Abstract: Abstract: A complex, adaptive human-earth system has been rapidly emerging multidisciplinary endeavor to understand the structure and functioning of the Earth as a system. This study aims to quantitatively explore the temporal and spatial evolution of agricultural production function in the watershed of Loess Plateau, particularly under the background of rural vitalization and transformation reconstitution in recent years. The study area was selected as the Nianzhuang watershed in Baota County, Yan’an City, Shaanxi Province of China. The data was also collected from the remote sensing images and the field surveys during five periods from 1985 to 2018. The results show that: 1) The quantitative diagnosis system presented an excellent performance to identify the spatial pattern of gully agricultural production function. The dynamic evolution monitoring also sensitively represented the “multi-path” evolution path of gully agricultural production function, where the “economic-society” and “resource-ecology” were oriented to dominate from the “single-path” at the beginning. 2) The function space of gully agriculture was changed from the traditional to modern agricultural production in the study area from 1985 to 2018. Among them, the year 2012 was the turning point for the transformation of the gully production function. The modern agricultural production function of the gully was also characterized by “relatively stable - small expansion - sharp increase” with the ever-increasing functional diversity, compared with the traditional “small expansion - relatively stable - sharp reduction”. As such, a micro case was achieved for the agricultural function transformation in the typical gully region of the Loess Plateau. 3) There was a continuously expanding trend in the scope and intensity of functional space in the modern gully agricultural production. The dominant direction was also varied significantly as time. Taking the center of towns in the basin, there was a concentric belt reduction in the microscopic function of traditional agricultural production. 4) The core goal of high-quality agriculture was addressed for the Loess Hilly and gully region during this time. Specifically, a “three cycles” mode needed to be established for the “four turns” strategies. A new pattern also needed to be promoted for the industrial internal circulation in the Loess Plateau, while the mutual promotion with the double cycles in the Yellow River basin. New kinetic energy and ways were necessary to further optimize agricultural production and innovate management. Meanwhile, the driving force mechanism was utilized to determine the spatiotemporal evolution stage of gully agricultural production in the Loess Hilly and gully region. The findings can be widely expected to enrich the microscopic cases of agricultural regional function transformation in typical geomorphic small basins. Correspondingly, a tradeoff can also be suitable for the “low space-time identity” macro-analysis and the multi-level spatial “circle-belt-region” transects investigation. Therefore, it is of practical significance to optimize the allocation of regional land resources for the micro-land management and rectification of rural transformation, according to local natural conditions.