Abstract: Low-carbon transition is often required in the context of the carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality goals at present. It is very necessary to measure the land use efficiency of the urban expansion areas. Zoning regulations can also be used to clarify the differential effects of the multidimensional factors on the land use efficiency in different zones of cities. Previous studies have focused mainly on the urban land use efficiency. However, three limitations still remain to be solved: the spatial heterogeneity of the land use efficiency within cities, the differential impacts of the multidimensional factors on the land use efficiency, and the regional strategies for the different types of urban patches at the micro scale. In this research, a patch-scale model was constructed to measure the land use efficiency in the urban expansion areas, from an “economy-environment” perspective. Zhejiang Province was taken as an example. Its spatial patterns were also analyzed using standard deviation ellipses. Four types were then classified using a two-dimensional matrix coupled with the “economy-environment”. A systematic investigation was made to explore its influencing factors using Geodetector. The results showed that: 1) The average economic efficiency of the land use was 0.74 in Zhejiang Province. High-value areas were concentrated in the intersection of four cities in northern Zhejiang and central Ningbo. While the low-value areas were formed, the multiple small and medium-sized clusters were in southern Zhejiang. The average carbon emission efficiency was 0.77. The spatial pattern was characterized by the concentration in the high-value areas and the dispersion in the low-value ones. 2) The urban expansion in Zhejiang Province was classified into four types according to the matching relationship between the economy and carbon emission efficiency. The low-carbon development zones accounted for 59.12% of the total area. There was a block pattern of the “large agglomeration and small dispersion”. The emission reduction and efficiency enhancement zones accounted for the lowest proportion (8.30%) of the land area. Most zones were concentrated in the belt area composed of Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Zhoushan. The low-carbon demonstration zones were interwoven with the emission reduction and efficiency enhancement zones. The green transformation zones were dominated mainly by early urban expansion patches during the study period. There was a distribution pattern in a centralized manner. Two large clusters were centered on the urban areas of Hangzhou and Ningbo, with less distribution in the mountainous counties in southern Zhejiang. 3) The functional configuration elements shared a significant impact on the economic efficiency of the land use in the low-carbon development, emission reduction, and efficiency enhancement, as well as low-carbon demonstration zones. In the green transformation zone, the transportation construction and public service elements also exerted a greater influence than the rest. In terms of the carbon emission efficiency of land use, the spatial structure elements shared significant influences in the low-carbon development zones. The functional configuration was the core driving factor for the carbon emission efficiency of the land use in the emission reduction and efficiency enhancement zones, as well as the green transformation zones. Furthermore, there were relatively strong impacts of the transportation construction factor in the low-carbon demonstration zones. In conclusion, the urban measures can be tailored to the different types of urban expansion areas, in order to improve their economic efficiency for less carbon emission, thereby promoting the low-carbon transformation in cities.