<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20131416161895
Title:Performance experiments of rotary cage atomizer for biological pesticide application
Authors:Zhang, Huichun (1); Zheng, Jiaqiang (1); Zhou, Hongping (1); Song, Wei (1); Ge, Yufeng (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (2) Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4343, Australia; (3) Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A and M University, Texas 77840, United States
Corresponding author:Zhang, H.(njzhanghc@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:63-70
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To combat plant pests and diseases, spraying pesticide is an efficient and timely control method. The increasing use of a wide range of toxic chemical pesticides deliberately released into the environment can cause important problems such as human health threats, bioaccumulation and pest resistance, and soil and groundwater pollution. In response to concerns about the effects of chemical pesticides on environments and human health, there have been significant interests in biological pesticide technology with low toxicity, less residue, and reduced pest resistance. Biopesticide technology is limited in real applications, due to the lack of appropriate sprayer and standard technology. In this paper, a rotary cage atomizer for biopesticide was developed. The influence of biopesticide atomizer structure (cage diameter and cage mesh number), operational parameters (flow rate and rotational speed), and liquid types (bacillus thuringiensis and beauveria bassiana) on atomization performance and biopesticide application efficacy was investigated using PIV and a Winner laser diffraction particle analyzer. The pattern of liquid inlet was fixed experimentally by the droplet's flow field uniformity. The impacts of individual factors on droplet size were analyzed using a T-test to eliminate inter-correlation among the variables of interest. A multiple linear regression model, which predicted the volume median diameters (VMD), was established. The model showed a high degree of correlation with the experimental results. The model took into account not only the cage diameter, but its number of cage meshes, the liquid flow rate, and rotational speed of the cage. Furthermore, a histogram and normal P-P plot of standardized residuals were used to assess the model's goodness-of-fit and the measured data were also analyzed to prove model fitness and feasibility. Finally, the optimal combination of biopesticide rotary atomizer structure and operational parameters was implemented. The results indicated that the cage atomizer's liquid inlet of bilateral symmetry is better than the unilateral pattern to improve the distribution uniformity of droplets. The rotational speed of the rotary cage atomizer should not be too high to maintain the viability and infectivity of biopesticides. Results from this paper provide a case study showing how to spray biopesticide to treat plant pests and diseases effectively by using proper sciences and technologies.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Liquids
Controlled terms:Bacteriology - Bioactivity - Drops - Flow fields - Flow rate - Forestry - Groundwater - Health - Health risks - Linear regression  - Pest control - Pesticides - Technology
Uncontrolled terms:Atomization performance - Distribution uniformity - Multiple linear regression models - Operational parameters - Pesticide applications - Rotary cage atomizers - Toxic chemical pesticides - Volume diameter
Classification code:931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 901 Engineering Profession - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 631 Fluid Flow - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 444.2 Groundwater
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20131416161908
Title:Rhizobox for non-invasive observation of root dynamic growth under soil conditions and its application
Authors:Lai, Yonglin (1); Yang, Xujian (1); Wu, Daoming (1); Shen, Hong (1); Jia, Zhihong (2); Yi, Jianhua (2); Pu, Wenxuan (2); Sun, Zaijun (2); Wang, Yaofu (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) Hunan Tobacco Industry Co. Ltd, Changsha 410014, China
Corresponding author:Shen, H.(hshen@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:174-182
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Observing the dynamic changes of root growth under soil conditions is challenging. In this study, a new type of rhizobox for non-invasively observing root growth under soil conditions is presented. Variations in tobacco seedling root growth were studied as an example of its application. The apparatus consisted of a growth chamber, a nutrient solution-supplying system and an image capture-analysis system. Three subchambers with outer dimensions of 60&times;30&times;3 cm were assembled in the shape of a "Y" as the growth chamber. A tobacco seedling was transplanted to the central space of the growth chamber filled with sandy soil, and its root could extend to the soil of three subchambers. Therefore, the growth chamber could both induce two-dimensional root development and facilitate root observation. The soil water content and nutrient concentration in the growth chamber were controlled by supplying a nutrient solution in a designed concentration and volume through a nutrient solution-supplying system, independently. The nutrient solution-supplying system consisted of a solution storage bottle, a pipe, a flux controller and a dripper buried in the soil. The dripper was a J-shape pipe with a funnel to prevent it from being blocked by soil particles. This kind of dripper can make a nutrient solution spread uniformly and avoid clay particle eluviation and illuviation in the soil of the growth chamber. A camera was used to capture images of tobacco roots through a transparent pane during the course of the experiment and root parameters such as root number, root length, root width and root depth were analyzed by Image J software. In our experiment, the roots were observed to appear on the transparent panes of the growth chamber on the 10th day after transplanting (DAT), and the lateral roots appeared on the 24th DAT. Results indicated that tobacco roots had two growth peaks after transplanting. The maximal values of root growth rate were 54.58 cm/d and 185.69 cm/d, respectively. The roots reached the maximum depth on the 46th DAT, while the root width still showed a nearly linear increment on the 53rd DAT. Interestingly, the relation between root depth/root width and growth time showed a "V" feature. The ratio of root depth and root width reached the minimal value of 1.47 on the 24th DAT. It was also found that most of the root distributed in the 0-10 cm soil layer before the 35th DAT. After that, the most-rapid-elongation area of the root moved downward constantly. All seedling roots were excavated from the rhizobox in order to analyze the root parameters at the end of the experiment. The data acquired from the transparent pane were compared with those obtained from the rhizobox excavation. It was found that most of the tobacco roots were distributed in the &gt;20~40 cm soil layer and the root length distribution had a similar pattern with the two methods. The root length data of the different soil layers acquired from the transparent pane was significantly correlated with those obtained by the rhizobox excavation. The correlation coefficient of each soil layer was over 0.9. Our results indicated the apparatus can be used for non-invasive observation of root growth dynamics under soil conditions. In the end, advantages and disadvantages of the new type of rhizobox are discussed.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Tobacco
Controlled terms:Bottles - Digital storage - Excavation - Experiments - Growth (materials) - Nutrients - Observability - Plants (botany) - Soil moisture - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - ITS applications - Non-invasive observation - Nutrient concentrations - Nutrient solution - Rhizobox - Root system - Soil water content
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 731.1 Control Systems - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 694.2 Packaging Materials - 502.1 Mine and Quarry Operations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 461.9 Biology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20131416161916
Title:Environment monitoring system for flowers in greenhouse using low-power transmission
Authors:Xu, Huanliang (1); Zhang, Hao (1); Shen, Yi (1); Ren, Shougang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Corresponding author:Xu, H.(huanliangxu@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:237-244
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The node is based on the CC2430 chip as the core, and in accordance with the environmental parameters which affect the growth of flowers, it is loaded with the SHT10 temperature and humidity sensor, BH1750FVI light sensor, and COZIR carbon dioxide sensor, so nodes can collect and transmit a variety of environmental parameters at the same time, which reduces the cost of hardware. Status indication LEDs are used to display the node in the various states. A gain antenna is used to enhance signals and increase the communication distance. The power module is 3V lithium battery. The wireless sensor network is a multi-hop and self-organizing wireless network, the node is battery-powered, and the power of battery is limited, the node will fail when its battery runs out of power. In order to reduce the energy consumption of the sensor nodes in the monitoring systems of the existing facilities environment, and to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks, this paper proposes two low-power consumption mechanisms where the node transmits the package actively and dynamically and a variety of environmental variables transmit depending on the weight, and reduces the large number of duplicate and redundant data transmission. This, in turn, reduces the energy consumption effectively. A dynamic group package active transport mechanism refers to the idea that if the change of one of environmental variables exceeds a preset threshold, then it is added to the environmental variable measured value to the transmitted frame payload. Traverse all sensors, the measured value of the environmental variables are added to frame payload dynamically which will be transmitted later. Weighted environment variable control transmission mechanism refers that if the total change of the weighted environment variable larger than the default of the total change in value, the node will send all the measured values of the environment variables. The combined effect of the environmental variable can have influence on facilities flower. The system will establish a network at first and start to collect environmental variables, then it will execute environment variable weighted control transmission algorithm. If changes in the weighted value of the environmental variable are greater than the total change in the default value, it will transmit all the measured values of the environment variables. Otherwise, it will execute dynamic group package active transmission algorithm, the change of environment variables, which exceeds a preset threshold, will be joined send frame payload. Networking test in horticulture test base in the Nanjing Agriculture University, and deploy cycle transmission nodes and low-power transmission node in the greenhouse at the same time to compare each other. the test results show that this system reduce the 85.97% energy consumption than traditional cycle (cycle is 1 minute) node. and measurement accuracy is more than 98.5% which compared with the standard sensors. The network average packet loss rate is 0.84%, which far below packet loss rate of the cycle of transmission that is 2.7%. The system has higher measurement accuracy, strong network stability and the low-power effect of the node is obvious. Therefore, this system satisfies the requirements of facilities flower environment monitoring and low-power transmission.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Sensor nodes
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Carbon dioxide - Data communication systems - Dynamics - Energy utilization - Greenhouses - Information technology - Light emitting diodes - Lithium batteries  - Low power electronics - Monitoring - Power transmission - Sensors - Wireless sensor networks
Uncontrolled terms:Environment monitoring system - Environmental Monitoring - Environmental parameter - Environmental variables - Low-power consumption - Self-organizing wireless networks - Temperature and humidity sensor - Transmission mechanisms
Classification code:732 Control Devices - 801 Chemistry - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 903 Information Science - 931.1 Mechanics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 921 Mathematics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 713 Electronic Circuits - 714 Electronic Components and Tubes - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 715 Electronic Equipment, General Purpose and Industrial - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 717 Optical Communication - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20131416161901
Title:Method for continuously measuring soil infiltrability of plow-cultivated layer and hardpan in farmland
Authors:Sun, Bei (1); Ma, Yuying (1); Lei, Tingwu (1); Zhao, Jun (2); Chuo, Ruiyuan (1); Liu, Lin (1); Zhou, Shumei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Science and Ministry of Water Resource, Yangling 712100, China
Corresponding author:Lei, T.(ddragon@public3.bta.net.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:118-124
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The study on farm land infiltration is of great importance for understanding the impacts of plow-cultivation on soil hydrodynamics, guiding cultivation decision making and irrigation as well as improving ecological environments of farm land. A new method, including the experimental system and the related algorithm procedures was advanced for continuous measurement of soil infiltrability curve of cultivated layer and the hardpan of the farm field. A well-controlled water flow of constant flow rate was applied to the soil surface. The initial very high infiltration rate was estimated from the time-dependent function of the wetted soil surface area. And the latter infiltration process, including the relatively steady infiltration of the cultivated layer and that of the hardpan infiltration is estimated from the difference of applied water flow rate and the out flow rate. An integrated experimental system that completely controlled by a computer was developed, including a computer with the supporting software for process control and data record as well as for infiltration process computation, a Mariotte bottle for water supply of constant flow rate, a specially designed outlet unit for point distribution of water flow at the soil surface, a ring for the soil boundary control, a digital camera for automatic record of the increasing process in the wetted soil surface area as time, two electronic balances for measuring the flow rates both of water supply and drainage. Detailed experimental procedures were presented. Computational algorithms for infiltration rates at various steps were detailed. The demonstrational laboratory experiments were conducted to illustrate the experimental procedures, infiltration estimation methods at different stages, using air-dry silty clay with flow rate of about 2 L/h in 3 replicates. The results from the laboratory simulation experiment indicates that this method is capable of making continuous measurement of the infiltration process of typical farm field, including both of the cultivated layer and the hardpan. The experimental results showed that the advances in wetted soil surface areas as time were well fitted with a exponential function, with determination coefficients (R²) of 0.99. The measured infiltration processes, exclusive of the hardpan infiltration were well fitted by the well-known infiltration models, such as Philip, Horton and Kostiakov models, with determination coefficients (R²) ranging from 0.91 to 0.99. The hardpan infiltration rate was 8.02 mm/h on average. Error analysis based on supplied water and infiltrated water volume indicates this method produces an error of 5.75%. This indicates a well acceptable accuracy. The results verify the measurement method, computational model and the experimental procedures. The method proposed in this study is featured with time and water efficiency and easy for field application. It will supply a useful tool for further research in the direction.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Algorithms - Bottles - Error analysis - Experiments - Flow of water - Flow rate - Hydraulics - Soil moisture - Soil surveys  - Soils - Water distribution systems - Water supply - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Computational algorithm - Continuous measurements - Cultivated layer - Determination coefficients - Ecological environments - Hardpan - Time-dependent functions - Water supply and drainages
Classification code:921.6 Numerical Methods - 921 Mathematics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 694.2 Packaging Materials - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 631 Fluid Flow - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 632.1 Hydraulics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20131416161917
Title:Layout method for monitoring quality level of arable land based on combination of potential index
Authors:Sun, Yabin (1); Wu, Kening (1); Hu, Xiaotao (1); Zhou, Zijian (1); Ma, Jianhui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Land Regulation Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing, 100035, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Farmland Quality and Supervision Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing, 100035, China
Corresponding author:Wu, K.(knwu@sohu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:245-254
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The quantity and quality of arable land is important to our country's food security and the long-term stability of the community. Farmland quality monitoring is an important measure to implement the farmland protection policy. Monitoring changes in farmland quality is needed. This study focuses on 1) monitoring the work as a fledgling local technical reserve, 2) financing difficulties, 3) how to choose the optimization and the least amount of monitoring points, and 4) controlling arable land quality level. Daxing District, Beijing serves as a study area to investigate the layout method of monitoring points for farmland quality level monitoring. A theoretical model named "Agricultural land natural level- Dominant factor" is established by dividing the monitoring control areas according to the main soil characteristics that affect the quality of cultivated land, Then, the "Agricultural land natural level- Dominant factor" theoretical model is used to subdivide monitoring control areas to emplace the monitoring points. The core idea of "Agricultural land natural level- Dominant factor" is that by combining the enhancement potential index of the natural level, the content of organic matter, the topsoil texture, the profile form and the degree of salinity into full factorial permutations, then the combination type of the enhancement potential index of the natural level can be obtained. The enhancement potential index of the natural level of each grading factors can most directly reflect the impact of its related grading unit natural level movements. On one hand, it reflects both the degree of restricting and reflects the potential to increase degree and quality. On the other hand, it points out the high standard of basic farmland for future direction of land remediation for soil characteristics. Daxing District is divided into six monitoring and control areas and 39 potential index combination types of improving agricultural land natural level. Combining 39 types of the potential index of improving agricultural land natural levels results in eight types of "Agricultural land natural level- Dominant factor". Based on this, 58 monitoring sample points are laid. On the basis of the division of monitoring and control areas, monitoring sample points were laid according to the main soil characteristic that affects the quality of cultivated land. This has application value in researching the process of laying the monitoring sample points in the farmland quality level monitoring. This theoretical model can significantly improve the accuracy of the monitoring samples and ensure the representativeness of monitoring sample points and the integrity of cultivated land quality monitoring information. There are some inadequacies in the research process that need to be further explored. For instance, the article has insufficient consideration to the agricultural conditions of the study area facilities. At the same time, Daxing District is in the plain area, the geological conditions here are relatively uniform and the quality of cultivated land is also relatively concentrated, whether the research method in this article is universally applicable needs to be verified in the more geologically and geomorphologically complex areas.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Farms - Food supply - Grading - Land use - Level measurement - Monitoring - Research - Soil surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural conditions - Agricultural land - Cultivated land qualities - Cultivated lands - Geological conditions - Monitoring and control - Monitoring samples - Soil characteristics
Classification code:944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 406.2 Roads and Streets - 404.2 Civil Defense - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20131416161912
Title:Winter wheat leaf area index retrieval with multi-angle and multi-spectral Terra/Aqua MODIS data
Authors:He, Wei (1); Yang, Hua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geography and Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal Univ. and the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications of CAS, Beijing 100875, China; (3) Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing 100875, China
Corresponding author:Yang, H.(yh_crs@bnu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:204-212
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:MODIS sensors, carried onboard Terra and Aqua satellites, scan the same location daily at a fixed time. Because of the sequential multidirectional information contributed by satellite orbit drift along with multi-channel spectral responses, MODIS data greatly enriches the observations of land surface targets, which makes it possible to estimate the land surface parameters accurately and timely, such as leaf area index (LAI). Many researchers have focused on LAI estimation using MODIS data, among whom most used the multispectral data of a single satellite in one day or eight days, while few comprehensively utilized the multispectral and multidirectional information obtained by the both MODIS sensors in some sequence of days. MODIS LAI products have developed a series of generations, the fifth version (MODIS V005) has integrated data from both Terra and Aqua. It is proven that this version is improved with single satellite data, however, it only utilizes red and near-infrared band observations. It has been suggested that taking the shortwave infrared band observations into consideration can help improve the accuracy of LAI estimation. Moreover, some validation studies indicate that there are still some limitations in applying current MODIS LAI products, e.g., LAI is overestimated or underestimated to some extent in different regions. Therefore, this paper investigates the methods of winter-wheat LAI retrieval using multispectral and multidirectional observations of Terra/Aqua MODIS in consecutive days. In this study, data preprocessing, including cloud status and data quality checking, was used first to remove the observations with partial or complete cloud cover, cloud shadow, or low pixel quality in the study area. Then, LAI, average leaf angle (ALA), chlorophyll content (Cab), water content (Cw) and dry matter content (Cm) were selected as the inversion parameters through sensitivity analysis. Other parameters were fixed by drawing upon previous studies and a priori knowledge obtained from field measurements. Accordingly, a look-up table (LUT) of the PROSAIL model was generated. In order to determine the optimal bands and angles of observations, some tests were done with simulated data before the inversion. The RMSE (root mean square error) and R2 (determination coefficient ) between the estimated and the true LAI illustrates that the accuracy is improved when the data of 648, 858, 550, 1240, 1640 and 2130 nm wavelengths and multidirectional observations are chosen. Finally, LAI was estimated by searching the LUT and the mean of the 50 best cases were taken as the final solution. Comparison between the LAI results and the NDVI derived from HJ-1 CCD and MODIS data shows that they are consistent in spatial pattern. Validation using field-measured LAI illustrates the results of our method are better than MODIS LAI products in temporal variation characteristics and closer to the field-measured LAI. Nevertheless, the retrieved LAI of winter wheat is usually lower than the field-measured values, regardless of whether the PROSAIL model or MODIS 3D radiative transfer model is used. This may be partly caused by the effect of mixed pixels, which needs to be verified by further studies with high spatial resolution data. Another reason is that a saturation phenomenon often occurs at high LAI levels resulting from the low sensitivity of canopy reflectance in this domain.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Satellite imagery
Controlled terms:Crops - Estimation - Mean square error - Pixels - Radiometers - Reflection - Remote sensing - Sensors - Table lookup - Water content  - Waves
Uncontrolled terms:Determination coefficients - High spatial resolution - Inversion - Leaf Area Index - MODIS data - Radiative transfer model - RMSE (root mean square error) - Winter-wheat
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 801 Chemistry - 731.1 Control Systems - 944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments - 723.5 Computer Applications - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 444 Water Resources - 443 Meteorology - 723.1 Computer Programming
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20131416161914
Title:Performance experiments for flat plate solar water heater based on micro heat pipe array
Authors:Deng, Yuechao (1); Quan, Zhenhua (1); Zhao, Yaohua (1); Wang, Lincheng (1); Ye, Sanbao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
Corresponding author:Quan, Z.(quanzh@bjut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:222-228
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:A novel flat plate solar water heater based on the micro heat pipe array (MHPA) was invented, and the experiments were carried out on the MHPA heat collector and water heater to test their thermal performance. Owing to its distinctive structure, the MHPA has good heat transfer ability, high reliability, high compressive strength and low cost. The structure and character of the novel collector with MHPA as the high-efficiency heat transfer element are as follows. First, the contact surface between the absorber and the MHPA is so large that the heat resistance is smaller than the traditional one, thus its thermal transfer capability is greatly improved. Second, the condenser section of the MHPA is connected closely to the heat exchanger with dry type. The heat pipes do not contact with water, which precludes scaling and leakage in the collector. Third, the MHPA uses low freezing points of the refrigerants, which makes the collector more suitable for extremely cold areas. Fourth, the MHPA is made of aluminum instead of copper, which could reduce the fabrication cost significantly. Fifth, the unique heat exchanger could exclude water easily, which could prevent the frozen cracking of the collector in winter. Consequently, compared with other conventional evacuated glass tube solar water heaters, the novel flat plate solar water heater offers the additional benefits of high compressive strength, light weight, high reliability and durability, easy integration into buildings, and resistance to freezing during the winter months. Compared with traditional sheet-and-tube structure flat plate solar water heaters, this novel solar water heater also demonstrates many advantages: lower cost, absence of welding, resistance to freezing. The experiments focused on the novel collector's instantaneous efficiency. The test results for the collector's instantaneous efficiency show that the slope and intercept of the instantaneous efficiency curve are 4.7 and 0.80 respectively, which are 11.0% and 22.3% superior to the technical data of the Chinese national standard. The high maximum instantaneous efficiency can be attributed to high transmittance of the glass cover and good absorption of the absorber, as well as great performance of micro heat pipe array. Due to the excellent isothermal characteristic of the MHPA, the absorber have uniform temperature field so that the heat loss by natural convection in the collector is reduced, thus the novel flat plate solar collector have relatively low heat loss factor. The low emissivity of absorber film also reduces the radioactive heat transfer between the absorber and glass cover. Finally, a detailed experimental study focusing on the thermal performance for the novel flat plate solar water heater based on the MHPA is conducted during daytime over several days. The test results show that the effective heat gain per contour aperture area for the novel flat plate solar water heater are higher than that of the Chinese national standard, and all of the average daily thermal efficiency are higher than 60%. Therefore, the flat plate solar water heater based on the MHPA has the broad application prospect because of its excellent performance.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Collector efficiency
Controlled terms:Capillary flow - Compressive strength - Efficiency - Experiments - Freezing - Glass - Heat losses - Heat pipes - Heat resistance - Heat transfer  - Mixed convection - Plates (structural components) - Solar collectors - Solar water heaters - Tubes (components)
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese national standard - Flat-plate solar collectors - Instantaneous efficiencies - Micro heat pipe arrays - Performance experiment - Radioactive heat transfer - Thermal Performance - Uniform temperature field
Classification code:913.1 Production Engineering - 901.3 Engineering Research - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 812.3 Glass - 702.3 Solar Cells - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 641.2 Heat Transfer
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20131416161900
Title:Coupled simulation of soil water flow, solute transport and crop growth processes at field scale and its validation
Authors:Xu, Xu (1); Huang, Guanhua (1); Huang, Quanzhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Chinese-Israeli International Center for Research and Training in Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Huang, G.(ghuang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:110-117
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The quantitative description of soil water flow, solute transport and crop growth processes at field scale is significant for the decision-making of appropriate water use practices in arid irrigation districts. In this study, a modified agro-hydrological model (SWAP-EPIC) for coupled simulation of soil water flow, solute transport and crop growth was developed based on SWAP (soil water atmosphere plant) model and EPIC (environmental policy integrated calculator) crop growth model. The variable active-node method was adopted into the original SWAP model for reasonably simulating the soil water and solute transport processes during soil thawing period. Additionally, the S-shaped osmotic head-dependent functions for describing water and salt stress were also introduced. Further, the EPIC crop growth model, which could simulate the crop growth process and actual crop yield with moderate data input and parameters, was coupled into the SWAP model. Then the field applicability of SWAP-EPIC model was respectively tested using the field experiment data of spring wheat and spring maize at Huinong experimental site in Ningxia. The simulated and observed soil moisture, salinity concentration, and crop growth indicator (leaf area index and dry above-ground biomass) were compared for spring wheat and spring maize. The results showed that the soil moisture was matched very well, with MRE (mean relative error) and RMSE (root mean square error) close to zero and NSE (NSE and Sutcliffe model efficiency) approached to one. The simulated and observed salinity concentration showed an agreement with some slight discrepancy. The simulated LAI and above-ground biomass both matched well with observed ones. Meanwhile, the simulated crop yield was also close to the observations, with relative errors of 4.9% for spring wheat, and 3.3% for spring maize. The results indicated that the modified model (SWAP-EPIC) could be efficiently used to simulate the soil water and salt dynamics, crop growth, and their relationships at field scale.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Computer simulation
Controlled terms:Crops - Flow of water - Geologic models - Growth (materials) - Hydraulics - Mean square error - Salinity measurement - Soil moisture - Solute transport - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental policy - EPIC - Irrigation districts - Quantitative description - RMSE (root mean square error) - Soil salts - Soil water atmosphere plants - SWAP
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 731.1 Control Systems - 723.5 Computer Applications - 632.1 Hydraulics - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 481.1 Geology - 446.1 Water Supply Systems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20131416161894
Title:Analysis of the eddy current and transmission characteristics in asynchronous magnetic coupling with double-layer solid rotor
Authors:Yang, Chaojun (1); Zhou, Yuehua (1); Wang, Jingjing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Corresponding author:Yang, C.(yangchaojun@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:55-62
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to know the loading condition of double-layer solid rotor asynchronous magnetic coupling, finite element software were used to conduct a transient analysis of the distributions of air gap flux density, eddy current and torque transmission. The results showed that the eddy current presents vortex distribution on the copper layer and that the circuits are divided into 14 by pole pairs. Changing from axle hole to the boundary of the copper layer on the radial direction of the inner rotor, the eddy current distribution is basically constant at the beginning, and then increases gradually. Moreover, the highest eddy current density is in the boundary of the copper layer so that the skin effect of the current is verified. On the circumferential direction of the copper layer, the eddy current periodically changes poles in a cycle, and the number of periods equals the number of permanent magnet pairs of poles. The primary optimal design project was obtained by researching the effect of the asynchronous magnetic coupling characteristics on the different parameters. The eddy current density and torque increased firstly, and then decreased gradually with the increasing thickness of the permanent magnet. The eddy current density and torque achieves maximum simultaneously when the thickness of the permanent magnet is 10 mm. The torque increases firstly, then decreases and the eddy current decreases gradually with the increasing number of pole pairs. When the number of pole pairs is 8, the torque achieves maximum. In order to improve the utilization rate of the permanent magnet and save cost, the thickness of the permanent magnet should be from 9 mm to 11 mm and the number of pole pairs should be 8. The eddy current density and torque decrease gradually with the increasing thickness of the air gap. When magnetic coupling installed, the thickness of the air gap can be from 1 mm to 5 mm. The torque increases firstly, and then decreases gradually with the increasing thickness of the copper layer. The torque achieves maximum when the thickness of the copper layer is 3 mm. Taking depth of penetration, cost of production, dimensions and weight into consideration, the thickness of the copper layer can vary from 2 mm to 5 mm. The torque increases with the increasing axial length ratio of the copper layer and the permanent magnet. Taking the cost of production and torque requirements into consideration, the axial length ratio of the copper layer and the permanent magnet should be from 1.025 to 1.1. Because of its high conductivity, copper is usually chosen as a conductor layer. The results of the simulation and the experimental value were compared to verify the correctness of the simulation analysis. The torque increases with the increasing slip and speed, and it can provide a basis for choosing the appropriate structure size of high power magnetic coupling.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Torque
Controlled terms:Copper - Costs - Couplings - Current density - Eddy currents - Electric power transmission - Finite element method - Magnetic couplings - Permanent magnets - Poles
Uncontrolled terms:Air gap flux density - Asynchronous magnetic couplings - Circumferential direction - Cost of productions - Eddy current distribution - Finite element software - Solid rotor - Transmission characteristics
Classification code:921.6 Numerical Methods - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 704.1 Electric Components - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 602 Mechanical Drives and Transmissions - 544.1 Copper - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20131416161891
Title:Mechanism and performance test of pivot turning system with single driving for rice combine harvester
Authors:Feng, Jiang (1); Jiang, Yiyuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Corresponding author:Jiang, Y.(yyjiang@neau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:30-35
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Combine harvester is one of important tools for rice harvest. Combine harvester is apt to work in the field of high moisture other than wheeled vehicle. So for the sake of steady running, rubber tracked vehicles are commonly applied in harvesters against the characteristics of high moisture and low carrying capacity of paddy soil. Because the combine harvester has large touching surface with soil, the pressure between the earth and track will decline enormously compared with the wheeled vehicle, which can't work steady due to the sinkage of its wheels. But the long track will cause big turning resistance. In China, the unilateral shift is broadly applied in the medium or small-size tracked vehicles. But this steering ways will often bring accumulation of soil, especially during turning angle with 90&deg;, which will cause hard turning, so it has to turn a little degree each time, and repeat some times to achieve turning. In order to overcome this problem, a new kind of combine harvester steering mechanism was developed in the paper, which contains a pivot turn steering mechanism powered by one-side tractive force using a tracked vehicle chassis attached to the stripping harvester. This machine can realize spin turning at any radius, so it is more flexible in paddy field. In order to obtain the turning resistance parameters and test the turning performance under different working conditions, the straight-line driving and pivot turning experiments were carried out under three different working conditions-solid, hard and paddy fields. The compactness and moisture of the fields were measured. The output shaft torque under each working condition was obtained through the strain test method. The results showed that:1) The driving wheel torque remained the same in the same kind of ground condition no matter straight forward or backward, which indicated no difference between the front or rear wheel driving. 2) The driving wheel torque was relatively small in straight forward or backward under different ground conditions. The torque shoot up under pivot turning especially in the paddy field, which indicated that the friction resistance and side bulldozing resistance between track and the ground increased sharply under pivot turning condition. The driving wheel torque of a pivot turning was 4.5 times of a straight driving under solid or hard ground conditions. But the driving wheel torque of a pivot turning was up to 6 times of a straight forward driving in paddy field. Besides, detailed tests were carried out in paddy field after rice harvest. The left and right output shaft torque in counterclockwise turning, the velocity in straight-line driving and the angular velocity in turning were measured. The results showed that: 1) Left and right output shaft torque increased with the decrease of turning radius. 2) Maximum output shaft torque appeared in pivot turning (the turning radius was 0). In the meantime, the left and right output shaft torques were roughly equal, which were about 2 278 Nom on average. 3) The turning resistance for spin turning was not less than that of the expected pivot turning, but it was dramatically larger at the 0-radius turning. However, the operation of pivot turning was flexible, the angular velocity was approximately 0.619 rad/s, i.e. a 360&deg; turning only need 10 s. Generally just 90&deg; turning needed in practical working, so the turnaround time was short, which can effectively improve the work efficiency and need less turning area. 4) The regression equation was obtained between the right and left output shaft torque and the turning radius based on the data, which can serve as the empirical formula to predict the left and right output shaft torque under different turning radius. Theoretical analysis and test results prove that the turning mechanism has the characteristics of short turnaround time, less turning area, and so on, which can improve the overall efficiency of the crawler combine harvester. The empirical formula and the turning resistance torque parameters obtained under different ground conditions and different turning radius can lay a foundation for the later study.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Torque
Controlled terms:Angular velocity - Automobile steering equipment - Combines - Computer simulation - Dynamic models - Harvesters - Moisture - Soils - Steering - Testing  - Tracked vehicles - Turnaround time - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Friction resistance - Resistance moments - Resistance parameters - Steering mechanisms - Straight-line driving - Turning experiments - Turning performance - Turning systems
Classification code:931.1 Mechanics - 921 Mathematics - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 723.5 Computer Applications - 663.2 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components - 663 Buses, Tractors and Trucks - 601.2 Machine Components - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20131416161889
Title:Measuring tillage depth for tractor implement automatic using inclinometer
Authors:Xie, Bin (1); Li, Hao (1); Zhu, Zhongxiang (1); Mao, Enrong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Xie, B.(xiebincau@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:15-21
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Nowadays, the motion of agricultural implements in tractors is increasingly controlled by means of electronic systems. Position measurement is a fundamental factor in tractor implement tillage depth automatic control system. The methods of linkage position measuring are divided into two kinds. One is a direct measurement that is based on external-mounted devices, such as a fifth wheel meter, or sliding palm. Another is indirect measurement that uses integrated sensors, such as a potentiometer, or camshaft. A new indirect method is proposed based on the inclinometer in this paper. The inclinometer whose package size is small is mounted on the surface of each side lifting arm. The first step is to get the relations of lifting arm level angle, tillage depth and inclinometer output voltage on the basis of the three-point hitch linkage geometric and inclinometer characteristics. The calibrated data show that the relationship between the sensor voltage output value and tillage depth is approximately linear and can thus be used as an equation to get positions. Once regulated hitch linkage or soil characteristics changes it should be used to re-calibrate the system and obtain a new formula. Compared to other methods of position measurement, by this means the measurement is convenient to be integrated, installed, maintained and calibrated, and the comprehensive precision of sensor is &plusmn;1.4 mm. Meanwhile, a virtual terminal display device for tractor implements operation was designed according to the ISOBUS standard. Its interface was classified according to the tractor implements working mode, on which various operating parameters and tillage depth curve reflects the real-time tillage depth control condition during cultivating. With this, if the tillage depth curve fluctuated due to instable working conditions, the operator may adjust set value, change the mode of control and increase or decrease tractor speed in order to achieve the purpose of stable tillage depth. A system of tillage depth measurement and tractor hitch automatic control is established. In position control mode, the field tests showed that the standard deviation is 8.19 when cultivated tillage depth value is -200 mm, and the result is lower than the fifth wheel meter method. That is to say, the inclinometer measurement method is more reliable. When the tillage depth value dropped from -100mm to -200mm, the response time of system was 3.50 s, less than the fifth wheel meter method, and the dynamic characteristic of the system was better. The variation of tillage depth stability coefficient was 3.34% when the tractor implemented actual cultivating that mets the agronomic requirements of 10%. By putting forward the tillage depth measurement, display interface and automatic control system of tractor hitch linkage, this paper has certain reference significance for tractor implement design.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Agricultural implements - Agriculture - Automation - Control - Display devices - Position measurement - Sensors - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck) - Voltage dividers  - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Dynamic characteristics - Indirect measurements - Operating parameters - Position control modes - Soil characteristics - Stability coefficient - Tillage depth - Tractor-implement
Classification code:821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 801 Chemistry - 732 Control Devices - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 704.2 Electric Equipment - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 601.2 Machine Components - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20131416161905
Title:Effects of mixed grass strip on controlling nitrogen and phosphorus loss of slope land in water source region
Authors:Shi, Jing (1); Lu, Chen (1); Zhang, Naiming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources Environment Science, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, N.(zhangnaiming@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:151-156
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Nitrogen and phosphorus loss of slope land is the main pollution resource of lake and reservoir drinking source region. In order to reduce the impact of water and soil erosion of sloping fields on the eutrophication of water and improve sustainability of fragile slopes, the field experiment was conducted in Kunming,Yunnan Province in 2011, where Yunlong reservoir is the largest city centralized drinking resource region of Kunming. And effects of different mixed grass strip treatments on reducing nitrogen and phosphorus losses in slope land of red soil were analyzed. Four treatments, including perennial ryegrass alfalfa (A), perennial ryegrass trifolium repens (B), natural vegetation(C) and without grass strip(CK), were designed with three replications in the slopes with 15&deg;. The zone of grass strip standard was 3m*1m and sow seeding rate planted at the upper of slope land of each plot was 10 g/m². Runoff and sediment were collected during maize growing season from May to October). Results showed that runoff and soil erosion of different grass strip treatments were lower than that of the contrast. The surface runoff and soil control effects of different grass strip were presented a trend of A&gt;B&gt;C&gt;CK, and the control effects of soil erosion were better than those of surface runoff. Compared with CK, A and B decreased the runoff rate by 35.19% and 46.26%, and the erode rate decreased by 73.51%and 78.13%, respectively. N existed in the runoff of slope land was mainly in the form of silt N, which accounted for 80%~85%. P existed in the runoff was mainly in the form of granular P, which accounted for 90%-95%. The effects of different grass strip on preventing N and P loss were: A&gt;B&gt;C&gt;CK. The control effects of total nitrogen loss were better than those of total phosphorus. Compared with CK, B decreased total N and P in runoff by 59.96% and 48.57%, A decreased by 63.31% and 56.91% and C decreased by 29.46% and 26.03%, respectively. This research provides scientific basis for soil erosion and water quality protection.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Soil conservation
Controlled terms:Erosion - Eutrophication - Nitrogen - Phosphorus - Potable water - Reservoirs (water) - Runoff - Seed - Soils - Transport properties  - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Maize growing season - Mixed grass strip - Natural vegetation - Nitrogen and phosphorus loss - Perennial ryegrass - Runoff and sediments - Total phosphorus - Water quality protection
Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 453 Water Pollution - 444 Water Resources - 441.2 Reservoirs - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 444.1 Surface Water
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20131416161909
Title:Development and test of aquacultural water quality monitoring system based on wireless sensor network
Authors:Huang, Jianqing (1); Wang, Weixing (1); Jiang, Sheng (1); Sun, Daozong (1); Ou, Guocheng (1); Lu, Kanju (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Corresponding author:Wang, W.(weixing@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:183-190
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Some problems of aquaculture water quality monitoring systems, such as wiring difficulties, low performance-price ratio and short of flexibility, still exist. This paper analyzes the limitations of the existing aquaculture water quality monitoring systems and the new aquaculture water quality monitoring systems based on wireless sensor networks. The proposed system uses sensor nodes to obtain data of water temperature, pH value and dissolved oxygen concentration; a sink node is used to collect data from the sensor nodes through a wireless sensor network and monitoring center to process data downloaded from the sink node through RS232 serial port, and present to users. The hardware platform of the sensor node is composed of a processing module, a sensor module, wireless communication and a power module. The processing module uses a MSP430F149 as the processing core. The sensor module uses PHG-96FS pH combination electrodes and DOG-96DS dissolved oxygen electrodes to measure water quality parameters. Since sensor output signals are weak and noisy, a signal conditioning circuit is designed to amplify and filter the weak signals so as to meet the requirement of input range of the A/D converter. The wireless communication module uses an RF905 RF chip and its periphery circuits to receive and send data. The power module uses an LT1129-3.3 chip, an LT1129-5 chip, a Max660 chip and their periphery circuits to supply 3.3 V and &plusmn;5 V voltage for the processing module, wireless communication and the sensor module. The system software consists of two parts, the node software and monitoring software. The node software, which is compiled using C Language in IAR Embedded Workbench, can complete data acquisition and processing, wireless transmission, and serial communication. The monitoring software, which is compiled using vb6.0, can provide users with a visual image of real-time data monitoring platform. Furthermore, the correction and reliability of system are verified. The results demonstrate that the average packet loss rate is 0.77%, and the relative errors of pH value, temperature and dissolved oxygen are less than 1.40%, 0.27% and 1.69%, respectively. Our study showed that the system with characteristics of higher acquisition frequency, smaller size, lower cost, and good flexibility, can implement real-time monitoring of water quality parameters in a wide range of water types.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Sensor nodes
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - C (programming language) - Electric power systems - Electrodes - Monitoring - pH - Sensors - Signal conditioning circuits - Signal processing - Water quality  - Wireless networks - Wireless telecommunication systems
Uncontrolled terms:Dissolved oxygen concentrations - Real-time data monitoring - Serial communications - Water quality monitoring - Water quality monitoring systems - Water quality parameters - Wireless communications - Wireless transmissions
Classification code:723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 801 Chemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 704.1 Electric Components - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 717 Optical Communication
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20131416161897
Title:Study on unsteady pressure pulsation and vibration characteristics of in-line circulator pumps
Authors:Wu, Denghao (1); Yuan, Shouqi (1); Ren, Yun (1); Zhang, Jinfeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technical, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (2) Grundfos R and D China, Suzhou 215126, China
Corresponding author:Yuan, S.(shouqiy@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:79-86
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to find the root causes for vibration of an in-line circulator pump, the unsteady pressure pulsation phenomenon of an in-line circulator pump with a specific speed of 59, which generated by impeller-volute RSI(Rotor-stator interaction), and its influence on pump vibration characteristics, were studied. For this study, a numerical simulation (CFD) tool was applied to get pump performance data, the CFD results were contrasted with experimental results. Once validated, the CFD model was used for simulating the unsteady pressure field existing in the volute of an in-line circulator pump. To understand more, pressure pulsation magnitudes of 43 measuring points inside the volute are obtained by means of numerical calculation, which are a function of flow rate, for several flow rates ranging from 10% to 130% of nominal flow rate. Particularly, at the blade passing frequency, the relationship among the pressure pulsation characteristics of volute, flow rates, and locations of measuring points inside the volute were successfully investigated by CFD. In addition, the vibration test was conducted to capture the vibration amplitudes as a function of flow rate, of pump by using 25 acceleration sensors which distributed inside four detecting areas. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was applied for analyzing the vibration signals. The simulation and experimental results indicated that the amplitude of pressure pulsation reaches the maximum value near the tongue and blade passing frequency 210Hz which is the domain frequency contributed for pressure pulsation. Both amplitudes of pressure pulsation and pump vibration reach the peak value at the blade passing frequency. We concluded that the blade passing frequency is the domain frequency for the pump vibration, and the force of pressure pulsation, which is caused by blade passing frequency, is the main acting force for pump vibration. Simultaneously, under the off-design conditions, the magnitudes of pressure pulsation and pump vibration are higher than the design point. The sequence is 0.1Q<inf>d</inf>&gt;1.3Q<inf>d</inf>&gt;1.0Q<inf>d</inf>. Furthermore, the sequence of vibration amplitudes of four detecting areas is Pipe Support &gt; Motor &gt; Pump housing &gt; Base. The study can be a reference for the design of low vibration in-line circulator pumps.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Fast Fourier transforms - Flow rate - Pressure - Pumps - Vibration analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Acceleration sensors - Blade passing frequency - Frequency - Numerical calculation - Rotor-stator interactions - Unsteady pressure fields - Vibration characteristics - Vibrations
Classification code:618.2 Pumps - 631 Fluid Flow - 723.5 Computer Applications - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 931.1 Mechanics - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20131416161890
Title:Structure optimization and performance experiment of grain loss monitoring sensor in combine harvester in using modal analysis
Authors:Liang, Zhenwei (1); Li, Yaoming (1); Zhao, Zhan (1); Chen, Yi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Corresponding author:Li, Y.(ymli@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:22-29
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The ratio of the separation loss was an important indicator to measure the operating performance of combine harvester, and it also was an important criteria to adjust the relevant operating parameters. Traditional separation loss detecting methods mainly rely on a manual approach. An oil skin was used to collect all the mixed material at the exhaust port, then it filtered out the grain from material-other-than-grain (MOG) manually, was weighed and calculated out the separation loss. It was apparent that such a heavy workload, high labor intensive, time-consuming method could not meet the developing trend of the combine harvester. With the recent advances in sensors, electronics and computational processing power, automated technologies for combine harvesters have been made possible in part and there is an urgent need to develop a system which could monitor the separation loss in real-time. Relevant research indicated that the structural form of the grain loss monitoring sensor had a strong influence on performance of the grain loss monitoring sensor. In order to analyze the impact of sensitive plate structure on detecting the performance of grain loss monitoring sensors, modal analysis were carried out though the ANSYS software, and the rice grain impact tests were carried out on different structural forms of a sensitive plate. The results showed that the higher the first natural frequency p, the shorter the signal attenuation time t; the higher relative deformation &gamma; rate, the higher the overall sensitivity. Selected high-sensitivity receiver materials such as piezoelectric ceramic YT-5 as sensitive components, a signal process circuit which was composed of voltage amplifier, aband-pass filter, precision full-wave rectification, an envelope detector to measure the grain impact signal and a secondary instrument which used AT89C52 microcontroller as the core chip were developed to acquire the grain impact signal. Critical frequencies of band-pass filters were set to 5-20 kHz, with a rice grain with a quality of 29.3 mg, and caused to fall from a distance of 350mm high to collide with the sensitive plate of grain loss monitoring sensors. The sensors recorded the signals after they were processed by a charge amplifier and the band-pass filter with a storage digital oscilloscope DS01022A and the sampling frequency was set to 100 kHz. It was found that when the sensitive plate length l=150 mm, width b=40 mm, thickness h=1.0 mm, the detection frequency and overall sensitivity of the sensor were relatively high compared with other structures. Calibration experiments were carried out on the calibration test-bench indoor, which was composed of a lifting platform, lifting driving mechanism, feeding device and the sensor installation platform to test the detecting accuracy of the sensor. The results showed that the maximum detection error was 2.7% when a grain flow rate within 20 to 120 grains per second on condition of the sensitive plate length l = 150mm, width b = 40mm, thickness h=1.0 mm, mounted the sensor on the calibration test-bench with a angle of 450, and the material fell from a height of 200 mm. Each calibration test was repeated three times. In order to test the ability of grain loss monitoring sensor h with sensitive plate length l=150 mm, width b=40 mm and thickness h=1.0 mm to detect out the full rice grains from strong interference, full rice grains(1000 grains), blighted rice grains(100 grains, weight 2g) with moisture content of 24.58% and stalks with different lengths (15-20, 50-60 mm, and weight 10 g respectively) with moisture content of 66.52% have been selected as calibration materials to test the performance of the sensor. Results showed that the sensor could discriminate full rice grains effectively. The detection error rate was less than 2.3%.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Agricultural engineering - Bandpass filters - Calibration - Cathode ray oscilloscopes - Detector circuits - Experiments - Harvesters - Materials - Modal analysis - Moisture determination  - Piezoelectric ceramics - Plates (structural components) - Sensors - Signal detection - Signal receivers - Structural optimization - Voltage regulators
Uncontrolled terms:At89c52 microcontrollers - Calibration experiments - Combine harvesters - Computational processing - Grain loss - High-sensitivity receivers - Performance experiment - Signal process circuits
Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 812.1 Ceramics - 703.2 Electric Filters - 713.3 Modulators, Demodulators, Limiters, Discriminators, Mixers - 715 Electronic Equipment, General Purpose and Industrial - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 801 Chemistry - 717 Optical Communication
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20131416161907
Title:Spatial structure and distribution characteristics of soil heavy metals in wastewater irrigation district
Authors:Wu, Wenyong (1); Yin, Shiyang (1); Liu, Honglu (1); Pang, Xingyao (1); Bao, Zhe (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Hydraulic Research Institute, Beijing 100048, China; (2) Beijing Eng. Tech. Res. Ctr. for Explor. and Utiliz. of Non-Conven. Water Rerc., Beijing 100048, China
Corresponding author:Wu, W.(wenyongwu@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:165-173
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Based on geostatistical methods and analysis module of ArcGIS, this paper discussed applicable conditions of Geostatistical interpolation for evaluating soil heavy metal pollution. Taken Bei Yechang wastewater irrigation district as research subject, the spatial distribution characteristics and global trends of heavy metals were analyzed in order to propose appropriate geostatistical interpolation models. The results showed that average heavy meal contents of As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni in Bei Yechang wastewater irrigation district were lower than the first class limit values of soil environment quality standard, and increased by 11.5%, 207.7%, 18.7%, 25%, 39.2% and 21.3% compared with soil background values. The contents of heavy metals varied from -4.6% to 10.4% compared with the same research in 1978. The spatial coefficient of variation varies from 12% to 37% with no significant spatial variation. By the histogram module of ArcGIS geostatistical analyst tool, Hg in soil was normally distributed; Cd approximately closed to the normal distributed by log transformation, while the contents of As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni were not normal distributed. Ordinal kriging interpolation model and Ordinal kriging interpolation model with log transformation were proper for the spatial interpolation for the content of Hg, Cd in Bei Yechang wastewater irrigation district, and universal kriging interpolation model were proper for the spatial interpolation for the content of Zn, Ni, while contents of the other facts in Bei Yechang wastewater irrigation district should choose the disjunctive kriging interpolation model. The nugget effects of Pb and Cd were 0.90 and 0.87 with weak spatial variation, respectively, indicating Pb and Cd were influenced by artificial random factors. The nugget effect values of As, Cr, Zn and Cu in Bei Yechang wastewater irrigation district were 0.52, 0.51, 0.51 and 0.46 with medium spatial variation, respectively, indicating As, Cr, Zn and Cu were influenced by the combined effects of artificial random factors and spatial structure. The nugget effect values of Hg and Ni were 0.253 and 0.06 with higher spatial correlation, respectively, indicating Hg and Ni were influenced by in structural factors and geology of the native. In the Bei Yechang wastewater irrigation district, compared with background values the heavy metal contents increased. Heavy metal contents decreased from north to south with irrigation guarantee rate decreasing along the main canal. The results indicated that long-term wastewater irrigation can lead to soil heavy metal enrichment. Compared with other irrigation districts in China, the pollution level of Bei Yechang wastewater irrigation district was slighter and wastewater should be treated to prevent soil heavy metal pollution.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Heavy metals - Interpolation - Lead - Nickel - Normal distribution - Soils - Space applications - Statistical methods - Structural geology - Wastewater treatment  - Zinc
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Distribution characteristics - Geo-statistics - Geostatistical interpolation - Kriging interpolation - Spatial structure - Variation function - Wastewater irrigation
Classification code:922.1 Probability Theory - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 656 Space Flight - 548.1 Nickel - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 546.3 Zinc and Alloys - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 481.1 Geology - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 546.1 Lead and Alloys
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20131416161888
Title:Method of implementation evaluation on general land use planning and its application based on spatial concordance
Authors:Wang, Wanjing (1); Chuai, Xiaowei (1); Huang, Xianjin (1); Chen, Zhigang (1); Zhong, Taiyang (1); Li, Li (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; (2) College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Corresponding author:Huang, X.(hxj369@nju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:1-14
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The planning and implementation stages are crucial parts of the whole research process. Monitoring implementation effects can provide necessary evidence for planning adjustment and revision. Degree of spatial goodness is an effective way to monitor implementation effects of the overall land plan. This paper defines the concept of implementation evaluation on general land use planning using the spatial goodness method to find an effective and quantitative method. The general idea is to make an objective evaluation and summary of the spatial and temporal effects of the planning implementation process and results in an evaluation year. This concept has two parts, 1) evaluation of planning implementation process in a year and 2) evaluation of planning implementation outcome in the same year. Spatial goodness in the planning process is the level of agreement between land use spatial variation and planning objectives. Spatial goodness in planning implementation results refers to the degree of agreement between the current situation and planning. A spatial goodness model was constructed in three levels: land class spot, functional areas, and region. Spatial goodness was positive between 0-1 (the closer to 1, the higher the agreement). Furthermore, a grading scale of spatial goodness was specified. In evaluating the planning implementation process, a spatial goodness of 1 means spatial change met with planning, otherwise it did not meet. For evaluation of planning implementation outcome, the standard of spatial goodness was divided into five classes of spaces varied from consistent with the degree of spatial goodness=1 to not fully comply with planning objectives (which was a ideal state achieved in the end of planning implementation). When the degree of spatial goodness is less than 1, there is distance between planning implementation outcome and planning objectives, and it was then divided into four grades. To examine this method's practical applicability, Tongzhou district in Nantong city, Jiangsu Province, was used as an example for an empirical research. Results in different levels and different objects were very different. From the planning and implementation process, land adjustment of cultivated land, garden plot and other agricultural land did not meet the planning scheme because their spatial goodness was less than 1. In functional areas, land adjustment in agricultural land was not complying with planning because the spatial goodness of agricultural regions was less than 1. In the regional category, the spatial goodness was 0.9995, less than 1, which meant the implementation outcome was not in line with the planning, which was also related to the adjust in agricultural areas not meet with planning. From planning implementation outcomes, spatial goodness in land class diagrams spot level varied widely. In functional areas, only scenery tourist spatial goodness fit with the planning, when its spatial goodness was 1, the other four functional areas were all in lower grades 4-5. It also meant that there was still a large gap between outcome and ultimate goal. Parts planned but unimplemented were still more. With the continuous process of planning implementation, outcomes of various functional areas needed further study. In the regional level, spatial goodness between status and planning was 0.7739, at a lower level 5. Further monitoring was needed on planning implementation outcomes with the development of planning implementation. The results showed that this model can better evaluate spatial goodness between implementation result and planning goal during the implementation progress of general land use planning. Not only quantity and space non-goodness but also reasons could be found timely, which is a good guide for further implementation.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Geographic information systems - Planning
Uncontrolled terms:Implementation effects - Implementation process - Land Use Planning - Objective evaluation - Planning objectives - Quantitative method - Spatial Goodness - Tongzhou
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 723.3 Database Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20131416161893
Title:Control strategy of energy-saving for a series connected hydraulic hybrid vehicle
Authors:Wu, Di (1); Yao, Jin (1); Han, Jiahua (1); Li, Hua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (2) School of Engineering and Technology of Xichang College, Xichang 615000, China
Corresponding author:Yao, J.(zhediwubowen@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:45-54
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:With the rising concerns about global environmental issues, energy saving in automobiles becomes a very important subject. In recent years, fuel consumption by heavy vehicles grew faster due to the increasing number of heavy vehicles used for transportation. As a result, it is important to save fuel by improving their hydraulic system. The series hydraulic hybrid drive system is more effective than the traditional hydraulic system because of the higher recurperation energy generated by the system. Therefore, in order to reduce energy consumption and exhaust emissions of the heavy vehicle, the series hydraulic hybrid drive system of the heavy vehicles was designed to recover and reuse the energy lost in braking. In this paper, in comparison with the traditional hydraulic drive system, a high-pressure accumulator and a low-pressure accumulator were added in the series hydraulic hybrid drive system. The high-pressure accumulator works as an energy storage system and a power supply, and the low-pressure accumulator works as the tank to supply oil to the system. For an exact description of the working state of the accumulator, the Beattie-Bridgman equation was used to express the pressure of gas in the accumulator. The mathematical models of the pump and the secondary element were established to describe the dynamic working process of them in consideration of the compressibility character of fluid, the pipe pressure loss, the external and internal leakage of the system. According to the higher power density characteristic of hydraulic hybrid system and the frequent starts/stops operation characteristics of the heavy vehicle, an integrated control strategy for the heavy vehicle with series hydraulic hybrid system was proposed. Using the functions of Matlab/Simulink, the simulation block diagram of the control system was set up based on the mathematical model established and the control strategy designed. The control system consisted of a main control unit, a displacement controller of hydraulic pump, a displacement controller of secondary element and an engine control unit. The main control unit as a power management controller used the logic threshold approach to control the dynamic transitions among various driving modes. The displacement controllers of the hydraulic pump and a secondary element used a general PID controller to control the angle of the swash-plate of pump and secondary element for exactly achieving the driver's target driving speed. The engine control unit controlled the engine throttle position to maximize engine fuel economy and ensure the system was working in at a higher efficiency. The simulation was carried out under the supposed frequent starts/stops driving cycle. Simulation results demonstrated that the heavy vehicle with series hydraulic hybrid drive system effectively recovered and reused the braking energy, and reduced fuel consumption during the vehicle's travelling. The designed control strategy exactly controlled the vehicle speed in accordance with the driving target speed, reasonably switched among various driving modes of the vehicle and enabled the engine to work in the fuel economy region.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Hydraulic accumulators
Controlled terms:Braking - Control systems - Displacement control - Energy conservation - Energy utilization - Engines - Fuel consumption - Fuel economy - Hybrid systems - Hybrid vehicles  - Hydraulic equipment - Mathematical models - Models - Pumps - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Control strategies - Hydraulic hybrid vehicles - Hydraulic pump - Integrated control strategy - Operation characteristic - Reduce energy consumption - Secondary element - Series hydraulic hybrid systems
Classification code:943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 731.1 Control Systems - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 618.2 Pumps - 612 Engines - 602 Mechanical Drives and Transmissions - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 432 Highway Transportation
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20131416161910
Title:Color feature analysis and recognition for litchi fruits and their main fruit bearing branch based on exploratory analysis
Authors:Guo, Aixia (1); Zou, Xiangjun (1); Zhu, Mengsi (1); Chen, Yan (1); Xiong, Juntao (1); Chen, Lijuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Lab of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) College of Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Corresponding author:Zou, X.(xjzou1@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:191-198
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:For harvesting robots, it is difficult to recognize and locate ripe litchi fruits and their main fruit bearing branch from clusters of litchi in complicated background. Hence, analyzing and recognizing color feature of the images of litchi fruits, litchi main peduncles and leaves become research focuses. Firstly, according to the specialty and uncertainty of litchi fruits, litchi main fruit bearing branch, the method of combining the exploratory analysis with litchi image recognition was put forward in this research by discovering the uncertain element spaces of targets in images, sorting the litchi main fruit bearing branch into three colors of partial green, partial red and partial brown, sorting the litchi fruits-influencing illumination into highlight, normal light and backlighting, thus classifying and analyzing the images of all the parts of litchi, and then providing the flow chart of the exploratory analysis of litchi image data. Secondly, the exploratory analysis about color feature of litchi fruits, litchi main fruit bearing branch and leaves was illustrated in this research, and sorted box-plot on color component for all parts of litchi based on the RGB(red, green, blue), HSI(hue, saturation,intensity ), Lab (L stands for lightness, and a and b stand for the color-opponent dimensions based on nonlinearly compressed CIE XYZ color space coordinates), YCbCr (luminance is denoted by Y, Cb and Cr are the blue- difference and red-difference), normalized rgb and I1I2I3 were designed. With data analysis about the graphics of box-plot, a vision model of recognition of different parts of litchis was given based on Cr gray-scale image of YCbCr color space. When the threshold value of Cr was between 0.50 and 0.54, the leaves and lateral branches in complex background can be removed and thus litchi fruits and their main fruit bearing branch from the cluster of litchi can be segregate. Finally, taking 60 groups (all together 180) of differently illuminated litchi images collected in natural circumstance as test objects, all ripe litchi clusters and litchi fruits of testing images with the threshold segmentation method were effectively recognized based on the vision model of Cr color feature, and their recognition ratio was 91.67% and 95.00%, respectively. After that, the main fruit bearing branch was successfully extracted from the recognized litchi cluster by operation on the recognized images (with recognition ratio 86.67%), and with the calculated picking-point, the visual location simulation was carried out. The results of the test experiment and visual simulation attest that vision model based on Cr gray-scale image of YCbCr color space combined with the corresponding segmentation method can effectively recognize different parts of litchi.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Color - Color image processing - Computer vision - Image processing - Image recognition - Image segmentation - Models - Research - Sorting - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Complex background - Exploratory analysis - Litchi recognition - Recognition ratio - Segmentation methods - Threshold segmentation - Vision model-based - Ycbcr color spaces
Classification code:723.1 Computer Programming - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20131416161904
Title:Effect of deficit irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application on soil nitrate-nitrogen distribution in root-zone and water use of Jatropha curcas L.
Authors:Yang, Qiliang (1); Zhou, Bing (1); Liu, Xiaogang (1); Qi, Yafeng (1); Jia, Weibing (1); Yang, Jurui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Q.(yangqilianglovena@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:142-150
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The demand for energy has risen rapidly due to increasing industrialization and modernization of the world, and the majority of energy is derived from fossil sources such as petroleum, coal and natural gas. However, alternative fuels from renewable feedstock provide alternatives to fossil fuels to solve the problems of the limited reserves of fossil fuel. Jatropha curcas L. has recently drawn the attention due to its tremendous potential as a biodiesel crop. A pot-grown experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application on soil water content, soil nitrate-nitrogen(NO<inf>3</inf>^--N) distribution in root-zone, and evapo-transpiration quantity, dry mass accumulation, base stem diameter-plant height ratio, root-shoot ratio, healthy index and water use of young Jatropha curcas L. trees. Four irrigation levels (W1: 100%ET (ET: Evapo-transpiration); W2: 80% W1; W3: 60% W1; W4: 40% W1) and three added nitrogen levels (N0: 0; N1: 0.4g N/kg; N2: 0.8g N/kg, respectively) were designed in the study. Results showed that the NO<inf>3</inf>^--N content in topsoil (0-5 cm) was less than that in 10 and 15 cm under W1, W2 and W3 treatment, respectively; the soil NO<inf>3</inf>^--N content of topsoil in 5 cm was higher than that in 10 and 15 cm under W4 treatment; the mean soil NO<inf>3</inf>^--N content under W2 treatment was lower than that under W1, W3 and W4 treatment. Compared to W1 treatment, W2 treatment significantly increased mean base stem diameter-plant height ratio and healthy index, and root, shoot and total dry mass of young Jatropha curcas L. trees, respectively. Meanwhile, W2 treatment significantly decreased mean evapotranspiration, and thus W2 treatment significantly increased irrigation water use efficiency and total water use efficiency of young Jatropha curcas L.trees. But W3 and W4 treatment significantly decreased mean irrigation water use efficiency and total water use efficiency of young Jatropha curcas L.trees. Compared to N0, N2 treatment significantly increased mean healthy index, and root, shoot and total dry mass, irrigation water use efficiency and total water use efficiency of young Jatropha curcas L.trees, respectively. And mean irrigation water use efficiency and total water use efficiency of N2 treatment was higher than N1 treatment, respectively. Compared to W1N2 treatment, W2N2 treatment saved irrigation water by 10.7%, and decreased soil water content, soil NO-3-N content and evapo-transpiration quantity by 22.8%, 12.1% and 9.6%, respectively. However, W2N2 significantly increased base stem diameter-plant height ratio and healthy index of seedlings by 24.7% and 27.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, compared to W1N2 treatment, W2N2 increased root, shoot and total dry mass accumulation by 22.3%, 18.3% and 19.2%, respectively, thus increased irrigation water use efficiency and total water use efficiency of young Jatropha curcas L.trees by 36.6% and 35.0%, respectively. This research suggested that W2N2 treatment not only saved irrigation water, and decreased evapo-transpiration quantity, but increased dry mass accumulation, base stem diameter-plant height ratio, root-shoot ratio, thus W2N2 treatment improved healthy index of seedlings and water use efficiency of young Jatropha curcas L. trees.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Water supply
Controlled terms:Alternative fuels - Forestry - Fossil fuels - Irrigation - Nitrates - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Proven reserves - Seed - Soil moisture  - Soils - Transpiration
Uncontrolled terms:Deficit irrigation - Fertilizer applications - Irrigation water use efficiency - Irrigation waters - Jatropha curcas l - Renewable feedstocks - Soil water content - Water use efficiency
Classification code:804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 643 Space Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning - 524 Solid Fuels - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 523 Liquid Fuels - 512.1.2 Petroleum Deposits : Development Operations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 522 Gas Fuels
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20131416161906
Title:Spatial distribution of transfer pollution absorbed phosphorus load in slope farmland of purple soil in Three Gorges Reservoir Region
Authors:Long, Tianyu (1); Cao, Huailiang (1); An, Qiang (1); He, Xiubin (2); Qiao, Dun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; (2) Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
Corresponding author:Long, T.(longty128@cqu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:157-164
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Adsorbed nonpoint source (NPS) pollution in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China has been increasingly recognized as a threat to aquatic environment in recent years due to the eutrophication problem of its tributary. The origin of the adsorbed NPS pollution is soil erosion. The Three Gorges Reservoir receives a significant sediment yield from soil erosion, and slope farmland is its main source. Many water and soil conservation measures have been suggested for controlling soil erosion and NPS pollution in slope farmland. Computer-based modeling is considered as a cost-effective tool for predicting the effect of measures prior to their implementation. Therefore, in this study, based on the topographic index, the spatially distributed equation of pollutant export coefficient was proposed to study the spatial distribution characteristics of absorbed phosphorus load of slope farmland in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region and predict abatement effects of new cultivation modes on pollution load in the entire Three Gorges Reservoir Region. Then the model composed of absorbed pollution load model with improved pollutant export coefficient and RUSLE was constructed and the simulation results of the model were verified. Based on this, the spatial distributions of absorbed phosphorus load from 2001 t0 2010 in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region were simulated by applying the model and GIS technology. The results showed that spatial distributions of absorbed phosphorus load were very obvious in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region and the regions of Kaixian, Yunyang, Fengjie and Zigui produced more absorbed phosphorus loads than the other regions. Furthermore, the model was also applied to predict the effect of new cultivation mode, that is, the mode of large cross slope combined with small along slope and mode of ridge combined with hedgerow, on reducing the absorbed phosphorus load of purple soil in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region. Under climatic and land use condition from 2001 to 2010 in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, for slope farmland with purple, average absorbed phosphorus load for traditional farming technology was 15 309.70 t/a, unit grids (1 km²) absorbed phosphorus load was 1.62 t/km². Compared with the traditional mode of farming, the absorbed phosphorus pollution load for the mode of large cross slope combined with small along slope and ridge combined with hedgerow, has reduced to 9 032.72 t/a and 5 511.49 t/a, unit grids (1 km²) , absorbed phosphorus pollution load was 0.96 and 0.58 t/ km². The absorbed phosphorus load would be decreased by 41% for the mode of large cross slope combined with small along slope or 64% for the mode of ridge combined with hedgerow if the mode was used.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Phosphorus
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Erosion - Eutrophication - Farms - Forecasting - Geologic models - Models - Reservoirs (water) - Soil conservation - Soils  - Spatial distribution - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Computer-based modeling - Cultivation modes - Non-point source pollution - Phosphorus loads - Pollutant export coefficients - Slope cropland - Three Gorges Reservoir region - Water and soil conservations
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 723.5 Computer Applications - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 481.1 Geology - 453 Water Pollution - 441.2 Reservoirs - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20131416161896
Title:Development and experiment of riser air-blowing sprayer in vineyard
Authors:Li, Chao (1); Zhang, Xiaohui (1); Jiang, Jianhui (1); Hu, Yangyang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (2) Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Machinery and Equipment, Taian 271018, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, X.(zhangxh@sdau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:71-78
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:For avoiding pesticide waste due to uneven spraying volume distribution of the traditional axial mist sprayer, riser air-blowing vineyard sprayer was developed which took small four-wheel tractors as power. Through the variable power takeoff installed in the left of the speed change box in tractor, the riser air-blowing vineyard sprayer transferred the power from tractor to rear plunger pump and centrifugal blower. When the airflow blown by the centrifugal blower was blown through air outlet of wind-cone installed both sides of the vertical spray rack, it can not only prevent the droplet drifting, but also atomize the droplet and increase the penetration of the droplet in the grapes. Because of different vineyard row distances, adjustable spray frame structure was designed. It is connected by three segments of square steel tubes which was adjustable and had a series of holes. Through the adjustable spray frame structure, the spray distance of sprayer was from 800 mm to 1600 mm. The indoor and field experiments of prototype were done to test the anti-floating performance, secondary atomization performance of vertical wind-cane structure and adhesive rate of droplet in crown. The experimental results indicated that when the natural wind speed was 3.5 to 4.5 m/s and the air speed of duct outlet was 30 and 35 m/s, the pesticide drift was reduced, the deposition were increased, the volume median diameter(VMD)of the droplets were less than 150&mu;m, the diffusion ratio(DR)of the droplets was more than 0.74, and the secondary atomization performance was better. The droplet adhesion rate in leaves on positive and negative sides inside the trees reached 70.22% and 30.21% respectively, and that on leaves of positive and negative sides outside the trees reached 85.69% and 49.36% respectively when the distance between the nozzle and the tree was 30 cm, the speed of the tractor was 1.5 m/s, the pressure of plunger pump for sprayer was 0.25 MPa, the speed of the fan was 2 500 r/min. These parameters meet the requirement.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Atomization - Blowers - Centrifugation - Drops - Forestry - Pesticides - Power takeoffs - Speed - Spraying  - Structural frames - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck)
Uncontrolled terms:Air-blowing - Centrifugal blower - Field experiment - Secondary atomization - Sprayer - Square steel tube - Vineyard - Volume distributions
Classification code:931.1 Mechanics - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 813.1 Coating Techniques - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 663.2 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 618.3 Blowers and Fans - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20131416161915
Title:Forewarning technology and application for monitoring low temperature disaster in solar greenhouses based on Internet of Things
Authors:Li, Zhenfa (1); Wang, Tie (1); Gong, Zhihong (1); Li, Ning (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Tianjin Climate Center, Tianjin 300074, China; (2) College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
Corresponding author:Li, Z.(lzfaaa@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:229-236
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The Internet of Things has been wildly used in solar greenhouse. Most applications focus on facilities modern greenhouse environment monitoring and regulation, product traceability, and pest remote diagnostics. In fact, facility agriculture uses different methods to change microclimate in greenhouse to help crop grow anti - seasonally. This study focused on the Internet of Things (IOT) application in reducing the influence of low temperature disaster on solar greenhouse production in North China caused by strong cooling and successive overcast weather in winter and spring. We installed several sensors in greenhouse including air temperature, relative humidity, soil temperature, radiation (or light intensity), crop camera platform with synchronization photography, which composed the sensing layer of IOT. The equipments transferred data every 10 minutes to the server in our office. An application was developed to transfer data through socks programming, query and analyze data, and retrieve greenhouse cryogenic information. Data from different manufacturers are changed into a unified format, then SQL server 2000 sp4 is used to store data. A microclimate monitor data receiver software, based on GIS, was also developed to help people display and analyze data. A cryogenic disaster indicator for cucumber and real-time microclimate data analysis and processing system were established, which can provide low-temperature disaster warning. For example, if the cucumbers are planted in solar greenhouses during the flowering and fruiting period, and the lowest temperature outside is lower than -10&deg;C and highest temperature outside is lower than -3&deg;C, the cucumbers will stop growing or become damaged. Because most greenhouses share a few structures, when we make a low temperature disaster warning towards one kind's structure, it can be sent to the greenhouse manager group who owned same type greenhouse structure. The results were available via SMS (Short Message Service), LED/ LCD electronic display, website, and voice calls. We developed professional weather service website for real-time data and image display, microclimate data analysis and disaster warning in the greenhouse. We used flash/html5 to display data dynamically. When the greenhouse temperature goes down to threshold, people receive a warning by SMS. At the same time, the application platform triggers intelligent switch through SMS to start the heating equipment, and then prevents the crop from low-temperature disaster. We used an electric heater as heating equipment in this test. The temperature in heater outlet was stabilized at 7&deg;C and wind speed stabilized at 3m/s. The results show that temperature in the test greenhouse is 4.2&deg;C higher than in the reference greenhouse without heating. The average lowest temperature in test greenhouse is 4.5&deg;C higher than reference greenhouse. The average temperature is 4.3&deg;C higher than the reference in cold weather and 4.5&deg;C higher in successive overcast weather. Because temperature distribution in space is uniform, it will not affect the uniformity of the crop population growth. This study effectively solved the low-temperature disaster monitoring and early warning problem in Tianjin. Using Internet of Things and cloud computing technology, it helped users to acquire relevant information through simple receiving terminal that could be used for disaster prevention. Effective monitoring and intelligent remote management in the groups of solar greenhouses will change the traditional management mode and improve management efficiency and capacity of calamity reduction.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Greenhouses
Controlled terms:Crops - Cryogenics - Data handling - Disaster prevention - Disasters - Forecasting - Greenhouse effect - Heating equipment - Internet - Liquid crystal displays  - Monitoring - Population statistics - Solar heating - Temperature - Websites
Uncontrolled terms:Cloud computing technologies - Greenhouse environment - Greenhouse temperature - Internet of thing (IOT) - Internet of Things (IOT) - Low temperatures - SMS (short message service) - Traditional management
Classification code:741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 451 Air Pollution - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 642.2 Industrial Furnaces and Components - 643.1 Space Heating - 644.4 Cryogenics - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 717 Optical Communication - 718 Telephone Systems and Related Technologies; Line Communications - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20131416161922
Title:Screening of compound additive formula for improving quality of high moisture alfalfa hay
Authors:Ding, Wurong (1); Yang, Fuyu (2); Guo, Xusheng (3)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (2) Institute of Grassland Science, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China; (3) State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
Corresponding author:Yang, F.(yfuyu@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:285-292
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The study was conducted to screen the optimum formula of compound additive used for obtaining high quality alfalfa hay with high moisture by using orthogonal experimental design (L16(4⁵) with 5 factors and 4 levels for each factor. The moisture of alfalfa hay at bundling was 72% to 73%. Five components (factors) of Na<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>, K<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>3</inf>, K<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>, a-amylase, and sodium bentonite were used in this study. The application levels for Na<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> were 6, 9, 13, and 18 g/25 kg hay; K<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>3</inf> were 1, 4, 8, and 12 g/25 kg hay; K<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> were 0.2, 0.6, 1.2, and 1.6 g/25 kg hay; a-amylase were 0.01, 0.05, 1, and 1.5 g/25 kg hay; and sodium bentonite were 2, 4, 8 and 12 g/25 kg hay. In addition, in order to improve the palatability of alfalfa hay, 3g/25 kg forage of glucose was added into each compound additive treatment. All the components were applied according to the schedule of the orthogonal experimental design at baling stage of alfalfa hay, and the bales were stored for 60 d. After storage, forage samples were obtained from each treatment and used for the analysis of the effects of each component and their combination on the stored forage quality. The results showed that Na<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> and sodium bentonite were the two major factors influencing the quality of stored alfalfa hay; Na<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> could influence most chemical components of alfalfa hay, such as water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and non-protein N; K<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> played an important role in improving forage dry matter (DM), WSC, NDF and ADF; whereas, K<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>3</inf> and a-amylase were not as good as K<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> in improving the quality of alfalfa hay. Sodium bentonite could improve the crude protein content in alfalfa hay and was the major factor that affected the contents of crude protein, non-protein N and ash in alfalfa hay. Based on the analysis of results from orthogonal experimental design, the optimum additive formula was comprised by 35.51% Na<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>, 32.78% K<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>3</inf>, 1.64% K<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>, 0.03% a-amylase, 21.85% sodium bentonite, and 8.19% glucose. Application of this compound additive at bundling of alfalfa hay with high moisture could maintain or increase the DM, CP, WSC and ash contents of the hay; and decrease the NDF, ADF and non-protein N in alfalfa hay after 60 d of storage. The application rate of this kind of compound additive was suggested to be 1.5 kg per ton of hay, and it will cost 10 to 15 RMB per ton of hay.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Additives - Amylases - Bentonite - Glucose - Image quality - Moisture - Proteins - Screening - Sodium - Statistics
Uncontrolled terms:Acid detergent fiber - Alfalfa hay - Application rates - Chemical component - Compound additives - Neutral detergent fiber - Orthogonal experimental design - Water-soluble carbohydrates
Classification code:913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 524 Solid Fuels - 482.2 Minerals - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20131416161918
Title:Simulation of land use change using multi-agent model
Authors:Zhang, Yunpeng (1); Sun, Yan (2); Chen, Zhenjie (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Ceomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China; (2) School of Public Administration, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210046, China; (3) School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Y.(nj_sunyan@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:255-265
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To put forward feedback information of the scenario simulation model for the references of land use planning decision, we reviewed and analyzed the land use characteristics (1996-2009) in Xinbei district of Changzhou, and extracted three important types of land use: cultivated land, construction land and rural residential land. Typical relation analysis method and spatial gridding Logistic regression analysis method were used to made quantitative analysis of these three types of driving forces and obtain the main influential driving forces for each land use. Based on the analysis of land use characteristics and driving forces, the study built land use scenario characteristic system from three aspects which included political characteristics, global characteristics and spatial characteristics, and expressed land use scenario characteristics quantitatively. The MAS technology was introduced to construct an agent-based land use scenario simulation model, and using the development platform of Eclipse Swarm, realize the land use scenario simulation model. The results showed that the changes of structure in Xinbei district were increasingly complicated; reduction of agricultural land contributed most to the increase of urban land. In term of spatial arrangement, the changes of land use types were the greatest in the study areas of eastern or southeastern parts along the administrative region boundary, or the Yangtze River catchment. 1) The results showed that fitting degree of the spatial global simulation was high, that of construction land, rural residential land and cultivated land was 78.45%, 99.85%, 98.35% separately, and fitting simulation of spatial variation for construction land, rural residential land and cultivated land was 55.18%, 0.02%, 69.11% separately. 2) The study set three scenarios of socio-economic development (with high, medium and low developing speed) and simulated the land use changes from 2006 to 2020. The results showed that in the three scenarios, the construction land would increase 3788.44, 2922.83 and 2114.64 hm2; the cultivated land would increase 1106.60, 858.61 and 592.35 hm2; the rural residential land would increase 5378.72, 4817.03 and 4238.97 hm2. In the scenario I, the urbanization would go fast, the urban-rural land convertion would be obvious, and the renovation and reconstruction of the rural residential land would enhanced; in the scenario II, the urban expansion and population growth would slow down, and the cultivated land loss would be decrease; in the scenario III, the urban-rural land convertion would decrease obviously, and the cultivated land loss would be prevented effectively. 3)The compactness analysis under the three scenarios showed that the compact degree would be low in the scenario I (construction land, rural residential land and cultivated land was 0.0059, 0.0036, 0.0024, separately)and in the scenario III (construction land, rural residential land and cultivated land was 0.0057, 0.0031, 0.0024, separately), but high in the scenario II(construction land, rural residential land and cultivated land was 0.0061, 0.0034, 0.0022 separately); the rural residential land would be dispersive in the scenario III and the renovation of the rural villages would be the least in the scenario II.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Catchments - Computer simulation - Economic and social effects - Housing - Models - Multi agent systems - Population statistics - Regression analysis - Structure (composition)
Uncontrolled terms:Changzhou - Characteristic factors - Feed back information - Logistic regression analysis - Scenario simulations - Socio-economic development - Spatial characteristics - Yangtze River catchment
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 971 Social Sciences - 723.5 Computer Applications - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444 Water Resources
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20131416171073
Title:Analysis on resistance characteristics and flow mechanism of PVC ball valve
Authors:Shi, Xi (1); L&#252;, Hongxing (1); Zhang, Kuandi (1); Zhu, Delan (1); Sun, Bin (1); Cao, Biao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China; (2) Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China(IWSA), Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China
Corresponding author:L&#252;, H.(lvhongxing@tom.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:95-101
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:PVC ball valve is widely used in the irrigation and drainage pipe network system because of less head loss, strong corrosion resistance, lighter weight and flexible opening and closing. Accurate calculating the resistance loss of ball valve directly affects the hydraulic performance of the pipeline network. In order to study flow resistance and flow mechanism of PVC ball valve in the irrigation and drainage pipe network system, two kinds of PVC ball valve DN75 and DN50 were discussed by test methods, of which the diameter sphere channel hole were 57.8mm and 35mm respectively. In this experiment, the SP2800 angular displacement sensor was used to monitor the valve opening degree, the pressure was monitored by silicon piezoresistive pressure sensor with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.1%, and the flow was measured by KROHNE OPTIFLUX 2000 electromagnetic flowmeter with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.2%. All the sensor signals were collected by PC computer with the PCI8602 data collection instrument. The Bernoulli equation was used to calculate the local resistance coefficient. At the same time, the Realizable k-&Epsilon; and SIMPLEC algorithm were adopted to analyze and verify the flow fields for two kinds of ball valves by using numerical simulation. And other three kinds of ball valveDN110, DN90 and DN63, were studied by numerical simulation. The resistance coefficients formula of five kinds of ball valve was obtained through test and simulation. Comparing the experimental results and numerical results, the simulation resistance coefficients of DN75 and DN50 ball valve were in agreement with the experimental data. The maximum relative error between the test and simulation of DN75 ball valve was 20.7% and minimum relative error was 4.7%. The maximum relative error of DN50 ball valve was 22.3%, and minimum relative error was 4.2%. Test and simulation regression equations for the local resistance coefficients with the relative opening degree between were closer. The flow field characteristics of DN75 ball valve showed that the flow pattern was relatively stable and had no eddies when relative opening degree was 0.91. The pressure and velocity gradient was comparatively large when relative opening degree was 0.36, and the considerable size and opposite direction symmetrical vortex existed in the section YZ, which caused greater hydraulic losses. This research provides a reference for the pipe network hydraulic calculation.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Polyvinyl chlorides
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Corrosion resistance - Experiments - Flow fields - Flowmeters - Irrigation - Sensors - Testing - Turbulent flow
Uncontrolled terms:Angular displacement sensors - Ball valve - Electromagnetic flow meters - Flow charac-teristics - Flow field characteristics - Maximum relative errors - Resistance coefficients - Silicon piezoresistive
Classification code:943.1 Mechanical Instruments - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 801 Chemistry - 723.5 Computer Applications - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 539.1 Metals Corrosion - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20131416161902
Title:Effects of agricultural herbicide on water absorption characteristic of super absorbent polymer
Authors:Liao, Renkuan (1); Yang, Peiling (1); Ren, Shumei (1); Cheng, Chuangsheng (1); Li, Yunkai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Yang, P.(yangpeiling@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:125-132
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The water absorption characteristic of super absorbent polymer (SAP) is one of the most important indices for agriculture drought-resistant measurement. The SAP is easily affected by many soil environmental factors, such as soil particles, organic matter, and nutrients. The herbicide is widely used in agricultural management, thus the water absorption characteristic of SAP can be affected by herbicide leaching into soils. The membrane structure of SAP would be damaged by herbicide molecule, changing the surface microtopography of SAP and reducing water absorption characteristics. In this paper, a SAP frequently used in agriculture was selected as the experimental object, of which solid particle is yellow with diameter 1.0-2.0 mm, the deionized water absorption amount is 100-700 g/g and the 0.9% NaCl solution absorption amount more than 32 g/g. Three common herbicides (Atrazine,Alachlor and Tribenuron-methyl)with three mass concentration(0.5, 1, 2 mg/L)were selected as the influencing factors. Actual water absorbing capacity of SAP in deionized water and different Herbicide solution were tested by the filtration method with 100 mesh sieve. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was used to obtain the surface microtopography characteristic of SAP, and fractal analysis was used to study quantitative effects of three Herbicideon on its surface microtopography at the swelling equilibrium point. It was observed that the overlapping shape occurred in the surface of dry SAP particle and the porous structure in the surface of SAP hydrogel. Alachlor and Tribenuron-methyl (0.5, 1, 2 mg/L)reduced water absorption amount and single fractal dimension of surface microtopography, but reductions were not obvious because the three-dimensional network of SAP was kept relatively intact. However, Atrazine significantly changed the surface microtopography characteristic of SAP, and the bigger the mass concentration of Atrazine, the smaller the water absorption amount of SAP. The membrane structure was destroyed with the concentration of Atrazine at 2 mg/L. Relative to deionized water, the water absorption amount in Atrazine (2 mg/L) was reduced by 9.64%. Single fractal dimension and multifractal spectrum singularity index span decreased with increasing mass concentration of Atrazine, showing the more uniformity of its surface pores distribution, the smaller complexity of its network structure. This research provides a quantitative analytical method to study effects of the herbicide on water absorption characteristic of SAP by using scanning electron microscope and fractal methods.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Herbicides
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Complex networks - Deionized water - Fractal dimension - Fractals - Membrane structures - Polymers - Scanning electron microscopy - Soils - Water absorption  - Water filtration - Weed control
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural management - Environmental factors - Multi-fractal spectrum - Quantitative effects - Scanning Electron Microscope - Superabsorbent polymer - Surface microtopography - Three-dimensional networks
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 951 Materials Science - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 741.1 Light/Optics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20131416161921
Title:Kinetic functions, optimizing model and definition of "Huohou" for Chinese cooking
Authors:Deng, Li (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Life Science College, GuiZhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
Corresponding author:Deng, L.(denglifood@foxmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:278-284
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:As the most important technical term of traditional Chinese cuisine, "Huohou" originally means the degree of heating, and also implies the appropriate termination of cooking. There is not unanimous understanding of "Huohou" in the published literature; some of the existing concepts were mostly descriptive without theory support, and several of them contain conspicuous mistakes. In this thesis, as the third of a series of six theses, the author tried to define "Huohou" with quantitative equations on the bases of kinetics and heat transfer, and reveal the key principle of Chinese cooking technology. The quality factors of maturity for finished products in cuisine can be characterized by one or more indicators about flavor chemistry, pigment chemistry, texture, microbiology, toxicology, etc. Usually, the quality factors are merely for solid particles. Transient heat transfer is the basic characteristic of solid particles in cuisine, hence there are different temperature histories in different heat transfer characteristic dimensions of a particle; thus, the intraparticle quality distribution is brought about. Ordinarily, the last mature point is the coldest spot in the food system, which should be the center of particles in general. Along with the food center reaching maturity, the excentral part has already been overheated, particularly the surface, where quality deterioration is produced. Therefore, it was suggested that the goal of "Huohou" is to minimize quality degradation via overheating while food materials are heated to maturity. In order to express the degree of maturing quantitatively under variations of temperature, several novel kinetics functions are put forward for the cooking process, including maturity value (M value), maturity time tM and overheated value (O value). The maturity value was physically defined as the equivalent heating time to a reference temperature when cooking quality reaches maturity, and maturity value is the C value at maturity time. The overheated value was physically defined as the equivalent heating time that forms quality deterioration for relative reference temperature when cooking quality reaches the overall maturity. Maturity values and overheated values may appear in different spatial positions in the food system in cuisine, such as surface maturity value, volume average maturity value, surface overheated value and volume average overheated value. According to the experience of other thermal processes, like thermal sterilization, we extrapolated that there are the optimal conditions of heat transfer operating for cooking quality in thermal process of liquid-particles in traditional Chinese cuisine only if Z value of maturation quality factor and Z value of overheated quality factor are not the same. Based on the governing equations for heat and mass transport processes, an optimal model was constructed for mixture of liquid and particles in typical Chinese cuisine, which has a constraint condition as the C value equals maturity value; an objective condition to minimize the overheated value; and design variables including the parameters of heat transfer controlling, such as liquid temperature and the heating power. Thus, "Huohou" was synoptically defined as the cooking-temperature regimes that can enable cooking quality to achieve optimal, and it was dynamically defined as the cooking operation minimizing the overheated value while ensuring that the cooking value reaches maturity.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Liquids
Controlled terms:Deterioration - Enzyme kinetics - Heat transfer - Kinetics - Models - Optimization - Surfaces
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese cuisine - Heat and mass transports - Heat transfer characteristics - Huohou - Maturity value - Overheated value - Quality deteriorations - Transient heat transfer
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 641.2 Heat Transfer
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20131416161913
Title:Fluctuations effect analysis of grain yield per hectare based on empirical mode decomposition and set pair analysis
Authors:Jiang, Shangming (1); Jin, Juliang (2); Xu, Hu (1); Zhou, Yuliang (2); Wang, Youzhen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Water Conservancy and Water Resources of Anhui Province, Water Resources Research Institute of Anhui Province and Huaihe River Commission, Ministry of Water Resources, Bengbu 233000, China; (2) School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (3) Institute of Water Resources and Environmental Systems Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
Corresponding author:Jin, J.(JINJL66@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:213-221
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:China's food production and food security relates not only to the social stability and national security, it also affects the world food security situation. After the founding of New China, China's grain production has made remarkable achievements to solve the food problem of the 22% of the population, with 7% of the world's arable land. But as China's population growth and per capita cultivated land decreases continuously, the need to protect the national security of food production and to maintain social stability, received the wide attention of numerous experts and scholars. Since 1952, China's total grain output increased, which can be completely attributed to the grain yield increase. Grain yield levels and its fluctuation directly influence food production and its stability. In the hilly region of the Huaihe and Yangtze River, the average year's food production for 12-14 million t, accounting for about 45% of the total grain output in Anhui province, is one of the main producing areas of grain and oil in Anhui province. But due to particular climatic conditions, geographical location, geographical characteristics and the impact of human activity, frequent drought disasters occur in history. In particular, in the dry-zone in Hilly region of Huaihe and Yangtze River, due to higher terrain, backbone River less, and far away from the rivers, lakes and reservoirs, no lead water conditions, irrigation guarantee rate lower, the suffering drought disasters, and the existence of a large number of easy to dry land, it is one of the most arid regions of Anhui province. Through integrated management of cultivated land in drought-prone areas, raising the level of grain yield per unit area is the important strategic task and the main way to guarantee the safety of grain production in the hilly region of the Huaihe and Yangtze Rivers. Therefore, how to fully exert the cultivated land potential yield and stable increase grain yield, appear particularly important. Based on this, application of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) for grain yield and influencing factors of multi-level, multi-time scale decomposition, and reasonable use of set pair analysis (SPA) theory were used to analyze correlations between fluctuations in grain yield per hectare components and corresponding impact factors. Then the data was used to formulate a quantitative analysis of the influence factors on comprehensive effect rates of fluctuation of grain yield per hectare. On this basis, through the analysis of the impact drought and natural disaster on grain production of hazard degree, the data was used calculate the comprehensive effect rates of drought on fluctuations of grain yield per hectare. The analysis results of the series models in easy arid regions of the Huaihe and Yangtze River watershed shows that the series models has been a good combination of EMD and SPA theory, achieved on grain yield per hectare fluctuation at different time scales and quantitative multi-factor analysis, to find out the comprehensive effect rates of drought on fluctuations of grain per unit yield in easy arid regions of the Huaihe and Yangtze River watershed. It can provide a scientific basis for the comprehensive management of drought and food production decision-making in the hilly region of the Huaihe and Yangtze River, and has a certain value of popularization and application.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Oils and fats
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Disasters - Drought - Food supply - Grain (agricultural product) - Land use - Landforms - Mathematical models - National security - Population statistics  - Rivers - Signal processing - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive effect - Comprehensive managements - Empirical Mode Decomposition - Geographical locations - Impact factor - Integrated management - Set pair analysis - Set pair analysis (SPA) theory
Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 921 Mathematics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 484 Seismology - 481.1 Geology - 444.1 Surface Water - 444 Water Resources - 443 Meteorology - 404.2 Civil Defense - 404.1 Military Engineering - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20131416161920
Title:Effects of lairage time and stunning on stress and the meat quality of pigs
Authors:Zhao, Hui (1); Zhen, Shaobo (1); Ren, Fazheng (1); Cui, Jianyun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Health and Food Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) China Institute of Industrial Relations, Beijing 100048, China
Corresponding author:Cui, J.(jycui@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:272-277
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Much research has been done on pre-slaughter factors, both at home and abroad. In summary, no conclusion has been formed about lairage time. Regarding the high cost of production or other factors, the application and study of carbon dioxide stunning is poor in our country. There has been little research comparing different ways of stunning. In this paper, changes in blood parameters and meat quality in Duroc &times;Large White &times;Landrace pigs stunned by electricity or carbon dioxide after different lairage times (3 h, 6 h and 12 h), were studied. The results showed that the blood parameters of pigs with 3 h lairage time were significantly lower than for the other two methods, while lactate, creatine kinase, cortisol and lactate dehydrogenase in carbon dioxide stunning were significantly lower than in non-stunning and electric stunning. Different lairage times had no significant effect on the longissimus muscle values of pH, temperature, cook loss, lightness, a^* and b^* color coordinate values at 24 hours post-slaughter (P&gt;0.05), but pigs with 3 h resting time had significantly lower pH values and temperature at 45 min post-slaughter. Drip loss and shear force values at 24 hours post-mortem were also significantly lower than at the lairage time of 6 h and 12 h. Compared with non-stunning and electric stunning, stunning with carbon dioxide produces lower pH values and temperature at 45 min post-slaughter, higher drip loss and lightness values, and lower a^* and b^* color coordinate values. The research identified that pigs which had the minimum stress response and the minimal effect on the meat quality were stunned by carbon dioxide after 3 h lairage time. In conclusion, more attention should be paid to lairage time and the way of stunning, as well as to the influence of the synergy of various processing methods for meat quality in order to realize the maximum degree of improvement in pork quality.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Meats
Controlled terms:Blood - Carbon dioxide - Developing countries - Food processing - Mammals - pH - Power quality - Quality control - Research - Stresses
Uncontrolled terms:Blood parameters - Color coordinates - Creatine kinase - Lactate dehydrogenase - Lairage time - Processing method - Stunning way - Water holding capacity
Classification code:913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 901.4 Impact of Technology on Society - 901.3 Engineering Research - 822.3 Food Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 706.1.2 Electric Power Distribution - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20131416161919
Title:Variable selection of Near-Infrared spectroscopy for measuring wheat protein based on MC-LPG
Authors:Huan, Kewei (1); Liu, Xiaoxi (2); Zheng, Feng (1); Cai, Xiaolong (1); Yu, Suping (3); Shi, Xiaoguang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Science, ChangChun University of Science and Technology, ChangChun 130022, China; (2) Institute of Scientific and Technical Information in Jilin Province, ChangChun 130021, China; (3) Beijing Oriental Info-Technology Development Center, Beijing 100037, China
Corresponding author:Huan, K.(huankewei@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:266-271
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to realize the nondestructive determination of protein content in wheat, simplify the prediction model of portable wheat protein detection devices, and improve prediction accuracy of models, the near infrared diffuse transmission-reflectance spectra of wheat was measured from 950 to 1690 nm. The wavelength variable was selected by a combined Monte Carlo Sampling (MCS) technology and the Latent Projective Graph (LPG) method. The LPG is another expression of the principal component projective graph, and it is a technique developed in Chemical Factor Analysis (CFA) for investigating the nature of hyphenated data. Latent variables (loading) of a data matrix and the projection of objects onto the latent variables (score) are obtained by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the nature of the data matrix can be analyzed by the loading and score plots, because the latent variables are linear combination of measured variables and the projection defines uniquely the sample relations in the reduced variable space spanned by the latent variables. So the LPG is adopted in wavelength selection for Near-Infrared (NIR) spectral analysis, the loading matrix is used to state the relationship among different samples, and the score matrix is used to select the wavelength variables. Model Population Analysis (MPA) is first obtained from the sub-dataset by MCS, then some sub-models are built for each sub-dataset. Finally, a statistical analysis is made from the sample space, variable space, parametric space and model space about the parameters which contribute to sub-models building,. Therefore, according to MPA, 500 sub-datasets of samples were established by MCS technology. For each sub-dataset, the proportion of calibration and prediction is 2:1.There are 61 kinds of wheat as calibration and 32 kinds of wheat as prediction. The LPG was obtained by PCA, assuming that linear spectral variables in LPG have the same contribution for modeling, a small number of wavelength variables were selected for building 500 predictable sub-models, 458 sub-models which have the smaller root mean square error (RMSEP) that is smaller than 0.55 were selected. The frequency number of the selected variables which are in 458 sub-models was analyzed statistically, the 12 wavelength of highest frequency number were selected as the influential variables (IVs), they were 1060, 1094, 1403, 1494, 1511, 1521, 1545, 1551, 1607, 1612, 1620, and 1630 nm. The RMSEP of the prediction model is reduced from 0.5245 to 0.2548 and the RPD value is increased from 1.7496 to 3.3985 by the new model which was built by the IVs. Therefore, the variable selection with Monte Carlo Sampling technology and Latent Projective Graph method (MC-LPG) is feasible for improving the precision of prediction model.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Loading
Controlled terms:Calibration - Forecasting - Infrared devices - Mathematical models - Matrix algebra - Mean square error - Models - Monte Carlo methods - Near infrared spectroscopy - Nondestructive examination  - Principal component analysis - Spectrum analysis - Wavelength
Uncontrolled terms:Latent projective graph - Modelpopulation analysis (MPA) - Monte Carlo sampling - Nondestructive determination - Principal Components - Root mean square errors - Variable selection - Wavelength selection
Classification code:943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 921.1 Algebra - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 921 Mathematics - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 672 Naval Vessels - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 902.1 Engineering Graphics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20131416161899
Title:Modified Aver'yanov's phreatic evaporation equations under crop growing
Authors:Luo, Yufeng (1); Mao, Yilei (1); Peng, Shizhang (1); Zheng, Qiang (2); Wang, Weiguang (1); Jiao, Xiyun (1); Feng, Yuehua (3)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; (3) Huibei Water Science Experiment Station, East Henan Water Projects Management Bureau, Kaifeng 475100, China
Corresponding author:Peng, S.(shizhang.peng2011@gmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:102-109
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Phreatic evaporation is an important component of the water balance in irrigated areas, and accurate estimates of phreatic evaporation are useful in regional water resources assessments and irrigation water management. Aver'yanov's equation with high accuracy is one of the most widely used empirical equations for estimating phreatic evaporation. To improve the calculation accuracy of phreatic evaporation under the crop growth conditions, the concept of crop influencing coefficient was introduced in this paper and two modified Aver'yanov equations were proposed based on the fact that the ratio of phreatic evaporation from crop-covered and bare soils regularly increases when the crop grows. The modified Aver'yanov Equation I used the crop coefficient estimating crop water requirements, reflecting the influences of crop growth on the phreatic evaporation. The crop has less impact on phreatic evaporation in the initial stage, and the impact gradually enhances the phreatic evaporation in the middle stage with phreatic evaporation maintaining at a relatively high level. At last, the effect of crop on phreatic evaporation drops down due to the maturity of the crop. In the second equation, the modified Aver'yanov Equation II, the effect of crop growth on the change of extinction depth was taken further into consideration. Lysimeter experiments were conducted at the Huibei Water Science Experiment Station during 2005-2007 in Henan Province, and the daily weather data and infiltration, runoff, evaporation data were collected, and then phreatic evaporation was calculated. Three statistical indicators, mean absolute error, root mean square error and correlation coefficient, were adopted to evaluate the performance of the modified equations. Experimental data were used to verify the values of parameters of the modified equations in crop growing season for 2007-2008. The results showed that the values of the empirical index, extinction depth and crop influencing coefficients of the modified Aver'yanov Equation I were within the reasonable range. For the verification period, the mean absolute error was 0.30-0.59 mm&middotd^-1, the root mean square error was 0.57~0.87 mm&middotd^-1, and the correlation coefficient was 0.58-0.72. The values of statistical indicators indicated that the modified Aver'yanov Equation I performed better than the equation reported in a previous study and Aver'yanov Equation II. The modified Aver'yanov Equation I has a rational structure and explicit physical meaning and this equation could be recommended calculating phreatic evaporation.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Evaporation
Controlled terms:Crops - Estimation - Experiments - Geologic models - Irrigation - Mean square error - Models - Phase transitions - Soils - Water management  - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Aver'yanov's equation - Correlation coefficient - Crop coefficient - Crop water requirements - Irrigation water management - Regional water resources - Root mean square errors - Statistical indicators
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 731.1 Control Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 481.1 Geology - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 446 Waterworks - 444 Water Resources
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20131416161898
Title:Hydraulic performance experiment of an adaptive drip irrigation emitter
Authors:Feng, Junjie (1); Fei, Liangjun (1); Deng, Zhong (2); L&#252;, Mouchao (2); Jia, Yanhui (2); Liu, Yang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture of Henan Province, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453003, China
Corresponding author:Feng, J.(fjjdg@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:87-94
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:An adaptive drip irrigation emitter is a new type of emitter which uses the multi-use function of flow compensation and the flow adaptive. In order to examine the effect of self-adjustment automatically on an adaptive drip irrigation emitter, we studied the hydraulic performance of the type of AD-1 adaptive drip irrigation emitter under two different operating modes of the flow compensation and the flow adaptive according to the working mechanism of the adaptive drip irrigation emitter by using the negative pressure suction pump to simulate the soil suction. The tests examined the flow rate uniformity, the relation between the supply water pressure and drip flow, and the relation between simulated soil negative pressure and drip flow on the adaptive drip irrigation emitter which the simulated soil negative pressure was formed by suction pump. At the same time, we had analyzed the suitable supply water pressure. The results showed that: the adding of drip state control structure not only retained the general flow compensation characteristic of drip irrigation emitter, but also added in advantages including multi-use functions of soil moisture monitoring, intelligent controlling irrigation and automatic adjustment of drip flow. At the mode of flow compensation, the flow rate of emitter was 14.71 L/h, the coefficient of uniformity was higher, the coefficient of flow deviation was 9.79% when the supply water pressure was rated 100 kPa. At the mode of flow adaptive, the emitter can begin working normally when the two pressures were acting together, and when the supply water pressure was only 30 kPa and the minimum soil suction of 20 kPa. The coefficient of flow uniformity also stayed steady. Then we determined the minimum and the maximum suitable water supply pressure was 30 and 50 kPa respectively. Moreover, it can adjust the drip flow rate automatically and in a timely manner at the range of 0-11.22 L/h according to the actual soil moisture status at the range of suitable water supply pressure 30-50 kPa. Unlike conventional irrigation emitters, the adaptive drip irrigation emitter can better change the working mode of dripping water passively and the technology of the irrigation system was improved to the level of accurate and precision irrigation, and achieved the aim of fetching water initiatively according to the needs of the crop and soil. Therefore, all of above characteristics are not only ensuring the supply of the suitable soil moisture during the normal growth of a crop, but also promoting the further development of an irrigation system application mode in the direction of more intelligence and more automation.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Crops - Flow rate - Intelligent control - Soil moisture - Soils - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic adjustment - Coefficient of uniformity - Drip irrigation - Hydraulic performance - Hydraulic performance experiments - Precision irrigation - Soil moisture monitoring - Soil moisture status
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631 Fluid Flow - 731.1 Control Systems - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20131416161892
Title:Optimization of structure and combustion system for a low-emission light-duty diesel engine
Authors:Yin, Bifeng (1); Yang, Kuankuan (1); Jia, Hekun (1); Xu, Yi (2); Sun, Jianzhong (2); Wang, Weifeng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (2) Changchai Co. Ltd, Changzhou 213002, China
Corresponding author:Yin, B.(ybf@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:36-44
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Based on a 4F20 diesel engine with a mechanical fuel injection system, a high-pressure common rail diesel engine was developed to meet the national stage IV Emission Regulation. The optimization and matching of mechanical, combustion and after-treatment systems were conducted. For the development of the mechanical system, the ribs were added and a separated structure between the cylinder head bosses and the liner was utilized to increase the cylinder block stiffness and to reduce the liner distortion. The geometry of the upper water jacket in the cylinder block was designed to be circular, and its height was increased to match the TDC position of the first piston ring to improve the cooling effect of piston. The installing hole of for the glow plug was added on the base of three-hole layout, and then the coordinates of four holes were optimized. Degassing holes were added at corresponding position in the cylinder head gasket and cylinder head to eliminate dead flow regions and to enhance cooling effect; Coolant passages were set around the injector and above the intake, exhaust ports, and the local maximum temperature of cylinder head was reduced from 469.1K to 457.8K according to the optimized results. A new type of double row gear transmission system was designed which can run compactly and stably at low noise levels. For the optimization of the combustion system, the precise and flexible control of fuel injection timing and amount as well as split injection strategies were achieved by upgrading the mechanical fuel injection system to the BOSCH CRS2.0 electronically controlled high-pressure common rail fuel injection system. The injection pressure was improved significantly (the max pressure could reach up to 160MPa) as a result of the upgrade. The pre-injection can effectively improve the NOx emission about 30% at small and medium load, and low NOx and soot emissions were achieved while maintaining fuel efficiency after the introduction of post-injection at medium load. A big, open shallow combustion chamber was designed and the compression ratio was decreased from 19.7 to 17.5. Fuel spray circumferential distribution was planned according to the principle of equal arc length, also spray axial distribution was optimized, and the ratio of spray coverage volume to effective combustion volume was determined as 54.41%. For the air intake system, a radial-flow turbocharger with an exhaust bleeder valve was chosen to ensure that the compressor had enough safety margins from surge line at low speed, and it could work in highly efficient areas in the medium speed range. After applying the two-stage DOC system whose first and second volume fraction were 25% and 75%, the purification efficiency of CO, HC, SOF and PM reached 90%, 85%, 90% and 20% respectively. The developed diesel engine in this paper was equipped on an NHQ6492V3 SUV. The vehicle emissions test results showed that the emission of CO, NOx, THC NOx and PM were decreased to 0.36, 0.259, 0.328 and 0.029g/km respectively, which were 20% lower than the national stage IV Emission Regulation limit. The comprehensive fuel consumption was 7.217L/(100 km) and it can meet the Chinese third stage regulation for passenger cars limit which will be implemented in 2015.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Diesel engines
Controlled terms:Combustion - Combustion chambers - Compression ratio (machinery) - Cylinder blocks - Cylinder heads - Emission control - Fuel injection - Nitrogen oxides - Passenger cars - Piston rings  - Structural optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Common rail fuel injection - Gear transmission system - High-pressure common rail diesel engines - Light-duty diesel engines - Mechanical fuel injections - Purification efficiency - Split injection strategy - Structure optimization
Classification code:804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 682.1.1 Railroad Cars - 654.2 Rocket Engines - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 612 Engines - 521 Fuel Combustion and Flame Research - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 521.1 Fuel Combustion
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20131416161911
Title:Embryo feature extraction and dynamic recognition method for maize haploid seeds
Authors:Zhang, Junxiong (1); Wu, Zhanyuan (1); Song, Peng (1); Li, Wei (1); Chen, Shaojiang (2); Liu, Jin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) National Maize Improvement Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, J.(cau2007@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:199-203
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Haploid breeding is an efficient new way in breeding, but the natural generating possibility for maize haploid seeds is too low. However, haploid seeds are generally sorted by hand, which reduces the sorting efficiency. A sorting way of haploid that is labour-saving, timesaving and with high accuracy should be found. Nowadays, machine vision technology has been more improved and widely applied to the processing, identification, and classification of agricultural products, which makes it possible to realize the automatic sorting for maize haploid seeds based on machine vision. Maize seeds with genetic marker gene within a same variety are mainly classified into haploid and hybrid according to the distribution of Navajo genetic markers on different parts of each seed, especially the embryo. So the characteristics of maize embryo are important to distinguish between haploid and hybrid seeds. In this paper, the embryo feature extraction and dynamic recognition method for maize seeds with genetic markers was studied. An image segmentation method to extract the characteristics of embryo referring to the average pixel values of B channel was proposed. And the embryo images of the maize seeds with Navajo genetic markers were extracted. The Navajo genetic markers in the acquired embryo region were extracted in RGB color space, and the number of Navajo pixels for each seed was counted to judge which classification it belonged to. A rapid recognition algorithm of maize haploid seeds was obtained after embryo feature extraction and Navajo marker extraction. The dynamic sorting test for LC9124-UH400 maize seeds was performed on the maize haploid sorting platform, and the result of the test showed that the recognition rate for haploid seeds was 98.04%, and that for hybrid seeds was 94.44%. The main factors that affected the recognition result in the test were analyzed. A dynamic sorting system for maize haploid seeds including the algorithm and the maize haploid sorting platform has been built up, which has a helpful significance for the realization of maize haploid automatic sorting.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Character recognition - Computer vision - Extraction - Feature extraction - Identification (control systems) - Image segmentation - Pixels
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic sorting - Characteristics of maize embryo - Dynamic recognition - Haploid - Machine vision technologies - Maize - Recognition algorithm - Segmentation methods
Classification code:716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 731.6 Robot Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20131416161903
Title:Effects of water and nitrogen conditions on the diurnal variation of photosynthesis characteristic and yield of grapevine in arid oasis region
Authors:Zheng, Rui (1); Kang, Shaozhong (2); Hu, Xiaotao (1); Li, Sien (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, 712100, China; (2) Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Kang, S.(kangsz@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:133-141
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Photosynthates, the products as the source for plant dry matter accumulation, have a direct effect on plant growth and the formation of yield and grain quality. Soil water content and nitrogen concentration are the main factors which influence plant growth and dry matter accumulation. The study of grapevine photosynthetic characteristics, fruit quality and yield in desert oasis area, is of important significance for wine grape industry development. A field experiment was conducted during the wine grape growing season in Wuwei, China in 2010. The wine grape (Merlot) was planted in 1999 with 2 nitrogen fertilizerand 3 soil water content levels. The nitrogen treatments were HN (high nitrogen, 170 kg/ha) and LN (low nitrogen, 130 kg/ha), and the water treatments were CK (70% of the field capacity), M (55% of the field capacity) and L (40% of the field capacity). The diurnal dynamics of leaf photosynthetic rate was measured at sunny days during berry growth period (July 27th) and berry expansion period (August 26th) using a Li6400 portable photosynthesis system, and the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs) and leaf water use efficiency (WUE) were read and calculated. Meanwhile, the total soluble solid content and grape yield were also measured. The meteorological parameters (solar radiation (Ra), air temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH)) were recorded for the whole grape growing period. The results showed that the diurnal cycles of leaf net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate appeared a "M" type under different water and nitrogen conditions, with an more obvious photosynthetic rate depression as soil water content decreasing. The lower soil water content would cause the decrease of stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and photosynthetic rate. The severe water deficit significantly reduced the leaf water use efficiency, and the moderate water deficit would improve the water use efficiency of wine grape. High nitrogen application could increase the stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and leaf photosynthetic capacity, so the plant drought resistance ability was enhanced and the water use efficiency was improved. The leaf water use efficiency was highest in the high nitrogen and moderate water deficit treatments. Under nitrogen deficiency conditions, moderate and severe water deficit would be increased the total soluble solid content by 6.9% and 13.9%, while the yield was decreased by 32.2% and 49.9%, respectively. And under sufficient nitrogen conditions, the berries soluble solid content of moderate and severe water deficit treatments were increased by 7.5% and 16.2% compared to the control, respectively, but no significant decrease of grape yield was observed. This research is meaningful for the understanding of water and fertilizer coupling of desert oasis area grape, providing a theoretical base for the wine grape water and nitrogen management in this area.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Efficiency - Moisture - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Photosynthesis - Plant life extension - Plants (botany) - Soil moisture - Soils - Sun  - Transpiration - Water supply - Wine
Uncontrolled terms:Dry matter accumulation - Meteorological parameters - Net photosynthetic rate - Photosynthetic capacity - Photosynthetic characteristics - Total soluble solids - Wine grapes - Yield
Classification code:913.1 Production Engineering - 822.3 Food Products - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 741.1 Light/Optics - 657.2 Extraterrestrial Physics and Stellar Phenomena - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 461.9 Biology - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.04.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.