基于飞地经济的青藏高原畜牧业发展新途径探索

    Exploring the new routes of animal husbandry on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on enclave economy

    • 摘要: 飞地经济打破区域界限实现资源互补,飞地产业的发展更是连接了空间的分离。青藏高原因长期粗放的游牧方式和自然灾害等因素,不断造成高寒草地退化,严重限制草地畜牧业的可持续发展。青藏高原处在畜牧业提质增效和转型升级的关键时期,面临生态环境压力大、草畜资源时空配置失衡等问题的掣肘,直接影响畜产品的均衡供应,阻碍了高附加值畜产品市场竞争力,致使农牧民持续增收乏力。该研究着眼"飞地经济"发展举措,在综述青藏高原畜牧业发展局限性的基础上,以生产效率和经济效益提升为目标,探讨青藏高原畜牧业发展路径,提出"飞地畜牧业"发展模式。针对该模式,开展了以牦牛和藏羊为研究对象的远地饲养研究,短期适应性研究证明牦牛和藏羊能够适应江淮分水岭地区冷季气候特点,实现冷季体重正增长,且藏羊表现出较好的繁殖适应性,在引入后第一年开始产羔;同时,牦牛经过两年的适应,首次实现了在江淮分水岭地区的繁殖。因此,"飞地畜牧业"发展模式具有成为青藏高原畜牧业发展新路径的巨大潜力,将为保障国家生态体系建设、加快高原畜牧业转型升级、满足市场供需关系等提供科技支撑。

       

      Abstract: Abstract: An enclave economy can break the restriction of administrative divisions to realize the cross-space cooperative development for complementary resources. The long-term extensive nomadic practices and natural disasters have continuously degraded the alpine grassland on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, thus severely restricting the sustainable development of animal husbandry. The imbalanced spatial-temporal allocation of grass resources has posed a great threat to the ecological environment, and the market supply of high value-added livestock products. It is necessary to transform and upgrade for the higher quality and efficiency of animal husbandry. In this review, a new concept of "enclave livestock husbandry" was proposed to improve production efficiency and economic benefits in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using an enclave economy. The restrictive factors were determined for the development of animal husbandry, such as the irrecoverable ecological environment, seasonal growth of pasture in the alpine grassland, and the imbalanced development of pasture and livestock. The local- and near-ground feeding of animal husbandry were summarized to explore the feasibility and key technologies of the "Qing'an" remote mode in practice. Taking the Yak and Tibetan sheep as the research objects, a short-term remote feeding of adaptability was carried out in the Jianghuai watershed (JHW) area using the model. It was found that the yak and Tibetan sheep better adapted to the winter climate, indicating a positive growth of weight in the cold season. Specifically, the Tibetan sheep presented excellent reproductive adaptability for the lambing in the first year after introduction. At the same time, the yaks were reproduced in the JHW region for the first time after two years of adaptation, and successfully gave birth to two yak calves, indicating a factual basis for the development of animal husbandry in enclaves. Therefore, the industrial development model of "enclave animal husbandry" has a great potential for a new path for animal husbandry in the study area. This finding can also provide scientific and technological support to the national ecosystem, thus accelerating the transformation and upgrading of animal husbandry on the plateau. Finally, a basic strategy was proposed to integrate the resource and market for the development mode of livestock enclave. Consequently, the spatial layout of agriculture can be coordinated for a better relationship between market supply and demand. An active market can be achieved to integrate the first, second, and third industries for the development of animal husbandry.

       

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