兔舍夏季湿帘-风机降温系统多参数调控策略设计与验证

    Design and validation of the multi-parameter control strategies for fan-pad cooling systems in rabbit housing during summer

    • 摘要: 针对当前中国夏季兔舍湿帘-风机负压通风降温系统主要为单一温度调控,在高温高湿地区易出现水泵启停时机不当加剧动物热应激,高温低湿地区水泵启动后舍内温度剧烈波动等问题。该研究设计了一种多参数调控策略,针对高温高湿气候特点,设计了舍内温度、舍外湿度调控水泵启停的双参数调控策略;针对高温低湿气候特点,设计了舍内温度、舍外温度、舍外湿度调控水泵启停的多参数调控策略,设计在初次启动水泵时降低风机转速的“防骤降措施”,以及调整上水循环时间的“减缓温度波动措施”,该研究分别在山东青岛和甘肃庆阳的兔场进行试验。结果表明,在青岛试验兔舍的阴天条件下,双参数调控策略通过关闭水泵,提高通风量的方式降低肉兔体感温度;在晴天,湿帘启动时的湿帘理论降温幅度为(3.3±1.0) ℃,高于3 ℃的推荐值,水泵关闭时,未观察到舍内温度升高,表明水泵运行和控制合理。在庆阳兔场,启动“防骤降措施”后舍内温度骤降时间由7 min延长至23 min,“减缓温度波动措施”可将舍内温度波动幅度由3 ℃降低至≤1 ℃;与人工调控的对照舍相比,处理舍能降低舍内昼夜温度波动,降低肉兔体温(P<0.05),使累积死亡率降低4.1%,总销售收入提高4.3%。该研究设计的多参数调控策略在不同气候条件下能充分发挥湿帘-风机降温系统的降温潜能,维持舍内环境稳定,提高经济效益。

       

      Abstract: Automatic control systems have been widely used for the fan-pad cooling of livestock houses in summer. However, current regulation can be confined to the single-parameter temperature. In high-humidity and high-temperature regions, the premature or delayed activation and deactivation of water pumps can increase the indoor humidity levels on the heat stress of animals. In low-humidity and high-temperature areas, the activating water pumps can cause significant fluctuations in indoor temperature, thus resulting in thermal discomfort for the animals. In this study, a multi-parameter control strategy was designed to tailor for the different climatic conditions. A dual-parameter control strategy was also developed for the high temperature and high humidity climates. The water pump was regulated using two parameters, including the indoor temperature and outdoor humidity. Fan operation was then controlled for the optimal indoor temperature. The multi-parameter control strategy was implemented in the low-humidity and high-temperature climates. The water pump was then regulated using three parameters, including the indoor temperature, outdoor temperature, and outdoor humidity. While the variable frequency of fans was regulated using indoor temperature. Additionally, a “prevent sudden drop measure” was introduced to reduce the fan speed during the initial startup of water pumps. The “temperature fluctuation mitigation measure” was applied to adjust the water circulation time. These strategies were validated in the rabbit farms in Qingdao City, Shandong Province, and Qingyang City, Gansu Province, China. In Qingdao, the meat rabbit house was equipped with a controller to monitor the environmental regulations under different weather conditions. The results showed that the proportion of time experiencing heat stress (temperature-humidity index, THI > 27.8) was reduced to 2.2% during daytime and 0 at night. On high humidity cloudy days with the insufficient cooling potential of the cooling pad, the dual-parameter control strategy effectively cooled the indoor environment, where the water pump was closed to increase ventilation. On sunny days, the cooling pad achieved a theoretical cooling value of (3.3 ± 1.0) °C and an actual cooling value of (0.8 ± 0.5) °C. Importantly, no rise of indoor temperature was observed, when the water pump was deactivated, indicating the effective pump operation and control. In Qingyang, another rabbit farm was used to further validate the control strategies. An automatic controller was installed in a treatment house. While another meat rabbit house with a manually controlled cooling pad and fan operations served as the control house. Environmental parameters, rabbit body temperature, and production performance indicators were collected to compare the performance between them. The findings revealed that the indoor temperature near the cooling pad area decreased by 6.6 °C within 7 min after the initial activation of the water pump. The “prevent sudden drop measure” was then implemented to extend the time. A similar cooling effect was then achieved in 23 min. The “temperature fluctuation mitigation measure” effectively reduced the fluctuations of indoor temperature from 3 °C to within 1 °C, indicating a stable thermal environment. Compared with the control, the treatment house reduced the fluctuations of diurnal temperature, the daily average temperature of the rabbit body (P < 0.05), a 4.1% decrease in the cumulative mortality rate, and a 4.3% increase in the total sales revenue. These results demonstrate the effectiveness and versatility of the multi-parameter control strategy to enhance the cooling performance of fan-pad cooling systems under varying weather conditions in both high-temperature-humidity and high-temperature-low humidity regions. Stable indoor environments were maintained to reduce the rabbit's body temperature for economic returns. This strategy can provide a sound reference to precisely control the environmental temperature in livestock houses in summer.

       

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