Abstract: Abstract: Since 2003, Chinese agricultural and rural development has entered a golden period and a period of strategic opportunities. The report of 18th National Congress of Communist Party of China (CPC) proposes that the comprehensive goal of building a moderately prosperous society should be achieved in 7 years before 2020. To fulfill this objective, it is needed to make up the deficiency of agricultural development and accelerate development of agricultural modernization in China . However, in agricultural production, there are still a series of prominent contradictions and challenges between production resources and resource needs, between the product quantity and structure, between costs and benefits, between population and labor force, between infrastructure and natural disasters, and so on. All of these force the government to strength further the agricultural foundation, transform development pattern into a new path of intention-type agricultural development. One of primary tasks of China's modernization construction is to promote agricultural modernization. Agricultural engineering provides important technology support and substantial guarantee for the construction agricultural modernization. Recently, the improvement of agricultural engineering technology is increasingly correlated with development of agricultural modernization in China. According to the new strategy about promoting collaborative development of informationization, industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization (hereafter referred to as Four modernizations synchronization), agricultural modernization is involved in a more complicated giant social system, and the complexity, dynamics, openness and heterogeneity of the system are in accelerated growth. As a core element of China's agricultural modernization, agricultural engineering cannot develop well within its own isolated field. To be able to playing a better role and realizing win-win situation, the relationship and interaction between agricultural engineering and other systematical components have to be revealed in agricultural modernization. Based on the study about Chinese characteristic modern agriculture construction path, in combination with the theory, principle and methods of organized system and advanced productivity establishment, this study analyzed the systematic target and structure of China's agricultural modernization, and the status and function of agricultural engineering in the system and its relationship with other elements, structures and environment, in order to investigate the effect of the developing quantity, quality, momentum and structure of agricultural engineering on the developing quality and speed of agricultural modernization. The results showed that the development of agricultural engineering was greatly influenced by the development environment of agricultural modernization that included the macroscopic targets and polices related with national economy and society. The development of agricultural engineering was also restricted by the factors such as technology, talents, finance and management system. Meanwhile, agricultural engineering could improve the quality of core factors affecting agricultural modernization development including nature, policies, and society environment. Additionally, agricultural engineering had a significant impact on the structure of Chinese agricultural modernization development and showed positive correlations especially with the composition of the labor, land and products. In a word, the development mode of China's agricultural engineering needs to be changed. The period of strategic opportunity should to be well captured. The initiative and coordinate development of agricultural engineering can speed up the transforming of the development of modern agriculture, and create better developing environment and more opportunities for itself.