2011年7月第27卷第7期
<RECORD 1> Accession number:20113414254057 Title:Influence of different nutrient management practices on quality of ground drinking water of eastern semi-mountainou regions of Northeast China Authors:Li, Ping (1); Qi, Xuebin (1); Hu, Yanling (1); Gao, Qing (1); Hu, Chao (1); An, Jingwen (4); Lü, Ming (5) Author affiliation:(1) Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453003, China; (2) Agriculture Water and Soil Environ. Field Science Research Station of Xinxiang City Henan Province, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453003, China; (3) Key Laboratory of High-Efficient and Safe Utilization of Agriculture Water Resources, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453003, China; (4) Institute of Environmental Resources and Rural Energy Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China; (5) Qingyuan Water Affairs Bureau, Qingyuan 113300, China Corresponding author:Qi, X.(qxb6301@yahoo.com.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:89-95 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to discuss effects of different nutrient managements on rural ground drinking water of eastern half mountainous region of northeast china, field experiment was carried out in 2009 and 2010 in Qingyuan city, Liaoning province. The results indicated that, the nitrogen fertilizer amount of conventional nutrient management (CNM), farmland nutrient management (FNM) were 240, 192 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> respectively. Comparing with CNM, FNM was decreased by 20% of nitrogen fertilizer amount. Nitrogen agronomy productivity in FNM was significantly improved 22.47%. Groundwater nitrate nitrogen concentration of shallow groundwater area was 1.6 times than that of deep groundwater area. Applied FNM to the demonstration area, groundwater nitrate nitrogen concentration in FNM of the demonstration area with CNM was greatly decreased by 51.19%. Consequently, it was very important to protect rural groundwater source area that FNM reduced the risk of farmland fertilization polluting groundwater. Number of references:16 Main heading:Nutrients Controlled terms:Agriculture - Catchments - Groundwater - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Potable water Uncontrolled terms:Deep groundwaters - Field experiment - Groundwater sources - Liaoning Province - Mountainous regions - Nitrate nitrogen - Non-point source pollution - Northeast China - Nutrient management - Shallow groundwater Classification code:444 Water Resources - 444.2 Groundwater - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.2 Agricultural Chemicals DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.015 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 2> Accession number:20113414254077 Title:Separation of corn seeds images based on threshold changed gradually Authors:Zhang, Yaqiu (1); Wu, Wenfu (1); Wang, Gang (1) Author affiliation:(1) School of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China Corresponding author:Wu, W.(wwfzlb@126.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:200-204 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:The watershed transform with gradually changing threshold was proposed for image segmentation of corn count using image processing method. First, binary image was processed with Euclidean distance transform, and regions which values higher than the initial threshold in this image were merged, then the image was segmented by watershed transform. To avoid over-segmentation, single seed regions were cut from source image and pasted in the result image. After that if source image was not empty, was threshold increased and the above process was repeated. Finally, the corn seeds amount of the result image was counted. In this paper, 50 images with about 500 corn seeds were tested. The correction rate of segmentation was 97.7%. The method can resolve the problem of separating touching corn effectively and is applicable in corn kernels counting. Number of references:17 Main heading:Image segmentation Controlled terms:Computer vision - Landforms - Seed - Watersheds Uncontrolled terms:Corn - Corn kernels - Corn seeds - Distance transforms - Euclidean distance transforms - Image processing - methods - Over segmentation - Source images - Threshold - Watershed transform - Watershed transformation Classification code:444.1 Surface Water - 481.1 Geology - 723.5 Computer Applications - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821.4 Agricultural Products DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.035 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 3> Accession number:20113414254106 Title:Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on microorganism and flavor of fresh watermelon juice Authors:Liu, Ye (1); Zhao, Xiaoyan (2); Hu, Xiaosong (3); Song, Huanlu (1) Author affiliation:(1) School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (2) Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (3) College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China Corresponding author:Zhao, X.(zhaoxiaoyan@nercv.org) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:370-376 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to investigate the effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on microorganism and flavor of fresh watermelon juice, HHP was applied to produce watermelon juice. Total bacteria, mold and yeast, typical flavor compounds of watermelon juice after HHP treatment of 600 MPa and 60 min were studied with thermal treatment of 95°C and 1 min as control. The variations of microorganisms count and content of typical flavor compounds during 30 d storage at 4°C were investigated. The count of total bacteria, mold and yeast of thermal and HHP treatments conformed to hygienic standards and shelf life could meet consumption demand. The treatment of 600 MPa and 60 min HHP induced little on typical flavor compounds. The content of typical flavor compounds did not change after 30 d storage at 4°C. In general, HHP treatment is suitable for fresh watermelon juice production. Number of references:14 Main heading:Flavor compounds Controlled terms:Bacteria - Bacteriology - Gas chromatography - Hydraulics - Hydrodynamics - Hydrostatic pressure - Molds - Pressure effects - Yeast Uncontrolled terms:High hydrostatic pressure - Hygienic standards - Shelf life - Watermelon juice Classification code:931.1 Mechanics - 822.3 Food Products - 816.2 Plants and Machinery for Plastics and Other Polymers - 801.2 Biochemistry - 801 Chemistry - 632.1 Hydraulics - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.065 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 4> Accession number:20113414254100 Title:Experiment on regulation characteristics of high pressure humidifying system for fresh-keeping transportation Authors:Han, Xiaoteng (1); Lu, Huazhong (1); Lü, Enli (1); Guo, Jiaming (3); Han, Xu (3) Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (2) Library, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (3) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China Corresponding author:Lu, H.(huazlu@scau.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:332-337 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:A special high pressure humidifying test-bed was established to research the design of humidifying system for the fresh-keeping transportation. The regulation characteristics of high pressure humidifying system were studied. The effects of airflow velocity, ratio of open area and length of the return air path on the characteristics of humidify efficiency and humidity distribution were analyzed. Some relationships were found out. According the calculation formula of corrugated carton compression strength, the reliability of the design of pressure room and perforated baffle was demonstrated. The relation between humidify efficiency and airflow velocity, ratio of open area and length of the return air path humidity was nonlinear. At the same airflow velocity and ratio of open area, the longer the return air path, the minor humidity uniformity was. The optimum parameters of the high pressure humidifying test-bed were determined by experiment, which required the ratio of open area was 7.56%, the airflow velocity was 8m/s, the return air path length was 1.5 m. The research achievements were instructive to the optimization design of the humidify system for fresh-keeping transportation. Number of references:18 Main heading:High pressure effects Controlled terms:Compressive strength - Design - Experiments - Humidity control - Test facilities - Velocity Uncontrolled terms:Air flow velocity - Calculation formula - Compression strength - Corrugated cartons - High pressure - Humidity distribution - Optimization design - Optimum parameters - Perforated baffles - Ratio of open area - Return air paths Classification code:931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.1 Mechanics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 408 Structural Design - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 402 Buildings and Towers DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.058 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 5> Accession number:20113414254080 Title:Spectrum characteristics of winter wheat infected by aphid in filling stage Authors:Luo, Juhua (1); Huang, Muyi (4); Zhao, Jinling (1); Huang, Wenjiang (1); Zhang, Jingcheng (1); Dong, Yingying (3); Wang, Jindi (2) Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Geography/Research Center for Remote Sensing, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (2) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China; (3) Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information System Application, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; (4) Department of Environmental Engineering Anhui University of Architecture, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China Corresponding author:Huang, W.(yellowstar0618@163.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:215-219 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to control the aphid damage in agricultural production efficiently and enhance the timeliness in monitoring and prediction of aphid by remote sensing technology, twenty-six survey points at different aphid damage levels were selected and canopy spectra were collected accordingly by ASD hand hold spectrometer in the filling stage of winter wheat. By comparing and analyzing the characteristics of different aphid damage levels, it was concluded that canopy reflectance gradually decreased within 350~1750 nm, especially in the near infrared region. Further more, the sensitive bands were selected out by relevance analysis in the visible, near-infrared, and short-wave infrared region, respectively, and the aphid hyperspectral vegetation index (ADHI) was established based on the most sensitive bands. Finally, the regressive model for ADHI and aphid damage levels was established, and the results clearly showed the potential of retrieval model (R<sup>2</sup>=0.839, n=26) for quantifying aphid damage levels in the filling stage of winter wheat. The results can provide a theoretical basis for identifying aphid and monitoring aphid damage levels. Number of references:19 Main heading:Filling Controlled terms:Agriculture - Infrared devices - Remote sensing - Spectrum analysis Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Canopy reflectance - Canopy spectrum - Damage level - Filling stage - HyperSpectral - Near Infrared - Near infrared region - Remote sensing technology - Retrieval models - Short wave infrared - Spectrum characteristic - Theoretical basis - Vegetation index - Winter wheat Classification code:944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 921 Mathematics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 731.1 Control Systems - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.038 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 6> Accession number:20113414254078 Title:Optimal method of transforming observables into relative values for multi-environment trials in maize Authors:Liu, Zhe (1); Yang, Jianyu (1); Li, Shaoming (1); Wang, Hu (1); Li, Lin (1); Zhang, Xiaodong (1); Zhu, Dehai (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China Corresponding author:Li, S.(lshaoming@sina.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:205-209 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:Relative evaluation is commonly used in multi-environment trials of crop varieties. Five methods of transforming observables into relative values were proposed, and the corresponding relative values were measured by the new index standard deviation ratio to find the optimal one. Then, 5 relative values and standard deviation ratios were calculated using 8-year maize variety regional trial data of China. The results show that: the 5 relative values transformation methods can be applied to various traits, and relative values were informative and understandable, and moreover making weighted multi-traits and graphic analysis much easier. The new index standard deviation ratio can directly response the closeness of each relative value to the genetic characteristic, and can be used to measure these relative values transformation methods. For most traits, the optimal methods of transforming observables into relative values were: 3S and 2S value compared to the sample mean value (short for A) > standard order value (C) > the imitated NDVI value compared to the sample mean value (D) > the imitated NDVI value compared to the check variety (E) > 3S and 2S value compared to the check variety (B) > observables (F). 3S and 2S value compared to the sample mean value, which is closest to the genetic characteristic, can be used as the main method of transforming observables into relative values for multi-environment trials in maize. Number of references:18 Main heading:Optimization Controlled terms:Statistics Uncontrolled terms:Maize variety - Multi-environment tests - Relative transformations - Sample means - Standard deviation ratio Classification code:921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.036 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 7> Accession number:20113414254054 Title:Experiment on process of soil water infiltration and redistribution under simulated rainfall Authors:Bao, Han (1); Hou, Lizhu (1); Liu, Jiangtao (1); Li, Leilei (1) Author affiliation:(1) School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China Corresponding author:Hou, L.(hou_lz2002@163.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:70-75 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:Rainfall has a significant meaning in urban afforestation, flood control, drainage and agricultural production. The experiment used artificial simulation of rainfall indoor to collect soil moisture content data through TDR. The influence of different rainfall intensity on water infiltration in vertical one-dimensional was investigated to understand the characteristics of soil moisture migration and wetting front movement and soil moisture redistribution in the rainfall condition and than to find ont the optimal soil depth scope for water preservation. The results showed that after the rain, soil moisture re-distribution is mainly controlled by soil water potential at the beginning, but it becomes dominated by evaporation with the time. The research showed that the optimal water preserving capability layer in sandy loam soil used in the experiment is between 20-35 cm. Number of references:15 Main heading:Rain Controlled terms:Agriculture - Experiments - Flood control - Moisture determination - Optimization - Reforestation - Seepage - Soil mechanics - Soil moisture - Wetting Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Artificial simulation of rainfalls - Moisture migration - Process of soil - Rainfall condition - Rainfall intensity - Re-distribution - Sandy loam soils - Simulated rainfall - Soil depth - Soil water potential - Water infiltration - Wetting front - Wetting fronts Classification code:944.2 Moisture Measurements - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 454.1 Environmental Engineering, General - 443.3 Precipitation - 441 Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.012 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 8> Accession number:20113414254103 Title:Determination of cellulose and hemicellulose in corn fiber by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy Authors:Pan, Anlong (1); Wang, Jing (1); Li, Diange (1); Xu, Kun (2); Xue, Donghua (1) Author affiliation:(1) School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China; (2) Polymer Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China Corresponding author:Xue, D.(xuedonghua@mail.ccut.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:349-352 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:Corn fiber is a kind of renewable biomass resources. In order to reliably analyze cellulose and hemicellulose of corn fiber, this work described the use of NIR spectroscopy to determined cellulose and hemicellulose content in corn fiber by PLS, the NIRS models for determination of cellulose and hemicellulose of corn fiber were set up by 1<sup>st</sup> derivative and second derivative smoothing data pretreatment methods. The results showed that for cellulose, the correlation coefficient (R) of calibration set (C-set) and validation set (V-set) were 0.9806 and 0.9799, standard error of calibration set (SEE) was 0.296323, standard error of cross-validation (SEP) was 0.307204; and for hemicellulose, the correlation coefficient (R) of calibration set (C-set) and validation set (V-set) were 0.9732 and 0.9005, standard error of calibration set (SEE) was 0.773057, standard error of cross-validation (SEP) was 0.798132. The method could measure cellulose and hemicellulose in corn fiber rapidly and accurately, this method may provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable utilization of corn fiber. Number of references:16 Main heading:Cellulose Controlled terms:Calibration - Fibers - Infrared devices - Near infrared spectroscopy - Standards Uncontrolled terms:Biomass resources - Corn - Corn fiber - Correlation coefficient - Cross validation - Hemicellulose - Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy - Near infrared spectra - NIR spectroscopy - Pretreatment methods - Second derivatives - Standard error of calibrations - Standard errors - Sustainable utilization - Theoretical basis Classification code:741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 812 Ceramics, Refractories and Glass - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 817 Plastics and Other Polymers: Products and Applications - 902.2 Codes and Standards DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.061 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 9> Accession number:20113414254079 Title:Positioning accuracy analysis of RBN DGPS applied in precision forestry Authors:Zhang, Huichun (1); Zheng, Jiaqiang (1); Zhou, Hongping (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (2) Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4343, Australia Corresponding author:Zhang, H.(njzhanghc@hotmail.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:210-214 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:To examine the applicability of GPS and Radio Beacon Differential Global Positioning System (RBN DGPS) for forestry machinery positioning, experiments were conducted using the non-differential and RBN DGPS mode -of a Trimble AgGPS132. Coordinate change process figures and scatter distribution figures were used to compare the accuracy of the different position modes. Average values and standard deviation were also used to analyze the precision. The stationary test (where the mobile platform was maintained at a fixed location) was carried out to investigate the static conformity degree. The mobile test (where the platform was moving along certain path of circle) was conducted to examine the dynamic conformity degree accuracy of GPS signals. The results showed that the RBN DGPS mode improved the accuracy of x and y axis by 12%-47% than non-differential mode. In the stationary test, the variability of x and y coordinates was much smaller in RBN DGPS than that in the non-differential mode. In the mobile test, the traces of the moveable platform (circles) were much better represented with the locations recorded in the RBN DGPS mode. It was found that RBN DGPS was more suitable than non-differential mode for precision forestry positioning requirements. In regions where beacon DGPS signal coverage in China is available, RBN DGPS has enormous potential for application of precision forestry due to its continuous signals, reliability, high accuracy and low cost. Number of references:12 Main heading:Global positioning system Controlled terms:Experiments - Fixed platforms - Forestry - Machinery - Navigation systems - Timber Uncontrolled terms:Average values - Conformity degree of system - Coordinate changes - Differential global positioning systems - GPS signals - Low costs - Mobile platform - Mobile tests - Positioning accuracy - Precision forestry - Radio beacons - Scatter distribution - Signal coverage - Standard deviation Classification code:901.3 Engineering Research - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 601 Mechanical Design - 511.2 Oil Field Equipment - 434.4 Waterway Navigation - 415.3 Wood Structural Materials DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.037 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 10> Accession number:20113414254063 Title:Force and motion states of hammer mill at unloaded running Authors:Liu, Bao (1); Zong, Li (2); Zhang, Dongxing (3) Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China; (2) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (3) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China Corresponding author:Liu, B.(liubao@hpu.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:123-128 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to explore the actual force and motion states of the hammer while hammer mill running, and further to provide analysis basis for the dynamic characteristics of hammer mill rotor, force and motion states of hammer at the unloaded running were studied by methods of dynamic analysis and critical analysis in precondition of the friction between the hammer and its pivot was taken into consideration. The theoretical analysis results indicated that there existed a random static deflection phenomenon for the hammer relative to the rotor radial line passing the central point of hammer pivot, and this phenomenon could be realized just in the range of the critical deflection angle which was determined by the static friction coefficient between hammer and its pivot as well as the key structure and working parameters of hammer-rotor system. Furthermore, the random static deflection of all hammers on the hammer mill rotor could make a random change for the centroid position of the whole hammer-rotor system. The results provide a theoretical basis for the dynamic characteristics analysis and structure optimum design of the hammer mill. Number of references:16 Main heading:Tools Controlled terms:Dynamic analysis - Grinding mills - Hammers - Rotors (windings) - Stiction - Structural optimization - Tribology Uncontrolled terms:Analysis results - Central point - Critical analysis - Critical angles - Deflection angles - Dynamic characteristics - Dynamic characteristics analysis - Hammermills - Motion state - Optimum designs - Radial line - Relative rest - Static deflections - Static friction coefficient - Theoretical basis - Working parameters Classification code:931.1 Mechanics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 704.1 Electric Components - 605.2 Small Tools, Unpowered - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 603.1 Machine Tools, General - 603 Machine Tools - 422.2 Strength of Building Materials : Test Methods DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.021 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 11> Accession number:20113414254075 Title:Quality grading of raw cotton based on image feature selection Authors:Wang, Ling (1); Chen, Binglin (2); Liu, Shanjun (3); Ji, Changying (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Crop Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (3) College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China Corresponding author:Ji, C.(chyji@njau.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:190-195 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:According to the grading standard of raw cotton issued by Chinese government, 14 texture features were extracted in HSI color space to describe their color and impurity content, and 16 shape features were extracted to describe their size and geometric structure, which leads dimensionality reduction for its dimensionality curse. The feature selection problem aiming at quality grading of raw cotton is a NP hard problem. A solution algorithm was proposed based on cross-validation, hybrid Filter-Wrapper and heuristic search. First, the optimal l feature subset was selected on each training set for 10-fold cross-validation by using heuristic search strategy, including optimal scalar feature combination and floating search, and filter with an assessing function of class-separability criterion, l=1, 2, 3, &mellip;, 30. Then, the capacity of optimal feature subset was selected from the optimal l (l=1, 2, 3, &mellip;, 30) feature subsets on 10 training sets by using wrapper with an assessing function of the error rate of Bayes-classifier, at which the average error rate of 10 optimal feature subsets on 10 corresponding validation sets reached the minimum value. Finally, the average error rate of 10 optimal feature subsets on prediction set was verified at the capacity of optimal feature subset. Experimental result showed that the average classification rate of the 10 optimal feature subsets on prediction set was 88.39%, and the feature selection algorithm for hybrid Filter-Wrapper and floating search had higher efficiency and good effect. Number of references:25 Main heading:Feature extraction Controlled terms:Algorithms - Classification (of information) - Color - Cotton - Grading - Modular robots - Optimization - Set theory Uncontrolled terms:Cross validation - Filter - Heuristic search - Raw cotton - Wrapper Classification code:921 Mathematics - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 741.1 Light/Optics - 731.5 Robotics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.033 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 12> Accession number:20113414254043 Title:Characteristics of grain production and spatial pattern of land carrying capacity of China Authors:Liu, Dong (1); Feng, Zhiming (1); Yang, Yanzhao (1); You, Zhen (1) Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Corresponding author:Feng, Z.(fengzm@igsnrr.ac.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:1-6 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:China has made great achievements in grain production during the recent 60 years. However, still considered one of the largest developing countries with a fast population growth in the world, China's food security has always been a global concern and an important topic in the world, in which land carry capacity based on grain and population is one of the important fields. In this study the characteristics of China's grain production was analyzed and summarized firstly, and then, land carrying capacity (LCC) and land carrying capacity index (LCCI) models were developed from the point of man-grain relationship. Finally, the LCCI was calculated for each county of China in 2007 and systematically evaluated towards the land carrying capacity and its spatial pattern. The results showed that: from 1949 to 2008, with a periodic fluctuation, the grain production of China showed an upward tendency from 200 million to 500 million tons. The population growth rate (an increase of 145%) was less than that of grain yield (an increase of 367%), and the grain yield per capita rose steadily from 209 kg in 1949 to 400 kg in the early 21st century; food deficits and population overloading remained the primary characteristics of China's LCC at a county scale in 2007. The grain surplus counties located in the major grain-producing areas so that the population was less than the regional LCC, such as Northeast Plain, North China Plain, the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, Hexi Corridor, Hetao Plain and Sichuan Basin. While, those counties located in southeast coastal regions of China with a high population density, and regions with critical natural environment and low grain production, such as the arid region of Northwest China, the Tibetan Plateau, the Loess Plateau, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Mountain of North China, had a man-grain conflict and appeared to be population overloading. China had a large net grain surplus at a national scale in 2007, thus for counties with a deficit in grain production, large amount of grain should be traded and transported from other China's regions in order to meet people's demands. It should be remarked that city-clustered regions located in eastern and central part of China, such as Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and Wuhan Metropolitan Area and so on, had a tenser man-grain conflict than others. Along with the rapid development and urbanization trends in China, the man-grain conflict in these regions will become more and more severe, and the trade and transportation of grain will also appeared to be even more important. Number of references:24 Main heading:Grain growth Controlled terms:Arid regions - Coastal zones - Developing countries - Food supply - Landforms - Population statistics - Rivers - Water analysis Uncontrolled terms:China - Coastal regions - Food security - Grain production - Grain yield - Hetao Plain - Hexi corridor - High population density - Land carrying capacity - Loess Plateau - Metropolitan area - Natural environments - North China - North China Plain - NorthWest China - Pearl River delta - Per capita - Periodic fluctuations - Population - Population growth - Population growth rates - Rapid development - Sichuan Basin - Spatial patterns - Tianjin - Tibetan Plateau - Yangtze River - Yangtze river delta Classification code:933.1.2 Crystal Growth - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 901.4 Impact of Technology on Society - 801 Chemistry - 481.1 Geology - 407.2 Waterways - 404.2 Civil Defense DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.001 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 13> Accession number:20113414254070 Title:Airflow field simulation on suction nozzle of cupule-type disseminator for rice seedling Authors:Zhang, Min (1); Wu, Chongyou (1); Zhang, Wenyi (1) Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute for Agriculture Mechanization Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China Corresponding author:Zhang, M.(zhm0912@126.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:162-167 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to analyze the influence of operating mode parameters of cupule-type disseminator and structural parameters of suction nozzle on adsorption properties and blocking of the suction nozzle for rice seedling, ANSYS 12.0/Fluent were used for making simulated analysis of the airflow field of 3-types nozzle on different boundary conditions. The results of numerical simulation orthogonal test and single factor test indicated that suction nozzle lead had little effect on rate of voiding and rate of repeating suction, but it was helpful for reducing suction nozzle blocking to reduce suction nozzle lead. The maximum suction distance of suction nozzle was about 2 mm, the simulation conclusions consisted with the laboratory tests. The study can provide references for optimization design of suction nozzle and work parameters selection in cupule-type disseminator for rice seedling. Number of references:16 Main heading:Nozzle design Controlled terms:Adsorption - Nozzles Uncontrolled terms:Adsorption properties - Air flow fields - Cupule-type - Different boundary condition - Laboratory test - Operating modes - Optimization design - Orthogonal test - Parameters selection - Rice seedlings - Simulated analysis - Simulation - Structural parameter - Suction nozzles - Suction performance Classification code:631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.028 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 14> Accession number:20113414254046 Title:Salt transfer law for cotton field with drip irrigation under mulch in arid region Authors:Mu, Hongchen (1); Hudan, Tumaerbai (1); Su, Litan (2); Mahemujiang, Aihemaiti (1); Wang, Yimin (1); Zhang, Jinzhu (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (2) Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China Corresponding author:Hudan, T.(hudant@hotmail.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:18-22 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:Based on measured date in field, the soil salt changes for cotton field with drip irrigation under the plastic mulch were investigated. Through analyzing the salinity changes in cotton field with different irrigation years in four different growing period, it was concluded that salt content in soil depth 0-20 cm was reduced during before planting, seedling stage, and the boll opening period, but increased during the blooming-bolling stage. Salt content in 40-80 cm increased slowly during before sowing and reduced during the blooming period and boll opening period. The accumulation of salt at emitter was less than that at any other position but more at interspace of films in horizontal direction. The accumulation of salt in 0-20 cm of vertical direction reducted, but in the 60-100 cm it was larger. Meanwhile with the drip irrigation time extension, soil salt content would increase, especially in the 60-100 cm, the increasing trend was significant. At the location of emitter, inter-lines and inter-films, the total salt content would increase successively. The zone of 60-100 cm was of largest salt accumulation. In the cotton growth period, the depth of 0-60 cm soil kept desalting state, and the depth of 60-100 cm soil appeared depositing salt state. The results can provide references for management and prevention of drip irrigation water and salt under mulch in arid regions. Number of references:14 Main heading:Irrigation Controlled terms:Arid regions - Cotton - Cultivation - Desalination - Soils - Water supply Uncontrolled terms:Cotton growth - Drip irrigation - Growing period - Growth period - In-field - Plastic mulch - Salinity change - Salt content - Salt transfer - Soil depth - Soil salt content - Time extensions - Vertical direction Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 444 Water Resources - 443 Meteorology DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.004 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 15> Accession number:20113414254102 Title:Grade discrimination of machine-fried Longjing tea based on hyperspectral technology Authors:Jiang, Fan (1); Qiao, Xin (2); Zheng, Huajun (2); Yang, Qinghua (2) Author affiliation:(1) Zhejiang Tongji Vocational College of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 311231, China; (2) The Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacture and Automation, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China Corresponding author:Yang, Q.(robot@zjut.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:343-348 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:Because of the same contour and luster for different types of machine-fried Longjing Tea, the intrinsic quality will be the pivotal factor in classification. Therefore, a combined technique with hyper spectral (HS) and support vector machine (SVM) was proposed in this paper to identify the class of intrinsic quality of machine-fried Longjing Tea. By using hyper spectral technology, the spectral feature parameters can be obtained, such as absorption depth, absorption area, red edge, red valley location and normalized difference vegetation index, etc., within 350-2500 nm wavelength range. The correlation between these spectral feature parameters and tea classes was calculated. Based on the support vector classification theory with a penalty coefficient C, the key kernel functions and classification functions were identified by taking these spectral feature parameters as inputs. The identification model was constructed for classing Longjing Tea's classes. The model was also used in the classification experiment for different types of machine-fried Longjing Tea. The classification accuracy rate for machine-fried Longjing Tea's of this method is 98.3%, which proved that this method is feasible in machine-made Longjing Tea's classification. Number of references:20 Main heading:Support vector machines Controlled terms:Absorption - Content based retrieval - Identification (control systems) - Spectroscopic analysis Uncontrolled terms:Absorption areas - Classification accuracy - Classification functions - Combined techniques - HyperSpectral - Identification model - Kernel function - Machine fries longjing tea - Normalized difference vegetation index - Penalty coefficient - Quality levels - Red edge - Spectral feature - Support vector - Support vector classification - Wavelength ranges Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 801 Chemistry - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.060 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 16> Accession number:20113414254087 Title:Cooling effect on open rabbit house with water conditioner system in summer Authors:Ti, Boyu (1); Wang, Meizhi (1); Xu, Zhihong (1); Wu, Zhonghong (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China Corresponding author:Wu, Z.(wuzhh@cau.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:258-263 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:High temperature in summer has serious influence on rabbit production in China because of lack of effective cooling techniques in rabbit house. The application of evaporative cooling techniques is restricted in the area with climate of high temperature and high humidity in summer. Water conditioner system is a non-evaporative cooling system which use the underground water as the cooling medium. We evaluated the cooling effect of water conditioner on the thermal environment of open rabbit house, in which cooled air from the water conditioner system was delivered to doe cages through pipes. The results showed that the temperature inside the cages in the experimental rabbit house cooling with the water conditioner system was 2.5~3.3°C lower than that of the control rabbit house without any cooling facilities (P<0.05), while the relative humidity inside the cages was 8% higher than the control at 14 o'clock. The air speed inside the cages of the experimental rabbit house varied from 0.7 to 1.4 m/s, and Temperature-Humidity Indexes (THI) inside the cages ranged from 25.5 to 29.0, which were 1.4~2.9 lower than the control (P<0.01), this indicated that the thermal environment was significantly improved. The doe panting decreased at noon in the experimental house. The water conditioner cooling system may alleviate the heat stress of the does in pregnant or lactating stage through improving the thermal environment inside cages, and is practicable for cooling open rabbit house in summer. Number of references:22 Main heading:Heating Controlled terms:Evaporation - Evaporative cooling systems - Groundwater - Houses - Humidity control - Thermoelectric equipment Uncontrolled terms:Air speed - Cooling effects - Cooling medium - Cooling technique - Doe - Evaporative cooling - Heat stress - High humidity - High temperature - Open rabbit house - Thermal environment Classification code:802.3 Chemical Operations - 644.3 Refrigeration Equipment and Components - 643.1 Space Heating - 615.4 Thermoelectric Energy - 444.2 Groundwater - 402.3 Residences - 402 Buildings and Towers DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.045 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 17> Accession number:20113414254064 Title:Experiment on effect of paddy mud on adhesion property of farm paper mulch Authors:Ren, Wentao (1); Che, Zhuang (1); Liu, Jinbo (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China Corresponding author:Ren, W.(renwentao1958@yahoo.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:129-133 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to explore the method of improving coating quality between paper mulch and paddy mud, the effects of paddy mud water content, vertical pressure and load speed on the paddy mud adhesive force were studied through experiments, and then the corresponding mathematical models were established. Results showed that when water content was 34.5%~35.5%, with the increase of water content, viscosity and adhesive force of paddy mud declined sharply; When water content was more than 35.5%, the effect of water content on viscosity and adhesive force was not significant. With the raise of paddy mud viscosity, the adhesive force increased logarithmically; With the increase of vertical pressure, the adhesive force between paddy mud and paper mulch increased linearly. When load speed was 0.83×10<sup>-3</sup>~0.5×10<sup>-2</sup> m/s, the adhesive force increased rapidly with load speed increased; But when the load speed was more than 0.5×10<sup>-2</sup> m/s, the adhesive force increased slowly; When the load speed was 0.67×10<sup>-2</sup>~0.83×10<sup>-2</sup> m/s, the adhesive force was to constant value. Consequently, during land preparation and steeping field, to improve the coating quality of paper mulch, the maximal water content of the soil should be not more than 1.05 times of saturated water content; On the premise of meeting mud compressive strength, it should increase unit area pressure of paper mulch; When the speed of paper coating was less than 0.5×10<sup>-2</sup> m/s, the coating quality could be improved through uploading speed method.The research results can provide a reference for design of paper mulching mechanism. Number of references:24 Main heading:Water content Controlled terms:Adhesion - Compressive strength - Experiments - Loads (forces) - Mathematical models - Paper - Pressure effects - Protective coatings - Speed - Viscosity Uncontrolled terms:Adhesion properties - Adhesive force - Coating quality - Effect of water - Load speed - Paddy mud - Research results - Saturated water - Vertical pressure Classification code:931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.1 Mechanics - 921 Mathematics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 951 Materials Science - 813.2 Coating Materials - 801 Chemistry - 444 Water Resources - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 811.1 Pulp and Paper DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.022 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 18> Accession number:20113414254105 Title:Hot-air drying characteristics and technical parameters optimization of kernel hickory (Carya cathayensis Sarg.) Authors:Zhu, Dequan (1); Cao, Chengmao (1); Ding, Zhengyao (1); Liu, Weiwei (1); Zhang, Niansheng (1); Wang, Jixian (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China Corresponding author:Wang, J.(wangjixian@ahau.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:364-369 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:According to the problems of difficult control for hot-air drying process and poor quality of dried hickory kernels (Carya cathayensis Sarg.), the effects of drying temperature, material load and airflow rate on hot-air drying characteristics of kernels were investigated by the single factor experimental method. The quadratic regression orthogonal experimental method with three factors and five levels for each factor was employed. Drying temperature, material load and airflow rate were the influence factors, and dehydration rate, energy consumption of drying process, protein retention ratio, unsaturated fatty acid retention ratio and synthetic score of sensory quality indicator of dried kernels were the experimental indices. The relationships between the experimental indices and the influence factors were analyzed. The regression mathematical models describing the relations between the experimental indices and the influence factors were established to analyze the influence degree of the factors on the experimental indices. The optimal combination of technological parameters for drying materials was obtained by multi-objective nonlinear optimization method. The optimal parameters were as follows: hot-air temperature 72°C, material load 0.08 kg, and airflow rate 65 m/min. Under these conditions, dehydration rate was 0.458%/min, energy consumption was 5.986 kW·h/kg, protein retention ratio was 92.128%, unsaturated fatty acid retention ratio was 90.65%, comprehensive score for sensory quality indicator was 32.89, and overall score was 0.802. The results can provide a theoretical basis for drying and industrialized production of hickory kernels. Number of references:16 Main heading:Drying Controlled terms:Dehydration - Dewatering - Energy utilization - Mathematical models - Multiobjective optimization - Unsaturated fatty acids Uncontrolled terms:Air flow-rate - Dehydration rates - Drying materials - Drying process - Drying temperature - Experimental methods - Hickory kernel - Hot air - Hot air drying - Industrialized production - Influence degree - Influence factors - Material loads - Multi objective - Nonlinear optimization methods - Optimal combination - Optimal parameter - Parameters optimization - Protein retention - Quadratic regression - Retention ratio - Sensory qualities - Technological parameters - Theoretical basis Classification code:525.3 Energy Utilization - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.064 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 19> Accession number:20113414254059 Title:Controlling depth of groundwater tables along mainstream and in downstream tributary-intensive areas of Ejina River Authors:Wang, Yi (1); Wang, Shengli (1); Feng, Xuewu (1); Cheng, Zhengming (1); Yun, Kaiwen (2); Yang, Hongwei (3) Author affiliation:(1) Water Resources Research Institute of Inner Mongolia, Huhehaote 010020, China; (2) Bureau of Hydrology and Water Resources Survey of Bayanhaote in Inner Mongolia, Bayanhaote 750300, China; (3) Ejnqi Water Service Bureau, Dalankubu 735400, China Corresponding author:Wang, Y.(nskywangy@163.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:101-106 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to probe the ecological groundwater table along the mainstream and in the downstream tributary-intensive areas of Ejina River, GPS, RS and GIS technology were applied to analyze the interactions between ground water table and different plant communities based on the data of observed long-term groundwater tables. The single point method was used in analysis of east-west river mainstream areas and west river downstream. The method of overlay between the groundwater table and the plant communities was used for analyzing east river downstream tributary-intensive areas. The results showed that the ecological ground water table was changed in different areas. It was estimated as 2.14 to 2.27 m in the east-west mainstream areas with a variable range of 0.61 to 1.14 m, 2.52 to 3.88 m in the west river downstream areas with a variable range of 0.90 to 1.09 m, and 2.48 to 3.39 m in the northern Andou Grassland areas with a variable range of 0.26 to 0.33 m. The different ground water depth associated with different plant communities in the tributary-intensive areas of the downstream of east river. Populus euphratica community appeared in the areas where the groundwater table was less than 3.0 m with a variable range of 0.51 to 1.41 m. Tamarix ramossima community appeared in the areas where the groundwater table was 3.0 to 6.0 m with a variable range of 0.85 to 1.94 m, and weed habitat appeared in the areas where the groundwater table was 3.0 m with a variable range of 1.41 to 2.46 m. The results are helpful for the allocation of surface water in Ejina eco-irrigation district. Number of references:17 Main heading:Groundwater Controlled terms:Ecology - Rivers Uncontrolled terms:Downstream areas - East River - Ejina River - Ground water table - Plant communities - Plants - Populus euphratica - RS and GIS - Single point methods - Variable range - Water tables Classification code:444.1 Surface Water - 444.2 Groundwater - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.017 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 20> Accession number:20113414254091 Title:Application and benefit analysis of straw block in seedling transplanting of cotton Authors:Zhang, Zhijun (1); Wang, Huijie (2); Li, Huizhen (1); Nan, Jianfu (2) Author affiliation:(1) College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (2) Institute of Cotton, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuncheng 044000, China Corresponding author:Zhang, Z.(zjzhang@nuc.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:279-282 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to research the application of Straw Block (SB) utilized agricultural residuals as raw materials on seedling and transplanting of crops, the effect of SB on the plant growth, dry matter partitioning, yields and economic benefits of transplanted cotton were studied in this experiment, plastic block (PB) and direct sowing (DS) as contrast. The results showed that SB increased significantly the rate of emergence, made the convalescent period shorter about 7 days and the transplant survival rate increased 8.8% compared with PB, and this also resulted in significant increase of dry matter accumulation, especially that of reproductive organs increased in 1.5 folds, and lint yield increased 11.5% than PB and 17.5% than DS. For the yield component, boll number per plant of SB increased 7.5% and 23.3% than PB and DS respectively, whiling lint weight was no significant differences from PB and was 5.8% more than DS. No significant differences were observed in lint percentage among these 3 models. Further benefit analysis showed that net income per hectare increased by 735 yuan than SB and 1904 yuan than DS by using SB in cotton production system, these benefit were mainly from significant increases of yield, markable decreases of seed amount, relatively small proportion for block cost accounting in total investment and lower labor costs. Number of references:15 Main heading:Cost benefit analysis Controlled terms:Cost accounting - Cotton - Economics - Employment - Growth (materials) - Investments - Wages Uncontrolled terms:Benefit - Benefit analysis - Cotton production systems - Dry matter accumulation - Dry matter partitioning - Economic benefits - Labor costs - Lint yield - Net incomes - Plant growth - Reproductive organs - Seedling transplanting - Survival rate - Total investment - Yield - Yield components Classification code:819.1 Natural Fibers - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 951 Materials Science DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.049 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 21> Accession number:20113414254093 Title:Experimental study on hot-air ignition of biofuel pellets Authors:Xu, Fei (1); Zhao, Lixin (2); Meng, Haibo (2); Hou, Shulin (1); Tian, Yishui (2) Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineer, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China Corresponding author:Tian, Y.(yishuit@yahoo.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:288-294 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:By using PB-20 pellet burner as experimental device, and the 8 mm diameter straw pellets as experimental materials, the paper was focused on the effect of ignition wire power, air supply speed and feeding quantity on the hot-air ignition. The test results showed that the experiment system could reach the best effect under the condition that the ignition wire power was 394 W, the air supply speed was 2.5 m/s and the feed-in was 300 g. The average ignition time was 197 s, and the accumulated air pollutant emissions were 3133 mg CO, 73 mg NO<inf>x</inf> and 27.7 mg SO<inf>2</inf>. The results can provide a theoretical foundation for the design of automatic control system for pellet burner. Number of references:15 Main heading:Air pollution Controlled terms:Automation - Control - Ore pellets - Pelletizing - Sulfur dioxide - Wire Uncontrolled terms:Air pollutant emission - Air supply - Burner - Experiment system - Experimental materials - Experimental studies - Hot air - Ignition time - Pellet - Test results - Theoretical foundations Classification code:451 Air Pollution - 533.1 Ore Treatment - 535.2 Metal Forming - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732 Control Devices - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.051 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 22> Accession number:20113414254082 Title:Fish motion detecting algorithms based on computer vision technologies Authors:Fan, Liangzhong (1); Liu, Ying (2); Yu, Xinjie (1); Lu, Huanda (1) Author affiliation:(1) School of Information Science and Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (2) Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China Corresponding author:Liu, Y.(yinliu@qdio.ac.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:226-230 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to improve the detecting accuracy of fish motion, based on the analysis and comparison of classical moving object detection algorithms, three improved detection methods suitable for moving fish detection were presented. Experimental results showed that the proposed fish motion detecting algorithms had advantage over traditional methods. Especially, moving average background and the temporal difference method was better than other algorithms in detecting time and detecting accuracy, it has great potential in fish motion detection. Number of references:13 Main heading:Fish Controlled terms:Algorithms - Behavioral research - Computer vision - Fisheries Uncontrolled terms:Computer vision technology - Detecting time - Detection methods - Motion detection - Moving averages - Moving object detection algorithms - Other algorithms - Temporal differences Classification code:971 Social Sciences - 921 Mathematics - 822 Food Technology - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 723.5 Computer Applications - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 471.5 Sea as Source of Minerals and Food - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 461 Bioengineering and Biology DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.040 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 23> Accession number:20113414254076 Title:Extraction of leaf vein based on improved Sobel algorithm and hue information Authors:Li, Cancan (1); Sun, Changhui (1); Wang, Jing (1); Li, Fengguo (1) Author affiliation:(1) School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China Corresponding author:Li, F.(ganguli@126.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:196-199 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:Leaf vein contains important physiological information of the plant, and vein extraction is a key step of plant modeling and identification. Inspired by the previous algorithm of extracting vein in HSI color space, a method that combines the improved Sobel algorithm and hue information is proposed to extract leaf vein in this paper. The former is used to extract the basic contour of leaf vein, and the latter is used to extract the primary vein. Then, the results of the previous two steps are combined. The experimental results show that the algorithm can make up for the deficiencies by using Sobel algorithm and HSI color space to extract leaf vein, and it is capable of accurately extracting the leaf vein. Especially, the leaves which have different colors or nonuniform illumination also can be extracted the leaf vein effectively. Number of references:11 Main heading:Algorithms Controlled terms:Color - Image processing Uncontrolled terms:HSI color space - Non-uniform illumination - Plant modeling - The improved Sobel algorithm - Vein extraction Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.1 Light/Optics - 921 Mathematics DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.034 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 24> Accession number:20113414254096 Title:Extraction method for farmland from the plain-mountain region by remote sensing in farmland fertility survey Authors:Wang, Ruiyan (1); Yu, Zhenwen (2); Zhao, Gengxing (1); Zhou, Wei (3) Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; (2) Ministry of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (3) Unit 91388 of the PLA, Zhanjiang 524000, China Corresponding author:Yu, Z.(yuzw@sdau.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:306-311 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:The accurate acquisition of the cultivated land resource information is important in the farmland fertility survey and evaluation. Aiming at the mixed spectral characteristics of the plain-mountain region, Qingzhou county of Shandong province was taken as a case to extract the farmland resources. Based on the experiment of the spectral knowledge classification and the supervised classification, an extraction method for farmland by remote sensing was proposed. On the basis of the accuracy assessment of the supervised classification, the leak pixels were added to the type and the wrong pixels were removed from the type to determine the pixels of each farmland type contained, Then, combing with the spectral characteristics, experience, land utilization condition information, morphology, cultivated land productivity survey data and other background information, the extracted rules of each cultivated land type was established. The results showed that the classification accuracy of this method was high, which could reach up to 88.57%, and the automatic and fast classification with high accuracy of the region was realized. This method can be a reference for the regions with the similar situation. Number of references:20 Main heading:Landforms Controlled terms:Farms - Land use - Pixels - Remote sensing - Surveys Uncontrolled terms:Accuracy assessment - Background information - Classification accuracy - Cultivated lands - Extraction method - Farmland - Fast classification - Knowledge classification - Land utilization - Plain-mountain region - Shandong province - Spectral characteristics - Supervised classification - Survey data Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 405.3 Surveying - 481.1 Geology - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.054 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 25> Accession number:20113414254050 Title:Temporal stability of soil water storage on slope in rain-fed region of Loess Plateau Authors:Bai, Yiru (1); Shao, Ming'an (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Water Saving Irrigation at Yangling, Yangling 712100, China Corresponding author:Shao, M.(mashao@ms.iswc.ac.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:45-50 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:The analysis of temporal stability of soil water storage (SWS) is a theoretical basis for the accurate prediction of the soil moisture which can provide help for the vegetation restoration and reconstruction. The profile SWS on a slope was obtained by neutron probe from October 2005 to September 2006 in Liudaogou watershed on rain-fed region of Loess Plateau. The temporal stability of the SWS was conducted by classical statistical and temporal stability analysis. The results showed that SWS in the different months had moderate variability. The coefficients of variation of SWS under dry condition were lower than that under wet condition. The cumulative frequency of 0-4 m SWS changed less than that of the other depths. The mean relative differences of the 0-4 m SWS ranged from -39% to 53% with lower standard deviation (5.6%). The 0-4 m SWS had higher spearman rank correlation coefficients up to 0.8 with significant correlation. The results of the temporal stability preliminarily determined the representative sites. The spearman rank correlation coefficients were small when the SWS varied greatly, but increased when the SWS remained more or less stable. The spearman rank correlation coefficients can provide a convenient way to estimate the temporal stability of SWS in the study area. Number of references:16 Main heading:Slope stability Controlled terms:Rain - Soil moisture Uncontrolled terms:Accurate prediction - Coefficients of variations - Cumulative frequencies - Dry condition - Loess Plateau - Rain-fed region of Loess Plateau - Soil water storage - Spearman rank correlation - Standard deviation - Study areas - Temporal stability - Theoretical basis - Vegetation restoration - Wet conditions Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.008 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 26> Accession number:20113414254055 Title:Soil moisture of fish-scale pit during rainy season in Loess hilly and gully region Authors:Li, Ping (1); Zhu, Qingke (1); Zhao, Leilei (1); Chang, Cun (1); Zhou, Yi (1) Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Forest University, Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China Corresponding author:Zhu, Q.(zhuqingke@sohu.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:76-81 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In semi-arid of the Loess hilly and gully region, the precipitation is the main limited factor for vegetation growth. The fish-scale pit has been popularized as one kind of runoff catchment measure. In order to study the catchment function of fish-scale pit in rainy season, continuous monitoring of soil moisture was carried out on the typical spots. The results showed that during July and August, the average soil water contents inside the fish-scale pits were below the levels of external slope; the 20-40 cm soil layer in the fish-scale pits was the main use of soil water, and the 40-60 cm soil layer was the main runoff catchment; the effect of each fish-scale pits was different, which was mainly in the runoff periods. As a result, the catchment effect of each fish-scale pits was influenced by layout mode, construction technology and other factors. Number of references:28 Main heading:Fish Controlled terms:Catchments - Moisture control - Moisture determination - Runoff - Soil moisture Uncontrolled terms:Construction technologies - Continuous monitoring - Fish-scale pit - Rainy seasons - Semi arid - Soil layer - Soil water - Soil water content - Vegetation growth Classification code:822 Food Technology - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 444.1 Surface Water - 444 Water Resources - 461 Bioengineering and Biology DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.013 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 27> Accession number:20113414254044 Title:Estimation of pollution loads from agricultural nonpoint sources in Beijing region based on export coefficient modeling approach Authors:Liu, Yaqiong (1); Yang, Yulin (2); Li, Fahu (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Beijing Municipal Research Centre for Rural Economy, Beijing 100083, China Corresponding author:Li, F.(lifahu@cau.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:7-12 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:Nonpoint source pollutants produced from agricultural production activity is one of the major pollutant sources for environmental pollution. Pollution loads from agricultural nonpoint sources in Beijing City were estimated according to the approach of export coefficient modeling. The results demonstrated that total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads in Beijing City respectively were 19565.7 and 2413.1 Mg a<sup>-1</sup> in 2006. Total nitrogen and phosphorus loads was affected by types of land utilization significantly. The contributions to pollution load from various types of pollutant sources were different. The magnitude order of the contribution from various types of pollutant sources was wastewater and garbage from rural residents > cultivated land > forest land > livestock and poultry breeding > garden plot > grassplot for total nitrogen load, and wastewater and garbage from rural residents > livestock and poultry breeding > cultivated land > forest land > garden plot > grassplot for total phosphorus load, respectively. The differences among various districts/counties in Beijing about total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads and their load intensities were great. Total nitrogen and total phosphorous loads in Daxing, Shunyi, Fangshan, Miyun, and Tongzhou Districts were bigger, and the load intensities of total nitrogen and total phosphorous in Chaoyang, Fengtai, Tongzhou, Shunyi, and Daxing Districts were higher. The research about the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorous pollutants and their load intensities from agricultural nonpoint sources can provide a foundation on regional planning and agricultural structure adjustment in Beijing region. Number of references:28 Main heading:Pollution Controlled terms:Forestry - Land use - Nitrogen - Phosphorus - Regional planning - Wastewater Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Beijing city - Cultivated lands - Environmental pollutions - Forest land - Land utilization - Load intensity - Magnitude order - Modeling approach - Non-point source - Non-point source pollutants - Nonpoint source pollution - Phosphorus loads - Pollutant sources - Pollution load - Pollution loads - Region-based - Rural residents - Structural adjustment - Total nitrogen - Total phosphorous - Total phosphorus Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.002 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 28> Accession number:20113414254092 Title:Controlled release method for herbicides in rhizosphere to prevent aggression of Spartina alterniflora in intertidal zone Authors:Hu, Hongyou (1); Dong, Kezuan (1); Lin, Guanghui (1); Xie, Wanying (1) Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (2) Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China Corresponding author:Hu, H.(hongyouhu@xmu.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:283-287 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:To guard effectively against the ecological aggression of the smooth cord-grass Spartina alterniflora growing in intertidal zone, a new method was considered to apply herbicides in rhizosphere soil with controlled release techniques. Three types of controlled release materials, vermiculite particles, polyethylene (PE) and chitin membrane, were tested on their herbicide-releasing characteristics, meanwhile, three herbicides, including glyphosate, parauat and basta, were evaluated on the effects of killing the smooth cord-grass. The results show that the controlled herbicide-releasing ability of vermiculite particles is weaker than the other two materials, and its initial releasing quantity is bigger, so it can be used for the muddy beach. On the contrary, that of PE was stronger, and therefore it is suitable for a sandy beach. Furthermore, that of chitin membrane is between the vermiculite particles and PE membrane. The three herbicides, glyphosate, paraquat and basta, can kill the grass effectively after 2-6 days of cultivation in 0.25-1.00 0.09-0.23 and 0.28-2.30 g/L solutions, respectively. One dimensional model for solute infiltration in saturated soil was used to modulate the herbicide migration, and the modulation result suggested that the distant between any two herbicide-releasing points should be set at less than 50-60 cm in field weeding practice. The experiment proved it is feasible in practice to guard against the ecological aggression of smooth cord-grass by controlled release of herbicides in rhizosphere. Number of references:24 Main heading:Herbicides Controlled terms:Beaches - Chitin - Clay minerals - Cultivation - Ecology - Geologic models - Soils - Weed control Uncontrolled terms:Aggression - Controlled release - Ecological environment - Rhizosphere - Spartina alterniflora Classification code:804.1 Organic Compounds - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 482.2 Minerals - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 407.3 Coastal Engineering - 481.1 Geology DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.050 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 29> Accession number:20113414254089 Title:Design and experiment on updraft biomass gasifier Authors:Li, Bin (1); Chen, Hanping (1); Yang, Haiping (1); Wang, Xianhua (1); Zhang, Shihong (1) Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China Corresponding author:Chen, H.(hp.chen@163.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:270-273 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:To guide and modify the design and operation of small biomass gasifier, the design procedure of an updraft fixed bed gasifier was introduced in detail, and its structure was optimized, then a biomass gasifier was produced. Using sawdust as raw material, the influence of air flow rate on gasification temperature, product gas composition and low heating value (LHV) was investigated. The results showed that: air flow rate was the key parameter during the actual operation process of the gasifier, it directly affected the gasification temperature and operation condition. As air flow rate increasing, the temperature inside the gasifier rose greatly, the gas production increased sharply, and the combustible gas content first increased and then decreased. The optimum air flow rate was about 1.9 m<sup>3</sup>/h, where the LHV of the product gas got the maximum value of 4.38 MJ/m<sup>3</sup>, the oxidation area had a suitable temperature of 960°C, and the gasification intensity was 57.8 kg/(m<sup>2</sup>·h), it can well meet the requirements of user. Number of references:13 Main heading:Gasification Controlled terms:Air - Biomass - Design - Flow rate - Gas fuels - Gases Uncontrolled terms:Actual operation - Air flow-rate - Biomass gasifier - Combustible gas - Design and operations - Design procedure - Fixed bed - Gas composition - Gas productions - Gasification temperatures - Gasifiers - Key parameters - Low heating values - Maximum values - Operation conditions - Product gas - Updraft Classification code:931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 631 Fluid Flow - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 522 Gas Fuels - 408 Structural Design DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.047 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 30> Accession number:20113414254058 Title:Effects of mixture of chelating agents with different pH values on phytoextraction and heavy metals removal Authors:Guo, Xiaofang (1); Wei, Zebin (1); Xu, Tianfen (1); Shi, Xuefeng (1); Wu, Qitang (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Natural Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory on Eco-Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China Corresponding author:Wu, Q.(wuqitang@scau.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:96-100 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:The mixture of chelators (MC) can remove heavy metals from contaminated soils, but the appropriate pH value and its impacts on the following phytoextraction need to be elucidated. Pot experiments were carried out to evaluate the efficiency of heavy metals removal by MC at different pH values (2.75, 5, 7 and 9). The ptytoextraction by Sedum alfredii in the soil after washing with MC were also assessed. Result showed that soil washing with MC at pH 5 and 7 significantly increased the leached Cd, Pb and Cu. Heavy metals removal enhanced by addition of Ca<sup>2 </sup> into MC instead of Na<sup> </sup> or K<sup> </sup>. The biomass of S. alfredii enhanced after soil washing with MC at pH value 7 and 9, but the concentrations of Cd and Zn in S. alfredii and phytoextraction rates reduced compared with the initial MC at pH 2.75. In this combined technology, Zn and Cd removal mainly depended on phytoextraction, its removal rates were from 30% to 40% of the total soil Cd and from 6.5% to 6.9% for Zn. Pb and Cu removal relied on soil washing, the removal rates were from 2.3% to 2.6% of the total soil Pb and from 1.6% to 2.0% for Cu. Overall, the combination of soil washing with pH value 9 MC and phytoextraction was preferred to remove simultaneously Cd, Zn, Pb and Cu from the acidic contaminated soil and to decrease its available pools in the soil. Number of references:24 Main heading:Soil pollution control Controlled terms:Chelation - Experiments - Lakes - Leaching - Lead - Metals - Mixtures - pH effects - Sodium - Soil pollution - Soils - Washing - Zinc Uncontrolled terms:Chelating agent - Combined technology - Contaminated soils - Pb and Cu - pH value - Phytoextraction - Pot experiment - Removal rate - Sedum alfredii - Soil washing Classification code:802.3 Chemical Operations - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 901.3 Engineering Research - 546.3 Zinc and Alloys - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 546.1 Lead and Alloys DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.016 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 31> Accession number:20113414254065 Title:Design and implementation of low powered drip irrigation controller for citrus orchard Authors:Li, Jianian (1); Hong, Tiansheng (1); Lu, Jiana (1); Yue, Xuejun (1); Feng, Ruijue (1) Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China Corresponding author:Hong, T.(tshong@scau.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:134-139 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:A low cost drip irrigation controller powered with battery was developed for applications in remote mountainous citrus orchards. This controller was designed to improve drip irrigation management efficiency and reduce the labor inputs, which in turn reduces the production cost. It is mainly composed of an ATMega88V microcontroller, power supplying circuit, human-computer interaction unit, pulse solenoid valve and its driving circuit. Power consumption of the controller was measured in 0-0.9 MPa pipe water pressure conditions with the supply voltage ranging from 0 to 10 V DC(Direct Current) by an adjustable digital power supply. The results indicated that the minimum voltage requirement for the controller to drive the valve was 3 V. Current for opening or closing the valve increased with the voltage supply and was hardly affected by water pressure. The quiescent current of the controller was 50 μA when the supply voltage was greater than 5 V. This current gradually increased to its maximum value of 149.2 μA with the process when the supply voltage dropped from 5 V to 3 V. Powered with a 9 V alkaline battery, the controller's battery life was tested under the condition that the controller was programmed to drive the value open or close the valve alternately at 5-second interval. Results indicate that the battery can power the controller for 364 hours to open or close the valve 272 160 times during this period. It can be further estimated that a 9 V battery with a rated capacity of 2500 mA·h can power the controller for more than 5 years, without considering self discharge and natural deterioration of the battery. Assessments carried out show that the controller is easy to use, and suitable for automatic controlled drip irrigation in medium and small sized citrus orchards. Number of references:17 Main heading:Controllers Controlled terms:Automation - Control - DC power transmission - Human computer interaction - Irrigation - Knowledge management - Orchards - Solenoid valves - Solenoids Uncontrolled terms:Alkaline batteries - Battery life - Citrus orchard - Direct current - Drip irrigation - Drip irrigation management - Driving circuits - Human-computer - Interaction units - Low cost drip - Maximum values - Power supply - Production cost - Pulse - Pulse solenoids - Quiescent currents - Self-discharges - Supply voltages - Voltage requirement - Voltage supply - Water pressures Classification code:821.3 Agricultural Methods - 732.1 Control Equipment - 732 Control Devices - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 704.1 Electric Components - 619 Pipes, Tanks and Accessories; Plant Engineering Generally - 461.4 Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.023 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 32> Accession number:20113414254066 Title:Internal flow velocimetry of hydraulic coupling based on particle tracking velocimetry technology Authors:Chai, Bosen (1); Ma, Wenxing (1); Lu, Xiuquan (1); Fan, Lidan (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China Corresponding author:Ma, W.(mawx@jlu.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:140-145 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to study the three-dimension flow characteristics of hydraulic coupling, the internal flow field of rectangular cavity-type hydraulic coupling was tested based on PTV(Particle Tracking Velocimetry) technology. Triple exposure technique on single frame was used to record three different lengths of particle motion trajectory. The internal flow direction of hydraulic coupling was judged accurately. Particle motion trajectory was extracted by edge detection algorithm, double threshold method was used to detect strong and weak edges. This method was proved efficient for detecting edges with sigle-pixel width and the displacements of particles were extracted directly, then the internal flow velocimetry was acquired, visualization of internal flow field and quantitative measurement were achieved. At the same time, the particle diameter can be estimated approximately. Number of references:17 Main heading:Tracking (position) Controlled terms:Couplings - Edge detection - Flow fields - Hydraulics - Velocimeters - Velocity measurement - Visualization Uncontrolled terms:Double-threshold method - Edge detection algorithms - Flow characteristic - Hydraulic coupling - Internal flow field - Internal flows - Particle diameters - Particle motions - Particle tracking velocimetry - Quantitative measurement - Three-dimension - Weak edge Classification code:943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 632.1 Hydraulics - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 602 Mechanical Drives and Transmissions DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.024 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 33> Accession number:20113414254045 Title:Analysis on grain filling characteristics of winter wheat under sprinkler irrigation and surface irrigation conditions Authors:Yao, Sumei (1); Kang, Yuehu (2); Lü, Guohua (2); Liu, Mingjiu (1); Yang, Wenping (1); Li, Dongfang (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Corresponding author:Yao, S.(sumeiy@126.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:13-17 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:Taking wheat cultivar Bainong AK58 as test material, a field experiment was conducted to study the grain- filling processes in winter wheat under sprinkler and surface irrigation conditions in order to investigate the differences among grain-filling characteristics of different irrigation methods. The results showed that the data of grain weights were fitted to the nonlinear cumulative Richards growth model as a function of days after anthesis. Grain growth analysis based on Richards equation indicated that compared with that under surface irrigation condition, the final grain weights of the superior and inferior grains on sprinkler irrigation condition was markedly higher. Sprinkler irrigation increased the initial grain growth potentiality, shortened the time reaching the maximum grain filling rates, and enhanced the average and maximum grain filling rates in both superior and inferior grains. The grain filling rates in the superior and inferior grains were increased while durations were shortened on sprinkler irrigation conditions during the early grain filling phase. During the middle and later phases, both the rates and durations of grain filling were increased in the inferior grains under sprinkler irrigation conditions, while the grain filling rates were increased and the grain filling durations were not changed significantly in the superior grains. In conclusion, the magnitude of the effects of sprinkler irrigation on grain filling was quite greater for inferior grains than that for superior grains. The increment of grain weight of winter wheat treated with sprinkler irrigation was mainly realized through increasing grain weight of inferior grains. Number of references:11 Main heading:Grain (agricultural product) Controlled terms:Filling - Grain growth - Grain size and shape - Sprinkler systems (irrigation) - Surfaces Uncontrolled terms:Grain filling - Grain filling rate - Sprinkler irrigation - Surface irrigation - Winter wheat Classification code:951 Materials Science - 933.1.2 Crystal Growth - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.003 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 34> Accession number:20113414254048 Title:Effects of irrigation and compound fertilizer on yield of winter wheat and net ecosystem productivity of farmland Authors:Zhou, Lifeng (1); Feng, Hao (1) Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry, Yangling 712100, China; (3) Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Corresponding author:Feng, H.(nercwsi@vip.sina.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:31-36 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:A 2-year experiment was conducted to study the effects of irrigation andsoil amendment fertilizer on yields of winter wheat and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of farmland in 2009, 2010. Results showed that the maximum yield was 8 894.11 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> with irrigation water of 60 mm in jointing stage and fertilized soil amendment fertilizer of 1350 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>. The optimum amount of SAF fertilization under no irrigation, irrigation once, irrigation twice was 656, 920.13 and 872.38 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> respectively. Plot CO<inf>2</inf> emission under normal fertilizer treatment was lower than that of soil amendment fertilizer treatments. In jointing stage and seed filling stage which soil respiration of winter wheat were intensively, irrigation at jointing stage could significantly improve soil CO<inf>2</inf> emission flux. SAF1800 treatment was recommend as the strategy for improving farmland carbon sequestration. Number of references:29 Main heading:Irrigation Controlled terms:Carbon dioxide - Ecosystems - Experiments - Farms - Fertilizers - Forestry - Productivity - Soils - Water conservation - Water supply Uncontrolled terms:Carbon sequestration - Compound fertilizer - Emission fluxes - Fertilized soils - Irrigation waters - Net ecosystem productivities - Seed filling - Soil amendment - Soil CO - Soil respiration - Water-saving - Winter wheat - Yield increase Classification code:913.1 Production Engineering - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 444 Water Resources DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.006 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 35> Accession number:20113414254069 Title:Design and kinematic analysis of double-acting cutting device of walk-type pasture reaper Authors:Xu, Xiuying (1); Zhang, Weiqiang (1); Yang, Hemei (1); Qi, Xiaodan (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China Corresponding author:Zhang, W. Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:156-161 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:The design of the cutting device of a walk-type pasture reaper was improved to solve the problems existing in using mono-acting cutter, such as the poor balance, the low cutting speed, the easily to be blocked, the difficulty to cope with the soft forage. The improved design applied the double-acting cutter device, whose double-acting cutter cut reversely each other driven by a double-camshaft linkage. Based on the kinematic analysis of the cutting device, this paper calculated separately the relationships of the angle of crank with the displacement, the velocity and the acceleration of knifes, and performed optimal design of the structural parameters of blades and the cutting clearance. By analysis of the cutting speed ratio, this paper also drew the cutting graphs of the double-acting cutter under different cutting speeds ratios. And it showed that in order to reduce the repeated cutting area and the fail to cut area, the optimum cutting speed ratio (K) is 1.6. The research provided references for the further optimal design and experiment of the cutting device of the walk-type pasture reaper. Number of references:18 Main heading:Design Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cutting - Kinematics - Optimal systems - Optimization - Speed Uncontrolled terms:Cutting area - Cutting speed - Cutting speed ratio - Double-acting - Kinematic Analysis - Optimal design - Structural parameter - Walk-type pasture reaper Classification code:408 Structural Design - 604.1 Metal Cutting - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.1 Mechanics DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.027 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 36> Accession number:20113414254101 Title:Detection of navel surface defects based on illumination-reflectance model Authors:Li, Jiangbo (1); Rao, Xiuqin (1); Ying, Yibin (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China Corresponding author:Rao, X. Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:338-342 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:The presence of skin defects is one of the main influential factors on the price of fruit. Most of the researches used static images and more complex algorithm to segment defects on fruit surface. The lighting correction approach and threshold method was proposed to segment fruit surface defects. The fruit images with defects were acquired from an on-line sorting system. Firstly, hue (H) component was obtained by transforming RGB colour space to HIS colour space. The mask was created based on H component and used to remove R component image background. Then, based on illumination-reflectance model, the illumination component was extracted from R component image by low pass filter. The illumination component was used to correct illumination on R-component image. Finally, defects were successfully segmented at one time by subjecting the corrected image to a single threshold value. The experimental results with an over 99% recognition rate for 416 images showed that the proposed algorithm was simple and effective for application in real-time detection of defects on fruit. Number of references:21 Main heading:Surface defects Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Algorithms - Computer vision - Defects - Fruits - Health - Image segmentation - Low pass filters - Reflection Uncontrolled terms:Colour spaces - Complex algorithms - Corrected image - Fruit surfaces - Illumination components - Illumination correction - Influential factors - Real-time detection - Recognition rates - RGB colours - Skin defects - Sorting system - Static images - Threshold methods Classification code:951 Materials Science - 921 Mathematics - 914.3 Industrial Hygiene - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 703.2 Electric Filters - 423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.059 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 37> Accession number:20113414254049 Title:Water-saving potential and irrigation strategies for wheat-maize double cropping system in the North China Plain Authors:Fang, Quanxiao (1); Wang, Jianlin (1); Yu, Shunzhang (3) Author affiliation:(1) Dryland Farming Laboratory, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (3) Soil Fertilizer Station of Shandong, Jinan 250100, China Corresponding author:Fang, Q.(fqx01@163.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:37-44 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:Agricultural system models can be used to assess water-saving potential and irrigation strategies by integrating factors of soil, climate and crops, so as to provide theoretical and technical support for soil moisture optimal control. In this study, RZWQM-CERES was used to simulate crop yield, evapotranspiration and irrigation requirement with various soil water levels and irrigation schedules in a wheat-maize double cropping system from 1961 to 1999 at Yucheng and Luancheng Stations. The results showed that the long-term averaged maximum evpotranspiration and irrigation requirement in wheat season were 632 and 496 mm at Luancheng, which were higher than that at Yucheng. The maximum evapotranspiration values in maize season were similar, which were 395 and 384 mm, respectively. For both two sites, high irrigation requirement concentrated in wheat season from March to May. At Luancheng, however, higher irrigation requirement occurred in June and October. Crop yield response to water stress differed greatly, where lower irrigation was required at Yucheng than at Luancheng for similar objected yield levels becaused of different climate and soil conditions between the two sites. The long-term irrigation schemes simulations showed that booting stage was the most sensitive growth stage of wheat to water stress at the two sites, but the pre-season irrigation showed great different effects on crop yield between the two sites. Based on above results, water-saving irrigation strategies with high water use efficiency and environmental benefits were established for the two sites. Number of references:26 Main heading:Irrigation Controlled terms:Climate control - Climate models - Crops - Evapotranspiration - Geologic models - Moisture control - Plants (botany) - Soil moisture - Water conservation - Water levels - Water supply - Yield stress Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural system - Crop water stress indices - Crop yield - Different effects - Double cropping - Environmental benefits - Growth stages - High water - Integrating factor - Irrigation schedule - Irrigation schemes - North China Plain - Optimal controls - Soil conditions - Soil water - Technical support - Water stress - Water use efficiency - Water-saving - Water-saving irrigation Classification code:481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 614.2 Steam Power Plant Equipment and Operation - 951 Materials Science - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921 Mathematics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 461.9 Biology - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 402 Buildings and Towers - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.007 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 38> Accession number:20113414254052 Title:Regional scale model for simulating soil water flow and solute transport processes-GSWAP Authors:Xu, Xu (1); Huang, Guanhua (1); Qu, Zhongyi (3); Huang, Quanzhong (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (2) Chinese International center for Research and Training in Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China; (3) Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China Corresponding author:Huang, G.(ghuang@cau.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:58-63 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:Due to the spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties and hydrological factors, field scale models with one-dimensional structure were not applicable to the regional scale modeling. A distributed model, which is named as GSWAP, was developed for simulating soil water flow and salt transport on a regional scale by closely coupling the Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant (SWAP) model and ArcInfo. The data of GSWAP can be efficiently pre/post processed based on the strong capabilities of spatial data analysis and processing in ArcInfo. The study area was divided into subunits through the combination of soil type, land use, climate and water table depth conditions. Each subunit was supposed to be an equivalent homogenous system with a set of effective soil hydraulic parameters, which were obtained by using the Genetic Algorithms coupled with SWAP model. Finally, the GSWAP model was applied to the Yonglian Irrigation System, Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia as a case study. Results showed that the GSWAP model could be efficiently used to simulate the soil water and solute dynamics on a regional scale. Number of references:17 Main heading:Geologic models Controlled terms:Data processing - Data reduction - Flow of water - Genetic algorithms - Hydraulics - Irrigation - Soil moisture - Solute transport Uncontrolled terms:Arc-Info - Distributed models - Field scale - Homogenous system - Hydrological factors - Inner Mongolia - Irrigation districts - Irrigation systems - One-dimensional structure - Regional scale - Salt transport - Simulation - Soil hydraulic parameters - Soil hydraulic properties - Soil hydraulic property - Soil types - Soil water - Soil water flows - Spatial data analysis - Spatial variability - Study areas - SWAP - SWAP model - Water table depths Classification code:821.3 Agricultural Methods - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 921 Mathematics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 481.1 Geology - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.010 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 39> Accession number:20113414254104 Title:Application of vacuum-cooling pretreatment to microwave freeze drying of carrot slices Authors:Wang, Haiou (1); Hu, Zhichao (2); Tu, Kang (1); Wu, Feng (2); Zhong, Ting (2); Xie, Huanxiong (2) Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (2) Nanjing Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China Corresponding author:Tu, K.(kangtu@njau.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:358-363 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to discuss the feasibility of vacuum-cooling pretreatment applied to microwave freeze drying process, the experiment of vacuum-cooling pretreatment process and three different processing techniques of microwave freeze drying were conducted on WDG-5 type microwave freeze dryer using the material of carrot slices, which involved in group A: vacuum cooling substituting the process of freezing in refrigerator, group B: vacuum cooling followed by freezing in refrigerator, and group C: no vacuum cooling pretreatment. After 22 minutes of vacuum cooling with full capacity of the vacuum pump and cold trap, the temperature of carrot slices declined to freezing point as well as 16.5% water content removed. 60 minutes of vacuum cooling pretreatment removed 20% water content and decreased surface temperature and core temperature of the carrots to -41.2°C and -29.5°C, respectively. Compared with group C, group A and B increased microwave power in initial drying stage, shortened the drying time by 2 h, and respectively reduced 17.3% and 19.9% of the total power consumption. There was no significant difference among three groups' dried carrot slices in moisture content, rehydration rate and color indices. The retention rates of Vitamin C in group A and B were both more than 80%, higher than the 68% retention rate in group C. It is concluded that vacuum-cooling pretreatment applied to microwave freeze drying can alleviate the problem of glow discharge in initial drying stage, reduce the drying time and power consumption and improve the retention rate of Vitamin C. Number of references:15 Main heading:Drying Controlled terms:Freezing - Glow discharges - Microwaves - Refrigerators - Vacuum - Vacuum applications - Vacuum technology - Water content Uncontrolled terms:Carrot slice - Cold traps - Color index - Core temperature - Drying time - Freeze dryer - Freezing point - Microwave freeze drying - Microwave power - Pre-Treatment - Pretreatment process - Processing technique - Processing technology - Retention rate - Surface temperatures - Total power consumption - Vacuum cooling - Vitamin C Classification code:701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 644.3 Refrigeration Equipment and Components - 644.1 Refrigeration Methods - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 642.1 Process Heating - 633 Vacuum Technology - 444 Water Resources - 633.1 Vacuum Applications DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.063 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 40> Accession number:20113414254107 Title:Effect of different package methods on quality of Pleurotus nebrodensis during cold storage Authors:Li, Ning (1); Yan, Ruixiang (2); Wang, Bujiang (3) Author affiliation:(1) Department of Horticulture, Tianjin Agriculture College, Tianjin 300384, China; (2) National Engineering and Technology Research Center of Agriculture Products Freshness Protection, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Storage of Agricultural Products, Tianjin 300384, China; (3) Food Science Department of Tianjin Agricultural College, Tianjin 300384, China Corresponding author:Yan, R.(yrxan@163.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:377-382 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to determine optimal packing methods for Pleurotus nebrodensis, the effects of packages including different thickness polyethylene (PE) film, micro-perforated film, vacuum packaging with PE film, PE film flushed with nitrogen on the quality of Pleurotus nebrodensis stored at 0°C were investigated. Compared with other packaging methods, 0.035 mm PE film flushed with nitrogen was better for the quality of Pleurotus nebrodensis during cold storage, which got a higher score of sensory evaluation, and obviously reduced the activities of PPO, POD and the browing degree, delayed the aging process and membrane lipid peroxidation during storage. Meanwhile, compared with conventional PE film packaging, 0.035 mm PE film flushed with nitrogen could extend storage time by 10-15 days. The results can provide a theoretical basis for cold storage of Pleurotus nebrodensis. Number of references:18 Main heading:Packaging Controlled terms:Cold storage - Nitrogen - Principal component analysis - Refrigerators Uncontrolled terms:Aging process - Different thickness - Membrane lipid peroxidation - Micro-perforated films - Optimal packing - Packages - Packaging methods - PE films - Pleurotus - Sensory evaluation - Storage time - Theoretical basis - Vacuum packaging Classification code:644.3 Refrigeration Equipment and Components - 694.1 Packaging, General - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.066 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 41> Accession number:20113414254051 Title:Numerical analysis of water budget process of check dam system in small basin on Loess Plateau Authors:Huang, Jinbai (1); Fu, Qiang (1); Osamu, Hinokidani (2); Wang, Bin (1); Zheng, Jiyong (3) Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (2) Faculty of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan; (3) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and The Ministry of Water Resource, Yangling 712100, China Corresponding author:Fu, Q.(fuqiang@neau.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:51-57 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:Check systems play an important role in redistribution of water resources at small basin in Loess Plateau. A check dam system which was located at Liudaogou Basin on the northern Loess Plateau was chosen as the study area to analyze annual water budget of the check dam system. A hydraulic calculation model was developed based on actual geographic conditions. Validity of the model was verified by numerical simulation of the observed groundwater level. The numerical results in 2006 showed that surface runoff, evapotranspiration, downward infiltration and groundwater outflow accounted for 36%, 49.3%, 11.6% and 3.1% of the total water inlet, respectively. The results indicated that the effects of the check dam system on the water resources redistribution were mainly in reduction of surface runoff, increase of evapotranspiration and contribution to downward infiltration. Meanwhile, the proposed numerical method for research on hydrological cycle of the check dam system on the northern Loess Plateau is practical. Number of references:19 Main heading:Dams Controlled terms:Budget control - Computer simulation - Evapotranspiration - Groundwater - Numerical analysis - Numerical methods - Runoff - Seepage - Soil mechanics - Water supply Uncontrolled terms:Check dam - Check systems - Geographic conditions - Hydraulic calculations - Hydrological cycles - Liudaogou Basin - Loess Plateau - Numerical results - Study areas - Surface runoffs - Water budget - Water inlets Classification code:911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 723.5 Computer Applications - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 444.2 Groundwater - 441.1 Dams - 441 Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 444.1 Surface Water DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.009 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 42> Accession number:20113414254067 Title:Damping characteristics analysis of seat mounted Mckibben-type pneumatic artificial muscle buffer Authors:Sun, Dagang (1); Feng, Chensheng (1); Song, Yong (2); Zhang, Xin (2); Lu, Nanyan (1) Author affiliation:(1) Mechanical and Electronic Engineering College, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; (2) Faculty of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China Corresponding author:Sun, D.(sundgbox@sina.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:146-150 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:As a new bionic pneumatic actuator, Mckibben-type pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM), its mechanical properties have much resemblance to that of biological skeleton muscle. Damping model of seat was built up by taking Mckibben-type PAM as the buffer actuator for crawler construction vehicles. The simulation of the seat for damping characteristics was conducted using Simulink software and fuzzy PID control. The data showed that vertical acceleration and displacement decreased effectively for Mckibben-type PAM seat relative to these of traditional seats under the 4 kinds of working conditions. The vibration isolation performance was improved noticeably, and the research results can provide references for the development of PAM-type damping seats. Number of references:20 Main heading:Pneumatics Controlled terms:Actuators - Computer software - Damping - Mechanical properties - Muscle - Pneumatic drives - Three term control systems Uncontrolled terms:Buffer - Construction vehicles - Pneumatic artificial muscle - Simulation - Vibration reduction Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 632 Hydraulics, Pneumatics and Related Equipment, and Fluidics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 931.1 Mechanics DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.025 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 43> Accession number:20113414254053 Title:Groundwater depth forecast based on multi-variate time series CAR model Authors:Guan, Xiaoyan (1); Wang, Shaoli (1); Gao, Zhanyi (1); Lü, Ye (1); Wang, Changsheng (3) Author affiliation:(1) National Center of Efficient Irrigation Engineering and Technology Research-Beijing, Beijing 100048, China; (2) Department of Irrigation and Drainage, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China; (3) Shahaoqu Experiment Station of Hetao Irrigation District, Shanba 015400, China Corresponding author:Guan, X.(guanxy@iwhr.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:64-69 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to accurately estimate the groundwater depth in Hetao irrigation district, Inner Mongolia, the forecasting model of groundwater depth was established based on multivariate time series CAR model (Controlled auto-regressive) according to the observed data of groundwater depth, precipitation, evaporation and water inflow in Shahaoqu area of Hetao irrigation district from 1988 to 2007. The model was validated and then applied to forecast the groundwater depth under different schemes. The results showed that the changes of groundwater depth in Hetao irrigation district were tremendously influenced by climatic conditions and the irrigation water amount, the multivariate time series CAR model was effective in prediction, and the model had good applicability in Shahao irrigation area. The prediction schemes show that when the evaporation increases by 25%, the rainfall reduces by 34% and the annual water diversion reduces by 18%, and then the groundwater depth would be 2.21 m. Therefore, the research method findings from this paper can provide references for irrigation district in water management. Number of references:20 Main heading:Groundwater resources Controlled terms:Evaporation - Flood control - Forecasting - Groundwater - Irrigation - Model automobiles - Multivariant analysis - Phase transitions - Time series - Time series analysis - Water management - Water supply Uncontrolled terms:Auto-regressive - Car models - Climatic conditions - Forecasting models - Inner Mongolia - Irrigation area - Irrigation districts - Irrigation waters - Multivariate time series - Observed data - Prediction schemes - research methods - Water diversions - Water inflows Classification code:922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 922 Statistical Methods - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 662.1 Automobiles - 454.1 Environmental Engineering, General - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 446 Waterworks - 444.2 Groundwater - 444 Water Resources DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.011 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 44> Accession number:20113414254086 Title:Life cycle environmental impact assessment of biodiesel from microalgae in open ponds Authors:Hou, Jian (1); Zhang, Peidong (1); Yuan, Xianzheng (1); Zheng, Yonghong (1) Author affiliation:(1) Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (2) Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Corresponding author:Zhang, P.(eeesc@163.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:251-257 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:This paper assessed the potential environmental impacts generated in the life cycle of biodiesel which was made from microalgae cultivated in open ponds. The functional unit was 1 MJ diesel product. The results showed that the most prominent impact category in the life cycle of microalgae biodiesel was non-renewable resources depletion potential, and the second one was photochemical ozone creation potential. The total environmental impact indicator in the life cycle of microalgae biodiesel was 4.63×10<sup>-4</sup> equivalent persons, decreased by 19.34% than that of fossil diesel, and the life cycle total environmental impact indicator of rapeseed biodiesel was 7.19 times of that of microalgae based biodiesel. The contributions of stages of microalgae cultivation and biodiesel conversion to the life cycle total environmental impact indicator of microalgae biodiesel were 28.23% and 46.61% respectively. Biodiesel made from microalgae cultivated in open ponds has better environmental performance than fossil diesel and biodiesel made from rapeseed. The essential measure to control the environmental impacts in the life cycle of microalgae biodiesel is to reduce the power consumption in the stages of microalgae cultivation and biodiesel conversion. Number of references:33 Main heading:Environmental impact Controlled terms:Algae - Biodiesel - Environmental impact assessments - Environmental management - Lakes - Life cycle - Microorganisms - Oilseeds - Ozone Uncontrolled terms:Diesel products - Environmental performance - Functional units - Impact assessments - Life-cycle environmental impact - Micro-algae - Microalgae cultivation - Non-renewable resource - Photochemical ozone creation potentials Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 523 Liquid Fuels - 913.1 Production Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.044 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 45> Accession number:20113414254060 Title:Combination uniformity improvement of impact sprinkler Authors:Liu, Junping (1); Yuan, Shouqi (1); Li, Hong (1); Zhu, Xingye (1) Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technical, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China Corresponding author:Yuan, S.(shouqiy@ujs.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:107-111 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:According to that the sub-nozzle of impact sprinkler is circle, and the middle of radial water distribution for combination is higher, a new structure of sub-nozzle was designed based on jet flow theory. A cover plate was fixed at the top of the nozzle so that the jet water was barrieried to drop near the sprinkler, with which the combination uniformity increased. The tests of water distribution of original and improved impact sprinklers were carried out for the types of 15PY, 20PY, 30PY respectively. At the same time, the combination uniformity coefficient in different distance was calculated for square arrangement mode. The results showed that the middle part of radial water distribution was decreased than before, and the shape distribution was triangle. After the improvement, the uniformity coefficient was increased, and the value of them was over 80%. The sprinkler irrigation intensity was accorded with sprinkler irrigation standard. Finally, the combination distances of the types of 15PY, 20PY, 30PY were 1.2R, 1.3R, 1.1R after improvement, and the combination uniformity coefficient values were 85.6%, 86.3%, 85.3% respectively. The new structure of sub nozzle improved the combination uniformity observably. Number of references:14 Main heading:Sprinkler systems (irrigation) Controlled terms:Nozzles - Water supply systems Uncontrolled terms:Combination uniformity - Impact sprinkler - Sprinkler irrigation - Sub-nozzle - Water distribution Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.018 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 46> Accession number:20113414254427 Title:Experimental investigation on heat and mass transfer of fluidized drying of zymotic orange peel Authors:Liu, Bin (1); Yuan, Rubing (2); Zhang, Qiang (1); Tong, Mingwei (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Power Engineering, Chong Qing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (2) Chong Qing Construction Technology Development Center, Chongqing 400015, China Corresponding author:Liu, B.(bigant_l@yahoo.com.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:353-357 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:It is necessary to research the heat and mass transfer law in drying process of the zymotic orange peel for the purpose of industrial production of the zymotic orange peel feed. A fluidized drying method was used to research the drying characteristics of zymotic orange peel, and the experimental equipment of fluidized bed drying was built, the influences of drying parameters, such as air velocity, particle diameters, the initial moisture content etc on heat and mass transfer were analyzed. The results indicated that the heat and mass transfer characteristics of the fluidized bed were affected by the flow velocity, operating conditions, the physical characteristics of the zymotic orange peel and the fluidized bed. The experiment results showed that the local heat transfer coefficient decreased with the increasing of fluidized bed height, especially at the height from 4 to 6 cm. The air velocity had bigger influence on the local heat transfer coefficient compared to that of particle diameter and initial moisture content. The average local heat transfer coefficient in the height from 2 to 4 cm of the fluidized bed increased by nearly 92% when the air velocity changed from 2.06 to 2.75 m/s. Based on the experiential data, an experiential mathematical model was built up, and the non-dimensional heat and mass transfer equation of the fluidized bed was obtained, which can be a theoretical reference to improve the zymotic orange peel drying process. Number of references:26 Main heading:Fluidized bed process Controlled terms:Drying - Fluidization - Fluidized beds - Heat transfer coefficients - Industrial research - Mass transfer - Mathematical models - Moisture - Moisture determination - Particle size - Velocity Uncontrolled terms:Air velocities - Drying characteristics - Drying methods - Drying parameters - Drying process - Experimental equipments - Experimental investigations - Fluidized bed drying - Heat and mass transfer - Industrial production - Initial Moisture Content - Local heat transfer coefficient - Operating condition - Orange peels - Particle diameters - Physical characteristics Classification code:944.2 Moisture Measurements - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.1 Mechanics - 921 Mathematics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 533.1 Ore Treatment DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.062 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 47> Accession number:20113414254098 Title:Response of soil organic carbon density to land-use types and management practices change in agro-pastoral zone Authors:Xu, Minyun (1); Li, Peiguang (2); Xie, Fan (3); Huang, Ding (1); Wang, Fang (3); Yan, Zongming (3); Wang, Kun (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (2) Graduate University of China Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China; (3) College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China Corresponding author:Wang, K.(wangkun1962@gmail.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:320-325 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to assess variability of soil organic carbon(SOC) across different land-use types and management practices in agro-pastoral zone, two land-use types, permanent grassland and reclaimed cropland in Guyuan County, Hebei province of Northern China, were investigated with SOC density in 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 cm soil layers and correlations of SOC density with soil bulk density and SOC content as affected by land-use types and management practices change. The results showed that the carbon stored in soils for different land-use types and management practices ranged from 8.21-11.30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. The SOC all declined at each successive increment from 0-50 cm depth across the five land-use types and management practices, with the relative distribution greatly skewed towards the top layers. SOC in 0-50 cm soil layers of permanent grassland under different management practices were higher than those in disturbed soils of reclaimed cropland (RC) and fallowing (FC). For permanent grassland, the management practice of GM has the the highest SOC density in 0-50 cm soil layer, the least SOC density was displayed by FG. For reclaimed grassland, after about 10 years FC, SOC were higher signifcantly in the 0-50 cm soil layer comparing to RC. The results also indicated that land-use types and mangement practices had significantly effect on soil bulk density and SOC content, then on SOC density. GM or grassland enclosure and under controlled grazing therefore was the most feasible and benign short-term grassland management option which could deposit even higher carbon dioxide in agro-pastoral ecotone, Northern China. Number of references:25 Main heading:Soils Controlled terms:Carbon dioxide - Forestry - Land use - Management - Organic carbon - Reclamation Uncontrolled terms:Agro-pastoral ecotone - Fallowing cropland - Free grazing grassland - Grassland enclosured - Grassland enclosured and mowed - Reclaimed cropland Classification code:912.2 Management - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.056 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 48> Accession number:20113414254074 Title:Segmentation algorithm based on color feature for green crop plants Authors:Zhang, Zhibin (1); Luo, Xiwen (2); Zang, Ying (2); Hou, Fuxiang (3); Xu, Xiaodong (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Computer Science Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China; (2) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (3) College of Energy and Transport Engineering Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010018, China Corresponding author:Luo, X.(xwluo@scau.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:183-189 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:Crop rows recognition is a principal issue in agricultural machinery vision system. In this paper, the color constant in RGB space was found to segment the green plant from the background by using statistical analysis based on the classical simple illumination model. For early green vegetation, the value of green component G<inf>value</inf> is always greater than that of the other red R<inf>value</inf> and blue B<inf>value</inf> components (G<inf>value</inf>>R<inf>value</inf> and G<inf>value</inf> >B<inf>value</inf>, inferred to as RGB); and a relative segmenting error ratio was designed to evaluate the performances of the RGB presented in this paper and the Excess green auto-threshold (ExG atuo-threshold). In Experiment 1, the single factor variance analysis showed the algorithms (RGB and ExG auto-threshold) had significant effect on the relative segmentation error ratio of the plant-soil images, and the corresponding segmented image using RGB were found that most of them could preserve morphological feature of plant compared with ExG auto-threshold. And in Experiment 2, the double factor variance analysis showed that the algorithms, illuminant variations and their interaction had significant effect on the relative segmentation error ratio of the Canna images grasped consecutively, and the illuminant variations affected the threshold values of ExG k-auto. The corresponding segmented images using RGB were found that most of them could delete the background noises compared with ExG auto-threshold. And therefore, the RGB is a simple but efficient segmentation algorithm, and insensible to plant-soil and illuminant variations compared with ExG auto-threshold. Number of references:18 Main heading:Image segmentation Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Algorithms - Computer vision - Crops - Experiments - Feature extraction - Vegetation Uncontrolled terms:B value - Background noise - Color constant - Color features - Crop plants - Crop rows - Error ratio - G-values - Green component - Green plants - Green vegetation - Illumination models - Morphological features - R value - RGB space - Segmentation algorithms - Segmentation error - Segmented images - Variance analysis - Vision systems Classification code:716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921 Mathematics DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.032 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 49> Accession number:20113414254097 Title:Evaluation of rural residential land consolidation classification and priority of Pinggu district in Beijing Authors:Qu, Yanbo (1); Zhang, Fengrong (1); Guo, Li'na (2); Jiang, Guanghui (3); Li, Can (1) Author affiliation:(1) Department of Land Resources Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (2) College of Mining Engineering, Hebei United University, Tangshan 063009, China; (3) College Resources Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China Corresponding author:Zhang, F. Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:312-319 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:Delineating rural residential land consolidation classification and the degree of priority zones is the basic work for land consolidation planning. Taking Pinggu district in Beijing as an example, the key factors were chosen for rural residential land consolidation classifying considering natural-environmental and socio-economic condition, and the rural residential areas were divided into 6 types by multi-factor limiting analysis and comprehensive suitability evaluation. Then, based on the farmland classification results, with the help of neighborhood-substitution method and buffer-recognition function of GIS, the potential of the supplying cultivated land grade in Pinggu was calculated. Furthermore, using cluster analysis method, the scheduling and layout of rural residential land consolidation were investigated. The results showed that the key point of rural residential land consolidation in Pinggu district should be eliminating ecological risks, advancing the overall development of rural cities and rural areas, ensuring the grain security. The I and II class rural residential land consolidated zones should be the priority areas in the near future, which will take the leading trend towards rural urbanization and village relocation; the III and IV class rural residential land consolidated zones should be the suitable region in the medium and long term, which should be focused on collecting internal rural land and upgrading low-and medium-yield farmland surrounding village; and there was no need to consolidate the rural residential land in the V class zone. The theory and results of the farmland gradation was tried to apply to rural residential land consolidation research, and the results can provide scientific instructions for land consolidation planning and new rural communities construction practice. Number of references:22 Main heading:Cluster analysis Controlled terms:Farms - Rural areas - Zoning Uncontrolled terms:Classification results - Construction practice - Cultivated lands - Ecological risks - Farmland gradation - Grain security - Key factors - Keypoints - Multi-factor - New rural - Pinggu - Priority - Residential areas - Socio-economic conditions - Suitability evaluation Classification code:403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922 Statistical Methods DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.055 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 50> Accession number:20113414254109 Title:Drying characteristics and mathematical modeling of hot air drying of cooked sweet potatoes Authors:Meng, Yuecheng (1); Wang, Jun (1); Fang, Sheng (1); Chen, Jie (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China Corresponding author:Chen, J.(chenjie6325@163.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:387-392 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:To provide a theoretical foundation for the industrial production of dried sweet potato, the hot air drying characteristics of sweet potato slices were examined under different temperatures (60, 70 and 80°C), air velocities (0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 m/s) and slice thickness (0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 cm), respectively. The drying data were fitted to different semi-theoretical models, such as Newton, Page, modified Page, Henderson and Pabis, Logarithmic, two-term, Wang and Singh, Thomson, diffusion approach, Werma, et al., modified Henderson and Pabis, and two term exponential models. As a result, the Wang and Singh model gave better predictions than other models with the decision coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.998, chi-square (χ<sup>2</sup>) of 0.000168 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0117. The effective moisture diffusivity and activation energy were also computed. The results indicated that D<inf>eff</inf> increased with the increasing of drying temperature, air velocity and material thickness, and activation energy of drying was 40.103 kJ/mol. The results can provide technical bases for the control of drying process of sweet potato. Number of references:18 Main heading:Drying Controlled terms:Activation energy Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural produts - Air velocities - Characteristics - Cooked sweet potato - Drying characteristics - Drying process - Drying temperature - Effective moisture diffusivity - Exponential models - Hot air drying - Industrial production - Material thickness - Mathematical modeling - Root mean square errors - Slice thickness - Sweet potato - Theoretical foundations - Thomson Classification code:642.1 Process Heating - 801.4 Physical Chemistry DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.068 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 51> Accession number:20113414254061 Title:Dynamic analysis on seeds pick-up process for vacuum-cylinder seeder Authors:Zhao, Zhan (1); Li, Yaoming (1); Chen, Jin (2); Zhou, Han (2) Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China Corresponding author:Zhao, Z.(zhaozhan@ujs.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:112-116 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:3-D models of rape seeds and vacuum cylinder were established to analyze the influence of working parameters on pick-up performance of vacuum-cylinder precision seeder. In constant pressure boundary condition, software Fluent was used to calculate the suction forces action on seeds in the gas field nearby vacuum nozzle. Seed motion differential equation was derived using central difference method and then the typical suction trajectory was received which could be described as: seed moved on the horizontal plate firstly under the suction of axial force, then, the radial suction force increased quickly with the rotation of vacuum cylinder, seed could be sucked up from the plate and slipped towards the vacuum nozzle. Suction ability of seeder can be enhanced with the increasing of differential vacuum pressure and be decreased with the increasing of cylinder rotational speed. Rape seeds were selected as experimental materials and experiments were carried out on precision seeder test-rig. Experimental results indicate that the maximal qualified index of more than 95% is received with the cylinder rotational speed and the differential vacuum pressure of 15 r/min and 3~4 kPa. The study provides a basis for the structural adjustment and working parameter optimization of the seeder. Number of references:16 Main heading:Vacuum Controlled terms:Boundary conditions - Cylinders (shapes) - Dynamic analysis - Equations of motion - Experiments - Gas industry - Nozzles - Plates (structural components) - Seed - Three dimensional - Vacuum technology Uncontrolled terms:3D models - Axial forces - Central difference method - Constant pressures - Experimental materials - Gas fields - Horizontal plates - Motion differential equation - Performance tests - Rape seed - Rotational speed - Seeder - Software FLUENT - Suction force - Suction process - Vacuum pressure - Working parameters Classification code:921 Mathematics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.2 Calculus - 633 Vacuum Technology - 522 Gas Fuels - 422.2 Strength of Building Materials : Test Methods - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.019 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 52> Accession number:20113414254088 Title:Computing method for thermal transmittance and saving ratio of heat loss in multi-layer covering of greenhouse Authors:Zhao, Shumei (1); Ma, Chengwei (1); Liu, Chenxia (1); Zhang, Yi (1); Zhang, Jianyu (1); Sun, Guotao (1) Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China Corresponding author:Ma, C.(macwbs@cau.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:264-269 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:Aiming at computing the heat transfer through multi-layer covering in environmental control design and insulation performance evaluation of a greenhouse, a computing method for thermal transmittance of multi-layer covering was developed based on the data of a single screen. According to heat transfer theory, the formula for saving ratio of heat loss of multi-layer screens were established from that of a single screen, and then the method for calculating the thermal transmittance of multi-layer covering was developed. The computing formula which quantifies the relationship between the heat transfer parameters of multi-layer covering and a single screen become simple by using a new parameter-heat insulation ratio. The high accuracy of the computing formula has been synthetically texted by different kinds of data. In a same case, the saving ratio of heat loss of three-layer screens established from that of a single screen was only 4.6% different from the same saving ratio of heat loss. The computing method developed in this paper can be used to calculate the saving ratio of heat loss and thermal transmittance for multi-layer covering, and avoid measuring the parameters of different multi-layer covering consisting of kinds of materials seriatim. Number of references:16 Main heading:Thermal insulation Controlled terms:Greenhouses - Heat losses - Heat transfer Uncontrolled terms:Computing formula - Computing methods - Environmental control - Heat transfer theory - Insulation performance - Insulation ratio - Multi-layer covering - Saving ratio of heat loss - Single screen - Thermal transmittance - Three-layer - Transfer parameters Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 413.2 Heat Insulating Materials - 641.2 Heat Transfer DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.046 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 53> Accession number:20113414254068 Title:Numerical simulation of three-dimensional flow field in centrifugal pump with deviated short splitter vanes Authors:Li, Guowei (1); Wang, Yan (2); Lü, Xiuli (1); Li, Wenhua (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China; (2) Liaoning Electric Power Survey and Design Institute, Shenyang 110005, China Corresponding author:Li, G.(logowo@foxmail.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:151-155 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:Improving hydraulic properties to elevate the efficiency is an important research content in optimization design of centrifugal pumps. Based on the Reynolds time averaged N-S equations (RANS) and RNG κ-Ε turbulence models, the three-dimensional flow field of the IS65-40-250 centrifugal pump with deviated short splitter vanes was simulated in Fluent software. The velocity and pressure of the flow in the centrifugal pump were analyzed and the internal flow rule was revealed. The result showed that by design of short splitter vane, the velocity and uniformity of pressure distribution in the centrifugal pump were improved, and the pressure pulse of impeller exit decreased, and the loss of impact was reduced. According to calculation of head and waterpower efficiency of the improved pump, the head and waterpower efficiency increased by 3.46% and 1.7% respectively, and the purpose of energy saving was achieved. Number of references:12 Main heading:Pumps Controlled terms:Centrifugal pumps - Flow fields - Hydraulic machinery - Navier Stokes equations - Optical pumping - Pumping plants - Three dimensional - Three dimensional computer graphics - Turbulence models Uncontrolled terms:Deviated short splitter vanes - Fluent - FLUENT software - Hydraulic properties - Internal flows - N-S equations - Optimization design - Pressure pulse - Reynolds - Three dimensional flow field - Time-averaged Classification code:902.1 Engineering Graphics - 741.1 Light/Optics - 723.5 Computer Applications - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 618.2 Pumps - 446 Waterworks DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.026 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 54> Accession number:20113414254072 Title:Experiment on poke finger wheel type potato digger Authors:Wu, Jianmin (1); Li, Hui (2); Sun, Wei (1); Huang, Xiaopeng (1); Zhang, Wei (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (2) Logistics Department, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China Corresponding author:Wu, J.(wujm@gsau.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:173-177 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In view of the mutual restriction question of obvious rate and damage rate, orthogonal experiment was carried out to study the working performance of poke finger wheel type potato digger in this paper. Through range analysis and variance analysis on experiment test, the main factors influencing the obvious rate was got as follows: the poke finger wheel speed, longitudinal distance between shovel shaft and poke finger wheel axle, the length of digging shovel. The order of the factors that influencing the damage rate from big to small was as follows: the poke finger wheel speed, the length of digging shovel, longitudinal distance between shovel shaft and poke finger wheel axle. Considering the influence extent of tested factors on the potato obvious and damage rate and its duty in the task of potato digger, the parameters of the equipment were optimized as follows: the poke finger wheel speed was 142 r/min; the length of digging shovel was 480 mm; longitudinal distance between shovel shaft and poke finger wheel axle was 420 mm. Repeat testing showed that obvious rate was more than 96% and damage rate was less than 5%. Number of references:17 Main heading:Wheels Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Axles - Experiments - Shovels Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural machine - Damage rate - Experiment tests - Longitudinal distance - Obvious rate - Orthogonal experiment - Potato digger - Range analysis - Variance analysis - Wheel speed - Wheel-type Classification code:405.1 Construction Equipment - 601.2 Machine Components - 682.1.1 Railroad Cars - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 901.3 Engineering Research DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.030 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 55> Accession number:20113414254081 Title:New method for extracting multiple cropping index of North China Plain based on wavelet transform Authors:Tang, Pengqin (1); Wu, Wenbin (1); Yao, Yanmin (1); Yang, Peng (1) Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China Corresponding author:Yao, Y.(yao.ym@263.net) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:220-225 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:This study chose the North China Plain as study area and proposed a new method of multiple cropping extraction from remote sensing data based on wavelet transform. Firstly, using wavelet transform to de-noise time-series SPOT VGT/NDVI (SPOT VEGETATION/normalized difference vegetation index) remote sensing data and reconstructing NDVI curve of main crops in North China Plain. Then, combining with ground samples data, farming season data and agricultural statistics data, this study extracted the multiple cropping index and spatial distribution of the North China Plain based on the double difference method. The results show that the multiple cropping index in Henan province is the largest, up to 179.4%, followed by Shandong province, which in Beijing is the smallest among the five provinces in the area, and the spatial distribution of the multiple cropping index has obvious geographical characteristics. Comparing with statistical data and other results based on remote sensing technologies, the results have the better consistency and the spatial distribution has convergence. Number of references:23 Main heading:Wavelet transforms Controlled terms:Harmonic analysis - Metadata - Remote sensing - Spatial distribution - Time series analysis - Vegetation Uncontrolled terms:De-Noise - Double differences - Henan Province - Multiple cropping index - NDVI curves - Normalized difference vegetation index - North China Plain - Remote sensing data - Remote sensing technology - Shandong province - SPOT vegetation - SPOT VGT - Statistical datas - Study areas - Vegetation index Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.039 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 56> Accession number:20113414254047 Title:Effects of nitrogen application on ammonia volatilization in greenhouse soil under condition of conventional irrigation Authors:Li, Yinkun (1); Wu, Xueping (1); Mei, Xurong (2); Duan, Minjie (2); Wu, Qipu (1); Wu, Huijun (1); Wang, Xiaobin (1); Cai, Dianxiong (1) Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Crop Nutrition and Fertilization, Institute of Agricultural Resource and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China Corresponding author:Wu, X.(xpwu@caas.ac.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:23-30 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:To identify the characteristics of greenhouse soil ammonia volatilization and the effect of nitrogen application reducing on ammonia volatilization loss and cucumber yield, a study was carried out with three nitrogen treatments (urea) under conventional irrigation conditions. Also the ammonia volatilization rates were measured in cucumber field with venting method in the winter and spring. The results showed that the peaks of ammonia volatilization rates appeared at seventh day after applying basal fertilizer. After topdressing, the peaks of ammonia volatilization rates in fertilization and non-fertilization zone appeared at the first day and fifth day, respectively. Compared with the basal fertilizer, the peaks value decreased from 8.6% to 46.3%. Ammonia volatilization accumulation in fertilization zone was 0.91-1.54 times of that of non-fertilization zone. Ammonia volatilization loss changed from 16.7 to 26.6 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> in cucumber field in the winter and spring. Compared with conventional N rate treatment N1200 (1200 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>), the ammonia volatilization loss of the treatments which reduced by 25% (900 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>) and by 50% (600 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>) of nitrogen application decreased by 22.1% and 37.2% respectively. The average cucumber yield of N600 treatment (600 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>) was highest in two years and it was 6.25% higher than that of N1200 treatment (1200 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>). Based on general combining the ammonia volatilization loss, with cucumber yield and with nitrogen application in greenhouse in Hebei Province, it is feasible that the N rate decreases by 25% (900 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>) to 50% (600 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>) compared with conventional N rate (1200 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>). Number of references:22 Main heading:Ammonia Controlled terms:Fertilizers - Greenhouse effect - Greenhouses - Irrigation - Nitrogen - Urea Uncontrolled terms:Ammonia volatilization - Cucumber - Greenhouse soil - Hebei Province - Nitrogen treatment Classification code:451 Air Pollution - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.005 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 57> Accession number:20113414254073 Title:Development of crop model base system based on Web Authors:Wang, Jizhang (1); Li, Pingping (1); Wu, Yanming (1) Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China Corresponding author:Li, P.(lipingping@ujs.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:178-182 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to suit the demand for both crop model development and application for information system, the structure for crop model base was analyzed. A software architecture for Web-based crop model base (WCMBS) was put forward, which includes crop model base (CMB), model base management system (MBMS) and system interface (SI). The system was developed with three-layer B/S architecture by using Asp.net XML, and the database was SQL Server2005. In order to achieve the transfer of the parameters in different models, the model description document based on XML was used to describe the model parameters. The system has the advantages of easy to use, Web-based and high reusability. Number of references:16 Main heading:Crops Controlled terms:Reusability - Software architecture - User interfaces - World Wide Web - XML Uncontrolled terms:ASP.NEt - B/S architecture - Crop model - Database - Model base - Model base management system - Model description - Model parameters - System interfaces - Three-layer - Web Classification code:452.3 Industrial Wastes - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.4 Agricultural Products DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.031 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 58> Accession number:20113414254099 Title:Evaluation of volumetric rock fragments content in soil based on electrical resistivity tomography Authors:Xie, Yingge (1); Li, Xia (1); Wang, Guodong (2); Xue, Xuzhang (3) Author affiliation:(1) College of Science, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China; (2) College of Innovative Experiment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China; (3) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China Corresponding author:Xue, X.(gdwang211@yahoo.com.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:326-331 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to evaluate the performance of electrical resistivity tomography applied for estimating rock fragments content, the application of estimation approach to volumetric rock fragments content in stony soils was investigated by numerical simulation. The stony soils were assumed to be biphasic medium with rock fragments embedded in fine earth. Electrical resistivity tomography measurements were simulated by using finite difference analyses on numerical models. The rock fragments inside models were non-jointed and random distributed, effect of rock fragments size and soil water condition were taken into consideration. The results show that the effective electrical resistivity is a function of rock fragments content if the resistivity of the two phases is known, this is in agreement with theoretical prediction. The result approves the applicability of electrical resistivity tomography for volumetric rock fragments content estimation. The approach is better applicable for the condition of wet soils, and can be an important tool for soil basic research and provide references for soil classification and quality evaluation. Number of references:19 Main heading:Rocks Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Electric conductivity - Estimation - Geologic models - Quality control - Soil moisture Uncontrolled terms:Basic research - Biphasic medium - Electrical resistivity - Electrical resistivity tomography - Finite-difference analysis - Numerical models - Quality evaluation - Rock fragments - Soil classification - Soil water - Theoretical prediction - Volumetric rock fragments content - Wet soil Classification code:481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 723.5 Computer Applications - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.057 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 59> Accession number:20113414254083 Title:Design of multi-parameter automatic measuring system for stored grain condition based on wireless sensor networks Authors:Han, Antai (1); He, Yong (1); Li, Jianfeng (2); Chen, Zhiqiang (2); Zhao, Zikai (2) Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; (2) Institute of Electrical Engineering and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China Corresponding author:Han, A.(antai.han@139.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:231-237 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to solve the problems of the existing automatic measuring system for grain storage condition such as single function, low performance-price ratio, short of flexibility, weak data transmission ability and so on, this paper analyzed the limitations of the existing automatic measuring system for grain storage condition, and the new type multi-parameter automatic measuring system for grain storage condition based on wireless sensor networks was designed, then the architecture, hardware and software design approach of the proposed system were presented in detail. The designed system could implement the real-time, multi-point detection of multiple parameters related to grain storage condition, including ambient temperature inside and outside the granary, ambient humidity inside and outside the granary, several harmful gas concentrations, grain storage temperature, moisture content and pests, and the measured data could be sent to the remote monitoring center through a reliable wireless communication network. The preliminary experimental results proved the rationality and practicability of this system. This research can provide references for the application of wireless sensor networks in the grain depot. Number of references:20 Main heading:Wireless sensor networks Controlled terms:Condition monitoring - Grain elevators - Measurement theory - Sensors - Software design - Wireless telecommunication systems Uncontrolled terms:Ambient humidity - Automatic measurements - Automatic measuring system - Design approaches - Gas concentration - Grain depot - Grain storage - Hardware and software - Measured data - Multiparameters - Multiple parameters - Remote monitoring - Stored grains - Wireless communication network - Wireless sensor Classification code:922 Statistical Methods - 801 Chemistry - 732 Control Devices - 723.1 Computer Programming - 717 Optical Communication - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 706 Electric Transmission and Distribution - 603 Machine Tools - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.041 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 60> Accession number:20113414254095 Title:Technology for two-phase anaerobic fermentation by solid-liquid separated solution of dairy manure Authors:Guan, Zhengjun (1); Li, Wenzhe (1); Zheng, Guoxiang (1); Bi, Lanping (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China Corresponding author:Li, W.(liwenzhe9@163.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:300-305 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:Two-phase anaerobic fermentation has the advantages of high organic load and fermentative stability, low hydraulic retention time (HRT) and high biogas yield, compared with single-stage methane fermentation. In order to improve the rate of anaerobic fermentation of caw manure, two-phase fermentation was researched at (35±2)°C, which fermentative solution was from mixture of dairy manure and water by solid-liquid separation. Results showed that COD removal rate and biogas yield of substrates' volatility solid content reached about 52.81% and 181.45 L/kg under the conditions of 3 d HRT of acidogenic phase and 7 d HRT of methanogenic with 1 d fermentation, which fermentation material was 5 L and TS concentration was 6.60%. The results can provide references for reclamation of dairy manure. Number of references:21 Main heading:Fermentation Controlled terms:Biogas - Liquids - Manures - Methane Uncontrolled terms:Acidogenic - Anaerobic fermentation - COD removal rate - Dairy manures - High organic - Hydraulic retention time - Methane fermentation - Single stage - Solid contents - Solid-liquid - Solid-liquid separation Classification code:452.3 Industrial Wastes - 522 Gas Fuels - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.053 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 61> Accession number:20113414254084 Title:Spatial and temporal characteristics of rice production climatic resources in main growing regions of China Authors:Jiang, Xiaojian (1); Tang, Liang (1); Liu, Xiaojun (1); Huang, Fen (1); Cao, Weixing (1); Zhu, Yan (1) Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China Corresponding author:Zhu, Y.(yanzhu@njau.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:238-245 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:The climate resources during rice-growing periods in main growing regions of China are highly uncertain because of its vast area and marked variation. The daily meteorological data during the years from 1961 to 1970 (1960s) and 1996 to 2005 (2000s) of 333 weather stations in main rice growing regions of China were processed to generate the gridded daily meteorological surface data using ANUSPLIN and ARCGIS. The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the climate resources for the rice production, including total sunshine hours, total growing degree days above 10°C, average difference of diurnal air temperature, total precipitation, total rainfall days and average daily precipitation during rice-growing periods between two decades (1960s and 2000s) were calculated and analyzed based on the grid cell. As compared with 1960s, the total sunshine hours in rice-growing periods of 2000s decreased by 11.93%, and the decreasing rates of total sunshine hours in the Northeast and Southwest China were lower than those in the Middle and South China. From 1960s to 2000s, the total growing degree days above 10°C increased by 9.40%, and the increasing rates of total growing degree days above 10°C in the Northeast and Southwest China were faster than those in the Middle and South China. However, in part areas of the Middle and South China, the total growing degree days above 10°C during rice-growing periods decreased. The average differences of diurnal air temperature during rice-growing periods of 2000s decreased by 4.86% as compared with 1960s, while increased in part areas of the Middle and South China. The decreasing rates of average difference of diurnal air temperature in the Northeast and Southwest China were higher than those in the Middle and South China. Compared with 1960s, total precipitation during rice-growing periods in 2000s increased by 1.59% and average daily precipitation increased by 3.22%. The spatial distribution of the change rate of average daily precipitation was similar to that of total precipitation, the total precipitation and average daily precipitation decreased in Ningxia province and the Northeast China, while increased in the Middle and South China. Compared with 1960s, the total rainfall days during rice-growing periods of 2000s decreased by 1.60%, and the decreasing rates of total rainfall days in the Northeast and Middle China were lower than that in the South China. These results can provide the technical support for further analysis of yield increasing potential and yield increasing method of rice in China. Number of references:34 Main heading:Rain Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Meteorology - Spatial distribution Uncontrolled terms:China - Climatic resources - Rice - Rice growing regions - Temporal distribution Classification code:443 Meteorology - 921 Mathematics DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.042 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 62> Accession number:20113414254062 Title:Design and experiment on concave disc type maize ridge-till and no-till planter Authors:Wang, Qingjie (1); Li, Hongwen (1); He, Jin (1); Li, Wenying (1); Rasaily, Rabi G. (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China Corresponding author:Li, H.(lhwen@cau.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:117-122 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:The concave disc type maize ridge-till and no-till planter was designed to solve the problems of straw blocking, bad ridge-clear effect and low working efficiency. The idea was put forward to solve problems by combining the concave disc with flat disc, and the designing of concave disc type ridge-clear device. The key structure parameters were conformed through analysing its moving characters. The ridge-tillage field experimental results with the straw covered showed that, concave disc type maize ridge-till and no-till planter was effective in anti-blocking and ridge-clear effect, and created clear seed bed. The separation space between seed and fertilizer was approximately 47 mm, and good uniformity was shown. Soil disturbance was about 22%, and the straw coverage rate decreased by 75.9% on the seedbed after planting, which could increase soil temperature, enhance seeding quality. The results show important significance for the popularization and application of maize ridge-till and no-till in the northeast of China. Number of references:20 Main heading:Agricultural machinery Controlled terms:Agriculture - Machine design - Seed Uncontrolled terms:Cleaning-device - Concave discs - Concave disk - Coverage rate - Moving character - No-till - No-till planters - Ridge-tillage - Separation space - Soil disturbances - Soil temperature - Structure parameter - Tillage - Working efficiency Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.020 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 63> Accession number:20113414254071 Title:Design of SMS-1500 type straw chopping and plastic film residue collecting machine Authors:Wang, Jikui (1); Fu, Wei (1); Wang, Weibing (1); Li, Bin (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China Corresponding author:Fu, W.(fuweifuwei725@sohu.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:168-172 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to solve the problem of plastic film residue collection after cotton harvesting, a machine combining chopping field cotton straw with collecting plastic film residue was designed. The whole structure and working mechanism of the machine were introduced, the main operation components of the machine were designed and finally the structure parameters were determined. The processes of straw chopping and plastic film collection were analyzed and the conditions to chop straw of disk-saw blade were achieved. Experiment results indicated that under the condition of the operation speed of 5-5.5 km/h, the length of chopped straw was less than 20 cm, the plastic film residue collection rate of the machine was more than 90%. Plastic film residue and straw could be effectively separated after the operation, and the plastic film residue was uncovered with small amount of damage. The machine has advantages of high operation efficiency, low energy consumption and stacking in bulk of the collected plastic film residue and can be used to collect the plastic film residue after cotton harvesting. Number of references:14 Main heading:Plastic films Controlled terms:Cotton - Energy harvesting - Energy utilization - Machine components - Protective coatings Uncontrolled terms:Analysis - Chopping - Cotton harvesting - Film-straw separation - Low energy consumption - Operation efficiencies - Operation speed - Structure parameter - Working mechanisms Classification code:525.3 Energy Utilization - 525.5 Energy Conversion Issues - 601.2 Machine Components - 813.2 Coating Materials - 817.1 Polymer Products - 819.1 Natural Fibers DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.029 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 64> Accession number:20113414254108 Title:Influence regularity of storage conditions on brown rice moisture changes Authors:Zhou, Yulong (1); Jia, Fuguo (1); Fu, Qian (1); Zhang, Qiang (1); Wang, Jitai (1); Han, Shan (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China Corresponding author:Jia, F.(jfg204@163.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:383-386 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:The influence of storage conditions parameters, including ambient temperature and relative humidity, on the changing pattern with time of brown rice moisture was studied by full factors combination experiments. The static weighing method was designed and the experimental data was analyzed with SAS. The mathematical model was built to describe the relationship between brown rice moisture changing pattern with time and storage conditions, including ambient temperature and relative humidity, significance level of equation less than 0.001 was tested. The results showed that ambient temperature and relative humidity of storage conditions had great influence on the brown rice moisture, the model could illustrate and predict the changing pattern of brown rice moisture under storage conditions, which can guide the safe storage and processing of brown rice. Number of references:14 Main heading:Moisture Controlled terms:Mathematical models - Temperature Uncontrolled terms:Ambient temperatures - Brown rice - Experimental data - Safe storage - Static weighing - Storage condition Classification code:641.1 Thermodynamics - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 921 Mathematics DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.067 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 65> Accession number:20113414254056 Title:Effects of water-retaining agent and water supply tension on physiology, growth and water use efficiency of corn Authors:Mao, Sishuai (1); Robiul Islam, M. (1); Xue, Xuzhang (1); Zeng, Zhaohai (2); Hu, Yuegao (2) Author affiliation:(1) National Research Center for Intelligent Agricultural Equipments, Beijing 100097, China; (2) College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (3) Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Extension, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh Corresponding author:Xue, X.(xuexz@nercita.org.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:82-88 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:A new type of negative hydraulic pressure controlled auto irrigator was used to designed different levels of water supply tension to control different soil moisture regime. The objective was to study physiological growth of corn (Zea mays L.) and soil water conservation using water-retaining agent under three irrigation levels (3, 6 and 9 kPa). Under 3 kpa, plant height decreased by 7.4%, leaf area decreased by 14.9%, shoot dry weight decreased by 12.4%, root dry weight decreased by 7.3%, the water use efficiency decreased by 12.6% due to application of SAP. Under 6 and 9 kpa, plant height increased by 10.0% and 37.9%, leaf area increased by 14.2% and 90.8%, shoot dry weight increased by 40.4% and 104.6%, root dry weight increased by 35.3% and 83.8% respectively, the water use efficiency increased by 26.9% and 65.7% substantially respectively for SAP application. At the same time, leaf water potential exceeded that without SAP by 7.1% and 19.2% respectively. Higher relative water contents in leaves as well as intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, net photosynthesis and transpiration rate was maintained. Our results indicated that SAP can improve physiological growth of corn and increased its water use efficiency under water limited condition. Number of references:30 Main heading:Water supply Controlled terms:Carbon dioxide - Efficiency - Forestry - Grain (agricultural product) - Moisture control - Physiology - Plants (botany) - Soil moisture - Water conservation Uncontrolled terms:Carbon dioxide concentrations - Corn - Corn (Zea mays L.) - Dry weight - Hydraulic pressure - Irrigation level - Leaf area - Leaf water potential - Physiological growth - Plant height - Relative water content - Root dry weight - Soil-water conservation - Transpiration rates - Under water - Water use efficiency - Water-retaining agents Classification code:944.2 Moisture Measurements - 913.1 Production Engineering - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 461.9 Biology - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 444 Water Resources DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.014 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 66> Accession number:20113414254090 Title:Effects of chlorine on heavy metals migration during pyrolysis of hyperaccumulator biomass Authors:Zhong, Huiqiong (1); Xia, Juanjuan (1); Zhao, Zengli (1); Li, Haibin (1) Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy and Gas Hydrate of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China Corresponding author:Zhong, H.(zhonghq@ms.giec.ac.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:274-278 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:Effects of chlorine on heavy metals migration at different temperatures were studied in a quartz tube under nitrogen atmosphere by adding inorganic chloride (NaCl) and organic chloride (PVC) during pyrolysis of hyperaccumulator biomass. The results indicated that NaCl or PVC additives could make an increase of heavy metals evaporation. For Cd and Pb, the PVC had much more impact on heavy metals migration characteristics than NaCl. For Zn, Mn and Cu, the order was contrary. The results also indicated that, excepting Cd, in the same chlorine content conditions, the heavy metals evaporation had no large change with the temperature increased from 400 to 700°C. Only at higher temperature (above 700°C), the distinction could be detected. At the temperature of 900°C, Cd, Pb and Zn were volatile completely whether chlorine were added or not. In the experimental range, the maximum evaporation rate of Mn and Cu were 66.15% and 66.99% respectively, leading to higer Mn and Cu contents in bottom ash. Number of references:17 Main heading:Cadmium Controlled terms:Ash handling - Atmospheric temperature - Chlorine - Evaporation - Heavy metals - Manganese - Metals - Phase transitions - Pyrolysis - Quartz - Sodium chloride - Zinc Uncontrolled terms:Bottom ash - Chlorine content - Cu content - Evaporation rate - Higher temperatures - Hyperaccumulator - Inorganic chloride - Inorganic chlorides - Nitrogen atmospheres - Organic chlorides - Quartz tubes Classification code:804 Chemical Products Generally - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 546.3 Zinc and Alloys - 543.2 Manganese and Alloys - 531.2 Metallography - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 482.2 Minerals - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.048 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 67> Accession number:20113414254094 Title:Technology optimization of wheat straw pretreatment by propionic acid under mildness condition Authors:Tian, Long (1); Ma, Xiaojian (1) Author affiliation:(1) College of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (2) Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China Corresponding author:Ma, X.(Maxj@zzu.edu.cn) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:295-299 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to increase the wheat straw lignocellulose energy-oriented use efficiency, the technology optimization of pretreatment of wheat straw by propionic acid under mildness condition was studied. The experimental results showed that the optimum working conditions were as follows: materials to liquid ratio 1:16, particle size 40 mesh, propionic acid concentration 900 g/L, catalyst concentration 3 g/L, temperature 70°C, pretreatment time 150 min. The remaining rate of cellulose of wheat straw was 92.6% under the optical conditions, and the elimination rates of hemi-cellulose and lignin of wheat straw after propionic acid treatment were 98.3% and 70.5% respectively. The enzymatic hydrolysis yield of wheat straw pretreated by propionic acid was 90.3%.Under mildness condition, wheat straws pretreated by propionic acid were degraded into the three parts, cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. Number of references:16 Main heading:Saturated fatty acids Controlled terms:Cellulose - Enzymatic hydrolysis - Lignin - Optimization Uncontrolled terms:Catalyst concentration - Elimination rate - Hemi-cellulose - Optical condition - Optimum working conditions - Pretreatment - Propionic acids - Technology optimization - Use efficiency - Wheat straws Classification code:804.1 Organic Compounds - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 921.5 Optimization Techniques DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.052 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. <RECORD 68> Accession number:20113414254085 Title:Bionic technique of laser micro-texturing on 18CrMnTi steel surface Authors:Qian, Liangcun (1); Hong, Weining (1); Shao, Lushou (2); Yuan, Genfu (3); Liang, Huaqi (3) Author affiliation:(1) School of Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (2) School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (3) Research Center of Laser Advanced Manufacturing Anhui Institute of Architecture and Industry, Hefei 230022, China Corresponding author:Shao, L.(shaolush@126.com) Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Volume:27 Issue:7 Issue date:July 2011 Publication year:2011 Pages:246-250 Language:Chinese ISSN:10026819 CODEN:NGOXEO Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Exhibition Road South, Beijing, 100026, China Abstract:In order to explore surface roughness technology in non-smooth bionic affection by laser micro-texturing, the orthogonal experiment was made in the plowshare (18CrMnTi) steel bionic surface, based on scan electron microscopy (SEM) photos and the technique of image processing to extract micro-nano-morphology information form lotus leaf surface. Results showed that in the processing of image Sobel edge operator was the most effective method for extracting layers information of SEM micro-nano-morphology photos. The extracted morphology information was up to maximum value at the point of threshold value 255, and surface morphology of lotus leaf was textured in the plowshare surface. The relationship of significant experimental factors was, threshold value > number of marking > current intensity. The optimal values of roughness parameters, i.e. Ra, Rz and Ry increased by 86.11, 232.29 and 116.06 times respectively. This research has significance in extracting the surface information of layers morphology and enhancing the surface roughness by laser micro-texturing bionic surface. Number of references:16 Main heading:Surface morphology Controlled terms:Bionics - Image processing - Imaging systems - Morphology - Surface properties - Surface roughness - Surface treatment Uncontrolled terms:18CrMnTi - Current intensity - Edge operator - Experimental factors - Layers morphology - Lotus leaf - Maximum values - Non-smooth - Optimal values - Orthogonal experiment - Roughness parameters - Scan electron microscopy - Steel surface - Surface information Classification code:931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 802 Chemical Apparatus and Plants; Unit Operations; Unit Processes - 746 Imaging Techniques - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 731.1 Control Systems - 539 Metals Corrosion and Protection; Metal Plating DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.07.043 Database:Compendex Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc.
期刊信息
- 主管单位 中国科学技术协会
- 主办单位 中国农业工程学会
- 主编 朱明
- 地址 北京朝阳区麦子店街41号
- 邮编 100125
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