<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20131616220335
Title:Multiple regression analysis of citrus leaf nitrogen content using hyperspectral technology
Authors:Huang, Shuangping (1); Hong, Tiansheng (1); Yue, Xuejun (1); Wu, Weibin (1); Cai, Kun (1); Xu, Xing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Lab. of Key Technol. on Agricultural Machine and Equipment (South China Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) Division of Citrus Machinery, China Agriculture Research System, Guangzhou 510642, China; (3) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (4) Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia
Corresponding author:Yue, X.(yuexuejun@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:132-138
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to evaluate the nitrogenous status of citrus trees, non-destructively, accurately and rapidly, the modeling of the nitrogen (N) content prediction based on the reflectance spectra is studied in this paper. Field experiments were conducted on 117 planted Luogang citrus trees in the Crab Village of Guangzhou. The citrus trees were divided into several groups and 1-year standardized management was performed on them. Nitrogenous fertilizer was applied to the citrus trees only during four phenological periods in the year, and each group was treated with various levels of N-fertilization in order to cultivate differentiation samples with varied nitrogenous content. 15 days after each fertilization, fresh and healthy citrus leaves were collected to gather training samples from different growth stages. Hyper-spectrometer ASD FieldSpec was used to detect spectral reflectance while the Kjeldahl method was used to measure the N-content of citrus leaves from the same batch. In this way, each sample is described as an instance-label pair, where a multi-variable vector was used as the descriptor and the ground truth of the nitrogen level was used as the label. The collected samples were used to construct a large-scale dataset, 80% of which were used as the train set and the remaining 20% were used as the test set. PCA (Principle Component Analysis) was applied to the original vectors for dimension reduction and noise removal and SVR (Support Vector Regression) was adopted to build the regression analysis model for predicting the nitrogen level of the citrus trees. The model relied on a training set and was created by mapping the multi-variable vectors to the related ground truths label through SVR. The test set was used to evaluate the performance of the model. The experiment on the test set resulted in reaching a square correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9730, a mean relative error of 0.9033%, and a mean square error (MSE) of 0.090343. Conclusions can be drawn from the experimental results: First, compared with various deformations of spectral data, e.g. first derivative spectrum, second derivative spectrum, reciprocal spectrum, logarithmic spectrum, logarithm of reciprocal spectrum, the original high spectral reflectance data, as the vector-descriptor of the samples, achieved the best experimental result when using the approach in this paper. Second, when the Radial Basis Function (RBF) is used as the kernel for SVR and PCA determines the principal components with the cumulative contribution rate set to 99.9%, the model will achieve the best performance and be the most robust. Third, comparative experiments between our method and other mainstream multivariate regression analysis algorithms demonstrate the validity of using SVR and PCA to do modeling. Experimental results show our method is obviously superior to Partial Least Squares (PLS), Back Propagation (BP) and Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression (SMLR). Finally, using SVR to build the regression model based on PCA-processed data successfully achieved the ideal performance index, which indicates the effectiveness of the proposed method and provides a theoretical basis for the applications of high spectral reflectance in non-destructive nitrogen level detection.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Experiments - Forestry - Mean square error - Nitrogen - Radial basis function networks - Reflection - Regression analysis - Statistical tests - Statistics - Vectors
Uncontrolled terms:Citrus tree - HyperSpectral - Multiple regression analysis - Multivariate regression analysis - Principle component analysis - Stepwise multiple linear regression - Support vector regression (SVR) - SVR
Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 921.1 Algebra - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 711 Electromagnetic Waves
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20131616220354
Title:Numerical simulation, optimization, study of technical features and operational parameters for Chinese cuisine
Authors:Deng, Li (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Life Science College, GuiZhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
Corresponding author:Deng, L.(denglifood@foxmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:282-292
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:So far numerical simulation, optimization and parametric analysis about heat transfer and kinetics for Chinese cuisine has been a virgin area. As the most representative arts for Chinese cuisine, stir-frying should be defined as a rapid cooking operations with stirring using plenty of oil as heat transfer medium in opened vessel. This thesis which consists of two parts focuses on processing optimization, technical features and operational parameters of stir-frying. In the first part, optimization of culinary processing was carried out via numerical simulation based on the existing heat transfer model and kinetics principle put forward by author, and was analogous to optimization of can sterilization and liquid-particulate aseptic processing. The optimization model for stir-frying of sliced pork was established, in which target variables is oil temperature, constraints condition is that maturity value equals terminal maturity value, and objective condition is to make overheated value with average volume to minimum. The parameters of the above model were determined as follows: the quality factors to indicate cooked well done of pork were identified as thermal death of pathogenic microorganisms and thermal denaturation of proteins, both of them have similar Z value range, and the quality factors to indicate pork overheated were identified as moisture diffusion and food nutrition loss, thus Z value of maturity value and overheated value was respectively set at 7&deg;C and 30&deg;C. According to several references, pork mature value was set to 0.1-1 min at 70&deg;C, surface heat transfer coefficient was set to 1000 W/m²&deg;C, and the thermal physical parameters of pork were set in the same way. The solutions of optimization model which obtained via compiling program and calculation with Matlab showed that a certain sizes of pork slices has a certain optimum oil temperature with minimum average overheated value. And then the reliability and complexity of the optimal model and the effect of model hypothesis conditions on the model were discussed, the optimization model can be applied for the most of cuisine process effectively. The reason why optimal model of cuisine is exist was considered that cuisine maturing (done well) is more sensitive to temperature than overheating, so better cooking quality can be achieved via rapid heating while the raw materials reach to maturity. The loss of water was regarded as decisive influence on texture of cuisine products, and the diffusion coefficient of water in particulates has greater Z value than mature qualities, so lead to existing of the optimum oil temperature, therefore, water diffusion is the crucial problem concerning products qualities for Chinese cuisine. The rationality of traditional Chinese cuisine was explained via the analysis on the calculation results of the optimal model. The stir-frying that heat animal meat by a larger amount of oil with high temperature and cutting raw materials into small particles to reduce the size of heat transfer agreed with the kinetics and heat transfer principles reflected in the optimal model. In the second part, technical features and operational parameters of stir-frying was studied. First of all, the difference between stir-frying, boiling and steaming were analyzed via numerical simulation of their heat transfer and kinetics, where heat transfer medium are respectively oil, water and steam. Calculation results showed that maturity time of stir-frying (22.18 seconds) is much shorter than steaming (43.75 seconds) and boiling (82.62 seconds), meanwhile the volume average overheated value of stir-frying is also the lowest, consequently, stir-frying has evident advantages on efficiency and quality. However, the surface overheated value of stir-frying is the highest, it meant that the thermal quality loss is serious on the surface. Overall, stir-frying is more suitable for those culinary materials which are heat-sensitive, impact-resisting, oil-resistance, have the necessity to form favorite flavor caused by high temperature. And then, the affect of cutting and stirring on culinary qualities were analyzed. Numerical simulations of the stir-frying process of 0.2-0.6 mm sliced pork showed that the smaller the size of particles, the shorter maturity time, and the smaller overheated value. Calculation results showed that the most suitable thickness for sliced pork is 2~4 mm, and this size is commonly used in stir-frying of Chinese cuisine. In terms of the established optimal mathematical model, calculation condition and algorithm, the results computed with h<inf>fp</inf>=200~30000 W/(m²&deg;C) and thickness 3mm for sliced pork showed that the higher h<inf>fp</inf>, the lower optimum temperature and the shorter maturity time. Stirring is indispensable which contributes to uniform heat transfer and increases surface heat transfer coefficient in stir-frying. Thereby, strong agitating and stirring measures adopted in traditional manual cuisine is agree with the principles about heat transfer and kinetics. Finally, heat transfer and operating parameters of stir-frying were listed and analyzed. Six major forms of heat transfer and phase change process in stir-frying were listed. The influences on culinary qualities of several parameters in stir-frying, such as warm-up time of oil, oil-to-material ratio, equipment size and other parameters, were analyzed on whether these factors result in deviation from optimum operating conditions.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Oils and fats
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Cooking - Diffusion - Enzyme kinetics - Forestry - Heat resistance - Heat transfer - Kinetics - Mathematical models - MATLAB  - Meats - Optimization - Phase transitions
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese cuisine - Operational parameters - Optimum operating conditions - Pathogenic microorganisms - Processing optimizations - Simulation - Surface heat transfer coefficient - Thermal physical parameters
Classification code:921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921 Mathematics - 822.3 Food Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 723.5 Computer Applications - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20131616220330
Title:Morphology development evaluation of reclaimed soil in coal-mining subsidence areas with high groundwater levels
Authors:Hu, Zhenqi (1); Li, Ling (1); Zhao, Yanling (1); Feng, Xinwei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Resource and Environment College, He'nan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Z.(huzq@cumtb.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:95-101
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Soil morphological characteristics contain abundant environmental information. It is an important basis for environmental change and ecological reconstruction and can be used to infer the strength of soil development. Reclaimed soil is man-made new soil and its morphological characteristics are related to reclamation methods, which is significant for renovating reclamation technologies and improving reclaimed soils. This paper involved conducted research on soil morphological characteristics and its evaluation method of soil morphological development for reclaimed soils in coal-mining subsidence areas with high groundwater level, which were reclaimed by four-type reclamation methods. These methods included digging deep to fill shallow areas by excavators, digging deep to fill shallow areas by use of a hydraulic dredge pump, filling reclamation with exogenous soil and filling reclamation with fly ash or coal wastes. The quantitative evaluation of the morphology development of reclaimed soil in coal-mining subsidence areas with high groundwater level was done by a field investigation of 23 soil profiles and indoor analysis. The evaluation indicators and model were constructed based on the soil profile description standard of Chinese Soil Taxonomy (3rd edition, 2001). A soil morphology development evaluation index system was constructed to quantitatively measure the development degree of reclaimed soils. This evaluation index system combined features with six soil morphological properties based on morphological systematic observation and description for each layer soil. These six morphological properties are: color (hue, value and chroma), texture type, consistence (stickiness and plasticity), structure type, soil intrusions and horizon boundary (visibility and transition). On the basis of these indicators, the HI (horizon index) and WPDI (weighted profile development index) were developed preliminarily. The study then tried to research the reclaimed soil development status with a simple quantitative method. The results show that the horizon index (HI) and the weighted profile development index (WPDI) can reflect the difference of soil development degree between reclaimed soils and local original undisturbed soils. The HI and WPDI average values of reclaimed soil are 0.57, 0.56, and the values of local original undisturbed soil are 0.68, 0.69, which shows that the reclaimed soil formation development level is relatively weak. The HI shape of reclaimed soil significantly different from local original undisturbed soil, which indicates the different forming and developmental process between them, and the surface layer HI general higher than other soil layer, which indicates the reclaimed soil as still in a weaker development phase. The development degree sequence of reclaimed soil based on WPDI reveals that: filling reclamation with exogenous soil &gt; digging deep to fill shallow by excavators &gt; digging deep to fill shallow by hydraulic dredge pump &gt; filling reclamation with fly ash or coal wastes. With the reclamation time extension, the soil morphology development degree presents a growth trend. The resulting soil morphology development evaluation system is probably a convenient and effective method to evaluate the pedologic development degree of reclaimed soil in the field of coal-mining subsidence areas with high groundwater levels.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Coal ash - Coal reclamation - Construction equipment - Cutting machines (mining) - Dredges - Excavation - Filling - Fly ash - Geologic models - Groundwater  - Land reclamation - Mines - Morphology - Reclamation
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological reconstruction - Environmental information - Horizon index - Morphological characteristic - Morphological development - Profile development - Soil morphology - Subsidence areas
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 524 Solid Fuels - 521 Fuel Combustion and Flame Research - 504 Mines and Mining, Metal - 502.1 Mine and Quarry Operations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 481.1 Geology - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 444.2 Groundwater - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 405.1 Construction Equipment
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20131616220332
Title:System for farmland environment dynamic monitoring and evaluation based on Geo-WebServices
Authors:Wang, Li (1); Pan, Yuchun (1); Wang, Yinglong (3); Zhou, Yanbing (1); Dan, Dongfang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China; (2) Institute of Compute and Information Engineering, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang 330045, China; (3) College of Software, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang 330045, China
Corresponding author:Pan, Y.(panyc@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:109-116
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Farmland environmental quality is important for safeguarding the quality and safety of agricultural products. At present, due to the majority of farmland environment quality evaluation systems lack of available models and simple function structures, most systems are difficult to use to realize cross-platform data sharing, distributed data access and heterogeneous spatial data interoperability. Furthermore, they are unable to realize, from sampling design, environment quality evaluation analysis, crop suitability evaluation and early warning analysis. Based on related knowledge of farmland environment quality monitoring, this study established an appraisal model for optimizing sampling distribution, and then integrated GIS, GNSS and RBAC technology. It designed the system for farmland environment dynamic monitoring and evaluation, which can realize data online sharing, data query and statistics analysis and farmland environmental quality evaluation analysis. The application of the system showed that using Geo-WebServices technology can realize real-time online integrating and sharing with distributed storage high resolution of remotely sensed imageries and large scale fundamental geographical data. This, in turn, can improve the accuracy of data analysis and solve problems of sharing security and data copyright of the high-precision spatial data. Meanwhile, by designing permissions and roles and distributing them to users, the safety and reliability of the system can be guaranteed. What is more, the system functions to manage and customize the models for farmland environmental monitoring and evaluation and warning analysis bringing about both powerful analysis and intuitive visualization abilities for the dynamic management and monitoring of the whole process, such as sampling layout optimization and evaluation, sample point data pretreatment, environment quality evaluation and warning analysis, thematic mapping and so on. The system basically realized visual management of farmland environmental attribute data and spatial data share and exchange, for monitoring and evaluating soil environmental data, irrigation water environmental data and atmospheric environmental data with dynamic and efficiency. The system is effective for farmland environment quality monitoring and management.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Data integration - Digital storage - Environmental impact assessments - Environmental management - Farms - Function evaluation - Geographic information systems - Information management - Interoperability  - Irrigation - Monitoring - Optimization - Search engines - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Distributed data access - Early warning analysis - Environmental attributes - Environmental Monitoring - Geo-WebServices - Remotely sensed imagery - Spatial Data Interoperability - Suitability evaluation
Classification code:944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 903.2 Information Dissemination - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 446.1 Water Supply Systems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20131616220341
Title:Capability of pulse cycle corridor anaerobic reactor treating composted algae water
Authors:Yu, Yaqin (1); L&#252;, Xiwu (1); Wu, Yifeng (1); Xu, Lijuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (2) Dept. of Civil Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
Corresponding author:L&#252;, X.(xiwulu@seu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:179-186
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:As a typical high organic concentration wastewater, composted algae water from the Taihu Lake could be treated with anaerobic biological treatment technology for clean energy biogas. During this process, Cyanobacteria are easy to float and crust in the reactor, thus affecting the efficiency of the gas production and reducing the processing effect of the reactor. Therefore, the design of an efficient anaerobic reactor suitable to the characteristics of cyanobacteria was the main task of the study. We designed a new type of anaerobic reactor, the pulse cycle corridor anaerobic reactor, and considered the performance of processing composted algae water from the Taihu Lake. Simultaneously, sequencing batch experiments on the methanation dynamics of the enriched granular sludge through the stable operation of the reactor was adopted to provide theoretical support on further promotion of treating cyanobacteria. Main contents and results were as follows: With an inoculated aerobic activated sludge from municipal sewage treatment plant, the reactor started up at chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 2000 mg/L, hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 5 d and temperature of (30-35)&deg;C for 30 d; the pulse cycle corridor anaerobic reactor achieved a stable state. The COD removal efficiency was above 60%, and biogas productivities of unit volume was 0.08 L/(L&middotd) at this level. When volumetric loading rate increased stage by stage from 0.8 kg/(m³&middotd) to 3.5 kg/(m³&middotd), the reactor could perform steadily with a COD removal efficiency as high as 80%. Meanwhile, biogas productivities of unit volume was 1.2 L/(L&middotd). The reactor had some advantages of quick start-up speed, tending to forming the particulate the sludge and enduring pulse load by shortening the pulse time, increasing the number of cycle of cyanobacteria in the reactor, extending the flowing time of cyanobacteria in the reactor channel, overcoming the phenomenon of cyanobacteria floating, and raising the probability of contact between the cyanobacteria and the sludge. The removal rate of microcystins (TMC-LR, EMC-LR) was over 90%, which indicated that the reactor had a good removal effect on microcystins of the composted cyanobacteria. The main reason for microcystins removal was the effective intercept of cyanobacteria by a large number of cultivated anaerobic granular sludge and the enrichment of numerous indigenous bacteria in the reactor. The methanation kinetics of composted algae water substrated with the granular sludge from the pulse cycle corridor anaerobic reactor was investigated. The maximum specific degradation rate, half saturation constant, and yield coefficient were 1.253 mg/(mg&middotd), 11770 mg/L, and 0.256 mL/mg, respectively. Observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the granular sludge was found in the stabilization stage with coupled growing micro-organisms, including methanosarcina, filamentous bacteria, and rod-shaped bacteria. Proteinase, coenzyme F<inf>420</inf> and TTC-dehydrogenase activity of granular sludge from pulse cycle corridor anaerobic reactor had been in high level during the duration of the experiment. Results indicated that the pulse cycle corridor anaerobic reactor could effectively deal with the algae-laden water from the Taihu Lake. It provided important value for the biogas fermentation of algae.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Structural design
Controlled terms:Activated sludge process - Algae - Anaerobic digestion - Bacteria - Biogas - Chemical oxygen demand - Cultivation - Degradation - Electric reactors - Enzyme activity  - Enzyme kinetics - Experiments - Granular materials - Hydrogenation - Loading - Methanation - Productivity - Scanning electron microscopy - Wastewater treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic biological treatments - Anaerobic granular sludge - COD removal efficiency - Filamentous bacteria - Hydraulic retention time - Municipal sewage treatment plant - Volumetric loading - Volumetric loading rates
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 913.1 Production Engineering - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 741.1 Light/Optics - 704.1 Electric Components - 672 Naval Vessels - 522 Gas Fuels - 461.9 Biology - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 408.1 Structural Design, General
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20131616220321
Title:Comparative research of two kinds of flat fan nozzle atomization process
Authors:Xie, Chen (1); He, Xiongkui (1); Song, Jianli (1); Herbst, Andreas (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (2) Institute for Chemical Application Technology of JKI, Messeweg 11/12 D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
Corresponding author:He, X.(xiongkui@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:25-30
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The objectives of this research were to study the atomization characteristics of normal flat fan nozzles and air induction flat fan nozzles which were made by the LECHLER Company by a particle droplet image analysis system (PDIA) with visualized features. Images of ST110-03 and IDK120-03 nozzles' spraying fan from orifice to 30 mm below nozzle were taken at 0.3 MPa to observe the structure of the spraying fan. Spraying visualizations were conduct from 10 to 70 mm with the interval of 10 mm below the nozzle in the spraying fan centerline of ST110-01, 02, 03, 04 and IDK120-01, 02, 03, 04 at 0.3 MPa to analyze the influence of orifice width on spraying sheet length. To research the influence of spraying pressure on liquid sheet length and droplet size, spraying visualizations were performed from 10 to 70 mm with the interval 10mm below the nozzle in the spraying fan centerline of ST110-03 and IDK120-03 at 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 MPa. The results showed that there was a larger liquid sheet in the ST110-03 spraying fan. It was very easy to observe the wave formation and irregular atomization holes in the ST110-03 spraying fan. There was a smaller spraying sheet in the IDK120-03 spraying fan than in the ST110-03. There were many bubbles in the spraying sheet of the IDK120-03. The data showed that the spraying sheet length of the ST110-03 was increased from 20 to 40 mm and the atomization length of the IDK120-03 was increased from 10 to 20 mm, and also resulted in increasing intensity of bubbles with the orifice width increasing. The liquid sheet length of the ST110-03 was decreased from 35 to 22 mm and the droplets volume mean diameter was decreased from 128.2 to 92.4 &mu;m. Also, the wave's amplitude was increased by increasing the spray pressure. The liquid sheet-atomization length of the IDK120-03 was decreased from 40 to 30 mm and the droplets volume mean diameter was decreased from 366.4 to 285.3 &mu;m with increased spray pressure. The conclusion of the research was that there are huge differences between the spraying sheet and atomization region of IDK and ST nozzles. The air bubble existed in the liquid sheet of the IDK, and the liquid sheet length showed negative correlation with the droplets volume mean diameter.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Atomization - Comminution - Drop formation - Flow visualization - Grinding (comminution) - Liquid films - Orifices - Research - Spraying - Visualization
Uncontrolled terms:Atomization characteristics - Comparative research - Crop protection - Flat fan nozzle - Negative correlation - Spray pressure - Spraying pressure - Volume mean diameter
Classification code:631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 813.1 Coating Techniques - 901.3 Engineering Research - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20131616220323
Title:Design and performance test of circumferential crankle guide vane of multistage centrifugal pumps
Authors:Zhang, Qihua (1); Xu, Yan (1); Shi, Weidong (1); Gao, Xiongfa (1); Ma, Dongqi (2); Lu, Weigang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (2) Fujian Academy of Mechanical Sciences, Fuzhou 350102, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Q.(qihua05@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:37-43
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To design compact multistage centrifugal pumps, a circumferential crankle guide vane was proposed to match their compact structure. The basic design principle originated from the twisted centrifugal impeller design method and the design method of this guide vane was investigated systematically. By fixing the top curve of the guide vane and extending the bottom curve forward along a circumferential direction, a crankle surface is shaped. This design method has two merits. Firstly, the bottom curve of the first guide vane is extended circumferentially forward to guarantee a large throat flow area. And secondly, a diffuser-like passage is naturally formed by the extended surface and the cylindrical surface of the next blade, which enhances its pressure recovery ability. In addition, the blade surface is divided into two segmented parts, that is, a full twisted surface and a cylindrical surface, thus the casting and molding of the guide vane is more convenient. To reduce the design cycle of the guide vane, a hydraulic design system of the circumferential crankle guide vane was developed using the secondary development technique. Based on this system, different configurations of guide vane were developed. Through evaluation of the different configurations of guide vane, an optimal configuration was obtained by means of CFD analysis. To validate the CFD results, a prototype multistage pump was developed and manufactured. The prototype pump testing showed that the stage head was 9 m, and its efficiency was 57.8%, which could meet the design requirement. To conclude, the guide vane design method is beneficial for energy-saving in multistage centrifugal pumps, and this method could provide useful guidance for the development of compact multistage centrifugal pumps.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Design
Controlled terms:Centrifugal pumps - Centrifugation - Computational fluid dynamics - Curve fitting
Uncontrolled terms:Centrifugal impeller - Circumferential direction - Compact structures - Crankle - Cylindrical surface - Guide vane - Multi-stage centrifugal pumps - Secondary development
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 618.2 Pumps - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20131616220340
Title:CH<inf>4</inf> uptake and its affecting factors in winter wheat field under different stubble height of straw returning
Authors:Wang, Bingwen (1); Chi, Shuyun (1); Tian, Shenzhong (1); Ning, Tangyuan (1); Chen, Guoqing (1); Zhao, Hongxiang (1); Li, Zengjia (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
Corresponding author:Chi, S.(chishujun1955@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:170-178
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Although the straw returning of maize is a main way of straw utilization, the problem of the ecological cycling agriculture and the maize straw comprehensive utilization was faced. The excessively returning of straw not only affected to the afterreap crop growth but also disadvantaged to protect the ecological environment of farmland. The objective of present study was to estimate the flux of CH<inf>4</inf> under the different height stubble of straw returning in the North China Plain and determined the optimization height of stubble to balance of CH<inf>4</inf> flux and straw returning. The study based on 10 years of tillage and straw management systems with split-plot design, by used the Static Chamber-Gas Chromatographic method, in which included two tillage methods of zero-tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT), and four treatments of stubble returning were total straw returning (PS), 1 m height stubble returning (S-1), 0.5 m height stubble returning (S-0.5) and no straw returning (AS). The results showed that, the absorption of CH<inf>4</inf> decreased with the increase of straw returning, which was the order of AS&asyum;S-0.5&gt;S-1&asyum;PS. The modes of tillage have influence on the absorption of CH<inf>4</inf>, the flux of CH<inf>4</inf> uptake under AC and AZ were higher 18.3% and 15.1% than PC and PZ respectively. The dynamic changes of CH<inf>4</inf> absorption were showed three peaks curve in the whole growth period of wheat, it was lowest in over-winter stage, and highest in anthesis stage. The flux in different growth periods of wheat were related with the surface temperature of soil, and the both had a significant positive correlation, but there had a negative correlation with the content of soil organic carbon at a depth of 20 cm in this study. There was no significant correlation between CH<inf>4</inf> uptake and soil moisture content. In diurnal variation of CH<inf>4</inf> uptake, the fluxes in daytime under PC and PZ were higher 18.2% and 17.7% than in night, and they significant related with the air temperature, soil surface temperature and soil temperature at a depth of 20 cm. CH<inf>4</inf> uptake flux under CT was higher 8.65% than ZT. The treatment of 0.5 m stubble height of straw returning under conventional tillage had higher uptake flux of CH<inf>4</inf>, and the remaining straw was used for other ways, it is a reasonable straw utilization treatment for global warming potential mitigating and straw comprehensive utilization. Therefore, and we suggest that this treatment be developed in this region.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Absorption - Atmospheric temperature - Chromatographic analysis - Crops - Ecology - Farms - Global warming - Greenhouse gases - Methane - Soil moisture  - Surface properties
Uncontrolled terms:Chromatographic methods - Comprehensive utilizations - Ecological environments - Global warming potential - Maize straw - Soil surface temperatures - Stubble height - Winter wheat
Classification code:931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 801 Chemistry - 951 Materials Science - 522 Gas Fuels - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20131616220328
Title:Characteristics of dissolved organic carbon transport via overland flow and interflow on sloping cropland of purple soil
Authors:Hua, Keke (1); Zhu, Bo (1); Wang, Xiaoguo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Maintain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Process and Ecological Regulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; (3) College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, B.(bzhu@imde.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:81-88
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Runoff is a major driver for Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) diffusing into aquatic ecosystems. The transportation of DOC during storm events could have measurable impacts on the global carbon cycle, but the magnitude and pathway of the impacts remain uncertain due to a lack of data. A better understanding of DOC transport via overland flow or interflow on sloping cropland is favorable for the carbon sequestration of cultivated upland. This study aimed to gain insight into the process and flux of transport of DOC in runoff as affected by rainfall characteristics. An experiment was conducted to monitor DOC transport via overland flow and interflow on sloping cropland of purple soil with free-drain lysimeter at Yanting Agro-ecological Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Science. The experimental plots were conducted in traditional mineral fertilizer treatment (NPK) with fertilization rates at 130 kg/hm² of N, 90 kg/hm² of P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>, 36 kg/hm² of K<inf>2</inf>O for wheat and 150 kg/hm²of N, 90 kg/hm² of P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>, 36 kg/hm² of K<inf>2</inf>O for maize growing seasons, respectively. DOC transport via overland flow and interflow was continuously monitored from 2010 to 2011 in the rainy seasons by determining DOC concentrations via means of flow injection analysis (FIA) technology by Auto Analyzer3 (AA3, Bran Lubbe, Norderstedt, Germany). Results indicated that DOC concentration was greatly affected by overland flow and interflow process. DOC concentrations in the drainage water of overland flow exhibited sharp declines at the initial period, whereas those in interflow increased at the initial period of a rainfall event and declined steadily. Transport processes of DOC were greatly affected by rain intensity. DOC concentration in the initial stage of overland flow was high while the peak DOC concentration in interflow was higher and occurred earlier in storm rain compared with heavy rain event. Average annual cumulative discharge of overland and interflow from 2010 to 2011 was 61.2, 300.3 mm, accounting for 7.7% and 37.6% in the whole rainy season respectively. The average DOC concentrations in overland flow and interflow were 3.9 and 3.4 mg/L, respectively, during the experiment period. Average DOC transport fluxes and annual cumulative loads of interflow were 105.2 and 1007.6 mg/m², respectively. The average transport load of DOC in interflow was 4.8 times more than that in overland flow. It indicated that interflow was the main transport pathway of dissolved organic carbon in the rainy season. Furthermore, soil temperature measured at soil depths (5, 20, 40, and 60 cm) had a significant negative correlation on DOC concentration in interflow while there was no effect on DOC concentration in overland flow, causing greatly different seasonal and annual patterns of dissolved organic carbon concentration in interflow.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Rain
Controlled terms:Cultivation - Experiments - Forestry - Runoff - Soils - Storms - Stream flow - Temperature - Uncertainty analysis - Wastewater disposal
Uncontrolled terms:Dissolved organic carbon - Fluxs - Interflow - Overland flow - Purple soils
Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 922.1 Probability Theory - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 444.1 Surface Water - 443.3 Precipitation - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20131616220345
Title:Land use and landscape pattern changes in coastal areas of Shandong province, China
Authors:Wu, Li (1); Hou, Xiyong (1); Xu, Xinliang (3); Di, Xianghong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Yantai, 264003, China; (2) Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (3) Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Corresponding author:Hou, X.(xyhou@yic.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:207-216
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In this paper, the Spatial-Markov model, which was based on the theory of Markov process and spatial analysis techniques, was proposed to simulate land use change and landscape dynamics. By the Spatial-Markov model, the study area could be divided into numerous lattices and land use change in each lattices was simulated separately by the Markov process model. The outputs of the model include a set of ratio scale images and a nominal scale image. The whole process of the model was fulfilled by compiling programs with AML in ArcGIS 9.3. The coastal area of Shandong province was selected as the case study area. Land use maps were extracted based on Landsat TM/ETM images captured in 2000, 2005, and 2010 respectively. Firstly, characteristics of land use change and landscape dynamics were analyzed. It showed that, from 2000 to 2010, urban area and rural settlement expanded dramatically by massively occupying farmland, which, in turn, drove grassland reclaimed to farmland. At the landscape level, the landscape fragmentation increased, and both the diversity and evenness of the landscape increased. Secondly, using land use maps in 2000 and 2005, the Spatial-Markov model was developed to simulate the land use map in 2010 at a spatial scale of 500 m. At the same time, the CA-Markov model was selected for model comparison, in specific, eleven driving factors were selected and the Logistic regression method was used to create the transitional maps for CA. Both Kappa coefficient and landscape indices were introduced to evaluate and compare the two models. It showed that the Spatial-Markov model not only achieved much higher Kappa coefficient, but also much better landscape indices than the CA-Markov model. Therefore, the Spatial-Markov model was applied to predict land use change and landscape dynamics in the next decade. Moreover, the prediction result shows that, from 2010 to 2020, areas of urban area and rural settlement will go on increasing, while areas of farmland will continue to decline. At the landscape level, all the landscape indices will follow their historical trend except for fractal dimension. As to the landscape indices at the class level, all landscape types will follow the same trend as before except for water and unused land.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Markov processes
Controlled terms:Coastal zones - Dynamics - Ecosystems - Farms - Fractal dimension - Land use - Logistics - Regression analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Landscape - Landscape dynamics - Landscape fragmentation - Landscape pattern changes - Logistic regression method - Markov process model - Modles - Shandong province
Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 922.1 Probability Theory - 921 Mathematics - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 931.1 Mechanics - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20131616220349
Title:Saccharification for distiller's grains based on combined hydrolysis with acid and enzyme
Authors:Ren, Haiwei (1); Li, Jinping (2); Zhang, Yi (1); Li, Zhizhong (1); Yin, Jianbo (3); Wang, Xiaomei (3); Shen, Yongqian (3); Shi, Jincai (4)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China; (2) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China; (3) School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China; (4) Gansu Jinhui Liquor Company Limited, Longnan 742308, China
Corresponding author:Li, J.(lijinping77@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:243-250
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:China is a big country of white spirit production and consumption. When brewing white spirit, large amounts of distiller's grains (DG) are left over, which are as the byproduct in white spirit production. In virtue of high content of cellulose and hemicellulose, DG is a kind of lignocellulosic biomass. In order to make full use of a distiller's grains (DG), the feasibility of using DG in making fermentable sugars by the two-step hydrolysis method of mixed acid and cellulase was explored. The key parameters of temperature, mixed acid concentrations, solid-liquid ratio and hydrolysis time were studied with the index of the concentrations of reducing sugar and xylose. In addition, the structural characteristics of DG in different hydrolysis stages were examined by means of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that there was 59.32 g/L reducing sugar and 6.49 g/L xylose in the conditions of temperature 100&deg;C, solid-liquid ratio 1:12 g&middotmL^-1, acid concentrations 2.0% and time 120 min, with the conversions of 77.38% and 62.50% for hemicellulose and cellulose, respectively. There were 13.27 g/L reducing sugars in the enzymatic hydrolysis conditions of cellulase dosage 4000 U/g, temperature 45&deg;C, pH value 4.8 and time 2.5 h. The conversion rate and enzymatic hydrolyzation of the cellulose were 66.67% and 90.73%, respectively. The studies of structural characteristics showed that the changes in morphology caused by acid and enzymatic hydrolysis successively were significant in comparison to those of feedstock, resulting in increasing surface exposure and porosity. The disorganized morphological structure of AHR allows for greater accessibility to cellulase, which facilitates enzymatic hydrolysis. The spectrograms of FTIR and XRD suggested that the characteristic strength peaks for the corresponding typical functional groups of each component were changed and the crystallinity index of the solid residues were increased, compared with DG. In short, the saccharification process based on the combined hydrolysis of acid and enzyme to produce fermentable sugars was feasible and efficient.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Saccharification
Controlled terms:Acids - Cellulose - Enzymatic hydrolysis - Enzymes - Functional groups - Hydrolysis - Infrared spectroscopy - Sugars - X ray diffraction - Xylose
Uncontrolled terms:Cellulose and hemicellulose - Distiller's grains - Enzymatic hydrolysis conditions - Morphological structures - Production and consumption - Reducing sugars - Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) - Structural characteristics
Classification code:931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 741.1 Light/Optics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20131616220351
Title:Rheological properties and calorimetric analysis on zein under high pressure treatment
Authors:Lu, Jun (1); Chen, Jie (1); Sheng, Kuichuan (1); Zhu, Songming (1); Qian, Xiangqun (1); Qian, Shaoping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
Corresponding author:Sheng, K.(kcsheng@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:259-265
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To investigate the influence of high pressure treatment on the rheological behavior and thermal property of zein, the rotating viscometer and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) were employed to obtain the property parameters, including shear stress (&tau;), shear rate (&gamma;), viscosity (&eta;), crystallization temperature (T<inf>c</inf>), melting temperature (T<inf>m</inf>), and crystallizationenthalpy (&Delta;H<inf>m</inf>). Then their relationship curve and mathematical model were fitted and established by rheological testing and calorimetric analyzing. The structures of zein solution under different high-pressure treatment were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the zein solutions with high pressure treatment showed a pseudo plastic fluid characteristic. As the pressure increased, the viscosity of the solution first increased, and then decreased, and then increased once again. When the pressure was 400 MPa, the viscosity of the solution reached the highest value. When the shear temperature increased, the viscosity of the solution first decreased, and then increased, and reached the lowest value at 40&deg;C. With the shear rate increased, the viscosity of the solution reduced, and reached a plateau when the shear rate was close to 100 s^-1. Zein powders were treated under 400 MPa pressure, melting temperature (T<inf>m</inf>) increased and crystallization enthalpy (&Delta;H<inf>m</inf>) decreased. The width of DSC melting peak (T<inf>m</inf>-T<inf>c</inf>) under high pressure treatment broadened, proving the coordination of zein structure became lower. SEM showed that zein particles under 400 MPa pressure treatment condensed in a ring or chain structure.
Number of references:28
Main heading:High pressure effects
Controlled terms:Calorimetry - Mathematical models - Melting point - Rheology - Scanning electron microscopy - Shear deformation - Viscosity - Zein
Uncontrolled terms:Calorimetric analysis - Crystallization enthalpy - Crystallization temperature - Differential scanning calorimetric - High pressure treatments - High-pressure treatment - Rheological behaviors - Rotating viscometers
Classification code:944.6 Temperature Measurements - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.1 Mechanics - 921 Mathematics - 813.2 Coating Materials - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20131616220352
Title:Early detection of fungal disease infection in strawberry fruits by e-nose during postharvest storage
Authors:Zhu, Na (1); Mao, Shubo (1); Pan, Leiqing (1); Yuan, Lijia (1); Tu, Kang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Corresponding author:Pan, L.(pan_leiqing@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:266-273
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Strawberry postharvest diseases usually cause heavy losses in storage. Electronic nose (PEN3) containing an array of 10 different metal oxide sensors was used to detect and classify three kinds of common postharvest fungal diseases of strawberry fruit: Botrytis sp. (BC), Penicillium sp. (PE) and Rhizopus sp. (RH) in this paper. Ripe strawberry fruits were inoculated individually with the three pathogens and non-inoculated samples with sterile water treatment as control. Volatile compounds emanating from strawberry fruit were assessed using PEN3 every two days after inoculation. On the second day after invocation, the principal component analysis (PCA) of volatile profiles can clearly distinguish between normal and infection strawberry fruit; Furthermore, it can discriminate three groups of strawberry fruit with different pathogenic bacteria. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted on the e-nose sensors' response to the strawberry fruit with different treatment on the second day and the volatile compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results confirmed that the four treatments were significantly different (P &lt; 0.05). A Fisher classifier was set up and achieved classification accuracy of 100%, 93.3%, 86.7% and 100% for treatment of BC, PE, RH and CK, respectively. Loading analysis and GC-MS were used to characterize volatile compounds emanated from the four groups of strawberry fruit, hydrocarbons and esters were identified as contributing mostly in distinguishing differences in the volatiles emanating from the fruit due to infection. This study showed the potential feasibility for the rapidly nondestructive detection and monitoring of quality and fungal disease infection of strawberry fruits during postharvest storage using an electronic nose.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Diseases - Fungi - Gas chromatography - Loading - Nondestructive examination - Principal component analysis - Volatile organic compounds
Uncontrolled terms:Classification accuracy - Different treatments - E-nose - Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry - Multivariate analysis of variances - Nondestructive detection - Pathogenic bacterium - Strawberry
Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 801.2 Biochemistry - 801 Chemistry - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 672 Naval Vessels - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 461.7 Health Care
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20131616220324
Title:Waterlogging at seedling and jointing stages inhibits growth and development, reduces yield in summer maize
Authors:Liu, Zugui (1); Liu, Zhandong (1); Xiao, Junfu (1); Nan, Jiqin (1); Gong, Wenjun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Xinxiang 453002, China; (2) Administration Bureau of Jiaozuo Guangli Irrigation District, Qinyang 454500, China
Corresponding author:Xiao, J.(xiaojunfu61@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:44-52
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:An experiment about different waterlogging duration (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 d) which was set up at seedling, jointing, tasseling and grain-filling stage, respectively was conducted in lysimeters with a rain shelter, and the effects of waterlogging timing and duration on the growth, development and yield characters of summer maize were analyzed. The results showed that the influence of waterlogging on plant height reduced with the postponement of waterlogging timing. Waterlogging occurring at the seedling stage had the greatest impact on plant height, followed by the jointing stage. The tasseling stage imposed a little effect, and plant height decreased when the waterlogging duration was increased, but waterlogging occurring at the grain-filling stage imposed no significant effect on the plant height. After waterlogging at the seedling stage, the difference in plant height between waterlogged treatments and the control (CK) gradually reduced with the advance of the growing process because the early stage of maize had a strong ability of compensatory growth. The difference in that during the jointing stage was still great at the grain-filling stage due to the weak compensatory growth. The changing trend of the leaf area index (LAI) in various waterlogged treatments was similar to the plant height. Waterlogging at any growing stage led to LAI to be reduced gradually with an increase in waterlogging duration. Compared with CK, waterlogging occurring at seedling, jointing, tasseling and grain-filling stages caused plant height to be averagely decreased by 5.49%-45.26%, 2.38%-35.62%, 1.60%-8.23% and 0.63%-5.15% respectively. It also made LAI to be reduced by an average of 17.36%-62.42%, 14.81%-46.56%, 4.40%-17.34% and 1.97%-15.39% respectively. Waterlogging had an obvious influence on the process of growth and development in summer maize, especially at the early growing stage. waterlogging at the seedling stage resulted in the greatest impact on growth process of summer maize, followed by the jointing stage, waterlogging at tasseling stage had little effect, and waterlogging at grain-filling stage did not affect the growth process. In addition, waterlogging occurring at any growing stage, resulted in ear length, seed-producing percentage, grain weight per ear, grain number per ear, 100-grain weight and grain yield of summer maize decreasing with increased waterlogging duration. As waterlogging occurring at the seedling stage, jointing stage, tasseling stage and grain-filling stages, the grain yield of summer maize was reduced by 17.98%-54.97%, 9.12%-100%, 2.58%-28.63% and 5.93%-20.28%, respectively. When the waterlogging duration at the seedling stage, jointing stage, tasseling stage and grain-filling stage reached 2, 4, 6, and 4 d respectively, the waterlogging would cause a significant decline in grain yield with the reduction rate of 17.98%, 21.34%, 12.99% and 13.52% separately. Therefore, the seedling stage and jointing stage are a critical period of waterlogging for summer corn, and waterlogging should be avoided during that stage. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the rational design of a drainage scheme in summer maize farmland, loss assessment of a flood disaster, and improvement of disaster prevention and mitigation.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Grain growth
Controlled terms:Disaster prevention - Grain (agricultural product) - Growth (materials) - Injection molding - Moisture - Plants (botany)
Uncontrolled terms:Growth and development - Summer maize - Waterlogging duration - Waterlogging timing - Yield character
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 933.1.2 Crystal Growth - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 816.1 Processing of Plastics and Other Polymers - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 461.9 Biology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20131616220333
Title:Design and realization of IOT-based diagnosis and management system for wheat production
Authors:Xia, Yu (1); Sun, Zhongfu (1); Du, Keming (1); Hu, Xin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (2) Shangqiu Academy of Agricultural Sciences in He'nan Province, Shangqiu 476000, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Z.(sunzf@263.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:117-124
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Wheat is one of the most important grain crops in China. Its long growth cycle and wide distribution makes it easily susceptible to a variety of stresses and disasters. In order to promote the management and control capability of wheat production through strengthening diagnosis and prediction of wheat growth status, a remote monitoring and diagnosis system was designed and realized based on the Internet of Things (IOT). On the basis of the accumulated results of early period research and layout both in software and hardware, the crucial data (including HD image and video) related to wheat growth and meteorological disasters were acquired quickly and steadily by technical integration of heterogeneous networks, such as wireless sensor network (ZigBee) and LAN (Wi-Fi), mobile communication (GPRS/3G), Internet or VPN, etc. Simultaneously on the server side, the system can provide decision supporting services for making a final intelligent diagnosis of wheat growth status and disasters with a combination of network database, statistical algorithm, computer control and inference engine etc., according to the monitoring data and characteristics of the crops and meteorological condition. The monitoring system was developed under the construction of Browser/Server mode with C# language on.NET, and further designed with a 3-tier application framework, which included data layer, data access layer, logic layer and the presentation layer respectively for data acquisition, data process, and data storage. By such optimal methods, advantages of the system are ensured in keeping excellent object-oriented functions, better compatibility and suitable systematic standardization in follow-up development. The system consists of six modules individually designed for data acquisition, knowledge specification and normalization, intelligent diagnosis and analysis, user management, assistant help for system management and application. These modules are mainly responsible for receiving dynamic data from remote sites, knowledge specification and normalization, and definition of the diagnosis indexes for crop and meteorological disasters, etc. By the utility of monitoring data combined with crop and meteorological index specifications, the system may give precision and rapid diagnosis of the condition and probability for both wheat growth and main meteorological disasters, which includes drought and waterlogging, low temperature, and dry and hot wind. In order for precision diagnosis of wheat growth and development, four grades are classified according to the crucial factors below: numbers of leaves on main stem, numbers of stems and tillers per plant, and numbers of secondary roots and tillers. Those parameters are obtained from field experiments or knowledge and experiences from different agricultural experts. The results of these diagnosis and decision supporting services can be output in multiple forms, like MS word document, different type of curves and figures, as well as data sheets depending on the user's option. With the integration of web services and socket techniques, users can easily get the multi-source data resources and information services via the platforms, such as mobile terminals, LED screens, flat pad, personal computers, etc. Demonstration and actual application of the system has been successively carried out in the main wheat production regions of China, and the results show a quite significant prospect for remote intelligent management and precision monitoring diversification of meteorological disasters by the integration of IOT technology.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Information management
Controlled terms:Artificial intelligence - Condition monitoring - Crops - Data acquisition - Data integration - Decision support systems - Disasters - Distributed computer systems - Heterogeneous networks - Information services  - Integration - Internet - Management information systems - Personal computers - Plants (botany) - Specifications - Web services - Wi-Fi - Wireless sensor networks - Zigbee
Uncontrolled terms:Growth conditions - Internet of thing (IOT) - Internet of Things (IOT) - Knowledge and experience - Knowledge specification - Meteorological condition - Meteorological disasters - Remote diagnosis
Classification code:921.2 Calculus - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 902.2 Codes and Standards - 903.2 Information Dissemination - 903.4 Information Services - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 706 Electric Transmission and Distribution - 603 Machine Tools - 484 Seismology - 461.9 Biology - 717 Optical Communication
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20131616220347
Title:Fruit traceability system based on processing and grading line
Authors:Wang, Dongting (1); Fu, Feng (3); Rao, Xiuqin (1); Ying, Yibin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China; (3) College of Information, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
Corresponding author:Rao, X.(xqrao@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:228-236
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In recent years, traceability system for quality and safety of agri-products is widely promoted all over the world. As the biggest country of fruit production in the world, China has a lot of fruit production and sale areas dispersed throughout the country and far from each other. It is widespread that stock fruit inter-provincially and cross-regionally, so the sources of fruit are complicated. Making fruits traceable along the whole supply chain is of great significance. In China, many researches are more concentrated on the simple ideal supply chain model, which transports fruits to the market directly following cultivating, harvesting and simple packaging procedures. It focuses on the producing procedures in large-scale agricultural cooperatives and product enterprises. Relatively, postharvest commercialization processes like grading, processing as well as logistics procedure are seldom covered. Fruit postharvest processing and grading procedure, which is the key proceeding of fruit supply chain, is a series combination of process and increment. Based on machine vision and near infrared technologies, the fruit automated commercialization and grading line is capable of promoting the efficiency greatly and accurately determining the quality of single fruit. Navel orange is a kind of representative fruit produced in China. Base on the comprehensive analysis of all the procedures and trace information along the navel orange supply chain, three factors give a significant impact on whether the small fruits like navel orange can be traceable along the whole supply chain. A detailed description of each factor is as follows: Firstly, the integration and decomposition of the supply chain logistics batch; Secondly, the conversion of the logistics unit before and after fruit commercial processing stage treatment; Third, the disruption and unsynchronized of logistics flow and information flow between the different entities along the supply chain. This paper presents a whole solution to achieve navel orange batch traceable along the whole supply chain. It includes three parts: information binding, information collection and information utilization. It consists of three systems: coding and identification system, traceability information management system and related supporting hardware devices. A detailed coding scheme is given in this study, which takes the current fruit production practical situation in China into account and is compatible with GS1 coding system. With reference to the GS1 system coding elements, we define the planting batch number, harvesting batch number, circulation code of the fruit boxes, circulation code of the assemblage and traceability code (both internal and external). The design of proper marking system to bind traceability information with corresponding logistics unit is the key step to achieve the navel orange full traceability. Due to the difficulty of identifying the navel orange individually, the smallest package of navel orange is defined as the traceable unit. In order to prevent mixing during postharvest commercialization process, navel orange boxes from the same harvest batch must be assembled with pallets before processing and the navel orange of one processing batch must be from the same harvest batch. According to the designed coding scheme, navel orange box label, assemblage label and traceability label are designed with one dimension 39 barcode and two dimension QR barcode correspondingly. Traceability information management system is developed according to different roles of the various entities in the supply chain, which is mainly divided into five parts: orchard sub-system, fruit processing and distribution center sub-system, supermarket sub-system, system management module and information searching module. Base on the B/S multi-layers framework, the whole system is carried out with C# language on the.NET platform. Nowadays the whole traceability solution is applied and demonstrated in a fruit processing and distributing center and its supply chain in Zhejiang province. The result shows that the solution can successfully make navel orange batch traceable along the whole supply chain with complicated procedures. But nearly 50% traceability information need more normalized and traceability precision is still need to be improved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Information management
Controlled terms:Bar codes - Computer vision - Encoding (symbols) - Fruits - Grading - Harvesting - Infrared radiation - Labels - Supply chains
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural cooperatives - Comprehensive analysis - Information collections - Information utilization - Postharvest processing - Supply chain logistics - Traceability - Traceability information
Classification code:913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 912.2 Management - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 741.2 Vision - 741.1 Light/Optics - 723.5 Computer Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 694.2 Packaging Materials
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.07.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20131616220325
Title:Characteristics of seasonal variation of deuterium and oxygen-18 isotope composition of precipitation in karst peak-cluster depression area, northwest Guangxi of China
Authors:Hu, Ke (1); Chen, Hongsong (1); Nie, Yunpeng (1); Yang, Jing (1); Wang, Kelin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China; (2) Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang, 547100, China; (3) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Corresponding author:Chen, H.(hbchs@isa.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:53-62
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The specific double hydrogeological structure increases the difficulty of study on hydrological processes in karst area. As an important input of water cycle in the basin, to study the seasonal variation of deuterium and oxygen-18 in precipitation and their influencing factors are necessary for discussing hydrological processes, such as origin of water vapor, separation of runoff and mean residence time of water. Studies on stable deuterium and oxygen-18 isotope composition of precipitation in China have been focused a lot, but little is known about seasonal variation especially in karst area. Based on the monthly data of precipitation, temperature and deuterium and oxygen-18 isotope compositions in precipitation determined by using liquid water isotope analyzer (DLT-100) from April in 2009 to August in 2011, the distribution of rainfall and seasonal variation of stable isotopes in precipitation and their influencing factors was analyzed in the typical karst peak-cluster depression areas in Huanjiang of northwest Guangxi. Rainfall amount displayed an obviously seasonal variation in this study area, rainy season start from Mar and end to September. The rainfall amount gets a big increase shift in Mar in comparison to April. The average monthly rainfall amounts of rainy and dry season are 142.5 mm and 44.0 mm. The totally rainfall amount of rainy season contributed about 75% of whole year precipitation. The local meteoric water line is obtained from linear relationship between deuterium and oxygen-18 isotope compositions in monthly weighted precipitation. The discrepancy between local and global meteoric water lines is appealed. The local meteoric water line characterized by larger gradient and intercept relative to global meteoric water line, demonstrates that the level of unbalanced in isotopic fractionation between gas and liquid is higher than normal during the formative process of rainfall mass and evaporation give some influences. Deuterium excess range from 2.23&permil; to 19.95&permil; and mean annual value is 14.21&permil;, the distinctive values between dry and rainy seasons reflect the atmospheric water vapor of different origin. The higher value of deuterium excess in dry season appeared the stronger evaporation condition reflected. Mean monthly weighted values of deuterium and oxygen-18 in precipitation of rainy season are -47.1&permil; and -7.4&permil; respectively, are much lower than that of dry season. Both influences of rainfall amount and temperature on isotope values in monthly weighted precipitation are feeble, but rainfall amount effect for isotope values exist in event precipitation. Seasonal variation of deuterium and oxygen-18 isotope compositions in monthly weighted precipitation presents the characteristics of sinusoidal wave. The maximum and minimum values of deuterium and oxygen-18 are 11.6&permil; and -70.8&permil;, -0.9&permil; and -10.1&permil; respectively. The varied periodicity of deuterium and oxygen-18 compositions are the same 1 year and amplitude of that are 29.5&permil; and 4.5&permil; respectively. They have no obviously linear relationship with precipitation and temperature, but the effects of latitude and season on isotopic compositions are significant, revealing that big-scale environmental factors affect the seasonal variation of stable isotopes primarily. Such information is helpful for the further study on the catchment-scale hydrological processes based on isotopic technique, and is important to investigate the ecohydrological effects of vegetation restoration in karst region.
Number of references:48
Main heading:Lasers
Controlled terms:Catchments - Deuterium - Drought - Evaporation - Hydrology - Isotopes - Landforms - Liquids - Phase transitions - Rain  - Residence time distribution - Vapors - Water piping systems - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Atmospheric water vapor - Hydrogeological structures - Isotopic fractionations - Karst areas in northwest guangxi of chinas - Karst peak-cluster depression areas - Northwest guangxi of chinas - Peak-cluster depression area - Seasonal changes
Classification code:931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 922.1 Probability Theory - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 744.1 Lasers, General - 481.1 Geology - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 444 Water Resources - 443.3 Precipitation
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20131616220327
Title:One-dimensional Markov chain simulation of vertical change of soil texture in middle reaches of Heihe river, northwest China
Authors:Li, Danfeng (1); Shao, Ming'an (2)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (3) Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Corresponding author:Shao, M.(mashao@ms.iswc.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:71-80
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In the Linze County, located in the middle reaches of the Heihe River, northwest China, the geomorphic types include alluvial-proluvial plain, plain of denudation, and desert grassland in the fringe of an oasis. The main landscapes of this region are composed of desert, oasis farmland and wetland, all of which distribute irregularly and patchily. The differentiation of soil textures was observed both horizontally and vertically. In a vertical direction, sand and clay layers in soil usually sandwich each other, even when there are some impermeable layers in some profiles. The heterogeneity of soil profile textures with depth significantly influences water movement and solute transport. In this study, all 2,000 soil samples were collected with a 5-cm diameter auger to a depth of 300 cm at 100 points in an area of 100 km². After being taken into a laboratory and having been wind-dried, the soil mechanical composition was measured using a Malvern Laser particle size analyzer. Then the vertical change of soil textural layers was analyzed, and a MC-LN (Markov chain-lognormal distribution) model was constructed to simulate the soil textural profiles. Results showed that there were seven soil textural types occurring in the study area, namely, sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, clay loam, silty clay loam and silt clay, respectively. Compared with the non-occurrence of silty clay layers in the surface soil, another six types of textural layers all occurred in the surface soil of the study area, while sand layers occurred with a much higher probability than the others. The layer thickness of each textural type in the study area was characterized as a lognormal distribution, with relatively thick sand and silty clay loam layers, and relatively thin sandy loam, loam and clay layers. For a certain textural type, layers occurred beneath it were mainly the two types which adjoined it, especially the one which contained more fine particles. The uncertainty analysis of soil textural layer transitions indicated that the formation of loamy sand layers was much strongly dependent on the lower layers, whereas the clay loam layers had a key effect on the formation of the upper layers. Loamy sand and loam layers had a relative high probability to have sandy loam layers as upper layers, while silty clay loam layers had relative high probability to occur as upper layers of both clay loam and silty clay layers. None of the seven textural layers had the same combinations of upper and lower layers simultaneously. Markov characteristics and the stability of the vertical change of textural layers were verified by &chi;² test using the TPMs of the entire samples, the subintervals and the sub-regions. A one-dimensional MC-LN model could quantitatively describe the vertical change of textural layers. The simulated TPM approached to the measured TPM, and the simulated layer thickness of each textural type was close to the measured value. The main combinations of textural layers along each profile were sand-loam, loam-sand, loam-clay, and clay-loam. Quantitative description of soil textural profiles will benefit further study on water cycles, transformation and solute transfer in soil profiles. This, in turn, will serve to improve the water use efficiency, the relieve and the salinization of the study area.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Geologic models
Controlled terms:Markov processes - Models - Particle size analysis - Sand - Soil conditioners - Soil surveys - Soils - Solute transport - Stochastic models - Textures  - Uncertainty analysis - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Laser particle size analyzer - Log-normal distribution - Mechanical compositions - One-dimensional markov chains - Quantitative description - Stochastic simulations - Textural profile - Transition probability matrix
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 933 Solid State Physics - 922.1 Probability Theory - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 481.1 Geology - 446.1 Water Supply Systems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20131616220329
Title:Spatial distribution of organic carbon in coastal saline soil and its correlation with reclamation age
Authors:Jin, Wenhui (1); Yang, Jinsong (1); Wang, Xiangping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
Corresponding author:Yang, J.(jsyang@issas.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:89-94
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:With the impact of global climate change, the concern with ecosystem carbon sources and sinks has been growing. Soil carbon pool is the largest terrestrial ecosystem and the turnaround time is the slowest, which is the important factors controlling the size of the CO<inf>2</inf> concentration in the atmosphere. Coastal saline soils is a kind of neoformative soils which has poor soil physical and chemical properties and low level fertility. There are approximately 2,000 hectares in China, which means a large potential soil carbon pool. In this study, the surface soil organic carbon content (SOC) was analyzed through soil samplings within the Dongtai county, which is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain, with beach area of 156 hm². There are different seawalls of ages from ancient times. With the geographic information system (GIS) method and SPSS 16.0 system, the spatial variations of surface SOC were investigated, which turned out a strong relationship with the seawall inning line, the lowest near the sea, and increasing from the beach to the inland. The correlations of the surface SOC, total nitrogen content (TN), pH value, EC<inf>1:5</inf> values under different beach reclamation ages were analyzed. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation (P&lt;0.01) between SOC and TN, reclamation ages, and the correlation coefficients (r) are 0.959 and 0.749, respectively. Meanwhile, a significant negative correlation (P&lt;0.01) was presented between SOC and EC<inf>1:5</inf>, pH value, the correlation coefficients were -0.478 and -0.649, respectively. High EC<inf>1:5</inf> and pH value were significant features of coastal saline soils, which limited the growth and reproduction of soil microorganism, fauna and flora, as well as the accumulation of organic matters. With more than 3 years of reclamation, under natural vegetation succession or human agricultural use, especially after irrigation and other agricultural production activity, the soil salinity reduced greatly, and the surface SOC and TN can increased about 0.24% and 0.02% respectively, comparing with the values before reclamation. After 52 years reclamation, the surface SOC increased from 0.1% to 1.6%, the TN increased from 0.03% to 0.12%. While the nutrient level increased from six class to three class accordingly. This study indicated that the EC<inf>1:5</inf> and pH value decreased with the increasing reclamation period, and soil carbon storage and total nitrogen content increased with the increasing reclamation period. Therefore, the quality of coastal saline soils was improved through reclamation process.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Beaches - Carbon dioxide - Climate change - Ecosystems - Forestry - Geographic information systems - Organic carbon - pH - Reclamation - Retaining walls  - Soils - Spatial variables measurement - Turnaround time
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Coastal saline soils - Correlation coefficient - Global climate changes - Middle and lower reaches of the yangtze rivers - Soil physical and chemical properties - Terrestrial ecosystems - Total nitrogen content
Classification code:723.3 Database Systems - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 405 Construction Equipment and Methods; Surveying - 406 Highway Engineering - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 407.3 Coastal Engineering - 451 Air Pollution - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20131616220336
Title:Method of local brightness adjusting of pigpen image
Authors:Ji, Bin (1); Zhu, Weixing (1); Liu, Hongshen (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (2) China School of Computer Science, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, W.(wxzhu@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:139-146
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The pigpen scene in video frames often suffer from local disproportion luminance, which leads to inconvenience in subsequent images analysis. In this paper, an adaptive local lightness adjusting algorithm (ALLA) is proposed. Firstly, original RGB (red, green, blue) image is converted into YCbCr space (luminance is denoted by Y, Cb and Cr are the blue-difference and red-difference) in order to avoid the interference from chroma in YCbCr space. Secondly, only the Y gray-scale image of YCbCr space is divided into 2 areas of light and dark by adopting Ostu method. Thirdly, a method of nonlinear-reverse adjustment based on sine mode is applied to improving the gray value in the corresponding zones(i.e. the excessive bright or dark ones). Finally, for evaluating the validity of luminance improvement, a method of hypothesis testing is put forward, i.e. the processed image by ALLA is viewed as the testing one, and another processed image by standard graying is viewed as the reference one for the same original pigpen image; paired gradients of each pixel of the same pig's edge in both them are computed; all paired gradient differences forms a set; the mean of the set as a index of the image quality is judged whether there is a significant change through hypothesis testing. Three types of typical pigpen images as testing samples are chosen in experiments. One of them is that the illumination is gentle to result in the luminance quality is satisfactory. Others are that the evening lighting and sunshine in the pigpen can cause the deviation on nature luminance, i.e. in the Y gray-scale image the low gray value in the zone vs. the high illumination intensity, otherwise, the high gray value in the zone. PSNRs of the testing ones after using ALLA are between 31 and 78, i.e. the quality level of the testing ones don't decrease significantly. Furthermore, it is verified that the luminance level of the testing one are better than one of the reference one with the significance level &alpha;=0.95 based on our method of hypothesis testing. Meanwhile, another experiment shows the converged contour of pig in one other testing one by using same level-set method is more approximated to its actual contour than the reference. The results prove that ALLA is helpful for subsequent works on pig target segmentation.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Luminance
Controlled terms:Experiments - Image processing - Mammals - Monitoring
Uncontrolled terms:Adjusting algorithm - Edge gradient - Hypothesis testing - Illumination intensity - Pigpen - PSNR - Significance levels - Target segmentation
Classification code:944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941.4 Optical Variables Measurements - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20131616220339
Title:Heating mode of biogas plant in alpine region based on underground water source heat pump
Authors:Liu, Jianyu (1); Li, Wentao (1); Chen, Zexing (1); Sha, Wei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
Corresponding author:Liu, J.(liujy@neau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:163-169
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Temperature is one of the key factors affecting anaerobic fermentation. In the alpine region of China, due to the cold weather in winter, it is necessary to strictly control the temperature of the anaerobic fermentation, taking appropriate heating and insulation measures to ensure that biogas plants are perennial and stable and that they maintain a constant and efficient rate of gas production. However, it requires energy consumption and associated environmental pollution to heat the anaerobic fermentation liquid. An energy saving equipment with better heating mode was needed to solve that problem in the alpine region. Due to the energy-saving and environmental-protection characteristics of heat pump technology, this research used a groundwater source heat pump to heat the anaerobic fermentation system. It used the heat source method, the anaerobic fermentation liquid temperature within the reactor, ambient temperature, water temperature difference and flow between supply and return water heating pipelines, as well as measurements of various electricity consumption parameters, to test the running performance and the effect of groundwater source heat pump system. The experimental site was in Jixi City, Heilongjiang Province, and the biogas plant handled 20 t a day of manure. The test from January 1, 2010 to January 1, 2012 showed that fermentation liquid temperature in the reactor can be maintained between 33~35&deg;C, even in the coldest weather. It validated that a groundwater source heat pump system cloud maintained the stable operation of an anaerobic fermentation system. The average energy efficiency ratio (EER) of the heat pump unit was 4.39, its primary energy ratio (PER) was 1.27, and the average energy efficiency of the heating system was 2.71 by calculating the heat pump unit energy consumption, almost doubled compared to the direct coal-fired boiler heating mode. Meanwhile, through the real-time tracking and monitoring of the heating system from September 29, 2010 to February 25, 2011, the actual energy consumption of the system was 4.79 &times; 10⁸ kJ, primary energy 44%. Total savings in standard coal consumption was 10.8 t, and carbon dioxide emissions were reduced 25.9 t compared with the direct heating method using coal-fired boilers. The results indicated that the heating system with groundwater source heat pump was feasible as a heating mode for the biogas plants, and it had many advantages, such as high effectiveness and energy savings, stable working ability, and reduced CO<inf>2</inf> emissions.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Heat pump systems
Controlled terms:Biogas - Carbon dioxide - Coal - Coal fired boilers - Emission control - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Environmental technology - Gas emissions - Global warming  - Heating - Heating equipment - Liquids - Manures - Pumps - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Carbon dioxide emissions - Electricity-consumption - Energy saving and emission reductions - Environmental pollutions - Groundwater source heat pump - Primary energy ratios - Water source heat pump
Classification code:931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 618.2 Pumps - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 642.2 Industrial Furnaces and Components - 643.1 Space Heating - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 522 Gas Fuels - 454 Environmental Engineering - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 451 Air Pollution - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 524 Solid Fuels
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20131616220319
Title:Analysis and test of power consumption in paddy threshing using flexible and rigid teeth
Authors:Ren, Shuguang (1); Xie, Fangping (1); Luo, Xiwen (3); Sun, Songlin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (2) Hunan modern Agricultural Equipment Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha 410128, China; (3) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Corresponding author:Xie, F.(hunanxie2002@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:12-18
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The study and use of flexible threshing teeth are of interest to researchers in agricultural mechanization because flexible teeth appear to damage grain less than rigid teeth. For a flexible threshing tooth, consisting of an elastic beam fixed on one end, a differential equation of its deformation curve was created, the deformation of which was calculated by numerical methods, which provided necessary condition for dynamic analysis. The corresponding formulation of calculating power consumption was deduced based on theoretic analysis in this paper. The hypothesis was as follows: the threshing roller was regarded as rigid body, the threshing teeth as elastic bodies, and threshing as the impact between threshing teeth and paddy rice. The differences in impulse moment and beating force for paddy grain between the rigid threshing tooth and the flexible one were analyzed and compared, and their respective power-consumption models were established in this paper. By analyzing the loss of kinetic energy and impact momentum for the threshing processing using the rigid threshing tooth and the flexible one, we concluded that the loss of kinetic energy of flexible threshing was less than that of rigid threshing; likewise, power consumption by flexible-tooth threshing is less than that by rigid-tooth threshing if the feed rates and the rotary speed are equal. Meanwhile, the theoretical analysis results show that the beating force of the flexible tooth was less than that of the rigid tooth, which was confirmed experimentally. Experimental data showed that the threshing roller has to have a sufficiently high moment of inertia, and the engine enough power, to preserve the stability of the threshing process. We fabricated a number of experimental devices including a transducer for measuring torque, an apparatus to measure angular velocity, and a feeding test-bed. Experiments were conducted by measuring torsion and angular velocity, enabling us to compute the brake power of flexible-tooth and rigid-tooth threshing, respectively. There is an optimal value of tooth length that minimizes power consumption but that is unique for each kind of tooth.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Angular velocity - Deformation - Differential equations - Electric power utilization - Experiments - Grain (agricultural product) - Kinetic energy - Kinetics - Models
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural machine - Agricultural mechanization - Deformation curves - Experimental devices - Flexible tooth - Paddy threshing - Rigid tooth - Theoretic analysis
Classification code:931.1 Mechanics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 921.2 Calculus - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20131616220334
Title:Plant leaf image classification based on supervised orthogonal locality preserving projections
Authors:Zhang, Shanwen (1); Zhang, Chuanlei (2); Cheng, Lei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Engineering and Technology, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China; (2) Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, M5B 2K3, Canada
Corresponding author:Zhang, C.(czhang@ee.ryerson.ca)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:125-131
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Plants play a critical role on human life. This role includes food, medicine, industry and environment. Plant species classification based on plant leaf has been carried out by botanists, plant specialist and many scholars for many years. Leaf shape provides rich information for classification and most of the computer-aided plant classification methods are based on plant leaf images. Dimensionality reduction and feature extraction are two critical steps in the plant leaf image classification. Traditional statistical and linear methods to extract the classifying features and reduce the dimensionalities cannot obtain the intrinsic manifold structure of the nonlinear data. Manifold learning is a new dimensionality reduction method for nonlinear data and it has been commonly employed in the recognition of face, palmprint and handwriting. One common problem with supersized manifold learning algorithms is that any pair sample points need to check whether or not they are in the same class and the problem degrades the recognition performance of these algorithms. To overcome the problem, a supervised orthogonal LPP (SOLPP) algorithm is presented and applied to the plant classification by using leaf images, based on locality preserving projections (LPP). LPP can be trained and applied as a linear projection and can model feature vectors that are assumed to lie on a nonlinear embedding subspace by preserving local relations among input features, so it has an advantage over conventional linear dimensionality reduction algorithms like principal components analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). First, the class information matrix is computed by the Warshall algorithm, which is an efficient method for computing the transitive closure of a relationship. It takes a matrix as input to represent the relationship of the observed data, and outputs a matrix of the transitive closure of the original data relationship. Based on the matrix, the within-class and between-class matrices are obtained by making full use of the local information and class information of the data. After dimensionality reduction, in subspace space, the distances between the same-class samples become smaller, while the distances between the different-class samples become larger. This characteristic can improve the classifying performance of the proposed algorithm. Compared with the classical subspace supervised dimensional reduction algorithms, in the proposed method, it is not necessary to judge whether any two samples belong to the same class or not when constructing the within-class and between-class scatter matrices, which can improve the classifying performance of the proposed algorithm. Finally, the K-nearest neighborhood classifier is applied to classifying plants. Comparison experiments with other existing algorithms, such as neighborhood rough set (NRS), support vector machine (SVM), efficient moving center hypersphere (MCH), modified locally linear discriminant embedding (MLLDE) and orthogonal global and local discriminant projection (OGLDP) are implemented on the public plant leaf image database, Swedish leaf dataset, which contains isolated leaves from 15 different Swedish tree species, with 75 leaves per species. The average correct recognition rate of SOLPP reaches more than 95.92%. The experimental results verify that the proposed method is effective and feasible for plant classification. The future work of the paper can extend the experiments to the larger public plant leaf databases to verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithm and take full use of the non-label samples to make the algorithm semi-supervised one.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Classification (of information)
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Character recognition - Data reduction - Experiments - Face recognition - Feature extraction - Image classification - Image processing - Image retrieval - Learning algorithms  - Matrix algebra - Palmprint recognition - Plant shutdowns - Plants (botany) - Principal component analysis - Support vector machines - Vectors
Uncontrolled terms:Dimensionality reduction method - Linear dimensionality reduction - Linear discriminant analysis - Locality preserving projections - Manifold learning algorithm - Plant leaf classifications - Principal components analysis - Supervised orthogonal LPP (SOLPP)
Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 921.1 Algebra - 901.3 Engineering Research - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 461.9 Biology - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20131616220353
Title:Improve fruit quality and prolong storage time of Jincheng orange by calcium sprayed in growth period
Authors:Wen, Mingxia (1); Shi, Xiaojun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Taizhou, 318020, China; (2) College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
Corresponding author:Shi, X.(shixj@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:274-281
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Calcium (Ca), as an important nutrition, can regulate the physiological metabolic process and is closely related to fruit quality, the shelf life of fruit and physiological diseases during storage time. It is meaningful to study the relation of Ca nutrition and fruit quality and senescence for producing fruit with high quality, alleviating economic loss from rotten fruit and prolonging the fruit storage time. At present, there were some reports about Ca nutrition and fruit quality but many reported the effect of Ca on storage property of fruit by studying the respiration intensity and electric conductivity of fruits supplementing Ca solution on fruit during maturing stage or harvest time, few reported the effect of Ca on the inherent quality and the shelf life of fruits supplying Ca nutrition during fruit growing period. In order to make clear the effect of Ca nutrition sprayed on citrus trees in different growing periods on citrus fruit quality and senescence during storage time and propose comprehensive management measures for Ca nutrition of citrus orchards, the effect of Ca on fruit quality including vitamin C, total sugar, acid, total soluble solid (TSS), some enzymes and materials related to fruit senescence including peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), polygalacturonase (PG), cellulose (CX), malonaldehyde (MDA), protopectin (PP) and soluble pectin (SP) were studied in this paper. The effects of Ca on quality and enzyme activities of citrus fruits were studied by spraying calcium nitrate in different growth periods on Beibei-447 Jincheng orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck, Beibei-447 orange). The results showed that Ca mass fraction in citrus fruits increased significantly, the oxygenolysis of vitamin C was restrained, total soluble solid (TSS), the ratio of sugar and acid increased and the fruit quality were maintained during storage by spraying Ca on citrus trees in different growth periods. The activities of polygalacturonase (PG), cellulase (CX) and peroxidase (POD) of different Ca treatments decreased but those of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) increased because of high Ca mass fraction in fruits. The structure of cell was protected and lipid peroxidation was alleviated so that the mass fraction of malonaldehyde (MDA) and soluble pectin decreased, the senescence of fruit was postponed and the fruit was eventually kept in good during storage. The best effect on prolonging storage time of citrus fruit was to spray Ca on citrus trees in young fruit period, then spraying Ca on citrus trees in fruit rapid growth period and the worst was in fruit mature period. Spraying Ca on citrus trees in young fruit period and fruit rapid growth period were important measures to keep citrus fruit in good quality during storage.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Citrus fruits
Controlled terms:Calcium - Electric conductivity - Energy storage - Forestry - Fruits - Image quality - Losses - Nutrition - Oxygen - Physiology  - Storage (materials) - Storage management
Uncontrolled terms:Citrus - Comprehensive management measures - Lipid peroxidation - Metabolic process - Senescence - Storage properties - Superoxide dismutases - Total soluble solids
Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 723.3 Database Systems - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 694.4 Storage - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 461.9 Biology - 461.7 Health Care - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20131616220346
Title:Evaluation and correlation analysis of land use performance based on entropy-weight TOPSIS method
Authors:Li, Can (1); Zhang, Fengrong (1); Zhu, Taifeng (1); Feng, Ting (1); An, Pingli (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Ministry of Land and Resource, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, F.(frzhang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:217-227
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:As more and more attention has been paid to the problems of land resources in China, land use performance evaluation has become a synthetic method to evaluate the rationality and effectiveness of regional land resource allocation, which is helpful in quantitative analyses of land use. From the economic benefit, social effect and ecological security aspects, this paper selected 16 indicators to establish a land-use performance evaluation framework. Then, performance evaluation was performed on the land-use based TOPSIS method in the Shunyi District from 1996 to 2010, in which weights of indicators were determined by an entropy-weighted method. Furthermore, key impact factors on land-use performance were analyzed via grey correlation analysis. The results indicate that 1) Land use performance in Shunyi District showed an overall growth trend from 1996 to 2010. That trend can be further divided into a steady and modest growth period from 1996 to 2000, in which Shunyi took its industrialization course; and an accelerated growth period from 2001 to 2010, in which Shunyi showed high-speed development based on former primitive accumulation on the background of urbanization and new industrialization modes. 2) The economic coefficient of land performance grew slowly from 1996 to 2002, with a more dramatic increase since 2003. The social effect coefficient of land-use performance reflects the changes of land resources per capita, which was steady from 1996 to 2000 and decreased evidently in 2001, but showed an upward trend from 2001 to 2010. The ecological coefficient of land performance steadily changed from 1996 to 2000, and decreased from 2001 to 2005, but alternated up and down in the period from 2006 to 2010. 3) Changes of land-use performance reflect the sound execution of key points of land use policies in corresponding "Five-year Plan". 4) Social and ecological factors of land-use performance have more impact on overall land use, and urbanization is dominant among all impact factors. 5) Industrialization is the main driving force for the increase of economic benefit of land-use performance. Urbanization becomes the key issue concerning societal development and fairness, because of its high relation with rapid changes of land resources per capita. Land for ecological use is the dominant factor on ecological performance of land use under the pressure of resource and environment. Finally, the study indicates that the TOPSIS model based on an entropy weighting method is effective because of the clear thinking and rational calculation for land-use performance. Intensive land-use, spatial carrying capacity of land for ecological use and environment protection shall be highlighted in the land use planning of Shunyi District. The analysis results are helpful to examine whether land use policies are enforced, and provide methods and ideas for the comprehensive evaluation and the optimal allocation of regional land resources.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Correlation methods - Curricula - Ecology - Economic and social effects - Economics - Entropy - Industry - Models - Natural resources
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation - Correlation degree - Entropy weighting method - Evaluation - Grey correlation analysis - Performance evaluation frameworks - Resource and environment - Shunyi District
Classification code:971 Social Sciences - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 901.2 Education - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 512 Petroleum and Related Deposits - 501 Exploration and Prospecting - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 444 Water Resources - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20131616220348
Title:Kinetics of heat denaturation of proteins extracted from Pinctada martensii meat
Authors:Zheng, Huina (1); Zhang, Chaohua (1); Qin, Xiaoming (1); Ji, Hongwu (1); Huang, Jinghua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Research and Development Branch Center for Shellfish Processing (Zhanjiang), College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, C.(zhangchpaper@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:237-242
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:South China Sea pearls are well known worldwide, and the pearl oyster Pinctada martensii is cultured for pearl production in China. Following the development of the pearl industry, Pinctada martensii is now cultured at very large scale specifically for pearl production, with the oyster meat left aside as a typically unused byproduct of the pearl industry. However, Pearl oyster meat is a good source of shellfish protein (74.9% protein/dry basis) at a low cost. Recently, the influence of food protein processing, storage and heat treatment is an area of growing interest. In particular, some thermal processing has a significant impact on animal muscle protein structure, enzymatic properties etc. Proteins are the most important ingredients in the food. They are not only important in nutrition, but also affect the texture and flavor of the food. Muscle proteins are generally classified into sarcoplasmic proteins, myofibrillar proteins (myosin, actin and actomyosin) and connective tissue or stromal proteins (collagen).This paper studied the kinetics of thermal denaturation of proteins (water-soluble and salt-soluble protein) extracted from Pinctada martensii meat in order to understand the thermal denaturation discipline of aquatic protein and make better use of their functional properties. Due to differences in the structure and composition, the two protein fractions denaturation was best described by assuming an apparent reaction order of 1.1 and 1.3, respectively. D values, the time required to reduce the protein by 90%, were 33333, 12500, 3333, 1667 and 769 s for the water-soluble protein fraction and 50000, 12500, 5000, 2000 and 1250 s for the salt-soluble protein fraction at 60, 70, 80, 90, 100&deg;C respectively. There was significant difference of the two proteins for D value except at 70&deg;C. This may be due to an easier to form gel for the salt-soluble protein under the condition of 65-70&deg;C. The results showed that the thermal denaturation rate of two proteins continued to accelerate in the range of heating temperatures and the salt-soluble protein fraction was more heat-resistant than the water-soluble protein fraction. Protein denaturing reaction is very complicated, and many reactions occur as the temperature changes. The different heat treatment conditions have different effects on the expansion of the peptide chain and protein aggregation in the process of protein denaturation. Similarly, Z values, the degrees necessary to reduce the D value in one logarithmic cycle, were estimated to be 24.1&deg;C for water-soluble protein fraction and 25.0&deg;C for the salt-soluble protein fraction. The denature reactions' activation energy of the water-soluble protein fraction and salt-soluble protein fraction were 101.83 and 112.78 kJ/mol respectively. The entropy value of protein thermal denaturation is a smaller process, and our results are consistent with it. The entropy change of the system is negative. Therefore, these results will provide the theoretical basis for the data for Pinctada martensii meat protein high value utilization. In addition, it is of great practical significance for further development of new high-quality food use of their functional properties.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Denaturation
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Collagen - Digital storage - Entropy - Enzyme kinetics - Food storage - Gems - Heat treatment - Kinetics - Meats  - Molluscs - Musculoskeletal system - Proteins - Shellfish - Thermal effects
Uncontrolled terms:Functional properties - Heat treatment conditions - Myofibrillar proteins - Pinctada martensii - Salt-soluble proteins - Significant differences - Thermal denaturations - Water soluble protein
Classification code:722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.1 Food Products Plants and Equipment - 822.3 Food Products - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 951 Materials Science - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 482.2.1 Gems - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 537.1 Heat Treatment Processes - 641 Heat and Mass Transfer; Thermodynamics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20131616220338
Title:Preparation technology and parameters optimization for seedling-growing bowl tray made of paddy straw
Authors:Zhang, Xinyue (1); Wang, Chun (1); Li, Lianhao (1); Zhang, Wei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Heilongjiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (2) College of Water and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Wang, C.(wangchun1963@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:153-162
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The establishment of rice seedlings is most important in cold regions in order to promote the desired rice yield. Planting technology of the seedling-growing bowl tray made of paddy straw is an effective way to promote the desired rice yield in cold regions. The preparation process of the seedling-growing bowl tray made of paddy straw is the main technique for the seedling growing tray to improve the planting technology of the seedling-growing in china. Therefore, the study explored the preparation technique of the seedling-growing bowl tray, which was the combination of hot-setting glue, curing agent, and intensifier through hot pressing. The study analyzed the performance influence of several factors on seedling-growing bowl tray made of paddy straw, and confirms the major factors and the ranges of value with single factor experiments. This study also analyzed the performance influence of the forming ratio (the quantity of glue, the quantity of curing agent, the quantity of intensifier and the quantity of mixed materials) and the preparation process (the forming pressure, the forming temperature, and the holding time) to seedling-growing bowl tray with orthogonal experiments. The optimal parameters through the analysis of the results were found 0.9 kg glue, 0.002 kg curing agent, 0.09 kg intensifier, 1.3 kg mixed materials, and the forming pressure, the forming temperature and holding time were 30 MPa, 120&deg;C and 300 s, respectively. The optimized parameters could support the findings of the laboratory research requirements (the percent of pass was and the expansion ratio was 99.46%, 1.12% respectively), and the industrialized production, which provides the technical findings for the further research and exactly permissive for the industrialization production. The preparation technique also provides a new ways for the high value-added use of paddy straw and significance to insure food security and to promote high quality of rice production in china.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Experiments
Controlled terms:Curing - Food supply - Glues - Gluing - Hot pressing - Optimization - Processing - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Industrialized production - Orthogonal experiment - Parameters optimization - Preparation technique - Preparation technology - Ratio - Seedling-growing bowl tray - Single-factor experiments
Classification code:921.5 Optimization Techniques - 913.4 Manufacturing - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 818.5 Rubber Products - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 812.1 Ceramics - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 404.2 Civil Defense
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20131616220322
Title:Analysis of head prediction of centrifugal pumps at low flow rate based on CFD
Authors:Tan, Minggao (1); Xu, Huan (1); Liu, Houlin (1); Wu, Xianfang (1); Cui, Jianbao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Corresponding author:Tan, M.(tmgwxf@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:31-36
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to analysis and improve the head prediction accuracy of a centrifugal pump at a low flow rate, the inner flow field in a centrifugal pump, whose specific speed is 64, is calculated by steady multi-phase simulation and unsteady numerical simulation respectively. The computational zone includes pump inlet extension, impeller, volute, shroud chamber, hub chamber, and pump outlet extension. The Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes approach is used to solve the control equations. The grid of wear ring is refined and the whole gird number independency is checked. The roughness height is considered in the simulation and is set to be 25 &mu;m. The inlet boundary condition is pressure inlet and the outlet boundary condition is velocity outlet. The RNG k-&Epsilon; turbulence model is applied in the simulation. The convergence accuracy is set to be 10^-4. The effects of the phase angle in a steady multi-phase numerical simulation and the time step in unsteady numerical simulations on the head prediction are analyzed. The comparison between the steady multi-phase simulation and unsteady numerical simulation is discussed and analyzed. The results show that the phase angle has only a little impact on the head prediction, while the time step has a great influence on the head prediction. The prediction results of unsteady numerical simulation are better than that of steady multi-phase simulation, whose errors are all below 2%. As the flow rate decreases, the rotor-stator interaction between impeller and volute get more obvious. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the rotor-stator interaction when the pump head is predicted by CFD.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Axial flow - Centrifugal pumps - Computer simulation - Flow rate - Forecasting - Impellers - Navier Stokes equations - Pumps - Turbulence models
Uncontrolled terms:Head - Multi-phase numerical simulation - Outlet boundary condition - Performance prediction - Prediction accuracy - Reynolds - Averaged Navier-Stokes - Rotor-stator interactions - Unsteady numerical simulations
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 723.5 Computer Applications - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20131616220318
Title:Analysis on livestock and poultry production and nitrogen pollution load of cultivated land during last 30 years in China
Authors:Yang, Fei (1); Yang, Shiqi (2); Zhu, Yunqiang (1); Wang, Juanle (1)
Author affiliation:(1) The State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (2) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Corresponding author:Yang, F.(yangfei@lreis.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:1-11
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In recent decades, China's livestock and poultry industry developed rapidly, and their wastes have become an important pollution source, and made a serious threat to China's environment. Due to the significant differences in natural conditions and economic development level in different provinces or regions, the scale and speed of livestock and poultry production show a large regional differences. Based on the statistical data of major livestock and poultry in recent 30 years of main provinces in China, we studied the spatial heterogeneity and temperal changes of livestock and poultry production and their annual growth rate, and further analzed their nitrogen pollution load per cultivated land area. The studied results show that, in recent years, China's livestock and poultry industry have developed rapidly, especially in the north and northeastern of China. The average annual growth rate of pigs, sheep and poultry generally increased grealtly all over the regions, which were even more than 12%. Relatively, the regional differences of the average annual growth rate of cattle or sheep exist in China, the North and Northeast China show the most obvious growth. During the last 30 years, the livestock and poultry development process can basically be divided into three stages: the steady development stage (1980-1995), the comprehensive development stage (1996-2006), the mordern development stage (2007-present). On the whole, the nitrogen excreted by the livestock and poultry are mostly distributed in north, middle, south, and southwestern of China, especially in Henan, Sichuan and Shandong provinces. These three provinces showed the largest growth rate, breeding production and nitrogen excretion of livestock and poultry. However, at present, the nitrogen pollution load for the unit cultivated land area in the middle, south and southwestern of China are the most, the farmland and water resource in these regions are facing the most serious pollution risk. In 2009, the average nitrogen load in unit cultivated land area in China were more than 138.13 kg/hm². And for the six provinces including Sichuan, Beijing, Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan and Guangdong, they were above 202.98 kg/hm², which have exceeded the cordon of 170 kg/hm² regulated in the European Union policy. What is more, in most of other provinces of China, the nitrogen load in unit cultivated land area are being fast close to the cordon. Therefore, to avoid the cultivated land and water environment polluted by livestock and poultry manure, it is very necessary and urgent to control and manage the livestock and poultry production with the strong measures and means, and deal with the animals manure timely and effectively. This investigation can provide scientific support to the provinces on planing agriculture development and adjusting livestock and animals breeding structure.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Animals - Fertilizers - Growth rate - Land use - Manures - Nitrogen - Pollution - Water pollution - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture development - Average annual growth rates - Development process - Economic development - European Union policy - Regional differences - Significant differences - Spatial heterogeneity
Classification code:821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 933.1.2 Crystal Growth - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 444 Water Resources - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 453 Water Pollution
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20131616220350
Title:Extracting egg yolk lecithin using PEF-assisted organic solvent
Authors:Liu, Jingbo (1); Zhou, Yuquan (1); Liu, Dan (1); Lin, Songyi (1); Zhang, Yan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
Corresponding author:Lin, S.(linsongyi730@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:251-258
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:High-voltage pulsed electric field (PEF) is an emerging non-thermal processing technology that has recently generated much interest for improving the extraction rate of some bioactive substances and enhancing the quality of food products. To improve the extraction rate of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (PC), PEF-assisted organic solvent was studied in this paper. Field strength (E), number of pulses (C) and moisture content of extraction solvent were chosen as three important factors affecting PC extraction. The extraction rate was determined using HPLC by the value of chromatographic peak area of PC which was proportional to PC content in the sample solution. Process conditions were optimized by the Box-Behnken experimental design. The results showed that the optimized operating parameters were as follows: field intensity 39 kV/cm, number of pulses 31, moisture content of extraction solvent 9% and PC content with optimized PEF treatment was 0.216 mg/mL. However, it was not higher than 0.196 mg/mL than the content of PC extracted by organic solvent without PEF treatment. The extraction rate of PC with PEF treatment was 10.2% higher than the one untreated. The value of a temperature rise of material liquid (&Delta;T<inf>s</inf>) increased with the increase in field strength and the number of pulses. In the experimental conditions tested (E: 10-50 kV/cm, C: 0-40, pulse width: 2 &mu;s), &Delta;T<inf>s</inf> changed in the range of 0 to 8.4&deg;C at room temperature. The content of PC extracted by organic solvent without PEF treatment was 0.192&plusmn; 0.001 mg/mL in this temperature range. The results indicated that PEF treatment had no significant effect on the temperature rise of material liquid, and the effect of &Delta;T<inf>s</inf> on PC extraction was much smaller than the field strength and pulse number. The changes of the PC molecular structure were analyzed by mid-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). By a comparison of FTIR spectra of PC before and after PEF treatment, it showed that PEF-induced strong ionization destroyed a small number of P=O bonds (1234 cm^-1) and C=O bonds (1734 cm^-1), and the stretching vibrations of N-H and O-H (3200 cm^-1-3500 cm^-1) were weakened to a lesser extent. The results demonstrated that PEF treatment did not induce any significant change to the molecular structure of PC, which confirmed PEF, less damaging to food nutrients, is a kind of mild processing mode.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Solvent extraction
Controlled terms:Chromatography - Electric fields - Extraction - Food products - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - High performance liquid chromatography - Liquids - Moisture determination - Molecular structure - Optimization  - Organic solvents - Stretching
Uncontrolled terms:Box-Behnken - Box-Behnken experimental design - Egg yolk phosphatidylcholine - Experimental conditions - High-voltage pulsed electric field - Mid-infrared spectroscopy - Non-thermal processing - Phosphatidylcholine
Classification code:944.2 Moisture Measurements - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 822.3 Food Products - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 801 Chemistry - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 535.2 Metal Forming
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20131616220344
Title:Improve fermentation quality of alfalfa silage by addition of fermented juice prepared from Kobresia littledalei
Authors:Zhu, Yuhuan (1); Lian, Meina (1); Guo, Xusheng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
Corresponding author:Guo, X.(guoxsh07@lzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:199-206
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Utilization of local grass in cold area and adherent lactobacillus germplasm resources to make Previously Fermented Juice (PFJ) has important significance to modulate high quality silage and solve seasonal feed-animal imbalance in the Tibetan region. In this study, we collected Kobresia littledalei from different altitudes (four areas) in the Tibetan region: (1) 5100 m, Namtso; (2), 4682 m, Gulu; (3), 4280 m Dangxiong; (4), 3980 m, Deqing. Kobresia littledalei was used as raw material to make PFJ; the PFJ was then added to production and equivalent distilled water as a control group to make alfalfa silages. Each processing repeated four times. The storage period was sixty days, and the fermentation quality and nutrition were determined after storage. Measurement indicators included count of lactic acid bacteria living cells in Kobresia littledalei at different altitudes, PFJ fermentation quality indicator (pH, Lactic acid, Soluble carbohydrate, Ammonium nitrogen, etc), fermentation quality and nutrition quality indicator of alfalfa silage added PFJ (pH, lactic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, dry matter, crude protein, soluble carbohydrate, etc.) and level of protein decomposition of alfalfa silage added PFJ. Objective was to discuss the effect of previously fermented juice with different altitudes on fermentation quality and nutritional value of alfalfa silages. The results showed that count of lactic acid bacteria living cells in Kobresia littledalei and PFJ growing at different altitudes significantly increased as altitude increased (P &lt; 0.05); the maximum count of lactic acid bacteria living cells in Kobresia littledalei was 1.57&times;10⁹(I), and the maximum count of lactic acid bacteria living cells in PFJ was 12.60&times;10⁹(I). The influence of altitude on pH, lactic acid, soluble carbohydrate, and ammonia nitrogen of PFJ was significant (P &lt; 0.05). The pH of higher altitude PFJ was lower. The pH of groupIwas minimum (3.63). Compared with the control group, adding PFJ can significantly reduce the pH value, acetic acid, and butyric acid contents of alfalfa silage (P&lt; 0.05). The minimum pH value was 4.80 (I) and the control group pH was 5.92. The alfalfa silage of lactic acid content increased with the PFJ; altitude significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05), 508% in area (1), 394% in area (2), 409% in area (3), and 191% in area (4) and compared with control group, respectively. The maximum value of lactic acid was 9.73% (I); the minimum control group was 1.60%. Compared with the control, soluble carbohydrate and dry matter contents of the alfalfa silage added four PFJ were significantly increased (P&lt; 0.05), and they increased as altitude increased. PFJ in higher altitude Kobresia littledalei had stronger inhibition on protein decomposition in the process of silage of alfalfa; as a result, non-protein nitrogen (NPN) content of silage was lower (P &lt; 0.05). Compared with the control, the true protein content of added group was significantly increased, and the non-protein nitrogen content and ammonia nitrogen content were significantly decreased. The most obvious decrease was peptide content (P &lt; 0.05), while the free amino acids had a small increase(P &lt; 0.05). The lowest NPN content was 54.28% in groupI. In conclusion, adding Kobresia littledalei PFJ can improve alfalfa silage fermentation quality, inhibit protein degradation; the higher the altitude, the better the quality. It had an important role not only in improving the utilization of alfalfa silage protein, but also in providing reference for using local native grass resources for forage grass silage in cold area in future.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Altitude control
Controlled terms:Acetic acid - Amino acids - Ammonia - Bacteria - Butyric acid - Carbohydrates - Conservation - Experiments - Fermentation - Lactic acid  - Nitrogen - Nutrition - pH - Proteins - Proteolysis
Uncontrolled terms:Alfalfa silage - Fermentation qualities - Fermented juices - Kobresia littledalei - Lactic acid bacteria - Measurement indicators - Protein degradation - Soluble carbohydrates
Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 801.2 Biochemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 461.7 Health Care - 454 Environmental Engineering
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

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Accession number:20131616220337
Title:Segmentation method for cotton mite disease image under complex background
Authors:Diao, Zhihua (1); Wang, Huan (1); Song, Yinmao (1); Wang, Yunpeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electric and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Corresponding author:Song, Y.
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:147-152
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:According to the properties of cotton disease image, we propose a segmentation method under the condition of complex background for improvement on segmentation precision of cotton mite disease image. The proposed algorithm is comprised of three main steps. First, we extract the analogous disease spots (disease spots and stems with red color) from green plants by Excess green feature 2G-R-B, then some different gray-scale images would be obtained. Second, the targets would be extracted from the background by thresholding according to the double-peak feature presented in the gray Histogram of the gray-scale images. After this procedure, we can get the binary image that contained only analogous disease spots. According to the further amplification researches on the binary images of the large quantities of cotton mite disease image samples, we can find that the segmented images are constituted by a large number of independent 8-connected region, and the connected region of stems are larger than cotton mite disease spots'. On the basis of this feature, the image can be grouped into two categories in order to remove the stems from the whole analogous disease spots in the binary image: the one is small connected region composed by cotton disease spots; and the other is large connected region composed by cotton stems. Finally, compare the disease spots' area with stems' and then segmented binary images by using area thresholding, By observing the segmentation results in different thresholding values, select a optimal one to eliminate stem regions that larger than the value. On the contrary, the cotton mite disease area that smaller than the value will be remained. The experiment results show that this algorithm is of effective in segmenting cotton disease spot, and the correctness rate of the algorithm can reach 98.1%. At last, In order to test the validity and generality of this proposed method, 30 color images of cotton mite-disease are picked out to segment by the proposed algorithm, a split plot with repeated measures in the error extraction rate was used as the experimental design. From the statistics, we can know that the average error extraction rate of 30 color images of cotton mite-disease is 2.17%, the average correct extraction rate could reach 97.83%. This proposed algorithm combined 2G-R-B, single threshold and area thresholding to segment the disease spots from image with complex background plays well. It can lay a foundation for automatic identification of cotton mite disease.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Automation - Binary images - Color - Color image processing - Cotton - Error statistics - Extraction
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic identification - Color features - Complex background - Error extractions - Segmentation methods - Segmentation precision - Segmentation results - Thresholding
Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 921 Mathematics - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 741.1 Light/Optics - 732 Control Devices - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20131616220320
Title:Static spray deposition distribution characteristics of PWM-based intermittently spraying system
Authors:Wei, Xinhua (1); Yu, Dazhi (1); Bai, Jing (1); Jiang, Shan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (2) School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230061, China
Corresponding author:Wei, X.(wei_xh@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:19-24
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Owing to its intermittently spraying characteristics, spray deposition distribution uniformity of PWM-based variable rate application system is hard to control. A PWM-based variable rate application testing system was constructed by integration of a modified commercial boom sprayer and an IPC-based measurement and control system to study its static deposition distribution characteristics. The sprayer consisted of a fluid tank, a filter, a diaphragm pump, a proportional relief valve, 12 high speed on-off solenoid valves, 12 TR80-05 hollow-cone nozzles and various pipelines, mounted on a tractor, and was driven by the tractor via its power take-off shaft. The IPC-based measurement and control system was composed of a pressure sensor, 4 flow sensors, a signal conditioning module, an IPC, an analog input data acquisition card, a PWM signal output card, an analog output card, and 2 driving modules. Real-time monitoring of subgroup flow and boom pressure, feedback stable control of average boom pressure, setting of the average boom pressure, and setting of frequency and duty cycle of the PWM signal were performed by the measurement and control software which was developed with Labview. Droplets were collected with a matrix-styled droplet collection device, it had a horizontal collection dimention of 1000 mm&times;1000 mm and was divided evenly into 20&times;20 grids. Putting a paper cup in each grid, weighting the cups before and after each spraying test, droplet deposition of each grid could be deduced, and two-dimentional deposition distribution was obtained. Static deposition distributions of the PWM controlled nozzle were tested under various spray conditions of different spray pressures, different frequencies and duty cycles of PWM signal with the tractor holding still and the tested nozzle 0.5 m distance above the droplet collection area. And nonlinear regression analyses were performed on static deposition distribution specimens acquired under spray conditions of 0.3 MPa spray pressures, 2 Hz PWM signal frequency and different PWM signal duty cycles to construct their static deposition distribution models on dimension of droplet collection grid unit. Test and analysis results show that static deposition distribution models of the TR80-05 hollow-cone nozzles have a centrosymmetric shape of circular ring and accords with the two-dimensional dual normal distribution, droplet deposition and radius of the deposition circular ring increase with the increasing of spray pressure, droplet deposition is approximately proportional to the duty cycle of PWM signal, the duty cycle of PWM signal has less effect on radius of the deposition circular ring, and the frequency of PWM signal has less effect on the static deposition distribution.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Computer programming languages - Control systems - Deposits - Drops - Normal distribution - Power takeoffs - Pulse width modulation - Regression analysis - Spraying - Statistics  - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck)
Uncontrolled terms:Deposition distribution - Measurement and control - Measurement and control systems - Non-linear regression analysis - Real time monitoring - Signal conditioning module - Spray deposition - Variable rate application
Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 922.1 Probability Theory - 813.1 Coating Techniques - 731.1 Control Systems - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 663.2 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 617 Turbines and Steam Turbines - 612 Engines - 532 Metallurgical Furnaces - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

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Accession number:20131616220342
Title:Selection of ventilation rates on dead pig composting
Authors:Guo, Dongpo (1); Tao, Xiuping (1); Shang, Bin (1); Dong, Hongmin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management in Agricultural Structures (MOA), Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
Corresponding author:Dong, H.(donghm@mail.caas.net.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:187-193
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Routine mortality of animals is an inevitable consequence in animal production, the major disposal routes used in China are on-farm burial, incineration and rendering. None of these routes has been widely extended due to perceived environmental risks. On-farm burial poses a potential contamination threat to groundwater. A health risk from incineration arises from toxic emissions, such as dioxins and furans. The main environmental concerns associated with rendering relate to carcass collection and transport. The disposal of mortalities has become more of an issue for animal farming systems in recent years. Many countries are moving to alternative methods of carcass disposal. One alternative is composting, which has been proved to be a viable option for mortality disposal. However there is a lacking of information on dead pig composting in China. On-farm experiments of dead pig composting were conducted to investigate the much-needed alternative for intensive swine production, where dead pig disposal has become a serious problem. Twelve composting bins (1 m L&times;1 m W&times;1 m H) were used, and three ventilation rates of 300, 200 and 100 L/m³. min were applied and designated as treatments 1 to 3, with each treatment containing 4 composting bins (as 4 replicates). Three dead pigs with a total weight of 30-32 kg were put together in the center of each bin. The lower and upper parts and surrounding of the dead pigs inside each bin were filled with a mixture of corn stalk and pig manure. The trial was conducted in a suburb of Beijing during the summer season. Both the mixture and dead pig residues were moved out of the composting bin every 2 weeks in order to measure the weights of dead pigs. Soon after measurement, the materials were put back with dead pig residue at a layer in the center. Results showed that: the average temperatures over 55&deg;C were 19, 19 and 34d for the 3 treatments respectively, so that there was no significant difference among treatments. The degradation rates (in wet base) of a dead pig after 6w fermentation were 95.5&plusmn;1.4%, 94.7&plusmn;1.7% and 95.0&plusmn;0.8%, respectively. By then only the skeleton was left, and a significant difference (P&lt;0.05) in the weights of dead pigs (wet base)between treatment 1 and treatment 3 was detected. The number of E. Coli could meet the demands of related national standards after 7 d, and all E. Coli were thoroughly killed after 2 w of composting. Each characteristic parameter of composting mixture from different treatments demonstrated the same trend, but no significant difference in each parameter among treatments was found. The contents of organic matter (dry base) in the composting mixture were 47%-48%, with a sum of total nitrogen and phosphorus (dry base) of 5.7%-6.4% at end of the trials, i.e. after 6 w composting. Both values were higher than the corresponding indexes required by the Chinese Agricultural Standard of Organic Fertilizer. Composting was proved to be a viable and practical option for farmers to dispose of dead pigs. In view of the above results and the operational costs of aeration, the ventilation rate of no more than 100 L/m³.min and composting period of 6 w are recommended for dead pig composting in bins. Composting can dispose of dead pigs safely and practically, and turn mortalities into organic fertilizer, which offer a new and promising technology for on-farm dead pig disposal.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Waste disposal
Controlled terms:Animals - Bins - Composting - Degradation - Escherichia coli - Fertilizers - Groundwater - Groundwater pollution - Incineration - Mixtures  - Organic pollutants - Ventilation
Uncontrolled terms:Alternative methods - Characteristic parameter - Dead pig - Different treatments - Environmental concerns - Environmental risks - Organic fertilizers - Significant differences
Classification code:643.5 Ventilation - 694.4 Storage - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 822 Food Technology - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 814 Leather and Tanning - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 461.9 Biology - 444 Water Resources - 444.2 Groundwater - 452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 454 Environmental Engineering - 461 Bioengineering and Biology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20131616220331
Title:Design of adaptive tree-mesh hybrid wireless sensor networks for greenhouses
Authors:Shi, Fanrong (1); Huang, Yuqing (1); Ren, Zhenwen (1); Wu, Chun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (2) School of National Defence Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
Corresponding author:Shi, F.(shifanrong1987@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:102-108
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Wireless sensor networks have been widely utilized in agricultural production in such as crop information monitoring systems, agricultural facilities' wireless control systems, etc. The wireless sensor networks could promote the development of agricultural information and intelligence, and more research has been focused on using ZigBee wireless technology to build the networks in recent years. To collect the base crop status and environmental information of greenhouses in a wireless way, a wireless sensor monitoring network system was designed. The basic work of this paper was the software and hardware system design; further work is projected to be low-power adaptive mechanism design. In analyzing the distribution characteristics of the greenhouse base, it could be seen that the greenhouses were concentrated in their distribution, but independent from each other. So the network topology architecture was designed as clustering Tree-Mesh hybrid topology architecture, and the nodes of the cluster belonged to the same greenhouse. The network was built up by a coordinator, and a large number of routers and sensor nodes were joined in. The coordinator was a sink node, it was designed as a gateway, and there were some routers which played the role of cluster head in the network. The clustering Tree-Mesh hybrid network was built in two steps: First, the mesh network was established by the coordinator and cluster head. Then, the tree network was built by the cluster head, and the tree was a cluster with routers and sensor nodes. The system utilized ZigBee to build the wireless sensor network and multi-hop communication, and the hardware of a single chip multi-sensor wireless node based CC2530 was designed. The modular design of the hardware subsystem was composed of a radio module, sensor module and power module. The finite state machine node software and the low-power improvement were designed based on Z-Stack. The stack ran on a task allocation mechanism that was similar to the embedded operating system. According to the wireless channel quality of the motionless node, the best transmit power adaptive mechanism based Received Signal Strength Indication was designed, and the node adjusted the transmission power to get a credible communication link. According to the energy consumption distribution of the node subsystem, to reduce the energy consumption of the wireless transmission, a minimum data transmission redundancy adaptive mechanism based perceptual data difference value was designed. And the node dropped the sensor data which had less information to avoid frequent wireless transmission. With these adaptive mechanisms, the node could meet the requirements of low power consumption and low network data redundancy. The test results showed that, when the transmitting power is 1 mW, the typical data rate of point-to-point communication is 20 kb/s, and of multi-hop is 0.3 kb/s. The communication distance of the node with the 5th battery powered is up to 30 m, and DC is 90 m. The theoretical simulation analysis showed that the energy consumption of the low-power adaptive mechanism node reduces by 38.44%. The system can meet the greenhouse base environmental monitoring application.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Sensor nodes
Controlled terms:Cluster computing - Communication - Crops - Data communication systems - Electric network topology - Energy utilization - Gateways (computer networks) - Greenhouses - Hardware - Low power electronics  - Machine design - Monitoring - Network architecture - Redundancy - Sensors - Topology - Wireless telecommunication systems - Zigbee
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive - CC2530 - Distribution characteristics - Hybrid wireless sensor networks - Information monitoring systems - Low-power consumption - Received signal strength indication - Tree-Mesh
Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 903 Information Science - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 914 Safety Engineering - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 801 Chemistry - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 601 Mechanical Design - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 703.1 Electric Networks - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20131616220343
Title:Improve effectivity of microbead biofilter by media motion
Authors:Che, Xuan (1); Liu, Huang (1); Wu, Fan (1); Ni, Qi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Fishery Equipment and Engineering, Shanghai 200092, China; (2) Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China
Corresponding author:Liu, H.(Liuhuang@fmiri.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:194-198
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Conventional microbead biofilters are simple and reliable in form, but they possess certain limitations due to the thickness of the filter. Excessive filter thickness can cause channeling along the wall and even moderate to severe blockage. Water channeling detrimentally decreases the residing time of the reactants, thus leading to decreased nitrification activity. Sequencing microbead biofilter, in which the media keeps continuous "up and down" movement, is developed on the basis of the traditional microbead filters. The breaker bars are positioned in the bead bed volume in order to generate a relative displacement between microbeads, which enable the biofilter obtain the effect of self-cleaning. The investigation of effect of media layer reciprocating motion on nitritification efficiency and kinetics of this type of filter as a purpose, a pilot scale experiment was carried out in a recirculating aquaculture system. The experimental biofilter was divided into two chambers, designated A-chamber and B-chamber. The water flow through the filtration system was proceed by the electric control valve and water level switch in an alternating fashion, regularly switching between the vessels to enter the A-chamber or B-chamber. Each chamber of the experimental filter was 30 cm in diameter and 50 cm height. The filter used expanded polystyrene beads (microbead) approximately 3.0 mm in diameter, with a density of 28 kg/m³ and a specific surface area of 1160 m²/m³. The microbead packing layer was highly filled at 0.26 m, exhibiting a microbead packing volume of 0.037 m³. The filter used a pump to carry water, while the water trickles down the microbead packing due to gravity. The RAS test system consisting of a 1.3 m³ culture tank, a particle trap, swirl separators, a pump sump, a reuse pump, a sequencing microbead biofilter, and an air diffuser. The bulk water was pumped from a sump to the tested filter after removing solid wastes by the swirl separator, and then returned to culture tank. The total water volume of the system was about 1.6 m³. The reciprocating motion was suspended for six days. Then resume movement of the media and compare the ammonia removal rate and nitritification kinetics in two operation conditions. The result revealed that the movement enhanced the treatment performance greatly. Six days later, when the reciprocating motion was suspended, the ammonia removal efficiency exhibited a gradual decline of 27.1%. Then, the movement of the media was resumed. As a result biological filter ammonia removal efficiency increased rapidly to the level before the motion stops after two days. The results of nitritification kinetics indicate that the media movement changed the kinetics characteristics of filter. Compared with that in stationary state, the threshold value from zero-order to half-order kinetics decreased significantly. The media reciprocating movement and the cutting of the flow greatly improved the hydraulics on the surface of media the mass transfer efficiency. Thereby, the biofilm activity and nitrification the efficiency increased correspondingly.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Biofilters
Controlled terms:Efficiency - Enzyme kinetics - Filters (for fluids) - Hydraulics - Kinetics - Nitrification - Polystyrenes - Separators - Tanks (containers) - Water levels
Uncontrolled terms:Kinetics characteristics - Mass transfer efficiency - Media motion - Microbeads - Nitrification activity - Nitritication - Pilot-scale experiments - Recirculating aquaculture system
Classification code:931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 913.1 Production Engineering - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 632.1 Hydraulics - 619.2 Tanks - 614.2 Steam Power Plant Equipment and Operation - 452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20131616220326
Title:Effectiveness of soil and water conservation of greening mulch of roadside slope
Authors:Luo, Han (1); Zhao, Tingning (1); Peng, Xianfeng (1); Guo, Yu (2); Liang, Chao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Green Source Ecological Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing 100096, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, T.(zhtning@bjfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:63-70
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Soil erosion is one of the most serious environmental problems in the world. The acceleration of soil erosion is mainly caused by land use changes, and highway construction is an important land use change. Mulch is a good alternative before the establishment of vegetation on slopes, which can reduce the direct impact of rainfall on the slopes and increase the infiltration of rainwater, reducing runoff and soil erosion. In this study, a rainfall simulator was made which is of simple structure and is easy to operate. Rainfall intensity, rainfall uniformity and raindrop diameter were all calibrated and could reach the experimental requirements well. Ten 20-minute rainfall simulations were carried out on each simulated road slope (30&deg;) which was covered variously with shade net, non-woven fabrics, straw mats and nothing, respectively, in order to examine the effects of three kinds of mulch, shade net, non-woven fabrics and straws mat on road slopes in decreasing runoff and soil loss. The aim was to obtain the best effectiveness of soil and water conservation in the process of green construction of road slope. The process of runoff production on the slope was strongly influenced by the effects of the underlying surface conditions. The ANOVA showed that there were significant differences among the hydrological responses of the slopes depending on the different mulch. The surface runoff curves are logarithmic. The highest average runoff coefficient was determined for the bare slope (21.3%). Runoff coefficients of slopes with shade net and non-woven fabrics were 13.5% and 18.9% respectively. Average runoff coefficients were lower on the slope with straw mats (6.4%). The three kinds of mulch were all successful in reducing the runoff rate. The average runoff rates were 4.2 mL/s, 5.8 mL/s and 1.9 mL/sfor slopes with shade net, non-woven fabrics and straw mats, respectively, which were all much lower than that of bare slope (6.6 mL/s). The same behavior was observed for the peaks of runoff rate. Some differences were also detected in the sediment concentration in runoff water. The greatest erosion was detected on the bare slope, where average sediment yield was 5.7 g/L and total soil loss was 44.2 g/m². The soil loss from the slopes covered with shade net and non-woven fabrics was approximately 8 g/m²and 5 g/m² respectively. The lowest erosion was determined for the slope covered with straw mats (with 1.0 g/L as an average sediment yield and 1.5 g/m² as a average total soil loss). Sediment yield data were also higher for the bare slope (5.7 g/L) than for the slopes covered with shade net (2.4 g/L) and non-woven fabrics (1.9 g/L). The same behavior was observed for the peaks of sediment yield: the highest value for the bare slope was 8.1 g/L, and the lowest value for the slope with straw mats was 1.8 g/L. The three kinds of mulch all significantly (P=0) decreased runoff and soil loss rates compared with the bare slope. What is more, straws mat had the best effect as it induced the lowest runoff (1.9 mL/s), runoff coefficient (6.4%) and soil loss (1.5 g/m²).
Number of references:30
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agricultural runoff - Erosion - Experiments - Highway engineering - Land use - Nonwoven fabrics - Rain - Sedimentology - Sediments - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental problems - Experimental requirements - Mulch - Rainfall simulations - Road slope - Sediment concentration - Significant differences - Soil and water conservation
Classification code:821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 819.5 Textile Products and Processing - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 901.3 Engineering Research - 481.1 Geology - 443.3 Precipitation - 406 Highway Engineering - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444 Water Resources
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.05.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.