郝小雨, 周宝库, 马星竹, 高中超. 长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量与养分平衡特征[J]. 农业工程学报, 2015, 31(16): 178-185. DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.16.024
    引用本文: 郝小雨, 周宝库, 马星竹, 高中超. 长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量与养分平衡特征[J]. 农业工程学报, 2015, 31(16): 178-185. DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.16.024
    Hao Xiaoyu, Zhou Baoku, Ma Xingzhu, Gao Zhongchao. Characteristics of crop yield and nutrient balance under different long-term fertilization practices in black soil[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2015, 31(16): 178-185. DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.16.024
    Citation: Hao Xiaoyu, Zhou Baoku, Ma Xingzhu, Gao Zhongchao. Characteristics of crop yield and nutrient balance under different long-term fertilization practices in black soil[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2015, 31(16): 178-185. DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.16.024

    长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量与养分平衡特征

    Characteristics of crop yield and nutrient balance under different long-term fertilization practices in black soil

    • 摘要: 为了明确长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量及养分平衡特征,利用开始于1979年的哈尔滨黑土肥力长期定位试验,以小麦-大豆-玉米轮作(3a)为一个周期,选取对照(不施肥,记作CK)、常量氮磷钾化肥配施(小麦施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为75、150 kg/hm2,玉米施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,K2O共施75 kg/hm2,记作NPK)、常量有机肥(施肥18 600 kg/hm2,记作M)、常量化肥有机肥配施(化肥施量同NPK,有机肥施量同M,记作MNPK)和二倍量氮磷化肥有机肥配施(小麦施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为150、300 kg/hm2,、玉米施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,有机肥共37 200 kg/hm2,记作M2N2P2)5个处理,研究了不同作物的平均产量、产量年际变化和土壤养分表观平衡。结果表明:1)较CK,长期平衡施用化肥或化肥配施有机肥提高了作物产量,多年平均增产率分别在82.5%~91.6%(小麦)和35.6%~40.9%(玉米)之间。长期不同施肥措施增产效果表现为M2N2P2 >MNPK>NPK>M,有机无机肥配施与单施化肥处理间作物产量差异不显著。2)长期不施肥处理小麦和玉米产量随试验年限推移呈下降趋势,降幅分别为13.93和42.61 kg/(hm2·a),大豆则以7.409 kg/(hm2·a)的速率增加。施肥处理小麦、大豆和玉米产量随试验年限的增加呈总体上升的趋势。3)在该试验条件下,长期施用常量化肥处理(NPK)和常量化肥有机肥配施处理(MNPK)土壤氮亏缺量分别为29.7和17.5 kg/hm2,磷盈余量分别为33.4和61.2 kg/hm2。各处理土壤中钾素均表现为亏缺,亏缺量在30.4~73.0 kg/hm2之间。MNPK处理氮、钾供应状况有所改善,较NPK处理分别增加12.2和27.6 kg /hm2。4)作物产量与土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、降雨量、生育期日平均气温呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。5)在黑土小麦-大豆-玉米典型轮作制度下,基于土壤养分平衡特征提出"稳氮、减磷和增钾"的施肥策略。该研究为评价和建立长期施肥模式、促进粮食持续生产提供依据。

       

      Abstract: With a cropping area of 7.0 million hm2, the black soil (Typic hapludoll) region of Northeast China plays a crucial role in food security to the regional and whole country. In fact, the application of chemical fertilizer is an effective and fast way to increase crop production in a relatively short time. Recently, organic manure application has almost disappeared because its application in cropping system is both labor-demanding and uneconomical. However, there is limited information on crop yields under long-term fertilization of organic and inorganic fertilizers in this rotation system. Nutrient input/output and balance in farmland is critical for nutrient management, scientific distribution and application of fertilizer resources, and improving nutrient use efficiency, etc. The study was conducted to reveal the difference of grain yield and nutrient balance based on the average crop yields, the variation trends of crop yields and apparent balance of soil nutrients under different long-term fertilization conditions in black soil, and to provide scientific references for establishing effective long-term fertilization mode and promoting the sustainable development of crop production. A long-term experiment with various fertilizations was carried out during 1979-2014 in a rotation system with wheat (Triticum Aestivium L.)-soybean (Glycine max Merr.)-maize (Zea mays L.) in black soil area of Northeast China. The experiment consisted of 5 treatments: non-fertilization (CK), conventional chemical fertilizer (wheat: N 150kg/hm2, P2O5 75 kg/hm2, soybean: N 75kg/hm2, P2O5 150 kg/hm2, corn: N 150kg/hm2, P2O5 75 kg/hm2, K2O 75kg/hm2, NPK), conventional horse manure (18 600 kg/hm2 , M), conventional horse manure plus chemical fertilizer(the amount of chemical fertilizer was same as NPK, and the amount of horse manure was same as M), and 200% of the MNP (horse manure and chemical fertilizer, the amount was 2 times that of MNP, M2N2P2,). The results showed that: 1) Compared with the treatment CK, long-term application of chemical fertilizers (NPK) or long-term application of chemical fertilizers combined with horse manure (MNPK, M2N2P2) increased average crop yield (from 1980 to 2014) by 82.5%-91.6% (wheat) and 35.6%-40.9% (maize), respectively. In respect of average crop yield of 35 years, the treatments displayed an order of M2N2P2 >MNPK > NPK >M, but no significant differences were observed between M2N2P2, MNPK and NPK. 2) The yields of wheat and maize in CK decreased by 13.93 and 42.61 kg/(hm2·a) respectively, while the yield of soybean in CK increased by 7.409 kg/(hm2·a) with the experiment going. It showed the yield trend of wheat, soybean and maize in the treatment with fertilization overall increased with the experiment going. 3) Under the conditions of our experiment, surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus appeared in soil in the treatments of NPK and MNPK, and the increasing amounts were 29.7 and 17.5 kg/hm2 for nitrogen, and 33.4 and 61.2 kg/hm2 for phosphorus, respectively. Potassium deficit of 30.4-73.0 kg/hm2 was observed in all treatments. Compared with NPK, the supplement of nitrogen and potassium could be improved by the combined application of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer (MNPK) by 12.2 and 27.6 kg/hm2, respectively. 4) Crop yield was significantly positively correlated with the contents of organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, accumulated precipitation and daily mean temperature in the growth period (P<0.05). 5) Based on the characteristics of nutrient balance, we proposed the method of fertilizer application, i.e. keeping application amount of nitrogen stable, reducing phosphorus amount and increasing potassium amount under rotation system of wheat, soybean and corn in black soil area.

       

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