<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20131016077817
Title:Positioning algorithm for agricultural machinery omnidirectional vision positioning system
Authors:Li, Ming (1); Imou, Kenji (4); Liu, Zhonghua (2); Wu, Wei (1); Li, Junzheng (1); Wu, Bin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (2) National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Changsha 410128, China; (3) Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Agricultural Equipment, Changsha 410128, China; (4) Biological and Environmental Mechanism Lab, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
Corresponding author:Li, M.(liming@hunau.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:52-59
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The absolute position of the sensor with respect to identifying the coordinate system is estimated based on identifying the azimuth angle for agricultural machinery full visual positioning system. The positioning algorithm was a key for the omnidirectional vision positioning system. A novel agricultural machinery positioning system was developed based on an omnidirectional vision and four or less than four artificial landmarks utilizing abundant imaging information and unchangeable directional angle for spatial point and imaging point. The positioning system has preferable features for agricultural machinery compared with GPS because of the simpler structures, higher precision, better adaptability and able to work in the night. Four artificial landmarks are built on the four corners of the enclosing rectangle around the working area. The estimated position is calculated according to the circumferential theorem and geometric transformation based on the direction angles of the landmarks with the principal point of camera. The algorithms mainly included the imaging system calibration, noise elimination, landmarks' features extraction and position estimation. Considering the noise of environment or some light obstacles, one or more of four landmarks' features extractions may be defeated. The algorithms of four landmarks detection and three landmarks detection to estimate sensor position were studied. First, the coloured landmark pixels beyond the threshold are extracted as a small area and the center of gravity is calculated for the extracted small area representing the position of one landmark. Then, the position of four representative landmarks is obtained and the four directional angles of the landmarks are estimated using only one omnidirectional image. Sensor position is able to be estimated using the center of gravity of the four intersections formed by four arcs according to geometric transformation based on the four directional angles of the extracted four landmarks. And the sensor position is also able to be estimated using the center of gravity of the three intersections formed by three arcs according to geometric transformation based on the three directional angles of the extracted three landmarks. Pointing test and camera tilt test were conducted on the level ground in an area of 30 m &times;30 m outside under natural sunlight. 25 points every 5 m in the x and y axes were selected in the pointing test, and 7 points (x, y) = (0, 15), (5, 15), (10, 15), (15, 15), (20, 15), (25, 15), (30, 15) in the middle of the square area were selected in the camera tilt test. Chuo Seiki precision equipment for adjusting the camera angle was operated by hand. Pointing test results showed that the maximum absolute distance error was 25.72 cm; the average absolute distance error and RMS distance error of sensor position were 14.06 and 14.75 cm, respectively. Sensor tilt test results showed that the positioning accuracy was influenced by the tilt angle. If the tilt angle more than 5&deg;, the influence was obvious. In conclusion, the proposed algorithm is effective and simple, and the program speed is rapid. In practice, it is necessary to consider the compensation for positioning error via sensor tilt when using under the condition of tilt angle greater than 5 degree or rugged environment. This system is a potential substitute or compensation for GPS in agricultural machinery navigation required for indoor and outdoor environments in the future.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Global positioning system
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Algorithms - Cameras - Computer vision - Error compensation - Geometry - Location - Navigation - Sensors - Testing  - Tracking (position)
Uncontrolled terms:Absolute distance - Absolute position - Artificial landmark - Azimuth angles - Camera angles - Center of gravity - Co-ordinate system - Direction angle - Features extraction - Geometric transformations  - Imaging information - Landmarks detection - Natural sunlight - Noise elimination - Omni-directional vision - Omnidirectional image - Outdoor environment - Position estimation - Positioning accuracy - Positioning algorithms  - Positioning error - Positioning system - Precision equipment - Rugged environments - Sensor position - Small area - Spatial points - System calibration - Tilt angle - Visual positioning  - Working areas
Classification code:921 Mathematics - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 801 Chemistry - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 723.5 Computer Applications - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20131016077835
Title:Provincial agricultural stratification method for crop area estimation by remote sensing
Authors:Zhu, Shuang (1); Zhang, Jinshui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Resources Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, J.(zhangjs@bnu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:184-191
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In current studies on estimation of crop area using remote sensing on a stratified sampling, researchers tend to use the classified images directly as stratification index and do not consider the impacts of classification errors coming from the stratification procedure. In this study, we tried to improve the efficiency and accuracy of crop area estimation at provincial level for solving this problem. Jiangsu Province was chosen as study area, and the crop area was estimated by a stratified sampling. We developed two steps to make stratification. Firstly, taking account the categorization of terrestrial geomorphology and the situation of study area, standard deviation of DEM was used as a stratification index to categorize the whole study area into two different layers. The study area where its standard deviation of DEM is lower than 10 m is classified as flat terrain layer, while the others are classified as alpine terrain layer. Secondly, in each first layer we further stratified it into sub-layer (i.e. classification) by using 4 different indices individually, including crop scale, crop structure, cropland fragmentation, combination of crop structure and fragmentation. The stratification results showed that there were some problems to identify wheat area with directly using remote sensing method. There are low planting structure and fragmented planting areas located in large scale crop layer due to the effect of plant spatial distribution referred to various crops in the same growing period. In order to eliminate the problem of confusion caused by crops in the same growing period, the index of crop structure was introduced in this study. For the purpose of quantitative analysis of the heterogeneity of plant spatial distribution arisen by mixed pixels, the index of cropland fragmentation was introduced. In order to analyze the effect of stratification by different indexes, we calculated the coefficient of relative stratification efficiency, which was defined as the ratio of variance of random sampling to variance of a given stratification. The results showed that the relative efficiencies of above four stratified methods were better than unstratified simple random sampling. Among the single index, the relative stratification efficiency achieved the highest value of 4.96 by using the crop structure. As a whole, the relative stratification efficiency was the highest by using the combination of crop structure and cropland fragmentation as a stratification index. This index can reflect not only the fragmental characteristics of cropland but also the difference among different regions in our study area; therefore, it contributes to the improvement of the accuracy and efficiency of crop area estimation at provincial level.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Efficiency - Estimation - Problem solving - Remote sensing - Spatial distribution - Statistics - Thermal stratification
Uncontrolled terms:Alpine terrain - Classification errors - Crop area estimations - Crop areas - Crop structure - Different layers - Flat terrains - Fragmentation - Growing period - Its standards  - Jiangsu province - Mixed pixel - Planting areas - Random sampling - Relative efficiency - Sampling estimation - Simple random sampling - Standard deviation - Stratified sampling - Study areas
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 731.1 Control Systems - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20131016077843
Title:Analysis on land use pattern changes in Harbin based on terrain gradient
Authors:Gong, Wenfeng (1); Yuan, Li (2); Fan, Wenyi (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Hydraulic and Electrical Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150086, China; (2) College of Information and Computer Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (3) College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
Corresponding author:Fan, W.(fanwy@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:250-259
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Rapid land use pattern change has taken place in Songhua River basin of old industry base in Northeast Region of China over the past decades in Harbin Province. To explore evolution process of land use pattern on terrain gradient, data interpreted with RS and GIS technology from remote sensing images (Landsat TM/ETM ) were collected in 1989, 1995, 2001 and 2007, respectively. Based on the geo-information image analysis theory, the rules of land use spatial pattern changes and structural characteristics were analyzed, reasons and mechanisms of land use change were disclosed. Afterwards, terrain gradient-based spatial differentiation and spatial-temporal evolution process of land usage were studied further based on DEM (digital elevation model). The results showed during the past 18 years, cropland and forestland were the dominant land use types, areas of cropland and unused land were decreased constantly, the average area of cropland patch were decreased from 20.96 km² to 3.92 km², while the average area of unused land patch was decreased from 2.87 km² to 0.09 km², which showed that the fragmentation degree of both cropland and unused land aggravated seriously, and at the same time, the estuarine and coastal wetlands were the main transformation trace to cropland for unused land. Areas of cultivated land were increased constantly with an unbalanced station. Compared to the increased land areas of cultivated land, cropland acted as the main source for transforming to the other land use types, the fragmentation of forestland was increased from 0.117 to 0.532 piece /km², which showed that the fragmentation degree became more and more serious. When the terrain niche grade was 2, the distribution index of the Pre-change Model and the Continuous Change Model reached their top values. However the Stable Model and the Repetitive Change Model became the largest when the terrain niche grade changed to 1. Afterwards, distribution index of these models was decreased with the increase of the terrain niche grade. Distribution of the Intermediate Transition Model matched with the certain curve. This study provides a scientific basis for planning and using land properly in the process of urbanization.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Forestry - Grading - Image reconstruction - Landforms - Topography
Uncontrolled terms:Change models - Coastal wetlands - Cultivated lands - Digital elevation model - Distribution index - Evolution process - Forest land - Fragmentation degree - Geo-information - Gradient based  - Land areas - Land usage - Land use pattern - Land use type - Land-use change - LANDSAT TM - Northeast regions - Remote sensing images - RS and GIS - Scientific basis  - Songhua river basins - Spatial differentiation - Spatial patterns - Spatial-temporal evolution - Stable model - Structural characteristics - Terrain niche index - Transition model - TUPU
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 481.1 Geology - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20131016077831
Title:Automatic registration of IR and optical pig images based on contour match of radial line feature points
Authors:Liu, Bo (1); Zhu, Weixing (1); Ji, Bin (1); Ma, Changhua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, W.
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:153-160
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In the research of pigs health monitoring, pig contour segmentation and feature extraction using optical images are difficult because of pig manure and illumination in the rough environment of pig house. To improve the effect of pig contour segmentation and feature extraction, fusion of infrared thermal image and optical image with an IR thermal imager is suggested. Moreover, it may provide the helpful data source about pigs for the research of the relationship between abnormalities and the temperature of body surface. Evidently, automatic registration of IR and optical images is a crucial step towards constructing fusion. As to this kind of non-rigid multi-sensor images registration, apart from some similarity in overall structure, there is almost no commonality in some popular feature spaces between the pair of images, and it shows that feature-based approaches, such as scale invariant feature transformation (SIFT) may be unsuitable for this type of image registration. In this paper, an auto registration method of IR and optical pig images is proposed based on contour match of radial line feature points. For reducing the computational complexity, a FLIR T250 infrared thermal imager is used, which can acquire 320&times;240 IR thermal image and 2048&times;1536 optical image at the same time and make the centers of the two images coincided. Comparing with acquiring IR thermal image and optical image by using IR thermal imager and digital camera separately, this device can not only avoid the inherent error caused by asynchrony when acquiring moving image, but also reduce the computation of translation and rotation in registration process. It only needs to compute suitable scale factor. As the difference between pigs and environment is often evident in IR image and the contour of pig is relatively complete, a series of pre-processing need to be taken to output the binary image of pig, such as optimum global thresholding using Otsu method, hole filling, etc. As to pre-processing of the optical image, the canny operator is used to acquire the edge image. Several processes are taken to achieve the registration. Firstly, the feature points set of IR image, which is used in matching, is constructed by extracting the cross points of the contour line and the auxiliary lines which are a group of radial lines starting from the area centroid of the binary image with equal interval angle. Secondly, the mapping point of the area centroid is found by transforming it into optical edge image using an initial scale factor. A feature points set is also be constructed by extracting the cross points of the edge in optical edge image and auxiliary lines, these lines are also a group of radial lines starting from the mapping point with the same interval angle. Thirdly, weighted partial Hausdorff distance (WPHD) between the two feature points sets serves as the similarity measure. In the matching process, the scale factor is changed repeatedly and the feature points set of the optical image has been alternated relatively, the total of WPHD between the two sets is computed. Finally, by iterating the scale factor, the minimum value of WPHD is corresponding to the optimum scale factor. The resilient propagation (RPROP) algorithm is also used to accelerate the iteration procedure. In this paper, 50 pairs of IR and optical images were tested by using the proposed algorithm. The success rate of registration is 94%. The average error of registration is less than 1 pixel, which is equal to or better than manual registration result. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The research can provide a basis for the further researches such as fusion of IR and optical pig images, multi-senor image feature extraction for pig health monitoring.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Image matching
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Binary images - Cultivation - Feature extraction - Geometrical optics - Geometry - Image processing - Image registration - Information science - Infrared imaging  - Iterative methods - Monitoring - Optical data processing - Research
Uncontrolled terms:Asynchrony - Automatic registration - Auxiliary lines - Average errors - Body surface - Canny Operators - Contour line - Contour segmentation - Cross point - Edge image  - Equal intervals - Feature space - Feature-based - Global thresholding - Health monitoring - Hole filling - Image feature extractions - Infrared thermal image - Infrared thermal imager - Inherent errors  - IR images - Iteration procedure - Mapping point - Matching process - Minimum value - Moving image - Multi sensor images - Non-rigid - Optical edge - Optical image  - Otsu method - Partial hausdorff distance - Pig house - Pig manures - Pre-processing - Radial line - Registration methods - Registration process - Resilient propagation algorithm - Scale Factor  - Scale invariant feature transformations - Similarity measure - Thermal imagers - Thermal images
Classification code:943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 921 Mathematics - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 903 Information Science - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 746 Imaging Techniques - 741.1 Light/Optics - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20131016077818
Title:Using AHP to calculate optimization objective weights of transplanting mechanism
Authors:Dai, Li (1); Zhu, Aihua (1); Zhao, Yun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Management Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (2) Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
Corresponding author:Dai, L.(dlzist@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:60-65
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Transplanting mechanism optimization is a strong coupling, fuzziness and nonlinearity optimization problem which involves multi-objective and multi-parameter, and the optimization results are pareto. For these feasible solutions, how to look for the best optimization result is the key issue to improve the transplanting mechanism optimization design. At present, only some agricultural experts can identify which one is the best through the motion trajectory shape. But sometimes which has the subtle difference between some results, and the experts cannot judge which one is more optimal. Based on the pareto achieved on the computer-assisted analysis software of the transplanting mechanism, for further evaluating the best optimal solution, the weights evaluation method of the calculation method was analyzed. There are twelve optimization goals for the transplanting mechanism on the high-speed-type rice transplanter. They are given as following: 1) When the transplanting mechanism is operating, the two transplanting arms do not interfere each other; 2) When transplanting arms fetch seedlings, the supporting part of the seedling needle do not interfere with seedling box; 3) The fetched seedling block is oblong, and the trace of fetching seedlings at the seedling box is vertical; 4) The transplanting arms shaft should not contact with the lower part of the transplanted seedlings; 5) The angular difference between the angles of pushing and fetching seedlings should be between 55&deg; and 60&deg;; 6) The distance between seedling-separating needle tip and seedling-pushing needle tip is more than 260 mm; 7) The opening length along the direction of transplanter travel, formed by the absolute motion trajectory must be less than 30 mm; 8) The wrap angle between the seedling needle and horizontal should remain 65&deg; to 85&deg; when pushing seedlings; 9) To ensure the uprightness of the seedlings after transplanting, the wrap angle between the seedling needle and horizontal line should remain -10&deg; to 20&deg; when fetching seedlings; 10) The planetary gear shaft should not contact with the lower part of the transplanted seedlings; 11) The gear modulus is more than 2.5 mm; 12) The distance between disk bottom and ground is more than 20 mm. In the above goals, the first two goals are the movement interference judgment of the transplanter, and can be get with accurate decision results. The rest ten goals are certain fuzziness, namely the target decomposition to each goal function value is not the only value but a range, all values of the range can satisfy the kinematic movement requirement. Therefore the rest ten optimization goals are chosen as the evaluation index of the evaluation method in this article, the analytic hierarchy process in 0~2 three-scale method and 1~9 scaling method are applied to determine the weight of each evaluation index, by establishing the initial judgment matrix and comparison matrix. The final judgment matrix is got through the consistency test, and then all the target weights set is got, which is (0.6216, 0.2450, 0.0881, 0.0302, 0.0101, 0.0033, 0.0011, 0.0004, 0.0001, 0.0001) and (0.6892, 0.2233, 0.0620, 0.0175, 0.0052, 0.0017, 0.0006, 0.0003, 0.0001, 0.0001), respectively. These two kinds of results are consistent with the reality, and the precision of the 1~9 scale results is higher. The results show that using the AHP to solve the weights of the transplanting mechanism optimization target is rational, objective and effective. This method can be a reference for the general multi-objective optimization problem to solve the weights.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Multiobjective optimization
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Computer aided analysis - Fuzzy set theory - Fuzzy systems - Hierarchical systems - Needles - Weighing
Uncontrolled terms:Absolute-motion - AHP - Comparison matrix - Computer-assisted analysis - Consistency tests - Evaluation index - Feasible solution - Gear modulus - Goal functions - Judgment matrix  - Key Issues - Motion trajectories - Movement interference - Multi objective - Multi-objective optimization problem - Multiparameters - Objective weight - Optimal solutions - Optimization goals - Optimization problems  - Planetary Gears - Rice transplanter - Scaling method - Strong coupling - Target decomposition - Transplanting mechanisms
Classification code:961 Systems Science - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 819.6 Textile Mills, Machinery and Equipment - 723.5 Computer Applications
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20131016077838
Title:Design and implementation of EtherCAT-based distributed cotton bale inspection and management system
Authors:Zhao, Jie (1); Yu, Fang (1); Tang, Minfeng (1); Du, Wenliao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai 200135, China; (2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, J.(zhaojie2012126@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:207-216
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:As a real-time industrial Ethernet technology, EtherCAT (Ethernet for control automation technology) has a flexible network topology, which also can be configured easily and transmitted with high speed. Distributed systems can realize the separation between the data acquisition of remote site and the control of local human-machine interface by using the modern network communication technology. It can interconnect the control center of test line and a number of auxiliary equipments via communication network to achieve the purpose of resource sharing and working together. It is also easy to realize decentralized centralized monitoring, control, fault diagnosis and distributed data management. In order to improve the efficiency, reliability and maintenance simplicity of the inspection process for cotton bales import and export, the distributed cotton bale inspection and management system based on EtherCAT was developed in this study, which realized a automatic process of the continuous works as weighing, sampling and marking in the cotton import, export and storage of national cotton. In the control scheme of single inspection line, the PLC inverter intelligent motor method is utilized to make system control logic simple and clear, which controls 11 inverters and 300 common IOs at the same time, and met the requirements of efficient sampling (the overall efficiency is 40 bales/min with the sampling rate of 10%). On the organization and management of off-site and multiple lines, we proposes a distributed communication scheme suitable for regulating and scheduling based on EtherCAT, which achieves transparent management and seamless connection with control layer, device layer and management layer. In the EtherCAT-based distributed applications, the control object includes the Ethernet devices of factory enterprises, factories, process, and field level. Specific devices contain the EtherCAT local rack, EtherCAT remote I/O sub-station, the EtherCAT distributed I/O device, ConneXium extended and managed switch, which can be pre-configured for using as a dual-loop switch. Hot standby configuration can be used with configuring the remote I/O, distributed I/O device or the third-party devices of distributed I/O devices. Through the daisy chain loop architecture of communication module, the entire system can achieve the performance of automatic network recovery and uncertainty remote I/O less than 50 ms. It has connected single control equipment to the whole EDCB-IMS (EtherCAT-based distributed cotton bale inspection and management system) for having the transparent access and control of businesses, factories, process and field equipments. The EDCB-IMS system has a design of the pipeline running mode, which makes the cotton mechanical devices automatically sample, analyze the sampling cotton bale, weigh and print barcode. According the operating frequency of each module, the system will arrange the work time of each step, such as separating the sampling bales with the other bales, analyzing the sample, passing through the RFID (radio frequency identification) system, weighing, and data management of sampling data. The experimental results show that it has greatly enhanced cotton bales inspecting efficiency from 5 bags/min to 40 bags/min. The data transmission speeds are 7.5Mbps (Modbus on EtherCAT) and 15 Mbps (CIP on EtherCAT) respectively and with low data loss. It provides a good real-time performance and is easy to do extensions, which can be a good reference for the automation research on application and technology of distributed quality-test system.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Importance sampling
Controlled terms:Access control - Auxiliary equipment - Communication - Cotton - Data communication systems - Design - Digital storage - Efficiency - Electric network topology - Ethernet  - Information management - Inspection - Management - Radio frequency identification (RFID) - Scheduling - Technology - Weighing
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic networks - Automation research - Chain loops - Communication modules - Control automation - Control center - Control layers - Control objects - Control schemes - Cotton bales  - Data loss - Design and implementations - Device layers - Distributed applications - Distributed communications - Distributed data managements - Distributed I/O - Distributed systems - Efficient sampling - Entire system  - EtherCAT - Ethernet devices - Field equipment - Field level - Flexible networks - High Speed - Hot standbys - Human Machine Interface - Import and exports - Industrial Ethernets  - Inspection process - Management layer - Management systems - Mechanical device - Motor methods - Network communications - Operating frequency - Organization and management - Overall efficiency - Real time performance  - Remote i/o - Remote sites - Resource sharing - Running mode - Sampling data - Sampling rates - System control - Test-lines - Transmission speed - Transparent access  - Work time
Classification code:943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 901 Engineering Profession - 912.2 Management - 913.1 Production Engineering - 913.3.1 Inspection - 922 Statistical Methods - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 703.1 Electric Networks - 408 Structural Design - 722.3 Data Communication, Equipment and Techniques
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20131016077827
Title:System dynamics analysis on soil heavy metal As in sewage irrigation area of Kuihe River
Authors:Wang, Hui (1); Yu, Yanni (1); Ding, Zhongyi (1); Qu, Junfeng (1); Zhao, Hua (1); Li, Gang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Environment and Spatial Informatics of China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (2) Land Resources Bureau of Xuzhou City, Xuzhou 221006, China
Corresponding author:Wang, H.(wanghuei@cumt.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:125-131
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The sewage irrigation has a soil environmental problem which urgent to be solved. Studying the condition and the trend of soil heavy metal pollution in sewage irrigation area has practical significance to the remedy of heavy metals soil pollution. A case of Kuihe River sewage irrigation was studied, and the relevant data through the collection of literature data and field monitoring were obtained. By both the single factor index method and Nemerow multi-factor index method, the pollution indices were calculated for assessing pollution extent. The results showed that the soil was mild contamination of As. The As content of 89.93% paddy field samples and 82.39% upland soil samples exceed the state soil environment quality standard grade two, paddy field comprehensive pollution index was 1.39 and upland soil was 1.19. The results showed that in the current planting system, it would take a long time to eliminate the As in the soil. The As content would be reduced to less than 30 mg/kg in 2016, 25mg/kg in 2024, and achieve the local soil background of As in 2073. It is benefit to eliminate the As in the soil by clearing the crop straws and roots, especially the long-term results. The loss of surface soils also work remarkable to eliminate the As in the farmland soil. The study provides a reference for analyzing the changes of As content by system dynamics approach.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Arsenic - Data acquisition - Dynamics - Fertilizers - Heavy metals - Irrigation - River pollution - Rivers - Soils - System theory
Uncontrolled terms:Crop straws - Environmental problems - Farmland soils - Field monitoring - Literature data - Long-term results - Multi-factor - Paddy fields - Planting systems - Pollution extent  - Pollution index - Sewage irrigation - Soil environment - Soil heavy metals - Surface soil - System Dynamics - System dynamics approach - Upland soil
Classification code:961 Systems Science - 931.1 Mechanics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 453 Water Pollution - 407.2 Waterways
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20131016077822
Title:Design and operation of subsurface flow dam for intercepting nitrogen and phosphorus of farmland drainage
Authors:Zhao, Jianning (1); Zhang, Guilong (1); Liu, Hongmei (1); Qin, Wei (2); Wu, Yuming (3); Yang, Dianlin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China; (2) Suzhou Green Food Industry Association, Suzhou 215125, China; (3) Suzhou Xiangcheng YuHe Vegetable Production and Marketing Professional Cooperatives, Suzhou 215155, China
Corresponding author:Yang, D.(dlyang@caas.net.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:88-92
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to control non-point pollution in Taihu Lake Basin, the technique of subsurface flow dam (SFD) was designed for intercepting nitrogen and phosphorus in farmland drainage. To reduce the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in farmland drainage, SFD presented the features of controlling the hydraulic retention time and the hydraulic head. Two same ponds were built in the field, including ecological pond 1 (22 m&times;45m&times;1 m), and ecological pond 2 (25.3 m&times;45 m&times;1 m) with two SFD (24 m²) and Artificial island (100 m²). The SFD, 6m&times;4 m&times;0.8m (long &times; wide &times; high), was made of hollow brick and filled with gravel. Gravel with diameter between 5-8 cm was filled at one end of the intake, and the diameter of the gravel gradually decreased to 1-2 cm along with the direction of flow at the other end of intake. A 40 cm soil layer was paved at the top of the gravel layer. The overflow pipe with 20 cm diameter was placed at the site 50 cm from the bottom of SFD. Five species of free floating plants, emergent plants, submerged plants, revetment plants and shrub were used in this study. After planting, the units were flooded. The two types of experimental wetlands were run in parallel under identical conditions for 3a. The results showed that SFD for nitrogen and phosphorus interception was more stable in the nitrogen and phosphorus treatment and had a better treatment effect and landscape benefit, and could ensure the quality of final effluent water. Meanwhile, the level of dissolved NH<inf>4</inf>-N, TN and PO<inf>4</inf>^--P in the effluent of the constructed wetlands increased to a range of 8.3%, 7.2% and 17% by flowing though SFD, respectively. SFD for nitrogen and phosphorus interception is very efficient in the treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus for agricultural non-point source pollution, and can be one of the effective technologies for treating the non-point pollution in farmland drainage in Taihu Lake Basin.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Catchments - Ecology - Effluent treatment - Effluents - Gravel - Irrigation - Lakes - Nitrogen - Offshore structures - Phosphorus  - Plants (botany) - Pollution - Pollution control - Wetlands
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point source pollutions - Artificial islands - Built in - Constructed wetlands - Design and operations - Ecological ponds - Emergent plants - Farmland drainage - Final effluents - Gravel layers  - Hollow bricks - Hydraulic heads - Hydraulic retention time - Identical conditions - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Non-point source pollution - Nonpoint pollutions - Soil layer - Submerged plants - Subsurface Flow  - Taihu Lake basin - Treatment effects
Classification code:821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 674.2 Marine Drilling Rigs and Platforms - 483.2 Foundations - 461.9 Biology - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 444 Water Resources - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20131016077833
Title:Crop classification recognition based on time-series images from HJ satellite
Authors:Li, Xinchuan (1); Xu, Xingang (1); Wang, Jihua (1); Wu, Hongfeng (3); Jing, Xiuliang (1); Li, Cunjun (1); Bao, Yansong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China; (2) School of Atmosphere Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (3) The Institute of Scientific and Technical Information, Heilongjiang Academy of Land Reclamation Region, Harbin 150036, China
Corresponding author:Xu, X.(xxgpaper@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:169-176
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Time-series satellite images can reflect the seasonal variation from vegetation on land surface, and have better performance than single-temporal image for vegetation classification. Multi-temporal satellite images such as Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) have been widely used for crop classification throughout the growth season, but exhibit some limitations due to lower spatial resolution. On the other hand, some satellite imagery data with medium- resolution (such Landsat TM) and high-resolution (such QuickBird) also display some weaknesses thanks to lower temporal resolution. Environment Satellites HJ-1A/B of China have a better spatial resolution of 30 m than MODIS and AVHRR, and a higher temporal resolution of 2 days. So it is noticeable to use the time-series images from HJ satellites for crop classification. In this paper, selecting the largest farm, Youyi Farm in Nongken Region, Heilongjiang Province, China as an example, ten HJ-CCD time-series images from June to September 2010 were used to classify crops in the farm. After atmospheric and geometric corrections, SPLINE algorithm was applied to remove cloud in images for reconstructing time-series images. By collecting three main crops (soybean, rice and corn) ground truth data with Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in fields, the band reflectance of Red and NIR, and vegetation indices of NDVI and EVI with temporal changes were extracted. The red band reflectance of rice between in June 2nd to July 12th and August 26th to September 1st had significant difference between rice with others crops. The EVI of corn was less than soybean from July 12th to September 1st. After analyzing the images through serial threshold division, masking treatment, assisting with background data and expert knowledge, the decision tree classified arithmetic was established. Then, support vector machine (SVM) and maximum likelihood supervised classification method were also used to identify these crops. The results indicated that HJ-1A/B satellite had a particular advantage in extracting vegetation information with its higher spatial and temporal resolutions. Cloud processing was of importance to reconstruct no cloud time series data. According to temporal changes of spectral reflectance and typical vegetation indices of different crop ground samples, all crops had similar tendency of NDVI. So NDVI was difficult to identify different crops. Both the red band reflectance and EVI had the remarkable spectral features to reflect the different crops growing and vegetation coverage information. Growing individual, isolated crops in bulk has become common for large-scale farms in Heilongjiang Nongken region. Planting information of soybean, corn and rice were successfully extracted based on the time series images by three methods. Comparing SVM and maximum likelihood supervised classification method with decision tree classified arithmetic, the results suggested that decision tree classified arithmetic could effectively achieve the accurate classification of main crops, its overall accuracy reached up to 96.33%. Different growth may have the similar variation tendency and so be confusion. While time series images can clearly show different spectral feature curve in different crop growth stage, avoiding wrong or missing category and greatly improving classification accuracy.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Global positioning system
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Crops - Data mining - Decision trees - Forestry - Image retrieval - Oilseeds - Radiometers - Reflection - Remote sensing  - Satellite imagery - Support vector machines - Time series analysis - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Better performance - Classification accuracy - Cloud processing - Crop classification - Crop growth - Expert knowledge - Geometric correction - Ground truth data - Growth season - Heilongjiang  - High resolution - HJ satellites - HJ-CCD - In-field - Land surface - LANDSAT TM - Maximum likelihood supervised classifications - Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer - Multi-temporal satellite images - Overall accuracies  - Quickbird - Satellite imagery data - Satellite images - Seasonal variation - Significant differences - Spatial and temporal resolutions - Spatial resolution - Spectral feature - Spectral reflectances - Temporal change  - Temporal resolution - Time-series data - Variation tendencies - Vegetation classification - Vegetation coverage - Vegetation index
Classification code:944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 922 Statistical Methods - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 961 Systems Science - 731.1 Control Systems - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 443 Meteorology - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20131016077834
Title:Estimation of double cropping rice planting area using similar index and linear spectral mixture model
Authors:Jing, Yuanshu (1); Li, Gen (1); Huang, Wenjiang (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (2) College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (3) China National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
Corresponding author:Jing, Y.(appmet@nuist.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:177-183
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The planting of double cropping rice is a cropping system of planting and harvest twice a year in China. It is essential to get the planting area and spatial distribution of paddy rice at large scale for guiding rice production and regulating the regional balance of supply and demand. Currently, using remote sensing technology to monitor the rice planting in a wide range is becoming an increasingly important tool. However, the mixed pixel problem makes it imprecise to extract the double cropping rice paddy. In order to solve the mixed pixel problems on extracting planting area of paddy rice at large scale, a method was proposed based on similar index and linear spectral mixture model. The time-series of MODIS-EVI index was calculated by using multi-temporal MODIS09A1 data from 2010-4-15 to 2010-10-31 in Jiangxi province. The influence factors such as cloud were reduced by using Savizk-Golay filtering method. Combined with field works and HJ-1A CCD2 images, the rice field samples were identified according to the rice growth patterns. Then the standard double cropping rice EVI curve was extracted, and the similar index between each pixel's EVI value of MODIS images, and standard double cropping rice EVI curve was calculated. To construct the similarity index map of rice, the suspected pixels in double cropping rice areas were extracted, and each mutually independent spectrum was got based on minimum noise fraction separating principal component and noise. The pixel points which pixel purity index larger than 3.0 were selected by calculating the image pixel purity index and extracting the high purity pixel, and the results of N-dimensional divergence were analyzed using N-dimensional visualization tools. In order to test the accuracy of the extracting method, the HJ-1A CCD2 datum was used to carry on the spatial contrast verification, and the result showed that it was substantially coincide in spatial distribution. Compared with the Statistical Yearbook of Jiangxi Province in 2010, the extraction accuracy was 93%, the correlation of the regional statistical was satisfied with R²=0.9659. The study can provide a reference for the extraction of high precision rice information in the future.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Economics - Extraction - Grain (agricultural product) - Maps - Pixels - Principal component analysis - Radiometers - Remote sensing - Spatial distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Cropping systems - Double cropping - Extraction accuracy - Field works - Filtering method - High precision - High purity - Image pixels - Jiangxi Province - Linear spectral mixture model  - Minimum noise fraction - Mixed pixel - Multi-temporal - Mutually independents - Paddy rice - Pixel points - Pixel purity index - Planting areas - Principal Components - Remote sensing technology  - Rice fields - Rice growths - Rice paddy - Rice production - Similar index - Similarity indices - Spatial contrast - Supply and demand - Visualization tools
Classification code:944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 971 Social Sciences - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 731.1 Control Systems - 723.5 Computer Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20131016077819
Title:Unsteady constant value calculation and particle image velocimetry experiment in full passages of centrifugal pump impeller
Authors:Dai, Cui (1); Dong, Liang (1); Liu, Houlin (1); Kong, Fanyu (1); Wang, Kai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Corresponding author:Dong, L.(edongliang@yahoo.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:66-72
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The centrifugal pump is one of the most important energy conversion devices and is widely used in almost all industry and agriculture, which consumes more than 21% of the total power consumption in China. Small changes in impeller geometry can lead to significant changes in hydraulic performance, such as the total head, efficiency, and cavitation characteristics. Even in the same impeller, the impeller passages show asymmetrical and unsteady flow characteristics under design and off-design conditions, mainly due to the complex three-dimensional shape of pump. Therefore, it is necessary to know more detailed knowledge of the local and instantaneous features of the impeller flow for study on the more flexible pumps that maintain high efficiencies at a broader range of operating conditions. A variety of measuring techniques have been applied to centrifugal pumps in striving for accurate quantitative flow descriptions. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique is a powerful tool, which offers both more information on the instantaneous spatial flow structures and, at the same time, considerably reduces acquisition time. In the existing research, only one passage was taken as the research goal, mainly due to the limitation of the test conditions. So, there was improving space in flow measurement for all flow passages of a centrifugal pump impeller. On the other hand, most of numerical results were usually validated by performance test, which was worth further verification through the PIV test. In this study, a special PIV system and a shrouded centrifugal pump impeller were designed and then the flow performance inside six rotating passages of the pump was detailedly measured using the PIV. The absolute velocity and relative velocity fields of six passages in an impeller were successfully measured under different working conditions. Relative velocity fields were also computed with the standard k-&Epsilon; turbulence model of three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and a commercial solver fluent software was used to divide grids. The unsteady constant value calculation results were confirmed by the performance experiment, the maximum error of head was only 4.62% with allowable acceptance. From the velocity and relative velocity measurements, the different flow patterns in the two passages near the tongue and the other passages were revealed. At the flow passage close to the tongue, the absolute velocity was reduced with the increasing of the flow rate since vortex, or backflow appeared at the zone. At larger flow rate, the relative velocity at the passage close to tongue was significantly larger than that at the other passages. The flow field distribution showed more obvious differences apart from design conditions. And there existed dead zone whose relative velocity was small at the two passages near the tongue, and its area was increased with the increase of flow rate. The results showed that relative velocity distribution trend of numerical calculation and experimental results under design conditions was in agreement, and relative velocity value of that was different. The study demonstrates that the PIV technique is efficient method to obtain reliable and detailed velocity data over a full impeller passage and it provides a reference for internal flow characteristic study in centrifugal pumps.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Impellers
Controlled terms:Centrifugal pumps - Computational fluid dynamics - Computer simulation - Design - Energy conversion - Experiments - Flow rate - Flow visualization - Navier Stokes equations - Pumps  - Speed - Turbulence models - Velocimeters - Velocity - Velocity distribution - Velocity measurement - Vortex flow
Uncontrolled terms:Absolute velocities - Acquisition time - Backflow - Calculation results - Cavitation characteristics - Centrifugal pump impellers - Commercial solvers - Constant values - Dead zones - Design condition  - Energy conversion devices - Flow field distribution - Flow passage - Flow performance - FLUENT software - Full passages - Hydraulic performance - Impeller flow - Impeller geometry - Impeller passage  - In-flow measurements - Internal flow characteristics - Internal flows - Maximum error - Measuring technique - Numerical calculation - Numerical results - Off design condition - Operating condition - Particle image velocimetries  - Particle image velocimetry technique - Performance experiment - Performance tests - PIV techniques - PIV test - Relative velocity - Research goals - Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equation - Test condition - Three-dimensional shape  - Total power consumption - Unsteady flow characteristics
Classification code:943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 931.1 Mechanics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 723.5 Computer Applications - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 618.2 Pumps - 601.2 Machine Components - 525.5 Energy Conversion Issues - 408 Structural Design - 631 Fluid Flow
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20131016077826
Title:Improving cucumber yield and water use efficiency by different-root grafting under water-deficient condition
Authors:Zhang, Xiaoying (1); Liang, Xinshu (1); Zhang, Zhenxian (1); Gao, Lihong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Corresponding author:Gao, L.(gaolh@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:117-124
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Different-root-grafting has been reported to be an effective agricultural practice to improve water use efficiency in China, however, little is known about the effect of different-root-grafting on water use efficiency under moderate deficient irrigation. To study the response of different-root-grafting (G1) to moderate deficient irrigation (12 m³/667m², W1) and provide data support for agronomic water-saving practices in protected cultivation, this research used cucumber (Cucumis sativas L. No. c.v. zhongnong No.26) and pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) as scion and rootstock, respectively. And self-root grafted cucumber (G0, this research used self-root grafted-cucumber as grafted-cucumber control since there is a wound healing process for different-root grafted-cucumber during grafting) under appropriate irrigation (20 m³/667m², W2) was used as control, and then four different treatments (i.e. W1G0, W1G1, W2G0, W2G1) were conducted to study the responses of different-root grafted-cucumber root growth and distribution, cucumber fruit yield, plant dry matter accumulation, fruit quality and water use efficiency to moderate deficient irrigation. A typical commercial greenhouse in Fangshan county, Beijing was randomly selected for field experiment from April 2011 to January 2012. The greenhouse was covered with polyethylene film without supplementary lighting or heating. Cucumber seedlings with two leaves were transplanted by hand, with double rows of 80-cm row pacing and 33-cm plant spacing. Different irrigation treatments were conducted after the resuming growth of cucumber seedlings after transplantation. The irrigation treatments W1 and W2 were started at the same time and the irrigation time was designed according to the appearance of wilting of self-root grafted cucumber seedlings under the irrigation treatment W2 and also the reviving time needed by cucumber plant. In order to prevent the test error caused by side permeability, we buried 50-cm plastic film at vertical depth between different treatment plots. Once the final harvest was completed, cucumber roots were immediately sampled from the cucumber rhizosphere. The root samples were washed with tap water, and then scanned using the EPSON EXPRESSION 4990 root scanner, and finally analyzed using the WinRHIZO root analysis software. The results showed that under moderate deficient irrigation, different-root-grafting enhanced the root distribution of photosynthetic product, increased fruit quality, and maintained the cucumber yield, however, irrigation quantity was reduced by 64 m³/667m² in winter-spring season and 40 m³/667m² in autumn-winter season, and significantly increased water use efficiency, when compared to control. Root dry matter and water use efficiency under different-root-grafting was 14.2%, 42.1%-53.9% higher than that under the control, respectively. Compared to self-root grafted cucumber, different-root-grafted cucumber significantly improved cucumber root growth, the total root length, total plant biomass and cucumber fruit yield by 17.9%-27.5%, 11.6%-15.2% and 7.5%-29.6% under moderate deficient irrigation condition, respectively. At the same time, the root lengths of 15-45 cm root horizon and water use efficiency were significantly higher under different-root-grafting than under self-root-grafting. This result indicated that different-root-grafting can improve water use efficiency, and also demonstrated that different-root-grafting can be used as one of the major water saving techniques in greenhouse cucumber production, especially in intensive cucumber production systems in China.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Cultivation - Efficiency - Fruits - Grafting (chemical) - Greenhouses - Plants (botany) - Seed - Soils - Water conservation - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural practices - Analysis softwares - Cucumber plants - Cucumber roots - Cucurbita moschata - Data support - Deficient irrigation - Different treatments - Double rows - Dry matter accumulation  - Field experiment - Fruit quality - Fruit yield - Greenhouse cucumbers - Irrigation treatments - Plant biomass - Plant spacing - Polyethylene film - Production system - Root  - Root distribution - Root dry matter - Root growth - Root length - Root samples - Tap water - Test errors - Total root lengths - Water - savings - Water use efficiency  - Water-saving - Wound healing process - Yield
Classification code:913.1 Production Engineering - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 461.9 Biology - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 444 Water Resources
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20131016077815
Title:Reliability analysis of agricultural machinery chassis drive axle housing based on ANSYS
Authors:Zhang, Lixiang (1); Liu, Shourong (1); Mao, Enrong (1); Xie, Bin (1); Li, Fuqiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Liu, S.(liushourong@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:37-44
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The reliability of a kind of drive axle housing was studied mainly in this study. The three-dimensional parametric model of the drive axle housing was established by using parametric design language of ANSYS (APDL), and then the strength and stiffness reliability were built on the basis of the interference principle of reliability. The reliability analysis of drive axle housing was discussed under the following four typical working conditions: maximum vertical force, maximum tractive force, maximum braking force and maximum lateral force. The strength and stiffness reliability under the conditions of different working were analyzed respectively. Considering the randomness and uncertainty of the design parameters, the geometry size, load and material strength were set into normal distribution (GAUS in ANSYS) and uniform distribution (UNIF in ANSYS). The Monte-Carlo sample method and stochastic finite element method were adopted to carry out the reliability analysis. A simulation cycle was equivalent to a sampling test, and the longer the simulation cycle lasted, the larger the sampling number was, and the better accurate the simulation result was. With the simulation cycle time of the four conditions of 488, 649, 928 and 488 respectively, the mean and standard deviation of equivalent stress sampling and deformation sampling were stabilized. The results mainly included the static analysis, the reliability analysis and the sensitivity analysis. Firstly, the equivalent stress contour and deformation contour of the drive axle housing under these four conditions were shown. Secondly, the strength reliability and stiffness reliability was also obtained. The strength reliability of all conditions and the stiffness reliability of maximum vertical force condition were more than 90%, and the stiffness reliability of the other three conditions was 100%. The results also showed that the strength reliability of the maximum lateral force condition and the stiffness reliability of maximum vertical force condition were the worst. The maximum vertical force condition and the maximum lateral force condition should be given priority consideration in the design process. Finally, through the sensitivity analysis results, the influence rules of design parameters on the reliability of the drive axle housing were obtained. The most important parameters included dynamic load coefficient K<inf>1</inf>, maximum vertical force of full load in the static state F, maximum tractive force P, material strength S and geometry size L, L<inf>1</inf> and D<inf>4</inf>. When the parameters of K<inf>1</inf>, F and P became larger, the reliability of the drive axle housing would turn worse. On the contrary, the reliability became higher with the increasing of S, L<inf>1</inf> and D<inf>4</inf>. Additionally, the effect of the parameter L (half of wheel track) on the reliability of the drive axle housing was more complicated. The reliability became better with the increasing L under the maximum vertical force condition and became worse under the other three working conditions. Therefore, the change of L should be strictly controlled in the design process. The research method and the analysis results can provide a theoretical guidance for the reliability design of key parts such as drive axle housing of the agricultural machinery chassis.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Reliability analysis
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Chassis - Deformation - Drive axles - Dynamic loads - Housing - Normal distribution - Sensitivity analysis - Stiffness - Strength of materials  - Three dimensional
Uncontrolled terms:Braking force - Cycle time - Design parameters - Design process - Drive axle housings - Equivalent stress - Full-load - Geometry size - Influence rule - Key parts  - Lateral force - Load coefficients - Material strength - Mean and standard deviations - MONTE CARLO - Parametric design - Parametric models - Probability design - Reliability design - research methods  - Sampling test - Static state - Stochastic finite element method - Strength and stiffness - Strength reliability - Tractive force - Uniform distribution - Vertical force - Wheel track
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 922.1 Probability Theory - 921 Mathematics - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 663.2 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20131016077813
Title:Experiment on mechanical property of seedling pot for automatic transplanter
Authors:Han, L&#252;hua (1); Mao, Hanping (1); Hu, Jianping (1); Miao, Xiaohua (1); Tian, Kunpeng (1); Yang, Xuejun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil-Plant-Machinery System Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Science, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Mao, H.(maohp@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:24-29
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Mechanical properties of bowls for cucumber plug seedlings are vital to design the picking seedling machinery of plug seedlings automatic transplanter. With cucumber as the object of plug seedling, plug seedlings were cultivated in the Venlo green house using the regular cubic tapered trays and organic soil of Zhenjiang's Peilei. When mechanical properties of bowls for cucumber plug seedlings were tested, age of plug seedling was 28 days, two cotyledons and the first central leaf were on the seedlings, and the moisture of bowls was from 54.21% to 60.47%. Tests of compression, loading-unloading and creep for cucumber plug seedlings were conducted. Test instrument was TA-XT2i analyzer, and all of test speeds were 1 mm/s. Compressive properties of bowls were tested under compression of 10 mm, which were repeated 20 times. In the loading-unloading tests, loading-unloading properties of bowls were tested under 2, 4 and 8 mm compression, respectively, which were repeated 10 times for every compression. Creep tests with 120s holding time were carried out under 2N, 4N, 6N and 8N loads to analyze creep properties of bowls, respectively, which were repeated 10 times for every load. Testing results showed that relations between capacity of resistance for compression and deformation were non-linear. The resistance capacity for compression with deformation increased slowly at first and increased significantly at last. In compression process, there was no obvious yield failure point for plug seedlings. Compression failure for plug seedlings was mainly occurred from less packing area, and then degree of fragmentation was gradually expanded. In the elastic-plastic features, with the increase of compression, the plastic strain energy E<inf>p</inf> and peak force F<inf>max</inf> increased, and the degree of elasticity r<inf>c</inf> decreased. The greater compressive deformation of bowls, the stronger plastic capacity of bowls possessed. Capacity of plastic deformation for plug seedlings is strong with a certain degree of plasticity, causing clamping bowl from both sides or around the body. Compressing creep characteristics of bowl for plug seedlings could effectively be expressed by Burgers model and corresponding viscoelastic parameters are obtained. With the increase of loading force, instantaneous modulus of elasticity E<inf>1</inf> and transmit delay T<inf>rel</inf> decreased. When the loading forces were 2N, 4N, 6N and 8N, the creep amount of bowls were 0.0244, 0.0308, 0.0446 and 0.0549 mm, respectively. Research show creep degree of different compression forces for plug seedlings is relatively smaller, which has no significant impact on fast clamping the bowl, and in other words the bowl is clamped it will not fall off because of relaxation.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Creep
Controlled terms:Elastoplasticity - Experiments - Loads (forces) - Machine design - Machinery - Mechanical properties - Plastic deformation - Soil testing - Unloading
Uncontrolled terms:Burgers model - Compression failure - Compression force - Compression process - Compressive deformations - Compressive properties - Creep characteristics - Creep degree - Creep properties - Creep tests  - Degree of plasticity - Elastic-Plastic - Failure points - Holding time - Instantaneous modulus - Loading force - Loading-unloading tests - Organic soil - Peak force - Plastic capacity  - Plug seedling - Resistance capacity - Significant impacts - Test instruments - Test speed - Visco-elastic parameters - Zhenjiang
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 901.3 Engineering Research - 674.1 Small Marine Craft - 601 Mechanical Design - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 408 Structural Design
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20131016077844
Title:Nondestructive determination for concentration of Pb and Cd in navel orange peel by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy
Authors:Zhang, Xu (1); Yao, Mingyin (1); Liu, Muhua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Optics-Electronics Application of Biomaterials Lab, College of Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
Corresponding author:Liu, M.(suikelmh@sohu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:260-265
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Toxic heavy metal cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are found in water and soil primarily due to the effluents of industrial wastewater. Primary products may be contaminated by heavy metal Cd and Pb, which are not essential elements in the human body, and may bring harm to human. In this case, it is necessary to determine Cd and Pb concentration in primary products for the evaluation of nutritional status and the optimization of the growing conditions. The traditional techniques in determining heavy metals require consumption of time and/or reagent, sample preparation as well as laboratory analysis environment. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a form of atomic emission spectroscopy based on plasma induced by focusing a laser pulse on the sample surface. LIBS has the characteristics such as multi-element analysis, direct measurement without contact with the material to be analyzed, high measuring speed, and no or less sample preparation, which make it a useful tool for rapid, real-time and in-situ measurements. Based on the huge potential of LIBS in elemental analysis, more and more researchers have begun to study the application of LIBS for analysis of agricultural products. In this experiment, the fruits of a common orange (Gannan navel orange) from Ganzhou municipality, Jiangxi Province in China were used. Because the area has better ecological and environmental quality, there is lower Cd and Pb concentration in natural oranges. To prove the feasibility of quantitatively determining Cd and Pb in Gannan navel oranges, the oranges need to be contaminated before the analysis. A LIBS experimental platform was set up in the laboratory. The laser source was a Q-switched Nd:YAG operating at 1064 nm with pulse duration of 10 ns. The spectrometer provided high spectral resolution (full wave at half maximum, FWHM 0.05 nm) in the region from 200 nm to 1100 nm. The charged-coupled device(CCD) detector was triggered with suitable delay time between the laser pulse and the acquisition of plasma emission using a digital pulse delay generator DG535. The spectra of Cd and Pb in navel oranges peel were detected by LIBS. The characteristic spectral lines of Cd and Pb were analyzed based on NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) database of USA.The optimal characteristic spectral line were 226.502 nm and 405.783 nm for Cd and Pb, respectively. The variation of signal noise ratio and intensity of spectrum with delay time and laser energy were observed. The results demonstrated that the delay time and laser energy optimized were 1300ns and 130mJ, respectively. At the same time, the real concentrations of Cd and Pb in sample peel were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).The relationships between spectral intensity and concentrations of Cd and Pb were constructed.The results showed that the correlation coefficient of calibration curves were 0.94669 and 0.96059 for Cd and Pb, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) were acquired by the models, and the results showed that the LOD were 17.375 and 22.782 &mu;g/g for Cd and Pb, respectively. The models were verified by three predictive samples. The results presented that the relative error was near to 10%.The whole experiment displayed the possibility of LIBS in analyzing heavy metals in agricultural products.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Pollution
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Atomic absorption spectrometry - Atomic emission spectroscopy - Cadmium - Calibration - Effluents - Experiments - Fruits - Laser applications - Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy  - Laser pulses - Lead - Neodymium lasers - Optimization - Spectrometers - Spectroscopy
Uncontrolled terms:1064 nm - Atomic absorption spectroscopy - Cadmiums (Cd) - Calibration curves - Characteristic spectral lines - Correlation coefficient - Delay Time - Digital pulse - Direct measurement - Environmental quality  - Essential elements - Experimental platform - Full wave at half maximums - Growing conditions - High spectral resolution - Human bodies - In-situ measurement - Industrial wastewaters - Jiangxi Province - Laboratory analysis  - Laser energies - Laser sources - Laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) - Limit of detection - Multielement analysis - National Institute of Standards and Technology - Navel orange - Navel orange peels - Nondestructive determination - Pb concentration  - Plasma emission - Plasma-induced - Primary products - Pulse durations - Q-switched - Relative errors - Sample preparation - Sample surface - Signal-noise ratio - Spectral intensity  - Toxic heavy metals - Traditional techniques
Classification code:944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.1 Mechanics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 744 Lasers - 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 546.1 Lead and Alloys - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 801 Chemistry
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20131016077810
Title:Water-saving effect under adjustment of cropping systems and optimization of water and nitrogen in high yield regions of North China
Authors:Wang, Dapeng (1); Wu, Wenliang (1); Gu, Songdong (3); Meng, Fanqiao (1); Shi, Yuefeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (2) Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Danzhou 571737, China; (3) College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agriculture University, Qingdao 266109, China
Corresponding author:Wu, W.(wuwenl@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:1-8
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Winter wheat-summer maize double cropping is an important rotation system mainly practiced in the North China Plain. Crop yield and water use efficiency in this rotation system are influenced by rainfalls. Winter wheat yield was restricted by limited precipitation and irrigation in spring. To study water-saving rotation system and measures, a 2-year field experiment was conducted in the high yield regions of the North China Plain by adjusting cropping systems and optimizing water and nitrogen management strategies. Six rotation cropping systems, including convention (Con), optimum (Opt), No-Tillage (No-T), water saving I (WS I), water saving II (WS II) and water restoration (WR), were designed to investigate the crop yield, crop water consumption and irrigation water-use efficiency. The Con treatment as CK was a double cropping system of winter wheat interplanted with summer maize, which was conducted with conventional agricultural practice. Both Opt and No-T treatments were the double cropping system of winter wheat rotated with summer maize, and conducted with water and nitrogen optimization measures. WS I and WS II treatments were the three-crops in two years system, and combined with water and nitrogen optimization measures. The former was winter wheat-summer maize-spring maize rotation and the latter was winter wheat-summer soybean-spring maize rotation. The WR treatment was one crop (spring maize) in a year system and was also conducted with water and nitrogen optimization measures. Compared with the double cropping system of winter wheat interplanted with summer maize, the system of winter wheat rotated with summer maize by water and nitrogen optimization, the results presented a high level of production and low level of crop water consumption with the irrigation water-use efficiency improved by 52%-54%. Compared with the double cropping system, either the three crops in two years system or the one crop in a year system, significantly decreased crop water consumption, improved the irrigation water-use efficiency by 58%-172% and decreased the production by 16%-27%. In conclusion, it is feasible to change the winter wheat / summer maize double cropping system into winter wheat rotated with summer maize system under water and nitrogen optimization strategies in the North China Plain. Considering the fact of severe water shortages in this region, the three-crops in two years system may be a useful mode of planting to obtain the highest possible crop yield.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Efficiency - Irrigation - Nitrogen - Optimization - Rotation - Water conservation - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural practices - Crop water consumption - Crop yield - Cropping systems - Double cropping - Field experiment - High yield - Low level - Nitrogen management strategy - No tillage  - North China - North China Plain - Optimization measures - Optimization strategy - Spring maize - Summer maize - Under water - Water - savings - Water consumption - Water restoration  - Water shortages - Water use efficiency - Water-saving - Winter wheat - Winter wheat yields - Yield
Classification code:921.5 Optimization Techniques - 913.1 Production Engineering - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 601.1 Mechanical Devices - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 444 Water Resources
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20131016077821
Title:Experiment on salt exchange between sediments and ponding water in drainage ditches of saline farmland
Authors:Pan, Yanxin (1); Luo, Wan (1); Jia, Zhonghua (1); Li, Jin (1); Chen, Yuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Northwest Key Laboratory of Water Resource and Environment Ecology, Minstry of Education, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
Corresponding author:Luo, W.(wluo@mail.xaut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:81-87
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In arid and semi-arid agricultural regions, artificial drainage is provided to maintain salt balance of the saline farmland. As a result of poor drainage outlet in some sites, salt accumulation in the drainage ditches often leads to salinity rising to a critical level that threatens ecological functions of the ditch system. Periodic flushing with fresh water has been suggested to slow down the process of salinity growth in such ditch system. But the effect of the slow moving freshwater in drainage ditches on salt balance is unclear. In order to investigate the internal mechanism of salt release in saline drainage ditches when freshwater is added, and to examine the relationship of salt exchange between sediment and the overlying water under hydrostatic condition, we conducted a laboratory study to measure spatial and temporal variations of salinity in sediment and water interface with two experimental plexiglass columns. Each column is 15 cm in (inner) diameter and 100 cm high. The column has a top cover to prevent the evaporation loss of water. Sediments were filled to 30 cm thick at the bottom and covered by a freshwater layer of 65 cm. Room temperature was kept at (15&plusmn;1)&deg;C during the experiment. The sediment salinity was measured by extracting the pore water through four sampling holes on each column wall. Electrical conductivity of the sediment pore water and the overlying water were measured every 24 hours during the monitoring period. The sediments were taken from a saline agricultural drainage ditches in Lubotan reclamation area in Shaanxi, China, where salinity elevation in the drainage ditches presents a problem to the ecological functions of the ditch system, and freshwater is available for salt flushing in the end of the irrigation season. We measured salinity variations in water and sediments in the experimental columns continuously for a period of 648 hours, then calculated salt fluxes in the water and sediment interface based on measured sediment properties. The monitoring data showed that there existed a linear salinity variation zone (or the diffusion boundary layer) within 10 cm of the sediment and water interface, salinity of water remained stable above 10 cm. The results also showed that salt diffusion within the boundary layer slowed the salt release from the sediment, and the slowing effect increased with the thickness of the boundary layer. Flux calculation results showed that salt fluxes released from the sediment can be predicted with a power function, i.e., salt fluxes decreased rapidly initially and then stabilized with time. Observed salinity change in sediment indicates that salt release through molecular diffusion only in drainage ditches is a slow process, which may have only limited impact on salt balance in drainage ditches when the flushing water moves slowly. And hydrodynamic dispersion is required to speed up release of salt from the ditch sediment in order to remove accumulated salts in the drainage ditches in saline environment.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Sediments
Controlled terms:Boundary layers - Drainage - Ecology - Electric conductivity - Experiments - Farms - Hydrodynamics - Saline water - Salinity measurement - Salts  - Sedimentology - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:24 hours - Agricultural drainage - Column walls - Critical level - Diffusion boundary-layers - Diffusive boundary layers - Ditch sediments - Drainage ditches - Drainage outlet - Ecological functions  - Electrical conductivity - Evaporation loss - Flux calculations - Fresh Water - Hydrodynamic dispersions - Hydrostatic conditions - Laboratory studies - Molecular diffusion - Monitoring periods - Overlying water  - Pore waters - Power functions - Reclamation areas - Room temperature - Saline environment - Saline farmland - Salinity change - Salinity variations - Salt accumulations - Salt balances  - Salt diffusion - Salt flux - Sediment interface - Sediment pore water - Sediment properties - Semi arid - Spatial and temporal variation - Speed up - Water interface
Classification code:502 Mines and Quarry Equipment and Operations - 631.2 Hydrodynamics - 651.1 Aerodynamics, General - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 401 Bridges and Tunnels - 406 Highway Engineering - 442 Flood Control; Land Reclamation - 444 Water Resources - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1 Geology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20131016077832
Title:Extraction algorithms and applications of pig body size measurement points based on computer vision
Authors:Liu, Tonghai (1); Teng, Guanghui (1); Fu, Weisen (1); Li, Zhuo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
Corresponding author:Teng, G.(futong@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:161-168
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:It is an essential task to obtain the pig's body size and its weight without stress in the animal welfare farming. In this paper, a new method is proposed which can be applied to calculate pig body width and body length with no stress, and further to estimate the pig body weight. First, an on-line camera as the image acquisition device was used to acquire the back image and the background image of the 120 days old Landrace sow in a local pig farm. The acquired image size is 704 pixels &times;576 pixels in the pixel coordinate system. In light of the site conditions of pig house, the background information is removed via arithmetic operation based on gray process of the pig body image and the background image. And image noise is removed by the median filtering method, and detailed porcine somatic information is obtained. Then, the pig body image's segmentation threshold is determined using dynamic threshold method, and the binary image is acquired; After calculating the number and the area of connected regions, the other pigs which may exist in the imaging area get removed via maximum ordinate-area method. Finally, the individual pig contour is extracted through the Canny edge detection algorithm. Because of the interference of the pig head and tail regions with the body size extraction, the identification algorithm aiming at removing head and tail regions in the image is designed, and the data envelopment analysis is used in the algorithm, based on the distance between the body contour and the envelope line, the pig body contour with the head and tail removed is finally obtained. After that, with account of the traditional measuring positions of individual body size, the extraction algorithm for extracting the individual body size with a certain complex curvature is further designed by obtaining the coordinate values of measuring points. The algorithm stability and the extraction accuracy of the verification were tested using 9 different pig images. The result shows that the identification accuracy of pig body size measuring points is 100%, the detection accuracy of the pig body length is high, and the average relative error of the detection values and measured values is 0.92%; The average relative error of abdominal body width is 1.39%, and the average relative errors of shoulder width and hip width are 2.75% and 3.03%, respectively. Overall, the algorithm has a better detection effect for pig body size, and it is stable with better robustness.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Mammals
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Anthropometry - Computer vision - Cultivation - Data envelopment analysis - Edge detection - Extraction - Image processing - Image segmentation - Pixels  - Vaporization
Uncontrolled terms:Acquisition device - Algorithm stability - Animal welfare - Arithmetic operations - Average relative error - Background image - Background information - Body contours - Body image - Body sizes  - Body weight - Canny edge detection - Co-ordinate system - Connected region - Detection accuracy - Detection effect - Detection value - Dynamic threshold - Envelope line - Envelopment analysis  - Extraction accuracy - Extraction algorithms - Identification accuracy - Identification algorithms - Image noise - Landrace - Measured values - Measuring points - Median filtering - Pig  - Pig farms - Pig house - Segmentation threshold - Site conditions
Classification code:922 Statistical Methods - 921 Mathematics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 461.3 Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20131016077811
Title:Path tracking of mobile robots for greenhouse spraying controlled by sliding mode variable structure
Authors:Niu, Xuemei (1); Gao, Guoqin (1); Bao, Zhida (1); Zhou, Haiyan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Corresponding author:Niu, X.(niuxm@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:9-16
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to solve the bad effects of the complex unstructured environment of intensive planting, ground obstacles and spatial disorders on the trajectory tracking control precision of the spraying mobile robot working in greenhouse environment, a sliding mode control scheme was proposed to guarantee system robustness to uncertain parameters and external disturbances. Meanwhile, a novel weighed integral gain reaching law was introduced to solve the inherent chattering problem of sliding mode control, which can be freely controlled with the introduced law. Moreover, the asymptotical stability of the closed loop system was proved by Lyapunov function. The simulation and experimental results showed that adopting the proposed control method, the angular velocity of driving motor for mobile robot can reach the desired value in 0.015 s and the output signal of controller was smooth with the maximal amplitude of 0.02 V. Since the weighed integral gain reaching law included the absolute value of integral for switching function, when switching function approached zero, the gain of switching term converged to zero, while when the state of the system was not on the sliding mode surface, the integral weighted coefficient was negative which can effectively avoid switching gain increasing, smooth control was achieved. The straight-line walking test showed that the mobile robot can successfully eliminate lateral deviation, and can make the actual trajectory near to the desired route in the shortest time. So, it can avoid serious overlap and missing spraying phenomena in the work area. The research results provide a reference for precision spraying the greenhouse crops.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Mobile robots
Controlled terms:Closed loop control systems - Closed loop systems - Greenhouses - Lyapunov functions - Robots - Sliding mode control - Surface discharges - Switching functions
Uncontrolled terms:Absolute values - Asymptotical stability - Chattering problems - Control methods - Driving motors - External disturbances - Greenhouse crops - Greenhouse environment - Integral gain - Lateral deviation  - Output signal - Path tracking - Reaching law - Research results - Sliding mode surface - Sliding mode variable structure - Sliding modes - Smooth control - Spatial disorder - Switching gain  - Switching terms - System robustness - Trajectory tracking control - Uncertain parameters - Unstructured environments - Weighted coefficients
Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20131016077816
Title:HC emission characteristics of heavy vehicle equipped with lean-burn natural gas engine
Authors:Li, Na (1); Zhang, Qiang (1); Shao, Sidong (3); Li, Guoxiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Energy and power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China; (2) School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (3) Weichai Power Co., Ltd, Weifang 261001, China
Corresponding author:Li, G.(liguox@sdu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:45-51
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to provide emission performance basic data and find a method of controlling hydrocarbon (HC) emissions of the lean-burn natural gas engine, a turbocharged inter-cooled heavy vehicle natural gas engine was studied experimentally to investigate the regularity and influence factors of HC emission. The research was carried on a 6 cylinder turbocharged inter-cooled heavy vehicle natural gas engine. The cylinder diameter of the tested engine is 126 mm, the stroke is 130 mm, the compression ratio is 11 and the rated speed is 2000 r/min. The intake mode of the engine is intake duct single point electronic controlled injection with supercharge and intercooler. The engine indicator diagram, HC emissions and coefficient of excess air were collected in three different kinds of ignition advance angle cases. The experimental results were statistically analyzed. The method of contrast test was adopted to study the effects of engine speed, engine load rate and ignition advance angle on indicator diagram, heat release rate and HC emission performance of the heavy lean-burn natural gas engine. The combustion heat release rate of external characteristic and load characteristic was analyzed, the proportion of CH<inf>4</inf> to THC (total hydrocarbon) and the effect of running conditions on the proportion for the intake duct single point electronic controlled injection lean-burn natural gas engine were specially investigated. The experimental results show that the combustion duration period based on the calculation of crank angle is lengthened along with the increase of speed when running at external characteristic. The rapid combustion period based on the calculation of crank angle increases from 28&deg; to 41&deg; when the speed increases from 1000 to 2000 r/min. The combustion duration period shortens with the increase of load at a certain speed. The rapid combustion period shortens from 52&deg; to 41&deg; in the range of 0 to 100% load rate at the speed of 2000 r/min. More than 95% of THC is CH<inf>4</inf> when the engine running at external characteristic because of the CH<inf>4</inf> leakage phenomenon existing in the scavenging process. The emissions of HC at middle and high speed are more than that at low speed when the engine running at external characteristic. The HC emissions rise with the increase of ignition advance angle. The effect of ignition advance angle on HC discharge at large torque speed is the most significant. The HC emissions increase with the improvement of load in the range of speed from 1000 to 2000 r/min, and the ratio of CH<inf>4</inf> to THC rises with the increase of load at rated speed. For this engine a large proportion of CH<inf>4</inf> discharge comes from CH<inf>4</inf> leakage existing in the scavenging process, so the optimization of the valve timing and proper reduction of the valve overlap angle through designing new cam profile can be adopted to decrease the leakage of CH<inf>4</inf> and then to control the HC emissions of the heavy vehicle natural gas engine. Simulating combustion chambers with different structural parameters by 3D numerical simulation technique and optimizing combustion chamber pit depth, diameter and the squish area can improve the in-cylinder turbulent kinetic energy and increase the burning rate, and then effectively control the engine emissions. Appropriately increasing the compression ratio and increasing the lean burn degree can control the HC emissions and ensure the economy. In addition, refining the calibration of the ignition advance angle according to real-time acquisition of emission data can reduce HC emissions. The study provides a theoretical basis to control HC emissions of the turbocharged inter-cooled single point injection vehicle lean-burn natural gas engine.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Gas engines
Controlled terms:Combustion - Combustion chambers - Computational fluid dynamics - Ducts - Emission control - Engine cylinders - Engines - Hydrocarbon refining - Hydrocarbons - Kinetics  - Natural gas - Optimization - Scavenging - Speed - Testing - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:3-D numerical simulation - Burning rate - Cam profile - Combustion duration - Combustion heat - Contrast tests - Crank angle - Cylinder diameters - Electronic controlled injection - Emission data  - Emission performance - Engine emission - Engine load - Engine speed - Excess air - External characteristic - HC emissions - Heat Release Rate (HRR) - Heavy vehicle - High Speed  - Ignition advance angle - Indicator diagram - Intake ducts - Intercooled - Intercoolers - Large torque - Lean-burn - Load characteristics - Load rate - Low speed  - Overlap angle - Pit depths - Real time acquisition - Running conditions - Scavenging process - Single point - Speed increase - Structural parameter - Total hydrocarbons - Turbulent kinetic energy  - Valve timing
Classification code:931.1 Mechanics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 654.2 Rocket Engines - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 612 Engines - 522 Gas Fuels - 521.1 Fuel Combustion - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 432 Highway Transportation - 423.2 Non Mechanical Properties of Building Materials: Test Methods
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20131016077846
Title:Technology optimization for preparation of banana juice by combining composite enzymatic hydrolysis with high hydrostatic pressure
Authors:Bai, Yongliang (1); Yuan, Genliang (2); Du, Bing (1); Zhang, Quankai (1); Yang, Gongming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) By-health Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510663, China
Corresponding author:Yang, G.(ygm@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:273-279
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Dajiao is an excellent potential raw material for industrial banana procession. Musa ABB group Dongguang dajiao was used as raw material to prepare banana juice. In order to increase yield and improve the quality of banana juice, composite enzymatic hydrolysis (Unikpectinase FM, containing cellulase, pectinase, glucanase, xylanase) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing with highly effective bactericidal effect were introduced in the preparation of Dajiao juice. The combined technique can keep the original flavor, color and nutritional components. Moreover it showed low energy consumption and non-pollution to the environment. Firstly, the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were obtained by orthogonal design with the juice rate as the index, every measuring datum was repeated 3 times and an average was applied. Secondly, banana juice prepared by the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions was processed by HHP, respectively in 0.1 (untreated control group), 150, 300 and 450 MPa for 10 min. The effects of different pressure treatments on the colour, browning degree and colony count of banana juice were studied. According to the results of orthogonal experiment and considering the demand of practical production, the optimum conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis were as follows: the enzyme amount 0.025%, time 1.5h, temperature 35&deg;C, pH value 4, and the juice yield under these optimum conditions was 81.6%. HHP had a very good protective effect on the color of Dajiao juice. The bactericidal effect was improved with the increase of the pressure level. After the treatment of HHP at 450 MPa for 10 min, the count of total bacteria was decreased to 10 cfu/mL by 90.25%. The aroma components in banana juice before and after HHP treatment were analyzed by combining solid phase micro extraction (SPME) with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method, investigating the changes of the aroma components. The data were subjected to analysis of variance using the SPSS1.7.3. Statistical significance was defined as p&lt;0.05. After HHP treatment, the aldehydes content was decreased significantly and the alkenes content was increased significantly in banana juice. HHP treatment induced little on the overall aroma perception of banana juice. This study provides a new way for deep-processing of banana.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Aldehydes - Bactericides - Color - Energy utilization - Enzymatic hydrolysis - Enzymes - Gas chromatography - High pressure effects - Hydrostatic pressure - Olefins  - Optimization - Processing - Quality control
Uncontrolled terms:Abb groups - Aroma components - Bactericidal effects - Banana - Banana juice - Colony counts - Combined techniques - Different pressures - Enzymatic hydrolysis conditions - Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry  - Glucanase - High hydrostatic pressure - Juice yield - Low energy consumption - Measuring data - Optimum conditions - Orthogonal design - Orthogonal experiment - Pectinases - pH value  - Practical production - Pressure level - Protective effects - Solid phase micro extraction - Statistical significance - Technology optimization - Total bacteria - Untreated control - Xylanases
Classification code:931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 913.4 Manufacturing - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 801 Chemistry - 741.1 Light/Optics - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20131016077824
Title:Suitability assessment on spatial layout of pumping wells in Hongyashan irrigation district
Authors:Liu, Xin (1); Wang, Sufen (1); Hao, Xinmei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Wang, S.(wwwsf71@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:101-109
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The suitability assessment on spatial layout of pumping wells in irrigation district plays a vital role in optimizing the layout of pumping wells and properly exploiting groundwater in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, suitability assessment on spatial layout of pumping wells was conducted in Hongyashan Irrigation District of Shiyang River Basin. Variables of land resources (land use), hydrogeological conditions (groundwater depth, aquifer thickness, water yield of a well, and groundwater salinity), and infrastructure construction (density of pumping wells, buffer zone between canal and water systems, and buffer zone of roads) were selected as the evaluation indices of pumping wells planning. A layer was created for each evaluation index and the layers were then overlaid by the intersect function of Arc GIS. The study area was classified into 366 evaluation units in which those indices had the same or similar values within single unit. The weights of evaluation indices and the comprehensive evaluation values of evaluation units were calculated by the Entropy method. The results showed that among all the factors considered, groundwater depth and water yield of a well were the most important two factors influencing the spatial layout of wells in Hongyashan Irrigation District as the two indices had relatively large spatial variability, while the influences of aquifer thickness, distance to canal and water systems, and closeness to roads were relatively small due to less spatial variability. According to the comprehensive evaluation value of each unit, the study area was classified into five levels of suitability for spatial layout of pumping wells: unsuitable, marginally suitable, moderately suitable, suitable and highly suitable zones. Areas with deep underground depth and small water yield of a well tended to be classified as less suitable zones, while areas with shallow underground depth and large water yield of a well tended to be classified as suitable zones. The unsuitable, marginally suitable and moderately suitable zone accounted for 19.33%, 24.33% and 46.61% of the available land resources, respectively, which combined represented more than 90% of the available land resources. By contrast, the suitable and highly suitable zones occupied much less land, only 7.33% and 2.40%, respectively. According to the research results, the pumping wells should be constructed in the areas with shallow underground depth and large water yield of a well. If the policy of abandoning pumping wells will be implemented in the future, the wells located in those areas classified in this study as less suitable zones should be closed first. The study provides some valuable references for optimizing the layout of pumping wells in the irrigation district.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Well pumps
Controlled terms:Abandoned wells - Aquifers - Arid regions - Entropy - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Hydraulic structures - Hydrogeology - Irrigation - Models  - Natural resources - Optimization - Waterworks
Uncontrolled terms:Aquifer thickness - Arc GIS - Arid and semi-arid regions - Buffer zones - Comprehensive evaluation - Entropy methods - Evaluation index - Ground water depths - Groundwater salinities - Hydrogeological conditions  - Infrastructure construction - Irrigation districts - Land resources - Pumping well - Research results - Shiyang river basins - Spatial layout - Spatial variability - Study areas - Suitability assessment  - Water system - Water yield
Classification code:921.5 Optimization Techniques - 501 Exploration and Prospecting - 512 Petroleum and Related Deposits - 611 Hydroelectric and Tidal Power Plants - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 481.1 Geology - 446 Waterworks - 444.2 Groundwater - 444 Water Resources - 443 Meteorology - 441 Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development - 446.1 Water Supply Systems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20131016077841
Title:Effects of anaerobic co-digestion of different proportions between rice straw and chicken manure on biogas yield rate
Authors:Li, Dong (1); Ye, Jingqing (1); Zhen, Feng (1); Wang, Yao (1); Sun, Yongming (1); Li, Lianhua (1); Yuan, Zhenhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy and Gas Hydrate Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Y.(sunym@ms.giec.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:232-238
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Energy and Gas Hydrate Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China) Abstract: For anaerobic digestion of straws, current researches mainly focus on pretreatment of materials, improvement of reactor or process and regulation of nutrition. Traditionally, adding chemicals such as urea or ammonium bicarbonate was employed in nutritional regulation. Co-digestion of straws with other nitrogen-rich materials is a feasible method for nutritional regulation. Chicken manure is a kind of nitrogen-rich material with C/N below 15:1. In order to obtain the optimal proportion of raw materials for anaerobic co-digestion of rice straws and chicken manure, anaerobic batch co-digestions of rice straws (C/N 47.5) and chicken manures (C/N 11.2) were carried out in anaerobic bottles of 2.5 L at initial volatile solid (VS) concentration of 6% at 37&deg;C. The effects of rice straws and chicken manures VS ratio (0:1, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 1:0) on anaerobic digestion were investigated. The pH value, volatile fatty acids and ammonia concentrations were monitored to estimate the stability of process. The actual methane yield and the ratio of actual methane yield to theoretical methane yield were both used to evaluate the efficiency of anaerobic co-digestion. The C/N of five kinds of mixed substrates was 11.2, 14.8, 17.8, 22.4 and 47.5. Theoretical methane yields based on volatile solid were 381.88, 365.61, 357.47, 349.83 and 333.06 mL/g respectively. The results showed that there were no inhibition of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia for all digestions with pH of 6.8~8.2. The maximum concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen were 1958, 2480, 2576 and 2600 mg/L. Compared with mono-digestion of rice straws or chicken manures, co-digestion can significantly increase biogas and methane yields. Methane yields based on volatile solid were 212.43, 240.45, 250.28, 206.09 and 178.03 mL/g for VS ratio of 0:1, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 1:0. Methane yields based on total solid were 343.98, 411.85, 446.19, 371.09 and 293.58 mL/g. Average methane volume fractions were 58.8%, 50.5%, 50.8%, 49.2% and 50.1% respectively. When C/N of mixed substrates were between 11.2-47.5, the ratio of actual value and theoretical value (Ya/Ym) was increased and then decreased for biogas and methane yields with maximum Ya/Ym at C/N of 17.8. For engineering application, the rice straws and chicken manures VS ration of 1:1 or C/N of 17.8 for mixed materials was recommended. And designed retention time and biogas yield based on volatile solid were 23 d and 446 mL/g.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Acetic acid - Ammonia - Animals - Biogas - Fertilizers - Gas hydrates - Manures - Methane - Nitrogen - pH  - Urea - Volatile fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:Ammonia concentrations - Ammonia nitrogen - Anaerobic co-digestion - Biogas and methanes - C/N - Chicken manure - Chinese Academy of Sciences - Codigestion - Different proportions - Engineering applications  - Guangzhou - Maximum concentrations - Methane Yield - Mixed materials - Mixed substrates - pH value - Pre-Treatment - Retention time - Rice straws - Stability of process  - Theoretical values - Total solids - Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) - Volatile solid - Yield rates
Classification code:821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 814 Leather and Tanning - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 822 Food Technology - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 461.9 Biology - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 522 Gas Fuels
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20131016077820
Title:Soil hydraulic conductivity affected by slight saline water irrigation in North China
Authors:Li, Fahu (1); Yan, Hong (1); Pang, Changle (2); Xia, Qiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Li, F.(lifahu@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:73-80
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The area irrigated with slight saline groundwater increases in North China because of fresh water shortage. The effects of salt concentration and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) in irrigation water on saturated hydraulic conductivity of nonsodic (exchangeable sodium percentage ESP&asyum;0) and sodic (ESP&asyum;30) soils in North China were studied by soil column experiments in laboratory. The designed salt concentrations in irrigation water were 2.5, 10, and 25 mmol<inf>c</inf>/L, and its SARs were 0, 10, and 30 (mmol<inf>c</inf>/L)^0.5, respectively. Irrigation with distilled water (salt concentration&asyum;0) also was conducted as a control treatment. The experiments included 2 soil sodicity levels, 9 irrigation water qualities, and one distilled water treatment, and total experimental treatments were 20. Experimental results demonstrated that saturated hydraulic conductivities of nonsodic soil on surface layers were significantly bigger than those on lower soil layers, in which they were similar to each other, under slight saline water leaching. Saturated hydraulic conductivities of sodic soil at various depths were closely related to salt concentration and SAR level in leaching water. The saturated hydraulic conductivities at various soil depths were small (0.04-0.10 cm/h) when sodic soil was leached with SAR of 30 (mmol<inf>c</inf>/L)^0.5 and salt concentration of 2.5 mmol<inf>c</inf>/L, however they were significantly increased (0.8-2.5 cm/h) when salt concentration in leaching water increased to 25 mmol<inf>c</inf>/L at the same SAR level. Meanwhile, the saturated hydraulic conductivities on upper soil layers were significantly bigger that those on lower layers. The results indicated that the response mechanism and degree of nonsodic soil to slight saline water irrigation were different, and the dispersion degree of nonsodic soil was bigger than that of sodic soil under same irrigation water quality. When the degree of clay dispersion was weak, saturated hydraulic conductivities on upper soil layers were significantly greater than those on lower layers. When salt concentration in leaching water was 25 mmol<inf>c</inf>/L, averaged saturated hydraulic conductivity of nonsodic soil significantly decreased with the increase of SAR level in leaching water, but the variation tendency did not exist when salt concentrations were 2.5 and 10 mmol<inf>c</inf>/L. Average saturated hydraulic conductivity of sodic soil decreased with the increased SAR level or decreased salt concentration in leaching water, but it was not obviously affected by salt concentration when SAR level in leaching water was 0. Generally, the variation extent of averaged saturated hydraulic conductivity of nonsodic soil over the whole soil columns was 0.75-13.25 cm/h, and that of sodic soil was 0.06-6.50 cm/h under all tested water qualities. Steady saturated hydraulic conductivity of sodic soil increased with the increased salt concentration or/and decreased SAR in leaching water, but that of nonsodic soil basically decreased with the increased salt concentration or/and decreased SAR in leaching water. This research result can provide references for arranging a reasonable irrigation scheme about slight saline groundwater on nonsodic and sodic soils.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Dispersions - Experiments - Groundwater - Hydraulic conductivity - Irrigation - Leaching - Salts - Water quality - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Clay dispersion - Control treatments - Dispersion degree - Distilled water - Exchangeable sodium percentages - Fresh Water - Irrigation schemes - Irrigation water quality - Irrigation waters - Leaching waters  - North China - Research results - Response mechanisms - Saline groundwater - Saline water irrigations - Salt concentration - Saturated hydraulic conductivity - Sodic soil - Sodium adsorption ratio - Soil column  - Soil depth - Soil hydraulic conductivity - Soil layer - Soil sodicity - Soil-column experiment - Surface layers - Variation tendencies - Water leaching
Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 632.1 Hydraulics - 951 Materials Science - 533.1 Ore Treatment - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 444.2 Groundwater - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20131016077840
Title:Effects of spraying cooling on open beef cattle barn in Southern China
Authors:Ding, Luyu (1); Wang, Meizhi (3); Chen, Zhaohui (3); Liu, Jijun (3); Yang, Shitang (5); Zhou, Junsheng (6)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resource and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (3) College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (4) State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (5) Gao'an Yufeng Agriculture Co., Ltd, Gao'an 330800, China; (6) Beijing Golong Animal Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100193, China
Corresponding author:Liu, J.(liujijun@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:224-231
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To evaluate the cooling effect of spraying combined with fan on the performance of beef cattle. Two breedings of beef cattle were tested in this study (Simmental Crossbred and Jinjiang Yellow Cattle ) and they were housed in open beeflot barn in Southern China. Fans and spraying were operated during 8:00-24:00 and 10:00-19:00, respectively. Spraying ran intermittently with 5 min on and 10 min off, and fans ran continuously. Data of evaluation index such as environmental factors, rectal temperature (Tr), respiration rate (RR) and daily weight gain (DG) were collected. Temperature-humidity-velocity index (THVI), heat load index (HLI) and accumulated heat load (AHL) were calculated to estimate the effects of climatic variable and heat accumulation. The results showed that, compared with the control barn, the average air temperature was lower by 2.1&deg;C(P&lt;0.01), the THVI was lower by 3.2&deg;C (P&lt;0.01) and the HLI was lower by 4.3 (P&lt;0.05) in treatment barn during spraying running period, while the relative humidity was higher by 5.8% (P&lt;0.01). For the Simmental Crossbred, cooling by fans combined with spraying can reduce its rectal temperature and respiration rate during 10:00-18:00 by 0.5&deg;C (P&lt;0.01) and 11 breaths per minute (P&lt;0.01), respectively. Also, its accumulated heat load were relieved while there was no significant effect on its daily weight gain. For Jinjiang Yellow Cattle, the applying of cooling system reduced its respiration rate by 14 breaths per minute (P&lt;0.01) and increased its daily weight gain by 27.5% at 0.19 kg per day (P&lt;0.05). The effects on heat accumulation for Jinjiang Yellow Cattle was not clear because there were no heat accumulation both in treatment and control barns.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Heating
Controlled terms:Cooling - Fans - Farm buildings - Meats - Spraying - Thermal load
Uncontrolled terms:Average air temperature - Beef cattle - Climatic variables - Cooling effects - Environmental factors - Evaluation index - Heat accumulation - Load index - Open beeflot barn - Respiration rate  - Southern China - Weight gain
Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 618.3 Blowers and Fans - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 643.1 Space Heating - 813.1 Coating Techniques - 822.3 Food Products
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20131016077812
Title:Kinematics transmission analysis on anthropopathic mechanical leg based on spatial model technique
Authors:Li, Yanbiao (1); Liu, Yi (1); Zhao, Zhangfeng (1); Li, Jingmin (1); Ji, Shiming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
Corresponding author:Li, Y.(lybrory@zjut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:17-23
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to make up for the deficiencies of the anthropopathic robots structure and improve its popularity and adaptability, a novel anthropopathic mechanical leg was proposed, and its kinematics transmission analysis was discussed in detail. First of all, the inverse position equations and kinematics transmission equations for the anthropopathic mechanical leg were derived analytically. Then the evaluation indicator of kinematics transmission properties and global performance indicator of kinematics transmission properties for the thigh and calf of anthropopathic mechanical legs were defined based on the position and kinematics analysis. Finally the kinematics atlases were analyzed using the spatial model technique, and the effects of the parameters on the global performance indicator of kinematics transmission were given in the limited space coordinate system. The research results of the kinematics analysis showed that, with the parameters closer to the intermediate value, the evaluation indicator value of global velocity transmission was better; with the increase of the length of rod WE, ED and O<inf>1</inf>D, the evaluation indicator value of global angle velocity transmission was better; with the decrease of the length of rod OC, BC, DO<inf>1</inf> and GH, the evaluation indicator value of global angle velocity transmission was better. The study provides a reference for the parameter optimization and application of the anthropopathic mechanical legs.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Transmissions
Controlled terms:Anthropomorphic robots - Benchmarking - Fiber optic sensors - Kinematics - Mechatronics
Uncontrolled terms:Anthropopathic mechanical legs - Evaluation indicators - Global angles - Global performance - Index atlases - Kinematics analysis - Limited space - Parameter optimization - Position equations - Research results  - Space models - Spatial models - Transmission analysis - Transmission equation - Transmission property
Classification code:931.1 Mechanics - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 732.2 Control Instrumentation - 731.5 Robotics - 608 Mechanical Engineering, General - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20131016077848
Title:Effects of coagulation methods on quality of cream cheese
Authors:Chen, Na (1); Liu, Xianting (1); Ding, Qingbo (2); Wang, Fang (1); Luo, Jie (1); Ren, Fazheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Nutrition and Health Research Institute, China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Corporation, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Ren, F.(renfazheng@263.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:287-291
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:As a kind of fresh cheese spread, spreadability is one of the most important textural properties of cream cheese. Renneting and acidification, as two important coagulation methods, have significant effects on spread ability. There have been great advances in understanding of the effects of acid or rennet induced coagulation on the spreadability of cream cheese, whereas less is understood about how combination of acid and rennet affects its spreadability. So the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of combined acid and rennet on the spread ability of cream cheese. Combined with texture profile analysis (TPA) and rheological technique, we investigated the effects of coagulation methods on chemical compositions, cheese yield and the spreadability of cream cheese. The coagulation methods in this research included strictly acidification with no rennet (NR), strictly renneting with no acid (NA) and combined acid and rennet with different acidification degrees, rennet with lower acid (RLA), rennet with medium acid (RMA) and rennet with higher acid (RHA). Cream cheeses with pH values near the isoelectric point exhibited higher moisture, lower fat and protein than those with higher pH values. With combination of acid and rennet, as the cutting pH rising from 4.6 to 6.1, the content of fat and protein in cheese were increased, while the water content was decreased to 47.75%. These results confirmed the remarkable effect of coagulation methods on the composition of cream cheese. On the other hand, coagulation methods also affected the cheese yield and component recoveries. In the rennet or combined acid and rennet induced cheese, there was a significant increase in the yield and component recoveries. In contrast acid-induced cream cheese had lower yield and component recoveries. This could arise from the different changes in the interactions between the casein micelles as a result of rennet and acid action in two ways. Eventually, coagulation methods changed the spreadability. RHA with the lowest shear work (19.23N&middots) and yield stress (195.67 Pa) has especially remarkable in spreadability. It was found that rennet-induced cream cheese had higher hardness and was the most difficult to spread. Acid-induced cream cheese had medium spreadability. With the decrease of pH, cream cheese with a combination of acid and rennet coagulation had moderate hardness, smoother texture and was easier to spread. These results may be attributed to the complex interparticle forces in combination of acid and rennet gels. In rennet gels, casein micelles bond together through hydrophobic and Ca²-bridging interactions while the aggregating particles coagulate through attractive interactions in the acid gels. So the forces in combination of acid and rennet gels would be different from these strictly acid or rennet gels. For the RHA gels in our research, it formed special structure with the interactions which may contain hydrophobic, Ca²-bridging and attractive interactions. Rennet with higher acid (RHA) was the best way to produce cream cheese for better spreadability. Apparently, with the coagulation method of combined rennet and acid, the spreadability of cream cheese could be significantly improved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Cheeses
Controlled terms:Acidification - Agglomeration - Calcium - Casein - Coagulation - Gels - Hardness - Hydrophobicity - Micelles - pH  - Proteins - Quality control - Recovery - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:Acidification degrees - Attractive interactions - Bridging interactions - Casein micelles - Cheese yields - Chemical compositions - Component recovery - Cream cheese - Effects of acid - Interparticle force  - Iso-electric points - Lower acids - pH value - Rennet coagulation - Rennet gels - Renneting - Rheological technique - Special structure - Spreadability - Textural properties  - Texture profile analysis - Two ways
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 933 Solid State Physics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 822.3 Food Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 801.3 Colloid Chemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20131016077837
Title:Automatic counting for trapped urediospores of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici based on image processing
Authors:Li, Xiaolong (1); Ma, Zhanhong (1); Sun, Zhenyu (1); Wang, Haiguang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Corresponding author:Wang, H.(wanghaiguang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:199-206
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Using spore traps to capture the airborne plant pathogen spores in the fields is a key means to monitor the pathogen amount. It is of great significance for forecasting and management decision-making of airborne plant diseases. Currently, the traditional microscopic spore counting method is usually used to count the trapped spores. Due to the great number of the trapped spores, this method is time-consuming and labor consumptive, and often leads to a great error. To find out a method for automatic counting of in-field trapped pathogen spores and improve accuracy and efficiency of spore counting, urediospores of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritic, the causal agent of wheat stripe rust, was trapped (via indoor simulation) using transparent tapes, glass slides with vaseline and Eppendorf centrifuge tubes in this study. And then the images of the trapped spores were acquired using a microscope camera. Finally, using MATLAB software, the urediospores were automatically counted and marked through a series of image processing including image zooming using the nearest neighbor interpolation method, image segmentation using K_means clustering algorithm, morphological image modification and watershed image segmentation. The satisfactory results for counting the trapped spores were obtained after processing the spore images acquired by using the three kinds of simulation methods. The average counting accuracy for the urediospores of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici trapped on transparent tapes, glass slides with vaseline and in Eppendorf centrifuge tubes was 98.5%, 98.7% and 99.9%, respectively. Average counting accuracy for the urediospores of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici mixed with the conidia of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, which could cause wheat powdery mildew, was 99.8%. The research provided a simple, fast, accurate and efficient method for automatic counting of in-field trapped pathogen spores.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Pathogens
Controlled terms:Centrifuges - Clustering algorithms - Crops - Disasters - Fungi - Glass - Image processing - Image segmentation - MATLAB - Tubes (components)
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic counting - Centrifuge tubes - Glass slides - Image zooming - In-field - Indoor simulation - Management decision-making - Matlab- software - Microscope cameras - Morphological images  - Nearest neighbor interpolation - Plant disease - Plant pathogen - Powdery mildew - Puccinia striiformis - Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici - Simulation - Spore traps - Stripe rust - Watershed image segmentation
Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 812.3 Glass - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 741.1 Light/Optics - 921 Mathematics - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 484 Seismology - 461.9 Biology - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20131016077825
Title:Methane emission and its relationship with soil temperature and moisture during rice growth in film mulching upland rice field in South China
Authors:Liu, Fang (1); Li, Tian'an (1); Fan, Xiaolin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Fertilizer Science and Balanced Fertilization Research Laboratory, College of Nature Resource And Environment Science, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) Xi'an Yongchun Ecological Environment Construction Company Limited, Xi'an 710024, China
Corresponding author:Fan, X.(xlfan@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:110-116
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To investigate methane fluxes in traditional paddy field and film mulching upland for late rice growth in South China, field experiment were conducted and gas sampling the closed-chamber technique were applied. The methane cumulative fluxes and global warming potential (GWP) from film mulching upland and traditional paddy field during rice growth were compared to estimate the contribution of methane fluxes from film mulching upland to greenhouse effect. Soil samples in 0-20 cm layer were collected to measure the soil water content (w/w). The thermometer was buried at 5cm soil depth in closed-chamber for gas sampling after rice transplanting. Soil temperature was obtained by the thermometer when methane was sampled. The relationships of soil moisture and soil temperature with methane fluxes were studied. Results showed that methane emitted were concentrated during the vegetative growth stage of rice both paddy field and film mulching upland. However methane emission in paddy field concentrated in former 35 days after rice transplanting with methane cumulative flux of 14779.97 mg/m². Methane emission in film mulching upland concentrated in former 25 days after rice transplanting with methane cumulative flux of 2372.27 mg/m². The percentage of CH<inf>4</inf> cumulative flux in emission peak period and total cumulative flux in the paddy field and film mulching upland were 72% and 97%, respectively. Methane fluxes in film mulching upland were significantly lower than that in traditional paddy fields. Methane cumulative flux in film mulching upland declined by 88% compared to paddy field due to the fact maximum emission peak reduced and the emission peak period shortened. The GWP (CO<inf>2</inf> equivalent fluxes) of methane was 468.72 g/m² in paddy field, but 56.48 g/m² in film mulching upland. Thus the contribution of methane fluxes to greenhouse effect in film mulching upland was lower than that in paddy field. Soil temperature and soil moisture at 5 cm soil depth had significant positive correlation with methane fluxes during the rice growth stage, respectively. The area of methane flux more than 1.0 mg&middotm^-2&middoth^-1 existed in the area of the soil water content (w/w) higher than 36.25%, and few methane in both paddy field and film mulching upland was emitted when soil water content was less than 36.25%.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Methane
Controlled terms:Carbon dioxide - Film growth - Global warming - Greenhouse effect - Landforms - Moisture - Soil moisture - Soils - Temperature - Thermometers
Uncontrolled terms:Closed chambers - Emission peaks - Field experiment - Film mulching - Gas sampling - Global warming potential - Maximum emissions - Methane emissions - Methane fluxes - Paddy fields  - Positive correlations - Rice - Rice fields - Rice growths - Soil depth - Soil sample - Soil temperature - Soil water content - South China - Vegetative growth
Classification code:944.5 Temperature Measuring Instruments - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 712.1 Semiconducting Materials - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 522 Gas Fuels - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 481.1 Geology - 451 Air Pollution
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20131016077842
Title:Evaluation and spatial pattern analysis of rural development system in Three Gorges Reservoir Area
Authors:Peng, Li (1); Liu, Shaoquan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Chengdu Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; (2) Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Corresponding author:Liu, S.
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:239-249
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The systemic characteristic and spatial pattern of rural development are important basis for establishing mode of regional sustainable development. The evaluation system composed of 16 indicators which belong to social system, economic system and resource-environmental system is established to evaluate rural development status. At present, the study on regional rural development mainly focuses on spatial pattern, but the study on spatial correlation is seldom. The systemic characteristic and spatial pattern of rural development on regional scale (counties) in Three Gorges Reservoir Area were investigated using mean-squared deviation weight method, system coupling theory, exploratory spatial data analysis method (ESDA), variogram model and so on, and discipline of rural development via the master systemic status, the relationships of subsystems and spatial correlation of system were explored. Conclusions are drawn as follows:1) The rural development level in Three Gorges Reservoir Area is quite unbalanced, and the high-level counties in regional scale mainly locate in the area around Chongqing's main urban area, the correspondingly low-level counties mainly locate in eastern Chongqing. The disparity of economic system among subsystems is the highest, followed by social system and resource-environmental system. 2) The overall level of coordination degree between subsystems is still low in Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Coordination degrees of 19 counties mainly are divided into four kinds, the moderate coordination, the mild coordination, the mild incoordination and the moderate incoordination, and there are no obvious differences among these counties. On regional scale, the counties with high-level coordination degree mainly locate in the north of Three Gorges Reservoir Area, and the correspondingly low-level counties mainly locate in the south. 3) The overall of rural development system and its subsystems (e.g. social system, economic system and resource-environmental system) of 19 counties exhibit the high spatial positive correlation, and the similar level of counties are clustered. Intriguingly, social system and economic system have the similar clustered pattern on regional scale. This may be due to the fact that social development always coexists with economic development. 4) The structural differences of rural development system and its subsystems caused by spatial positive auto-correlation are significant, and it demonstrates a strong spatial auto-organized ability. It shows that although the self-development is the key factor for rural development, the rural development status of a county not only depends on itself, but also the other surrounding counties. Among subsystems, resource-environmental system has the strongest auto-organized ability, while economic system has the weakest ability. The range of the spatial correlation influence of resource-environmental system is most wide. In general, the research results provide a helpful reference for government to make regional strategic decisions and improve rural development policies. More attention should be directed at those counties that locate in the low-low level cluster regions. In regional scale, rural development in Three Gorges Reservoir Area should aim at promoting harmonious development among regions in the future. And internally, disordered development should be controlled and rationalized through planning measures to achieve harmonious development among social system, economic system and resource-environmental system.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Economic and social effects
Controlled terms:Computer systems - Economics - Regional planning - Rural areas - Urban planning
Uncontrolled terms:Chongqing - Cluster regions - Coordination degree - Economic development - Economic system - Evaluation system - Exploratory spatial data analysis - Harmonious development - Key factors - Planning measures  - Positive correlations - Regional scale - Regional sustainable development - Research results - Rural development - Social development - Social systems - Spatial correlations - Spatial pattern analysis - Spatial patterns  - Strategic decisions - Structural differences - System coupling - Three gorges reservoir area - Urban areas - Variogram models - Weight methods
Classification code:403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20131016077823
Title:Migration of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus in small watershed based on SWAT model
Authors:Zhang, Zhanyu (1); Si, Han (1); Kong, Lili (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; (2) Water Resources Department of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210029, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Z.(zhanyuzh@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:93-100
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Non-point source pollution is the main factor affecting water-soil environment. Based on the SWAT model and GIS technology, spatial and temporal distributions of organic nitrogen (ON) and organic phosphorus (OP) were analyzed in Chahe watershed at the lower Yangtze River. Simulation of non-point source pollution was performed under different irrigation methods. The results showed that SWAT model was applicable for the simulation of non-point source pollution in the study area. Precipitation had strong correlation with runoff, ON and OP, with correlation coefficients 0.897, 0.762 and 0.713, respectively. Runoff during flood season accounted for 56.40% of the annual total, while ON and OP accounted for 64.89% and 59.70%, respectively. Loss of ON had a significant correlation with OP loads. At the spatial scale, high loads areas of ON and OP were mainly concentrated in the central and south of the watershed, and as a whole showed a distribution gradually characteristic to the Chahe main channel aggregation with surface runoff. The distribution of ON and OP loads were not only related to the runoff, but also impacted by the land use obviously. Average ON and OP loads of soybean fields were highest at 56.70 and 8.80kg/hm², respectively, while the total contribution amount of ON and OP in rice fields accounted for 67.87% and 65.72% of the entire watershed, the main contribution of non-point pollution source, respectively. Through scenario simulations, the implementation of optimizing irrigation on rice fields such as shallow irrigation and deep storage, can effectively control nitrogen and phosphorus losses and improve the soil and water environment of small watersheds. This research provides important reference for scientific farmland management of small watershed.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Computer simulation
Controlled terms:Agglomeration - Irrigation - Landforms - Models - Nitrogen - Optimization - Phosphorus - Pollution - River pollution - Runoff  - Spatial distribution - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Channel aggregations - Correlation coefficient - Flood season - GIS technology - High load - Irrigation methods - Lower yangtze rivers - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Nitrogen and phosphorus loss - Non-point source  - Non-point source pollution - Nonpoint pollutions - Organic nitrogen - Organic phosphorus - Rice fields - Scenario simulations - Small watersheds - Soil and water - Soybean fields - Spatial and temporal distribution  - Spatial scale - Strong correlation - Study areas - Surface runoffs - SWAT - SWAT model
Classification code:902.1 Engineering Graphics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 723.5 Computer Applications - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 453 Water Pollution - 444.1 Surface Water - 481.1 Geology
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20131016077828
Title:Spatial characteristics and changes of soil organic matter for cultivated land in suburban area of Xi'an from 1983 to 2009
Authors:Zhao, Yeting (1); Chang, Qingrui (1); Li, Zhipeng (1); Ban, Songtao (1); Tao, Wenfang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China; (2) Economic College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
Corresponding author:Chang, Q.(changqr@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:132-140
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Soil organic matter (SOM) is an important index in estimating the soil carbon stock, soil fertility and quality, and is closely related to soil productivity. Geographical information system technology and geostatistics were used to analyze the spatial variability, impact factors, and soil quality grade changing patterns of soil organic matter (SOM) in Chang'an District, Hu County, and Zhouzhi County in the past 26 years, based on 3 100 topsoil samples using the "S-shape"method of the Cultivated Land Productivity Investigation and Quality Evaluation Project of Shaanxi Province (2007-2009). A global positioning hand-held receiver was used to record sampling site locations. SOM contents satisfied the normal distribution after Box-Cox transformation (p=0.42) with the Kolmogorov-Smironov (K-S) test. The optimal semivariogram model for SOM and its parameters were determined using the geostatistical trend analysis of ArcGIS9.3 and GS 9.0 with cross-validation methods. Subsequently, the unobserved SOM data was estimated by the ordinary Kriging method. The results showed that SOM contents were low, ranged from 5.80 to 34.90g/kg, concentrated at &gt;10-20 g/kg with an average of 15.95 g/kg which was increased by 26.76% compared with that in 1983(12.58 g/kg). More specifically, SOM contents mainly ranged from 15 to 20 g/kg in the Chang'an District and Hu county, and 12 to 15 g/kg in Zhouzhi county, which indicated that it was decreased from east to west. Spatially, SOM contents were significantly lower in the northwest than in the southeast, which was consistent with geographic and geomorphic distribution. Additionally, at the 450 m sampling scale, SOM had moderate spatial correlation, which was both affected by structure factors (such as topography, geomorphology, and soil texture) and random factors (such as fertilization and cropping systems). In 2009, the whole SOM contents of cultivated land was as follows: 93.46% was slightly low (&gt;10-20 g/kg), 6.42% was suitable (&gt;20 g/kg), and 0.12% was deficient (&lt;10 g/kg). Since the 1980s, SOM contents in most of the cultivated land were increased by 5 to 10 g/kg. Chang'an district and Hu county, in closer proximity to Xi'an City, were significantly higher than the outer suburb county of Zhouzhi, which indicated an obvious transition from rural to urban areas. According to the Second Soil Organic Matter Classification Standard of Xi'an, during the past 26 years, 81.75% of SOM grades in cultivated land were improved, and 2.22% were slightly declined. SOM content of cultivated land with formerly levels of 6-9 was increased sharply, while SOM content of cultivated land with formerly levels of 3-5 was decreased. According to the field investigation, SOM contents increasing significantly should be attributed to the widespread practices of straw returning, organic manure, and chemical fertilizer application. At the same time, the main factors affecting the accumulation of SOM in the current arable layer include farmers aging, soil properties and agronomic measures. With yield improvement, soil testing and formulated fertilization that would be to improve farmers'scientific and technological knowledge, and balance organic and chemical fertilizer for improving the SOM level, and fertilizer utilization rate should be popularized. The study can provide a scientific guidance for cultivated land maintenance and regional agricultural production in the suburban area of Xi'an.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Fertilizers - Geographic information systems - Grading - Land use - Manures - Normal distribution - Organic compounds  - Productivity - Soil testing
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Box Cox transformation - Chemical fertilizers - Classification standard - Cropping systems - Cross-validation methods - Cultivated lands - Field investigation - Geo-statistics - Geographical Information System  - Geostatistical - Global positioning - Hand-held receivers - Impact factor - Ordinary kriging methods - Organic manure - Quality evaluation - Random factors - S shape - Sampling site  - Semivariograms - Soil carbon stock - Soil fertility - Soil organic matters - Soil productivity - Soil property - Soil quality - Soil textures - Spatial characteristics - Spatial correlations  - Spatial variability - Structure factors - Suburban areas - Technological knowledge - Topsoil samples - Trend analysis - Urban areas - Utilization rates - Xi'an cities - Yield Improvement
Classification code:913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 922.1 Probability Theory - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 481.2 Geochemistry - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 723.3 Database Systems
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20131016077814
Title:Fluid-structure interaction analysis method for pressure compensating emitter
Authors:Zhou, Xing (1); Wei, Zhengying (1); Yuan, Weijing (1); Wang, Lipeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State key Laboratory of Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
Corresponding author:Wei, Z.(zywei@mail.xjtu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:30-36
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Pressure compensating emitter (PCE) can maintain a constant flow rate over a wide range of working pressures, and has extensive application prospect in mountain regions where there are often great changes of hydraulic pressure in conduit pipe. The rapid design method for non-pressure-compensating emitter based on CFD is a quite mature technology at present. However, as there is two-way coupled interaction between fluid flow and elastic diaphragm in the PCE, the common CFD method is not suitable for the flow rate prediction in the design of PCE. In order to improve the design accuracy and efficiency of PCE, the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analysis method was studied in this paper. In addition, hydraulic performance tests were carried out to verify the FSI analysis results with the test samples by rapid prototyping and manufacturing (RP&amp;M). There are two major difficulties in the FSI analysis of PCE: 1) Distortion of the fluid mesh in a confined space caused by the deformation of diaphragm may lead to termination of the analysis; 2) It is difficult to obtain the convergent result because of the nonlinearity including the material nonlinearity of the rubber diaphragm, the geometric nonlinearity of the diaphragm's large deformation and the state nonlinearity of the contact between diaphragm and emitter's main body. And moreover, the coupled fluid-structure equation is a nonlinear system. Thus an adaptive mesh repair technique was adopted to refine the distorted fluid mesh and incremental method and displacement-pressure finite element formulation was used for the nonlinear analysis of the incompressible material. In this paper, SST K-&omega; turbulence model was used for the fluid analysis, contact analysis method and Neo-Hookean Mooney-Rivlin rubber material model was adopted for the structure analysis. The working process of PCE can be obtained through the FSI analysis result. The results shows that when the distance between the diaphragm and the outlet of pressure-compensating (PC) chamber is small enough (smaller than 0.03mm in this paper), the flow rate of PCE tends to be stable with increasing the working pressure, which means that the flow rate will be adjusted by a very small deformation of the diaphragm to reach a steady state. The flow rate is so sensitive to the deformation of diaphragm that high calculating accuracy for the displacement of the structure analysis is required and element sizes in the region between diaphragm and outlet of PC chamber must be small enough. The displacement tolerance that controls the convergence of the coupled system is also required to be small enough (the relative residual is smaller than 0.0005 in this paper). So the design accuracy of PCE can be ensured by the high accuracy analysis results and indicates that diaphragm with good quality is necessary in PCE design. At last, compared with the test results, the analyzed flow rates were a little larger with the maximum relative deviation smaller than 2.5%. This research verifies that the FSI analysis method could predict the flow rate of PCE accurately under working pressures and the FSI analysis method can improve the design accuracy and reduce test times for rapid design of PCE.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Computational fluid dynamics - Deformation - Design - Diaphragms - Finite element method - Flow rate - Fluid structure interaction - Irrigation - Nonlinear analysis - Pressure  - Rapid prototyping - Rubber - Turbulence models
Uncontrolled terms:Accuracy analysis - Adaptive meshes - Analysis method - Application prospect - Calculating accuracy - CFD method - Confined space - Constant flow rates - Contact analysis - Coupled interaction  - Coupled systems - Elastic diaphragms - Element sizes - Emitter - Finite element formulations - Fluid analysis - Fluid-structure interaction analysis - Fluid-structures - Geometric non-linearity - Hydraulic performance  - Hydraulic pressure - Incompressible material - Incremental method - Large deformations - Main bodies - Material non-linearity - Mountain regions - Pressure compensating - Rapid design - Rapid prototyping and manufacturing  - Rate predictions - Relative deviations - Rubber material - Small deformations - Steady state - Structure analysis - Test samples - Working pressures - Working process
Classification code:931.1 Mechanics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 921 Mathematics - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 818.1 Natural Rubber - 723.5 Computer Applications - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 631 Fluid Flow - 601.2 Machine Components - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 408 Structural Design
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20131016077829
Title:Effects of acoustic frequency technology on rice growth, yield and quality
Authors:Yu, Shengmiao (1); Jiang, Shiren (2); Zhu, Lianfeng (1); Zhang, Junhua (1); Jin, Qianyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (2) Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310012, China
Corresponding author:Jin, Q.(jinqy@mail.hz.zj.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:141-147
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:To know the effects of acoustic frequency technology on rice growth, yield formation, and quality, the field experiment was carried out in the China National Rice Research Institute. The Tianfengyou 5 which belongs to the indica type hybrid rice and Yongyou 13 which belongs to the japonica type hybrid rice were taken as test cultivars. Split plot design was used with cultivars in the main plots and acoustic frequency treatment (AFT) and control (CK) in the sub-plots. The plots, each 100 m² were repeated 4 times. The acoustic frequency generator developed by Zhejiang University of Science and Technology was used in AFT to regulate the acoustic wave. This acoustic frequency generator was a kind of autoplay and autocontrol system, it could play the classical music and mixed sound of birdsong and cricket song. The main frequency of AFT was about 50 Hz, and ranged from 300 to 6000 Hz, and the audio loudness was about 80 dB. The playing time was designed by the programmable timer. From rice transplanting stage to 5 days before harvest stage, the acoustic frequency generator broadcasted everyday and lasted 3 hours (08:30-11:30). The results showed that the rice yield of AFT for Tianfengyou 5 and Yongyou 13 was 5.11% and 5.38% higher than that of CK, respectively. And the yield differences between AFT and CK for these two cultivars were significant. Compared with CK, the AFT increased the rice tillers of the early growth period. After 7 days (Sep. 8) and 14 days (Oct. 6), the average tillers per hill of Tianfengyou 5 for AFT were 0.3 and 0.5 higher than that of CK, respectively, and the average tillers per hill of Yongyou 13 for AFT were 1.1 and 1.0 higher than that of CK, respectively. Compared with CK, the effective panicle number of AFT for Tianfengyou 5 and Yongyou 13 were increased 8.40 panicles/m²(3.88%) and 5.80 panicles/m²(3.33%), respectively. Compared with CK, the average filled grains per panicle of AFT for Tianfengyou 5 and Yongyou 13 were increased 2.46 grains (1.45%) and 4.46 grains (1.71%), respectively. The increasing effective panicles number and filled grains became dominant factors of high yield. Compared with CK, the SPAD of AFT for Tianfengyou 5 in booting stage (Sep. 8) and grain filling stage (Oct. 6) were 11.36% and 10.41% higher than that of CK, respectively; and the SPAD of AFT for Yongyou 13 in booting stage (Sep. 22) and grain filling stage (Oct. 20) were 5.20% and 4.91% higher than that of CK, respectively. The AFT significantly improved the rice qualities. Compared with CK, the rice transparency of AFT for both Tianfengyou 5 and Yongyou 13 were improved 1 grade, the chalkiness of AFT for Tianfengyou 5 and Yongyou 13 was decreased by 21.31% and 5.88%, respectively, the gel consistency of AFT for Tianfengyou 5 and Yongyou 13 was increased by 2.0 and 8.0 mm, respectively, the head rice rate of AFT for Tianfengyou 5 and Yongyou 13 was increased by 6.99% and 2.22%, respectively, the rice quality index for Tianfengyou 5 and Yongyou 13 was increased by 6.58% and 10.94%, respectively. These indictors all improved the rice qualities.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Acoustic wave effects - Acoustics - Bioacoustics - Chlorophyll - Technology
Uncontrolled terms:Acoustic frequency - Autocontrol systems - Classical musics - Dominant factor - Early growth - Field experiment - Gel consistencies - Grain filling - High yield - Hybrid rice  - Main frequency - O. sativa - Panicle number - Programmable timer - Research institutes - Rice growths - Rice qualities - Rice yield - Science and Technology - Split plot designs  - Transplanting stage - Yield - Yield components - Yield differences - Yield formations - Zhejiang
Classification code:751 Acoustics, Noise. Sound - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901 Engineering Profession - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20131016077845
Title:Toughening effect of bamboo flour /polypropylene foamed composite
Authors:Zhou, Xiaxing (1); Chen, Lihui (1); Lin, Qiaojia (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
Corresponding author:Chen, L.(lihuichen66@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:266-272
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:In order to make full use of bamboo resources in China and reduce white pollution, save fossil energy, the foamed composite of 54 wt% PP and 13 wt% HMSPP containing 33 wt% bamboo powder and 1% modified azodicarbonamide (AC) foaming agent blends was prepared by injection molding. Meanwhile, in order to substitute for polypropylene(PP) applied to automotive interior parts and thus broaden the application fields of wood-plastic composite, the bamboo powder/polypropylene foamed composites toughened by polyethylene octane elastomer (POE) and maleic anhydride grafted polyolefin elastomer (POE-g-MAH) were researched. Effects of the two toughen fillers on mechanical properties including bending, tensile and impact strengths were studied and the impact fractured surfaces of non-toughened and toughened composites were investigated by environmental scanning electronic microscopy micrograph (ESEM). The rheological behavior of composites with respect to frequency sweep ranging from 0.01 Hz to 100 Hz at 180&deg;C was carried out. The results showed that the tensile and bending strengths were reduced slightly and notched impact strength of composites was improved significantly with the increase of toughen fillers content. The optimum amounts of POE and POE-g-MAH were 15% and 8% respectively. The tensile strength of 15% POE toughening composite was unable to meet the standard of automotive interior parts, although its notched impact strength was increased from 6.30 kJ/m² to 7.65 kJ/m². The 8% POE-g-MAH toughening composite could well be applied to automotive interior parts and its bending strength, bending modulus and tensile strength of 37.5 MPa, 2.69 GPa and 21.02 MPa respectively, which was reduced by 1.2%~6.9%, while the notched impact strength was 8.55 kJ/m², which was increased by 35.7% compared with the non-toughened composite. ESEM observation of the impact fracture morphology indicated that the fracture mode of toughened composite transited into ductile fracture. The frequency sweep results showed that the effect of POE on the rheological behavior was relatively smaller than that of POE-g-MAH. The storage modulus and complex viscosity of composite toughened by POE-g-MAH were increased and the "second platform" phenomenon was more evident.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Bending strength
Controlled terms:Bamboo - Composite materials - Ductile fracture - Fillers - Impact strength - Maleic anhydride - Mechanical properties - Polymer blends - Polypropylenes - Rheology  - Tensile strength - Thermoplastics - Toughening
Uncontrolled terms:Application fields - Automotive interiors - Azodicarbonamide - Bamboo flours - Bamboo powders - Bending moduli - Complex viscosity - Environmental scanning - Fossil energy - Fracture mode  - Fractured surfaces - Frequency sweep - Impact fracture - Maleic anhydride-grafted polyolefins - Notched impact strength - POE - POE-g-MAH - Rheological behaviors - Toughened composites - Toughening effects  - Wood plastic composite
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 931.1 Mechanics - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 811.1 Pulp and Paper - 811 Cellulose, Paper and Wood Products - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 415 Metals, Plastics, Wood and Other Structural Materials
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20131016077839
Title:Optimization of cross section of concrete narrow-gap slatted floor for fattening pig house
Authors:Lin, Yuhan (1); Chen, Gang (1); Shi, Zhengxiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Z.(shizhx@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:217-223
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Aiming at solving problems of large own gravity and high transportation cost as well as the more needed bearing capacity of the concrete narrow-gap slatted floor caused by improperly design of the cross section, calculation hypothesis, conversion of cross section and load were carried out to analyze the structure of the concrete narrow-gap slatted floor in this study. It can be assumed that one fattening pig weights 100 kg on average and its four legs bear equal body weight. According to the dimension of the concrete narrow-gap slatted floor and fattening pigs, maximally, 10 pig legs can appear on one concrete narrow-gap slatted floor at the same time. The real cross section of the concrete narrow-gap slatted floor was changed into "T" cross section and 10 concentrated loads which were caused by legs were converted into continuous load in the calculation process. Based on the calculation results, it was concluded that the bearing capacity of the concrete narrow-gap slatted floor was larger than that needed. Therefore, optimization of materials, shape and dimension reinforcement of the narrow-gap slatted floor and mechanical calculation were done. After the optimization, for single narrow-gap slatted floor, the grade of the concrete changed from C30 to C25, consume of concrete saved approximately 0.01 m³, area of cross section of narrow-gap slatted floor and its reinforcement bar were decreased by 3600 mm² and 213 mm² respectively. Under the conditions mentioned above, the normal section flexural capacity value was 3.14 kN&middotm, inclined section resisting shear value was 3.56 kN, crack width value was 0.167 mm, and defection of the middle section value was 3.70 mm, which all met the requirements of the code design of concrete structures. After the optimization, the material cost of single narrow-gap slatted floor was decreased by 41% and cost reduction of paving one square meter narrow-gap slatted floor was 18%. However, all the data came from the calculation and results were needed to be examined in the real test and production.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Floors
Controlled terms:Bearing capacity - Concrete buildings - Concrete construction - Concretes - Mammals - Optimization - Reinforcement - Structural health monitoring
Uncontrolled terms:Body weight - Calculation process - Calculation results - Code designs - Concentrated load - Crack width - Cross section - Fattening pigs - Flexural capacity - Force analysis  - Four-leg - Material cost - Mechanical calculations - Mechanics of materials - Middle section - Normal section - Pig house - Reinforcement bar - Shear values - Slatted floor  - Transportation cost
Classification code:921.5 Optimization Techniques - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 951 Materials Science - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 412 Concrete - 402 Buildings and Towers - 415 Metals, Plastics, Wood and Other Structural Materials
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20131016077847
Title:Production of agar with low-temperature solubility and high gel strength from Gracilaria by screw extrusion
Authors:Xu, Bo (1); Zhang, Wenxiu (1); Li, Chun (1); Wang, Yutang (1); Liu, Ning (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Dairy Sciences, College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (2) National Dairy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Harbin 150086, China
Corresponding author:Liu, N.(ningliu6666@yahoo.com.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:280-286
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Agar is extracted from red seaweed (Rhodophyceae). It is insoluble in cold water and hydrates. With good characteristics of reversibility of gel and security, agar is widely used in food, bio-engineering, medicine and other fields. Because some foods are sensitive to high temperature, the need for fully hydrate agar by boiling may limit its use in gel applications. It was reported that the agar was mixed with water and other materials such as sugar, locust bean gum, guar gum or other dispersants to improve its solubility. In order to obtain the optimal processing conditions for agar which dissolves at 60&deg;C with high gel strength, agar from Chinese Gracilaria Lemaneiformis was extruded and processed without adding other substances by a twin screw extruder, then the production was crushed into powder, sieved, sealed and stored. First, processing temperature, liquid to solid ratio, screw revolution speed and nozzle diameter were optimized by single factor experiment for analyzing their influences on the solubility properties at low temperature and gel strength of agar. The process conditions of agar that dissolves at 60&deg;C with high gel strength were optimized by Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology. Texture analyzer and advanced rheometer were used to determine gel strength and melting-gelling point respectively. The data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 and Design-Expert 8.0. Finally the physical indexes of agar were determined. The results showed that processing temperature was the most significant factor affecting the solubility properties of agar at low temperature. Because the surface of agar formed porous expanded state at appropriate processing temperature and the particle size of agar after crushing and sieving was moderate, agar with good flowability and dispersibility dissolved at low temperature. Processing temperature and liquid to solid ratio had significantly influence on the gel strength of agar, while screw revolution speed was the least significant factor. Also, processing temperature and liquid to solid ratio had significant interaction. The optimized technological parameters were as follows: processing temperature 126&deg;C, liquid to solid ratio 0.37 mL/g, screw revolution speed 150 r/min and nozzle diameter 6 mm, the measured average gel strength(mass concentration 1%) was 683.6 g/cm², which was consistent well with the predicted value 693.4 g/cm². The physical index of agar were as follows: the gelling temperature 31&deg;C, the melting point 72&deg;C, moisture content 15.2%, pH value 5.64. This study can provide a reference for factory production. Gracilaria is the main species utilised for commercial agar production in China. The improved solubility and high gel strength allow the gelling agent agar to be used more widely in food applications. The production of agar by this method exhibits low solution temperature, high gel strength and saving the industrial production of energy, but it requires 7-10 min to dissolve under stirring. The instant agar at low temperature will be the main direction of the further development.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Algae
Controlled terms:Extrusion - Gelation - High temperature applications - Hydrates - Hydration - Liquids - Low temperature production - Nozzles - Optimization - Particle size  - Phase transitions - Polysaccharides - Processing - Solubility - Temperature - Thermal processing (foods)
Uncontrolled terms:Agar - Box-Behnken design - Cold waters - Design-expert - Dispersants - Dispersibilities - Flowability - Food applications - Gel strengths - Gelling agents  - Gelling temperature - Gracilaria - Gracilaria lemaneiformis - Guar gums - High temperature - Industrial production - Liquid to solid ratio - Locust bean gum - Low temperatures - Low-temperature solubility  - Mass concentration - Nozzle diameter - Optimal processing - pH value - Physical indices - Process condition - Processing temperature - Production of - Red seaweeds - Response surface methodology  - Revolution speed - Screw extrusion - Single-factor experiments - Solubility properties - Solution temperature - Technological parameters - Texture analyzers - Twin screw extruders
Classification code:802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 913.4 Manufacturing - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 535.2.2 Metal Forming Practice - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 644.4 Cryogenics - 708.3.1 High Temperature Superconducting Materials - 801.4 Physical Chemistry
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20131016077836
Title:Identification method of multi-feature weed based on multi-spectral images and data mining
Authors:Zhao, Chuanyuan (1); He, Dongjian (1); Qiao, Yongliang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China
Corresponding author:He, D.(hdj87091197@yahoo.com.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:192-198
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:Field weed detection is one of the key problems in realizing the variable precision applying pesticide to take place of the herbicide. Image-based weed classification and spectral information of plants are useful to detect weeds in real-time using multi-spectral features. Aimed to meet the identification accuracy requirements of variable spraying on weed, a new method using decision tree algorithm-C4.5 of data mining was developed to discriminate or classify crop and weeds by the multi-spectral images. The multi-spectral images of weeds and maize were captured by MS4100 Duncan Camera in the test field of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University on May, 2012, and transformed from CIR color space to Lab systems, which can distinguish different quantized color and measure the Euclidean distance of different colors. Then vegetation was segmented from soil using K-means clustering algorithm. Mathematical morphology was used to fill small holes among the extracted vegetation leaves, and connect the uncompleted contour line of the discontinuous edges which may be caused by noise, occlusion and other factors. Contour tracing was used to get the contours of leaves. After these image processing, shape features, texture features and fractal dimensions of the vegetation were extracted. A random sample of 120 images from all 240 images were involved in this study as the training samples, 20 images from 40 images were used as the test samples. The results of statistic analysis showed that multi-feature combining with shape feature, texture feature and fractal dimension together achieved the highest recognition rate of 96.3%, compared to the single feature recognition rate of 75.0%. To validate the feasibility of this study, C4.5 algorithm was compared with BP (error back propagation) algorithm and SVM (support vector machine) algorithm in recognizing multi-feature. The experimental results showed the average recognition rates were 92.5% and 95.0% for BP and SVM algorithms, respectively. The results showed that the average recognition rate of C4.5 algorithm was higher than that of the other two algorithms and it was an effective and feasible method to rapidly identify the weeds. The results provide a technical basis for accurate spraying on corn seedling. Further studies could be conducted in weed recognition, such as testing robust algorithms in the real complex environment (e.g. the uneven illumination, random distribution of the vegetation growing position), and discussing decision level fusion of feature data to further reduce the dimensions of data.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Clustering algorithms - Color - Data mining - Decision theory - Decision trees - Forestry - Fractal dimension - Herbicides - Mathematical morphology - Spectroscopy  - Support vector machines - Textures - Vegetation - Weed control
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture and forestry universities - C4.5 algorithm - Color space - Complex environments - Contour line - Contour tracing - Decision level fusion - Error back propagation - Euclidean distance - Feature recognition  - Identification accuracy - Identification method - Image-based - K-Means clustering algorithm - Multi features - Multi-spectral - Multispectral images - Random distribution - Random sample - Recognition rates  - Robust algorithm - Shape features - Small Hole - Spectral information - Statistic analysis - SVM algorithm - SVM(support vector machine) - Test fields - Test samples - Texture features  - Training sample - Uneven illuminations - Variable precision - Variable spraying - Weed detection - Weed recognition
Classification code:933 Solid State Physics - 922 Statistical Methods - 921 Mathematics - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 961 Systems Science - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 801 Chemistry
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20131016077830
Title:Influence of light and mechanical stimuli on behavior of locust
Authors:Niu, Huli (1); Wang, Lixin (1); Zhou, Qiang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Hebei University of science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; (2) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Corresponding author:Niu, H.(niuhuli@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:29
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2013
Publication year:2013
Pages:148-152
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China
Abstract:The mechanical techniques for nontoxic control of locust are developing rapidly in order to inhibit pesticide endangerment. Photoelectric trapping technique based on photoelectric inducing effect and slipping collection mechanism has exhibited an attracting trapping effect for nontoxic control of locust, and this technique is developed toward an integrated technique of optoelectronic-mechanical trapping machine. In the present study, we investigated the influence of light and mechanical stimuli on the behavior of locust in order to improve the photoelectric induction efficiency. The induction rate and induction efficiency of locusts were tested using LED light and homemade behavior reaction experimental device. 3 to 5 locusts were used as testing materials. The locusts were collected in the same rearing environment to reduce variance. The LED light source was arranged in an array at the wavelength of 465 nm. Light intensity was measured by illuminance meters and set by variable resistors. The experimental chamber had four channels distributed by 90&deg;. A glass rod was placed on the top of the chamber for continuously touching the locust body or image stimulating the movement of the locust. The reaction of locust was recorded by the image collecting device which can measure the position changes and the moving speed of the locust. For keeping the state of the compound eyes consistent, the locusts were adapted in dark before testing for an hour. There were 4 stimulation treatments in our study: 1) movement behavior text with inducing light source; 2) movement behavior text with motion image stimuli; 3) movement behavior text with touch stimuli; 4) movement behavior text with coupling effect of light source and the mechanical stimuli. The results showed that the locust exhibited different behaviors by different factors stimulation. Two biological reacting behaviors were found with the different stimuli: the behavior of direction selectivity and the different motion sensitivity and adaptability. Mechanical stimuli had obvious effect on movement activity, but had no effect on movement direction selectivity of locusts. Locusts randomly moved into the various reaction channels, the induced efficiency was about 20%. Light had significant effect on the movement direction selectivity, but had no effect on movement activity. Locusts slowly moved to the channel with light, and the number of locust in channel 1 was much higher than that in other channels. Light stimuli had a stimulation inducing rate by 71.5%, which was higher than that of other treatments. Light source stimuli in combination with mechanical stimuli had an effect on both movement direction selectivity and continuous movement activity of locusts. The inducing efficiency improved by combining the light and mechanical stimuli had over 70% inducing rate. The relation was discussed on the outside stimulus response of the nerve and the movement behavior. Locust behavior is at least the superimposed results of anatomical structures and sensory nerve pathway. The complexity of locust behavior cannot be explained by its anatomical and electrophysiological mechanisms. The actual living environment of locusts was much different with the experimental condition, thus the accuracy of locust movement behavior was impacted by many factors.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Behavioral research
Controlled terms:Bionics - Efficiency - Electrophysiology - Experiments - Light emitting diodes - Light sources - Materials testing - Mechanisms - Photoelectricity - Slow light
Uncontrolled terms:Anatomical structures - Compound eye - Coupling effect - Direction selectivity - Experimental conditions - Experimental devices - Four-channel - Glass rods - In-channels - Integrated techniques  - LED light source - LED lights - Light intensity - Light stimuli - Living environment - Locust - Mechanical stimulus - Motion images - Movement behavior - Moving speed  - Reaction channels - Sensory nerves - Stimulation treatments - Stimulus response - Testing materials - Trapping effects - Trapping techniques - Variable resistors
Classification code:951 Materials Science - 913.1 Production Engineering - 901.3 Engineering Research - 741.1 Light/Optics - 971 Social Sciences - 731.1 Control Systems - 601.3 Mechanisms - 423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.02.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.