Abstract:
Load combination is the premise of the structural design of a solar greenhouse under a variety of external forces. A Chinese-style solar greenhouse has been one of the most commonly used types for the season extension in specialty crop production. The load combination of Chinese solar greenhouse can be also required in the National Standard "Code for the design load of horticultural greenhouse structures" (GB/T 51183-2016). However, no example has been found to combine the external loads in the design and practice, according to the National Standard in China. The less implementation of National Standard has brought the potential threat to the sustainable and safe development of greenhouse structures. Furthermore, some damage and collapses of the solar greenhouse have often occurred under the strong wind or snow in some areas in recent years. It is a high demand to analyze the features of the load combination in the National Standards of Chinese solar greenhouses. Taking a solar greenhouse in Beijing, China as an example, a systematic investigation was made to evaluate the load combination under various loads. The stress ratios were also calculated under 12 types of loads, including the wind, snow, crop, hanging, and uniform living loads on the roof, as well as the weight of insulation of the solar greenhouse. Several boundary conditions were then considered, including the wind, snow, and hanging loads. The sample greenhouse was a typical style for the design service life of 10 years, particularly in the structural size with a span of 8 m, the opening of 1m, the height of ridge of 4.15 m, and the height of the back wall of 2.55 m. Because the ellipse section was widely chosen for the greenhouse, the ellipse steel tube was selected as the beam with a section size of 90 mm?30 mm?2 mm. The tube material was the plain low carbon steel Q235. The 3D3S software developed by Tongji University was used to analyze the spatial steel structure of the sample greenhouse. The Euler-Bernoulli beam elements were used in the 3D3S software, and the arch beams were replaced by the straight beams in the simulation model. The support abutments of the beams connected to the walls were assumed to the fixed ones during calculation. The results showed that there were some possibilities of variable loads to be the dominant ones in the structure analysis of the Chinese solar greenhouse. All the load combinations were suitable for the structural design, according to the National Standard code. A subroutine written in the C++ program on the software platform was also developed to automatically create all the load combinations. As such, the mutual exclusive load conditions were avoided in the software, for example, the uniform living load on the roof should not be combined with the snow load. The proper formats of files were then generated by the popular commercial design software. More importantly, the software copyright (2022SR0081153) was granted in January 2022 by National Copyright Administration. In the case of the example, the load combinations analysis was performed on the software to determine the maximum stress under all the 1 216 load combinations. It was found that the simplified approaches were often used to estimate the load combinations of the Chinese solar greenhouses. The most unfavorable load combination was significantly varied with the external conditions, compared with the simplified calculation with the partial load combinations. Therefore, it is very necessary to consider the structure of the solar greenhouse with the "compressive load combination". Anyway, the feasible approach can fully meet the requirement of National Standards, thus greatly contributing to the first National Standard of greenhouse structure to be released in the future. The running time was less than 1 s in the computerized design. Hence, these findings can provide practical support to develop the new or updated software for the design of the solar greenhouse.