemporal interactions - Suitability evaluation - Urban and rural areas - Utilization patterns
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 405 Construction Equipment and Methods; Surveying - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20131616220355
Title:Spatial-temporal change of major reserve resources of cultivated land in China in recent 30 years
Authors:Yi, Ling (1); Zhang, Zengxiang (1); Wang, Xiao (1); Liu, Bin (1); Zuo, Lijun (1); Zhao, Xiaoli (1); Wang, Jie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Remote Sensing Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Z.(zhangzx@irsa.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:1-12
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Unused land, which is the major reserve resources of cultivated land in China, has changed rapidly over the past 30 years. Unused land is often used to supplement the cropland, is the largest variable of land utilization structural adjustment, and also is a kind of effective buffer space for rationally utilizing land resources during the process of ecological construction. In this paper, unused land pattern changes in China were analyzed based on the scale of 1:100, 000 national land use database that represents the land use in the late 1980s, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2008 and 2010, and which was built by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. All data of land use was acquired by experts' interpretation from images, including Landsat TM, CBERS, HJ1, and Beijing-1. The unused land referred to in this paper means the still unused land, including those lands which are difficult to use. It includes sand land, Gobi desert, saline soil, marsh land, bare land, bare rock boulder, and other (includes alpine desert, tundra, etc). The aim of this paper is to improve the understanding of the major reserve resources change in order to assist the sustainable utilization and management of land resources in China. The mathematical methodology was developed for studying spatial pattern changes of unused land, which includes the dynamic degree index model of unused land, the spatial density model, the change intensity model of unused land, the gravity center model, and the land-use conversion matrix. Based on these models, the spatial-temporal process of unused land was calculated and analyzed, and the conclusions reached are as follows: 1) The total unused land area in China continues to decrease, but the reduced amount is trending slower. The areas of unused land all decreased during four consecutive time intervals except 1995 to 2000.2) The dynamic degrees of unused land increased from 0.01% in the period of the 1980s-2000, to 0.05% in 2008-2010, and reached its zenith in the 2005-2008.3) The unused land changes in China showed strong spatial heterogeneity. Heilongjiang province incurred the greatest net decrease of unused land area among the 32 provinces in China during the entire study period, followed by Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous. Meanwhile, the unused land area in Heilongjiang province continued to decrease during the five monitoring stages, with its reduction values and its dynamic degree both reducing year by year. Inner Mongolia reveals the largest net increase of unused land area during the study period. In the first three stages before 2005, its unused land area net increased and then net decreased, leaving it with an overall net increase. 4) The dynamic change of unused land mainly embodied the acute mutual conversion between the unused land and the farmland, the grassland and the water bodies. The main reasons of unused land area decrease are grassland ecological restoration, reclamation of cropland, water area expansion, and increase in unused land mainly came from grassland degradation and farmland abandonment. Meanwhile, this mutual conversion showed different features in different monitoring stages. 5) The center of gravity of unused land in China was located in Gansu province during the study stage, but has shifted gradually to northwestward 10&deg;25' and moved 168.57 km. 6) As the major reserve resources of cultivated land in China, the focus of cropland reclamation occupying the unused land areas has shifted from Heilongjiang province in the Northeast to Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous region, Gansu province in the Northwest, and Shandong province. In the most recent 30 years, the spatial pattern of unused land in China has dramatically changed. Some helped to improve the regional eco-environment quality, and some played a role reversely. So we should develop and utilize unused land according to local conditions, such as first evaluation, and then utilization or protection.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Land reclamation
Controlled terms:Ecology - Farms - Land use - Landforms - Mathematical models - Natural resources - Remote sensing - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese Academy of Sciences - Cultivated lands - Ecological construction - Management of land resources - Spatial temporals - Spatial-temporal changes - Unused land - Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 731.1 Control Systems - 512 Petroleum and Related Deposits - 501 Exploration and Prospecting - 481.1 Geology - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 444 Water Resources - 442.2 Land Reclamation
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20131616220387
Title:Low-variable temperature and high humidity thawing improves lamb quality
Authors:Zhang, Chunhui (1); Li, Xia (1); Li, Yin (1); Sun, Hongmei (1); Zhang, Dequan (1); Jia, Wei (1); Mu, Guofeng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China; (2) Inner Mongolia Meng Du Sheep Food Co. Ltd., Chifeng 024000, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, D.(dqzhang0118@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:267-273
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The effects of a low-variable temperature and high relative humidity thawing method (LVTHRHT) test group, thawing temperature 2&deg;&rarr6&deg;C&rarr2&deg;C, RH&gt;90%) and a conventional air thawing method (control group, thawing temperature 4&deg;C) on the quality of lamb hindquarters were investigated in this paper. The indexes including color, cooking loss, thawing loss, protein content of thawing drip, texture profiles analysis (TPA) of thawed hindquarter and surface hydrophobicity of myofribrillar protein were measured. The microstructures of the transverse section of frozen and thawed samples were observed by scan electric microscopy (SEM). The effects of different thawing methods on the component, aggregation and degradation of myofibrillar protein were studied by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. The results show that LVTHRHT could significantly decrease (P&lt;0.05) cooking loss, thawing loss, protein content of thawing drip, and surface hydrophobicity of myofribrillar protein, and significantly increase (P&lt;0.05) lightness L^* value, redness a^* value, hardness and chewiness. However, there were no significant (P&gt;0.05) effects on yellowness b^* value, springiness and gumminess; the results of SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. SEM showed that both of the thawing methods could result in aggregation and degradation of myofibrillar protein, and damage the microstructure of muscle. While the microstructure of muscle fiber bundles of control group was damaged more seriously, the air thawing method tore more muscle fiber bundles and exhibited a visibly larger gap between muscle fibers compared to the LVTHRHT. Compared to the most common thawing method (in air at 4&deg;C), there were many advantages of the LVTHRHT method: preventing the loss of the surface water and significantly decreasing thawing loss, cooking loss, nutrition loss (protein); formation of water film to prevent oxidation of meat, retarding the deterioration of lamb quality, and the physicochemical characteristics of the thawed lamb were closer to fresh meat. This new thawing method requires only a slight change to the existing 4&deg;C defrost garage: installing steam pipes to the defrost garage used for increasing the temperature and humidity of the defrost garage to realize high relative humidity thawing. Installing frequency refrigeration fan used for decreasing the temperature of the defrost garage, the combination of hot steam pipes and frequency refrigeration fan could realize LVTHRHT. Besides, installing temperature sensors and humidity sensors to monitor the temperature and humidity of a defrost garage, when temperature was higher than 6&deg;C, the frequency refrigeration fan stared to work until the temperature reached 2&deg;C. When the temperature was lower than 2&deg;C, the hot steam system started to work until the temperature reached 6&deg;C. When the relative humidity was lower than 90%, the hot steam system started to work until the relative humidity reached 90%. Coordination of the two systems would ensure that during the entire thawing process, the temperature was between 2&deg;C and 6&deg;C, and the humidity was greater than 90%. The LVTHRHT could significantly prevent the deterioration of lamb quality, and it was low cost and easy to operate. This research provides a theoretical basis to apply the LVTHRHT method in production and indicants a promising application potential for LVTHRHT in the thawing of frozen meat.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Thawing
Controlled terms:Deterioration - Electrophoresis - Garages (parking) - Humidity control - Hydrophobicity - Meats - Microstructure - Muscle - Pile foundations - Proteins  - Quality control - Refrigeration - Temperature - Thermal processing (foods)
Uncontrolled terms:Gel electrophoresis - High relative humidities - Myofibrillar proteins - Physicochemical characteristics - Surface hydrophobicity - Temperature and humidities - Thawing temperature - Transverse section
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 822.3 Food Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 933 Solid State Physics - 801.3 Colloid Chemistry - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 483.2 Foundations - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 402.2 Public Buildings - 402 Buildings and Towers - 644.4 Cryogenics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20131616220367
Title:Responses of streamflow and sediment load to vegetation restoration in catchments on the Loess Plateau
Authors:Gao, Zhaoliang (1); Fu, Yanling (1); Zhang, Jianjun (1); Zhang, Xiaoping (1); Wan, Long (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dry Land Farming in Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Acad. of Sci. and Ministry of Water and Resources/Northwest Agriculture and Forestry Univ., Yangling 712100, China
Corresponding author:Gao, Z.(gzl@ms.iswc.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:99-105
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To reduce the severe soil erosion on the Loess Plateau, a great number of soil and water conservation measures was implemented in 1970s-1980s, and after that, Grain for Green project was applied since 1999. The great anthropogenic forces resulted in the decreasing trend of stream flow and sediment load on the Loess Plateau. However, the relationship between streamflow and sediment load wasn't clear. Understanding the change of streamflow, sediment load, and their relation was helpful to enable sustainable catchment management in the region. The monthly streamflow and sediment load data were used in the study and summed annually to check the trends in the past five decades. To compare the impacts between catchments, the data were standardized with precipitation at a corresponding temporal scale and catchment area. The results showed that all the 5 catchments in the study had a statistically significant negative trend in annual streamflow and sediment load given by the M-K trend test. Change points given by the Pettitt test in streamflow of the catchments occurred were basically consistent with that of sediment load. The extent of reduction in the sediment load was much greater than that of streamflow with the periods altered, and an increasing number of zero-sediment load days was observed. The average annual reduction both in streamflow and sediment load was much greater in the low-vegetation-coverage catchments than that in the high-vegetation-coverage catchments, and the change point was also earlier. The scattered distribution for monthly streamflow and sediment load for the wet season indicated that the low-vegetation-coverage catchments have wider domain by one order of magnitude in sediment load than that of the high-vegetation-coverage catchments. The sediment load was simply regressed with the streamflow, and the regression coefficient was considered as the sediment production coefficient here. The sediment production coefficient of the 5 catchments was observed to decrease by periods during the past 50 years. Implementation of soil and water conservation measures, and "Grain for Green" application in latter periods, led to an average reduction in the sediment production coefficient of 24.5% and 70.6%, respectively. It was also detected that the absolute value of the constant in the linear regression and the streamflow volume when the catchments reach scour and silting balance decreased by periods. The impacts of soil and water conservation implementation and Grain for Green policy application on streamflow, sediment load and their relation was further illustrated.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Catchments
Controlled terms:Loads (forces) - Runoff - Sediment transport - Sedimentology - Soils - Stream flow - Vegetation - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Catchment management - Grain for green projects - Grain for greens - Regression coefficient - Sediment production - Soil and water conservation - Soil and water conservation measures - Vegetation restoration
Classification code:631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 481.1 Geology - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 444.1 Surface Water - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 408 Structural Design - 444 Water Resources
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20131616220361
Title:Liquid sloshing reduces driving stability of semi-trailer liquid tank
Authors:Hu, Xiaoming (1); Li, Wanli (1); Sun, Li (2); Zhao, Zhiguo (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Mechanical Engineering Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China; (2) Department of Transportation Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
Corresponding author:Li, W.(cnlwl@mail.tongji.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:49-58
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to study the effects of liquid sloshing on the driving stability of a tank truck, in the light of the problem of the horizontal fluid sloshing in the tank body, the governing equations of the transverse liquid sloshing within tank body are established by potential theory. The Galerkin method was used to establish a discrete forced sloshing equation of the fluids in the tank, and the force of the liquid forced sloshing on the tank was solved. According to the equivalence principle, an equivalent mechanical model of liquid forced sloshing was established. Based on the additional torque produced by the lateral movement of the liquid mass center and the force of the liquid sloshing pressure against the tank, combined with the rigid model of the semi-trailer, the mathematical model of the liquid tank semi-trailer was established. For liquid and solid cargoes, the impact of the liquid sloshing on the driving parameters and instability forms of the liquid tank semi-trailer was simulated comparatively by the two conditions of the step steering and double-shift line. Simulation results shows that: in the step steering, the liquid sloshing has the greater impact on the roll angle and reduces the threshold of the rollover speed of the vehicle, but has a smaller impact on the other operating parameters. In the double shift line condition, the liquid sloshing intensifies the fluctuations of the lateral acceleration and hinged angle, and makes the vehicle transverse shimmy significantly. When near the working-fluid filling rate of 1.2, with the increasing of the speed, the pendulum vibration instability occurred initially, and then the rollover occurred. When closing to the full charging rate, with the increase of speed, vehicles will rollover directly. The paper provides reference for stability control research and safety driving of semi-trailer liquid tank.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Liquid sloshing
Controlled terms:Automobile bodies - Automobile steering equipment - Fluids - Galerkin methods - Mathematical models - Mechanics - Models - Stability - Steering - Tank trucks  - Tanks (containers)
Uncontrolled terms:Driving parameters - Equivalence principles - Equivalent mechanical models - Filling rate - Governing equations - Lateral acceleration - Operating parameters - Semi-trailers
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 931.1 Mechanics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 921 Mathematics - 961 Systems Science - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 663.2 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 619.2 Tanks - 801 Chemistry
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20131616220389
Title:Radical change of Maillard reaction by using electron spin resonance spectroscopy
Authors:Liu, Ling (1); Ji, Shujuan (1); Tan, Dehong (1); Jiang, Donghua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (2) Department of Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
Corresponding author:Liu, L.(liuling4568@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:280-286
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy was used to study the change of free radicals generated by the Maillard reaction of glucose and &beta;-Lactoglobulin in the food-heating process, especially the change of free radicals caused by the changes of the temperature and pH. The relationship between Maillard reaction and the radicals in Maillard reaction can be determined by analyzing the change of the radicals in order to establish a simple and accurate method to evaluate Maillard reaction. Under the conditions of four different temperatures, three pH levels and with or without oxygen, the radical change trend of Maillard reaction was investigated that the radicals increased from 1.7&times;10⁴ to 2.4&times;10⁴ and the max reaction speed appeared from 90 min to 5min with temperature rise from 50-80&deg;C. The radicals increased from 5&times;10³ to 2.4&times;10⁴ and the reaction sped up with pH rise from 5.0 to 8.0. The radical's amount raised and the radical signal intensity were higher under anaerobic conditions with pH increasing. When radicals were accumulated to a certain concentration, the signal strength dropped and finally disappeared due to its own collision or polymerization. Compared with the radicals of two types of substrates, the radicals of products of the Maillard reaction in type, quantity and rate of formation. It is proved that the stable signal of radicals obtained by the spin trapping can effectively present the reaction trend of radicals in the early and middle stages in the Maillard reaction of food heating, and it is easy to reflect the change of Maillard reaction. Compared with the traditional detection methods of the Maillard reaction, ESR spectroscopy is a simple and sensitive method of radical detection, and can be used as an important research method of Maillard reaction for food heating.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Glycosylation
Controlled terms:Chemical reactions - Electron spin resonance spectroscopy - Food products - Free radicals - Heating - Spectrometry - Thermal processing (foods)
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic conditions - Detection methods - Maillard reaction - Radicals - research methods - Sensitive method - Signal intensities - Signal strengths
Classification code:822.3 Food Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 801.2 Biochemistry - 801 Chemistry - 643.1 Space Heating
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20131616220375
Title:Uncertainty analysis of rice planting area extraction based on different classifiers using Landsat data
Authors:Huang, Jingfeng (1); Chen, La (2); Wang, Jing (1); Wang, Xiuzhen (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information Application, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Polluted Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information System, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China; (4) Institute of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China; (5) Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, China
Corresponding author:Wang, X.(wxz05160516@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:166-176
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Rice is the staple food for over half of the world's population and two-thirds of the population of China. One of the main methods to implement an estimate of the planting area is to classify an image of the study area. Systematic quality assessment and some quantitative researches have been made on uncertainties in rice area estimation using remote sensing data. In this paper, sub-meter GPS data from a field campaign and TM image of study area were combined to obtain 1m resolution sub-pixels of simulated images. Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), BP neural network (BPN) and Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network (FUZZY ARTMAP) were used as hard classification approaches to classify the TM image of the study area. Classification results showed that the classification precision of all non-parametric approaches (KNN, BPN and FUZZY ARTMAP) were higher than that of parametric approach (MLC). The differences of overall accuracy between these three non-parameters classifications were small. As for rice area, it's better to choose MLC to get higher User's Accuracy, and choose KNN to get higher Producer's Accuracy. Full fuzzy BPN, partial fuzzy BPN and KNN classifiers were used to estimate area of classes in sub-pixels of simulated and TM images. The accuracies of area estimation by full fuzzy BPN classifier were significantly higher than these by partial fuzzy BPN and KNN classifiers. The correlation coefficient between the predicted area and true area of sub-pixels was not suitable in accuracy assessment for fuzzy classification, but a paired t-test could be used to assess well accuracy of area estimation. Full fuzzy classifiers have advantages of selecting eligible and enough training samples over partial fuzzy classifiers and enhance classification precision. But classification results failed to offer different categories of each pixel in space in the location information. The combined multiple classifiers either in voting mode or in measuring mode showed capacities to enhance the overall classification uncertainty in this study. It can help to improve the precision of the rice area extraction to some extent. An approach to analyzing the mixing degree of pixels was proposed in this study. The mixing degree of pixels of 30 m resolution TM image was calculated by up scaling thematic map on majority rule in Matlab. As far as the condition of rice growing regions in southern China is concerned, the problem of mixed pixel is much more severe for commonly used images like TM images. And the classification results demonstrated that the classification precision decreased with the pureness of pixels and four classifiers showed no difference in capacity to classify mixing pixels. Based on Probability Vector which was available to BPN and KNN classifiers, the maps of maximum probability, entropy of all pixels and probability of pixels with rice label were made to represent uncertainties of classification for the TM image of the study area. These maps with the traditional classification map can transfer not only results of classification but also information of spatial variation of classification uncertainty to users.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Pixels
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Estimation - Extraction - Flow visualization - Fuzzy systems - Global positioning system - Maps - Membership functions - Neural networks - Remote sensing  - Space optics - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Classification approach - Classification precision - Correlation coefficient - Fuzzy-Artmap Neural Network - K nearest neighbor (KNN) - Maximum likelihood classifiers - Nonparametric approaches - Planting areas
Classification code:922.1 Probability Theory - 921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 741.1 Light/Optics - 731.1 Control Systems - 723.5 Computer Applications - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.06.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.